^yjr^'i'-<^^^i'
4t>
HISTORICAL
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
ILLINOIS
EDITED BY
Neavton Batejian, LL. D. Paul Selby, A. M.
AND HISTORY OF
LEE COUNTY
EDITED BY
Mr. a. C. Bardwell.
ILLUSTRATED.
CHICAGO ;
M U N S E L L P i; B L I S H I N G COMPANY
PUBLISHERS.
1904
SAUK VALLEY COLLEGt
LRC 56735
;red according to Act of Congres:
1 the years 1S94, 1S99 and 1900, by
' I 1, 1, I A M W. M U N S E r< L.
; office of the Librarian of Congt
TERRiroRV IiRAIXI:D HV the ILLINOIS RIVER.
J\7l^^<y'Oy--\^^f\XfX.JLy*^^^-u^.^^
PREFACE.
Why publish this book? There should be many and strong reasons to warrant such an
nndertaking. Are there such reasons? What considerations are weighty enough to have
induced the publishers to make this venture? and what special claims has Illinois to such a
distinction? These are reasonable and inevitable inquiries, and it is fitting they should
receive attention.
In the first place, good State Histories are of great importance and value, and there is
abundant and cheering evidence of an increasing popular interest in them. This is true of
all such works, whatever States may be their subjects; and it is conspicuously true of Illi-
nois, for the following, among many other reasons : Because of its great prominence in the
early history of the West as the seat of the first settlements of Europeans northwest of the
Ohio Eiver — the unique character of its early civilization, due to or resulting fi-om its early
French population brought in contact with the aborigines — its political, military, and educa-
tional prominence — its steadfast loyalty and patriotism — the marvelous development of its
vast resources — the number of distinguished statesmen, generals, and jurists whom it has
furnished to the Government, and its grand record in the exciting and perilous conflicts on
the Slavery question. \
This is the magnificent Commonwealth, the setting forth of whose history, in all of its
essential depai'taients and features, seemed to warrant the bringing out of another volume
devoted to that end. Its material has been gathered from every available source, and most
cai'efully examined and sifted before acceptance. Especial cai'e has been taken in collecting
material of a biographical character ; facts and incidents in the personal history of men identi-
fied with the life of the State in its Territorial and later periods. This material has been
gathered from a great variety of sources widely scattered, and much of it quite inaccessible
to the ordinary inquirer. The encyclopedic form of the work favors conciseness and com-
pactness, and was adopted with a view to condensing the largest amount of information
within the smallest practicable space.
And so the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois was conceived and planned in the belief
that it was needed; that no other book filled the place it was designed to occupy, or fur-
nished the amount, variety and scope of information touching the infancy and later life of
Illinois, that would be found in its pages. In that belief, and in furtherance of those ends,
the book has been constructed and its topics selected and written. Simplicity, perspicuity,
conciseness and accuracy have been the dominant aims and rules of its editors and writers.
The supreme mission of the book is to record, fairly and truthfully, historical facts ; facts of
the earlier and later history of the State, and drawn from the almost innumerable sources
connected with that history ; facts of interest to the great body of our people, as well as to
scholars, officials, and other special classes; a book convenient for reference in the school,
tbe jifiBce, and the home. Hence, no attempt at fine writing, no labored, irrelevant and
4 PKEFACE.
long-drawn accounts of matters, persons or things, which really need but a few plain words
for their adequate elucidation, will be found in its pages. On the other hand, perspicuity
and fitting development are never intentionally sacrificed to mere conciseness and brevity.
Whenever a subject, from its nature, demands a more elaborate treatment — and there are
many of this character — it is handled accordingly.
As a rule, the method jjursued is the separate and topical, rather than the chronological,
as being more satisfactory and convenient for reference. That is, each topic is considered
separately and exhaustively, instead of being blended, chronologically, with others. To pass
from subject to subject, in the mere arbitrary order of time, is to sacrifice simplicity and
order to complexity and confusion.
Absolute freedom from error or defect in all cases, in handling so many thousands of
items, is not claimed, and could not reasonably be expected of any finite intelligence ; since,
in complicated cases, some element may possibly elude its sharpest scrutiny. But every
statement of fact, made herein without qualification, is believed to be strictly correct, and
the statistics of the volume, as a whole, are submitted to its readers with entire confidence.
Considerable space is also devoted to biogi'aphical sketches of persons deemed worthy of
mention, for their close relations to the State in some of its varied interests, political, gov-
ernmental, financial, social, religious, educational, industrial, commercial, economical, mili-
tary, judicial or otherwise; or for their supposed personal deservings in other respects. It
is believed that the extensive recognition of such individuals, by the publishers, will not be
disapproved or regretted by the public ; that personal biography has an honored, useful and
legitimate place in such a history of Illinois as this volume aims to be, and that the omission
of such a department would seriously detract from the completeness and value of the book.
Perhajas no more delicate and difficult task has confronted the editors and publishers than
the selection of names for this part of the work.
While it is believed that no unworthy name has a place in the list, it is freely admitted
that there may be many others, equally or possibly even more worthy, whose names do not
appear, partly for lack of definite and adequate information, and partly because it was not
deemed best to materially increase the space devoted to this class of topics.
And so, with cordial thanks to the publishers for the risks they have so cheerfully
assumed in this enterprise, for their business energy, integrity, and determination, and their
uniform kindness and courtesy; to the many who have so generously and helpfully promoted
the success of the work, by their contributions of valuable information, interesting reminis-
cences, and rare incidents; to Mr. Paul Selby, the very able associate editor, to whom
especial honor and credit are due for his most efficient, intelligent and scholarly services; to
Hon. Harvey B. Hurd, Walter B. Wines, and to all others who have, by word or act,
encouraged us in this enterprise — with grateful recognition of all these friends and helpers,
the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois, with its thousands of topics and many tliousands of
details, items and incidents, is now respectfully submitted to the good people of the State,
for whom it has been prepared, in the earnest hope and confident belief that it will be found
instructive, convenient and useful for the purposes for which it was designed.
nj)M
PREFATORY STATEMENT
Since the bulk of the matter contained in this volume was practically completed and
ready for the press, Dr. Newton Bateman, who occupied the relation to it of editor-in-chief,
has passed beyond the sphere of mortal existence. In placing the work before the public, it
therefore devolves upon the undersigned to make this last prefatory statement.
As explained by Dr. Bateman in his preface, the object had in view in the preparation
of a "Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois" has been to present, in compact and concise form,
the leading facts of Territorial and State history, from the arrival of the earliest French
explorers in Illinois to the present time. This has included an outline history of the State,
under the title, "Illinois," supplemented by special articles relating to various crises and eras
in State history ; changes in form of government and administration ; the history of Consti-
tutional Conventions and Legislative Assemblies; the various wars in which Illinoisans have
taken part, with a summary of the principal events in the history of individual military
organizations engaged in the Civil War of 1861-65, and the War of 1898 with Spain; lists of
State officers, United States Senators and Members of Congress, with the terms of each; the
organization and development of political divisions; the establishment of charitable and
educational institutions; the gi'owth of public improvements and other enterprises which
have marked the progress of the State ; natural features and resources ; the history of early
newspapers, and the growth of religious denominations, together with general statistical
information and unusual or extraordinary occurrences of a local or general State character —
all arranged under topical heads, and convenient for ready reference by all seeking informa-
tion on tliese subjects, whether in the family, in the office of the professional or business
man, in the teacher's study and the school-room, or in the public library.
While individual or collected biographies of the public men of Illinois have not been
wholly lacking or few in number — and those already in existence have a present and con-
stantly increasing value — they have been limited, for the most pai't, to special localities and
particular periods or classes. Kich as the annals of Illinois are in the records and character
of its distinguished citizens who, by their services in the public councils, upon the judicial
bench and in the executive chair, in the fornm and in the field, have reflected honor upon
the State and the Nation, there has been hitherto no comijrehensive attempt to gather
together, in one volume, sketches of those who have been conspicuous in the creation and
upbuilding of the State. The collection of material of this sort has been a task requiring
patient and laborious research ; and, while all may not have been achieved in this direction
that was desirable, owing to the insufficiency or total absence of data relating to the lives of
many men most prominent in public affairs during the period to which they belonged, it is
still believed that what has been accomplished will be found of permanent value and be
appreciated by those most deeply interested in this phase of State history.
The large number of topics treated has made brevity and conciseness an indispensable
feature of the work ; consequently there has been no attempt to indulge in gi-aces of style or
6 PKEFATORY STATEMENT.
elaboration of narrative. The object has been to present, in simple laugi^age and concise
form, facts of history of interest or value to those who may choose to consult its pages.
Absolute inerrancy is not claimed for every detail of the work, but no pains has been
spared, and every available authority consulted, to arrive at complete accuracy of statement.
In view of the important bearing which railroad enterprises have h^d upon the extraor-
dinary development of the State within the past fifty years, considerable space has been given
to this deijartment, especially with reference to the older lines of railroad whose history has
been intimately interwoven with that of the State, and its progress in wealth and population.
In addition to the acknowledgments made by Dr. Bateman, it is but proper that I
should express my personal obligations to the late Prof. Samuel M. Inglis, State Superin-
tendent of Public Instruction, and his assistant, Prof. J. II. Freeman; to ex-Senator John
M. Palmer, of Springfield ; to the late Hon. Joseph Medill, editor of "The Chicago Tribune" ;
to the Hon. James B. Bradwell, of "The Chicago Legal News"; to Gen. Green B. Eaum,
Dr. Samuel Willard, and Dr. Garrett Newkirk, of Chicago (the latter as author of the prin-
cipal portions of the article on the "Undergi-ound Railroad") ; to the Librarians of the State
Historical Library, the Chicago Historical Library, and the Chicago Public Library, for
special and valuable aid rendered, as well as to a large circle of correspondents in different
parts of the State who have courteously responded to requests for information on special
topics, and have thereby materially aided in securing whatever success may have been
attained in the work.
In conclusion, I cannot omit to pay tliis final tribute to the memory of my friend and
associate. Dr. Bateman, whose death, at his liome in Galesburg, on October 21, 1807, was
deplored, not only by his associates in the Faculty of Knox College, his former pupils and
immediate neighbors, but by a large cb-cle of friends in all parts of the State.
Although his labors as editor of this volume had been substantially finished at the time
of his death (and they included the reading and revision of every line of copy at that time
prepared, comprising the larger proportion of the volume as it now goes into the hands of
the public), the enthusiasm, zeal and kindly appreciation of the labor of others which he
brought to the discharge of his duties, have been sadly missed in the last stages of prepara-
tion of the work for the press. In the estimation of many who have held his scholarship
and his splendid endowments of mind and character in the highest admhation, his con-
nection with the work will be its strongest commendation and the sin-est evidence of its
merit.
With myself, the most substantial satisfaction I have in dismissing the volume from my
hands and submitting it to the judgment of the public, exists in the fact that, in its prepara-
tion, I have been associated with such a co-laborer — one whose abilities commanded uni-
versal respect, and whose genial, scholarly character and noble qualities of mind and heart
won the love and confidence of all with whom he came in contact, and whom it had been my
privilege to count as a friend from an early period in his long and useful career.
^-^^^L,^^'-<.(.a^ ^:?^^:fe>'
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOXS.
PAGE
Abraham Lincoln (Fi'oniispiece) 1
Annex Central Hosijital for Insane, Jacksonville 84
Asylnm for Feeble-Minded Children, Lincoln 237
Asylum for Incurable Insane, Bartonville 85
Bateman, Xewton (Portrait) 3
Board of Trade Building, Chicago 377
"Chenn Mansion," Kaskaskia (1898), where La Fayette was entertained in 1835 .... 315
Chicago Academy of Sciences 394
Chicago Drainage Canal 94
Chicago Historical Society Building 394
Chicago Public Buildings 395
Chicago Thoroughfares 93
Chief Chicagou (Portrait) 246
Comparative Size of Great Canals 95
Day after Chicago Fire 92
Early Historic Scenes, Chicago 170
Early Historic Scenes, Chicago (No. 3) 171
Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 280
Experiment Farm, University of Illinois 12
Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — The Vineyard 13
Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — Orchard Cultivation 13
First Illinois State House, Kaskaskia (1818) 314
Fort Dearborn from the West (1808) 246
Fort Dearborn from Southeast (1808) 247
Fort Dearborn (1853) 247
General John Edgar's House, Kaskasia 315
Henry de Tonty (Portrait) 246
House of Governor Bond, Old Kaskaskia (1891 ) 315
House of Chief Ducoign, the last of the Kaskaskias (1893) 314
Home for Juvenile Female Offenders, Geneva 236
Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy 438
Illinois State Normal University, Normal 504
Illinois State Capitol, Springfield 240
Illinois State Building, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 601
Illinois State Penitentiary, Joliet 306
Illinois State Penitentiary — Cell House and Women's Prison 307
Illinois State Reformatory, Pontiac 493
8 LIST OF ILLUSTEATIOXS.
PAGE- ,
Institution for Deaf and Dumb, Jaclisonville 300
Interior of Room, Kaskaskia Hotel (1893) where La Fayette Banquet was held in 1825 314
Institution for the Blind, Jacksonville 301
Kaskaskia Hotel, where La Fayette was feted in 1825 (as it appeare.l, 1S'J3) 314
La Salle (Portrait) ^^6
Library Building, University of Illinois 334
Library Building— Main Floor— University of Illinois 335
Map of Burned District, Chicago Fire, 1871 , 276
Map of Grounds, AVorld's Columbian Exposition, 1893 600
Map of Illinois • Following Title Page
Map of Illinois River Valley
McCormick Seminaiy, Chicago 362
Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 90
Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 206
Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 207
Natural History Hall, University of Illinois 151
Xewberry Library, Chicago 394
Northern Hospital for the Insane, Elgin 402
Old Kaskaskia, from Garrison Hill (as it appeared in 1893) 314
Old State House, Kaskaskia (1900) 315
Pierre Menard Mansion, Kaskaskia (1893) 314
Remnant of Old Kaskaskia (as it appeared in 1898) 315
Selby, Paul (Portrait) 5
Soldiers' Widows' Home, Wilmington 439
Southern Illinois Normal, Carbondale ■ 505
Southern Illinois Penitentiary and xVsylum for Incurable Insai:e, Chester 492
University Hall, University of Illinois 150
University of Chicago 363
University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 540
University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 541
Yiew from Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 281
View on Principal Street, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315
Views in Lincoln Park, Chicago 91
Views of Drainage Canal '^^
Views of Drainage Canal 97
War Eagle (Portrait) 246
Western Hospital for the Insane, Watertown 403
Lee County
INDEX.
CHAPTER I.
General History. page.
Foreword 619
Treaty of Prairie du Chien 619
Cession of Indian Lands 619-620
Ouilmette and Ogee Reservations. . 620
First County Commissioners 620
Property \'aluation, 1850 621
Origin of County's Name 621
The Kellogg Trail 621
Elevations in Lee County 62 1
Telephones fi2i
Bridges across Rock River 621
Courts and Court Houses (121-622
Dedication of new Court House.
1900 '122
County-Seat Contests '122-1123
Circuit Court Judges 623
Members General Assembly (123
County Officers 024-(i25
Lee County in Civil \\'ar ' 123-' 12(1
Railroads (i2(i-(i27
Swamp Land Drainage 627
Tornado 627-6128
Early Markets and Prnduct- Prices. . 628
CHAl'TI-:k II.
Black Hawk War.
Treaty of 1804 628
Black Hawk's "British Band" 629
Other Treaties 62tj
Gov. Reynolds' Proclamation 629
Father John Dixon 629
Capt. John Dement 630
Chief Shabbona 630
The Stillman Defeat 630
Col. Zachary Taylor, .Abraham Lin-
coln, Col. Robert Anderson. Gen.
Atkinson and other Notables at
Dixon's Ferrv 630
Battle of the i3ad-Axe— Defeat of
Black Hawk 631
.\rrival of Gen. ^^'infield Scutt 631
CHAPTER in.
Alto Township.
First \\'hite Settlers 631
Alto set off from WilldW Creek
Township 632
First Town Officers 632
Railroad Subscription 632
Church History 632
\'illage of Steward 632
Grain-Elevator 632
First National Bank 632
CHAPTER W.
A.\ii;iiv TdW.xsHip .\xi) City.
l-'irst White Settler 632
Palestine Grove Settlement 633
John Dexter and Andrew Bainter. . 633
C)ther Early Arrivals 633
Binghamton and Rocky Ford \"il-
lages (133
City of Ambo}- 633
Illinois Central Railroad 634
Fires in Amboy 634
Schools and Churches 634-636
Newspapers 636-637
Amboy Post G. A. R 637
Local Banks 637
Distinguished \'isitors — Lincoln and
Grant 638
City Officers 638-639
CHAPTER \'.
AsiiTox Towxsiiii'.
Ashton set oft' fn.ni Bradford O30
Town first called ( )glc 030
Church History 639
Destructive Fires 630
Business Houses and Banking In-
stitutions 640
Building Stone 640
Schools and \'illage Imprdvciiients. . 640
LEE COUNTY INDEX.
CHAPTER \1.
Bradford Tow xs i i i i'.
Organization and Xaniing- of Town-
ship 640
First Town Officers 640
Some Earl_v Settlers 640-641
Evangelical Lutheran Church 641
Farmers" Mutual Fire Insurance
Company 641
Present Cffficers 641
CHAPTER \TL
Brooklyn Township.
Pioneer Settlers 641
First Marriage 642
Compton \'illage 642
West Brooklyn 642
Business Houses, Churches and
Schools 643
CHAITER Vlll.
Chin.v TowNSHir.
Town first called Fremont 643
First Town Officers 643
Cummings Noe builds first Cabin . . . 643
Thoroughbred Stock-Growers 644
Franklin Grove \''illage 644
Churches and Schools 645-646
Factories and Banks 646-647
Newspapers 647
CHAPTER IX.
Dixon Township and ('nv.
Ogee Ferry established 647
Postoffice established, 1829 647
John Dixon and Family Arrive.... 647
Other Early Settlers ..." 648
Government Land-Office at Dixon. . 648
William Cullen Bryant a \'isitor. . . . 648
The First Newspaper 648
Galena & Chicago Union R. R 648
Rapid Growth of Dixnn 64c)
Cholera \"isitation 649
List of A'ictims 649
Qironological List of Important
Events 649-650
Partial List of Old Settlers 650
Fire Visitations 650-651
Father Dixon ( Sketch ) 651-652
Distinguished Visitors 653-655
Church History 655-659
Young Men's Christian Association. 659
CHAPTER X.
Dixox T(jWNSiiip AXD CiTV (Continued).
r\lanufacturing Enterprises 659-662
Newspapers 662-663
Schools and Colleges 663-665
Dams and Bridges 665-667
Bridge Disaster 666
List of Victims 666
Hotels 667
Banks 667-668
Dixon in Civil War 668-669
Spanish-American War 669
Patriotic and Charitable Associa-
tions 669-670
Dixon Public Library 670-671
Rock River Assembly 671
City Officers ' 672
Lighting and Water Plants 672-673
Growth and Population 673-674
Postmasters 674
CHAPTER XI.
E.\ST Gro\e Township.
East Grove set off from Hamilton
Township 674
First Settler 674
Later Arrivals 674
An Early Murder 674
Union Church 674
Peoria, Dixon and Galena State
Road 674
CHAPTER XII.
H A .M ILTON T( iW N SH I P.
Original Dimensions of Township.. 674
First Supervisors 674
Early Settlers 675
Rev.' N. G. Collins 675
First Schools 675-676
First Qiurch Service 676
CHAPTER XIII.
H.VRMON TOWXSHIP.
Organization of Township 676
Some Early Settlers 676
Mrst Elections 676
Wild Game 676
Harmon \4llage 676
Grain Elevators 677
Churches 677
General Stores 677
LEE C O T- X T Y INDEX
CHAPTER XI\'.
Lee Center Towxship.
First White Settler 677
C)ther Early Arrivals 677
Rev. Peter Cartwright preachei first
Sermon 677
First School House 678
Pioneer Teacher 678
Lee Center Academy 678
Earlv Churches . . . '. 678-679
CHAPTER XV.
I\L\RiON Township.
Organization of Township 680
First Town Officers 680
Daniel Welty first Settler 680
An Elegant Pioneer Home 680
Later Arrivals 680
Town of Walton 680
CHAPTER X\'L
yi.W TOWN.SHIP.
Set off from Hamilton Township. . . 681
The Early Settlers 681
Catholic Church and Academv 681
CHAPTER XVn.
X.-\CHL'S.\ Township.
Originally West Half of China
Township 681
Road and Bridge History 682
Early Settlers at Grand Detour 682
"The Kingdom" 682
Cyrus Chamberlain first Settler, first
County Commissioner and first
Justice of the Peace 682
Chester Herrington first Teacher. . . 682
First Mill and Iron Foundry. . . .082-683
Galena & Chicago L'nion R. R 683
Franklin Grove Settlement 683
Other Early Settlers 683
Pioneer Churches and Cemeteries . . . 683
First Sunday School and First
Teacher 684
Nachusa Village 684
Col. A. P. Dysart. first Grain-dealer. 684
CHAPTER X\ in.
XeLSON TOWN.SHIP.
Is set off from Dixon 685
Luther Stone first Settler 685
Other Earlv Settlers 685
The "Bluff' Boys" 685
Zion Lutheran Church 685
Pine Grove Cemetery 685
Peoria Branch Chicago & Xorth-
western R. R ^ 685
CHAPTER XIX.
P.xLMYR.v Township.
First Settlers 686
The New York Colony 686
Indian Sugar-makers 687
Sugar Grove 687
The first Saw-mill 687
A Pioneer Wagon-shop 687
Early Churches and Schools 687
Some First Teachers 687
Prairieville — Soldiers' Monument. . . 688
Palmyra Insurance Company 688
CHAPTER XX.
Reynolds Township.
Organization 689
First Election and first Town Offi-
cers 689
Earlv Settlers 689
Churches 689
CHAPTER XXI.
South Dixon Township.
Set apart from Dixon 689
Joseph Cartwright first Permanent
Settler 689
Other Early Arrivals 689
Edson Family and School 690
Campbell Family 690
Churches and Schools 690
Eldina Milage 690
CHAPTER XXII.
Sublette Township.
First Settlers 690
Other Early Settlers 691
LEE COUNTY INDEX,
Settlers' Claim Snciety (,,,1
Original Xaim- nf the Town "I Ian-
no" I>l)2
First Town .Meeting and first ( )ffi-
cers 692
Church History 692-693
First Schools and School Houses. . . 693
\'illage of Henkel 693
Sublette Milage 693
First Grain-Elevator 694
Sublette Exchange Bank 694
CHAPTER XXni.
\'inL.\ Towxsinr.
Stockton organized from I'.rooklvn
Township 694
Name Changed tu \ iola 694
First Town Officers 694
Melugin's Grove Settlement 694
First School 694
An Agricultural Township 694
CHAPTER XX I\-.
Wii.i.nw Creek Township.
The Four Groves 695
Large Foreign-born Population 695
The"^ First s'ettlers 695
The Gonzolas Tract 695
Robert and David Smith 695
Indian Trail tu ( )ttawa 695
Twin (jroves 695
( ierman and Norwegian Settlers . . . 696
Schools and Churches 696
\\'illow Creek formerly part of l^aw
Paw 696
Chicago & Rock River R. R 696
Church History 696-697
Destructive Tornado 697
\^illage of Lee 697
CHAPTER XX\".
Wyoming Townsh ip.
Originally Part of Paw Paw 698
Levi Kelsey and Joel Griggs first
Land Claimants 698
Other Early Settlers 698
The Simms Tavern 699
Ogee and LeClaire Reservations .... 699
William Rogers first Postmaster. . . . 699
"Underground Railroad" Station... 699
Four-Mile Grove Settlement 699
Paw Paw Grove an Lnportant Center 700
Horse-thieves and Counterfeiters'
Resort 700
Paw Paw \'illage 701
Village Schools 701
Newspapers 702
Churches 702-703
Banks 703
Water System 703
East and Snuth Paw Paw \illages. . 704
Citizens of Lee Countv
Abell, Jabez 74y
Abell. John M 749
Adrian, Harry 757
Adrian, John /^j
Alexander, PhiHp M 715
Althaus, John j~,~
Anderson, Erastus j^'.j
Anderson. John \\' 754
Andrus, Leonard 714
Angier, Ambrose X 730
Argraves, Lawrence W 758
Argraves, Linn C 758
Argraves, Samuel (J 758
Arnould, Mncent C 758
Aschenbrenner, Andrew 742
Aschenbrenner, Reinhart 741
Avery, Wilbur ^l 758
Ayres. Jason C 708
Badger, Chester 762
Badger, Warren H 762
Banks, John W 763
Bardwell, Abalino C 710
Barge, William 759
Barlow, Augustus 746
Barth. George J 738
Bartlett, Prescott 759
Baum, William D 762
Baurne. Lemuel ~;^2
Beitel, C. T 764
Berry, Ezra 761
Berry, Wilson S 761
Bethea, \\'illiam W 724
Bieber, Paul j(\t,
Bliss, A'olney 751;
Boardman. Isaac S 755
Bodine, Albert Z 761
Bothe, Henrv 7^4
Bowers, C. \\' -6^^
Bradshaw. Aid y^2
Brechon. Gustave P 746
Bremmer, II. A 760
Briggs, I . S 740
Briggs, (). W 764
Brookner, Henry C /2t,
Brown, Clark S 760
Brown, George ^^^ 1 764
Brown, Thomas W 762
Brucker, William H jfv-,
Bryant, Frank I' 7(11
Biu^ket, Luther E jt'12
Burnett, Alfred 73 r
Burns Brothers 764
Burns, Owen E 764
1 iurns, Thomas E 764
llurright, Perrv A 760
Cady," William ^^■ 767
Cahill, James 767
Carnahan, Andrew J 768
Carnahan, Hiram 767
Caruth, Alexander 767
Caruth, Thomas A 767
Case, Francis j\I 768
Case, Frank W 768
Case, John A 768
Chadwick, Charles ^\' 709
Chaffee, Fernando H 766
Chaft'ee, \\'ilbur T 766
Charters, James B 714
Chase, Albion P /2^
Chase, Everett E 731
Cheney, Person j;^/
Cheney, Mrs. Person J^J
Childs, Frank L 756
Christeance, George W 769
Clapp, John L '/22
Clark, Daniel S 765
Clink, Alpheus H 768
Cobb, Henry B 7^7
Cortright, Nathan A 739
Cotton. Elmer 713
Crabtree, John D 708
Crawford. Albert W 767
Crawford, Calvin B 766
Crawford, Joseph 715
Crawford, Joseph D 7^17
Crawford. ^lilton A 755
Crawford. Samuel 766
Crawford, Wilson 766
Cumins, Theron 711
Daehler, William 771
Dement, Henry D 770
Dement. John 770
Detrick, Martin 771
Dinges. Peter 772
Dixon. Frank F 748
Dixon. Father John 7of:)
Dixon, Henry S 7(iQ
Dixon, Sherwood 7(19
Dodge, Orris B '. 724
Douglass, John B 771
Durin, James M 772
Durin, Lewis G 772
Durr, Henrv 1 771
Dyer, ^Irs.'^lary E 770
Dysart, Edward E 770
Dysart, Ernest E 769
LEE COUNTY INDEX.
Dysart, Harry W 770
Dysart, John 744
Dysart, Samuel "jzz
Dysart, William C 744
Dysart, Wilson 770
Eden, Martin P 774
Edmonds, Isaac 775
Edwards, Isaac 774
Edwards, William J 774
Eells, Samviel C 709
Emmert, Frank G 773
Emmert, Henry "/"jt^
Emmert, Liirten S jj^^
Emmert, Zachariah •/■^'t^
Erbes, Philip 775
Ericsson, John M ■]-]t^
Eustace, John A' 775
Everett, Oliver 774
Ewald, Charles j-jt,
Faber, Christian C 778
Faber, George 77S
Faber, William C 735
Fagan, Edward 778
Fahrney, David M -^-j-j
Fairchiid, David 0 776
Farrand, Richard S 711
Fassig-, John P -j-j-j
Fauble, Philip G 778
Felker, John B -j-]-]
Fischer, David J 750
Fischer, Henry 776
Fitzsimons, Edward 779
Fleming, Peter 775
Foley, Michael 776
Fordham, Harry L -j-jj
Franklin, William E ~-j-j
Frantz, Benjamin F 719
Freese, Anton F -j-j-j
Frost, S. Donald 756
Frost, William S 776
Fry, Josiah 778
Fuestman, Godfrey 776
Fuller, Giampion 775
Gaertner, Ferdinand 780
Gaffaney, Michael 781
Gantz, Samuel M 780
Garland, John J 781
( ieliant, Frank J 779
< lehant. Henr)- F 779
< iehant, Laurent 779
( lilbert, Abram 780
(Hlbert, Wilber W 779
( "lilniore, Alexander 780
(ilessner, Jeremiah -jz,!
(loble, James 780
Gonnermann, Conrad 781
( irim. Adam 780
Gross, Christian 745
( jrube, Henry A 781
Guffin, W. 1 719
Hallock, Israel F 735
Hanne, John 787
Hanne, Robert T 787
Harck, Fred . . ". 783
Harden, Dennis C 787
Harper, John 786
Hart, Charles D 782
Hart, Levi E 788
Hartzell, John Z 789
Hartzell, Lincoln A 787
Hartzell, ;\Iarcus 0 789
Haskell, Airs. Abigail L 781
Hansen, Charles F 735
Hausen, Sylvanus C 788
Hansen, William H 734
Heaton, William W 782
Heckman, Jacob C 787
Heckman, "lohn R 788
Hendrix, Ralph H 785
Henry, Eugene A 784
Henry, Joseph E 750
Henry, Lewis 786
Henrv, William 782
Herbst, John S 785
Hetler, Hiram 785
Hetler, Jeremiah 784
Hetler, Jesse 785
Hetler, John 785
Hetler, Nathan 784
Hilleson, Helge A 786
Hills, Willis N 784
Hoerner. Frank 786
Hoffman, Henry 786
Hoklren, Benjamin F 784
Holdren, Sherman J 783
Hopps, Robert A 783
Howell, George L 715
Howell, George A\' 789
Hewlett, Tames C 736
Hubbard, Charles F 783
Hunt, Isaac E 783
Hussey, Columbus D 788
Hutchinson, A. E 783
Hutchinson, John X 789
Huyett, Jacob H 788
Jeanblanc, Constant A 790
Johnston, Oliver P 791
Johnson, Benjamin F 790
Johnson, Edward L 789
Johnson, Ralph E 790
Jones, Royal 791
Jones, Pryce 790
LEE COUNTY INDEX
Judd, \\'allace A 791
Kearns, ^lichael 793
Kelley, Peter 792
Kersten, Hartman M 794
Kersten, John 794
Kilhner, John AI 791
Killmer, William 792
King, Elijah L 792
Kirke, Alexander J 794
Knetsch. Fred 793
Knight, Edward B 793
Knight, Mrs. Harriet E 791
Kost, Charles C 791
Kopp. Conrad 794
Koons, Nathan 794
Kreiter, Edward H 793
Kugler, \\'illiam H 793
Lahman. John D 798
Larabee, James \\'.. Sr 795
Larabee, James W., Jr 795
Larkin, Hugh. Sr 797
Larkin, Hugh, Jr 797
Lauer, Andrew J 79()
Lauer, Anton H 797
Lauer, George 797
Lauer, Mike J 798
Lawrence, John T 799
Leake, Daniel C 793
Leake, F"red W 796
Leake, John C 795
LeFever, Leander L 798
Lehman, Ira M 799
Leivan, William 796
Lewis, Ira W 798
Lindeman, Herman 743
Lincoln, James H 796
Little, Andrew 799
Little, Joseph T 798
Lord, John L 713
Lvman, George A 725
]\iadden, William H 805
Martin, Willard H 803
]\Iau, Frank 807
j\lav, Andrew 8ofi
jMc'Bride, Frank 807
McBride, John B 807
McCaffrey, Bernard 80^,
McCarty, William 804
McCleary, John C 740
]\IcCune, Thomas 804
McGinnis, Michael 808
McGinnis, William G 800
Alcf^Towan, Michael T 802
^IcGuirk, Hugh 803
McMahan, William 807
McMillan. Charles W 806
:\lc\\'ethv. George P 804
Alead, Riley A 805
]\Ieese, Calvin 804
:\Ienk, Rudolph W 807
■\Ienz, Henry C 749
Aleppen, William 731
^lerriman, Avery 806
;Merriman, J. B 712
Alerriman, Walter B 712
Messer, G. William 803
;\Iiller, Henry E 745
ililler, Jacob 803
:\Iiller, Llewellyn W 802
]\Iiller, Rinear 806
:\Iills, George 801
-Mills, S. F': 720
2iIinor, David 807
Aloffatt, William 753
^lontarin. Frank J 808
Morey, George E 800
Alorris, James H 804
I\l()rrisse\". Edward 801
^Imss, Zachariah W 801
Mnsshr>liler, Nicholas 753
Moulton. :\lrs. Ida C 800
Clover, John E 802
IMuilins. George 805
:Munn, M. C 801
Murphy. E. S y^^,
^hers. Abram 800
Neer, Barton B 808
Nelles, G. Lafayette 809
Nichols, Andrew T 734
Nicholson, \Mlliam 808
Noble, Henry T 808
Northrup, C. K '/22
Oberhelman, Fred 809
Oberhelman, John \\' 810
(TMallev. Michael 809
Owens, 'E. B 809
Pankhurst, William 81 1
Petrie, Nathan A 721
Phillips, Richard 752
Phillips, William W 811
Pierce, Philip S 811
Pitcher, Lester D 748
Plein. Nicholas 812
Plummer. Joseph P 810
Powers. Abijah 717
Powers, Austin 718
Pratt, Wilbur A 810
Preston, Charles F 810
Preston, Horace 812
Preston, Lorenzo T 811
Preston, ^^'illianl T 812
Rhoads, Jacob W 813
LEE COUNTY INDEX
Richardson, IV.hn S 813
Richardson, Nathan W 814
Ripley, John E 814
Roberts, Benjamin 812
Roberts, Henry L 813
Rogers, Francis E 813
Rosenkranz. Andrew H 813
Rossiter, Cornehus S 814
Sartorious, Henry 818
Sawyer, Darius 821
Schafer, George \V 815
Schmidt, John 817
Schnuckel, George 820
Scofield, Seely 821
Scott, Henry J 743
Seavey, Albion M 7^9
Seavey. Fletcher 819
Seavev, ^^'illiam W 7^0
Seidef, John T 816
Sevbert". James W 816
Shaddick," Richard AI 819
Shaw, r.enjamin V 706
Shaw, Eustace E 707
Shaw, G. H. T 7i?,
Shaw, Mary 814
Shaw, Samuel 814
Shell, Elias 815
Sickels, Edward A 716
Sickels. Edward C "16
Siglin, Amos 822
Sitts, John D 820
Sloggett, John H 819
Smith, Charles G 818
Smith, Christopher 817
Smith. Edwin W 73^
Smith, lanKS A 815
Smith. J. .M 756
Smith, Xelson 82c
Smith, Schuyler E 816
Steel, George 73)~
Stein, Henry P 817
Steinman, Charles A 820
Stephan, Louis 754
Stiles, Forest E 815
Stiteley, Frank E 816
Stone, Samuel 820
Stoner, Alelchior S 817
Stunkel. yi. ] 817
Sullivan, Michael 739
Sun. lav, Ilenrv \V 815
Sundav, Snlniii.m 821
Sutton'. William 821
Swartz, Uaniel 821
Swope, Elijah E 817
Tarr, Stephen A 824
Tasche, Conrad 757
Tavlor. William E 824
Teal, Alanley Al 823
Terhune, John A 823
Terhune, John H 823
Thomas, John V 824
Thompson. Gardner W 824
Thompson, William C 823
Tilton, Francis J 75 1
Titus, Abraham B 726
Titus, Edgar L 7-8
Titus, Ira^R 7^7
Todd, John 822
Tompkins, A. J 822
Tourtillott, Albert T 730
Traverse, Edmond R 822
Treadwell, Rensselaer P 822
Trowbridge, Reuben 74-
Truckenbrod, lohn X 823
Ultch, Edwani C 825
Utley, Joseph 710
\'ail Morrison H 825
\'an Epps. William H 7^,2
\'ann, Samuel A 825
\'an Patten, Harmon 826
\ogel, Jacob 826
Wagner, Charles W 827
^\'agner, Jacob 829
^Vatson, Frederick A 720
^^'atson, James A 720
\\'edlock; John .' ^21)
Weishaar, "John W 828
Weisz, Charles E S27
Weltv. Charles F 740
Welty, David 829
Wertman. Jacob 82S
Wertman. "Willard L 828
Wheeler. 1'.. J 826
^^■hite, Care\- J 829
White, Edwin J 829
\Miitney, xAlexis R 830
Whitney, Nathan 830
Wicher, Clvde L 7^7
Will, Charles 1 828
\\"ingert, Edward E 830
Wood, Lorenzo 829
Woodbridge, Ebenezer 827
\\'oods, Albert 827
\\'oods, George 830
Woods, Isaac X 828
^Vright, Stephen A 827
Wyman, John B 821)
'S'etter. John 747
Young. George E 830
Young, Simon P 747
Yoimg, Thomas 831
Zcller'; S. T 831
Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois.
ABBOTT, (Lieut.-(Jov,) Edward, a British
officer, who was commandant at Post Vincennes
(called by the British, Fort Sackville) at the
time Col. George Rogers Clark captured Kaskas-
kia in 1778. Abbott's jurisdiction extended, at
least nominally, over a part of the "Illinois
Country. ' ' Ten days after the occupation of Kas-
kaskia, Colonel Clark, having learned that
Abbott had gone to the British headquarters at
Detroit, leaving the Post without any guard
except that furnished by the inhabitants of the
village, took advantage of his absence to send
Pierre Gibault. the Catholic Vicar-General of Illi-
nois, to win over the people to the American
cause, which he did so successfully that they at
once took the oath of allegiance, and the Ameri-
can flag was run up over the fort. Although
Fort Sackville afterwards fell into the hands of
the British for a time, the manner of its occupa-
tion was as much of a surprise to the British as
that of Kaskaskia itself, and contributed to tlie
completeness of Clark's triumph. (See Clark,
Col. George Rogers, also, Gibault, Pierre.) Gov-
ernor Abbott seems to have been of a more
humane character than the mass of British
officers of his day, as he wrote a letter to General
Carleton about this time, protesting strongly
against the employment of Indians in carrying
on warfare against the colonists on the frontier,
on the ground of humanity, claiming that it was
a detriment to the British cause, although he
■was overruled by his superior officer. Colonel
Hamilton, in the steps soon after taken to reoap-
tm-e Vincennes.
ABINGDON, second city in size in KnoxCounty,
at the junction of the Iowa Central and the
Chicago, Burhngton & Quincy Railroads; 10
miles south of Galesburg, with which it is con-
nected by electric car line ; has city waterworks,
electric light plant, wagon works, brick and tile
woi'ks, sash, blind and swing factories, two banks.
three weekly papers, public library, fine high
school building and two ward schools. Hedding
College, a flourishing institution, under auspices
of the M. E. Church, is located here. Population
(1900), 2,023; (est. 1904), 3,000.
ACCAULT, Michael (Ak-ko), Fi-ench explorer
and companion of La Salle, who came to the
"Illinois Country" in 1780, and accompanied
Hennepin when the latter descended the Illinois
Ri^•er to its mouth and then ascended the Mis-
sissippi to the vicinity of the present city of St.
Paul, where they were captured by Sioux. They
were rescued by Greysolon Dulhut (for whom
the city of Duluth was named), and having dis-
covered the Falls of St. Anthony, returned to
Green Bay. {See Hennepin.)
ACKERMAjV, William K., Railway President
and financier, was born in New York City, Jan.
29, 1832, of Knickerbocker and Revolutionary
ancestry, his grandfather, Abraham D. Acker-
man, having served as Captain of a company of
the famous "Jersey Blues," participating with
"Mad" Anthony Wayne In the storming of Stony
Point during the Revolutionary War, while his
father served as Lieutenant of Artillery in the
War of 1812. After receiving a high school edu-
cation in New York, Mr. Ackerm'an engaged in
mercantile business, but in 1852 became a clerk
in the financial department of the Illinois Central
Railroad. Coming to Chicago in the service of
tlie Company in 1860, lie successively filled the
positions of Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer,
until July, 1876, when he was elected Vice-Presi-
dent and a year later promoted to the Presidency,
voluntarily retiring from this position in August,
1883, though serving some time longer in the
capacity of Vice-President. During the progress
of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago
(1892-93) Mr. Ackerman served as Auditor of the
Exposition, and was City Comptroller of Chicago
under the administration of Mayor Hopkins
10
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
(1893-95). He is an active member of the Chicago
Historical Society, and has rendered valuable
service to railroad history by the issue of two bro-
chures on the "Early History of Illinois Rail-
roads,"'and a "Historical Sketch of the Illinois
Central Railroad."
ADAMS, John, LL.D., educator and philan-
thropist, was born at Canterbury, Conn., Sept. 18,
1773 ; graduated at Yale College in 1795 ; taught
for several years in his native place, in Plain-
field, N. J., and at Colchester, Conn. In 1810 he
became Principal of Phillips Academy at An-
dover, Mass., remaining there twenty-three
J ears. In addition to his educational duties he
participated in the organization of several great
charitable associations which attained national
importance. On retiring from Phillips Academy
in 1833, he removed to Jacksonville, 111., where,
four years afterward, he became the third Prin-
cipal of Jacksonville Female Academy, remaining
six years. He then became Agent of the Ameri-
can Sunday School Union, in the com-se of the
next few years founding several hundred Sunday
Schools in different parts of the State. He re-
ceived the degree of LL. D. from Yale College in
185i. Died in Jacksonville, April 24, 1863. The
subject of this sketch was father of Dr. William
Adams, for forty years a prominent Presbyterian
clergyman of New \"ork and for seven years (1873-
80) President of Union Theological Seminary.
ADAMS, John McGregor, manufacturer, was
born at Londonderry, N. H., March 11, 1834. the
son of Rev. Jolm R. Adams, who served as Chap-
lain of the Fifth Maine and One Hundred and
Twenty-first New York Volunteers during the
Civil War. Mr. Adams was educated at Gorham,
Me., and Andover, Mass., after which, going to
New Y'ork City, he engaged as clerk in a dry-
goods house at §150 a year. He next entered the
office of Clark & Jessup, hardware manufacturers,
and in 1858 came to Chicago to represent the
house of Morris K. Jessup & Co. He thus became
associated with the late John Crerar, the firm of
Jessup & Co. being finally merged into that of
Crerar, Adams & Co., which, with the Adams &
Westlake Co. . have done a large business in the
manufactm-e of railway supplies. Since the
death of Mr. Crerar, Mr. Adams has been princi-
pal manager of the concern's vast manufacturing
business.
ADAMS, (Dr.) Saninel, physician and edu-
cator, was born at Brunswick, Me., Dec. 19, 1806,
and educated at Bowdoin College, where he
graduated in both the departments of literature
and of medicine. Then, having practiced as a
physician several years, in 1838 he assumed the
chair of Natural Philosophj', Chemistry and
Natural History in Illinois College at Jackson-
ville, 111. From 1843 to 1845 he was also Pro-
fessor of Materia Jledica and Therapeutics in the
Medical Department of the same institution, and,
during his connection with the College, gave
instruction at different times in nearly every
branch embraced in the college curriculum,
including the French and German languages.
Of imcompromising firmness and invincible cour-
age in his adherence to principle, he was a man
of singular modesty, refinement and amiability
in private life, winning the confidence and esteem
of all with whom he came in contact, especially
the students who came under his instruction. A
profound and thorough scholar, he possessed a
refined and exalted literary taste, which was
illustrated in occasional contributions to scien-
tific and literary periodicals. Among productions
of his pen on philosophic topics may be enumer-
ated articles on "The Natural History of Man in
his Scriptural Relations;"' contributions to the
"Biblical Repository" (1844); "Auguste Comte
and Positivism" ("New Englander,'' 1873), and
"Herbert Spencer's Proposed Reconciliation be-
tween Religion and Science" ("New Englander,"
1873). His connection with Illinois College con-
tinued until his death, April, 1877 — a period of
more than thirty-eight years. A monument to
his memory has been erected through the grate-
ful donations of his former pupils.
ADAMS, George Everett, lawyer and ex-Con-
gressman, born at Keene, N. H., June 18, 1840;
was educated at Harvard College, and at Dane
Law School, Cambridge, Mass., graduating at the
former in 1860. Early in life he settled in Chi-
cago, where, after some time spent as a teacher
in the Chicago High School, he engaged in the
practice of his profession. His first post of pub-
lic responsibiUty was that of State Senator, to
which he was elected in 1880. In 1883 he was
chosen, as a Republican, to represent the Fourth
Illinois District in Congress, and re-elected in
1884, "86 and "88. In 1890 he was again a candi-
date, but was defeated by Walter C. Newberry.
He is one of the Trustees of the Newberry
Library.
ADAMS, James, pioneer lawyer, was born in
Hartford, Conn., Jan. 26, 1803; taken to Oswego
County, N. Y., in 1809, and, in 1821, removed to
Springfield, 111., being the first la-n-yer to locate
in the future State capital. He enjoyed an ex-
tensive practice for the time ; in 1823 was elected
a Justice of the Peace, took part in the Winne-
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
11
bago and Black Hawk wars, was elected Probate
Judge in 1841, and died in office, August 11, 1843.
ADAMS COUNTY, an extreme westerly county
of the State, situated about midway between its
northern and southern extremities, and bounded
on the west by the Mississippi River. It was
organized in 1825 and named in honor of John
Quincy Adams, the name of Quincy being given
to the coimty seat. The United States Census of
1890 places its area at 830 sq. m. and its popula-
tion at 61,888. The soil of the county is fertile
and well watered, the surface diversified and
hilly, especially along the Mississippi bluffs, and
its climate equable. The wealth of the county is
largely derived from agricultiu'e, although a
large amount of manufactui-ing is carried on in
Quincy. Population (1900), 67,058.
ADDAMS, John Huy, legislator, was born at
Sinking Springs, Berks Coimty, Pa., July 12,
1823; educated at Trappeand Upper Dublin, Pa.,
and learned the trade of a miller in his youth,
which he followed in later life. In 1844, Mr.
Addams came to Illinois, settling at Cedarville,
Stephenson County, purchased a tract of land
and built a saw and grist mill on Cedar Creek.
In 1854 he was elected to the State Senate from
Stephenson County, serving continuously in tliat
body by successive re-elections until 1870 — first as
a Whig and afterwards as a Republican. In 1865
he established the Second National Bank of Free-
port, of which he continued to be the president
until his death, August 17, 1881.— Miss Jane
( Addams), philanthropist, the founder of the "Hull
House," Chicago, is a daughter of Mr. Addams.
ADDISON, village, Du Page County; seat of
Evangelical Lutheran College, Normal School
and Orphan Asylum ; lias State Bank, stores and
public school. Pop. (1900), 591; (1904), 614.
ADJUTANTS-GENERAL. The office of Adju-
tant-General for tlie State of Illinois was first
created by Act of the Legislature, Feb. 2, 1865.
Previous to the War of the Rebellion the position
was rather honorary than otherwise, its duties
(except during the Black Hawk War) and its
emoluments being alike unimportant. The in-
cumbent was simply the Chief of the Governor's
Staff. In 1861, the post became one of no small
importance. Those who held the office during
the Territorial period were : Elias Rector, Robert
Morrison, Benjamin Stephenson and Wm. Alex-
ander. After the admission of Illinois as a State
•up to the beginning of the Civil War, the duties
(which were almost wholly nominal) were dis-
charged by Wm. Alexander, 1819-21 ; Elijah C.
Berry, 1821-28; James W. Berry, 1828-39; Moses
K. Anderson, 1839-57; Thomas S. Mather, 1858-61.
In November, 18G1, Col. T. S. Mather, who had held
the position for three years previous, resigned to
enter active service, and Judge Allen C. Fuller
was appointed, remaining in office until January
1, 1865. The first appointee, under the act of
1865, was Isham N. Hayuie, who held office
until his death in 1869. The Legislature of 1869,
taking into consideration that all the Illinois
volunteers had been mustered out, and that the
duties of the Adjutant-General had been materi-
ally lessened, reduced the proportions of the
department and curtailed the appropriation for
its support. Since the adoption of the military
code of 1877, the Adjutant-General's office has
occupied a more important and conspicuous posi-
tion among the departments of the State govern-
ment. The following is a list of those who have
held office since General Haynie, with the date
and dm-ation of their respective terms of office :
Hubert Dilger, 1869-73; Edwin L. Higgins,
1873-75; Hiram Hilliard, 1875-81; Isaac H. Elliot,
1881-84; Joseph W. Vance, 1884-93; Albert Oren-
dorff, 1898-96; C. C. Hilton, 1896-97; Jasper N.
Reece, 1897 — .
AGRICULTURE. Illinois ranks high as an
agricultural State. A large area in the eastern
portion of the State, because of the absence of
timber, was called by the early settlers "the
Grand Prairie." Upon and along a low ridge
beginning in Jackson Comity and running across
the State is the prolific fruit-growing district of
Southern Illinois. Tlie bottom lands extending
from Cairo to the mouth of the Illinois River are
of a fertility seemingly inexhaustible. The cen-
tral portion of the State is best adajited to corn,
and the southern and southwestern to the culti-
vation of winter wheat. Nearly three-fourths of
the entire State — some 42,000 square miles — is up-
land prairie, well suited to the raising of cereals.
In the value of its oat crop Illinois leads all the
States, that for 1891 being §31,106,674, with 3.068,-
930 acres under cultivation. In the production
of corn it ranks next to Iowa, the last census
(1890) showing 7,014,336 acres under cultivation,
and the value of the crop being estimated at
586,905,510. In wheat-raising it ranked seventh,
although the annual average value of the crop
from 1880 to 1890 was a little less than 829,000,-
000. As a live-stock State it leads in the value of
horses (883,000,000), ranks second in the produc-
tion of swine (830,000,000), third in cattle-growing
(832,000,000), and fourth in dairy products, the
value of milch cows being estimated at $24,000,-
000. (See also Farmcis' Institute. )
13
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF. A
department of the State administration which
grew out of the organization of the Illinois Agri-
cultural Society, incorporated by Act of the
Legislatiu-e in 1853. The first appropriation from
the State treasury for its maintenance was §1,000
per annum, "to be expended in the promotion of
mechanical and agricultural arts." The first
President was James N. Brown, of Sangamon
County. Simeon Francis, also of Sangamon, was
the first Recording Secretary ; John A. Kennicott
of Cook, first Corresponding Secretary ; and John
Williams of Sangamon, first Treasurer. Some
thirty volumes of reports have been issued, cover-
ing a variety of topics of vital interest to agri-
cultvu-ists. The department has well equipped
oflSces in the State House, and is charged with
the conduct of State Fairs and the management
of annual exhibitions of fat stock, besides the
collection and dissemination of statistical and
other information relative to the State's agri-
cultural interests. It receives annual reports
from all County Agricultural Societies. The
State Board consists of three general ofiicers
(President, Secretary and Treasurer) and one
representative from each Congressional district.
The State appropriates some §20,000 annually for
the prosecution of its work, besides which there
is a considerable income from receipts at State
Fairs and fat stock shows. Between §30,000 and
§25,000 per annum is disbursed in premiums to
competing exhibitors at the State Fairs, and some
§10,000 divided among County Agricultural
Societies holding fairs.
AKERS, Peter, D. D., Methodist Episcopal
clergyman, born of Presbyterian parentage, in
Campbell County, Va., Sept. 1, 1790; was edu-
cated in the common schools, and, at the age
of 16, began teaching, later pursuing a classical
course in institutions of Virginia and North
Carolina. Having removed to Kentucky, after a
brief season spent in teaching at Mount Sterling
in that State, he began the study of law and was
admitted to the bar in 1817. Two years later he
began the publication of a paper called "The
Star," which was continued for a short time. In
1821 he was converted and joined the Methodist
church, and a few months later began preaching.
In 1832 he removed to Illinois, and, after a year
spent in work as an evangelist, he assmned the
Presidency of McKendree College at Lebanon,
remaining during 1833-34; then established a
"manual labor school" near Jacksonville, which
he maintained for a few years. From 1887 to
1852 was spent as stationed minister or Presiding
Elder at Springfield, Quincy and Jacksonville. In
the latter year he was again appointed to the
Presidency of McKendree College, where he
remained five years. He was then (1857) trans-
ferred to the Minnesota Conference, but a year
later was compelled by declining health to assume
a superannuated relation. Returning to Illinois
about 1865, he served as Presiding Elder of the
Jacksonville and Pleasant Plains Districts, but
was again compelled to accept a superannuated
relation, making Jacksonville his home, where
he died, Feb. 21, 1886. While President of Mc-
Kendree College, he published his work on "Bib-
lical Chronology," to which he had devoted many
previous years of his life, and which gave evi-
dence of great learning and vast research. Dr.
Akers was a man of profoimd convictions, exten-
sive learning and great eloquence. As a pulpit
orator and logician he probably had no superior
in the State during the time of his most active
service in the denomination to which he belonged.
AKIN, Edward C, lawyer and Attorney-Gen-
eral, was born in Will County, 111., in 1852, and
educated in the public schools of Joliet and at Ann
Arbor, Mich. For four years he was paying and
receiving teller in the First National Bank of
Joliet, but was admitted to the bar in 1878 and
has continued in active practice since. In 1887 he
entered upon his political career as the Republi-
can candidate for City Attorney of Joliet, and was
elected by a majority of over 700 votes, although
the city was usually Democratic. The follow-
ing year he was the candidate of his party for
State's Attorney of Will County, and was again
elected, leading the State and county ticket by
800 votes — being re-elected to the same office in
1892. In 1895 he was the Republican nominee
for Mayor of Joliet, and, although opposed by a
citizen's ticket headed by a Republican, was
elected over his Democratic competitor by a deci-
sive majority. His greatest popular triumph was
in 1896, when he was elected Attorney-General
on the Republican State ticloet by a plurality
over his Democratic opponent of 132.248 and a
majority over all competitors of 111,2.55. His
legal abilities are recognized as of a very high
order, while his personal popularity is indicated
by his uniform success as a candidate, in the
face, at times, of strong political majorities.
ALBANY, a village of Whiteside County, lo-
cated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway (Rock Island
branch). Population (1890), 611; (1900), 621.
ALBION, county-seat of Edwards County,
on Southern Railway, midway between St. Louis-
EXPERniKNT lAKM iTHE VINEVARDi fXIVERSITY OF II.I.IXOI
EXPERIMENT EAR
LTIVATION), UNIVERSITY OF II,I<INOIS.
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDLV OF ILLINOIS.
13
and Louisville; seat of Southern Collegiate In-
stitute; has plant for manufacture of vitrified
shale pavftig brick, two newspapers, creamery,
flouring mills, and is important shipping point
for live stock; is in a rich fruit-growing district;
lias five churches and splendid public schools.
Population (1900), 1,162; (est. 1904), 1,500.
ALCORN, James Lusk, was born near Gol-
conda. 111., Nov. 4, 1816; early went South and
held various oflSces in Kentuckj' and Mississippi,
including member of the Legislature in each;
was a member of the Mississippi State Conven-
tions of 1851 and 1861, and by the latter appointed
a Brigadier-General in the Confederate service,
but refused a commission by Jefferson Davis
because his fidelity to the rebel cause was
doubted. At the close of the war he was one of
the first to accept the reconstruction policy ; was
elected United States Senator from Mississippi in
1865, but not admitted to his seat. In 1869 he
was chosen Governor as a Republican, and two
years later elected United States Senator, serving
until 1877. Died, Dec. 20, 1894.
ALDRICH, J. Frank, Congressman, was born
at Two Rivers, Wis., April 6, 1853, the son of
William Aldrich, who afterwards became Con-
gressman from Chicago ; was brought to Chicago
in 1861, attended the public schools and the Chi-
cago University, and graduated from the Rensse-
laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1877,
receiving the degree of Civil Engineer. Later he
engaged in the linseed oil business in Chicago.
Becoming interested in politics, he was elected a
member of the Board of County Commissioners
of Cook County, serving as President of that body
during the reform period of 1887; was also a
member of the County Board of Education and
Chairman of the Chicago Citizens' Committee,
appointed from the various clubs and commer-
•cial organizations of the city, to promote the for-
mation of the Chicago Sanitary District. From
May 1, 1891, to Jan. 1, 1893, he was Commissioner
of Public Works for Chicago, when he resigned
his office, having been elected (Nov., 1892) a
member of the Fifty-third Congress, on the
Republican ticket, from the First Congressional
District; was re-elected in 1894, retiring at the
close of the Fifty-fourth Congress. In 1898 he
was appointed to a position in connection with
the office of Comptroller of the Currency at
Washington.
ALDRICH, William, merchant and Congress-
man, was born at Greenfield, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1820.
His early common school training was supple-
mented by private tuition in higher branches of
mathematics and in surveying, and by a term in
an academy. Until he had reached the age of 26
years he was engaged in farming and teaching,
but, in 1846, turned his attention to mercantile
pursuits. In 1851 he removed to Wisconsin,
where, in addition to merchandising, he engaged
in the manufacture of furnitirre and wooden ware,
and where he also held several important offices,
being Superintendent of Schools for three years,
Chairman of the County Board of Supervisors
one year, besides serving one term in the Legisla-
ture. In 1860 he removed to Chicago, where he
embarked in the wholesale grocery business. In
1875 he was elected to the City Council, and, in
1876, chosen to represent his district (the First) in
Congress, as a Republican, being re-elected in 1878,
and again in 1880. Died in Fond du La<j, Wis.,
Dec. 3, 1885.
ALEDO, county-seat of Mercer County; is in
the midst of a rich farming and bituminous coal
region; fruit-growing and stock-raising are also
extensively carried on, and large quantities of
these commodities are shipped here; has two
newspapers and ample school facilities. Popula-
tion (1890), 1,601; (1900), 2,081.
ALEXANDER, Joliii T., agriculturist and
stock-grower, was born in Western Virginia,
Sept. 15, 1820; removed with his father, at six
j-ears of age, to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1848.
Here he bought a tract of several thousand acres
of land on the Wabash Railroad, 10 miles east of
Jacksonville, which finally developed into one of
the richest stock-faims in the State. After the
war he became the owner of the celebrated
"Sullivant farm." comprising some 20,000 acres
on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad in
Champaign County, to which he transferred his
stock interests, and although overtaken by re-
verses, left a large estate. Died, August 22, 1876.
ALEXANDER, Milton K., pioneer, was born in
Elbert County, Ga., Jan. 23, 1796; emigrated
with his father, in 1804, to Tennessee, and, while
still a boy, enlisted as a soldier in the War of 1812,
serving under the command of General Jackson
until the capture of Pensacola, wlien he entered
upon the campaign against the Seminoles in
Florida. In 1823 he removed to Edgar County,
111., and engaged in mercantile and agricultural
pursuits at Paris; serving also as Postmaster
there some twenty-five years, and as Clerk of the
County Commissioners' Court from 1826 to "37.
In 1826 he was commissioned by Governor Coles,
Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, Illinois
State Militia ; in 1830 was Aide-de-Camp to Gov-
ernor Reynolds, and, inl832, took part in the Black
14
IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Hawk War as Brigadier-General of the Second
Brigade, Illinois Volunteers. On the inception of
the internal improvement scheme in 1837 he was
elected by the Legislature a member of the first
Board of Commissioners of Public Works, serving
until the Board was abolished. Died, July 7, 1856.
ALEXANDER, (Dr.) William M., pioneer,
came to Southern Illinois previous to the organi-
zation of Union County (1818), and for some time,
while practicing his profession as a physician,
acted as agent of the proprietors of the town of
America, which was located on the Ohio River,
on the first high ground above its junction with
the Mississippi. It became the first county-seat
of Alexander County, which was organized in
1819, and named in his honor. In 1820 we find
him a Representative in the Second General
Assembly from Pope County, and two years later
Representative from Alexander County, when he ,
became Speaker of the House during the session
of the Third General Assembly. Later, he
removed to Kaskaskia, but finally went South,
where lie died, though the date and place of his
death are unknown.
ALEXANDER COUNTY, the extreme southern
county of the State, being bounded on the west
by the Mississipppi, and south and east by the
Ohio and Cache rivers. Its area is about 230
square miles and its population, in 1890, was 16,-
563. The first American settlers were Teunessee-
ans named Bird, who occupied the delta and gave
it the name of Bird's Point, wliich, at the date of
the Civil War (1861-05), had been transferred to
the Missouri shore opposite the mouth of the Ohio.
Other early settlers were Clark, Kennedj' and
Philijis (at Mounds), Conyer and Terrel (at Amer-
ica), and Humphreys (near Caledonia). In 1818
Shadrach Bond (afterwards Governor), John G.
Comyges and others entered a claim for 1800 acres
in the central and northern part of the county,
and incorporated the "City and Bank of Cairo."
The history of this enterprise is interesting. In
1818 (on Comyges' death) tlie land reverted to the
Government; but in 1835 Sidney Breese, David J.
Baker and Miles A. Gilbert re-entered the for-
feited bank tract and the title thereto became
vested in the "Cairo City and Canal Company,"
which was chartered in 1837, and, by purchase,
extended its holdings to 10,000 acres. The
county was organized in 1819; the first county-
seat being America, which was incorporated in
1820. Population (1900), 19,384.
ALEXIAN BROTHERS' HOSPITAL, located
at Chicago; established in 1800. and under the
management of tlie Alexian Brothers, a monastic
order of the Roman Catholic Church. It was
originally opened in a small frame building, but a
better edifice was erected in 1868, onlj*to be de-
stroyed in the great fire of 1871. Tlie following
year, through the aid of private benefactions and
an appropriation of 818,000 from the Chicago Re-
lief and Aid Society, a larger and better hospital
was built. In 1888 an addition was made, increas-
ing the accommodation to 150 beds. Only poor
male patients are admitted, and these are received ■
without reference to nationality or religion, and
absolutely without charge. The present medical
staff (1896) comprises fourteen physicians and sur-
geons. In 1895 the close approach of an intra-
mural transit line having rendered the building
unfit for hospital purposes, a street railway com-
pany purchased the site and buildings for $250,-
000 and a new location has been selected.
ALEXIS, a village of Warren County, on the
Rock Island & St. Louis Division of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railway, 12 miles east of
north from Monmouth. It has manufactures of
brick, drain-tile, pottery and agricultural imple-
ments; is also noted for its Clydesdale horses.
Population (1880), 398; (1890), 562; (1900), 915.
ALGONQUINS, a group of Indian tribes.
Originally tlieir territory extended from about
latitude 37° to 53° north, and from longitude 25°
east to 15° west of the meridian of Washington.
Branches of the stock were found by Cartier in
Canada, by Smith in Virginia, by the Puritans in
New England and by Catholic missionaries in the
great basin of the Mississippi. One of tlie prin-
cipal of their five confederacies embraced the
Illinois Indians, who were found within the
State by the French when the latter discovered
the country in 1673. They were hereditary foes
of the warlike Iroquois, by whom their territory
was repeatedly invaded. Besides the Illinois,
other tribes of the Algonquin family who origi-
nally dwelt within the present limits of Illinois,
were the Foxes, Kickapoos, Miamis, Menominees,
and Sacs. Although nomadic in their mode of
life, and subsisting largely on the spoils of the
chase, the Algonquins were to some extent tillers
of tlie soil and cultivated large tracts of maize.
Various dialects of their language liave been
reduced to grammatical rules, and Eliot's Indian
Bible is published in their tongue. The entire
Algonquin stock extant is estimated at about
95,000, of whom some 35,000 are witliin the United
States.
ALLEN, William Joshua, jurist, was born
June 9, 1829, in Wilson County, Tenn. ; of Vir-
ginia ancestry of Scotch-Irish descent. In early
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
15
infancy he was brought by his parents to Soutli-
ern Illinois, where his father, Willis Allen, be-
came a Judge and member of Congress. After
reading law with his father and at the Louisville
Law School, young Allen was admitted to the
bar, settling at Metropolis and afterward (1853)
at his old home, Marion, in Williamson County.
In 1855 he was appointed United States District
Attorney for Illinois, but resigned in 1859 and re-
sumed private practice as partner of John A.
Logan. The same year he was elected Circuit
Judge to succeed his father, who had died, but he
declined a re-election. He was a member of the
Constitutional Conventions of 1802 and 1869, serv-
ing in both bodies on the Judicial Committee and
as Chairman of the Committee on the Bill of
Rights. From 1864 to 1888 he was a delegate to
every National Democratic Convention, being
chairman of the Illinois delegation in 1876. He
has been four times a candidate for Congress, and
twice elected, serving from 1862 to 1865. During
this period he was an ardent opponent of the wai
policy of the Government. In 1874-75, at the
solicitation of Governor Beveridge, he undertook
the prosecution of the leaders of a bloody "ven-
detta" which had broken out among his former
neighbors in Williamson County, and, by his fear-
less and impartial efforts, brought the offenders to
justice and assisted in restoring order. In 1886,
Judge AUen removed to Springfield, and in 1887
was appointed by President Cleveland to succeed
Judge Samuel H. Treat (deceased) as Judge of the
United States District Court for the Southern
District of Illinois. Died Jan. 26, 1901.
ALLE>", Willis, a native of Tennessee, who
removed to Williamson Covmty, 111., in 1829 and
engaged in farming. In 1834 he was chosen
Sheriff of Franklin County, in 1838 elected Rep-
resentative in the Eleventh General Assembly,
and, in 1844, became State Senator. In 1841,
although not yet a licensed lawyer, he was chosen
Prosecuting Attorney for the old Third District,
and was shortly aftervs-ard admitted to the bar.
He was chosen Presidential Elector in 1844, a
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847,
and served two terms in Congress (1851-55). On
March 2, 1859, lie was commissioned Judge of the
Twenty-sixth Judicial Circuit, but died three
months later. His son, William Joshua, suc-
ceeded him in the latter office.
ALLERTOX, Samnel Waters, stock-dealer and
capitalist, was born of Pilgrim ancestry in
Dutchess County, N. Y., May 26, 1829. His
youth was spent with his father on a farm in
Yates County. N. Y.. but about 1852 he (
in the live-stock business in Central and Western
New York. In 1856 he transferred his operations
to Illinois, shipping stock from various points to
New York City, finally locating in Chicago. He
was one of the earliest projectors of the Chicago
Stock- Yards, later securing control of the Pitts-
burg Stock- Yards, also becoming interested in
yards at Baltimore, Philadelphia, Jersey City and
Omaha. Mr. AUerton is one of the founders and
a Director of the First National Bank of Chicago,
a Director and stockholder of the Chicago City
Railway (the first cable line in that city), the
owner of an extensive area of highly improved
farming lands in Central Illinois, as also of large
tracts in Nebraska and Wyoming, and of valuable
and productive mining properties in the Black
Hills. A zealous Republican in politics, he is a
liberal supporter of the measures of that party,
and, in 1893, was the unsuccessful Republican can-
didate for Mayor of Chicago in opposition to
Carter H. Harrison.
ALLOUEZ, Claude Jean, sometimes called
"The Apostle of the West," a Jesuit priest, was
born in France in 1620. He reached Quebec in
1658, and later explored the country around
Lakes Superior and Michigan, establishing the
mission of La Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis. ,
now stands, in 1665, and St. Xavier, near Green
Bay, in 1669. He learned from the Indians the
existence and direction of the upper Mississippi,
and was the first to communicate the informa-
tion to the authorities at Montreal, which report
was the primary cause of Joliet's expedition. He
succeeded Marquette in charge of the mission at
Kaskaskia, on the Illinois, in 1677, where he
preached to eight tribes. From that date to 1690
he labored among the aborigines of Illinois and
Wisconsin. Died at Fort St. Joseph, in 1690.
ALLYN, (Rev.) Robert, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born at Ledyard, New London County,
Conn., Jan. 25, 1817, being a direct descend-
ant in the eighth generation of Captain Robert
Allyn, who was one of the first settlers of New
London. He grew up on a farm, receiving his
early education in a country school, supple-
mented by access to a small pubUc library, from
which he acquired a good degi-ee of familiarity
with standard English writers. In 1837 he
entered the Wesleyan University at Middletown,
Conn., where he distinguished himself as a
mathematician and took a high rank as a linguist
and rhetorician, graduating in 1841. He im-
mediately engaged as a teacher of mathematics
in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass.,
and, in 1846, was elected principal of the school,
16
niSTOIilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
meanwhile (1843) becoming a licentiate of the
Providence Conference of the Methodist Episcopal
Church. From 1848 to 1854 he served as Princi-
pal of the Providence Conference Seminary at
East Greenwich, R. I., when he was appointed
Commissioner of Public Schools of Rhode Island
— also serving the same year as a Visitor to West
Point Military Academy. Between 1857 and 1859
he filled the chair of Ancient Languages in the
State University at Athens, Ohio, when he ac-
cepted the Presidency of the Wesleyan Female
College at Cincinnati, four years later (1863)
becoming President of McKeudree College at
Lebanon, 111., where he remained imtil 1874.
That position he resigned to accept the Presi-
dency of the Southern Illinois Normal University
at Carbondale, whence he retired in 1892. Died
at Carbondale, Jan. 7, 1894.
ALTAMONT, Effingham County, is intersecting
point of the Vandalia, Chicago & Eastern Illinois,
Baltimore & Ohio S. W., and Wabash Railroads,
being midway and higliest point between St.
Louis and Terre Haute, Ind. ; was laid out in
1870. The town is in the center of a grain, fruit-
growing and stock-raising district ; has a liank,
two grain elevators, flouring mill, tile works, a
large creamery, wagon, furniture and other fac-
tories, besides churches and good schools. Popu-
lation (1890), 1,044, (1900), 1,335.
ALTGELD, John Peter, ex-Judge and ex-Gov-
ernor, was born in Prussia in 1848, and in boy-
hood accompanied his parents to America, the
family settling in Ohio. At the age of 16 he
enlisted in the One Hundred and Sixty-fourth
Ohio Infantry, serving until the close of the war.
His legal education was acquired at St. Louis and
Savannah, Mo., and from 1874 to '78 he was
Prosecuting Attorney for Andrew County in that
State. In 1878 he removed to Chicago, where he
devoted himself to professional work. In 1884 he
led the Democratic forlorn hope as candidate for
Congress in a strong Republican Congressional
district, and in 1886 was elected to the bench of
tlie Superior Court of Cook County, but resigned
in August, 1891. The Democratic State conven-
tion of 1893 nominated him for Governor, and he
was elected the following November, being the
first foreign-born citizen to hold that office in the
history of the State, and the first Democrat
elected since 1852. In 1896 he was a prominent
factor in the Democratic National Convention
which nominated William J. Bryan for Presi-
dent, and was also a candidate for re-election to
the office of Governor, but was defeated by John
R. Tanner, the Republican
ALTON, principal city in Madison County
and important commercial and manufacturing
point on Mississippi River, 25 miles north of
St. Louis; site was first occupied as a French
trading-post about 1807, the town proper being
laid out by Col. Rufus Easton in 1817; principal
business houses are located in the valley along
the river, while the residence portion occupies
the bluff's overlooking the river, sometimes rising
to the height of nearly 350 feet. The city has
extensive glass works employing (1903) 4,000
hands, flouring mills, iron foundries, manufac-
tories of agricultural implements, coal cars, min-
ers' tools, shoes, tobacco, lime, etc., besides
several banks, numerous churches, schools, and
four newspapers, three of them daily. A monu-
ment to the memory of Elijah P Lovejoy, who
fell while defending his press against a pro-slav-
ery mob in 1837. was erected in Alton Cemetery,
1896-7, at a cost of S30.000, contributed by the
State and citizens of Alton. Population (1890),
10,294; (1900), 14,210.
ALTON PENITEXTIARY. The earliest pun-
ishments imposed upon public offenders in Illi-
nois were by public flogging or imprisonment for
a short time in jails rudely constructed of logs,
from which escape was not difficult for a prisoner
of nerve, strength and mental resource. The
inadequacy of such places of confinement was
soon perceived, but popular antipathy to any
increase of taxation prevented the adoption of
any other policy until 1827. A grant of 40,000
acres of saline lands was made to the State by
Congress, and a considerable portion of the money
received from their sale was apijropriated to the
establishment of a State penitentiary at Alton.
The sum set apart proved insufficient, and, in 1831,
an additional appropriation of §10,000 was made
from the State treasury. In 1833 the prison was
ready to receive its first inmates. It was built of
stone and had but twenty-four cells. Additions
were made from time to time, but by 1857 the
State determined upon building a new peniten-
tiary, which was located at Joliet (see Northern
Penitentiari/). and, in 1860, the last convicts were
transferred thither from Alton. The Alton prison
was conducted on what is known as ' 'the Auburn
plan" — associated labor in silence by day and
separate confinement by night. The manage-
ment was in the hands of a "lessee," who fur-
nished supplies, employed guards and exercised
the general powers of a warden under the super-
vision of a Commissioner appointed by the State,
and who handled all the products of convict
labor.
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOrEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
ALTON RIOTS. (See Lovejoy. Elijah Par-
rish.)
ALTONA,to\vn of Knox County, on C, B/& Q.
R. R., 16 miles northeast of Galesburg; has an
endowed public library, electric light system,
cement sidewalks, four churches and good school
system. Population (1900), 633.
ALTON & SAXiAMOX RAILROAD. (See
Clticago & Alton Railroad.)
AMBOT, city in Lee County on Green River, at
junction of Illinois Central and C, B. & Q. Rail-
roads, 95 miles soutli by west from Chicago : has
artesian water with waterworks and fire protec-
tion, city park, two telephone systems, electric
lights, railroad repair shops, two banks, two
seven churches, graded and high
is on line of Northern Illinois Electric
Ry. from De Kalb to Dixon; extensive bridge
and iron works located here. Pop. (1900), 1,826.
AMES, Edward Raymond, Methodist Episcopal
Bishop, born at Amesville, Athens County, Ohio,
May 30, 1806; was educated at the Ohio State
University, where he joined the M. E. Church.
In 1838 he left college and became Principal of
the Seminary at Lebanon, 111., which afterwards
became McKendree College. While there he
received a license to preach, and, after holding
various charges and positions in the church, in-
cluding membership in the General Conference
of 1840, '44 and '53, in the latter year was elected
Bishop, serving until his death, which occurred
in Baltimore, April 25, 1879.
ANDERSON, Galusha, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born at Bergen, N. Y., March 7, 1S32;
graduated at Rochester University in 1854 and at
the Theological Seminary there in 1856; spent
ten years in Baptist pastoral work at Janesville,
V\''is., and at St. Louis, and seven as Professor in
Newton Theological Institute, Mass. From 1873
to '80 he preached in Brooklyn and Chicago; was
then chosen President of the old Chicago Univer-
sity, remaining eight j'ears, when he again be-
came a pastor at Salem, Mass., but soon after
assiomed the Presidency of Denison University,
Ohio. On the organization of the new Chicago
Universit}', he accepted the chair of Homiletics
and Pastoral Theology, which he now holds
ANDERSON, George A., lawj-er and Congress-
man, was born in Botetourt County, Va., March
11, 1853. When two years old he was brought by
his parents to Hancock County, 111 He re-
ceived a collegiate education, and. after studying
law at Lincoln, Neb., and at Sedalia, Mo., settled
at Quincy, 111., where he began practice in 1880.
In 1884 he was elected City Attorney on the
Democratic ticket, and re-elected in 1885 without
opposition. The following year he was the suc-
cessful candidate of his party for Congress, which
was his last public service. Died at Quincy,
Jan. 31, 1896.
ANDERSON, James C, legi-slator, was born in
Henderson County, 111., August 1, 1845; raised on
a farm, and after receiving a common-school
education, entered Monmouth College, but left
early in the Civil War to enlist in the Twentieth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in which he attained
the rank of Second Lieutenant. After the war he
served ten years as Sheriff of Henderson County,
was elected Representative in the General
Assembly in 1888, '90, '92 and '96, and served on
the Republican "steering committee" during the
session of 1893. He also served as Sergeant-at-
Arms of the Senate for the session of 1895, and
was a delegate to the Republican National Con-
vention of 1896. His home is at Decorra.
ANDERSON, Stinson H., Lieutenant-Gover-
nor, was born in Sumner Covmty, Tenn., in 1800;
came to Jefferson County, 111., in his youth, and,
at an early age, began to devote his attention to
breeding fine stock; served in the Black Hawk
War as a Lieutenant in 1832, and the same year
was elected to the lower branch of the Eighth
General Assembly, being re-elected in 1834. In
1838 he was chosen Lieutenant-Governor on the
ticket with Gov. Thomas Carlin. and soon after
the close of his term entered the United States
Army as Captain of Dragoons, in this capacity
taking part in the Seminole War in Florida.
Still later he served under President Polk as
United States Marshal for Illinois, and also held
the position of Warden of the State Penitentiary
at Alton for several years. Died, September, 1857. —
William B, (Anderson), son of the preceding,
was born at Mount Vernon, 111., April 30, 1830;
attended the common schools and later studied
surveying, being elected Surveyor of Jefferson
County, in 1851. He studied law and was admit-
ted to the bar in 1858, but never practiced, pre-
ferring the more quiet life of a farmer. In 1856
he was elected to the lower house of the General
Assembly and re-elected in 1858. In 1861 he
entered the volunteer service as a private, was
promoted tlirough the grades of Captain and
Lieutenant-Colonel to a Colonelcy, and, at the
close of the war, was brevetted Brigadier-Gen-
eral. In 1868 he was a candidate for Presidential
Elector on the Democratic ticket, was a member
of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70,
and, in 1871, was elected to the State Senate, to
fill a vacancy. In 1874 he was electeil to the Forty-
18
IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
fourth Congress on the Democratic ticket. In
1893 General Anderson was appointed by Presi-
dent Cleveland Pension Agent for Illinois, con-
tinuing in that position four years, when he
retired to private life.
ANDRUS, Rer. Reuben, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born at Rutland, Jefferson County,
N. Y., Jan. 29, 1824; early came to Fulton
County, 111., and spent three years (1844-47) as a
student at Illinois College, Jacksonville, but
graduated at McKendree College, Lebanon, in
1849 ; taught for a time at Greenfield, entered the
Methodist ministry, and, in 1850, foimded the Illi-
nois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, of
which he became a Professor; later re-entered
the ministry and held charges at Beardstown,
Decatur, Quincy, Springfield and Bloomington,
meanwhile for a time being President of Illinois
Conference Female College at Jacksonville, and
temporary President of Quincy College. In 1867
he was transferred to the Indiana Conference and
stationed at Evansville and Indianapolis; from
1873 to '75 was President of Indiana Asbury Uni-
versity at Greencastle. Died at Indianapolis,
Jan. 17, 1887.
ANNA, a city in Union County, on the Illinois
Central Railroad, 36 miles from Cairo; is center
of extensive fruit and vegetable-growing district,
and largest shipping-point for these commodities
on the Illinois Central Railroad. It has an ice
plant, pottery and lime manufactories, two banks
and two newspapers. The Southern '(111. ) Hos-
pital for the Insane is located here. Population
(1890), 2,295; (1900), 2,618; (est. 1904), 3,000.
ANTHONY, EUiott, jurist, was born of New
England Quaker ancestry at Spafford, Onondaga
County, N. Y., June 10, 1837; was related on
the maternal side to the Chases and Phelps (dis-
tinguished lawyers) of Vermont. His early years
were spent in labor on a farm, but after a course
of preparatory study at Cortland Academy, in
1847 he entered the sophomore class in Hamilton
College at Clinton, graduating with honors in
1850. The next year he began the study of law,
at the same time giving instruction in an Acad-
emy at Clinton, where he had President Cleve-
land as one of his pupils. After admission to the
bar at Oswego, in 1851, he removed West, stop-
ping for a time at Sterling, 111. , but the following
year located in Chicago. Here he compiled "A
Digest of Illinois Reports"; in 1858 was elected
City Attorney, and, in 1863, became solicitor of
the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now the
Chicago & Northwestern). Judge Anthony
served in two State Constitutional Conventions —
those of 1862 and 1869-70— being chairman of the
Committee on Executive Department and mem-
ber of the Committee on Judiciary in the latter.
He was delegate to the National Republican Con-
vention of 1880, and was the same year elected a
Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, and was
re-elected in 1886, retiring in 1893, after which he
resumed the practice of his profession, being
chiefly employed as consulting counsel. Judge
Anthony was one of the founders and incorpo-
rators of the Chicago Law Institute and a member
of the first Board of Directors of the Chicago
Public Library; also served as President of the
State Bar Association (1894-95), and delivered
several important historical addresses before that
body. His other most important productions
are volumes on "The Constitutional History of
Illinois," "The Story of the Empire State" and
"Sanitation and Navigation." Near the close of
his last term upon the bench, he spent several
months in an extended tour through the princi-
pal countries of Europe. His death occurred,
after a protracted illness, at his home at Evans-
ton, Feb. 24. 1898.
AMI-NEBRASKA EDITORIAL CONVEN-
TION, a political body, which convened at
Decatur, Feb. 23, 1856, pursuant to the suggestion
of "The Morgan Journal," then a weekly paper
published at Jacksonville, for the purpose of for-
mulating a policy in opposition to the principles
of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. Twelve editors
were in attendance, as follows: Cliarles H. Ray
of "The Chicago Tribune"; V. Y. Ralston of
"The Quincy Whig"; O. P. Wharton of "The
Rock Island Advertiser"; T. J. Pickett of "The
Peoria Republican"; George Schneider of "The
Chicago Staats Zeitung" ; Charles Faxon of "The
Princeton Post"; A. N. Ford of "The Lacon Ga-
zette"; B. F. Shaw of "The Dixon Telegraph" ; E.
C. Daugherty of "The Rockford Register" ; E. W.
Blaisdell of "The Rockford Gazette"; W. J.
Usrey of "The Decatur Chronicle"; and Paul
Selby of ' 'The Jacksonville Journal. " Paul Selby
was chosen Chairman and W. J. Usrey, Secre-
tary. The convention adopted a platform and
recommended the calling of a State convention
at Bloomington on May 29, following, appointing
the following State Central Committee to take the
matter in charge: W. B. Ogden, Chicago; S. M.
Church, Rockford; G. D. A. Parks, Joliet; T. J.
Pickett, Peoria; E. A. Dudley, Quincy; W^illiam
H. Herndon, Springfield; R. J. Oglesby, Deca-
tur; Joseph Gillespie, Edwardsville ; D. L. Phil-
lips, Jonesboro; and Ira O. Wilkinson and
Gustavus Koerner for the State-at-large. Abra-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
19
ham Lincoln was present and participated in the
consultations of the committees. All of these
served except Messrs. Ogden, Oglesby and Koer-
ner, the two former declining on account of ab-
sence from the State. Ogden was succeeded by
the late Dr. John Evans, afterwards Territorial
Governor of Colorado, and Oglesby by Col. Isaac
C. Pugh of Decatur. (See Bloomington Conven-
tion of ISSij. )
APPLE RIVER, a village of Jo Daviess
County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 21 miles
east-northeast from Galena. Population (1880),
626; (1890), 572; (1900), 576.
APPLINGTON, (Maj.) Zeiias, soldier, was born
in Broome County, N. Y., Dec. 24, 1815; in 1837
emigrated to Ogle County, 111., where he fol-
lowed successively the occupations of farmer,
blacksmith, carjjenter and merchant, finally
becoming the founder of the town of Polo. Here
he became wealthy, but lost much of his property
in the financial revulsion of 1857. In 1858 he
was elected to the State Senate, and, during the
session of 1859, was one of the members of that
body appointed to investigate the "canal scrip
fraud" (which see), arid two years later was one of
the earnest supporters of the Government in its
preparation for the War of the Rebellion. The
latter year he assisted in organizing the Seventh
Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned
Major, being some time in command at Bird's
Point, and later rendering important service to
General Pope at New Madrid and Island No. 10.
He was killed at Corinth, Miss., May 8, 1863,
while obeying an order to charge upon a band of
rebels concealed in a wood.
APPORTIONMENT, a mode of distribution of
the counties of the State into Districts for the
election of members of the General Assembly
and of Congress, which will be treated under
separate heads:
Legislative. — The first legislative apportion-
ment was provided for by the Constitution of
1818. That instrument vested the Legislature
with power to divide the State as follows: To
create districts for the election of Representatives
not less than twenty-seven nor more than thirty-
six in number, until the population of the State
should amount to 100,000; and to create sena-
torial districts, in number not less than one-third
nor more than one-half of the representative dis-
tricts at the time of organization.
The schedule appended to the first Constitution
contained the first legal apportionment of Sena-
tors and Representatives. The first fifteen
counties were allowed fourteen Senators and
twenty-nine Representatives. Each county
formed a distinct legislative district for repre-
sentation in the lower house, with the nmnber of
members for each varying from one to three;
while Johnson and Franklin were combined in
one Senatorial district, the other counties being
entitled to one Senator each. Later apportion-
ments were made in 1831, '26, '31, '36, '41 and '47.
Before an election was held under the last, how-
ever, the Constitution of 1848 went into effect,
and considerable changes were effected in this
regard. The number of Senators was fixed at
twenty-five and of Representatives at seventy-
five, until the entire population should equal
1,000,000, when five members of the House were
added and five additional members for each 500,-
000 increase in population until the whole num-
ber of Representatives reached 100. Thereafter
the number was neither increased nor dimin-
ished, but apportioned among the several coun-
ties according to the number of white inhabit-
ants. Should it be found necessary, a single
district might be formed out of two or more
counties.
The Constitution of 1848 established fifty-four
Representative and twenty-five Senatorial dis-
tricts. By the apportionment law of 1854, the
number of the former was increased to fifty-eight,
and, in 1861, to sixty-one. The number of Sen-
atorial districts remained imchanged, but their
geographical limits varied under each act, while
the number of members from Representative
districts varied according to population.
The Constitution of 1870 provided for an im-
mediate reapportionment (subsequent to its
adoption) by the Governor and Secretary of
State upon the basis of the United States Census
of 1870. Under the apportionment thus made,
as prescribed by the schedule, the State was
divided into twenty-five Senatorial districts (each
electing two Senators) and ninety-seven Repre-
sentative districts, with an aggregate of 177 mem-
bers varying from one to ten for the several
districts, according to population. This arrange-
ment continued in force for only one Legislature
— that chosen in 1870.
In 1872 this Legislature proceeded to reappor-
tion the State in accordance with the principle of
"minority representation," which had been sub-
mitted as an independent section of the Constitu-
tion and adopted on a separate vote. This
provided for apportioning the State into fifty-one
districts, each being entitled to one Senator and
three Representatives. The ratio of representa-
tion in the lower house was ascertained by divid-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ing the entire population by 153 and each county
to be allowed one Representative, provided its
population reached three-fifths oif the ratio ; coun-
ties having a population equivalent to one and
thi-ee-flfths times the ratio were entitled to two
Representatives ; while each county with a larger
population was entitled to one additional Repre-
sentative for each time the full ratio was repeated
in the number of inhabitants. Apportionments
were made on this principle in 1873, '83 and "93.
Members of the lower house are elected bienni-
ally; Senators for fom- years, those in odd and
even districts being chosen at each alternate
legislative election. The election of Senators for
the even (numbered) districts takes place at the
same time with that of Governor and other State
officers, and that for the odd districts at the inter-
mediate periods.
Congressional. — For the first fourteen years
of the State's history, Illinois constituted but one
Congressional district. The census of 1830 show-
ing sufRcient population, the Legislature of 1831
(by act, approved Feb. 13) divided the State into
three districts, the first election under this law
being held on the first Monday in August, 1833.
At that time Illinois comprised fifty-five coun-
ties, which were appoi-tioned among the districts
as follows: First — Gallatin, Pope, Johnson,
Alexander, Union, Jackson, Franklin, Perry,
Randolph, Monroe, Washington, St. Clair, Clin-
ton, Bond, Madison, Macoupin; Second — White,
Hamilton, Jefiierson, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash,
Clay, Marion, Lawrence, Fayette, Montgomery,
Shelby, Vermilion, Edgar, Coles, Clark, Craw-
ford; Third — Greene, Morgan, Sangamon,
Macon, Tazewell, McLean, Cook, Henry, La
Salle, Putnam, Peoria, Knox, Jo Daviess, Mercer,
McDonough. AVarren, Fulton, Hancock, Pike,
Schuyler, Adams, Calhoun.
The reapportionment following the census of
1840 was made by Act of March 1, 1843, and the
first election of Representatives thereunder
occurred on the first Monday of the following
August. Forty-one new counties had been cre-
ated (making ninety-six in all) and the nimiber
of districts was increased to seven as follows:
First — Alexander, Union, Jackson, Monroe,
Perry, Randolph, St. Clair, Bond, Washington,
Madison; Second — Johnson, Pope, Hardin,
Williamson, Gallatin. Franklin, "White, Wayne,
Hamilton, Wabash, Massac, Jefferson, Edwards,
JIarion; Third — Lawrence, Richland, Jasper,
Fayette, Crawford, Effingham, Christian, Jlont-
gomery, Shelby, Moultrie. Coles. Clark, Clay,
Edgar, Piatt, Macon, De Witt; Fourth — Lake,
McHenry, Boone, Cook, Kane, De Kalb, Du Page,
Kendall, Will, Grundy, La Salle, Iroquois,
Livingston, Champaign, VermiUon, McLean,
Bureau; Fifth — Greene, Jersey, Calhoim, Pike,
Adams, Marquette (a part of Adams never fully
organized), Brown, Schuyler, Fulton Peoria,
Macoupin; Sixth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson,
Winnebago, Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside, Henry,
Lee, Rock Island, Stark, Mercer, Henderson,
Warren, Knox, McDonough, Hancock; Seventh
— Putnam, Slarshall, Woodford, Cass, Tazewell,
Mason, ;\lfii:ird, Sci.U. Morgan, Logan, Sangamon.
The iii'xt ( 'oiiL;irssi(inal apportionment (August
22, IS'i'i) iliviilcd till' State into nine districts, as
follows — the first election under it being held the
following November; First — Lake, McHenry,
Boone, Winnebago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Car-
roll, Ogle ; Second — Cook, Du Page, Kane, De
Kalb, Lee, Whiteside, Rock Island; Third —
Will, Kendall, Grundy, Livingston, La Salle,
Putnam, Bureau, Vermilion, Iroquois, Cham-
paign, McLean, De Witt; Fourth — Fulton,
Peoria, Knox, Henry, Stark, Warren, Mercer,
Marshall, Mason, Woodford, Tazewell; Fifth
— Adams, Calhoun, Brown, Schuyler, Pike, Mc-
Donough, Hancock, Henderson ; Sixth — Morgan,
Scott, Sangamon, Greene, Macoupin, Montgom-
ery, Shelby, Christian, Cass, Menard, Jersey;
Seventh — Logan, Macon, Piatt, Coles, Edgar,
Moultrie, Cumberland, Crawford, Clark, Effing-
ham, Jasper, Clay, La\vi-ence, Richland, Fayette ;
Eighth — Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Bond,
Madison, Clinton, Washington, Jefferson, Mar-
ion; Ninth — Alexander, Pulaski, Massac, Union,
Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, Jack-
son, Perry, FrankUn, W^illiamson, Hamilton,
Edwards, White, Wayne, Wabash.
The census of 18G0 showed that Illinois was
entitled to fourteen Representatives, but through
an error the apportionment law of April 24, 1861.
created only thirteen districts. This was com-
pensated for by providing for the election of one
Congressman for the State-at- large. The districts
were as follows: First — Cook, Lake; Second —
McHenry, Boone, Winnebago, De Kalb, and
Kane; Third — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, White-
side, Carroll, Ogle, Lee; Fom-th — Adams, Han-
cock, Warren, Mercer, Henderson, Rock Island;
Fifth— Peoria, Knox, Stark, Marshall, Putnam,
Bureau, Henry; Sixth— La Salle, Grundy, Ken-
dall, Du Page. Will, Kankakee; Seventh —
Macon, Piatt. Champaign. Douglas. Moultrie,
Cumberland, Vermilion, Coles. Edgar, Iroquois,
Ford; Eighth— Sangamon, Logan, De Witt, Mc-
Lean, Tazewell, Woodford, Livingston ; Ninth—
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
21
Fulton, Mason, Menard, Cass. Pike, McDonough,
Schuyler, Brown ; Tenth — Bond, Morgan, Cal-
houn, Macoupin, Scott, Jersey, Greene, Christian,
Montgomery, Shelby ; Eleventh — Marion, Fay-
ette, Richland, Jasper, Clay, Clark, Crawford,
Franklin, Lawrence, Hamilton, Effingham,
Wayne, Jefferson; Twelfth— St. Clair, Madison,
Clinton, Monroe, Washington, Randolpli:
Thirteenth — Alexander, Pulaski, Union, Perry,
Johnson, Williamson, Jackson, Massac, Pope,
Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, White, Edwards,
Wabash.
The next reapportionment was made July 1.
1872. The Act created nineteen districts, as fol-
lows: First — The first seven wards in Chicago
and thirteen towns in Cook County, with the
county of Du Page; Second — Wards Eighth to
Fifteenth (inclusive) in Chicago; Third— Wanls
Sixteenth to Twentieth in Chicago, the remainder
of Cook County, and Lake County;, Fourth —
Kane, De Kalb, McHenry, Boone, and Winne-
bago; Fifth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson. Carroll.
Ogle, Whiteside; Sixth — Henry, Rock Island,
Putnam, Bureau, Lee; Seventh — La Salle, Ken-
dall, Grundy, Will; Eighth — Kankakee, Iroquois,
Ford, Marshall, Livingston, Woodford; Ninth —
Stark, Peoria, Knox, Fulton; Tenth — Mercer,
Henderson, Warren, McDonough, Hancock,
Schuyler; Eleventh — Adams, Brown, Calhoun,
Greene, Pike. Jersey; Twelfth— Scott. Morgan,
^Menard, Sangamon, Cass, Christian; Thirteenth —
Mason, Tazewell. McLean, Logan. De Witt ; Fovir-
teenth — Macon. Piatt. Champaign, Douglas. Coles.
Vermilion; Fifteenth — Edgar, Clark, Cumber-
land, Shelby, Moultrie, Effingham, Lawrence,
Jasper, Crawford; Sixteenth — Montgomery,
Fayette, Washington, Bond, Clinton, Marion,
Clay; Seventeenth — Macoupin, Madison, St.
Clair, Monroe ; Eighteenth — Randolph, Perr}',
Jackson, Union. Johnson, Williamson, Alex-
ander, Pope, Massac, Pulaski; Nineteenth —
Richland, Wayne, Edwards, White, Wabash,
Saline, Gallatin, Hardin, Jefferson, Franklin.
Hamilton.
In 1883 (by Act of April 29) the number of dis-
tricts was increased to twenty, and the bound-
aries determined as follows: First — Wards First
to Fourth (inclusive) in Chicago and thirteen
towns in Cook County; Second — Wards oth to
7th and part of 8th in Chicago; Third — Wards
9th to 14th and part of 8th in Chicago ; Fourth
— The remainder of the City of Chicago and of
the county of Cook; Fifth — Lake. McHenrj-,
Boone, Kane, and De Kalb ; Sixth — Winnebago.
Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Ogle, and Carroll;
Seventh — Lee, Whiteside, Henry, Bureau, Put-
nam; Eighth — La Salle, Kendall, Grundy, Du
Page, and Will; Ninth — Kankakee, Iroquois,
Ford, Livingston, Woodford, Marshall; Tenth —
Peoria, Knox, Stark, Fulton ; Eleventh — Rock
Island, Mercer. Henderson. Warren, Hancock,
McDonough, Schuyler ; Twelfth — Cass, Brown,
Adams, Pike, Scott, Greene, Calhoim, Jersey ;
Thirteenth — Tazewell, Mason, Menard, Sanga-
mon, Morgan, Christian; Fourteenth — McLean,
De Witt, Piatt, Macon, Logan ; Fifteenth —
Coles, Edgar, Douglas, Vermilion, Champaign;
Sixteenth — Cumberland, Clark, Jasper, Clay,
Crawford. Richland, Lawrence, Wayne, Edwards,
Wabash ; Seventeenth — Macoupin, Montgomery,
Jloultrie, Shelby, Effingham, Fayette; Eight-
eenth— Bond, Madison, St. Clair. Jlonroe. Wash-
ington; Nineteenth — Marion. Clinton Jefferson.
Saline, Franklin, Hamilton, White. Gallatin, Har-
din ; Twentieth — Perrj', Randolph. Jackson.
LTnion, Williamson, Johnson, Alexander, Pope,
Pulaski, Massac.
The census of 1890 showed the State to be entit-
led to twent.v-two Representatives. No reap-
portionment, however, was made until June,
1893, two members from the State-at-large being
elected in 1892. The existing twenty-two Con-
gressional districts are as follows: The first
seven districts comprise the counties of Cook and
Lake, the latter lying wholly in the Seventh dis-
trict; Eighth — McHenry, De Kalb, Kane, Du
Page, Kendall, Grundy; Ninth — Boone, Winne-
bago, Stephen.son, Jo Daviess, Carroll, Ogle, Lee:
Tenth— Whiteside, Rock Island, Mercer. Henry,
Stark, Knox ; Eleventh — Bureau, La Salle.
Living.ston. Woodford; Twelfth— Will, Kanka-
kee. Iroquois. Vermilion; Thirteentli — Ford. Mc-
Lean, DeWitt, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas; Four-
teenth — Putnam, Marshall, Peoria, Fulton,
Tazewell. Mason; Fifteenth — Henderson, War-
ren, Hancock, McDonough, Adams, Brown,
Schuyler ; Sixteenth — Cass, Morgan. Scott,
Pike. Greene, Macoupin, Calhoun, Jersey;
Seventeenth — Menard, Logan, Sangamon. Macon,
Christian ; Eighteenth— Madison, Montgomery,
Bond, Fayette, Shelby, Moultrie; Nineteenth —
Coles, Edgar, Clark, Cumberland, Effingham.
Jasper, Crawford, Richland, Lawrence; Twenti-
eth-Clay, Jefferson, Wayne. Hamilton, Ed-
wards, Wabash, Franklin, White, Gallatin,
Hardin; Twenty- first— Marion, Clinton, Wash-
ington, St. Clair. Monroe, Randolph, Perry;
Twenty-second — Jackson. Union. Alexander.
Pulaski, Johnson, Williamson. Saline. Pope.
Massac. (See also Rc2}resentativcs it' Congress.)
22
niSTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
ARCHER, WilUam B., pioneer, was born in
Warren County, Ohio, in 1790, and taken to Ken-
tucky at an early day, wLiere he remained until
ISIT, when his family removed to Illinois, finally
settling in what is now Clark Coimty. Although
pm-suing the avocation of a farmer, he became
one of the most prominent and influential men in
that part of the State. On the organization of
Clark County in 1819. he was appointed the first
County and Circuit Clerk, resigning the former
office in 1820 and the latter in 1822. In 1824 he
was elected to the lower brancli of the General
Assembly, and two years later to the State
Senate, serving continuously in the latter eight
years. He was thus a Senator on the breaking
out of the Black Hawk War (1832), in which he
served as a Captain of militia. In 1834 he was an
unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor;
was appointed by Governor Duncan, in 183.5, a
member of the first Board of Commissioners of
the Illinois & Michigan Canal; in 1838 was
retmned a second time to the House of Repre-
sentatives and re-elected in 1840 and "46 to the
same body. Two years later (1848) he was again
elected Circuit Clerk, remaining imtil 1852, and
in 1854 was an Anti-Nebraska Whig candidate
for Congress in opposition to James C. AUen.
Although Allen received the certificate of elec-
tion. Archer contested his right to the seat, with
the result that Congress declared the seat vacant
and referred the question back to tlie people. In
a new election held in August, 1856, Archer was
defeated and Allen elected. He held no public
office of importance after this date, but in 1856
was a delegate to the first Republican National
Convention at Philadelphia, and in that body was
an enthusiastic supporter of Abraham Lincoln,
whose zealous friend and admirer he was, for the
office of Vice-President. He was also one of the .
active promoters of various railroad enterprises
in that section of the State, especially the old
Chicago & Vincennes Road, the first projected
southward from the City of Chicago. His con-
nection with the Illinois & Michigan Canal was
the means of giving his name to Archer Avenue,
a somewhat famous thoroughfare in Chicago
He was of tall stature and great energy of char-
acter, with a tendency to enthusiasm that com-
municated itself to others. A local history has
said of him that ' 'he did more for Clark County
than any man in his day or since," although "no
consideration, pecuniary or otherwise, was ever
given liim for his services." Colonel Archer was
one of the founders of Marshall, the county-seat
of Clark County, Governor Dmican being associ-
ated with him in the ownership of the land on
which the town was laid out. His death oc-
curred in Clark County, August 9, 1870, at the
age of 78 years.
ARCOLAjinoorporated city in Douglas County,
158 miles south of Chicago, at junction of Illinois
Cential and Terre Haute branch Vandalia Rail-
road ; is center of largest broom-corn producing
region in the world; has city waterworks, witli
efficient volunteer fire department, electric lights,
telephone system, grain elevators and broom-
corn warehouses, two banks, three newspapers,
nine churches, library building and excellent free
school system. Pop. (1890), 1,733; (1900), 1,995.
AREJiZ, Francis A., pioneer, was born at
Blankenberg, in the Province of the Rhein,
Prussia, Oct. 31, 1800; obtained a good education
and, while a yoimg man, engaged in mercantile
business in his native country. In 1827 he came
to the United States and, after spending two
years in Kentucky, in 1829 went to Galena, where
he was engaged for a short time in the lead
trade. He took an early opportunity to become
naturalized, and coming to Beardstown a few
months later, went into merchandising and real
estate; also became a contractor for furnishing
supplies to the State troops during the Black Hawk
War, Beardstown being at the time a rendezvous
and shipping point. In 1834 he began the publi-
cation of "The Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois
Bounty Land Register," and was the projector of
the Beardstown & Sangamon Canal, extending
from the Illinois River at Beardstown to Miller's
Ferry on the Sangamoii, for which he secui'ed a
special charter from the Legislature in 1836. He
had a survey of the line made, but the hard times
prevented the beginning of the work and it was
finally abandoned. Retiring from the mercantile
business in 1835, he located on a farm six miles
southeast of Beardstown, but in 1839 removed to
a tract of land near the Morgan County line
which he had bought in 1833, and on which the
present village of Arenzville now stands. This
became the center of a thrifty agricultural com-
munity composed largely of Germans, among
whom he exercised a large influence. Resuming
the mercantile business here, he continued it
until about 1853, when lie sold out a considerable
part of his possessions. An ardent Whig, he was
elected as such to the lower branch of the Four-
teenth General Assembly (1844) from Morgan
County, and during the following session suc-
ceeded in securing the passage of an act by which
a strip of territory three miles wide in the north-
ern part of Morgan County, including the village
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
23
of Arenzville, and which had been in dispute,
v.-as transferred by vote of the citizens to Cass
County. In 18.52 Mr. Arenz visited his native
land, by appointment of President Fillmore, as
bearer of dispatches to the American legations at
■ Berlin and Vienna. He was one of the founders
of the Illinois State Agricultural Society of 1853,
and served as the Vice-President for his district
until his death, and was also the founder and
President of the Cass County Agricultural Soci-
ety. Died. April 2. 18.50.
AELINtiTON, a village of Bureau County, on
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 92
miles west of Chicago. Population (1880), 447;
(1890). 436; (1900). 400.
ARLINGTON HEIGHTS (formerly Dunton). a
village of Cook County, on the Chicago & North-
western Railway, 22 miles northwest of Chicago ;
is in a dairying district and has several cheese
factories, besides a sewing machine factory,
hotels and churches, a graded school, a bank and
one newspaper. Population (1880), 995; (1890),
1,424; (1900), 1,380.
ARMOUR, Philip Banfortli, packer. Board of
■ Trade operator and capitalist, was born at Stock-
bridge, Madison County. N. Y., May 16, 1832.
After receiving the benefits of such education as
the village academy afforded, in 1852 he set out
. across the Plains to California, where he re-
mained four years, achieving only moderate suc-
cess as a miner. Returning east in 1856, he soon
rafter embarked in the commission business in
Milwaukee, continuing luitil 1863, when he
formed a partnership with Mr. John Plankinton
in the meat-packing business. Later, in conjunc-
tion with his brothers — H. O. Armour having
. already built up an extensive grain commission
trade in Chicago — he organized the extensive
packing and commission firm of Armour &
Co., with branches in New York, Kansas City
and Chicago, their headquarters being removed
to the latter place from Milwaukee in 1875.
Mr. Armour is a most industrious and me-
thodical business man, giving as many hours
to the superintendence of business details as the
most industrious day-laborer, the result being
seen in the creation of one of the most extensive
and prosperous firms in the countrj-. Mr.
Armour's practical benevolence has been demon-
strated in a munificent manner by his establish-
ment and endowment of the Armour Institute
(a manual training school) in Chicago, at a cost
of over §2,350,000, as an offshoot of the Armour
Mission founded on the bequest of his deceased
brother, Joseph F. Armour. Died Jan. 6, 1901.
ARMSTRONG, Jolin Strawn, pioneer, born in
Somerset County, Pa., May 29, 1810, the oldest of
a family of nine sons ; was taken by his parents
in 1811 to Licking County, Ohio, where he spent
his childhood and early youth. His father was a
native of Ireland and his mother a sister of Jacob
Strawn, afterwards a wealthy stock-grower and
dealer in Jlorgan County. In 1829, John S. came
to Tazewell County, 111., but two years later
joined the rest of his family in Putnam (now
Marshall) County, all finally removing to La
Salle Count3', where they were among the earli-
est settlers. Here he settled on a farm in 1834,
where he continued to reside over fifty years,
when he located in the village of Sheridan, but
early in 1897 went to reside with a daughter in
Ottawa. He was a soldier in the Black Hawk
War, has been a prominent and influential farm-
er, and. in the later years of his life, has been
a leader in "Granger" politics, being Master of his
local "Grange," and also serving as Treasurer of
the State Grange. — George Wasliingtou (Arm-
strong), brother of the preceding, was born upon
the farm of his parents, Joseph and Elsie (Strawn)
Armstrong, in Licking County, Ohio, Dec. 9,
1812; learned the trade of a weaver with his
father (who was a woolen manufacturer), and at
the age of 18 was in charge of the factory.
Early in 1831 he came with his mother's family
to Illinois, locating a few months later in La
Salle Coimty. In 1832 he served with his older
brother as a soldier in the Black Hawk War, was
identified with the early steps for the construc-
tion of the IlUnois & Michigan Canal, finally be-
coming a contractor upon the section at Utica,
where he resided several years. He then returned
to the farm near the present village of Seneca,
where he had located in 1833, and where (with
the exception of his residence at Utica) he has
resided continuously over sixty-five years. In
1844 Mr. Armstrong was elected to the lower
branch of the Fourteenth General Assembly,
also served in the Constitutional Convention of
1847 and, in 1858, was the unsuccessful Democratic
candidate for Congress in opposition to Owen
Lovejoy. Re-entering the Legislature in 1860 as
Representative from La Salle County, he served
in that body by successive re-elections until 1868,
proving one of its ablest and most influential
members, as well as an accomplished parliamen-
tarian. Mr. Armstrong was one of the original
promoters of the Kankakee & Seneca Riiilroad.—
William E. (Armstrong), third brother of this
family, was born in Licking County, Ohio, Oct.
25, 1814; came to Illinois with the rest of the
24
HISTORICAL EXCYC'LOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
family in 1831, and resided in La Salle County
iiiitil 1841, meanwhile serving two or three terms
;is Shi^vitf of the county. The latter year he was
a|i]H)iiiliMl one of the Commissioners to locate the
.■(i\iiity-^cat of the newly-organized county of
Grundy, linally becoming one of the foxmders and
tlie lirst permanent settler of tlie town of Grundy
— later I'alled Morris, in honor of Hon. I. N. Mor-
ris, of Quiucy, 111, at that time one of the Com-
mis.sioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal.
Here Mr. Armstrong was again elected to the
office of Sheriff, serving several terms. So ex-
tensive was his influence in Grundy County, that
he was popularly known as "The Emperor of
Grundy." Died, Nov. 1, 18.50.— Joel W. (Arm-
strong), a fourth brother, was born in Licking
County, Ohio, Jan. 6, 1817; emigrated in boyhood
to La Salle County, 111. ; served one term as
County Recorder, was member of the Board of
Supervisors for a number of years and the first
Postmaster of his town. Died, Dec. 3, 1871. —
Perry A. (Armstrong), the seventh brother of
this historic family, was born near Newark. Lick-
ing County, Ohio, April 1.5, 1833, and came to La
Salle County, 111., in 1831. His opportunities for
acquiring an education in a new country were
limited, but between work on the farm and serv-
ice as a clerk of his brother George, aided by a
short term in an academy and as a teacher in
Kendall C'ount3% he managed to prepare himself
for collf.ne, entering Illinois College at Jackson-
villi- in 1S43. Owing to failure of health, he was
com] II ■lied to abandon his plan of obtaining a col-
le,i,'iate education and returned home at the end
of his Freshman year, but continued his studies,
nieanwhile teaching district schools in the winter
and working on his mother's farnr during the
crop season, vmtil 1845, when he located in Mor-
ris. Grundy County, opened a general store and
was a|i|iointeil I '( istmastei". He has been in pub-
lic |i(isiiiMii .ii saline sort ever since he reached his
majority, in. Imliug the offices of School Trustee,
Postmaster, Justice of the Peace, Supervisor,
County Clerk (two terms). Delegate to the Con-
stitutional Convention of 1862, and two terms as
Representative in the General Assembly (1863-64
and 1873-74). During his last session in the Gen-
eral Assembly he took a conspicuous part in the
revision of the statutes under the Constitution of
1870, framing some of the mo.st Important laws
on the statute book, while participating in the
preparation of others. At an earlier date it fell
to his lot to draw up the original charters of the
Chicago & Rock Island, the Illinois Central, and
the Chicago, Burhngton & Quincy Railroads. He
has also been prominent in Odd Fellow and
Masonic circles, having been Grand Master of the
first named order in the State and being the old-
est 33d degree Mason in Illinois ; was admitted to
the State bar in 1864 and to that of the Supreme
Court of the United States in 1868, and has been
Master in Chancery for over twenty consecutive
years. Mr. Armstrong has also found time to do
some literary work, as shown by his history of
"The Sauks and Black Hawk War," and £v num-
ber of poems. He takes much pleasure in relat-
ing reminiscences of pioneer life in Illinois, one
of which is the story of his first trip from
Ottawa to Chicago, in December, 1831, when he
accompanied his olde.st brother (William E.
Armstrong) to Chicago with a sled and ox-
.team for salt to cure their mast- fed pork, the
trip requiring ten days. His recollection is, that
there were but three white families in Chicago
at that time, but a large number of Indians
mixed with half-breeds of French and Indian
origin.
ARNOLD, Isaac Jf., lawyer and Congressman,
was born near Cooperstown, N. Y., Nov. 30, 1813,
being descended from one of the companions of
Roger W"illianis. Thrown upon his own resources
at an early age, he was largely "self-made."
He read law at Cooperstown, and was admitted
to the bar in 1835. The next year he removed to
Chicago, was elected the first City Clerk in 1837,
but resigned before the close of the year and was
admitted to the bar of Illinois in 1841. He soon
established a reiJutation as a lawyer, and served
for three terms (the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and
Twentieth) in the lower house of the Legisla-
ture. In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector on
the Polk ticket, but the repeal of the Missouri
Compromise, with the legislation regarding Kan-
sas and Nebraska, logically forced him, as a free-
soiler, into the ranks of the Republican partj', by
which he was sent to Congress from 18G1 to 18G5.
Wliile in Congress he prepared and delivered an
exhaustive argument in support of the right of
confiscation by the General Government. After
the expiration of his last Congressional term, Mr.
Arnold returned to Chicago, where he resided
until his death, April 34, 1884. He was of schol-
arly instincts, fond of literature and an author of
repute. Among his best known works are his
"Life of Abraham Lincoln" and his "Life of
Benedict Arnold."
ARRINGTON, Alfred W., clergyman, lawyer
and author, was born in Iredell County, N. C,
September, 1810, being the son of a Whig mem-
ber of Congress from that State. In 1839 he was
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
25
received on trial as a Methodist preacher and
became a circuit-rider in Indiana ; during 1833-33
served as an itinerant in Missouri, gaining much
celebrity by his eloquence. In 1834 lie began the
study of law. and having been admitted to the
bar, i^racticed for several years in Arkansas,
where he was sent to the Legislature, and, in 1844,
was the Whig candidate for Presidential Elec-
tor. Later he removed to Texas, where he served
as Judge for six years. In 1850 he removed to
Madison, Wis., but a year later came to Chicago,
where he attained distinction as a lawyer, d3-iug
in that city Dec. 31, 1867. He was an accom-
plished scholar and gifted writer, having written
much for "The Democratic Review" and "The
Southern Literary Messenger, " over the signature
of "Charles Summerfield," and was author of an
"Apostrophe to Water," which he put in the
mouth of an itinerant Jlethodist preacher, and
which John B. Gough was accustomed to quote
with great effect. A volume of his poems with a
memoir was published in Chicago in 1869.
ARROWSMITH, a village of McLean Coimty,
on the Lake Erie & Western Railway, 90 miles
east of Bloomington ; is in an agricultural and
stock region; has one newspaper. Population
(1800), 430; (1900), 317.
ARTHUR, village in Moultrie and Douglas
Counties, at junction of Chicago & Eastern Illi-
nois and Terre Haute & Peoria Division Vandalia
Line ; is center of broom-corn belt ; has two
banks, a weekly newspaper. Population (1900),
858; (est. 1904), 1,000.
ASAY, Edward G., lawyer, was born in Phila-
delphia, Sept. 17, 1825; was educated in private
schools and entered the ministry of the Methodist
Episcopal Church ; later spent some time in the
South, but in 1853 retired from the ministry and
began the study of law, meantime devoting a part
of his time to mercantile business in New York
City. He was admitted to the bar in 1856, remov-
ing the same year to Chicago, where he built up
a lucrative practice. He was a brilliant speaker
and became eminent, especially as a criminal
lawyer. Politically he was a zealous Democrat
and was the chief attorney of Buckner S. Morris
and others during their trial for conspiracy in
connection with the Camp Douglas affair of No-
Tember, 1864. During 1871-73 he made an ex-
tended trip to Europe, occupying some eigliteen
months, making a second visit in 1883. His later
years were spent chiefly on a farm in Ogle
County. Died in Chicago, Nov. 34, 1898.
ASBURY, Henry, lawyer, was born in Harri-
son (now Robertson) County, Ky., August 10,
ISIO; came to Illinois in 1834, making the jour-
ney on horseback and finally locating in Quincy,
where he soon after began the study of law with
the Hon. O. H. Browning; was admitted to the
bar in 1837, being for a time the partner of Col.
Edward D. Baker, afterwards United States
Senator from Oregon and finally killed at BalVs
Bluff in 1862. In 1849 Sir. Asbury was appointed
by President Taylor Register of the Quincy Land
Office, and, in 1864-65, served by appointment of
President Lincoln (who was his close personal
friend) as Provost-Marshal of the Quincy dis-
trict, thereby obtaining the title of "Captain,"
by which he was widely known among his
friends. Later he served for several years as
Registrar in Bankruptcy at Quincy, which was
his last official position. Originally a Kentucky
Whig, Captain Asbury was one of the founders
of the Republican party in Illinois, acting in co-
operation with Abram Jonas, Archibald Williams,
Nehemiah Bushnell, O. H. Browning and others
of his immediate neighbors, and with Abraham
Lincoln, with whom he was a frequent corre-
spondent at that period. Messrs. Nicolay and
Hay, in their Life of Lincoln, award him the
credit of having suggested one of the famous
questions propounded by Lincoln to Douglas
which gave the latter so much trouble dm-ing
the memorable debates of 1858. In 1886 Captain
Asbury removed to Chicago, where he continued
to reside until his death, Nov. 19, 1896.
ASHLAXD, a town in Cass County, at the
intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the
Baltimore & Ohio South-Western Railroad, 31
miles west-northwest of Springfield and 200
miles southwest of Chicago. It is in the midst of
a ricli agricultural region, and is an important
shipping point for grain and stock. It has a
bank, three churches and a weekly newspaper.
Coal is mined in the vicinity. Population (1880).
609; (1890), 1,045; (1900), 1,201.
ASHLEY, a city of Washington County, at
intersection of Illinois Central and Louisville &
Nashville Railways, 63 miles east by southeast of
St. Louis; is in an agricultural and fruit-growing
region; has some manufactures, electric light
plant and excellent granitoid sidewalks. Popu-
lation (1890), 1,035; (1900), 953.
ASHMORE, a village of Coles County, on the
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Cliicago & St. Louis Rail-
wa}', 9 miles east of Charleston ; has a newspaper
and considerable local trade. Population (1890),
446, (1900), 487; (1903), 530.
ASHTON, a village of Lee County, on the Chi-
cago & North-Western Railroad, 84 miles west of
:>AUK VALLEY COLLEGt
LRC
56735
20
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOLS.
Chicago; has one newspaper. Population (1880),
646; (1S!H)). 6S(); (1! I. 77(!.
ASPINWALL. Hoincr F.. farmer and legisla-
tor, was born in Steplienson Cciunty. 111., Xov. 15,
1846, educated in the Freeport high school, and,
in early life, spent two years in a wholesale
notion store, later resuming the occupation of a
farmer. After holding various local offices, in-
cluding that of member of the Board of Supervis-
ors of Stephenson County, in 1892 JMr. Aspinwall
was elected to the State Senate and re-elected in
1896. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish-
American War in 1898, he was appointed by
President McKinley Captain and Assistant
Quartermaster in the Volunteer Army, but
before being assigned to duty accepted the Lieu-
tenant-Colonelcy of the Twelfth Illinois Pro-
visional Regiment. When it became evident that
the regiment would not be called into the service,
he was assigned to the command of the "Mani-
toba," a large transport steamer, which carried
some 13,000 soldiers to Cuba and Porto Rico with-
out a single accident. In view of the approach-
ing session of the Forty-first General Assembly,
it being apparent that the war was over, Mr.
Aspinwall applied for a discharge, which was
refused, a 20-days" leave of absence being granted
instead. A discharge was finall}' granted about
the middle of February, when he resumed his
seat in the Senate. Jlr. Aspinwall owns and
operates a large farm near Freeport.
ASSUMPTION, a town in Christian County, on
the Illinois Ceniral Railroad, 33 miles south by
west from Decatur and 9 miles north of Pana.
It is situated in a rich agricultural and coal min-
ing district, and has two banks, five churches, a
public school, two weekly papers and coal mines.
Population (1880). 706; (1890), 1,076; (1900), 1,702.
ASTORIA, town in Fulton County, on Rock
Island & St. Louis Division C, B. & Q. R. R. ;
has city waterworks, electric light plant, tele-
phone exchange, three large grain elevators,
pressed brick works; six churches, two banks,
two weekly papers, city hall and park, and good
schools: is in a coal region; business portion is
built of brick. Pop. (1890), 1,357; (1900), 1,684.
ATCHISON, TOPEKA & SANTA FE RAIL-
WAY COMPANY. Tliis Company operates three
subsidiary lines in Illinois — the Chicago, Santa
Fe & California, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa
Fe in Chicago, and the IMississippi River Rail-
road & Toll Bridge, which are operated as a
through line between Chicago and Kansas City,
with a branch from Ancona to Pekin, 111., hav-
ing an aggregate operated mileage of 515 miles, of
wliich 395 are in Illinois. The total earnings and
income for the year ending June 30, 1895, were
§1,398,600, while the operating expenses and fixed
charges amounted to 82,360,706. The accumu-
lated deficit on the whole line amounted, June 30,
1894, to more than §4,500,000. The total capitali-
zation of the whole line in 1895 was 852,775,251.
The parent road was chartered in 1859 under tlie
name of tliQ Atchison & Topeka Railroad; but in
1863 was changed to the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe Railroad. The construction of the main
line was begun in 1859 and completed in 1873.
The largest number of miles operated was in
1893, being 7,481.65. January 1, 1896, the road
was reorganized under the name of The Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company (its present
name), which succeeded by purchase under fore-
closure (Deo. 10, 1895) to the property and fran-
chises of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe
Railroad Company. Its mileage, in 1895, was
6,481.65 miles. The executive and general officers
of the system (1898) are:
Aldace F. Walker, Chairman of the Board,
New York ; E. P. Ripley, President, Chicago ; C.
M. Higginson, Ass't to the President, Chicago;
E. D. Kenna, 1st Vice-President and General
Solicitor, Chicago; Paul Morton, 2d Vice-Presi-
dent, Chicago; E. Wilder, Secretary and Treas-
urer, Topeka; L. C. Deniing, Assistant Secretary,
New York ; H. AV. Gardner, Assistant Treasurer,
New York; Victor Morawetz, General Counsel,
New York; Jno. P. Whitehead, Comptroller,
New York: H. C. Whitehead, General Auditor,
Chicago; W. B. Biddle, Freight Traffic Manager,
Chicago; J. J. Frey, General Manager, Topeka;
H. W. Mudge, General Superintendent, Topeka;
W. A. Bissell, Assistant Freight Traffic Manager,
Chicago; W. F. White, Passenger Traffic
Manager, Chicago; Geo. T. Nicholson, Assistant
Passenger Traffic Manager, Chicago; W. E.
Hodges, General Purchasing Agent, Chicago;
James A. Davis, Industrial Commissioner, Chi-
cago ; James Dun, Chief Engineer, Topeka, Kan. ;
John Player, Superintendent of Machinery,
Topeka, Kan. ; C. W. Koims, Suiierintendent Car
Service, Topeka, Kan. ; J. S. Hobson, Signal
Engineer, Topeka; C. G. Sholes, Superintendent
of Telegraph, Topeka, Kan. ; C. W. Ryus, General
Claim Agent, Topeka ; F. C. Gay, General Freight
Agent, Topeka; C. R. Hudson, Assistant General
Freight Agent, Topeka; W. J. Black, General
Passenger Agent, Chicago; P. Walsh, General
Baggage Agent, Chicago.
ATHENS, an incorporated city and coalmining
town in Menard County, on the Chicago, Peoria
HISTORICAL E^T'YCLOPEDIA OF ILLIIS^OIS.
37
& St. Louis R. R., north by northwest of Spring-
field. It is also the center of a prosperous agri-
cultural and stock-raising district, and large
numbers of cattle are shipped there for the Chi-
cago market. The place has an electric lighting
plant, brickyards, two machine shops, two grain
elevators, five churches, one newspaper, and good
schools. Athens is one of the oldest towns in
Central Illinois. Pop. (1890), 944; (1900), 1,535.
ATKIXS, Smith D., soldier and journalist, was
born near Elmira, N. Y. , June 9, 1836 ; came with
his father to Illinois in 1846, and lived on a farm
till 1850; was educated at Rock River Seminary,
Mount Morris, meanwhile learning the printer's
trade, and afterwards established "The Savanna
Register" in Carroll County. In 18.54 he began
the study of law, and in 1860, while practicing at
Freeport, was elected Prosecuting Attorney, but
resigned in 1861, being the first man to enlist as a
private soldier in Stephenson County. He served
as a Captain of the Eleventh Illinois Volunteers
(three-months' men), re-enlisted with the same
rank for three years and took part in the capture
of Fort Donelson and the battle of Shiloh, serv-
ing at the latter on the staff of General Hurlbut.
Forced to retire temporarily on account of his
health, he next engaged in raising volunteers in
Northern Illinois, was finally commissioned Col-
onel of the Ninety-second Illinois, and, in June,
1863, was assigned to command of a brigade in
the Army of Kentucky, later serving in the Army
of the Cumberland. On the organization of Sher-
man's great "March to the Sea," he efficiently
cooperated in it, was brevetted Brigadier-General
for gallantry at Savannah, and at the close of the
war, by special order of President Lincoln, was
brevetted Major-General. Since the war. Gen-
eral Atkins' chief occupation has been that of
editor of "The Freeport Journal," though, for
nearly twenty-four years, he served as Post-
master of that city. He took a prominent part
in the erection of the Stephenson County Sol-
diers' Monument at Freeport, has been President
of the Freeport Public Library since its organiza-
tion, member of the Board of Education, and since
1895, by appointment of the Governor of Illinois,
one of the Illinois Commissioners of the Chicka-
mauga and Chattanooga Military Park.
ATKINSON, village of Henry County, on the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 39 miles
east of Rock Island; has an electric light plant, a
bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 534; (1900), 763.
ATLANTA, a city of Logan County, on the
Chicago & Alton Railroad, 20 miles southwest of
Bloomingtou. It stands on a high, fertile prairie
and the surrounding region is rich in coal, as
well as a productive agricultural and stock-rais-
ing district. It has a water-works system, elec-
tric light plant, five churches, a graded school, a
weekly paper, two banks, a flouring mill, and is
the headquarters of the Union Agricultural So-
ciety established in 1860. Population (1900). 1,270.
ATLAS, a hamlet in the southwestern part of
Pike County, 10 miles southwest of Pittsfield and
three miles from Rockport, the nearest station on
the Quincy & Louisiana Division of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railroad. Atlas has an in-
teresting history. It was settled by Col. William
Ross and four brothers, who came here from
Pittsfield, Mass., in the latter part of 1819, or
early in 1820, making there the first settlement
within the present limits of Pike County. The
town was laid out by the Rosses in 1823, and the
next year the county-seat was removed thither
from Coles Grove — now in Calhoun County — but
which had been the first county-seat of Pike
County, when it comprised aU the territory lying
north and west of the IlUnois River to the Mis-
sissippi River and the Wisconsin State line.
Atlas remained the county-seat until 1833, when
the seat of justice was removed to Pittsfield.
During a part of that time it was one of the
most important points in tlie western part of the
State, and was, for a time, a rival of Quincy.
It now has only a postoffioe and general store.
The population, according to the census of 1890,
was 52.
ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. The following is a
list of the Attorneys-General of Illinois under the
Territorial and State Governments, down to the
present time (1899), with the date and duration of
the term of each incumbent :
Territori.^l— Benjamin H. Doyle, July to De-
cember, 1809; John J. Crittenden, Dec. 30 to
April, 1810; Thomas T. Crittenden, April to
October, 1810; Benj. M. Piatt, October, 1810-13;
William Mears, 1813-18.
State— Daniel Pope Cook, March 5 to Dec. 14,
1819; William Mears, 1819-21; Samuel D. Lock-
wood, 1821-23; James Turney, 1823-29; George
Forquer, 1829-33; James Semple, 1833-34; Ninian
W. Edwards, 1834-35; Jesse B. Thomas, Jr.,
183.5-36; W^alter B. Scales, 1836-37; Usher F.
Linder, 1837-38; George W. Olney, 1838-39; Wick-
liffe Kitchen, 1839-40; Josiah Lamborn, 1840-43;
James Allen McDougal, 1843-46; David B. Camp-
bell, 184C-48.
The Constitution of 1848 made no provision for
the continuance of the oflSce, and for nineteen
years it remained vacant. It was re-created.
IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
however, b}^ legislative enactmeut in 1S6T, and
uu Feb. 28 of that year Go-veruor Oglesby
appointed Robert G. Ingersoll, of Peoria, to dis-
charge the duties of the position, which he con-
tinued to do until 1869. Subsequent incumbents
of the office have been: Washington Bushnell,
1809-73; James K. Edsall, 18T3-S1; James McCart-
ney, 1881-85; George Hunt, 18S.J-93; 31. T. Moloney,
1893-97; Edward C. Akin, 1897 — . Under the
first Constitution (1818) the office of Attorney-
General was filled by appointment by the Legisla-
ture; imder the Constitution of 1848, as already
stated, it ceased to exist imtil created by act of
the Legislature of 1867, but, in 1870, it was made
a constitutional office to be filled by popular
election for a term of fom- years.
ATWOOD, a village lying partly in Piatt and
partly in Douglas County, on the Cincinnati,
Hamilton & Dayton R. R., 27 miles east of Deca-
tur. The region is agricultural and fruit-grow-
ing; the town has two banks, an excellent school
and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 530; (1900), 698.
ATWOOD, Charles B,, arcliitect, was born at
Millbury, Mass., May 18, 1849; at 17 began a full
course in architectm-e at Harvard Scientific
School, and, after graduation, received prizes for
public buildings at San Francisco, Hartford and
a number of other cities, besides fm-nishing
designs for some of the finest private residences
iu the country. He was associated with D. H.
Burnbam in preparing plans for the Columbian
Exposition buildings, at Chicago, for the World's
Fair of 1893, and distinguished himself by pro-
ducing plans for the "Art Building," the "Peri-
style," the "Terminal Station" and other
prominent structures. Died, in the midst of his
highest successes as an architect, at Chicago,
Dec. 19, 1895.
ATJBUBX, a village of Sangamon County, on
the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 15 miles south of
Springfield ; has some manufactories of flour and
farm implements, besides tile and brick works,
two coal mines, electric light plant, two banks,
several churches, a graded school and a weekly
newspaper. Pop. (1890), 874; (1900), 1,281.
AUDITOBS OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. The
Auditors of Public Accounts mider the Terri-
torial Government were H. H. Maxwell, 1812-16;
Daniel P. Cook, 181G17; Robert Blackwell, (April
to August), 1817; Elijah C. Berry, 1817-18. Under
the Constitution of 1818 the Auditor of Public
Accounts was made appointive by the legislature,
without limitation of term ; but by the Constitu-
tions of 1848 and 1870 the office was made
elective by the people for a term of four years.
The following is a list of the State Auditors
from the date of the admission of the State into
the Union down to the present time (1899), with
the date and duration of the term of eacli;
Elijah C. Berry, 1818-31; James T. B. Stapp,
1831-35; Levi Davis, 1835-41; James Shields,
1841-43; WilHam Lee D. Ewing, 1843-46; Thomas
H. Campbell, 1846-57; Jesse K. Dubois, 1857-64;
OrHn H. Miner, 1864-69; Charles E. Lippincott,
1869-77; Thomas B. Needles, 1877-81; Charles P.
Swigert, 1881-89; C. W. Pavey, 1889-93; David
Gore, ,1893-97; James S. McCullough, 1897 — .
AUGUSTA, a village in Augusta township,
Hancock County, on the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroad, 36 miles northeast of Quincy.
Wagons and brick are the principal manufac-
tures. The town has one newspaper, two banks,
three churches and a graded school. The sur
rounding country is a fertile agricultural region
and abounds in a good quality of bituminous
coal. Fine qualities of potter's clay and mineral
paint are obtained here. Population (1890),
1,077; (1900), 1,149.
AUGUSTAXA COLLEGE, an educational insti-
tution controlled by the Evangelical Lutheran
denomination, located at Rock Island and founded
in 1863. Besides preparatory and collegiate de-
partments, a theological school is connected with
the institution. To the two first named, young
women are admitted on an equality with
men. More than 500 students were reported in
attendance in 1896, about one-fourth being
women. A majority of the latter were in the
preparatory (or academic) department. The col-
lege is not endowed, but owns property (real
and personal) to the value of 82.50,000. It has a
library of 12.000 volumes.
AUROEA, a city and important railroad cen-
ter, Kane County, on Fox River, 39 miles south-
west of Chicago; is location of principal shops of
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R., has fine
water-power and many successful manufactories,
including extensive boiler works, iron foundries,
cotton and woolen mills, flour mills, silver-plat-
ing works, corset, sash and door and carriage
factories, stove and smelting works, establish-
ments for turning out road-scrapers, buggy tops,
and wood-working machinery. The city owns
water-works and electric light plant; has six
banks, four daily and several weekly papers,
some twenty-five churches, excellent schools and
handsome public library building; is connected
by interurban electric lines n-ith the principal
towns and villages in the Fox River valley.
Population (1890), 19,688; (1900), 24,147.
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOI^
AUSTIN, a suburb of Chicago, in Cook County.
It is accessible from that citj' by either the Chi-
cago & Northwestern Railway, or bj' street
railway lines. A weekly newspaper is issued, a
graded school is siipported (including a high
school department) and there are numerous
churches, representing the various religious
denominations. Population (1880), 1,359; (1890),
4,031. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1899.
AUSTIN COLLEGE, a mixed school at Effing-
ham, 111., founded in 1890. It has eleven teachers
and repoi-ts a total of 312 pupils for 1897-98—163
males and 150 females. It has a library of 2,000
volumes and reports property valued at S3~.000.
AUSTRALIAN BALLOT," a form of ballot for
popular elections, thus named because it was
first brought into use in Australia. It was
adopted by act of the Legislature of Illinois in
1891, and is applicable to the election of all public
officers except Trustees of Schools, School Direct-
ors, mi^mbers of Boards of Education and officers
of road districts in counties not under township
organization. Under it, all ballots for the elec-
tion of ■; fficers (except those just enumerated)
are required to be printed and distributed to the
election officers for use on the day of election, at
public cost. These ballots contain the names,
on the same sheet, of all candidates to be voted
for at such election, such names having been
formally certified previously to the Secretary of
State (in the case of candidates for offices to be
voted for by electors of the entire State or any
district greater than a single county) or to the
County Clerk (as to all others), b}- tlie presiding
officer and secretary of the convention or caucus
making such nominations, when the party repre-
sented cast at least two per cent of the aggregate
vote of the State or district at the preceding gen-
eral election. Other names may be added to the
ballot on the petition of a specified number of the
legal voters under certain jirescribed conditions
named in the act. The duly registered voter, on
presenting himself at the poll, is given a copy of
the official ticket by one of the judges of election,
upon which he proceeds to indicate his prefer-
ence in a temporary booth or closet set ajjart for
his use, by making a cross at the head of tlie col-
umn of candidates for whom he wishes to vote, if
he desires to vote for all of the candidates of the
same party, or by a similar mark before the name
of each individual for whom he wishes to vote, in
case he desires to distribute his support among
the candidates of different parties. The object of
the law is to secure for the voter secrecy of the
ballot, with independence and freedom from dic-
tation or interference by others in the exercise of
liis right of suffrage.
ATA, a town in Jackson County (incorporated
as a city, 1901), on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad
(Cairo & St. Louis Division), 75 miles south-
southeast from St. Louis. It has two banks and
two newsijapers. Pop. (1890), 807; (1900), 984
AVON, village of Fulton County, on C, B & Q.
R. R., 20 miles south of Galesburg; has drain-
pipe works, two factories for manufacture of
steam- and hot-water heaters, two banks and two
newspapers; agricultural fair held here annu-
ally. Population (1900), 809; (1904, est.), 1,000.
ATEE, Benjamin F., lawyer, was born in
Kingston, N. H., April 23, 1825, graduated at
Dartmouth College in 1846, studied law at Dane
Law School (Harvard University), was admitted
to the bar and began practice at Manchester,
N. H. After serving one term in the New Hamp-
shire Legislature, and as Prosecuting Attorney
for Hillsborough County, in 1857 he came to Chica-
go, soon advancing to the front rank of lawyers
then in practice there ; became Corporation Counsel
in 1861, and, two years later, drafted the revised
cit}' charter. After the close of his official career,
he was a member for eight years of the law firm of
Beckwith, Ayer & Kales, and afterwards of the
firm of Ayer & Kales, until, retiring from general
practice, Mr. Ayer became Solicitor of the Illinois
Central Railroad, then a Director of the Company,
and is at present its General Counsel and a potent
factor in its management.
ATERS, Marshall Paul, banker, Jacksonville,
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 27, 1833;
came to Jacksonville, 111., with his parents, in
1830, and was educated there, graduating from
Illinois College, iu 1843, as the classmate of Dr.
Newton Bateman, afterwards President of Knox
College at Galesburg, and Rev. Thomas K.
Beecher, now of Elmira, N.Y. After leaving col-
lege he became tlie partner of his father (David
B. Ayers)as agent of Mr. John Grigg, of Philadel-
phia, who was the owner of a large body of Illi-
nois lands. His father dying in 1850, Jlr. Ayers
succeeded to the management of the business,
about 75,000 acres of Mr. Grigg's unsold lands
coming under his charge. In December, 1852,
with the assistance of Messrs. Page & Bacon, bank-
ers, of St. Louis, he opened the first bank in Jack-
sonville, for tlie sale of exchange, but which
finally grew into a bank of deposit and has been
continued ever since, being recognized as one of
the most solid institutions in Central Illinois. In
1870-71, aided by Philadelphia and New York
capitalists, he built tlie "Illinois Farmers' Rail-
30
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
road" between JacksonTille and Waverly, after-
wards extended to Virdeu and finally to Centralia
and Mount Vernon. This was the nucleus of the
Jacksonville Southeastern Railway, though Mr.
Avers has had no connection with it for several
years. Other business enterprises with which he
has been connected are the Jacksonville Gas Com-
pany (now including an electric light and power
plant), of which he has been President for forty
years; the "Home Woolen Mills" (early wiped
out by fire), sugar and paper-barrel manufacture,
coal-mining, etc. About 1877 he purchased a
body of 23, 600 acres of land in Champaign Count)',
known as "Broadlands," from John T. Alexander,
an extensive cattle-dealer, who had become
heavily involved during the years of financial
revulsion. As a result of this transaction, Mr.
Alexander's debts, which aggregated §1,000,000,
were discharged within the next two years. Mr.
Ayers has been an earnest Republican since the
organization of that party and, during the war,
rendered valuable service in assisting to raise
funds for the support of the operations of the
Christian Commission in the field. He has also
been active in Sunday School, benevolent and
educational work, having been, for twenty years,
a Trustee of Illinois College, of which he has
been an ardent friend. In 1846 he was married
to Miss Laura Allen, daughter of Rev. John
Allen, D. D., of Huntsville, Ala., and is the father
of four sons and four daughters, all living.
BABCOCK, Amos C, was born at Penn Yan,
N. Y., Jan. 20, 1828, the son of a member of Con-
gress from that State ; at the age of 18, having
lost his father by death, came West, and soon
after engaged in mercantile business in partner-
ship with a brother at Canton, 111. In 1854 he
was elected by a majority of one vote, as an Anti-
Nebraska Whig, to the lower branch of the Nine-
teenth General Assembly, and, in the following
session, took part in the election of United States
Senator which resulted in the choice of _ Lyman
Trumbull. Although a personal and political
friend of Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Babcock, as a matter
of policy, ca.st his vote for his townsman, William
Kellogg, afterwards Congressman from that dis-
trict, until it was apparent that a concentration
of the Anti-Nebraska vote on Trumbull was
neces.sary to defeat the election of a Democrat.
In 1862 he was appointed by President Lincoln
the first Assessor of Internal Revenue for the
Fourth District, and, in 1863, was commissioned
by Governor Yates Colonel of the One Hundred
and Third Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned.
Colonel Babcock served as Delegate-at-large in
the Republican National Convention of 1868,
which nominated General Grant for the Presi-
dency, and the same year was made Chairman of
the Republican State Central Committee, also
conducting the campaign two years later. He
identified himself with tlie Greeley movement in
1872, but, in 1876, was again in line with his
party and restored to his old position on the State
Central Committee, serving until 1878. Among
business enterprises with which he was con-
nected was the extension, about 1854, of the Buda
branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroad from Yates City to Canton, and the
erection of the State Capitol at Austin, Tex.,
which was undertaken, in conjunction with
Abner Taylor and J. V. and C. B. Farwell, about
1881 and completed in 1888, for which the firm
received over 3,000,000 acres of State lands in the
"Pan Handle" portion of Texas. In 1889 Colonel
Babcock took up his residence in Chicago, which
continued to be his home until his death from
apoplexy, Feb. 25, 1899.
BABCOCK, Andrew J,, soldier, was born at
Dorchester, Norfolk County, Mass., July 19, 1830;
began life as a coppersmith at Lowell; in 1851
went to Concord, N. H., and, in 1856, reiuoved to
Springfield, 111., where, in 1859, he joined a mili-
tary company called the Springfield Greys, com-
manded by Capt. (afterwards Gen. ) John Cook, of
which he was First Lieutenant. This company
became the nucleus of Company I, Seventh Illi-
nois Volunteers, which enlisted on Mr. Lincoln's
first call for troops in April, 1861. Captain Cook
having been elected Colonel, Babcock succeeded
him as Captain, on the re-enli.stment of the regi-
ment in July following becoming Lieutenant-
Colonel, and, in March, 1862, being promoted to
the Colonelcy "for gallant and meritorious service
rendered at Fort Donelson." A ^-ear later he was
compelled to resign on account of impaired
health. His home is at Springfield.
BACON, George E., lawyer and legislator, born
at Madison, Ind., Feb. 4, 1851; was brought to
Illinois by his parents at three years of age, and,
in 1876, located at Paris, Edgar County; in 1879
was admitted to the bar and held various minor
offices, including one term as State's Attorney.
In 1886 he was elected as a Republican to the
State Senate and re-elected four years later, but
finally removed to Aurora, where he died. July
6, 1896. Mr. Bacon was a man of recognized
ability, as shown by the fact that, after the death
of Senator John A. Logan, he was selected by his
colleagues of the Senate to pronounce the eulogy
on the deceased statesman.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
31
BAGBT, John C, jurist and Congressman, -n-as
born at Glasgow, Ky., Jan. 2-i, 1819. After pas-
sing thi-ough the common schools of Barren
County, Ky., he studied civil engineering at
Bacon College, graduating in 1840. Later he
read law and was admitted to the bar in 184.5.
In 1846 he commenced practice at Rushville, 111.,
confining himself exclusiveh' to professional work
until nofninated and elected to Congress in 1874,
by the Democrats of the (old) Tenth District. In
1885 he was elected to the Circuit Bench for the
Sixth Circuit. Died, April 4, 1896.
BAILEY, Joseph Mead, legislator and jurist,
was bom at Middlebury, "Wyoming County, N. Y.,
June 22, 1833, graduated from Rochester (N. Y.)
University in 1854, and was admitted to the
bar in that citj' in 1855. In August, 1856, he
removed to Freeport, 111., where he soon built up
a profitable practice. In 1866 he was elected a
Representative in the Twenty-fifth General
Assembly, being re-elected in 1868. Here he was
especially prominent in securing restrictive legis-
lation concerning railroads. In 1876 he was
chosen a Presidential Elector for his district on
the Republican ticket. In 1877 he was elected a
Judge of the Thirteenth judicial district, and
re-elected in 1879 and in 1885. In January,
1878, and again in June, 1879, he was assigned to
the bench of the Appellate Court, being presiding
Justice from June, 1879. to June, 1880, and from
June, 1881, to June. 1882. In 1879 he received
the degree of LL.D. from the Universities of
Rochester and Chicago. In 1888 he was elected
to the bench of the Supreme Court. Died in
office, Oct. 16. 1895.
BAILHACHE, John, pioneer journalist, was
bom in the Island of Jersey, May 8, 1787; after
gaining the rudiments of an education in his
mother tongue (the French), he acquired a knowl-
edge of English and some proficiency in Greek
and Latin in an academy near his paternal home,
when he spent five years as a printer's apprentice.
In 1810 he came to the United States, first locat-
ing at Cambridge, Ohio, but, in 1812, purchased a
half interest in "The Fredonian"' at Chillicothe
(then the State Capital), soon after becoming sole
owner. In 1815 he purchased "The Scioto Ga-
zette" and consolidated the two papers under the
name of "The Scioto Gazette and Fredonian
Chronicle." Here he remained until 1828, mean-
time engaging temporarily in the banking busi-
ness, also serving one term in the Legislatm-e
(1820), and being elected Associate Justice of the
Court of Common Pleas for Ross County. In
1828 he removed to Colmnbus, assuming charge
of "The Ohio State Jom-nal," served one term as
Mayor of the city, and for three consecutive
years was State Printer. Selling out "The Jour-
nal" in 1836, he came west, the next j'ear becom-
ing part owner, and finally sole proprietor, of "The
Telegraph" at Alton, 111., which he conducted
alone or in association with various partners until
1854, when he retired, giving his attention to the
book and job branch of the business. He served as
Representative from Madison County in the Thir-
teenth General Assembly (1842-44). As a man
and a journalist Judge Bailhache commanded the
highest respect, and did much to elevate the
standard of journalism in Illinois, "The Tele-
graph," dui'ing the period of his connection with
it, being one of the leading papers of the State.
His death occmred at Alton, Sept. 3, 1857, as the
result of injuries received the day previous, by
being thrown from a carriage in which he was
riding.— Maj. William Henry (Bailhache), son of
the preceding, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio,
August 14, 1826, removed with his father to Alton,
Fil., in 1836, was educated at Shurtleff College,
and learned the printing trade in the office of
"The Telegi-aph," imder the direction of his
father, afterwards being associated with the
business department. In 1855, in partnership
with Edward L. Baker, he became one of the
proprietors and business manager of "The State
Jom-nal" at Springfield. During the Civil War
he received from President Lincoln the appoint-
ment of Captain and Assistant Quartermaster,
serving to its close and receiving the brevet rank
of Major. After the war he returned to jom-nal-
isra and was associated at different times with
"The State Journal" and "The Quincy Whig,"
as business manager bf each, but retired in 1873 ;
in 1881 was appointed by President Arthur,
Receiver of Public Moneys at Santa Fe., N. M.,
remaining four years. He is now (1899) a resi-
dent of San Diego, Cal., where he has been
engaged in newspaper work, and. under the
administration of President McKinley, has been
a Special Agent of the Treasm-y Department.—
Preston Heath (Bailhache), another son, was
born in Columbus, Ohio, Feb. 21, 1835, served as
a Surgeon during the Civil War, later became a
Surgeon in the regular army and has held posi-
tions in marine hospitals at Baltimore, Washing-
ton and New York, and has visited Em-ope in the
interest of sanitary and hospital service. At
present (1899) he occupies a prominent position
at the headquarters of the United States Marine
Hospital Service in Washington.— Arthur Lee
(Bailhache), a third son, born at Alton, 111., April
32
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
12, 1839; at the beginning of tlie Civil War was
employed in the State comniissaiy service at
Camp Yates and Cairo, became Adjutant of the
Thirty-eighth Illinois Volunteers, and died at
Pilot Knob, Mo., Jan. 9, 1862, as the result of
disease and exposure in the service.
BAKER, David Jewett, lawyer and United
States Senator, was born at East Haddam, Conn. ,
Sept. T, 1T92. His family removed to New York
in 1800, where he worked on a farm during boy-
hood, but graduated from Hamilton College in
1816, and three years later was admitted to the
bar. In 1819 he came to Illinois and began prac-
tice at Kaskaskia, where he attained prominence
in Ids profession and was made Probate Judge of
Randolph County. His opposition to the intro-
duction of slavery into the State was so aggres-
sive tliat his life was frequently tlireatened. In
1830 Governor Edwards appointed him United
States Senator, to fill the unexpired term of
Senator JIcLean, but he served only one month
when he was succeeded by Jolin M. Robinson,
who was elected by the Legislature. He was
United States District Attorney from 1833
to 1841 (the State then constituting but
one district), and thereafter resumed private
practice. Died at Alton, August 6, 1869.
—Henry Southard (Baker), son of the pre-
ceding, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., Nov. 10,
1824, received his preparatory education at Shurt-
leff College, Upper Alton, and, in 1843, entered
Brown University, R. I., graduating therefrom
in 1847; was admitted to the bar in 1849, begin-
ning practice at Alton, the home of his father,
Hon. David J. Baker. In lSo4 he was elected as an
Anti-Nebraska candidate to the lower branch of
the Nineteenth General Assembly, and, at the
subsequent session b£ tlie General Assembly, was
one of the five Anti-Nebraska members whose
uncompromising fidelity to Hon. Lyman Trum-
bull resulted in the election of the latter to the
United States Senate for the first time — the others
being his colleague, Dr. George T. Allen of the
House, and Hon. John M. Palmer, afterwards
United States Senator, Biurton C. Cook and Nor-
man B. Judd in the Senate. He served as one of the
Secretaries of the Republican State Convention
held at Bloomington in May, IS.JG, was a Repub-
lican Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in 186.5,
became Judge of the Alton City Court, serving
until 1881. In 1876 he presided over the Repub-
lican State Convention, served as delegate to the
Republican National Convention of the same
year and was an unsuccessful candidate for
Congress in opposition to William R. Morrison.
Judge Baker was the orator selected to deliver
the address on occasion of the unveiling of the
statue of Lieut. -Gov. Pierre Menard, on the
capitol grounds at Springfield, in January, 1888.
About 1888 he retired from practice, dying at
Alton, March .5, 1897. — Edward L. (Baker),
second son of David Jewett Baker, was born at
Kaskaskia, 111., June 3, 1829; graduated at Shurt-
leflf College in 1847; read law with his father two
years, after which he entered Harvard Law .
School and was admitted to the bar at Spring-
field in 185.5. Previous to this date Mr. Baker had
become associated with William H. Bailhache, in
the management of "The Alton Daily Telegraph,"
and, in July, 185.5, they purchased "The Illinois
State Journal," at Springfield, of which Mr.
Baker assumed the editorsliip, remaining until
1874. In 1869 he was appointed United States
Assessor for the Eighth District, serving until
the abolition of the office. In 1873 he received
the appointment from President Grant of Consul
to Buenos Ajtcs, South America, and, assuming
the duties of the office in 1874, remained there
for twenty-three years, proving himself one of
the most capable and efficient officers in the con-
sular service. On the evening of the 20th of
June, 1897, when Mr. Baker was about to enter a
railway train already in motion at the station in
the city of Buenos Ayres, he fell under the cars,
receiving injuries which necessitated tlie ampu-
tation of his right arm, finally resulting in his
death in the hospital at Buenos Ayres. July 8,
following. His remains were brought home at
the Government expense and interred in Oak
Ridge Cemetery, at Springfield, where a monu-
ment has since been erected in his honor, bearing
a tablet contributed by citizens of Buenos Ayres
and foreign representatives in that city express-
ive of their respect for his memory. — David
Jevfett (Baker), Jr., a third son of David Jewett
Baker, Sr., was born at Kaskaskia. Nov. 20,1834;
gi-aduated from Shurtleff College in 1854, and was
admitted to the bar in 1856. In November of
that year he removed to Cairo and began prac-
tice. He was Mayor of that city in 1864-65, and,
in 1869, was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth
Judicial Circuit. The Legislature of 1873 (bj' Act
of March 28) having divided the State into
twenty-six circuits, he was elected Judge of the
Twenty -sixth, on June 2, 1873. In August, 1878,
he resigned to accept an appointment on the
Supreme Bench as successor to Judge Breese,
deceased, but at tlie close of his term on the
Supreme Bench (1879), was re-elected Circuit
Judge, and again in 1885. During this period he
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
33
served for several years on the Appellate Bench.
In 1888 he retired from the Circuit Bench by
resignation and was elected a Justice of the
Supreme Com-t for a term of nine years. Again,
in 1897, he was a candidate for re-election, but
was defeated by Carroll C. Boggs. Soon after
retiring from the Supreme Bench he removed to
Chicago and engaged in general practice, in
partnership with his son, John W. Baker. He
fell dead almost instantly in his office. March 13,
1899. In all. Judge Baker liad spent some thirty
years almost continuously on the bench, and liad
attained eminent distinction both as a lawyer and
a jurist.
BAKER, Edward Dickinson, soldier and
United States Senator, was born in London,
Eng., Feb. 24, 1811; emigrated to Illinois while
yet in his minority, first locating at Belleville,
afterwards removing to Carrollton and finally to
Sangamon County, the last of which he repre-
sented in tlie lower house of the Tenth General
Assembly, and as State Senator in the Twelfth
and Thirteenth. He was elected to Congress as
a Whig from the Springfield District, but resigned
in December, 1840, to accept the colonelcy of the
Fourth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, in tlie
Mexican War, and succeeded General Shields in
command of the brigade, when the latter was
wounded at Cerro Gordo. In 1848 he was elected
to Congi-ess from the Galena District; was also
identified with the construction of the Panama
Railroad; went to San Francisco in 18.53, but
later removed to Oregon, where he was elected
to the United States Senate in 1860. In 1S61 he
resigned the Senatorship to enter the Union
army, commanding a brigade at the battle of
Ball's Bluff, where he was killed, October 21, 1861.
BAKER, Jehu, lawyer and Congi-essman, was
born in Fayette County, Ky., Nov. 4, 1822. At
an early age he removed to Illinois, making his
home in Belleville, St. Clair County. He re-
ceived his early education in the common scliools
and at McKendree College. Although he did
not graduate from the latter institution, he
received therefrom the honorary degree of A. M.
in 18.58, and that of LL. D. in 1883, For a time
he studied medicine, but abandoned it for the
study of law. From 1861 to 18G.5 he was Master
in Chancery for St. Clair County. From 186.5 to
1869 he represented the Belleville District as a
Republican in Congress. From 1876 to 1881 and
from 1883 to 188.5 he was Minister Resident in
Venezuela, during the latter portion of his term
of service acting also as Consul-General. Return-
ing home, he was again elected to Congress (1886)
from the Eighteenth District, but was defeated
for re-election, in 1888, by William S. Forman,
Democrat. Again, in 1896, having identified
himself with the Free Silver Democracy and
People's Party, he was elected to Congress from
tlie Twentieth District over Everett J. Mm-phy,
the Republican nominee, serving until March 3,
1899. He is the author of an annotated edition
of Montesquieu's "Grandeur and Decadence of
the Romans."
BALDWIN, Elmer, agriculturist and legisla-
tor, was born in Litchfield County, Conn., March
8, 1806 ; at 16 years of age began teaching a coim-
try school, continuing this occupation for several
years during the winter months, while working
on his father's farm in the summer. He then
started a store at New Milford, which he man-
aged for three years, when he sold out on account
of his health and began farming. In 1833 he
came west and purchased a considerable tract of
Government land in La Salle County, where the
village of Farm Ridge is now situated, removing
thither with his family the following year. He
served as Justice of the Peace for fourteen con-
secutive terms, as Postmaster twenty years and
as a member of the Board of Supervisors of La
Salle County six years. In 18.56 he was elected
as a Republican to the House of Representatives,
was re-elected to the same office in 1866, and to
the State Senate in 1872, serving two years. He
was also appointed, in 1869, a member of the first
Board of Public Charities, serving as President of
the Board. Mr. Baldwin is author of a "His-
tory of La Salle County," which contains much
local and biographical history. Died, Nov. 18,
1895.
BALDWIN, Theron, clergyman and educa-
tor, was born in Goshen, Conn., July 31, 1801;
graduated at Yale College in 1827; after two
years" study in the theological school there, was
ordained a home missionary in 1829, becoming
one of the celebrated "Yale College Band," or
"Western College Society," of which lie was Cor-
responding Secretary during most of his life. He
was settled as a Congregationalist minister at
Vandalia for two years, and was active in pro-
curing tlie charter of Illinois College at Jackson-
ville, of which he was a Trustee from its
organization to his death. He served for a
number of years, from 1831, as Agent of the
Home Missionary Society for Illinois, and, in
1838, became the first Principal of Monticello
Female Seminary, near Alton, which he con-
ducted five years. Died at Orange, N. J., April
10, 1870.
34
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
BALLAED, Addison, mercliaut, was born of
Quaker parentage in Warren County, Ohio. No-
vemljer, 18:22. He located at La Porte, Ind.,
about 1841, where he learned and pursued the
carpenter's trade; in 1849 went to California,
remaining two years, when he returned to La
Porte ; in 1853 removed to Chicago and embarked
in the lumber trade, which he prosecuted until
1887, retiring with a competency. Mr. Ballard
served several years as one of the Commissioners
of Cook Coimty, and, from 1876 to 1883, as Alder-
man of the City of Chicago, and again in the
latter office, 1894-9G.
BALTES, Peter Joseph, Roman Catholic Bishop
of Alton, was born at Ensheim, Rhenish Ba-
varia, April 7, 1827 ; was educated at the colleges
of the Holy Cross, at Worcester, Mass., and of St.
Ignatius, at Chicago, and at Lavalle University,
Montreal, and was ordained a priest in 1853, and
consecrated Bishop in 1870. His diocesan admin-
istration was successful, but regarded by his
priests as somewhat arbitrary. He wrote numer-
ous pastoral letters and brochures for the guidance
of clergj' and laity. His most important literary
work was entitled "Pastoral Instruction," first
edition, N. Y., 1875; second edition (revised and
enlarged^ 1880. Died at Alton. Feb. 15, 1886.
BALTIMORE & OHIO SOUTHWESTERN
RAILWAY. This road (constituting a part of tlie
Baltimore & Ohio system} is made up of two
principal divisions, the first extending across the
State from East St. Louis to Belpre, Ohio, and the
second (known as the Springfield Division) extend-
ing from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The total
mileage of the former (or main line) is 537
miles, of which 147>^ are in Illinois, and of the
latter (wholly within Illinois) 228 miles. The
main line (originally known as the Ohio & Mis-
sissippi Railway) was chartered in Indiana in
1848, in Ohio in 1849, and in Illinois in 1851. It
was constructed by two companies, the section
from Cincinnati to the Indiana and Illinois State
line being known as the Eastern Division, and
that in Illinois as the Western Division, the
gauge, as originally built, being six feet, but
reduced in 1871 to standard. The banking firm
of Page & Bacon, of St. Louis and San Francisco,
were the jsrincipal financial backers of the enter-
prise. The line was completed and opened for
traffic. May 1. 1857. The following year the road
became financially embarrassed ; the Eastern Di-
vision was placed in the hands of a receiver in
1860, while the Western Division was sold under
foreclosure, in 1862, and reorganized as the Ohio
& Mississippi Railway under act of the Illinois
Legislature pa.ssed in Februarj', 1861. The East-
ern Division was sold in January, 1867; and, in
November of the same year, tlie two divisions
were consolidated under the title of the Oliio &
Mississippi Railway. — The Springfield Division
was the result of the consolidation, in December,
1869, of the Pana, Springfield & Northwestern
and the Illinois & Southeastern Railroad — each
having been chartered in 1867 — the new corpo-
ration taking the name of the Springfield & Illi-
nois Southeastern Railroad, under which name
the road was built and opened in March, 1871. In
1873, it was placed in tlie hands of receivers ; in
1874 was sold under foreclosure, and, on March
1, 1875, passed into the hands of the Ohio & Mis-
sissippi Railway Company. In November, 1876,
the road was again placed in the hands of a
receiver, but was restored to the Company in 1884.
— In November, 1893, the Ohio & Mississippi was
consolidated with the Baltimore & Ohio South-
western Railroad, which was the successor of the
Cincinnati, Washington & Baltimore Railroad,
the reorganized Company taking the name of the
Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Com-
pany. The total capitalization of the road, as
organized in 1898, was §84,770,531. Several
branches of the main line in Indiana and Ohio go
to increase the aggregate mileage, but being
wholly outside of Illinois are not taken into ac-
count in this statement.
BALTIMORE & OHIO & CHIC.\GO RAIL-
ROAD, part of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
System, of which onl}- 8.21 out of 205 miles are in
Illinois. Tlie principal object of the company's
incorporation was to secure entrance for the
Baltimore & Oliio into Chicago. The capital
stock outstanding exceeds Sl,500,'000. The total
capital (including stock, funded and floating debt)
is §20,339,166 or .$76,728 per mile. The gross
earnings for the year ending June 30, 1898, were
§3,383,016 and the operating expenses 82,493,4.52.
The income and earnings for the portion of the
line in Illinois for the same period were §209.208
and the expenses §208,096.
B.VNGS, Mark, lawyer, was born in Vianklin
County, Mass., Jan. 9, 1822; spent liis boy-
hood on a farm in Western New York, and, after
a year in an institution at Rochester, came to
Chicago in 1844, later spending two years in farm
work and teaching in Central Illinois. Return-
ing east in 1847, he engaged in teaching for
two years at Springfield, Mass., then spent
a year in a dry goods store at Lacon, 111.,
meanwhile prosecuting his legal studies. In
1851 he began practice, was elected 'a Judge
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
35
of the Circuit Court in 1859; served one session
as State Senator (1870-73); in 1873 was ap-
pointed Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired
term of Judge Richmond, deceased, and, in 1875,
was appointed by President Grant United States
District Attorney for the Northern District,
remaining in office four years. Judge Bangs was
also a member of the first Anti-Nebraska State
Convention of Illinois, held at Springfield in 1854;
in 1803 presided over the Congressional Conven-
tion which nominated Owen Lovejoy for Congress
for the first time ; was one of the charter members
of the "Union League of America," serving as its
President, and, in 1868, was a delegate to the
National Convention which nominated General
Grant foi President for the first time. After
retiring from the office of District Attorney in
1879, lie removed to Chicago, where he is still
(1898) engaged in the practice of his profession.
B.\>'KSO>', Andrew, pioneer and early legis-
lator, a native of Tennessee, settled on Silver
Creek, in St. Clair County, 111., four miles south
of Lebanon, about 1808 or 1810, and subsequently
removed to Washington County. He was a Col-
onel of "Rangers" during the War of 1813, and a
Captain in the Black Hawk War of 1833. In
1833 he was elected to tlie State Senate from
Washington Coimty, serving four years, and at
the session of 1833-33 was one of those who voted
against the Convention resolution which had for
its object to make Illinois a slave State. He sub-
sequently removed to Iowa Territory, but died, in
1S53, while visiting a son-in-law in Wisconsin.
BAPTISTS. The first Baptist minister to set-
tle in Illinois was Elder James Smith, who
located at New Design, in 1787. He was fol-
lowed, about 1790-97, by Revs. David Badgley and
Joseph Chance, who organized the first Baptist
church within the limits of the State. Five
churches, having four ministers and 111 mem-
bers, formed an association in 1807. Several
causes, among them a difference of views on the
slavery question, resulted in the division of the
denomination into factions. Of these perhaps
the most numerous was tlie Regular (or Jlission-
ary) Baptists, at the head of which was Rev. John
M. Peck, a resident of tlie State from 1833 until
his death (1858). By 1835 tlie sect had grown,
until it had some 350 churclies, with about 7,500
members. These were under the ecclesiastical
care of twenty-two Associations. Rev. Isaac
McCoy, a Baptist Indian missionary, preached at
Fort Dearborn on Oct. 9, 1835, and, eight years
later. Rev. Allen B. Freeman organized the first
Baptist society iu what was then an infant set-
tlement. By 1890 the number of Associations
had grown to forty, with 1010 churches 891
ministers and 88,884 members. A Baptist Theo-
logical Seminary was for some time supported at
Morgan Park, but, in 1895, was absorbed by the
University of Chicago, becoming the divinity
school of that institution. The chief organ of the
denomination in Illinois is "The Standard." pub-
lished at Chicago.
B.VEBER, Hiram, was born in Warren County,
N. Y., March 34, 1835. At 11 years of age he
accompanied his family to Wisconsin, of which
State he was a resident until 1806. After gradu-
ating at the State University of Wisconsin, at
Madison, he studied law at the Albany Law
School, and was admitted to practice. After
serving one term as District Attorney of his
comity in Wisconsin (1861-63), and Assistant
Attorney-General of the State for 1805-66, in
the latter year he came to Chicago and, in 1878,
was elected to Congress by the Republicans of
the old Second Illinois District. His home is in
Chicago, where he holds the position of Master in
Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County.
BARDOl.PH, a village of McDonough County,
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 7
miles northeast of Jlacomb; has a local paper.
Population (1880), 409; (1890), 447; (1900), 387.
BaRNSBACK, Georc;e Frederick Julius, pio-
neer, was l)Orn in Germany, July 25, 1781 ; came
to Pliiladelphia in 1797, and soon after to Ken-
tucky, where he became an overseer; two or
three years later visited his native country, suf-
fering shipwreck en route in the English Channel ;
returned to Kentucky in 1803, remaining until
1809, when he removed to wiiat is now Madison
(then a part of St. Clair) County, 111. ; served in
the War of 1813, farmed and raised stock imtil
1824, when, after a second visit to Germany, he
bought a plantation in St. Francois County, Mo.
Subsequently becoming disgusted with slavery,
he manumitted his slaves and returned to Illinois,
locating on a farm near Edwardsville, where he
resided until his death in 1809. Mr. Barnsback
served as Representative in the Fourteenth Gen-
eral Assembly (1844-40) and, after '•eturning from
Springfield, distributed his salary among the poor
of Madison County. — Julius A. (Barnsback), his
son, was born in St. Francois County, Mo., May
14, 1836; in 1846 became a merchant at Troy,
Madison County ; was elected Sheriff in 1800 ; in
1864 entered the service as Captain of a Company
in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois Volun-
teers (100-days' men); also served as a member or
the Twenty-fom-th General Assembly (1865).
36
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
BARJi'UM, WilUam H., lawyer and ex-Judge,
was born in Onondaga County, N. Y.. Feb. 13,
1840. When he was but two years old his family
removed to St. Clair County, 111. , where he passed
his boyhood and youth. His preliminary educa-
tion was obtained at Belleville, 111., Ypsilanti,
Mich., and at the Michigan State University at
Ann Arbor. After leaving the institution last
named at the end of the sophomore year, he
taught school at Belleville, still pursuing his clas-
sical studies. In 1862 he was admitted to the bar
at Belleville, and soon afterward opened an otHce
at Chester, where, for a time, he held the office
of Master in Chancery. He removed to Chicago
in 1807, and, in 1879, was elevated to the bench
of the Cook County Circuit Court. At the expi-
ration of his term he resumed private practice.
BARRERE, Granville, was born in Highland
County, Ohio. After attending the common
schools, he acquired a higher education at Au-
gusta, Ky. , and Marietta, Ohio. He was admitted
to the bar in his native State, but began the prac-
tice of law in Fulton County, III, in 1856. In
18T3 he received the Republican nomination for
Congress and was elected, representing his dis-
trict from 1873 to 1875, at the conclusion of his
term retiring to private life. Died at Canton,
111., Jan. 13, 1889.
BARRIXGTON, a village located on the north-
ern border of Cook County, and partly in Lake,
at the intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern
and the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway, 33 miles
northwest of Chicago. It has banks, a local paper,
and several cheese factories, being in a dairying
district. Population (1890), 848; (1900), 1,162.
BARROWS, John Henry, D. D., clergyman
and educator, was born at Medina, Mich., July
11, 1847; graduated at Mount Olivet College in
1807, and studied theology at Yale, Union and
Andover Seminaries. In 1869 he went to Kansas,
where he spent two and a half years in mission-
arj' and educational work. He then (in 1872)
accepted a call to the First Congregational
Church at Springfield, 111., where he remained a
year, after which he gave a year to foreign travel,
visiting Europe, Egypt and Palestine, during a
part of the time supplying the American chapel
in Paris. On his return to the United States he
spent six j'ears in pastoral work at Lawrence and
East Boston, Mass., when (in November, 1881) he
assumed the pastorate of the First Presbyterian
Church of Chicago. Dr. Barrows achieved a
world-wide celebrity by his services as Chairman
of the "Parliament of Religions," a branch of the
"World's Congress Auxiliary," held during the
World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in
1893. Later, he was appointed Professorial Lec-
turer on Comparative Religions, under lectureships
in connection with tlie University of Chicago en-
dowed by Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell. One of these,
established in Dr. Barrows' name, contemplated
a series of lectures in India, to be delivered on
alternate years with a similar course at the Uni-
versity. Courses were delivered at the University
in 1895-96, and, in order to carry out the purposes
of the foreign lectureship. Dr. Barrows found it
necessary to resign his pastorate, which he did in
the spring of 1896. After spending the summer
in Germany, the regular itinerary of the romid-
the-world tour began at London in the latter part
of November, 1896, ending with his return to the
United States by way of San Francisco in May,
1897. Dr. Barrows was accompanied by a party
of personal friends from Chicago and elsewhere,
the tour embracing visits to the principal cities
of Southern Europe, Egypt, Palestine, China and
Japan, with a somewhat protracted stay in India
during the winter of 1896-97. After his return to
the United States he lectured at the University
of Chicago and in many of the principal cities of
the country, on the moral and religious condition
of Oriental nations, but, in 1898, was offered
the Presidency of Oberlin College, Ohio, which
he accepted, entering upon his duties early in
1899.
BARRY, a city in Pike County, founded in
1836, on the Wabash Railroad, 18 miles east of
Hannibal, Mo., and 30 miles southeast of Quincy.
The surrounding country is agricultural. The
city contains flouring mills, porkpacking and
poultry establishments, etc. It has two local
papers, two banks, three churches and a high
school, besides scliools of lower grade. Popula-
tion (1880), 1,393; (1890), 1,354; (1900), 1,643.
BARTLETT, Adolphus Clay, merchant, was
born of Revolutionary ancestry at Stratford,
Fulton County, N. Y., June 23, 1844; was educated
in the common schools and at Danville Academy
and Clinton Liberal Institute, N. Y., and, coming
to Chicago in 1863, entered into the employment
of the hardware firm of Tuttle, Hibbard & Co.,
now Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Co., of which,
a few years later, he became a partner, and later
Vice-President of the Company. Mr. Bartlett
has also been a Trustee of Beloit College, Presi-
dent of the Chicago Home for the Friendless and
a Director of the Chicago & Alton Railroad and
the Metropolitan National Bank, besides being
identified with various other business and benevo-
lent associations.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
BASCOM, (Rev.) Flavel, D. D., clergyman,
was born at Lebanon, Conn., June S, 180-1; spent
liis boyhood on a farm until 17 years of age, mean-
while attending the common schools; prepared
for college imder a private tutor, and, in 1824,
entered Yale College, graduating in 1828. After a
year as Principal of the Academy at New Canaan,
Conn., he entered upon the study of theology
at Yale, was licensed to preach in 1831 and, for
the next two years, served as a tutor in the liter-
ary department of the college. Then coming to
Illinois (1833), he cast his lot with the "Yale
Band," organized at Yale College a few years
previous ; spent five years in missionary work in
Tazewell County and two years in Northern Illi-
nois as Agent of the Home Missionary Society,
exploring new settlements, founding churches
and introducing missionaries to new fields of
labor. In 1839 he became pastor of the First
Presbjrterian Church of Chicago, remaining until
1849, when he assumed the pastorship of the First
Presbyterian Chm-ch at Galesburg, this relation
continuing imtil 18.56. Then, after a year's serv-
ice as the Agent of the American Missionary
Association of the Congregational Church, he
accepted a call to the Congregational Church at
Princeton, where he remained until 1869, when
he took charge of the Congregational Church at
Hinsdale. From 1878 he served for a consider-
able period as a member of the Executive Com-
mittee of the Illinois Home Missionary Society;
was also prominent in educational work, being
one of the founders and, for over twenty-five
years, an officer of the Chicago Theological
Seminary, a Trustee of Knox College and one of
the founders and a Trustee of Beloit College,
Wis., from which he received the degree of D. D.
in 1869. Dr. Bascom died at Princeton, 111 ,
August 8, 1890.
BATAYIA, a city in Kane County, on Fox
River and branch lines of the Chicago & North-
western and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Raih-oads, 3.5 miles we.st of Chicago; has water
power and several prosperous manufacturing
establishments employing over 1,000 operatives.
The city has fine water-works supplied from an
artesian well, electric lighting plant, electric
street car lines with interurban connections, two
weekly papers, eight churches, two public
schools, and private hospital for in.sane women.
Population (1900), 3,871; (1903, est.), 4.400.
BATEMAIV, Newton, A. M., LL.D., educator
and Editor-in-Chief of the "Historical Encyclo-
pedia of Illinois," was born at Fairfield, N. J.,
July 27, 1G22. of mixed English and Scotch an-
cestry ; was brought by his parents to Illinois in
1833; in his youth enjoyed only limited educa-
tional advantages, but graduated from Illinois
College at Jacksonville in 1843, supporting him-
self during his college coiu-se wholly by his own
labor. Having contemplated entering the Chris-
tian ministr}', he spent the following year at Lane
Theological Seminary, but was compelled to
withdraw on accoimt of failing health, when he
gave a year to travel. He then entered upon his
life-work as a teacher by engaging as Principal
of an English and Classical School in St. Louis,
remaining tliere two years, when he accepted the
Professorship of Mathematics in St. Charles Col-
lege, at St. Charles, Mo., continuing in that
position four years (1847-51). Returning to Jack-
sonville, 111., in the latter year, he assiuned the
principalship of the main public school of that
city. Here he remained seven years, during four
of them discharging the duties of County Super-
intendent of Schools for Morgan County. In the
fall of 18.57 he became Principal of Jacksonville
Female Academy, but the following year was
elected State Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion, having been nominated for the office by the
Republican State Convention of 1858, which put
Abraham Lincoln in nomination for the United
States Senate. By successive re-elections he con-
tinued in this office fourteen years, serving con-
tinuously from 1859 to 1875, except two years
(1863-65), as the result of his defeat for re-election
in 1862. He was also endorsed for the same office
by the State Teachers' Association in 1856, but
was not formally nominated by a State Conven-
tion. During his incumbency the Illinois com-
mon school system was developed and brought to
the state of efiiciency which it has so well main-
tained. He also prepared some seven volmnes of
biennial reports, portions of which have been
republished in five different languages of Em-ope,
hesides a volume of "Common School Decisions,"
originally published by authority of the General
Assembly, and of which several editions have
since been issued. This volume has been recog-
nized by the com-ts, and is still regarded as
authoritative on the subjects to which it relates.
In addition to his official duties during a part of
this period, for three years he served as editor of
"The Illinois Teacher," and was one of a com-
mittee of three which prepared the bill adopted
by Congress creating the National Bureau of
Education. Occupying a room in the old State
Capitol at Springfield adjoining that used as an
office by Abraham Lincoln during the first candi-
dacy of the latter for the Presidency, in 1860, a
38
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
close intimacy sprang up between tlie two men,
which enabled the "School-master," as Mr. Lin-
coln plajfuUy called the Doctor, to acquire an
insight into the character of the future emanci-
pator of a race, enjoyed by few men of that time,
and of which he gave evidence by his lectures
full of interesting reminiscence and eloquent
appreciation of the high character of the "Martyr
President." A few months after his retirement
from the State Superintendency (1875), Dr. Bate-
man was offered and accepted the Presidency of
Knox College at Galesburg, remaining until 1893,
when he voluntarily tendered his resignation.
This, after having been repeatedly urged upon
the Board, was finally accepted ; but that body
immediately, and by unanimous vote, appointed
him President Emeritus and Professor of Mental
and Moral Science, imder which he continued to
discharge his duties as a special lecturer as his
health enabled him to do so. During his incum-
bency as President of Knox College, he twice
received a tender of the Presidency of Iowa State
University and the Chancellorship of two other
important State institutions. He also served, by
appointment of successive Governors between 18T7
and 1891, as a member of the State Board of
Health, for four years of this period being Presi-
dent of the Board. In February, 1878, Dr. Bate-
man, imexpeotedly and without solicitation on his
part, received from President Hayes an appoint-
ment as "Assay Commissioner" to examine and
test the fineness and weight of United States
coins, in accordance with the provisions of the
act of Congress of June 22, 1874, and discharged
the duties assigned at the mint in Philadelphia.
Never of a very strong physique, which was
rather weakened by his privations while a stu-
dent and his many years of close confinement to
mental labor, towards the close of his life Dr.
Bateman suffered much from a chest trouble
which finallj' developed into "angina pectoris,"
or heart disease, from which, as the result of a
most painful attack, he died at his home in Gales-
burg, Oct. 21, 1897, The event produced the
most profound sorrow, not only among his associ-
ates in the Faculty and among the students of
Knox College, but a large number of friends
throughout the State, who had known him offi-
cially or personally, and had learned to admire
his many noble and beautiful traits of character.
His fvmeral, which occurred at Galesburg on
Oct. 25, called out an immense concourse of
sorrowing friends. Almost the last labors per-
formed by Dr. Bateman were in the revision of
matter for this volume, in which he manifested
the deepest interest from the time of his assump-
tion of the duties of its Editor-in-Chief. At the
time of his death he had tlie satisfaction of know-
ing that his work in tliis field was practically
complete. Dr. Bateman had been twice married,
first in 1850 to Miss Sarah Dayton of Jacksonville,
who died in 1857, and a second time in October,
1859, to Miss Annie N. Tyler, of Massachusetts
(but for some time a teacher in Jacksonville
Female Academy), who died. May 28, 1878. —
Clifford Rush (Bateman), a son of Dr. Bateman
by his first marriage, was born at Jacksonville,
March 7, 1854, graduated at Amherst College and
later from the law department of Columbia Col-
lege, New York, afterwards prosecuting his
studies at Berlin. Heidelberg and Paris, finally
becoming Professor of Administrative Law and
Government in Columbia College — a position
especially created for him. He had filled this
position a little over one year when his career —
which was one of great promise — was cut short by
death, Feb. 6, 1883. Three daughters of Dr. Bate-
man survive — all the wives of clergymen. — P. S.
BATES, Clara Doty, author, was born at Ann
Arbor, Mich., Dec. 22, 1838; published her first
book in 1868; the next year married Morgan
Bates, a Chicago publisher; wrote much for
juvenile periodicals, besides stories and poems,
some of the most popular among the latter being
"Blind Jakey" (1868) and "JEsop's Fables" in
verse (1873). She was the collector of a model
library for children, for the World's Columbian
Exposition, 1893. Died in Chicago, Oct. 14, 1895.
BATES, Erastus Newton, soldier and State
Treasurer, was born at Plainfield, Mass., Feb. 29,
1828, being descended from Pilgrims of the May-
flower. "When 8 years of age he was brought by
his father to Ohio, where the latter soon after-
ward died. For several years he lived with an
uncle, preparing himself for college and earning
money by teaching and manual labor. He gradu-
ated from Williams College, Mass., in 1853, and
commenced the study of law in New York City,
but later removed to Minnesota, where he served
as a member of the Constitutional Convention of
1856 and was elected to the State Senate in 1857.
In 1839 he removed to Centralia, 111., and com-
menced practice there in AugiLst, 1862 ; was com-
missioned Major of the Eightieth Illinois
Volunteers, being successively promoted to the
rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and
finally brevetted Brigadier-General. For fifteen
months he was a prisoner of war, escaping from
Libby Prison only to be recaptured and later
expo.sed to the fire of the Union batteries at Mor-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
30
ris Island, Charleston harbor. In 1866 he was
elected to the Legislature, and, in 1868, State
Treasurer, being re-elected to the latter office
under the new Constitution of 1870, and serving
until January, 1873. Died at Minneapolis,
Minn., May 39, 1898, and was buried at Spring-
field.
BATES, George C, lawyer and politician, was
born in Canandaigua, N. Y., and removed to
Michigan in 1834; in 1849 was appointed United
States District Attorney for that State, but re-
moved to California in 1850, where he became a
member of the celebrated "Vigilance Committee"
at San Francisco, and, in 1856, delivered the first
Republican speech there. From 1861 to 1871, he
practiced law in Chicago; the latter year was
appointed District Attorney for Utah, serving
two years, in 1878 removing to Denver, Colo.,
where he died, Feb. 11. 1886. Mr. Bates was an
orator of much reputation, and was selected to
express the thanks of the citizens of Chicago to
Gen. B. J. Sweet, commandant of Camp Douglas,
after the detection and defeat of the Camp Doug-
las conspiracy in November, 1864 — a duty which
he performed in an address of great eloquence.
At an early day he married the widow of Dr.
Alexander Wolcott, for a number of years previ-
ous to 1830 Indian Agent at Chicago, his wife
being a daughter of John Kinzie, the first white
settler of Chicago.
BATH, a village of Mason County, on the"
Jacksonville branch of the Chicago, Peoria & St.
Louis Railway, 8 miles south of Havana. Popu-
lation (1880), 439; (1890), 384; (1900), 830.
BAYLIS, a corporate village of Pike County,
on the main line of the Wabash Railway, 40 miles
southeast of Quincy; lias one newspaper. Popu-
lation (1890), 368; (1900), 340.
BATLISS, Alfred, Superintendent of Public
Instruction, was born about 1846. served as a
private in the First Michigan Cavalry the last
two years of the Civil War, and graduated from
Hillsdale College (Mich.), in 1870, supporting
himself during his college course by work upon a
farm and teaching. After serving three j-ears as
County Superintendent of Schools in La Grange
County, Ind., in 1874 he came to Illinois and
entered upon the vocation of a teacher in the
northern part of the State. He served for some
time as Superintendent of Schools for the city of
Sterling, afterwards becoming Principal of the
Township High School at Streator, wliere he was,
in 1898, when he received the nomination for the
office of State Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion, to which he was elected in November follow-
ing by a plurality over his Democratic opponent
of nearly 70,000 votes.
BEARD, Thomas, pioneer and founder of the
city of Beardstown, 111., was born in Granville,
Washington Count}', N. Y., in 1795, taken to
Northeastern Ohio in 1800, and. in 1818, removed
to IlUnois, living for a time about Edwardsville
and Alton. In 1820 he went to the locality of
the present city of Beardstown, and later estab-
lished there the first ferry across the Illinois
River. In 1827, in conjunction with Enoch
March of Morgan County, he entered the land on
which Beardstown was platted in 1829. Died, at
Beardstown, in November, 1849.
BEARDSTOWN, a city in Cass County, on the
Illinois River, being the intersecting point for
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railways, and the
northwestern terminus of the former. It is 111
miles north of St. Louis and 90 miles south of
Peoria. Thomas Beard, for whom the town was
named, settled here about 1820 and soon after-
wards established the first ferry across the Illi-
nois River. In 1827 the land was patented by
Beard and Enoch March, and the town platted,
and, during the Black Hawk War of 1832, it
became a principal base of supplies for the Illi-
nois volunteers. The cityhas six churches and
three schools (including a high school), two banks
and two daily newspapers. Several branches of
manufacturing are carried on here — flouring and
saw mills, cooperage works, an axe-handle fac-
tory, two button factories, two stave factories,
one shoe factory, large machine shops, and others
of less importance. The river is spanned here by
a fine railroad bridge, costing some $300,000.
Population (1890), 4,226; (1900), 4,837.
BEAUBIEN, Jean Baptiste, the second per-
manent settler on the site of Chicago, was bora
at Detroit in 1780, became clerk of a fur-trader on
Grand River, married an Ottawa woman for his
first wife, and, in 1800, had a trading-post at MiS
waukee, which he maintained until 1818. Ho
visited Chicago as early as 1804, bought a cabin
there soon after the Fort Dearborn massacre of
1812, married the daughter of Francis La Fram-
boise, a French trader, and, in 1818, becama'
agent of the American Fur Company, having
charge of trading posts at Slackinaw and else-
where. After 1823 he occupied the building
known as "the factory," just outside of Fort Dear«
born, which had belonged to the Government,
but removed to a farm on the Des Plaines in 1840.
Out of the ownership of this building grew his
claim to the right, in 1835, to enter seventy-five
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
acres of land belonging to the Fort Dearborn
reservation. The claim was allowed by the Land
Office officials and sustained by the State courts,
but disallowed by the Supreme Court of the
United States after long litigation. An attempt
was made to revive this claim in Congress in
18TS. but it was reported upon adversely by a
Senate Committee of which the late Senator
Thomas F. Bayard was chairman. Mr. Beaubien
was evidently a man of no little prominence in
his day. He led a company of Chicago citizens
to tlie Black Hawk War in 1833, was appointed
by the Governor the first Colonel of 5Iilitia for
Cook County, and, in 1850, was commissioned
Brigadier-General. In 18,58 he removed to Nash-
ville, Tenn., and died there, Jan. 5, 1863.— Mark
(Beaubien), a younger brother of Gen. Beaubien,
was born in Detroit in 1800, came to Chicago in
1820, and bought a log house of James Kinzie, in
which he kept a hotel for some time. Later, he
erected the first frame building in Chicago, which
was known as the "Sauganash," and in which he
kept a hotel until 1834. He also engaged in mer-
chandising, but was not successful, ran the first
ferry across the South Branch of the Chicago
River, and served for many years as lighthouse
keeper at Chicago. About 1834 the Indians trans-
ferred to him a reservation of 640 acres of land on
the Calumet, for which, some forty years after-
wards, he received a patent which had been
signed by Martin Van Buren — he having previ-
ously been ignorant of its existence. He was
married twice and had a family of twenty-two
children. Died, at Kankakee, 111., April 16, 1881.
— Madore B. (Beaubien), the second son of
General Beaubien by his Indian wife, was born
on Grand River in Michigan, July 15, 1809, joined
his father in Chicago, was educated in a Baptist
Mission School where Niles, Mich., now stands;
was licensed as a merchant in Chicago in 1831,
but failed as a business man; served as Second
Lieutenant of the Naperville Company in the
Black Hawk War, and later was First Lieutenant
of a Chicago Company. His first wife was a
white woman, from whom he separated, after-
wards marrying an Indian woman. He left Illi-
nois with the Pottawatomies in 1840, resided at
Council Bluffs and. later, in Kansas, being for
many years the official interpreter of the tribe
and, for some time, one of six Commissioners
employed by the Indians to look after their
affairs with the United States Government. —
Alexander (Beaubien), son of General Beau-
bien by his white wife, was born in one of the
buildings belonging to Fort Dearborn, Jan. 28,
1822. In 1840 he accompanied his father to hii
farm on the Des Plaines, but returned to Chicago
in 1863, and for years past has been employed on
the Chicago police force.
BEBB, William, Governor of Ohio, was born
in Hamilton County in that State in 1802 ; taught
school at North Bend, the home of William Henry
Harrison, studied law and practiced at Hamilton ;
served as Governor of Ohio, 1846-48; later led a
Welsh colony to Tennessee, but left at the out-
break of the Civil War, removing to Winnebago
County, 111., where he had purchased a large
body of land. He was a man of uncompromising
loyalty and high principle; served as Examiner
of Pensions by appointment of President Lincoln
and, in 1868, took a prominent part in the cam-
paign which resulted in Grant's first election to
the Presidency. Died at Rockford, Oct. 33, 1873.
A daughter of Governor Bebb married Hon.
John P. Reynolds, for many years the Secretary
of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, and,
during the World's Columbian Exposition,
Director-in-Chief of the IlUnois Board of World's
Fair Commissioners.
BECKER, Charles St. N., ex State Treasurer,
was born in Germany. June 14, 1840, and brought
to this cormtry by his parents at the age of 11
years, the family settling in St. Clair County, 111.
Early in the Civil War he enlisted in the Twelfth
Missouri regiment, and, at the battle of Pea
Ridge, was so severely wounded that it was
fovmd necessary to amputate one of his legs. In
1866 he was elected Sheriff of St. Clair County,
and, from 1873 to 1880, he served as clerk of the
St. Clair Circuit Court. He also served several
terms as a City Councilman of Belleville. In 1888
he was elected State Treasurer on the Republican
ticket, serving from Jan. 14, 1889, to Jan. 12, 1891.
BECKWITH, Corydon, lawyer and jurist, was
born in Vermont in 1823, and educated at Provi-
dence, R. I., and Wrentham, Mass. He read law
and was admitted to the bar in St. Albans, Vt.,
where he practiced for two years. In 1853 he
removed to Chicago, and, in January, 1864, was
appointed by Governor Yates a Justice of the
Supreme Court, to fill the five remaining months
of the unexpired term of Judge Caton, who had
resigned. On retiring from the bench he re-
sumed pri\ate practice. Died, August 18, 1890.
BECKWITH, Hiram Williams, lawyer and
author, was born at Danville. 111., March 5, 1833.
Mr. Beckwith's father, Dan W. Beckwith, a pio-
neer settler of Eastern Illinois and one of the
founders of the city of Danville, was a native of
Wyalusing, Pa., where he was born about 1789,
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
his mother being, in her girlhood, Hannah York,
one of tlie survivors of the famous Wyoming
massacre of 1778. In 1817, the senior Beckwith.
in company with his brother George, descended
tlie Ohio River, afterwards ascending the Wabash
to where Terre Haute now stands, but finally
locating in what is now a part of Edgar County,
111. A year later he removed to the vicinity of
the present site of the city of Danville. Having
been emploj^ed for a time in a surveyor's
corps, he finally became a survej^or himself, and,
on the organization of Vermilion County, served
for a time as County Surveyor by appointment of
the Governor, and was also employed by the
General Government in surveying lands in the
eastern part of the State, some of the Indian
reservations in that section of the State being
set oft by him. In connection with Guy W.
Smith, then Receiver of Public Moneys in the
Land Office at Palestine, 111., he donated the
ground on which the county-seat of VermiHon
County was located, and it took the name of Dan-
ville from his first name — "Dan." In 1830 he
was elected Representative in the State Legisla-
ture for the District composed of Clark, Edgar,
and Vermilion Counties, then including all that
section of the State between Crawford County
and the Kankakee River. He died in 1835.
Hiram, the subject of this sketch, thus left
fatherless at less than three years of age, received
only such education as was afforded in the com-
mon scliools of that period. Nevertheless, lie
began the study of law in the Danville office of
Lincoln & Lamon, and was admitted to practice
in 1854, about the time of reaching his majority.
He continued in their office and, on the removal
of Lamon to Bloomington in 1859, he succeeded
to the business of the firm at Danville. Mr.
Lamon — who, on Mr. Lincoln's accession to the
Presidency in 1861, became Marshal of the Dis-
trict of Columbia — was distantly related to Mr.
Beckwith by a second marriage of the mother of
the latter. While engaged in the practice of his
profession, Mr. Beckwith has been over thirty
years a zealous collector of records and other
material bearing upon the early history of Illinois
and the Northwest, and is probably now the
owner of one of the most complete and valuable
collections of Americana in .Illinois. He is also
tlie author of several monographs on historic
themes, including "The Winnebago War, " "The
Illinois and Indiana Indians," and "Historic
Notes of the Northwest," published in the "Fer-
gus Series," be.sides having edited an edition of
"Reynolds' History of Illinois" (pubhshed by the
same firm), which he has enriched by the addition
of valuable notes. During 1895-96 he contributed
a series of valuable articles to "The Chicago
Tribune" on various features of early Illinois and
Northwest history. In 1890 he was appointed by
Governor Fifer a member of the first Board of
Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library,
serving until the expiration of his term in 1894,
and was re-appointed to the same position by
Governor Tanner in 1897, in each case being
chosen President of the Board.
BEECHER, Charles A,, attorney and railway
solicitor, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y.,
August 27, 1839, but, in 1836, removed with his
family to Licking County, Ohio, where he lived
upon a farm until he reached the age of 18 years.
Having taken a course in the Ohio Wesleyan
University at Delaware, in 1854 he removed to
Illinois, locating at Fairfield, Wayne County.
and began the study of law in the office of his
brother, Edwin Beecher, being admitted to prac-
tice in 1855. In 1867 he united with others in the
organization of the Illinois Southeastern Rail-
road projected from Shawneetown to Edgewood
on tlie Illinois Central in Effingham County.
This enterprise was consolidated, a year or two
later, with the Pana, Springfield & Northwest-
ern, taking the name of the Springfield & Illinois
Southeastern, under which name it was con-
structed and opened for traffic in 1871. (This
line — which Mr. Beecher served for some time
as Vice-President — now constitutes the Beards-
town & Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore
& Ohio Southwestern.) The Springfield & Illi-
nois Southeastern Company having fallen into
financial difficulty in 1873, Mr. Beecher was
appointed receiver of the road, and, for a time,
had control of its operation as agent for the bond-
holders. In 1875 the line was conveyed to the
Ohio & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the
Baltimore & Ohio), when Mr. Beecher became
General Counsel of tlie controlling corporation,
so remaining until 1888. Since that date he has
been one of the assistant counsel of the Baltimore
& Ohio sy.stem. His present home is in Cincin-
nati, although for over a quarter of a century he
has been prominently identified witli one of the
most important railway enterprises in Southern
Illinois. In politics Mr, Beecher has always been
a Republican, and was one of the few in Wayne
County wlio voted for Fremont in 1856, and for
Lincoln in 1860. He was also a member of
the Republican State Central Committee of
Illinois from 1860 for a period of ten or twelve
years.
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
BEECHER, Ednard, D. D., clergyman anJ
educator, was born at East Hampton, L. I..
August 27, 1803— the son of Rev. Lyman Beecher
and the elder brother of Henry Ward ; graduated
at Yale College in 1823, taught for over a year at
Hartford, Conn., studied theology, and after a
year's service as tutor in Yale College, in
1826 was ordained pastor of the Park Street
Congregational Church in Boston. In 1830
he became President of Illinois College at
Jacksonville, remaining until 1844, when lis
resigned and returned to Boston, serving as
pastor of the Salem Street Church in that
city until 18.')(>. also acting as senior editor of
"The Congregationalist" for four years. In 1856
lie returned to Illinois as pastor of the First Con-
gregational Church at Galesburg, continuing
until 18T1, when he removed to Brooklyn, where
lie resided without pastoral charge, e.xcept 1885-
89, when he was pastor of tlie Parkville Congre-
gational Church. While President of Illinois
College, that institution was exposed to mucli
hostile criticism on account of his outspoken
opposition to slavery, as shown by his participa-
tion in founding the first Illinois State Anti-
Slavery Society and his eloquent denunciation of
the murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy. Next to his
brotlier Henry Ward, he was probably the most
powerful orator belonging to that gifted family,
and, in connection with his able associates in the
faculty of the Illinois College, assisted to give
that institution a wide reputation as a nursery
of independent thought. Up to a short time
before his death, he was a prolific writer, his
productions (besides editorials, reviews and con-
tributions on a variety of subjects) including
nme or ten volumes, of which the most impor-
tant are: "Statement of Anti-Slavery Principles
and Address to the People of Illinois'" (1837);
"A Plea for Illinois College"; "History of the
Alton Riots" (1838); "The Concord of -\ges"
(18.53); "The Conflict of Ages" (18.54); "Papal
Conspiracy Exposed" (1854), besides a number
of others invariably on religious or anti -slavery
topics. Died in Brooklyn, July 28, 1895.
BEECHER, WilUam H., clergj-man — oldest
son of Rev. Lyman Beecher and brother of
Edward and Henry Ward — was born at East
Hampton, N. Y., educated at home and at .\n-
dover, became a Congregationalist clergyman,
occupying pulpits at Newport, R. I., Batavia,
N. Y., and Cleveland, Ohio; came to Chicago in
his later years, dying at the home of his daugh-
ters in that city, June 23, 1889.
BEGGS, (Rev.) Stephen R.. pioneer Methodist
Episcopal preacher, was born in Buckingham
County, Va., March 30, 1801. His father, who
was opposed to slavery, moved to Kentucky in
1805, but remained there only two years, when he
removed to Clark County, Ind. The son enjoyed
but poor educational advantages here, obtaining
his education chiefly by liis own efforts in what
he called "Brush College." At the age of 21 lie
entered the ministry of the Jlethodist Episcopal
Church, during the next ten years traveling
different circuits in Indiana. In 1831 he was
appointed to Chicago, but the Black Hawk War
coming on immediately thereafter, he retired to
Plainfield. Later he traveled various circuits in
Illinois, until 1868, when he was superannuated,
occupying his time thereafter in writing remi-
niscences of his early history. A volume of this
character published by him, was entitled "Pages
from the Early History of the West and North-
%vest." He died at Plainfield, 111., Sept. 9, 1895,
in the 9.5th year of his age.
BEIDLER, Henry, early settler, was born of
German extraction in Bucks County, Pa., Nov.
27, 1812 ; came to Illinois in 1843, settling first at
Springfield, where he carried on the grocery
business for five years, then removed to Chicago
and engaged in tlie lumber trade in connection
with a brother, afterwards carrying on a large
lumber manufacturing business at JIuskegon,
Mich., which proved very profitable. In 1871
Mr. Beidler retired from the lumber trade, in-
vesting largely in west side real estate in the city
of Chicago, which appreciated rapidly in value,
making him one of the most wealthy real estate
owners in Chicago. Died, March 10, 1893.— Jacob
(Beidler), brother of the preceding, was born in
Bucks County, Penn., in 1815; came west in
1842, first began working as a carpenter, but
later engaged in the grocery business with his
brother at Springfield, 111. ; in 1844 removed to
Chicago, where he was joined by his brother four
years later, when they engaged largely in the
lumber trade. Mr. Beidler retired from business
in 1891, devoting his attention to large real estate
investments. He was a liberal contributor to
religious, educational and benevolent institutions.
Died in Chicago, March 15, 1898.
BELFIELD, Henry Holmes, educator, was
born in Philadelphia, Nov. 17, 1837; was educated
at an Iowa College, and for a time was tutor in
the same; during the War of the Rebellion served
in the army of tlie Cumberland, first as Lieuten-
ant and afterwards as Adjutant of the Eighth
Iowa Cavalry, still later being upon the staff of
Gen. E. M. McCook, and taking part in the
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
43
Atlanta and Nashville campaigns. While a
prisoner in the hands of the rebels he was placed
under fire of the Union batteries at Charleston.
Coming to Chicago in 1866, he served as Principal
in various public schools, including the North
Division High School. He was one of the earli-
est advocates of manual training, and, on the
establishment of the Chicago Manual Training
School in 1884, was appointed its Director — a
position which he has continued to occupy.
During 1891-93 he made a trip to Europe by
appointment of the Government, to investigate
the school sj'stems in European countries.
BELK\.4P, Hugh Reid, ex-Memberof Congress,
was born in Keokuk, Iowa, Sept. 1, 1860. being
the son of W. W. Belknap, for some time Secre-
tary of War under President Grant. After
attending the public schools of his native city,
he took a course at Adams Academy, Quincy,
Mass., and at Phillips Academy, Andover, wlien
he entered the service of the Baltimore & Ohio
Ptailroad, where he remained twelve years in
various departments, finally becoming Chief
Clerk of the General Manager. In 1832 he retired
from this position to become Superintendent of
the South Side Elevated Railroad of Chicago,
lie never held any political position until nomi-
nated (1894) as a Republican for the Fifty-fourth
Congress, in the strongly Democratic Third Dis-
trict of Chicago. Although the returns showed
a plurality of thirty -one votes for his Democratic
opponent (Lawrence McGann). a recount proved
him elected, when, Mr. McGann having volun-
tarily withdrawn, Mr. Belknap was unanimously
awarded the seat. In 1896 he was re-elected
from a District usually strongly Democratic,
receiving a plurality of 590 votes, but was
defeated by his Democratic opponent in 1898, retir-
ing from Congress, March 3, 1899, when he re-
ceived an appoir^tment as Paymaster in the Army
from President ilcKinley, with the rank of Major.
BELL, Robert, lawyer, was born in Lawrence
County, 111., in 1829, educated at Mount Carmel
and Indiana State University at Bloomington,
graduating from the law department of tlie
latter in 18.5.5; wliile yet in his minority edited
"The Mount Carmel Register," during 1851-53
becoming joint owner and editor of the same
with his brother, Victor D. Bell. After gradu-
ation he opened an office at Fairfield. Wayne
County, but, in 1857, returned to Mount Carmel
and from 1864 was the partner of Judge E. B.
Green, imtil the appointment of the latter Cliief
Justice of Oklahoma by President Harrison in
1890. In 1869 Mr. Bell was appointed County
Judge of Lawrence County, being elected to the
«ime office in 1894. He was also President
of the Illinois Southern Railroad Company
until it was merged into the Cairo & Vincennes
Road in 1807 ; later became President of the St.
Louis & Mt. Carmel Railroad, now a part of the
Louisville, Evansville & St. Loms line, and
secured the construction of the division from
Princeton, Ind., to Albion, 111. In 1876 he visited
California as Special Agent of the Treasury
Department to investigate alleged frauds in tlie
Revenue Districts on the Pacific Coast; in 1878
was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress on
the Republican ticket in the strong Democratic
Nineteenth District; was appointed, the same
year, a member of the Republican State Central
Committee for the State-at-large, and, in 1881,
officiated by appointment of President Garfield,
as Commissioner to examine a section of the
.^.tlantic & Pacific Railroad in New Mexico.
Judge Bell is a gifted stump-speaker and is known
in the southeastern part of the State as the
"Silver-tongued Orator of the Wabash."
BELLEVILLE, the county-seat of St. Clair
County, a city and railroad center, 14 miles south
of east from St. Louis. It is one of the oldest
towns in the State, having been selected as the
county-seat in 1814 and platted in 1815. It lies
in the center of a rich agricultural and coal-bear-
ing district and contains numerous factories of
various descriptions, including flouring mills, a
nail mill, glass woiks and slioe factories. It has
five newspaper establishments, two being Ger-
man, which issue daily editions. Its commercial
and educational facilities are exceptionally good.
Its population is largely of German descent.
Population (1890), 15,361; (1900), 17,484.
BELLEVILLE, CENTR.4LIA & E.\STERN
R.i.ILRO.\D. (See Louisville. Evmisville & St.
Louis {Consolidated) Railroad.)
BELLEVILLE & CiRONDELET R.\ILRO.\D,
a short line of road extending from Belleville to
East Carondelet, 111., 17.3 miles. It was cliartered
Feb. 20, 1881, and leased to the St. Louis, Alton
& Terre Haute Railroad Company, June 1, 1883.
The annual rental is §30.000. a sum equivalent to
the interest on the bonded debt. T!ie capital
stock (1895) is §500,000 and the bonded debt 8485.-
000. In addition to these sums the floating debt
swells the entire capitalization to §995,054 or §57,-
317 per mile.
BELLEVILLE & ELDOB.IDO R.4ILR0AD,
a road 50.4 miles in length running from Belle-
ville to Duquoin, 111. It was chartered Feb. 22,
1861, and completed Oct. 31, 1871. On July 1,
44
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
1880, it was leased to the St Louis, Alton &
Terra Haute Railroad Company for 480 years, and
has since been operated by that corporation in
connection with its Belleville branch, from East
St. Louis to Belleville. At Eldorado the road
intersects the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad and
the Sha^vneetown branch of the St. Louis &
Southeastern Railroad, operated by the Louisville
& Npshville Railroad Company. Its capital
stock (1895) is §1,000,000 and its bonded debt
8550,000. Tlie corporate nftU-e is at Rell.'ville.
BELLEVILLE ic ILLIXOISTOWX K.VILKOAD.
(See St. Louis. Alton d- Tern- Haute Uailroad.)
BELLEVILLE & SOUTHERN ILLINOIS
RAILROAD, a road (laid with steel rails) run-
ning from Belleville to Duquoin, 111., 56.4 miles
in length. It was cliartered Feb. 15, 1857, and
completed Dec. 15, 18T3. At Duquoin it connects
with the Illinois Central and forms a short line
between St. Louis and Cairo. Oct. 1, 1866, it was
leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute
Railroad Company for 999 years. Tlie capital
stock is §1,692,000 and the bonded debt §1,000,-
000. The corporate office is at Belleville.
BELLMONT, a village of Wabash County, on
the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railway, 9
miles west of Mount Carmel. Population (1880),
350; (1890), 487; (1900), 624.
BELT RAILWAY COMPANY OF CHICAGO,
THE, a corporation chartered, Nov. 23, 1882, and
the lessee of the Belt Division of the Chicago &
Western Indiana Railroad (which see). Its total
trackage (all of standard gauge and laid with 66-
pound steel rails) is 93.26 miles, distributed as fol-
lows : Auburn Junction to Chicago, Milwaukee &
St. PaulJunction, 15.9 miles; branches from Pull-
man Junction to Irondale, III, etc., 5.41 miles;
second track, 14.1 miles; sidings, 57.85 miles.
The cost of construction has been §524,549; capi-
tal stock, §1,200,000. It has no funded debt.
The earnings for the year ending June 30, 1895,
were §556,847, the operating expenses §378,012,
and the ta.xes §51,009.
BELVIDERE,an incorporated city, the county-
seat of Boone County, situated on the Kishwau-
kee River, and on two divisions of the Chicago &
Northwestern Railroad, 78 miles west-northwest
of Chicago and 14 miles east of Rockford ; is con-
nected with the latter city by electric railroad.
The city has twelve churches, five graded schools,
and three banks (two national). Two daily and
two semi-weekly papers are published here. Bel-
videre also has very considerable manufacturing
interests, including manufactories of sewing ma-
chines, bicycles, automobiles, besides a large
milk-condensing factory and two creameries.
Population (1890), 3,807; (1900), 6,937.
BEMENT, a village in Piatt County, at inter-
section of main line and Chicago Division of
Wabash Railroad, 20 miles east of Decatur and
166 miles south -southwest of Chicago; in agri-
cultural and stock-raising district; has three
grain elevators, broom factory, water- works, elec-
tric-light plant, four churches, two banks and
weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 1,129; (1900), 1,484.
BENJAMIN, Keiiben Moore, lawyer, born at
Chatham Centre, Columbia County, N. Y. , June
29, 1833; was educated at Amherst College, Am-
herst, Mass. ; spent one y^ear in the law depart-
ment of Harvard, another as tutor at Amherst
and, in 1856, came to Bloomington, 111., where, on
an examination certificate furnished by Abraham
Lincoln, he was licensed to practice. The first
public office held by Mr. Benjamin was that of
Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention
of 1869-70, in which he took a prominent part in
shaping the provisions of the new Constitution
relating to corporations. In 1873 he was chosen
County Judge of McLean County, by repeated,
re-elections holding the position until 1886, when
he resumed private practice. For more than
twenty years he has been connected with the law
department of Wesleyan University at Blooming-
ton, a part of the time being Dean of the Faculty ;
is also the author of several volumes of legal
text-books.
BENNETT MEDICAL COLLEGE, an Eclectic
Medical School of Chicago, incorporated by
special charter and opened in the autumn of
1868. Its first sessions were held in two large
rooms ; its faculty consisted of seven professors,
and there were thirty matriculates. More com-
modious quarters were secured the following
year, and a still better home after the fire of 1871,
in which all the college property was destroyed.
Another change of location was made in 1874.
In 1890 the property then owned was sold and a
new college building, in connection with a hos-
pital, erected in a more quiet quarter of the city.
A free dispensary is conducted by the college.
The teaching faculty (1896) consists of nineteen
professors, with four assistants and demonstra-
tors. Women are admitted as pupils on equal
terms with men.
BENT, Charles, journalist, was born in Chi-
cago, Deo. 8, 1844, but removed with his family,
in 1856, to Morrison, Whiteside County, where,
two years later, he became an apprentice to the
printing business in the office of "The Whiteside
Sentinel."' In June, 1864, he enlisted as a soldier
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
45
in the One Hundred and Fortietli Illinois (100-
days' regiment) and, on the expiration of his term
of service, re-enlisted in the One Hundred and
Forty -seventh Illinois, being mustered out at
Savannah, Ga., in January, 1866, with the rank
of Second Lieutenant. Then resuming his voca-
tion as a printer, in July, 1867, he purchased the
office of "The Whiteside Sentinel," in ivhich he
learned his trade, and has since been the editor of
that paper, except during 1877-79 while engaged
in writing a "History of Whiteside County."
He is a charter member of the local Grand Army
Post and served on the staff of the Department
Commander ; was Assistant Assessor of Internal
Revenue during 1870-73, and, in 1878, was elected
as a Republican to the State Senate for White-
side and Carroll Counties, serving four years.
Other positions held by him include the office of
City Alderman, member of the State Board of
Canal Commissioners (1883-85) and Commissioner
of the Joliet Penitentiary (1889-93). He has also
been a member of the Republican State Central
Committee and served as its Chairman 1886-88.
BEXTOX, county-seat of Franklin County, on
111. Cent, and Chi. & E. 111. Railroads ; has electric-
light plant, water-works, saddle and harness fac-
tory, two banks, two flouring mills, shale brick
and tile works (projected), four churches and
three weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 939; (1900), 1,341.
BERDAX, James, lawyer and County Judge,
was born in New York City, July 4, 180.5, and
educated at Columbia and Yale Colleges, gradu-
ating from the latter in the class of 1824. His
father, James Berdan, Sr. , came west in the fall
of 1819 as one of the agents of a New York
Emigration Society, and, in January, 1820, visited
the vicinity of the present site of Jacksonville,
111., but died soon after his return, in part from
exposure incurred during his long and arduous
winter journey. Thirteen years later (1832) his
son, the subject of this sketch, came to the same
region, and Jacksonville became his home for the
remainder of his life. Mr. Berdan was a well-
read lawyer, as well as a man of high principle
and sound culture, with pure literary and social
tastes. Although possessing unusual capabilities,
his refinement of character and dislike of osten-
tation made him seek rather the association and
esteem of friends than public office. In 1849 he
was elected County Judge of Morgan County,
serving by a second election until 1857. Later
he was Secretary for several years of the Tonica
& Petersburg Railroad (at that time in course of
construction), serving until it was merged into
the St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad,
now constituting a part of the Jacksonville di-
vision of the Chicago & Alton Railroad; also
served for many years as a Trustee of Illinois
College. In the latter years of his life he was, for
a considerable period, the law partner of ex-Gov-
ernor and ex-Senator Richard Yates. Judge
Berdan was the ardent political friend and
admirer of Abraham Lincoln, as well as an inti-
■^late friend and frequent correspondent of the
poet Longfellow, besides being the correspondent,
during a long period of his life, of a number of
other prominent Uterary men. Pierre Irving,
the nephew and biographer of Washington Irving,
was his brother-in-law through the marriage of a
favorite sister. Judge Berdan died at Jackson-
ville, August 24, 1884.
BEROEN, (Rev.) John G., pioneer clergyman,
was born at Hightstown, N. J., Nov. 27, 1790;
studied theology, and, after two years" service as
tutor at Princeton and sixteen years as pastor of
a Presbyterian church at Madison, N. J., in 1828
came to Springfield, 111., and assisted in the
erection of the first Protestant church in the
central part of the State, of which he remained
pastor until 1848. Died, at Springfield, Jan.
17, 1872.
BERGGREN, Augustus W., legislator, born in
Sweden, August 17, 1840; came to the United
States at 16 years of age and located at Oneida,
Knox County, 111. , afterwards removing to Gales-
burg; held various offices, including that of
Sheriff of Knox County (1873-81), State Senator
(1881-89) — serving as President p»'o tern, of the
Senate 1887-89, and was Warden of the State
penitentiary at Joliet, 1888-91. He was for many
years the very able and efficient President of the
Covenant Mutual Life Association of Illinois, and
is now its Treasurer.
BERCilER, (Rev.) J, a secular priest, born in
France, and an early missionary in Illinois. He
labored among the Tamaroas. being in charge of the
mission at Cahokia from 1700 to his death in 1710.
BERRY, Orville F., lawyer and legislator, was
born in McDonough County, 111., Feb. 16, 1852;
early left an orphan and, after working for some
time on a farm, removed to Carthage, Hancock
County, where he read law and was admitted to
the bar in 1877; in 1883 was elected Mayor of
Carthage and twice re-elected ; was elected to the
State Senate in 1888 and '93, and, in 1891, took a
prominent part in securing the enactment of the
compulsory education clause in the common
school law. Mr. Berry presided over the Repub-
lican State Convention of 1896, the same year was
a candidate for re-election to the State Senate,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
but the certificate was awarded to his Democratic
coxnpetitor, who was declared elected by 164
plurality. On a contest before the Senate at the
first session of the Fortieth General Assembly,
the seat was awarded to Mr. Berry on the ground
of illegality in the rulings of the Secretary of
State affecting the vote of his opponent.
BERRY, (Col.) William W., lawyer and sol-
dier, was born in Kentucky, Feb. 23, 1834, and
educated at Oxford. Ohio. His home being then
in Covington, he studied law in Cincinnati, and,
at the age of 23, began practice at Louisville, Ky.,
being married two years later to Miss Georgie
Hewitt of Frankfort. Early in 1861 he entered
the Civil War on the Union side as Major of the
Louisville Legion, and subsequently served in
the Army of the Cumberland, marching to the
sea with Sherman and, during the period of his
service, receiving four wounds. After the close
of the war he was offered the position of Gov-
ernor of one of the Territories, but, determining
not to go further west than Illinois, declined.
For three years he was located and in practice at
Winchester, 111., but removed to Quincy in 1874,
where he afterwards resided. He always took a
warm interest in politics and, in local affairs,
was a leader of his party. He was an organizer of
the G. A. R. Post at Quincy and its first Com-
mander, and, in 1884-85, served as Commander of
the State Department of the G. A. R. He organ-
ized a Young Men's Republican Club, as he
believed that the young minds should take an
active part in politics. He was one of the com-
mittee of seven appointed by the Governor to
locate the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home for Illinois,
and, after spending six months inspecting vari-
ous sites offered, the institution was finally
located at Quincy; was also Trustee of Kjqox
College, at Galesburg, for .several years. He was
frequently urged by his party friends to run for
public office, but it was so much against his
nature to ask for even one vote, that he would
not consent. He died at his home in Quincy,
much regretted. May 6, 1895.
I$EST(tR, (jieorge C, legislator, born in Wash-
ington City, April 11, 1811; was assistant docu-
ment clerk in the House of Representatives eight
years; came to Illinois in 1835 and engaged in
real-estate business at Peoria; was twice ap-
pointed Postmaster of that city (1842 and 1861)
and three times elected Mayor ; served as finan-
cial agent of the Peoria & Oquawka (now Chicago,
Bm-lington & Quincy Railroad), and a Director of
the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw ; a delegate to the
Whig National Convention of 1852; a State
Senator (1858-62), and an ardent friend of Abra-
ham Lincoln. Died, in Washington, May 14,
1872, while prosecuting a claim against the
Government for the construction of gunboats
during the war.
BETHALTO, a village of Madison County, on
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. liOuis
Railway, 25 miles north of St. Louis. Popula-
tion (1880), 628; (1890), 879; (1900), 477.
BETHANY, a village of Moultrie County, on
Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railroad, 18 miles south-
east of Decatur ; in farming district ; has one news-
paper and four churches. Pop. , mostly American
born, (1890), 688; (1900), 873; (1903, est.), 900.
BETTIE STUART INSTITUTE, an institu-
tion for young ladies at Springfield, 111. , founded
in 1868 by Mrs. Mary McKee Homes, who con-
ducted it for some twenty years, until her death.
Its report for 1898 shows a faculty of ten instruct-
ors and 125 pupils. Its property is valued at
§23,500. Its course of instruction embraces the
preparatory and classical branches, together with
music, oratory and fine arts.
BEVERIDGE, James H., State Treasurer,
was born in Washington County. N. Y., in 1828;
served as State Treasurer, 1805-67, later acted as
Secretary of the Commission which built the
State Capitol. His later years were spent in
superintending a large dairy farm near Sandwich,
De Kalb County, where he died in January, 1896.
BEVERIDGE, John L., ex-Governor, was born
in Greenwich N. Y., July 6, 1824; came to Illi-
nois, 1842, and, after spending some two years in
Granville Academy and Rock River Seminary,
went to Tennessee, where he engaged in teaching
while studying law. Having been admitted to
the bar, he returned to Illinois in 1851, first locat-
ing at Sycamore, but three years later established
himself in Chicago. During the first year of the
war he assisted to raise the Eighth Regiment Illi-
nois Cavalry, and was commissioned fir.st as Cap-
tain and still later Major; two years later
became Colonel of the Seventeenth Cavalry,
which he commanded to the close of the war,
being mustered out, February, 1866, with the
rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war
he held the oflSce of Sheriff of Cook County four
years; in 1870 was elected to the State Senate,
and. in the following year, Congressman-at-large
to succeed General Logan, elected to the United
States Senate; resigned this office in January,
1873, having been elected Lieutenant-Governor,
and a few weeks later succeeded to the govern-
orship by the election of Governor Oglesby to the
United States Senate. In 1881 he was appointed.
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
47
by President Arthur, Assistant United States
Treasurer for Chicago, serving until after Cleve-
land's first election. His present home (1898), is
near Los Angeles. Cal.
BIENVILLE, Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur
de, was born at Montreal, Canada. Feb. 23, 1680,
and was the French Governor of Louisiana at the
time the IlUnois country was included in that
province. He had several brothers, a number of
whom played important parts in the early history
of the province. Bienville first visited Louisi-
ana, in company with his brother Iberville, in
1698, their object being to establish a French
colony near the mouth of the Mississippi. The
first settlement was made at Biloxi, Dec. 6, 1699,
and Sanvolle, another brother, was placed in
charge. The latter was afterward made Governor
of Louisiana, and, at his death (1701), he was
succeeded by Bienville, who transferred the seat
of government to Mobile. In 1704 he was joined
by his brother Chateaugay, who brought seven-
teen settlers from Canada. Soon afterwards
Iberville died, and Bienville was recalled to
France in 1707, but was reinstated the following
year. Finding the Indians worthless as tillers of
the soil, he seriously suggested to the home gov-
ernment the expediency of trading off the copper-
colored aborigines for negroes from the West
Indies, three Indians to be reckoned as equiva-
lent to two blacks. In 1713 Cadillac was sent out
as Governor, Bienville being made Lieutenant-
Governor. The two quarreled. Cadillac was
superseded by Epinay in 1717, and, in 1718, Law's
first expedition arrived (see Company of the
West), and brought a Governor's commission for
Bienville. The latter soon after foimded New
Orleans, which became the seat of government
for the province (which then included Illinois), in
1723. In January, 1724, he was again summoned
to France to answer charges; was removed in
disgrace in 1726, but reinstated in 1733 and given
the rank of Lieutenant-General. Failing in vari-
ous expeditions against the Chickasaw Indians,
lie was again superseded in 1743, returning to
France, where he died in 1768.
BItrGS, William, pioneer, Judge and legislator,
was born in Maryland in 1753, enlisted in the
Revolutionary army, and served as an officer
under Colonel George Rogers Clark in the expe-
dition for the capture of Illinois from the British
in 1778. He settled in Bellefontaine (now Monroe
County) soon after the close of the war. He was
Sheriff of St. Clair County for many years, and
later Justice of the Peace and Judge of the Court
of Common Pleas. He also represented his
county in the Territorial Legislatures of In-
diana and Illinois. Died, in St. Clair County,
in 1827.
BIGGSVILLE, a village of Henderson County,
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quiucy Railroad,
1.5 miles northeast of Burlington; has a bank and
two newspapers; considerable grain and live-
stock are shipped here. Population (1880), 358;
(1890), 487; (1900), 417.
BIG MUDDY RIVER, a stream formed by the
union of two branches which rise in Jefferson
County. It runs south and southwest through
Franklin and Jackson Counties, and enters the
Mississippi about five miles below Grand Tower.
Its length is estimated at 140 miles.
BILLIXGS, Albert Merritt, capitaUst, was
born in New Hampshire, April 19, 1814, educated
in the common schools of his native State and
Vermont, and, at the age of 22, became Sheriff of
Windsor County, Vt., Later he was proprietor
for a time of the mail stage-coach line between
Concord, N. H., and Boston, but, having sold out,
invested his means in the securities of the Chi-
cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway and became
identified with the business interests of Chicago.
In the "SO's he became associated with CorneUus
K. Garrison in the People's Gas Company of Chi-
cago, of which he served as President from 1859
to 1888. In 1890 Mr. Billings became extensively
interested in the street railway enterprises of Mr.
C. B. Holmes, resulting in his becoming the pro-
prietor of the street railway system at Memphis,
Tenn., valued, in 1897, at $3,000,000. In early
life he had been associated with Commodore
Vanderbilt in the operation of the Hudison River
steamboat lines of the latter. In addition to his
other business enterprises, he was principal
owner and, during the last twentj'-five years of
his life. President of the Home National and
Home Savings Banks of Chicago. Died, Feb. 7,
1897, leaving an estate valued at several millions
of dollars.
BILLINGS, Henry W., was born at Conway,
Mass., July 11, 1814, graduated at Amherst Col-
lege at twenty years of age, and began the study
of law with Judge Foote, of Cleveland, Ohio, was
admitted to the bar two years later and practiced
there some two years longer. He then removed
to St. Louis, Mo., later resided for a time at
Waterloo and Cairo, 111., but, in 1845, settled at
Alton; was elected Mayor of that city in 1851,
and the first Judge of the newly organized City
Court, in 1859, serving in this position six years.
In 1869 he was elected a Delegate from Madison
County to the State Constitutional Convention of
48
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
1869-70, but died before tbe expiration of the ses-
sion, on April 19, 1870.
BIRKBECK, Morris, early colonist, was born
in England about 1762 or 1763, emigrated to
America in 1817, and settled in Edwards County,
111. He purchased a large tract of land and in-
duced a large colony of English artisans, laborers
and farmers to settle upon the same, founding
the town of New Albion. He was an active, un-
compromising opponent of slavery, and was an
important factor in defeating the scheme to make
Illinois a slave State. He was appointed Secre-
tary of State by Governor Coles in October, 1824,
but resigned at the end of three months, a hostile
Legislature having refused to confirm him. A
strong writer and a frequent contributor to the
press, his letters and published works attracted
attention both in this country and in Europe.
Principal among the latter were: "Kotes on a
Journey Through France" (181.5); "Notes on a
Journey Through America" (1818), and "Letters
from Illinois" (1818). Died from drowning in
182."). ased about 63 years. (See Slavery and
Slave Laws)
BISSELL, William H., first Republican Gov-
ernor of Illinois, was born near Cooperstown,
N. Y., on April 25, 1811, graduated inmedicineat
Philadelphia in 1835, and, after practicing a short
time in Steuben County, N. Y., removed to Mon-
roe County, 111. In 1840 he was elected a Repre-
sentative in the General Assembly, where he soon
attained high rank as a debater. He studied law
and practiced in Belleville, St. Clair County, be-
coming Prosecuting Attorney for that county in
1844. He served as Colonel of the Second Illinois
Volunteers during the Mexican War, and achieved
distinction at Buena Vista. He represented Illi-
nois in Congress from 1849 to 1855, being first
elected as an Independent Democrat. On the pas-
sage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, he left the Demo-
cratic party and, in 1856, was elected Governor on
the Republican ticket. While in Congress he was
challenged by Jefferson Davis after an inter-
change of heated words respecting the relative
courage of Northern and Southern soldiers,
spoken in debate. Bissell accepted the challenge,
naming muskets at thirty paces. Mr. Davis's
friends objected, and the duel never occurred.
Died in office, at Springfield, 111., March 18, 1860.
BLACK, John Charles, lawyer and soldier,
born at Lexington. Miss., Jan. 29, 1839, at eight
years of age came with his widowed mother to
Illinois; while a student at Wabash College, Ind.,
in April, 1861, enlisted in the Union array, serv-
ing gallantly and with distinction until Aug. 15,
1865, when, as Colonel of the 37th 111. Vol. Inf., he
retired with the rank of BrevetBrigadier-General ;
was admitted to the bar in 1857, and after practic-
ing at Danville, Champaign and Urbana, in 1885
was appointed Commissioner of Pensions, serving
until 1889, when he removed to Chicago ; served as
Congressman-at-large (1893-95), and U. S. District
Attorney (1895-99); Commander of the Loyal
Legion and of the G. A. R. (Department of
Illinois) ; was elected Commander-in-Chief of the
Grand Army at the Grand Encampment, 1903.
Gen. Black received the honorary degree of A.M.
from his Alma Mater and that of LL. D. from Knox
College; in January, 1904, was appointed by
President Roosevelt member of tlie U. S. Civil
Service Commission, and chosen its President.
BLACKBURN UMTERSITY, located at Car-
linville, Macoupin Coimty. It owes its origin to
the efforts of Dr. Gideon Blackburn, who, having
induced friends in the East to unite with him in
the purchase of Illinois lands at Government
price, in 1837 conveyed 16,656 acres of these
lands, situated in ten different counties, in trust
for the founding of an institution of learning,
intended particularly "to qualify yovmg men for
the gospel ministry. " The citizens of Carlinville
donated funds wherewith to purchase eighty
acres of land, near that city, as a site, which was
included in the deed of trust. The enterprise
lay dormant for many years, and it was not until
1857 that the institution was formally incorpo-
rated, and ten years later it was little more than
a high school, giving one course of instruction
considered particularly adapted to prospective
students of theology. At present (1898) there
are about 110 students in attendance, a faculty
of twelve instructors, and a theological, as well as
preparatory and collegiate departments. The
institution owns property valued at §110.000, of
which §50,000 is represented by real estate and
§40,000 by endowment funds.
BLACK HAWK, a Chief of the Sac tribe of
Indians, reputed to have been born at Kaskaskia
in 1767. (It is also claimed that he was born on
Rock River, as well as within the present limits
of Hancock County.) Conceiving that his people
had been ^vTongfully despoiled of lands belonging
to them, in 1832 he inaugurated what is com-
monly known as the Black Hawk War. His
Indian name was Makabaimishekiakiak, signify-
ing Black Sparrow Hawk. He was ambitious, but
susceptible to flattery, and while having many of
the qualities of leadership, was lacking in moral
force. He was always attached to British inter-
ests, and unquestionably received British aid of a
IIISTORrCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
49
substantial sort. After his defeat he was made
the ward of Keokuk, another Chief, which
humiliation of his pride broke his heart. He died
on a reservation set apart for him in Iowa, in
1838, aged 71. His body is said to have been
exhumed nine month.s after death, and his articu-
lated skeleton is alleged to have been preserved
in the rooms of the BiirHngton (la.) Historical
Society until 1855, when it was destroyed by fire.
(See also Black Hmck War: Ajjpendix. )
BLACKSTOXE, Timothy B., Railway Presi-
dent, was born at Branford, Conn., March 28,
1829. After receiving a common school educa-
tion, supplemented by a course in a neighboring
academy, at 18 he began the practical study of
engineering in a corps employed by the New
York & New Hampshire Railway Company, and
the same year became assistant engineer on the
Stockbridge & Pittsfield Railway. While thus
employed he applied himself diligently to the
study of the theoretical science of engineering,
and, on coming to Illinois in 1851, was qualified
to accept and fill the position of division engineer
(from Bloomington to Dixon) on the Illinois Cen-
tral Railway. On the completion of the main
line of that road in 1855, he was appointed Chief
Engineer of the Joliet & Chicago Railroad, later
becoming financially interested therein, and
being chosen President of the corporation on the
completion of the line. In January, 1864, the
Chicago & Joliet was leased in perpetuity to the
Chicago & Alton Raih-oad Company. Mr. Black-
stone then became a Director in the latter organi-
zation and, in April following, was chosen its
President. This office he filled uninterruptedly
until April 1,1899, wlien the road passed into tlie
hands of a syndicate of other lines. He was also
one of the original incorporators of the Union
Stock Yards Company, and was its President from
1864 to 1868. His career as a railroad man was con-
spicuous for its long service, the iminterrupted
success of his management of the enterprises
entrusted to his hands and his studious regard for
the interests of stockholders. This was illustrated
by the fact tliat, for some thirty years, the Cliicago
& Alton Railroad paid dividends on its preferred
and common stock, ranging from 6 to 8}.< percent
per annum, and, on disposing of his stock conse-
quent on the transfer of the line to a new corpora-
tion in 1899, Mr. Blackstone rejected offers for his
stock — aggregating nearly one-third of the whole
— which would have netted him 51,000,000 in
excess of the amount received, because he was
unwilling to use his position to reap an advantage
over smaller stockholders. Died, May 26, 1900.
BLACKWELL, Robert S., lawyer, was born
at Belleville, III, in 1833. He belonged to a
prominent family in the early history of the
State, his father, David Blackwell, who was also
a lawyer and settled in Belleville about 1819,
having been a member of the Second General
Assembly (1820) from St. Clair County, and also
of the Fourth and Fifth. In April, 1823, he was
appointed by Q-overnor Coles Secretary of State,
succeeding Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, after-
wards a Justice of the Supreme Court, who had
just received from President Monroe the appoint-
ment of Receiver of Public Moneys at the
Edwardsville Land Office. Mr. Blackwell served
in the Secretary's office to October, 1824, during
a part of the time acting as editor of "The Illinois
Intelligencer," which liad been removed from
Kaskaskia to Vandalia, and in which he strongly
opposed the policy of making Illinois a slave
State. He finally died in Belleville. Robert
Blackwell, a brother of David and the uncle of
the subject of this sketch, was joint owner with
Daniel P. Cook, of "The Illinois Herald"— after-
wards "The Intelligencer" — at Kaskaskia, in
1816, and in April, 1817, succeeded Cook in the
office of Territorial Auditor of Public Accounts,
being himself succeeded by Elijah C. Berry, who
had become his partner on "The Intelligencer,"
and served as Auditor until the organization of
the State Government in 1818. Blackwell & Berry
were chosen State Printers after the removal of
the State capital to Vandalia in 1820, serving in
this capacity for some years. Robert Blackwell
located at Vandalia and served as a member of
the House from Fayette County in the Eighth
and Ninth General Assemblies (1832-36) and in
the Senate, 1840-42. Robert S.— the son of David,
and the yoimger member of this somewhat
famous and historic family — wliose name stands at
the head of this paragraph, attended the common
schools at Belleville in his boyhood, but in early
manhood removed to Galena, where he engaged
in mercantile pursuits. He later studied law
with Hon. O. H. Browning at Quincy, beginning
practice at Rushville. where he was associated
for a time with Judge Minshall. In 1852 he
removed to Chicago, having for liis first partner
Corydon Beckwith, afterwards of the Supreme
Court, still later being associated with a number
of prominent la\vyers of that day. He is de-
scribed by his biographers as "an able lawyer, an
eloquent advocate and a brilliant scholar."
"Blackwell on Tax Titles, "from his pen, has been
accepted by the profession as a high authority on
that branch of law. He also published a revision
50
HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
of the Statutes in 1858, and began an "Abstract
of Decisions of the Supreme Court," which had
reached the third or fourth volume at liis death,
May 16, 1863.
BLAIR, William, merchant, was born at
Homer, Cortland County, N. Y., May 20, 1818,
being descended through five generations of New
England ancestors. After attending school in
the town of Cortland, which became his father's
residence, at the age of 14 he obtained employ-
ment in a stove and hardware store, four years
later (1836) coming to Joliet, III., to take charge
of a branch store which the firm had established
there. The next year iie purchased the stock and
continued the business on his own account. In
August, 1842, he removed to Chicago, where he
established the earliest and one of the most
extensive wholesale hardware concerns in that
city, with which he remained connected nearly
fifty years. During this period he was associated
with various partners, including C. B. Xelson,
E. G. Hall, O. W. Belden, James H. Horton and
others, besides, at times, conducting the business
alone. He suffered by the fire of 1871 in common
with other business men of Chicago, but promptly
resumed business and, within the next two or
three years, had erected business blocks, succes-
sively, on Lake and Randolph Streets, but retired
from business in 1888. He was a Director of the
Merchants' National Bank of Chicago from its
organization in 1865, as also for a time of the
Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Company and the
Chicago Gaslight & Coke Company, a Tnistee of
Lake Forest University, one of the ^Managers of
the Presbyterian Hospital and a member of the
Chicago Historical Society. Died in Chicago,
May 10, 1899.
BLAKELT, Darid, journalist, was born in
Franklin County, Vt., in 1834; learned the print-
er's trade and graduated from tlie University of
■Vermont in 1857. He was a member of a musical
family which, under the name of "The Blakely
Family," made several successful tours of the
"West. He engaged in journalism at Rochester,
Minn., and, in 1862, was elected Secretary of
State and ex-ofiicio Superintendent of Schools,
serving imtil 1865, when he resigned and, in
partnership with a brother, bought "The Chicago
Evening Post," with which he was connected at
the time of the great fire and for some time after-
ward. Later, he returned to Minnesota and
became one of the proprietors and a member of
the editorial staff of "The St. Paul Pioneer-Press. ' '
In his later years Mr. Blakely was President of
the Blakely Printing Company, of Chicago, also
conducting a large printing business in New
York, which was his residence. He was manager
for several years of the celebrated Gilmore Band
of musicians, and also instrumental in organizing
the celebrated Sousa's Band, of which he was
manager up to the time of his decease in New
York, Nov. 7, 1896.
BLAKEMAN, Curtlss, sea-captain, and pioneer
settler, came from New England to Madison
County, 111., in 1819, and settled in what was
afterwards known as the "Marine Settlement," of
which lie was one of the founders. This settle-
ment, of which tlie present town of Marine (first
called Madison) was the outcome, took its name
from the fact that several of the early settlers, like
Captain Blakeman, were sea-faring men. Captain
Blakeman became a prominent citizen and repre-
sented Madison County in the lower branch of
the Third and Fourth General Assemblies (1822
and 1824), in the former being one of the opponents
of the pro-slavery amendment of the Constitution.
A son of his, of the same name, was a Represent-
ative in the Thirteentli, Fifteenth and Sixteenth
General Assemblies from Madison County.
BLAXCHAED, Jonathan, clergyman and edu
cator, was born in Rockingliam, Vt., Jan. 19,
1811; graduated at Middlebury College in 1832;
then, after teaching some time, spent two years
in Andover Tlieological Seminary, finally gradu-
ating in theology at Lane Seminary, Cincinnati,
in 1838, where he remained nine years as pastor
of the Sixth Presbyterian Church of that city.
Before this time he had become interested in
various reforms, and, in 1843, was sent as a
delegate to the second World's Anti-Slavery
Convention in London, serving as the American
Vice-President of that body. In 1846 he assumed
the Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg,
remaining until 1858, during his connection
with that institution doing much to increase its
capacity and resources. After two years spent in
pastoral work, he accepted (1860) the Presidency
of 'Wheaton College, which he continued to fill
until 1882, when he was chosen President Emer-
itus, remaining in this position until his death.
May 14, 1892.
BLAXBIXSTILLE, a town in McDonough
County, on the Toledo, Peoria & 'Warsaw Rail-
road, 26 miles southeast of Burlington, Iowa, and
64 miles west by south from Peoria. It is a ship
ping point for the grain grown in the surround-
ing country, and has a grain elevatoi and steam
fiour and saw mills. It also has banks, two
weekly newspapers and several churches. Popu-
lation"(loo'^^ 877; (1900), 995.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
51
BLAXEY, Jerome Van Zaiidt, early physician,
born at Newcastle, Del., May 1, 1820; was edu-
cated at Princeton and graduated in medicine at
Philadelpliia when too young to receive his
diploma; in 1842 came west and joined Dr. Daniel
Brainard in founding Rush Medical College at
Chicago, for a time filling three chairs in that
institution ; also, for a time, occupied the chair of
Chemistry and Natural Philosophy in Northwest-
ern University. In 1861 he was appointed Sur-
geon, and afterwards Medical Director; in the
army, and was Surgeon-in-Chief on the staff of
General Sheridan at the time of the battle of
Winchester ; after the war was delegated by the
Government to pay off medical officers in the
Northwest, in this capacity disbm-sing over S600,-
000 ; finally retiring with the rank of Lieutenant-
Colonel. Died. Dec. 11, 1874.
BLATCHFORD, Eliphalet Wickes, LL.D.,
son of Dr. John Blatchford, was born at Stillwater,
N. Y., May 31, 1826; being a grandson of Samuel
Blatchford, D.D.,who came to New York from
England, in 179.5. He prepared for coUege at Lan-
singburg Academy. New York, and at Marion
College, Mo. , finally graduating at IlUnois College,
Jacksonville, in the class of 184.5. After graduat-
ing, he was employed for several years in the law
oflSces of his uncles, R. M. and E. H. Blatchford,
New York. For considerations of health he re-
turned to the West, and, in 18.50, engaged in busi-
ness for himself as a lead manufacturer in St.
Louis, Mo., afterwards associating with him the
late Morris Collins, under the firm name of Blatch-
ford & Collins. In 1834 a branch was established
in Chicago, known as ColUns & Blatchford. After
a few years the firm was dissolved, Mr. Blatch-
ford taking the Chicago business, which has
continued as E. W. Blatchford & Co. to the pres-
ent time. Wliile Mr. Blatchford has invariably
declined political offices, he has been recognized
as a staunch Republican, and the services of few
men have been in more frequent request for
positions of trust in connection with educational
and benevolent enterprises. Among the numer-
ous positions of this character which he has been
called to fill are those of Treasurer of the North-
western Branch of the United States Sanitary
Commission, during the Civil War, to which he
devoted a large part of his time ; Trustee of Illi-
nois College (1866-75) ; President of the Chicago
Academy of Sciences; a member, and for seven-
teen years President, of the Board of Trustees of
the Chicago Eye and Ear Infirmai-y ; Trustee of
the Chicago Art Institute ; Executor and Trustee
of the late Walter L. Newberry, and, since its
incorporation. President of the Board of Trustees
of The Newberry Library ; Trustee of the John
Crerar Library; one of the founders and Presi-
dent of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago
Manual Training School; life member of the
Chicago Historical Society; for nearly forty
years President of the Board of Directors of the
Chicago Theological Seminary ; during his resi-
dence in Chicago an officer of the New England
Congregational Church: a corporate member of
the American Board of Commissioners for For-
eign Missions, and for fourteen years its Vice-
President: a charter member of the City
Missionary Society, and of the Congregational
Club of Chicago; a member of the Chicago
Union League, the University, the Literary and
the Commercial Clubs, of which latter he has
been President. Oct. 7, 1858, Mr. Blatchford was
married to Miss Mary Emily Williams, daughter
of John C.Williams, of Chicago. Seven children —
four sons and three daughters — have blessed this
union, the eldest son, Paul, being to-day one of
Chicago's valued business men. Mr. Blatchford's
life has been one of ceaseless and successful
activity in business, and to him Chicago owes
much of its prosperity. In the giving of time
and money for Cliristian, educational and benevo-
lent enterprises, he has been conspicuous for his
generosity, and noted for his valuable counsel and
executive ability in carrying these enterprises to
BLATCHFORD, John, D.D,, was bom at New-
field (now Bridgeport), Conn., May 34, 1799;
removed in childhood to Lansingburg, N. Y.,
and was educated at Cambridge Academy and
Union College in that State, graduating in 1820.
He finished his theological course at Princeton,
N. J., in 1823, after which he ministered succes-
sively to Presbyterian chm-ches at Pittstown and
Stillwater, N. Y., in 1830 accepting the pastorate
of the First Congregational Church of Bridge-
port, Conn. In 1836 he came to the West, spend-
ing the following winter at Jacksonville, lU., and,
in 1837, was installed the first pastor of the First
Presbyterian Church of Chicago, where he
remained until compelled by failing health to
resign and return to the East. In 1841 he ac-
cepted the chair of Intellectual and Moral Phi-
losophy at Marion College, Mo., subsequently
assuming the Presidency. The institution having
been purchased by the Free Masons, in 1844, he
removed to West Ely, Mo., and thence, in 1847,
to Quiriey, 111., where he resided during the
remainder of his Ufe. His death occurred in St.
Louis, April 8, 1855. The churches he served
52
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
testified strongly to Dr. Blatcliford's faithful,
acceptable and successful performance of his
ministerial duties. He was married in ISi.i to
Frances "Wickes, daughter of Eliphalet Wickes,
Esq. . of Jamaica, Long Island, X. Y.
BLEDSOE, Albert Taylor, teacher and law-
yer, was born in Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 9, 1809;
graduated at West Point Military Academy in
1830, and, after two years' service at Fort Gib-
son, Indian Territory, retired from the army in
1832. During 1833-34 he was Adjunct Professor
of Mathematics and teacher of French at Kenyon
College, Ohio, and, in 1835-36, Professor of
Mathematics at Miami University. Then, hav-
ing studied theology, he served for several years
as rector of Episcopal churches in Ohio. In 1838
he settled at Springfield, 111., and began the prac-
tice of law, remaining several years, when he
removed to Washington, D. C. Later he became
Professor of Mathematics, first (1848-54) in the
University of Mississippi, and (1854-61) in the
University of Virginia. He then entered the
Confederate service with the rank of Colonel,
but soon became Acting Assistant Secretary of
War; in 1863 visited England to collect material
for a work on the Constitution, which was pub-
lished in 1866, when he settled at Baltimore,
where he began the publication of "The Southern
Review," which became the recognized organ of
the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Later
he became a minister of the ilethodist Church.
He gained considerable reputation for eloquence
during his residence in Illinois, and was the
author of a number of works on reUgious and
political subjects, the latter maintaining the
right of secession; was a man of recognized
ability, but lacked stability of character. Died ,
at Alexandria, Va., Dec. 8. 1877.
BLODGETT, Henry Williams, jurist, was born
at Amherst, Mass., in 1S21. At the age of 10
years he removed with his parents to Illinois,
where he attended the district schools, later
returning to Amherst to spend a year at the
Academy. Returning home, he spent the years
1839-42 in teaching and surveying. In 1842 he
began the study of law at Cliicago, being
admitted to the bar in 1845, and beginning prac-
tice at Waukegan, 111., where he has continued
to reside. In 1852 he was elected to the lower
house of the Legislature from Lake County, as
an anti-slaverj- candidate, and, in 1858, to the
State Senate, in the latter serving four years.
He gained distinction as a railroad solicitor, being
employed at different times by the Chicago &
Northwestern, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St.
Paul, the Michigan Southern and the Pittsburg
& Fort Wayne Companies. Of the second named
road he was one of the projectors, procuring its
charter, and being identified with it in the sev-
eral capacities of Attorney, Director and Presi-
dent. In 1870 President Grant appointed him
Judge of the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois. This position he
continued to occupy for twenty -two years, resign-
ing it in 1892 to accept an appointment by Presi-
dent Cleveland as one of the counsel for tlie
United States before the Behring Sea Arbitrators
at Paris, which was his last official service.
BLOOMIJfGDALE, a village of Du Page County,
30 miles west by north from Chicago. Population
(1880), 226; (1890), 463; (1900), 235.
BLOOMINGTON, the county-seat of McLean
County, a flourishing city and railroad center, 59
miles northeast of Springfield ; is in a rich agri-
cultural and coal-mining district. Besides car
shops and repair works employing some 2,000
hands, there are manufactories of stoves, fur-
naces, plows, flour, etc. Nurseries are numerous
in the vicinity and horse breeding receives much
attention. The city is the seat of Illinois Wes-
leyan University, has fine public schools, several
newspapers (two published daily), besides educa-
tional and other publications. Tlie business sec-
tion suffered a disastrous fire in 1900, but has been
rebuilt more substantially than before. The prin-
cipal streets are paved and electric street cars con-
nect with Normal (two miles distant), the site of
the "State Normal University" and "Soldiers' Or-
phans' Home." Pop. (1890), 20,284; (1900), 23,286.
BLOOMI>fciTOX COXVEXTlOy OF ISoB.
Although not formally called as such, tUs was
the first Republican State Convention held in
Illinois, out of which grew a permanent Repub-
lican organization in the State. A mass conven-
tion of those opposed to the repeal of the Missouri
Compromise (known as an "Anti-Nebraska
Convention") was held at Springfield during the
week of the State Fair of 1854 (on Oct. 4 and 5),
and, although it adopted a platform in harmony
with the principles which afterwards became the
foundation of the Republican party, and appointed
a State Central Committee, besides putting in
nomination a candidate for State Treasurer — the
only State officer elected that year — the organi-
zation was not perpetuated, the State Central
Committee failing to organize. The Bloomington
Convention of 1856 met in accordance with a call
issued by a State Central Committee appointed
by the Convention of Anti-Nebraska editors held
at Decatur on February 22, 1856. (See Anti-Neb-
HISTOKICAL E^-CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
53
raska Editorial Convention.) The call did not
even contain the word "Republican," but was
addressed to those opposed to the principles of
the Nebraska Bill and the policy of the existing
Democratic administration. The Conven-tion
met on May 29, 1856, the date designated by the
Editorial Convention at Decatur, but was rather
in the nature of a mass than a delegate conven-
tion, as party organizations existed in few coun-
ties of the State at that time. Consequently
representation was very unequal and followed no
systematic rule. Out of one hundred counties
into which the State was then divided, only
seventy vv'ere represented by delegates, ranging
from one to twenty-five each, leaving thirty
counties (embracing nearly the whole of the
southern part of the State) entirely unrepre-
sented. Lee County had the largest representa-
tion (twenty-five), Morgan County (the home of
Richard Yates) coming next with twenty dele-
gates, while Cook County had seventeen and
Sangamon had five. The whole number of
delegates, as shown by the contemporaneous
record, was 269. Among the leading spirits in
the Convention were Abraham Lincoln, Archi-
bald Williams, O. H. Browning, Richard Yates.
John M. Palmer, Owen Lovejoy, Norman B.
Judd, Burton C. Cook and others who afterwards
became prominent in State politics. The delega-
tion from Cook County included the names of
John Wentworth, Grant Goodrich, George
Schneider, Mark Skinner, Charles H. Ray and
Charles L. Wilson. The temporary organization
was effected with Archibald Williams of Adams
County in the chair, followed by the election of
John M. Palmer of Macoupin, as Permanent
President. The other officers were: Vice-Presi-
dents— John A. Davis of Stephenson; William
Ross of Pike; James McKee of Cook; John H.
Bryant of Bureau; A. C. Harding of Warren;
Richard Yates of Morgan; Dr. H. C. Johns of
Macon; D. L. Phillips of Union; George Smith
of Madison ; Thomas A. Marshall of C(jles ; J. M.
Ruggles of Mason ; G. D. A. Parks of Will, and John
Clark of Schuyler. Secretaries— Henry S. Baker
of Madison ; Charles L. Wilson of Cook ; John
Tillson of Adams; Washington Bushnell of La
Salle, and B. J. F. Hanna of Randolph. A State
ticket was put in nomination consisting of
William H. Bissell for Governor (by acclama-
tion); Francis A. Hoffman of Du Page County,
for Lieutenant-Governor; Ozias M. Hatch of
Pike, for Secretary of State ; Jesse K. Dubois of
Lawrence, for Auditor; James Miller of McLean,
for Treasurer, and William H. Powell of Peoria,
for Superintendent of Public Instruction. Hoff-
man, having been found ineligible by lack of resi-
dence after the date of naturalization, withdrew,
and his place was subsequently filled by the
nomination of John Wood of Quincy. The plat-
form adopted was outspoken in its pledges of
unswerving loyalty to the Union and opposition
to the extension of slavery into new territory. A
delegation was appointed to the National Con-
vention to be held in Philadelphia on June 17,
following, and a State Central Committee was
named to conduct the State campaign, consisting
of James C. Conkling of Sangamon County ;
Asaliel Gridley of McLean ; Burton C. Cook of
La Salle, and Charles H. Ray and Norman B.
Judd of Cook. The principal speakers of the
occasion, before the convention or in popular
meetings held while the members were present in
Bloomington, included the names of O. H. Brown-
ing, Owen Lovejoy, Abraham Lincoln, Burton
C. Cook, Richard Yates, the venerable John
Dixon, founder of the city bearing his name, and
Governor Reeder of Pennsylvania, who had been
Territorial Governor of Kansas by appointment
of President Pierce, but had refused to carry out
the policy of the administration for making
Kansas a slave State. None of the speeches
were fully reported, but that of Mr. Lincoln has
been universally regarded by those who heard it
as the gem of the occasion and the most brilliant
of his life, foreshadowing his celebrated "house-
divided-against-itself" speech of June 17, 1858.
John L. Scripps, editor of "The Chicago Demo-
cratic Press," vrriting of it, at the time, to his
paper, said: "Never has it been our fortune to
listen to a more eloquent and masterly presenta-
tion of a subject. . . . For an hour and a half he
(Mr. Lincoln) held the assemblage spellbound by
the power of his argument, the intense irony of
his invective, and the deep earnestness and fervid
brilliancy of his eloquence. When he concluded,
the audience sprang to their feet and cheer after
cheer told how deeply their hearts had been
touched and their souls warmed up to a generous
enthusiasm." At the election, in November
following, although the Democratic candidate
for President carried the State by a plurality of
over 9,000 votes, the entire State ticket put in
nomination at Bloomington was successful by
majorities ranging from 3,000 to 20,000 for the
several candidates.
BLUE ISLAND, a village of Cook County, on
the Calumet River and the Chicago, Rock Island
& Pacific, the Chicago & Grand Trunk and
the Illinois Central Railways, 15 miles south of
54
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Chicago. It has a high school, churches and two
newspapers, besides brick, smelting and oil works.
Population (1890), 2.521; (1900), 6,114.
BLUE ISLAND RAILROAD, a short line 3.96
miles in length, lying wholly within Illinois;
capital stock §25,000; operated by the Illinois
Central Railroad Company. Its funded debt
(1895) was .5100,000 and its floating debt, §3,779.
BLUE MOUND, a town of Macon County, on
the Wabash Railway, 14 miles southeast of De-
catur; in rich grain and live-stock region; has
three grain elevators, two banks, tile factory and
one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 690; (1900), 714.
BLUFFS, a village of Scott County, at the
junction of the Quincy and Hannibal branches of
the Wabash Railway, 53 miles west of Spring-
field; has a bank and a newspaper. Population
(1880), 162; (1890), 421: (1900), 539.
BOAL, Robert, M.D., physician and legis-
lator, born near Harrisburg, Pa., in 1806; was
brought by his parents to Ohio when five years
old and educated at Cincinnati, graduating from
the Ohio Medical College in 1828; settled at
Lacon, 111., in 1836, practicing there until 1862,
when, having been appointed Surgeon of the
Board of Enrollment for that District, he re-
moved to Peoria. Other public positions held by
Dr. Boal have been those of Senator in the
Fourteenth and Fifteenth General Assemblies
(1844-48), Representative in the Nineteenth and
Twentieth (1854-58), and Trustee of the Institu-
tion for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville,
remaining in the latter position seventeen years
under the successive administrations of Gov-
ernors Bissell, Yates, Oglesby, Palmer and Bever-
idge — the last five years of his service being
President of the Board. He was also President
of the State Medical Board in 1883. Dr. Boal
continued to practice at Peoria until about 1890,
when he retired, and, in 1893, returned to Lacon
to reside with his daughter, the widow of the
late Colonel Greenbury L. Fort, for eight years
Representative in Congress from the Eighth
District.
BOARD OF ARBITRATION, a Bureau of the
State Government, created l>y an act of tlie Legis-
lature, approved August 3, 1895. It is appointed
by the Executive and is composed of three mem-
bers (not more than two of whom can belong to
the same political party), one of whom must be
an employer of labor and one a member of some
labor organization. The term of office for the
members first named was fixed at two years;
after March 1, 1897, it is to be three years, one
member retiring annually. A compensation of
$1,500 per annum is allowed to each member of
the Board, while the Secretary, who must also be
a stenographer, receives a salary of §1,200 per
annum. When a controversy arises between an
individual, firm or corporation employing not less
than twenty -five persons, and his or its employes,
application may be made by the aggrieved
party to the Board for an inquiry into the
nature of the disagreement, or both parties may
unite in the submission of a case. The Board is
required to visit the locality, carefully investi-
gate the cause of the dispute and render a deci-
sion as soon as practicable, the same to be at once
made public. If the application be filed by the
employer, it must be accompanied by a stipula-
tion to continue in business, and order no lock-out
for the space of three weeks after its date. In
like manner, complaining employes must promise
to continue peacefully at work, under existing
conditions, for a like period. The Board is
granted power to send for persons and papers and
to administer oaths to witnesses. Its decisions
are binding upon applicants for six months after
rendition, or until either party shall have given
the other sixty days' notice in writing of his or
their intention not to be bound thereby. In case
the Board shall learn that a disagreement exists
between emplo}'es and an employer having less
than twenty-five persons in his employ, and that
a strike or lock-out is seriously threatened, it is
made the duty of the body to put itself into
communication with both employer and employes
and endeavor to effect an amicable settlement
between them by mediation. The absence of any
provision in the law jjrescribing penalties for its
violation leaves the observance of the law, in its
present form, dependent upon the voluntary
action of the parties interested.
BOARD OF EQUALIZATION, a body organ-
ized under act of the General Assembly, approved
March 8, 1867. It first consisted of twenty-five
members, one from each Senatorial District.
The first Board was appointed by the Governor,
holding office two years, afterwards becoming
elective for a term of four years. In 1873 the
law was amended, reducing the number of mem-
bers to one for each Congressional District, the
whole number at that time becoming nineteen,
with the Auditor as a member ex-officio, who
usually presides. From 1884 to 1897 it consisted
of twenty elective members, but, in 1897, it was
increased to twenty-two. The Board meets
annually on the second Tuesday of August. Tlie
abstracts of the property assessed for taxation in
the several counties of the State are laid before
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
55
it for examination and equalization, but it may
not reduce the aggregate valuation nor increase
it more than one per cent. Its powers over the
returns of the assessors do not extend beyond
equalization of assessments between counties.
The Board is required to consider the various
classes of property separately, and determine
such rates of addition to or deduction from the
listed, or assessed, valuation of each class as it
may deem equitable and just. The statutes pre-
scribe rules for determining the value of all the
classes of property enumerated — personal, real,
railroad, telegraph, etc. The valuation of the
capital stock of railroads, telegraph and other
corporations (except newspapers) is fixed by the
Board. Its consideration having been completed,
the Board is required to summarize the results of
its labors in a comparative table, which must be
again examined, compared and perfected.
Reports of each annual meeting, with the results
reached, are printed at the expense of the State
and distributed as are other public documents.
The present Board (1897-1901) consists by dis-
tricts of (1) George F. McKnight, (2) John J.
McKenna, (3) Solomon Simon, (4) Andrew Mc-
Ansh, (5) Albert Oberndorf, (6) Henry Severiu,
(7) Edward S. Taylor, (8) Theodore S. Rogers,
(9) Charles A. Works, (10) Thomas P. Pierce, (11)
Samuel M. Barnes, (12) Frank P. Martin, (13)
Frank K. Robeson, (14) W. O. Cadwallader, (15)
J. S. Cruttenden, (16) H. D. Hirshheimer, (17)
Thomas N. Leavitt, (18) Joseph F. Long, (19)
Richard Cadle, (20) Charles Emerson, (31) John
W. Larimer, (22) William A. Wall, besides the
Auditor of Public Accounts as ex-ofRcio member
— the District members being divided politically
in the proportion of eighteen Republicans to four
Democrats.
BOARD OF PUBLIC CHARITIES, a State
Bureau, created by act of the Legislature in
1869, upon the recommendation of Governor
Oglesby. Tlte act creating the Board gives the
Commissioners supervisory oversight of the
financial and administrative conduct of all the
charitable and correctional institutions of the
State, with the exception of the penitentiaries,
and they are especially charged with looking
after and caring for the condition of tlie paupers
and the insane. As originally constituted the
Board consisted of five male members who em-
ployed a Secretary. Later provision was made
for the appointment of a female Commissioner.
The office is not elective. The Board has always
carefully scrutinized the accoimts of the various
State charitable institutions, and, under its man-
no charge of peculation against any
official connected with the same has ever been
substantiated ; there have been no scandals, and
only one or two isolated charges of cruelty to
inmates. Its supervision of the county jails and
almshouses has been careful and conscientious,
and has resulted in benefit alike to the tax-payers
and the inmates. The Board, at the close of the
year 1898, consisted of the following five mem-
bers, their terms ending as indicated in paren-
thesis: J. C. Corbus (1898), R. D. Lawrence
(1899), Julia C. Lathrop (1900), William J. Cal-
houn (1901), Ephraim Banning (1902). J. C. Cor-
bus was President and Frederick H. Wines,
Secretary.
BOtrARDUS, Charles, legislator, %vas born
in Cayuga County, N. Y., March 28, 1841, and
left an orphan at six years of age ; was educated
in the common schools, began working in a store
at 12, and, in 1802, enlisted in the One Hundred
and Fifty-first New York Infantry, being elected
First Lieutenant, and retiring from the service
as Lieutenant-Colonel ''for gallant and meritori-
ous service" before Petersburg. While in the
service he participated in some of the most
important battles in Virginia, and was once
wounded and once captured. In 1872 he located
in Ford County, III, where he has been a success-
ful operator in real estate. He has been twice
elected to the House of Representatives (1884 and
'80) and three times to the State Senate (1888,
'92 and '96), and has served on the most important
committees in each house, and has proved him-
self one of the most useful members. At the
session of 1895 he was chosen President jwo tern.
of the Senate.
BOGGS, Carroll C, Justice of the Supreme
Coiu-t, was born in Fairfield, Wayne County,
111., Oct. 19, 1844, and still resides in his native
town; has held the offices of State's Attorney,
County Judge of Wayne County, and Judge of
tlie Circuit Court for the Second Judicial Circuit,
being assigned also to Appellate Court duty. In
June, 1897, Judge Boggs was elected a Justice of
the Supreme Court to succeed Judge David J.
Baker, his term to continue until 1906.
BOLTWOOD, Henry L., the son of WiUiam
and Electa (Stetson) Boltwood, was born at Am-
herst, Mass., Jan. 17, 1831; fitted for college at
Amherst Academy and graduated from Amherst
College in 1853. While in .college he taught
school every winter, commencing on a salarj' of
S4 per week and "boarding round" among the
scholars. After graduating he taught in acad-
emies at Limerick, Me., and at Pembroke and
56
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Derry, X. H., and in t)ie high school at Law-
rence, Mass. ; also served as School Commissioner
for Rockingham County, N. H. In 1S64 he went
into the service of the Sanitary Commission in
the Department of the Gulf, remaining until the
close of the war ; was also ordained Chaplain of a
colored regiment, but was not regularly mustered
in. After the close of the war he was employed
as Superintendent of Schools at Griggsville, 111. ,
for two years, and, while there, in 1867, organ-
ized the first township high school ever organized
in the State, where he remained eleven years. He
afterwards organized the township high school at
Ottawa, remaining there five years, after which,
in 1883, he organized and took charge of the
township high school at Evanston, where he has
since been employed in his profession as a teacher.
Professor Boltwood has been a member of the State
Board of Education and has served as President
of the State Teachers' Association. As a teacher
he has given special attention to English language
and literature, and to history, being the author
of an English Grammar, a High School Speller
and "Topical Outlines of General History,"
besides many contributions to educational jour-
nals. He has done a great deal of institute work,
both in Illinois and Iowa, and has been known
somewhat as a tariff reformer.
BO>'D, Lester L., lawyer, was born at Raven-
na, Ohio, Oct. 2T, 1829; educated in the common
schools and at an academy, meanwhile laboring
in local factories ; studied law and was admitted
to the bar in 1853, the following year coming to
Chicago, where he has given his attention chiefly
to practice in connection with patent laws. Mr.
Bond served several terms in the Chicago City
Council, was Republican Presidential Elector in
1868, and served two terms in the General Assem-
bly—1866-70.
BOND, Shadrach, first Territorial Delegate in
Congress from Illinois and first Governor of the
State, was born in Maryland, and, after being
liberally educated, removed to Kaskaskia while
Illinois was a part of the Northwest Territory.
He served as a member of the first Territorial
Legislature (of Indiana Territory) and was the
first Delegate from the Territory of Illinois in
Congress, serving from 1813 to 1814. In the
latter year he was appointed Receiver of Public
Moneys ; he also held a commission as Captain in
the War of 1812. On the admission of the State,
in 1818, he was elected Governor, and occupied
the executive chair until 1822. Died at Kaskas-
kia, April 13, 1832.— Shadrach Bond, Sr., an uncle
of the preceding, came to Illinois in 1781 and was
elected Delegate h-om St. Clair County (then
comprehending all Illinois) to the Territorial
Legislature of Northwest Territory, in 1799, and,
in 180-t, to the Legislative Coimcil of the newly
organized Territory of Indiana.
BOAD COUNTY, a small county lying north-
east from St. Louis, having an area of 380 square
miles and a population 1900) of 16,078. The
first American settlers located here in 1807, com-
ing from the South, and building Hill's and
Jones's forts for protection from the Indians.
Settlement was slow, in 1816 there being scarcely
twenty-five log cabins in the county. The
county-seat is Greenville, where the first cabin
was erected in 1815 by George Davidson. The
county was organized in 1818, and named in
honor of Gov. Shadrach Bond. Its original
limits included the present counties of Clinton,
Fayette and Montgomery. The first court was
held at Perryville, and, in May, 1817, Judge
Jesse B. Thomas presided over the first Circuit
Court at Hill's Station. The first court house
was erected at Greenville in 1822. The county
contains good timber and farming lands, and at
some points, coal is found near the surface.
BONNEY, Charles Carroll, lawyer and re-
former, was born in Hamilton, N, Y., Sept. 4,
1831 ; educated at Hamilton Academy and settled
in Peoria, 111., in 1850, where he pursued the
avocation of a teacher while studying law ; was
admitted to the bar in 1852, but removed to Chi-
cago in 1860, where he has since been engaged in
practice; served as President of the National
Law and Order League in New York in 1885,
being repeatedly re-elected, and has also been
President of the Illinois State Bar Association, as
well as a inember of the American Bar Associa-
tion. Among the reforms which he has advo-
cated are constitutional prohibition of special
legislation; an extension of equity practice to
bankruptcy and other law proceedings ; civil serv-
ice pensions; State Boards of labor and capital,
etc. He has also published some treatises in book
form, chiefly on legal qviestions, besides editing
a volume of "Poems by Alfred W. Arrington,
with a sketch of his Character" (1869. ) As Presi-
dent of the World's Congresses Auxiliary, in 1893,
Mr. Bonney contributed largely to the success of
that jvery interesting and important feature of
the great Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
BOOXE, Levi D., M. D., early physician, was
born near Lexington, Ky., December, 1808 — a
descendant of the celebrated Daniel Boone; re-
ceived the degree of M, D. from Transylvania
University and came to Edwardsville, 111., at an
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
early day, afterwards locating at Hillsboro and
taking part in the Black Hawk War as Captain of
a cavalry company; came to Chicago in 1836 and
engaged in the insurance business, later resuming
the practice of his profession; served several
terms as Alderman and was elected Mayor in
1855 by a combination of temperance men and
Know-Nothings ; acquired a large property by
operations in real estate. Died, February,
1882
BOOXE COUNTY, the smallest of the "north-
em tier" of counties, having an area of only 290
square miles, and a population (1900) of 13,791.
Its surface is chiefly rolling prairie, and tlie
principal products are oats and corn. The earli-
est settlers came from New York and New Eng-
land, and among them were included Medkiff,
Dunham, Caswell, Cline, Towner, Doty and
Whitney. Later (after the Pottawattomies had
evacuated the country), came tlie Shattuck
brothers, Slaria Hollenbeck and Mrs. Bullard,
Oliver Hale, Nathaniel Crosby, Dr. Whiting, H.
C. Walker, and the Neeley and Mahoney families.
Boone County was cut off from Winnebago, and
organized in 1837, being named in honor of Ken-
tucky's pioneer. The first frame house in the
county was erected by S. F. Doty and stood for
fifty years in the village of Belvidere on the north
side of the Kishwaukee River. The county-seat
(Belvidere) was platted in 1837, and an academy
built soon after. The first Protestant church
was a Baptist society under the pastorate of Rev.
Dr. King.
BOURBONNAIS, a village of Kankakee County,
on the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles north of
Kankakee. Population (1890), 510; (1900). .595.
BOUTELL, Henry Sherman, lawyer and Con-
gressman, was born in Boston, Mass., ilarcli 14,
1856, graduated from the Northwestern Univer-
sity at Evanston, 111., in 1874, and from Harvard
in 1876; was admitted to the bar in Illinois in
1879, and to tliat of the Supreme Court of the
United States in 1885. In 1884 Mr. Boutell was
elected to the lower branch of the Thirty-fourth
General Assembly and was one of the "103" who,
in the long struggle during the following session,
participated in the election of Gen. John A.
Logan to the United States Senate for the last
time. At a special election held in the Sixth
Illinois District in November, 1897, he was
elected Representative in Congress to fill the
vacancy caused by the sudden death of his pred-
ecessor, Congressman Edward D. Cooke, and at
the regular election of 1898 was re-elected to the
same position, receiving a plurality of 1,116 over
his Democratic competitor and a majority of 719
over all.
BOUTOX, Nathaniel S., manufacturer, was
born in Concord, N. H., May 14, 1828; in his
youth farmed and taught school in Connecticut,
but in 1852 came to Chicago and was employed
in a foundry firm, of which he soon afterwards
became a partner, in the manufacture of car-
wheels and railway castings. Later he became
associated with the American Bridge Company's
works, which was sold to the Illinois Central
Railroad Company in 1857, when he bought the
Union Car Works, which he operated until 1863.
He then became the head of the Union Foundry
Works, which having been consolidated with
the Pullman Car Works in 1886, he retired,
organizing the Bouton Foundry Company. Mr.
Bouton is a Republican, was Commissioner of
Public Works for the city of Chicago two terms
before the Civil War, and served as Assistant
Quartermaster in the Eighty-eighth Illinois
Infantry (Second Board of Trade Regiment)
from 1862 until after the battle of Chickamauga.
BOYD, Thomas A., was born in Adams County,
Pa., June 25, 1830, and graduated at Marshall
College, Mercersburg, Pa., at the age of 18;
studied law at Chambersburg and was admitted
to the bar at Bedford in his native State, where
he practiced until 1856, when he removed to Illi-
nois. In 1861 he abandoned his practice to enlist
in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry, in which he
held the position of Captain. At the close of the
war he returned to his home at Lewistown, and
in 1866, was elected State Senator and re-elected
at the expiration of his term in 1870, serving in
the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty-
seventh General Assemblies. He was also a
Republican Representative from his District in
the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses
(1877-81). Died, at Lewistown, May 28, 1897.
BRACEVILLE, a town in Grundy County, 61
miles by rail southwest of Chicago. Coal mining
is the principal industry. The town has two
banks, two chvirches and good public schools.
Population (1890), 2,150; (1900), 1,669.
BRADFORD, village of Stark County, on Buda
and Rusliville branch Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railway; is in excellent farming region
and has large grain and live-stock trade, excel-
lent high school building, fine churches, good
hotels and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 773.
BRADSBY, William H., pioneer and Judge,
was born in Bedford County, 'Va., July 12, 1787.
He removed to Illinois early in life, and was the
first postmaster in Washington County (at Cov-
58
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ington), the first school-teacher and the first
Circuit and County Clerk and Recorder. At the
time of his death he was Probate and County
Judge. Besides being Clerk of all the courts, he
was virtually County Treasurer, as he had cus-
tody of all the county's money. For several
years he was also Deputy United States Surveyor,
and in that capacity surveyed much of the south
part of the State, as far east as Wayne and Clay
Counties. Died at Nasliville, 111 , August 21,
1839.
BRADTVELL, James Bolesworth, lawyer and
editor, was born at Loughborough, England, April
16, 1828, and brought to America in infancy, his
parents locating in 1829 or '30 at Utica, N. Y. In
1833 they emigrated to Jacksonville, 111., but the
following year removed to Wheeling, Cook
County, settling on a farm, where the younger
Bradwell received his first lessons in breaking
prairie, splitting rails and tilling the soil. His
fii-st schooling was obtained in a country log-
school-house, but, later, he attended the Wilson
Academy in Chicago, where he had Judge Lo-
renzo Sawyer for an instructor. He also took a
course in Knox College at Galesburg, then a
manual-labor school, supporting himself by work-
ing in a wagon and plow shop, sawing wood,
etc. In May, 1852, he was married to Miss Myra
Colby, a teacher, with whom he w^ent to Mem-
phis, Tenn., the same year, where they engaged
in teaching a select school, the subject of this
sketch meanwhile devoting some attention to
reading law. He was admitted to the bar there,
but after a stay of less than two years in Mem-
phis, returned to Chicago and began practice.
In 1861 he was elected County Judge of Cook
County, and re-elected four years later, but
declined a re-election in 1869. The first half of
his term occurring during the progress of the
Civil War, he had the opportunity of rendering
some vigorous decisions which won for him tlie
reputation of a man of courage and inflexible
independence, as well as an incorruptible cham-
pion of justice. In 1872 he was elected to the
lower branch of the Twenty-eighth General
Assembly from Cook County, and re-elected in
1874. He was again a candidate in 1882, and by
many believed to have been honestly elected,
though his opponent received the certificate. He
made a contest for the seat, and the majority of
the Committee on Elections reported in his
favor ; but he was defeated through the treach-
ery and suspected corruption of a professed polit-
ical friend. He is the author of the law making
■women eligible to school offices in Illinois and
allowing them to become Notaries Public, and
has always been a champion for equal rights for
women in the professions and as citizens. He
was a Second Lieutenant of the One Hundred and
Fifth Regiment. Illinois Militia, in 18-18 ; presided
over the American Woman's Suffrage Associa-
tion at its organization in Cleveland; has been
President of the Chicago Press Club, of the Chi-
cago Bar Association, and, for a number of years,
the Historian of the latter ; one of the founders
and President of the Union League Club, besides
being associated with many other social and
business organizations. At present (1899) he is
editor of "The Chicago Legal News," foimded by
his wife thirty years ago, and with which he has
been identified in a business capacity from its
establishment.— Myra Colby (Bradwell), the wife
of Judge Bradwell, was born at Manchester, Vt.,
Feb. 12, 1831 — being descended on her mother's
side from the Chase family to which Bishop
Philander Chase and Salmon P. Chase, the latter
Secretaiy of the Treasury and Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court by appointment of Abraham
Lincoln, belonged. In infancy she was brought
to Portage, N. Y., where she remained until she
was twelve years of age, when her family re-
moved west. She attended school in Kenosha,
Wis., and a seminary at Elgin, afterwards being
engaged in teaching. On May 18, 1852, she was
married to Judge Bradwell, almost immediately
going to Memphis, Tenn., where, with the assist-
ance of her husband, she conducted a select school
for some time, also teaching in the public schools,
when they returned to Chicago. In the early
jjart of the Civil War she took a deep interest in
the welfare of the soldiers in the field and their
families at home, becoming President of the
Soldiers' Aid Society, and was a leading spirit in
the Sanitary Fairs held in Chicago in 1868 and in
1865. After the war she commenced the study
of law and, in 1868, began the publication of
"The Chicago Legal News," with which she re-
mained identified until her death — also publishing
biennially an edition of tlie session laws after
each session of the General Assembly. After
passing a most creditable examination, applica-
tion was made for her admission to the bar in
1871, but denied in an elaborate decision rendered
by Judge C. B. Lawrence of the Supreme Com-t
of the State, on the sole ground of sex, as
was also done by the Supreme Court of the
United States in 1873, on the latter occasion
Chief Justice Chase dissenting. She was finally
admitted to the bar on March 28, 1892. and was
the first lady member of the State Bar Associ-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
59
ation. Other organizations with wliich she was
identified embraced the Illinois State Press
Association, the Board of Managers of the Sol-
diers' Home (in war time), the "Illinois Industrial
School for Girls" at Evanston, the Washingtonian
Home, the Board of Lady Managers of the
World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of
the Woman's Committee on Jurisprudence of the
World's Congi-ess Auxiliary of 1893. Although
much before the public during the latter years of
her life, she never lost the refinement and graces
■which belong to a true woman. Died, at her
home in Chicago, Feb. 14, 1894.
BRAID"n'OOD, a city in Will County, incorpo-
rated in 1860 ; is 58 miles from Chicago, on the
Chicago & Alton Railroad; an important coal-
mining point, and in the heart of a rich
agricultural region. It has a bank and a weekly
newspaper. Population (1890), 4,G41 ; (1900), 3,279.
BRANSOjV, Jfathaniel Yf., lawyer, was born in
Jacksonville, 111. , May 29, 1837 ; was educated in
the private and public schools of that city and at
Illinois College, graduating from the latter In
1857 ; studied law with David A. Smith, a promi-
nent and able lawyer of Jacksonville, and was
admitted to the bar in January, 1800, soon after
estabhshing himself in practice at Petersburg,
Menard County, where he has ever since resided.
In 1867 Mr. Branson was appointed Register in
Bankruptcy for the Springfield District — a po-
sition which he held thirteen years. He was also
elected Representative in the General Assembly
in 1872, by re-election in 1874 serving four years
in the stormy Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth
General Assemblies ; was a Delegate from Illinois
to the National Republican Convention of 1876,
and served for several years most efficiently as a
Trustee of the State Institution for the Blind at
Jacksonville, part of the time as President of the
Board. Politically a conservative Republican,
and in no sense an office-seeker, the official po-
sitions which he has occupied have come to him
unsought and in recognition of his fitness and
capacity for the proper discharge of their duties.
BRAYMAN, Mason, lawyer and soldier, was
born in Buffalo, N. Y., May 23, 1813; brought up
as a farmer, became a printer and edited "The
Buffalo Bulletin," 1834-35; studied law and was
admitted to the bar in 1836; removed west in
1837, was City Attorney of Monroe, Mich., in 1838
and became editor of "The Louisville Adver-
tiser" in 1841. In 1843 he opened a law office in
Springfield, 111., and the following year was
appointed by Governor Ford a commissioner to
adjust the Mormon troubles, in which capacity
lie rendered valuable service. In 1844-45 he was
appointed to revise the statutes of the State.
Later he devoted much attention to railroad
enterprises, being attorney of the Illinois Central
Railroad, 1851-55; then projected the construc-
tion of a railroad from Bird's Point, opposite
Cairo, into Arkansas, which was partially com-
pleted before the war. and almost wholly de-
stroyed during that period. In 1861 he entered
the service as Major of the Twenty-ninth IlUnois
Volunteers, taking part in a number of the early
battles, including Fort Donelson and Shiloh;
was promoted to a colonelcy for meritorious con-
duct at the latter, and for a time served as
Adjutant-General on the staff of General McCler-
nand; was promoted Brigadier-General in Sep-
tember, 1863, at the close of the war receiving
the brevet rank of Major-General. After the
close of the war he devoted considerable atten-
tion to reviving his railroad enterprises in the
South; edited "The Illinois State Journal,"
1872 73; removed to Wisconsin and was ap-
pointed Governor of Idaho in 1876, serving four
years, after which he returned to Ripon, Wis.
Died, in Kansas City, Feb. 37, 1895.
BREESE, a village in CUnton County, on
Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railway, 39 miles east of
St. Louis; has coal mines, water system, bank and
weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 808. (1900), 1,571.
BREESE, Sidney, statesman and jurist, was
born at Wliitesboro, N Y., (according to the
generally accepted authority) July 15, 1800.
Owing to a certain sensitiveness about his age in
his later years, it has been exceedingly difficult
to secure authentic data on the subject ; but his
arrival at Kaskaskia in 1818, after graduating at
Union College, and his admission to the bar in
1830, have induced many to believe that the date
of his birth should be placed somewhat earlier.
He was related to some of the most prominent
families in New York, including the Livingstons
and the Morses, and, after his arrival at Kaskas-
kia, began the study of law with his friend Elias
Kent Kane, afterwards United States Senator.
Sleanwhile, having served as Postmaster at Kas-
kaskia, he became Assistant Secretary of State,
and, in December, 1830, superintended the re-
moval of the archives of that office to Vandalia,
the new State capital. Later he was appointed
Prosecuting Attorney, serving in that position
from 1822 till 1827," when he became United
States District Attorney for Illinois. He was
the first official reporter of the Supreme Court,
issuing its first volume of decisions; served as
Lieutenant-Colonel of volunteers dm-ing the
GO
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Blfwjk Hawk War (1832) ; in 1835 was elected to
the circuit bench, and, in 1841, was advanced to
tlie Supreme bench, serving less than two years,
when lie resigned to accept a seat in tlie United
States Senate, to which he was elected in 1843 as
the successor of Richard M. Young, defeating
Stephen A. Douglas in the first race of the latter
for the office. Wliile in the Senate (1843-49) he
served as Chairman of tlie Committee on Public
Lands, and was one of the first to suggest the
construction of a transcontinental railway to the
Pacific. He was also one of the originators and
active promoters in Congress of the Illinois Cen-
tral Railroad enterprise. He was Speaker of the
Illinois House of Representatives in 1851 , again
became Circuit Judge in 1805 and returned to
the Supreme bench in 1857 and served more than
one term as Chief Justice, the last being in
1873-74. His home during most of his public life
in Illinois was at Carlyle. His death occurred
at Pinckneyville, June 28. 1878.
BREXTANO, Lorenzo, was bom at Mannheim,
in the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, Nov.
14, 1813; was educated at the Universities of
Heidelberg and Freiburg, receiving the degree of
LL.D., and attaining high honors, both profes-
sional and political. He was successively a
member of the Baden Chamber of Deputies and
of the Frankfort Parliament, and always a leader
of the revolutionist party. In 1849 he became
President of the Provisional Republican Gov-
ernment of Baden, but was, before long, forced
to find an asylum in the United States. He first
settled in Kalamazoo County, Mich. , as a farmer,
but, in 1859, removed to Chicago, where he was
admitted to the Illinois bar, but soon entered the
field of journalism, becoming editor and part
proprietor of "The Illinois Staats Zeitung." He
held various public offices, being elected to the
Legislature in 1862, serving five years as Presi-
dent of the Chicago Board of Education, was a
Republican Presidential Elector in 18G8, and
United States Consul at Dresden in 1872 (a gen-
eral amnesty having been granted to the
participants in the revolution of 1848), and
Representative in Congress from 1877 to 1879.
Died, in Chicago, Sept. 17, 1891.
BRIDGEPORT, a town of Lawrence County,
on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad,
14 miles west of Vincennes, Ind. It has a bank
and one weekly paper. Population (1900), 487.
BRIDGEPORT, a former suburb (now a part of
the city) of Chicago, located at the jimction of
the Illinois & Michigan Canal with the South
Branch of the Chicago River. It is now the
center of the large slaughtering and packing
industry.
BRIDGEPORT & SOUTH CHICAGO RAIL-
WAY. (See Chicago & Xorthern Pacific Railroad.)
BRIGHTON, a village of Macoupin County, at
the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the
Rock Island and St. Louis branch of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railways; coal is mined
here; has a newspaper. Population (1880), 691;
(1890), 697; (1900), 600.
BRIMFIELD, a town of Peoria County, on the
Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy Railway, 38 miles south of
Buda; coal-mining and farming are the chief
industries. It has one weekly paper and a bank.
Population (1880), 832; (1890), 719; (1900), 077.
BRISTOL, Frank Milton, clergyman, was bom
in Orleans County, N, Y., Jan. 4, 1851; came
to Kankakee, 111., in boyhood, and having lost
his father at 12 j-ears of age, spent the following
years in various manual occupations until about
nineteen years of age. when, having been con-
verted, he determined to devote his life to the
ministry. Tlirougli the aid of a benevolent lady,
he was enabled to get two years" (1870-72) instruc-
tion at the Northwestern University, at Evans-
ton, afterwards supporting himself by preaching
at various points, meanwhile continuing his
studies at tlie University until 1877. After com-
pleting his course he served as pastor of some of
the most prominent Methodist churches in Chi-
cago, his last charge in the State being at Evans-
ton. In 1897 he was transferred to Washington
City, becoming pastor of the Metropolitan M. E.
Church, attended by President McKinley Dr.
Bristol is an author of some repute and an orator
of recognized ability.
BROADWELL, Norman M., lawyer, was born
in Morgan County, 111., August 1, 1825; was edu-
cated in the common schools and at McKendree
and Illinois Colleges, but compelled by failing
health to leave college without graduating ; spent
some time in the book business, then began the
study of medicine with a view to benefiting his
own health, but finally abandoned this and, about
1850, commenced the study of law in the office of
Lincoln & Herndon at Springfield. Having been
admitted to the bar, he practiced for a time at
Pekin, but, in 1854, returned to Springfield,
where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1860
he was elected as a Democrat to the House of
Representatives from Sangamon County, serving
in the Twenty-second General Assembly. Other
offices held by him included those of County
Judge (1863-65) and Mayor of the city of Spring-
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
61
field, to which last position he was twice elected
(1867 and again in 1S69). Judge Broadwell was
one of the most genial of men, popular, high-
minded and honorable in all his dealings. Died,
in Springfield, Feb. 28, 1893.
BROOKS, John Flavel, educator, was born
in Oneida County, New York, Dec. 3, 1801 ;
graduated at Hamilton College, 1828; studied
three years in the theological department of Yale
College; was ordained to the Presbyterian min-
istry in 1831, and came to Illinois in the service
of the American Home Missionary Society.
After preaching at CoUinsville, Belleville and
other points, Mr. Brooks, who was a member of
the celebrated "Yale Band," in 1837 assumed the
principalship of a Teachers' Seminary at Waverly,
Morgan County, but three j-ears later removed to
Springfield, where he established an academy for
both sexes. Although finally compelled to
abandon this, he continued teaching with some
interruptions to within a few years of his death,
which occurred in 1886. He was one of the Trus-
tees of Illinois College from its foundation up to
his death.
BROSS, William, journalist, was born in Sus-
sex County, N. J., Nov. 14, 1813, and graduated
with honors from Williams College in 1838, hav-
ing previously developed his physical strength
by much hard work upon the Delaware and
Hudson Canal, and in the lumbering trade. For
five years after graduating he was a teacher, and
settled in Chicago in 1848. Th 3re he first engaged
in bookselling, but later embarked in journalism.
His first publication was "The Prairie Herald," a
religious paper, which was discontinued after
two years. In 18.53, in connection with John L.
Scripps, he founded "The Democratic Press."
which was consolidated with "The Tribune" in
1858, Mr. Bross retaining his connection with the
new concern. He was always an ardent free-
soiler, and a firm believer in the great future of
Chicago and the Northwest. He was an enthusi-
astic Republican, and, in 18.JG and 1860, served as
an effective campaign orator. In 1864 he was
the successful nominee of his party for Lieuten-
ant-Governor. This was his only official position
outside of a membership in the Chicago Common
Council in IS.j.j. As a presiding officer, he was
dignified yet affable, and his impartiality was
shown by the fact that no appeals were taken
from his decisions. After quitting public life he
devoted much time to literary pursuits, deliver-
ing' lectures in various parts of the comitry.
Among his best known works are a brief "His-
tory of Chicago," "History of Camp Douglas,''
'Tom Quick." Died, in Chicago, Jan.
and '
1890.
BROWX, Henry, lawyer and historian, was
born at Hebron, Tolland County, Conn., May 13.
1789 — the son of a commissary in the army of
General Greene of Revolutionary fame; gradu-
ated at Yale College, and, when of age, removed
to New York, later studying law at Albany,
Canandaigua and Batavia, and being admitted to
the bar about 1813, when he settled down in
practice at Cooperstown; in 1816 was appointed
Judge of Herkimer County, remaining on the
bench until about 1824. He then resumed prac-
tice at Cooperstown, continuing until 1836, when
he removed to Chicago. The following year he
was elected a Justice of the Peace, serving two
years, and, in 1842, became Prosecuting Attorney
of Cook County. During this period he was
engaged in writing a "History of Illinois, " which
was published in New York in 1844 This was
regarded at the time as the most voluminous and
best digested work on Illinois history that had as
yet been published. In 1846, on assuming the
Presidency of tlie Chicago Lyceum, he delivered
an inaugirral entitled "Chicago, Present and
Future," which is still preserved as a striking
prediction of Chicago's future greatness. Origi-
nally a Democrat, he became a Freesoiler in 1848.
Died of cholera, in Chicago, May 16, 1849.
BROWN, James B., journalist, was born in
Gilmanton, Belknap County, N. H., Sept. 1,
1833 — his father being a member of the Legisla-
ture and Selectman for his town. The son was
educated at Gilmanton Academy, after which he
studied medicine for a time, but did not gradu-
ate. In 18.57 he removed West, first settling at
Dunleith, Jo Daviess County, 111., where he
became Principal of the public schools; in 1861
was elected County Superintendent of Schools
for Jo Daviess County, removing to Galena two
years later and assuming the editorship of "The
Gazette" of that city. Mr. Brown also served as
Postmaster of Galena for several years. Died,
Feb. 13, 1896.
BROWN, James N., agriculturist and stock-
man, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 1,
1806; came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1833,
locating at Island Grove, where he engaged
extensively in farming and stock-raising. He
served as Representative in the General Assem-
blies of 1840, '42, '46, and '.52, and in the last was
instrumental in securing the incorporation of the
Illinois State Agricultural Society, of which he
was chosen the first President, being re-elected in
1854. He was one of the most enterprising grow-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ers of blooded cattle in the State and did much to
introduce them in Central Illinois ; was also an
earnest and influential advocate of scientific
education for the agricultural classes and an
efficient colaborer with Prof. J. B. Turner, of
Jacksonville, in securing the enactment by Con-
gress, in 1863, of the law granting lands for the
endowment of Industrial Colleges, out of which
grew the Illinois State University and institu-
tions of like character in other States. Died,
Nov. 16, 1868.
BROWN, William, lawyer and jurist, was born
June 1, 1819, in Cumberland, England, his par-
ents emigrating to this country when he was
eight years old, and settling in Western New
York. He was admitted to the bar at Rochester,
in October, 1845, and at once removed to Rock-
ford, III., where he commenced practice. In 1853
he was elected State's Attorney for the Four-
teenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1857, was chosen
Mayor of Rockford. In 1870 he was elected to
the bench of the Circuit Court as successor to
Judge Sheldon, later veas promoted to the Su-
preme Court, and \yas reelected successively in
1873, in '79 and '85. Died, at Rockford, Jan. 15,
1891.
BROWN, William H., lawyer and financier,
was born in Connecticut, Dec. 20, 1796; spent
his boyhood at Auburn, N. Y., studied law, and,
in 1818, came to Illinois with Samuel D. Lock-
wood (afterwards a Justice of the State Supreme
Court), descending the Ohio River to Shawnee-
town in a fiat-boat. Mr. Brown visited Kaskas-
kia and was soon after appointed Clerk of the
United States District Court by Judge Nathaniel
Pope, removing, in 1820, to Vandalia, the new
State capital, where he remained until 1835. He
then removed to Chicago to accept the position of
Cashier of the Chicago branch of the State Bank
of Illinois, which he continued to fill for many
years. He served the city as School Agent for
thirteen j'ears (1840-53), managing the city's
school fund through a critical period with great
discretion and success. He was one of the group
of early patriots who successfully resisted the
attempt to plant slavery in Illinois in 1823-34;
was also one of the projectors of the Chicago &
Galena Union Railroad, was President of the
Chicago Historical Society for seven years and
connected with many other local enterprises.
He was an ardent personal friend of President
Lincoln and served as Representative in the
Twenty-second General Assembly (1860-62).
"While making a tour of Europe he died of paraly-
sis at Amsterdam, June 17, 1867.
BROWN COUNTY, situated in the %vestern
part of the State, with an area of 300 square
miles, and a population (1890) of 11,951; was cut
off from Schuyler and made a separate county in
May, 1839, being named in honor of Gen. Jacob
Brown. Among the pioneer settlers were the
Vandeventers and Hambaughs, John and David
Six, William McDaniel, Jeremiah Walker,
Willis O'Neil, Harry Lester, John Ausmus and
Robert H. Curry. The county-seat is Mount
Sterling, a town of no little attractiveness.
Other prosperous villages are Mound Station and
Ripley. The chief occupation of the people is
farming, although there is some manufacturing
of lumber and a few potteries along the Illinois
River. Population (1900), 11, .557.
BROWNE, Francis Fisher, editor and author,
was born in South Hahfax, Vt., Dec. 1, 1843, the
son of William Goldsmith Browne, who was a
teacher, editor and author of the song "A Hun-
dred Years to Come." In childhood he was
brought by his parents to Western Massachusetts,
where he attended the public schools and learned
the printing trade in his father's newspaper
office at Chicopee, Mass. Leaving school in 1803,
he enlisted in the Forty-sixth Regiment Massa-
chusetts Volunteers, in which he served one
year, chiefly in North Carolina and in the Army
of the Potomac. On the discharge of his regi-
ment he engaged in the study of law at Roches-
ter, N. Y., entering the law department of the
University of Michigan in 1866, but abandoning
his intenton of entering the legal profession,
removed to Chicago in 1867, where he engaged in
journalistic and literary pursuits. Between 1869
and '74 he was editor of "The Lakeside Monthly,"
when he became literary editor of "The Alliance, "
but, in 1880, he established and assumed the
editorship of "The Dial," a purely literary pub-
lication which has gained a high reputation, and
of which he has remained in control continuously
ever since, meanwhile serving as the literary
adviser, for many years, of the well-known pub-
lishing house of McClurg & Co. Besides his
journalistic work, Jlr. Browne has contributed
to the magazines and literary anthologies a num-
ber of short lyrics, and is the author of "The
Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1886), and
a volume of poems entitled, "Volunteer Grain"
(1893). He also compiled and edited "Golden
Poems by British and American Authors" (1881);
"The Golden Treasury of Poetry and Prose"
(1886), and the "Laurel Crowned"series of stand-
ard ]ioetry (1891-93). Mr. Browne was Chairman
of the Committee of the Congress of Authors in
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
63
the World's Congress Auxiliary held in con-
nection with The Columbian Exposition in
1893.
BROWNE, Thomas C, early jurist, was born in
Kentucky, studied law there and, coming to
Shawneetown in 1812, served in the lower branch
of the Second Territorial Legislature (1814-10)
and in the Council (1816-18), being the first law-
yer to enter that body. In 1813 he was appointed
Prosecuting Attorney and, on the admission of
Illinois as a State, was promoted to the Supreme
bench, being re-elected by joint ballot of the
Legislature in 1825, and serving continuously
imtil the reorganization of the Supreme Court
under the Constitution of 18-18, a period of over
thirty years. Judge Browne's judicial character
and abilities have been differently estimated.
Though lacking in industry as a student, he is
represented by the late Judge John D. Caton,
who knew him personally, as a close thinker and
a good judge of men. While seldom, if ever,
accustomed to argue questions in the conference
room or write out his opinions, he had a capacity
for expressing himself in short, pungent sen-
tences, which indicated that he was a man of con-
siderable ability and liad clear and distinct views
of his own. An attempt was made to impeach
him before the Legislature of 1843 "for want of
capacity to discharge the duties of his office,"
but it failed by an almost unanimous vote. He
was a Whig in politics, but had some strong sup-
porters among Democrats. In 1822 Judge Browne
was one of the fom- candidates for Governor — in
the final retm-ns standing third on the list and. by
dividing the vote of the advocates of a pro-slavery
clause in the State Constitution, contributing to
the election of Governor Coles and the defeat of
the pro-slavery party. (See Coles. Edward, and
Slavery and Slave Laws.) In the latter part of
his official term Judge Browne resided at Ga-
lena, but, in 18.33, removed with his son-in-law,
ex-Congressman Joseph P. Hoge, to San Fran-
cisco, Cal., where he died a few j-ears later —
probably about 1856 or 1838.
BROWNISGl, OrvlUe Hickman, lawyer, United
States Senator and Attorney-General, was born
In Harrison County, Ky. , in 1810. After receiv-
ing a classical education at Augusta in his native
State, he removed to Quincy, 111., and was
admitted to the bar in 1831. In 1832 he served
in the Black Hawk War, and from 1836. to 1843,
was a member of the Legislature, serving m both
bouses. A personal friend and political adherent
of Abraham Lincoln, he aided in the organization
of the Republican party at the memorable
Blooniington Convention of 1856. As a delegate
to the Chicago Convention in 1860, he aided in
securing Mr. Lincoln's nomination, and was a
conspicuous supporter of the Government in the
Civil War. In 1861 he was appointed by Gov-
ernor Yates United States Senator to fill Senator
Douglas' unexpired term, serving until 1863. In
1866 he became Secretary of the Interior by ap-
pointment of President Johnson, also for a time
discharging the duties of Attorney-General.
Returning to Illinois, he was elected a member of
the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, which
was his last participation in public affairs, his
time thereafter being devoted to his profession.
He died at his home in Quincv, 111. , August 10,
1881.
BRYAX, Silas Lillard, legislator and jm-ist,
born in Culpepper Count}-, Va., Nov. 4, 1822; was
left an orphan at an early age, and came west in
1840, living for a time with a brother near Troy,
5Io. The following year he came to Marion
County, 111., where he attended school and
worked on a farm; in 1845 entered McKendree
College, graduating in 1849, and two years later
was admitted to the bar, supporting himself
meanwhile by teaching. He settled at Salem^
111., and, in 1852, was elected as a Democrat to
the State Senate, in which body he served for
eight years, being re-elected in 1856. In 1861 he
was elected to the bench of the Second Judicial
Circuit, and again chosen in 1867, his second
term expiring in 1873. While serving as Judge,
he was also elected a Delegate to the Constitu-
tional Convention of 1869-70. He was an unsuc-
cessful candidate for Congress on the Greeley
ticket in 1872. . Died at Salem, March 30, 1880.—
William Jennings (Bryan), son of the preceding,
was born at Salem, 111., March 19, 1860. The early
life of young Bryan was spent on his father's
farm, but at the age of ten years he began to
attend the public school in town ; later spent two
years in Whipple Academy, _the preparatory
department of Illinois College at Jacksonville,
and, in 1881, gi-aduated from the coUege proper as
the valedictorian of his class. Then he devoted
two 3-ears to the study of law in the Union Law
School at Chicago, meanwhile acting as clerk and
studying in the law office of ex-Senator Lyman
Triunbull. Having gi-aduated in law in 1883, he
soon entered upon the practice of his profession
at Jacksonville as the partner of Judge E. P.'
Kirby, a well-known lawyer and prominent
Republican of that city. Four years later (1887)
found him a citizen of Lincoln, Neb., which has
since been his home. He took a prominent part
64
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
in the politics of Nebraska, stumping tlie State
for the Democratic nominees in 1SS8 and "89, and
in 1890 received the Democratic nomination for
Congress in a district which had been regarded
as strongly Republican, and was elected by a
large majority. Again, in 1893, he was elected
by a reduced majority, but two years later
declined a renomination, though proclaiming
himself a free-silver candidate for the United
States Senate, meanwhile officiating as editor of
"The Omaha World-Herald." In July, 1896, he
received the nomination for President from the
Democratic National Convention at Chicago, on
a platform declaring for the "free and imlimited
coinage of silver" at the ratio of sixteen of silver
(in weight) to one of gold, and a few weeks later
was nominated by the "Populists" at St. Louis
for the same office — being the youngest man ever
put in nomination for the Presidency in the his-
tory of the Government. He conducted an
active personal campaign, speaking in nearly
every Northern and Middle Western State, but
was defeated by his Republican opponent, Maj.
William McKinley. Mr. Bryan is an easy and
fluent speaker, possessing a voice of imusual
compass and power, and is recognized, even by
his political opponents, as a man of pure personal
character.
BRYAN, Thomas Barbour, lawyer and real
estate operator, was born at Alexandria, Va.,
Dec. 23, 1828, being descended on the maternal
side from the noted Barbour family of that
State ; graduated in law at Harvard, and, at the
age of twenty-one, settled in Cincinnati. In
1852 he came to Chicago, where he acquired ex-
tensive real estate interests and built Bryan
Hall, which became a popular place for en-
tertainments. Being a gifted speaker, as well
as a zealous Unionist, Mr. Bryan was chosen
to deliver the address of welcome to Senator
Douglas, when that statesman returned to
Chicago a few weeks before his death in 1861.
During the progress of the war he devoted his
time and his means mo.st generously to fitting out
soldiers for the field and caring for the sick and
wounded. His services as President of the great
Sanitary Fair in Chicago (1865), where some
§300,000 were cleared for disabled soldiers, were
especially conspicuous. At this time he became
the purchaser (at $3,000) of the original copy of
President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation,
which had been donated to the cause. He also
rendered valuable service after the fire of 1871,
though a heavy sufferer from that event, and was
a leading factor in securing the location of the
World's Columbian Exjjosition in Chicago in 1890,
later becoming Vice-President of the Board of
Directors and making a visit to Eiuope in the
interest of the Fair. After the war Mr. Bryan
resided in Washington for some time, and, by
appointment of President Hayes, served as Com-
missioner of the District of Columbia. Possessing
refined literary and artistic tastes, he has done
much for the encouragement of literature and
art in Chicago. His home is in the suburban
village of Elmhurst.— Charles Pa^e (Bryan), son
of the preceding, lawyer and foreign minister,
was born in Chicago, Oct. 3, 1855, and educated
at the University of Virginia and Columbia Law
School; was admitted to practice in 1878, and
the following year removed to Colorado, where
he remained four years, while there serving in
both Houses of the State Legislature. In 1883 he
returned to Chicago and became a member of the
First Regiment of the Illinois National Guard,
serving upon the staff of both Governor Oglesby
and Governor Fifer; in 1890, was elected to the
State Legislature from Cook County, being re-
elected in 1892, and in 1894; was also the first
Commissioner to visit Europe in the interest of
the World's Columbian Exposition, on his return
serving as Secretary of the Exposition Commis-
sioners in 1891-92. In the latter part of 1897 he
was ai>|iiiiiit(Ml by President McKinley Minister
to Cliiiia, lull bclore being confirmed, early in
1898, was assigned to the United States mission to
the Repulilic of Brazil, where he now is, Hon.
E. H. Conger of Iowa, who had previously been
appointed to the Brazilian mission, being trans-
ferred to Pekin.
BRTAXT, John Howard, pioneer, brother of
William CuUen Bryant, the poet, was born in
Cummington, Mass., July 32, 1807, educated at
the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy,
N. Y, ; removed to Illinois in 1831, and held vari-
ous offices in Bureau County, including that of
Representative in the General Assembly, to whicli
he was elected in 1843, and again in 1858. A
practical and enterprising farmer, he was identi-
fied with the Illinois State Agricultural Society
in its early history, as also with tlie movement
which resulted in the establishment of industrial
colleges in the various States. He was one of the
founders of the Republican partj' and a warm
personal friend of President Lincoln, being a
member of the first Republican State Convention
at Blooinington in 1856, and serving as Collector
of Internal Revenue by appointment of Mr. Lin-
coln in 1862-04. In 1872 Mr. Bryant joined in the
Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati, two
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
C5
years later was identified with the "Independent
Eeform'' party, but has since cooperated with
the Democratic party. He has produced two
Tolumes of poems, published, respectively, in 1'85.5
and 1885, besides a number of public addresses.
His home is at Princeton, Bureau County.
BUCK, Hiram, clergyman, was born in Steu-
ben County, X. Y., in 1818; joined the Illinois
Methodist Episcopal Conference in 1843, and con-
tinued in its service for nearly fifty years, being
much of the time a Presiding Elder. At his
death he bequeathed a considerable simi to the
endowment funds of the "Wesleyan University at
Bloomington and the Illinois Conference College
at Jacksonville, Died at Decatur, 111., August
■22, 1893.
Bl]DA,a village in Bureau County, at the junc-
tion of the main line with the Buda and Rush-
ville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroad, and the Sterling and Peoria branch of
the Chicago & Northwestern. 12 miles southwest
of Princeton and 117 miles west-southwe.st of
Chicago; has excellent water-works, electric-
light plant, brick and tile factory, fine churches,
graded school, a bank and one newspaper
Dairying is carried on quite extensively and a
good-sized creamery is located here. Population
<1K90), 990; (1900), 873.
BUFORD, Napoleon Bonaparte, banker and
soldier, was born in Woodford County, Ky., Jan.
13, 1807; graduated at "West Point Military Acad-
emy, 1827. and served for some time as Lieutenant
of Artillery; entered Harvard Law School in
1831, served as Assistant Professor of Natural and
Experimental Philosophy there (1834-3o), then
resigned his commission, and, after some service
as an engineer upon public %vorks in Kentucky,
•established himself as an iron-founder and banker
at Rock Island, 111 , in 1857 becoming President
of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. In 1861
he entered the volunteer ser-s-ice, as Colonel of
the Twenty-seventh Illinois, serving at various
points in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, as
also in the siege of Vicksburg. and at Helena,
Ark., where he was in command from Sejitem-
ber, 1863, to March, 1865. In the meantime, by
promotion, he attained to the rank of Major-
General by brevet, being mustered out in August,
1865. He subsequently held the post of Special
United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs
<1868), and that of Inspector of the Union Pacific
Railroad (1867-69). Died, March 28, 1883.
BULKLET, (Rev.) Justus, educator, was born
at Leicester, Livingston County, N. Y., July 23,
1819, taken to Allegany County, N. Y., at 3
years of age, where he remained until 17, attend-
ing school in a log school-house in the winter and
working on a farm in the simimer. His family
then removed to Illinois, finally locating at
Barry, Pike County. In 1842 he entered the
preparatory department of Shmtleff College fit
Upper Alton, graduating there in 1847. He was
immediately made Principal of the preparatory
department, remaining two years, wlien he was
ordained to the Baptist ministry and became
pastor of a chmxh at Jerseyville. Four years
later he was appointed Professor of Mathematics
in Shurtleff College, but remained only two
years, when he accepted the pastorship of a
church at CarroUton, which he continued to fill
nine years, when, in 1864, he was called to a
church at Upper Alton. At the expiration of
one year he was again called to a professorship
in Shurtleff College, this time taking the chair of
Church History and Church Polity, %vhich he
conanued to fill for a period of thirty-four years;
also serving for a time as Acting President dur-
ing a vacancy in that oflSce. During this period
he was frequently called upon to preside as Mod-
erator at General Associations of the Baptist
Church, and he became widely known, not only
in that denomination, but elsewhere. Died at
Upper Alton, Jan. 16, 1899.
BULL, Lorenzo, banker, Quincy, 111., was bom
in Hartford, Conn., March 21, 1819. being the
eldest son of Lorenzo and Elizabeth Goodwin
Bull. His ancestors on both sides were of the
party who. under Thomas Hooker, moved from
the vicinity of Boston and settled Hartford in
1634. Leavmg Hartford in the spring of 1838, he
arrived at Quincy, 111., entirely without means,
but soon after secured a position with Judge
Henry H. Snow, who then held most of the
county oifices, being Clerk of the County Com-
missioners' Court. Clerk of the Circuit Court,
Recorder, Judge of Probate, Notary Public and
Justice of the Peace. . Here the yoimg clerk
made himself acquainted ^vith the people of the
county (at that time few in number), with the
land-system of the coimtry and with the legal
forms and methods of procedure in the courts.
He remained with Judge Snow over two years,
receiving for his services, the first year, six dol-
lars per month, and, for the second, ten dollars
per month, besides his board in Judge Snow's
family. He next accepted a situation with
Messrs. Holmes, Brown & Co., then one of the
most prominent mercantile houses of tlie city,
remaining through various changes of the firm
until 1844, when he formed a partnership with
66
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
his brother under the firm name of L. & C. H.
Bull, and opened a store for the sale of hardware
and crockery, which was the first attempt made
in Quincy to separate the mercantile business
into different departments. Disposing of their
business in 1861, the firm of L. & C. H. Bull
embarked in the private banking business, which
they continued in one location for about thirty
years, when they organized the State Savings
Loan & Trust Company, in which he held the
position of President until 1898, when he retired.
Mr. Bull has always been active in promoting the
improvement and growth of the city , was one of
the five persons who built most of tlie horse rail-
roads in Quincy, and was, for about twenty years,
President of the Company. The Quincy water-
works are now (1898) owned entirely by himself
and his son. He has never sought or held political
office, but at one time was the active President of
five distinct business corporations. He was also
for some five years one of the Trustees of Illinois
College at Jacksonville. He was married in 1844
to Miss Margaret H. Benedict, daughter of Dr.
Wm. M. Benedict, of Milbury, Mass., and they
have five children now living. In politics he is a
Republican, and his religious associations are with
the Congregational Church. — Charles Heniy
(Bull), brother of the preceding, was born in
Hartford, Conn., Dec. 16. 1823, and removed
to Quincy, 111., in June, 1837. He commenced
business as a clerk in a general store, where
he remained for seven years, when he entered
into partnership with his brother, Lorenzo Bull,
in the hardware and crockery business, to
which was subsequently added dealing in
agricultural implements. This business was
continued imtil the year 1861. when it was
sold out, and the brothers established them-
selves as private bankers under the same firm
name. A few years later they organized the
Merchants' and Farmers' National Bank, which
was mainly owned and altogether managed by
them. Five or six years later this bank was
wound up, when they returned to private bank-
ing, continuing in this business until 1891, when
it was merged in the State Savings Loan &
Trust Company, organized under the laws of
Illinois with a capital of S300.000, held equally
by Lorenzo Bull, Charles H. Bull and Edward J.
Parker, respectively, as President, Vice-Presi-
dent and Cashier. Xear the close of 1898 the
First National Bank of Quincy was merged into
the State Savings Loan & Trust Company with
J. H. Warfield, the President of the former, as
President of the consolidated concern. Mr. Bull
was one of the parties who originally organized
the Quincy, Missouri & Pacific Railroad Com-
pany in 1869— a road intended to be built from
Quincy, 111., across the State of Missouri to
Brownsville, Neb., and of which he is now
(1898) the President, the name having been
changed to the Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City
Railway. He was also identified with the con-
struction of the system of street railways in
Quincy, and continued active in their manage-
ment for about twenty years. He has been
active in various other public and private enter-
prises, and has done much to advance the growth
and prosperity of the city.
BUNKER HILL, a city of Macoupin County, on
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railroad, 37 miles northeast of St. Louis; has
electric-lighting plant, telephone service, coal
mine, flouring mill, wagon and various other
manufactories, two banks, two newspapers, opera
house, numerous churches, public library, a mili-
tary academy and fine public schools, and many
handsome residences; is situated on high ground
in a rich agricultural and dairying region and an
important shipping-point. Pop. (1900), 1,279.
BUNN, Jacob, banker and manufacturer, was
born in Hunterdon County, N. J., in 1814; came
to Springfield in 1836, and, four years later, began
business as a grocer, to which he afterwards
added that of private banking, continuing until
1878. Dviring a part of this time his bank was
one of the best known and widely regarded as
one of the most solid institutions of its kind in
the State. Though crippled by the financial
revulsion of 1873-74 and forced investments in
depreciated real estate, he paid dollar for dollar.
After retiring from banking in 1878, he assumed
charge of the Springfield "Watch Factory, in
which he was a large stockholder, and of which
he became the President. Mr. Bunn was, be-
tween 1S06 and 1870, a principal stockholder in
"The Chicago Republican" (the predecessor of
"The Inter-Ocean"), and was one of the bankers
who came to the aid of the State Government with
financial assistance at the beginning of the Civil
War. Died at Springfield, Oct. 16, 1897.— John W.
(Bunn), brother of the preceding and successor
to the grocery business of J. & J. W. Bunn, has
been a prominent business man of Springfield,
and served as Treasurer of the State Agricultural
Board from 1858 to 1898, and of the Illinois Uni-
versity from its establishment to 1893.
BUNSEN, George, German patriot and educa-
tor, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Maine. Ger-
many, Feb. 18, 1794, and educated in his native
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
city and at Berlin University; while still a
student took part in the Peninsular War which
resulted in the downfall of Napoleon, but resum-
ing his studies in 1816, graduated three years
later. He then founded a boys' school at Frank-
fort, which he maintained fourteen years, when,
having been implicated in the republican revolu
tion of 1833. he was forced to leave the country,
locating the following year on a farm in St. Clair
County, 111. Here he finally became a teacher in
the public schools, served in the State Constitu-
tional Convention of 1847. was elected School
Commissioner of St. Clair County, and, having
removed to Belleville in 1855, there conducted a
private school for the instruction of teachers
while discharging the duties of his office-, later
was appointed a member of the first State School
Board, serving until 1860, and taking part in the
establishment of the Illinois State Normal Uni
versity, of which he was a zealous advocate. He
was also a contributor to "The Illinois Teacher,"'
and, for several years prior to his death, served
as Superintendent of Schools at Belleville without
compensation. Died. November. 1872.
BUKCHARD, Horatio C, ex -Congressman, was
born at Marshall, Oneida County, N. Y., Sept. 22.
1825; graduated at Hamilton College, N. Y., in
1850, and later removed to Stephenson County,
111., making his home at Freeport. By profes-
sion he is a lawyer, but he has been also largely
interested in mercantile pursuits. From 1857 to
I860 he was School Commissioner of Stephenson
County; from 1863 to 1866 a member of the State
Legislature, and from 1869 to 1879 a Representa-
tive in Congress, being each time elected as a
Republican, for the first time as the successor of
E. B. Washburne. After retiring from Congress.
he served for six years ( 1879-85) as Director of the
United States IMint at Philadelphia, with marked
ability. During tlie World's Columbian Exposi-
tion at Chicago (1893), Mr. Burchard was in
charge of the Bureau of Awards in connection
with the Mining Department, afterwards resum-
ing the practice of his profession at Freeport.
BUEDETTE, Robert Jones, journalist and
humorist, was born in Greensborough, Pa., July
30, 1844, and taken to Peoria, 111., in early life,
where he was educated in the public schools. In
1802 he enlisted as a private in the Forty-seventh
Illinois Volunteers and served to the end of the
war; adopted journalism in 1869, being employed
upon "The Peoria Transcript" and other papers
of that city. Later he became associated with
"The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," upon which
he gained a wide reputation as a genial humor-
ist. Several volumes of his sketches have been
published, but in recent years he has devoted his
attention chiefly to lecturing, with occasional
contributions to the literary press.
BUREAU COUNTY, set off from Putnam
County in 1837, near the center of the northern
half of the State, Princeton being made the
county-seat. Coal had been discovered in 1834,
there being considerable quantities mined at
Mineral and Selby. Sheflleld also has an impor-
tant coal trade. Public lands were offered for sale
as early as 1835, and by 1844 had been nearly all
sold. Princeton was platted in 1832, and. in 1890,
contained a population of 3,396. The coimty has
an area of 870 square miles, and, according to the
census of 1900. a population of 41.112. The pio-
neer settler was Henry Thomas, who erected the
first cabin, in Bureau to\vnship, in 1828. He was
soon followed by the Anient brothers (Edward,
Justus and John L. ), and for a time settlers came
in rapid succession, among the earliest being
Amos Leonard, Daniel Dimmick, John Hall,
William Hoskins, Timothy Perkins, Leonard
Roth, Bulbona and John Dixon. Serious
Indian disturbances in 1831 caused a hegira of
the settlers, some of wliom never returned. In
1833 a fort was erected for the protection of the
whites, and, in 1836, there began a new and large
influx of immigrants. Among other early set-
tlers were John H. and Arthur Bryant, brothers
of the poet, William CuUen Brvant.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, estab-
lished in 1879, being an outgrowth of the agitation
and discontent among the laboring classes, which
culminated in 1877-78. The Board consists of
five Commissioners, who serve for a nominal
compensation, their term of office being two
years. They are nominated by the Executive
and confirmed by the Senate. The law requires
that three of them shall be manual laborers and
two employers of manual labor. The Bureau is
charged with the collection, compilation and
tabulation of statistics relative to labor in Illi-
nois, particularly in its relation to the commer-
cial, industrial, social, educational and sanitary
conditions of the working classes. The Com-
mission is required to submit biennial reports.
Those already published contain much informa-
tion of value concerning coal and lead mines,
convict labor, manufactures, strikes and lock-
outs, wages, rent, cost of living, mortgage
indebtedness, and kindred topics.
BURGESS, Alexander, Protestant Episcopal
Bishop of the diocese of Quincy, was born at
Providence, R. I., Oct. 31, 1819, He graduated
IIISTOraCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
from Brown University in 1S38 and from the
General Tlieological Seminary (New York) in
1841. He was made a Deacon, Nov. 3. 1843. and
ordained a priest, Nov. 1, 1843. Prior to his ele-
vation to the episcopate he was rector of various
parishes in Maine, at Brooklyn, N. Y., and at
Springfield, ilass. He represented the dioceses
of JIaine. Long Island and Massachusetts fn the
General Conventions of the Protestant Episcopal
Church from 1844 to 1877, and, in the latter year,
was President of the House of Deputies. Upon
the death of his brother George, Bishop of Maine,
lie was chosen by the clergy of the diocese to suc-
ceed him but declined When the diocese of
Quincy, III. was created, be was elected its first
Bishop, and consecrated at Christ Church, Spring-
field, Mass-, on .Maj^ 15, 1878. Besides publishing
a memoir of his brother. Bishop Burgess is the
autlior of several Sunday-school question books,
carols and hymns, and has been a contributor to
periodical church literature. His residence is at
Peoria.
BURLET. Arthur Oilman, merchant, was born
at Exeter, N. H., Oct. 4, 1813, received his edu-
cation in the local schools, and, in 183.5, came
West, locating in Chicago. For some two years
he served as clerk in the boot, shoe and clothing
store of John Holbrook, after which he accepted
a position with his half-brother, Stephen F. Gale,
the proprietor of the first book and stationery
store in Chicago. In 1838 he invested his savings
in a bankrupt stock of crockery, purchased from
the old State Bank, and entered upon a business
career which was continued uninterruptedly for
nearly sixty years. In that time Mr. Burley
built up a business which, for its extent and
success, was unsurpassed in its time in the West.
His brother in-law, Mr. John Tyrrell, became a
member of the firm in 18.j3. the business there-
after being conducted under the name of Burley
& Tyrrell, with Mr. Burley as President of the
Company until his death, whicli occurred, August
37, 1897.— Augustus Harris (Burley), brother of
the preceding, was born at Exeter, N. H., March
38, 1819 ; was educated in the schools of his native
State, and, in his youth, was employed for a
time as a clerk in Boston. In 1837 be came to
Chicago and took a position as clerk or salesman
in the book and stationery store of his half-
brother, Stephen F. Gale, subsequently became a
partner, and, on the retirement of Mr. Gale a
few years later, succeeded to the control of the
business. In 18.57 he dispo.sed of liis book and
st;;tionery business, and about tlie same time
became one of the founders of the Merchants'
Loan and Trust Company, with which he has
Deen connected as a Director ever since. Mr.
Burley was a member of the volunteer fire depart-
ment organized in Chicago in 1841 Among the
numerous public positions held by him may be
mentioned, member of the Board of PublicWorks
(1867-70), the first Superintendent of Lincoln Park
(1869), Representative from Cook County in the
Twenty-seventh General Assembly (1870-73). City
Comptroller during the administration of Mayor
Medill (1873-73), and again undar Mayor Roche
(1887), and member of the City Coimcil (1881-83).
Politically, Mr. Burley has been a zealous Repub-
lican and served on the Chicago Union Defense
Committee in the first year of the Civil War, and
was a delegate from the State-at-large to the
National Republican Convention at Baltimore in
1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the
Presidency a second time.
BURNHAM, Daniel Hudson, architect, was
born at Henderson, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1846; came to
Chicago at 9 years of age; attended private
schools and the Chicago High School, after which
he spent two years at Waltham, Mass., receiving
special instruction ; returning to Chicago in 1867,
he was afterwards associated with various firms.
About 1873 he formed a business connection with
J. W. Root, architect, which extended to the
death of the latter in 1891. The firm of Burnham
& Root furnished the plans of a large nmuber of
the most conspicuous business buildings in Chi-
cago, but won their greatest distinction in con-
nection with the construction of buildings for the
World's Columbian Exposition, of which Mr.
Root was Supervising Architect previous to his
death, while Mr. Burnham was made Chief of
Construction and, later. Director of Works. In
this capacity his authority was almost absolute,
but was used with a discretion that contributed
gi-eatly to the success of the enterprise.
BURR, Albert G., former Congressman, was
born in Genesee Coimty, N. Y., Nov. 8, 1829;
came to Illinois about 1833 with his widovped
mother, who settled in Springfield. In early life
he became a citizen of Winchester, where he read
law and was admitted to the bar, also, for a time,
following the occupation of a printer. Here he
was twice elected to the lower house of the Gen-
eral Assembly (1860 and 1863), meanwhile serving
as a member of the State Constitutional Conven-
tion of 1863. Having removed to Carrollton.
Greene County, he was elected as a Democrat to
the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1866 and
18(38), serving until March 4, 1871. In August,
1877, he was elected Circuit Judge to fill a
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
vacancy and was re-elected for the regular term
in June, 1879, but died in office, June 10, 1882.
BURRELL, Orlando, member of Congress, was
born in Bradford County, Pa. ; removed with liis
parents to White County, 111., iu 183-t, growing
up on a farm near Carmi; received a common
school education; in 1850 went to California,
driving an ox-team across the plains. Soon after
the beginning of the Civil War (1861) he raised a
company of cavalry, of which he was elected
Captain, and which became a part of the First
Regiment Illinois Cavalry; served as County
Judge from 1873 to 1881, and was elected Sheriff
in 1886. In 1894 he was elected Representative
in Congress as a Republican from the Twentieth
District, composed of counties whicli formerly
constituted a large part of the old Nineteenth
District, and which had uniformly been repre-
sented by a Democrat. He suffered defeat as a
candidate for re-election in 1896.
BURROUGHS, John Curtis, clergyman and
educator, was born in Stamford, N. Y., Dec. 7,
1818; graduated at Yale College in 1843, and
Madison Theological Seminar}- in 1846. After
five years spent as pastor of Baptist churches at
Waterford and West Troy, N. Y., in 18.53 he
assumed the pastorate of the First Baptist Church
of Chicago; about 1856 was elected to the presi-
dency of the Chicago University, tlien just
established, having previously declined the
presidency of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton.
Resigning his position in 1874, he soon after
became a member of the Chicago Board of Edu-
cation, and, in 1884, was elected A.ssistant Super-
intendent of Public Schools of that city, serving
until his death, April 31, 1892.
BUSET, Samuel T., banker and ex-Congress-
man, was born at Greencastle, Ind., Nov. 16,
1835 ; in infancy was brought by his parents to
Urbana, 111., where he was educated and has
since resided. From 1857 to 1859 he was engaged
in mercantile pursuits, but during 1860-61
attended a commercial college and read law. In
1862 he was chosen Town Collector, but resigned
to enter the Union Army, being commissioned
Second Lieutenant by Governor Yates, and
assigned to recruiting service. Having aided in
the organization of the Seventy-sixth Illinois
Volunteers, he was commissioned its Lieutenant-
Colonel, August 13. 1863; was afterward promoted
to the colonelcy, and mustered out of service at
Chicago, August 6, 1865, with the rank of Brevet
Brigadier-General. In 1866 he was an unsuccess-
ful candidate for the General Assembly on tlie
Democratic ticket: and for Trustee of the State
University in 1888. From 1880 to 1889 he was
Mayor and President of the Board of Education
of Urbana. In 1867 he opened a private bank,
which he conducted for twenty-one years. In
1890 he was elected to Congress from tlie Fif-
teenth Illinois District, defeating Joseph G. Can-
non, Republican, by whom he was in turn
defeated for the same office in 1893.
BUSHNELL, a flourishing city and manufac-
turing center in McDonough County, 11 miles
northeast of Macomb, at the junction of two
branches of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy
with the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads; has
numerous manufactories, including wooden
pumps, flour, agricultural implements, wagons
and carriages, tank and fence-work, rural mail-
boxes, mattresses, brick, besides egg and poultry
packinghouses; also has water-works and elec-
tric lights, grain elevators, three banks, several
churches, graded public and high schools, two
newspapers and a public library. Pop. (1900), 3,490.
BUSHNELL, Neliemiah, lawyer, was born in
the town of Westbrook, Conn., Oct. 9, 1813;
graduated at Yale College in 1835, studied law
and was admitted to the bar in 1837, coming in
December of the same year to Quincy, 111., where,
for a time, he assisted in editing "The Whig"
of that city, later forming a partnership with
O. H. Browning, which was never fully broken
until his death. In his practice he gave much
attention to land titles in the "Military Tract" ;
in 1851 was President of the portion of the North-
ern Cross Railroad between Quincy and Gales-
burg (now a part of the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy), and later of the Quincy Bridge Company
and the Quincy & Palmyra (Mo.) Railroad. In
1873 he was elected by the Republicans the
"minority" Repre.seutative from Adams County
in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, but
died during the succeeding session, Jan. 31, 1873.
He was able, high-minded and honorable in public
and private life.
BUSHNELL, Washington, lawyer and Attor-
ney-General, was born in Madison County, N. Y.,
Sept. 30, 1825; in 1837 came with his father to
Lisbon, Kendall County, 111., where he worked on
a farm and taught at times : studied law at Pough-
keepsie, N. Y., was admitted to the bar and
established himself in practice at Ottawa, 111.
The public positions held by him were those of
State Senator for La Salle County (1861-69) and
Attorney -General (1869-73); was also a member
of the Republican National Convention of 1864,
besides being identified with various business
enterprises at Ottawa. Died, June 80, 1885.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
BUTLER, William, State Treasurer, was born
in Adair County, Ky., Dec. 1"), 1797; during the
war of 1812, at tlie age of 16 years, served as tlie
messenger of the GoTernor of Kentucky, carrying
dispatches to Gen. William Henry Harrison in
the field; removed to Sangamon County, 111., in
1828, and, in 1830, was ajipointed Clerk of the
Circuit Court by Judge Stephen T. Logan. In
1859 he served as foreman of the Grand Jury
which investigated the "canal scrip frauds"
charged against ex-Governor Matteson, and it
was largely through his influence tliat the pro-
ceedings of that body were subsequently pub-
lished in an official form. During the same year
Governor Bissell appointed him State Treasurer
to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of
James Miller, and he was elected to the same
office in 18G0. Mr. Butler was an ardent sup-
porter of Abraham Lincoln, whom lie efficiently
befriended in the early struggles of tlie latter
in Springfield. He died in Springfield. Jan. 11,
1870.
BL'TTERFIELD, Justin, early lawyer, was
born at Keene, N. II., in 1790. He studied at
Williams College, and was admitted to the bar
at Watertown, N. Y., in 1812. After some years
devoted to practice at Adams and at Sackett's
Harbor, N. Y., he removed to New Orleans, where
he attained a high rank at the bar. In 1835 he
settled in Chicago and soon became a leader in
his profession there also. In 1841 he was appointed
hy President Harrison United States District At-
torney for the District of Illinois, and, in 1849, by
President Taylor Commissioner of the General
Land Oflice, one of his chief competitors for the
latter place being Abraham Lincoln. This dis-
tinction he probably owed to the personal influ-
ence of Daniel Webster, then Secretary of State,
of whom Mr. Butterfield was a personal friend
and warm admirer. While Commissioner, he
rendered valuable service to the State in securing
the canal land grant. As a lawyer he was logical
and resourceful, as well as witty and quick at
repartee, yet his chief strength lay before the
Court rather than tlie jury. Numerous stories
are told of his brilliant sallies at the bar and
elsewhere. One of the former relates to his
address before Judge Nathaniel Pope, of the
United States Court at Springfield, in a habeas-
corpus case to secure the release of Joseph Smith,
the Mormon prophet, who was under arrest under
the charge of complicity in an attempt to assassin-
ate Governor Boggs of Missouri. Rising to begin
his argimient, Mr. Butterfield said; "I am to
address the Pope" (bowing to the Court), "sur-
rounded by angels" (bowing still lower to a party
of ladies in the audience), "in the presence of
the holy apostles, in behalf of the prophet of
the Lord." On another occasion, being asked if
he was opposed to the war with ^Mexico, he
replied. "I opposed one war" — meaning his
opposition as a Federalist to the War of 1813 —
"but learned the folly of it. Henceforth I am for
war, pestilence and famine." He died, Oct. 25,
1855.
BYFORl), William H., physician and author,
was born at Eaton, Ohio, March 20, 1817; in 1830
came with liis widowed mother to Crawford
County, 111., and began learning the tailor's
trade at Palestine; later studied medicine at
Vinoennes and practiced at different points in
Indiana. Meanwhile, having graduated at the
Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, in 1850, he
assumed a professorship in a Medical College at
Evansville, Ind., also editing a medical journal.
In 1857 he removed to Chicago, where he ac-
cepted a chair in Rush Medical College, but two
years later became one of tlie founders of the
Chicago Medical College, where he remained
twerty years. He then (1879) returned to Rush,
assuming the chair of Gynecology. In 1870 he
assisted in founding the Woman's Medical Col-
lege of Chicago, remaining President of the
Faculty and Board of Trustees until his death,
May 21, 1890. He published a number of medical
works which are regarded as standard by the
profession, besides acting as associate of Dr. N. S.
Davis in the editorship of "The Chicago Medical
Journal" and as editor-in-chief of "The Medical
Journal and Examiner." the successor of the
former. Dr. Byford was held in the highest
esteem as a physician and a man, both by the
general public and his professional associates.
BYROX, a village of Ogle County, in a pictur-
esque region on Rock River, at junction of the
Chicago Great Western and the Chicago, Mil-
waukee & St. Paul Railways. 83 miles west-north-
west from Chicago; is in rich farming and dairy-
ing district; has two banks and two weekly
papers. Population (1890), 698; (1900), 1,015.
CABLE, a town in Mercer County, on the Rock
Island & Peoria Railroad, 20 miles south by east
from Rock Island. Coal-mining is tlie principal
industry, but there are also tile works, a good
quality of clay for manufacturing purposes being
found in abundance. Population (ISSO), 572-,
(1890), 1,270; (1900), 697.
CABLE, Benjamin T., capitalist and politiciaD,
was born in Georgetown. Scott County, Ky..
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
71
August 11, 1853. "When lie was three years old
his father's family removed to Rock Island, 111.,
where he has since resided. After passing
through the Rock Island public schools, he matric-
ulated at the University of Michigan, graduating
in June, 1876. He owns extensive ranch and
manufacturing property, and is reputed wealthy ;
is also an active Democratic politician, and influ-
ential in his party, liaving been a member of both
the National and State Central Committees. In
1890 he was elected to Congress from the Eleventh
Illinois District, but since 1893 has held no public
office.
CABLE, Ransom R., railway manager, was
born in Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 28, 1834.
His early training was mainly of the practical
sort, and by the time he was 17 years old he was
actively employed as a lumberman. In 1857 he
removed to Illinois, first devoting his attention
to coal mining in the neigliborliood of Rock
Island. Later he became interested in the pro-
jection and management of railroads, being in
turn Superintendent, Vice-President and Presi-
dent of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. His
next position was that of General Manager of the
Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad. His
experience in these positions rendered him famil-
iar with both the scope and the details of railroad
management, while his success brought him to
the favorable notice of those who controlled rail-
way interests all over the country. In 1876 he
•was elected a Director of the Chicago, Rock
Island & Pacific Railway. In connection with
this company he has held, successively, the
offices of Vice-President, Assistant to the Presi-
dent, General Manager and President, being chief
executive officer since 1880. (See Chicago, Rock-
Island & Pacific Railway.)
CAHOKIA, the first permanent white settle-
ment in Illinois, and, in French colonial times,
one of its principal towns. French Jesuit mis-
sionaries established the mission of the Tamaroas
here in 1700, to which they gave the name of
"Sainte Famille de Caoquias," antedating the
settlement at Kaskaskia of the same year by a
few months. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were
jointly made the county -seats of St. Clair County,
wlien that county was organized by Governor St.
Clair in 1790. Five years later, when Randolph
County was set oflf from St. Clair, Cahokia was
continued as the county-seat of the parent
county, so remaining until the removal of the
seat of justice to Belleville in 1S14. Like its
early rival, Kaskaskia, it has dwindled in impor-
tance until, in 1890, its population was estimated
at 100. Descendants of the early French settlers
make up a considerable portion of the present
population. The site of the old town is on the
line of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail-
road, about four miles from East St. Louis.
Some of the most remarkable Indian mounds in
the Mississippi Valley, known as "the Cahokia
Mounds," s»re located in the vicinity. (See Mound-
Builders, Works of the.)
CAIRXES, Abraham, a native of Kentucky, in
1816 settled in that part of Crawford County, III,
which was embraced in Lawrence County on the
organization of the latter in 1821. Mr. Cairnes
was a member of the House for Crawford County
in the Second General Assembly (1820-22). and
for Lawrence County in the Third (1822-24). in
the latter voting against the pro-slavery Conven-
tion scheme. He removed from Lawrence
County to some point on the Mississippi River in
1826, but further details of his history are un-
known.
CAIRO, the county -seat of Alexander County,
and the most important river point between St.
Louis and Memphis. Its first charter was ob-
tained from the Territorial Legislature by Shad-
rach Bond (afterwards Governor of Illinois) , John
G. Comyges and others, who incorporated the
"City and Bank of Cairo. " The company entered
about 1,800 acres, but upon the death of Mr. Comy-
ges, the land reverted to the Government. The
forfeited tract was re-entered in 1835 by Sidney
Breese and others, who later transferred it to tlie
"Cairo City and Canal Company," a corporation
chartered in 1837, which, by purchase, increased
its holdings to 10,000 acres. Peter Stapleton is
said to have erected the first house, and John
Hawley the second, within the town limits. In
consideration of certain privileges, the Illinois
Central Railroad has erected around the water
front a substantial levee, eighty feet wide. Dur-
ing the Civil War Cairo was an important base
for military operations. Its population, according
to the census of 1900, was 12,566. (See also Alex-
ander County.)
CAIRO BRIDGE, THE, one of the triumphs of
modern engineering, erected by tlie Illinois Cen-
tral Railroad Company across the Ohio River,
opposite the city of Cairo. It is the longest
metallic bridge across a river in the world, being
thirty-three feet longer than the Tay Bridge, in
Scotland. The work of construction was begun,
July 1, 1887. and uninterruptedly prosecuted for
twenty-.seven months, being completed, Oct. 29.
1889. The first train to cross it was made up of
ten locomotives coupled together. The ap-
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLIXOIS.
proaclies from both the lUinois and Kentucky
shores consist of iron viaducts and weil-braced
timber trestles. The Illinois viaduct approach
consists of seventeen spans of 150 feet each, and
one span of 106 »i feet. All these rest on cylin-
der piers filled with concrete, and are additionally
supported by piles driven \yithin the cylinders.
The viaduct on the Kentucky shore is'of similar
general construction. The total number of spans
is twenty-two — twenty-one being of 150 feet each,
and one of lOG'^: feet. The total length of the
metal work, from end to end, is 10,650 feet,
including that of the bridge proper, which is
4.644 feet. The latter consists of nine through
spans and three deck spans. The through spans
rest on ten first-class masonry piers on pneumatic
foimdations. The total length of the bridge,
including the timber trestles, is 20,461 feet — about
dji miles. Tour-fifths of the Illinois trestle
work has been filled in with earth, while that on
the southern shore has been virtually replaced by
an embankment since the completion of the
bridge. The bridge proper stands 104.43 feet in
the clear above low water, and from the deepest
foundation to the top of the highest iron work is
248.94 feet. The total cost of the work, including
the filling and embankment of the trestles, has
been (1895) between .$3,250,000 and §3,500,000.
CAIRO, VINCENNES & CHICAGO RAIL-
ROAD, a division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railway, extending from
Danville to Cairo (261 miles), with a branch nine
miles in length from St. Francisville, 111., to Vin-
cennes, Ind. It was chartered as the Cairo &
Vincennes Railroad in 1867, completed in 1872,
placed in the hands of a receiver in 1874, sold
under foreclosure in January, 1880, and for some
time operated as the Cairo Division of the
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. In 1889,
having been surrendered by the Wabash, St.
Louis & Pacific Railway, it was united with the
Danville & Southwestern Railroad, reorganized as
the Cairo, Vincennes & Chicago Railroad, and,
in 1890, leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi-
cago & St. Louis Railway, of which it is known
as the "Cairo Division. " (See Cleveland, Cincin-
nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railurit/.)
CAIRO ii ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. (See St.
Louis & Cairo Railroad and Mobile & Ohio Rail-
u-ay. )
CAIRO & VI>CE>>ES RAILROAD. (See
Cairo, Vincennes <& Chicago Railro<id. )
CALDWELL, (Dr.) George, early physician
and legislator (the name is spelled both Cadwell
and Caldwell in the early records), was born at
Wethersfield, Conn., Feb. 21, 1773, and received
his literary education at Hartford, and his pro-
fessional at Rutland, Vt. He married a daughter
of Hon. Matthew Lyon, who was a native of
Ireland, and who served two terms in Congress
from Vermont, four from Kentucky (1803-11),
and was elected the first Delegate in Congress
from Arkansas Territory, but died before taking
his seat in August, 1822. Lyon was also a resi-
dent for a time of St. Louis, and was a candidate
for Delegate to Congress from Missouri Territorj-,
but defeated by Edward Hempstead (see Hem2>
stead, Edward). Dr. Caldwell descended the
Ohio River in 1799 in company with Lyon's
family and his brother-in-law, John Messinger
(see Messinger, John), who afterwards became a
prominent citizen of St. Clair County, the party
locating at EddyviUe, Ky. In 1802, Caldwell
and Messinger removed to Illinois, landing near
old Fort Chartres, and remained some time in
the American Bottom. The former finally
located on the banks of the Mississippi a few
miles above St. Louis, where he practiced his
profession and held various public offices, includ-
ing those of Justice of the Peace and County
Judge for St. Clair County, as also for Madison
County after the organization of the latter. He
served as State Senator from Madison County
in the First and Second General Assemblies.
(1818-22), and, having removed in 1820 within thft
limits of what is now Morgan County (but still
earlier embraced in Greene), in 1822 was elected
to the Senate for Greene and Pike Counties —
the latter at that time embracing all the northern
and northwestern part of the State, including
the coimty of Cook. During the following ses-
sion of the Legislature he was a sturdy opponent
of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. His
home in Morgan Coimty was in a locality known
as "Swinerton's Point," a few miles west of
Jacksonville, where he died, August 1, 1826.
(See Slavery and Slave Lairs.) Dr. Caldwell (or
Cadwell, as he was widely known) commanded
a high degree of respect among early residents of
Illinois. Governor Reynolds, in his "Pioneer
History of Illinois,'' says of him: "He was
moral and correct in his public and private life,
. . . was a respectable physician, and always
maintained an unblemished character."
CALHOUN, John, pioneer printer and editor,
was born at Watertown, N. Y., April 14, 1808;
learned the printing trade and practiced it in his
native town, also working in a type-foundry in
Albany and as a compositor in Troy. In the fall
of 1833 he came to Chicago, bringing with him
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
an outfit for the publication of a weekly paper,
ajid, on Nov. 20, began the issue of "The Chicago
Democrat" — the first paper ever published in that
city. Mr. Calhoun retained the management of
the paper three years, transferring it in Novem-
ber, 1836, to John Wentworth, who conducted it
imtil its absorption by "The Tribune" in July,
1861. Mr. Calhoun afterwards served as County
Treasurer, still later as Collector, and, finally, as
agent of the lUinois Central Railroad in procur-
ing right of waj' for the construction of its lines.
Died in Chicago, Feb. 20, 1859.
CALHOUN, John, surveyor and politician, was
born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 14, 1806; removed to
Springfield, lU., in 1830, served in the Black
Hawk War and was soon after appointed County
Surveyor. It was under Mr. Calhoun, and by his
appointment, that Abraham Lincoln served for
some time as Deputy Surveyor of Sangamon
County. In 1838 Calhoim was chosen Represent-
ative in the General Assembly, but was defeated
in 1840, though elected Clerk of the House at the
following session. He was a Democratic Presi-
dential Elector in 1844, was an unsuccessful
candidate for the nomination for Governor in
1846, and, for three terms (1849, '50 and '51),
served as Mayor of the city of Springfield. In
1852 he was defeated by Richard Yates (after-
wards Governor and United States Senator), as a
candidate for Congress, but two years later was
appointed by President Pierce Surveyor-General
of Kansas, where he became discreditably con-
spicuous by his zeal in attempting to carry out
the policy of the Buchanan administration for
making Kansas a slave State — especially in con-
nection with the Lecompton Constitutional Con-
vention, with the election of which he had much
to do, and over which he presided. Died at St.
Joseph. Mo., Oct, 25, 1859.
CALHOUX, WilUam J., lawyer, was born in
Pittsburg, Pa., Oct. 5, 1847. After residing at
various points in that State, his family removed
to Ohio, where he worked on a farm until 1864,
when he enlisted as a private in the Nineteenth
Ohio "Volunteer Infantry, serving to the end of
the war. He participated in a number of severe
battles while with Sherman on the march against
Atlanta, returning with General Thomas to Nash-
ville, Tenn. During the last few months of the
war he served in Texas, being mustered out at
San Antonio in that State, though receiving his
final discharge at Columbus, Ohio. After the
war he entered the Poland Union Seminary,
where he became the intimate personal friend of
Maj. William McKinley, who was elected to the
Presidency in 1896. Having graduated at the
seminary, he came to Areola, Douglas County,
111., and began the study of law, later taking a
course in a law school in Chicago, after which he
was admitted to the bar (1875) and estabhshed
himself in practice at Danville as the partner of
the Hon. Joseph B. Mann. In 1882 Mr. Calhoun
was elected as a Republican to the lower branch
of the Thirty-tliird General Assembly and, during
the following session, proved himself one of the
ablest members of that body. In May, 1897, Mr.
Calhoun was appointed by President McKinley a
special envoy to investigate the circumstances,
attending the death of Dr. Ricardo Ruiz, a nat-
uralized citizen of the United States who had
died while a prisoner in the hands of the Spaniards
during the rebellion then in progress in Cuba.
In 1898 he was appointed a member of the Inter-
State Commerce Commission to succeed William
R. Morrison, whose term had expired.
CALHOUN COUNTY, situated between the
Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, just above their
junction. It has an area of 260 square miles,
with a population (1900) of 8,917; was organized
in 1825 and named for John C. Calhoun. Origi-
nally, the county was well timbered and the
early settlers were largelj' engaged in lumbering,
which tended to give the population more or less
of a migratory character. Much of the timber
has been cleared off, and the principal business,
in later years has been agriculture, althougli coal
is found and mined in paying quantities along'
Silver Creek. Tradition has it that the aborig-
ines found the precious metals in the bed of this
stream. It was originally included within the
limits of the Military Tract set apart for the
veterans of the War of 1812. The physical con-
formation of the count3"'s surface exhibits some
peculiarities. Limestone bluffs, rising some-
times to the height of 200 feet, skirt the banks of
both rivers, while through the center of the-
county runs a ridge dividing the two watersheds.
The side vaileys and the top of the central ridge
are alike fertile. The bottom lands are very-
rich, but are liable to inundation. The county-
seat and principal town is Hardin, with a popula-
tion (1890) of 311.
CALLAH.VN, Ethelbert, lawj-er and legislator,
was born near Newark, Ohio, Dec. 17, 1829;
came to Crawford County, 111., in 1849, where he
farmed, taught school and edited, at different
times, "The Wabash Sentinel" and "The Marshall
Telegraph." He early identified himself with
the Republican party, and, in 1864, was the
Republican candidate for Congress in his dis-
74
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
trict ; became a member of the first State Board
of Equalization by appointment of Governor
Oglesby in ISOT ; served in the lower house of the
General Assembly during the sessions of 1875, "91,
'93 and '9o, and, in 1893-95, on a Joint Committee
to revise the State Revenue Laws. He was also
Presidential Elector in 1880, and again in 1888.
Mr. Callahan was admitted to the bar when past
30 years of age, and was President of the State
Bar Association in 1889. His home is at Robinson.
CALUMET RIVER, a .short stream the main
body of which is formed by the union of two
branches which come together at the southern
boundary of the city of Chicago, and which flows
into Lake Michigan a short distance north of the
Indiana State line. The eastern branch, known
as the Grand Calumet, flows in a westerly direc-
tion from Northwestern Indiana and unites with
the Little Calumet from the west, Sji miles from
the mouth of the main stream. From the south-
em limit of Chicago the general course of the
stream is north between Lake Calumet and Wolf
Lake, which it serves to drain. At its mouth,
Calumet Harbor has been constructed, which
admits of the entrance of vessels of heavy
draught, and is a shipping and receiving
point of importance for heavy freight for
the Illinois Steel Works, the PuUman Palace
Car Works and other manufacturing establish-
ments in that vicinity. The river is regarded as
a navigable stream, and has been dredged by the
General Government to a depth of twenty feet
and 200 feet wide for a distance of two miles,
with a depth of sixteen feet for the remainder of
the distance to the forks. The Calumet feeder
for the Illinois and Michigan Canal extends from
the west branch (or Little Calumet) to the canal
in the vicinity of Willow Springs. The stream
was knovm to the early French explorers as "the
CaUmic," and was sometimes confounded by
them with the Chicago River.
CALUMET RIVER RAILROAD, a short line,
4.43 miles in length, lying wholly within Cook
County. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company
is the lessee, but the line is not operated at present
(1898). Its outstanding capital stock is §68,700.
It has no fimded debt, but has a floating debt of
§116,357, making atotal capitalization of .§185,087.
This road extends from One Hundredth Street in
Chicago to Hegewisch, and was chartered in 1883.
(See Pennsyh-ania Railroad.)
CAMBRIDGE, the county-seat of Henry
County, about 160 miles southwest of Chicago,
on the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. It is situ-
ated in a fertile region chiefly devoted to
agriculture and stock-raising. The city is a con-
siderable grain market and has some manufac-
tories. Some coal is also mined. It has a public
library, two newspapers, three banks, good
schools, and handsome public (county) buildings.
Population (1880), 1,203; (1890), United States
census report, 940; (1900), 1,345.
CAMERON, James, Cumberland Presbyterian
minister and pioneer, was born in Kentucky in
1791, came to lUinois in 1815, and, in 1818, settled
in Sangamon County. In 1829 he is said to have
located where the town of New Salem (after-
wards associated with the early liistory of Abra-
ham Lincoln) was built, and of which he and
James Rutledge were the founders. He is also
said to have officiated at tlie funeral of Ann
Rutledge, with whose memory Mr. Lincoln's
name has been tenderly associated by his biog-
raphers. Mr. Cameron subsequently removed
successively to Fulton County, 111., to Iowa and
to California, dying at a ripe old age, in the latter
State, about 1878.
CAMP DOUOLAS, a Federal military camp
established at Chicago early in the War of the
Rebellion, located between Thirty-first Street and
College Place, and Cottage Grove and Forest
Avenues. It was [originally designed and solely
used as a camp of instruction for new recruits.
Afterwards it was utilized as a place of confine-
ment for Confederate prisoners of war. (For
plot to liberate the latter, together with other
similar prisoners in Illinois, see Camp Douglas
Conspiracy.)
CAMP DOUGLAS CONSPIRACY, a plot formed
in 1864 for the liberation of the Confederate
prisoners of war at Chicago (in Camp Douglas),
Rock Island, Alton and Springfield. It was to be
but a preliminary step in the execution of a
design long cherished by the Confederate Gov-
ernment, viz., the seizing of the organized gov-
ernments of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the
formation of a Northwestern Confederacy,
through the cooperation of the "Sons of Lib-
erty." {See Secret Trea.wiiable Societies.) Three
peace commissioners (Jacob Thompson, C. O.
Clay and J. P. Holcomb), who had been sent
from Richmond to Canada, held frequent
conferences with leaders of the treasonable
organizations in the North, including Clement L.
Vallandigham, Bowles, of Indiana, and one
Charles Walsh, who was head of the movement
in Chicago, with a large number of allies in that
city and scattered throughout the States. The
general management of the affair was entrusted
to Capt. Thomas H. Hines, who had been second
niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
in command to the rebel Gen. John Morgan dur-
ing his raid north of the Ohio River, while Col.
Vincent JIarmaduke, of Missouri, and G. St. Leger
Grenfell (an Englishman) were selected to
carry out the military program. Hines followed
out his instructions with great zeal and labored
indefatigably. Thompson's duty was to dis-
seminate incendiary treasonable literature, and
strengthen the timorous "Sons of Liberty" by
the use of argument and money, both he and his
agents being lavishly supplied with the latter.
There was to be a draft in July, 1864, and it was
determined to arm the "Sons of Liberty" for
resistance, the date of uprising being fixed for
July 20. This part of the scheme, however, was
finally abandoned. Captain Hines located him-
self at Chicago, and personally attended to the
distribution of fimds and the purchase of arms.
The date finally fixed for the attempt to liberate
the Southern prisoners was August 29, 1864, when
the National Democratic Convention was to
assemble at Chicago. On that date it was
expected the city would be so crowded that the
presence of the promised force of "Sons" would
not excite comment. The program also included
an attack on the city by water, for which pur-
pose reliance was placed upon a horde of Cana-
dian refugees, under Capt. John B. Castleman.
There were some 26,500 Southern prisoners in the
State at this time, of whom about 8,000 were at
Chicago, 6,000 at Rock Island, 7,500 at Spring-
field, and 5,000 at Alton. It was estimated that
there were 4,000 "Sons of Liberty" in Chicago,
who would be largely reenforced. With these
and the Canadian refugees the prisoners at Camp
Douglas were to be liberated, and the army thus
formed was to march upon Rock Island, Spring-
field and Alton. But suspicions were aroused,
and the Camp was reenforced by a regiment of
infantry and a battery. The organization of the
proposed assaiUng force was very imperfect, and
the great majority of those who were to compose
it were lacking in courage. Not enough of the
latter reported for service to justify an attack,
and the project was postponed. In the meantime
a preliminary part of the plot, at least indirectly
connected with the Camp Douglas conspiracy,
and which contemplated the release of the rebel
officers confined on Johnson's Island in Lake
Erie, had been "nipped in the bud" by the arrest
of Capt. C. H. Cole, a Confederate oflRcer in dis-
guise, on the 19th of September, just as he was
on the point of putting in execution a scheme for
seizing the United States steamer Michigan at
Sandusky, and putting on board of it a Confeder-
ate crew. November 8 was the date next selected
to carry out the Chicago scheme — the day of Presi-
dent Lincoln's second election. The same pre-
liminaries were arranged, except that no water
attack was to be made. But Chicago was to be
burned and flooded, and its banks pillaged.
Detachments -were designated to apply the torch,
to open fire plugs, to levy arms, and to attack
banks. But representatives of the United States
Secret Service had been initiated into the "Sons
of Liberty," and the plans of Captain Hines and
his associates were well known to the authori-
ties. An efficient body of detectives was put
upon their track by Gen. B. J. Sweet, the com-
mandant at Camp Douglas, although some of the
most valuable service in running down the con-
spiracy and capturing its agents, was rendered
by Dr. T. Winslow Ayer of Chicago, a Colonel
Langhorne (an ex-Confederate who had taken
the oath of allegiance without the knowledge of
some of the parties to the plot), and Col. J. T.
Shanks, a Confederate prisoner who was known
as "The Texan." Both Langhorne and Shanks
were appalled at the horrible nature of the plot
as it was unfolded to them, and entered with
zeal into the effort to defeat it. Shanks was
permitted to escape from Camp Douglas, thereby
getting in communication with the leaders of the
plot who assisted to conceal him, while he faith-
fully apprised General Sweet of their plans. On
the night of Nov. 6 — or rather after midnight on
the morning of the 7th — General Sweet caused
simultaneous arrests of the leaders to be made at
their hiding-places. Captain Hines was not
captured, but the following conspirators were
taken into custody : Captains Cantrill and Trav-
erse; Charles Walsh, the Brigadier-General of
the "Sons of Liberty," who was sheltering them,
and in whose barn and house was found a large
quantity of arms and military stores; Cols. St.
Leger Grenfell, W. R. Anderson and J. T.
Shanks; R. T. Semmes, 'Vincent Marmaduke,
Charles T. Daniel and Buckner S. Morris, the
Treasurer of the order. They were tried by
Military Commission at Cincinnati for conspir-
acy. Marmaduke and Morris were acquitted ;
Anderson committed suicide during the trial;
Walsh, Semmes and Daniels were sentenced to
the penitentiary, and Grenfell was sentenced to
be hung, although his sentence was afterward
commuted to life imprisonment at the Dry Tortu-
gas, where he mysteriously disappeared some
years afterward, but whether he escaped or was
drowned in the attempt to do so has never been
known. The British Government liad made
:g
IIISTOKK'AL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
repeated attempts to secure his release, a brother
of his being a General in the British Army.
Daniels managed to escape, and was never recap-
tured, while Walsh and Semmes, after under-
going brief terms of imprisonment, were
pardoned by President Johnson. The subsequent
history of Shanks, who played so prominent a
part in defeating the scheme of wholesale arson,
pillage and assassination, is interesting. While
in prison he had been detailed for service as a
clerk in one of the offices under the direction of .
General Sweet, and, while thus employed, made
the acquaintance of a young lady member of a
loyal family, whom he afterwards married.
After the exposure of the contemplated uprising,
the rebel agents in Canada offered a reward of
.$1,000 in gold for the taking of his life, and he
was bitterly persecuted. The attention o-f Presi-
dent Lincoln was called to the service rendered
by him, and sometime during 1865 he received a
commission as Captain and engaged in fighting
the Indians upon the Plains. The efficiency
shown by Colonel Sweet in ferreting out the con-
spiracy and defeating its consummation won for
him the gratitude of the people of Chicago and
the whole nation, and was recognized by the
Government in awarding him a commission as
Brigadier-General. (See Benjamin J. Siveet,
Cam}} Douglas and Secret Treasonable Societies.)
CAMPBELL, Alexander, legislator and Con-
gressman, was born at Concord, Pa., Oct. 4, 1814.
After obtaining a limited education in the com-
mon schools, at an early age he secured employ-
ment as a clerk in an iron maiiufactorj-. He soon
rose to the position of superintendent, managing
iron-works in Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Mis-
souri, until 1850, when he removed to Illinois,
settling at La Salle. He was twice (1853 and
1853) elected Mayor of that city, and represented
his county in the Twenty-first General Assembly
(18o9). He was also a member of the State
Constitutional Convention of 18G2, and served
one term (1875-77) as Representative in Congress,
being elected as an Independent, but, in 1878, was
defeated for re-election by Philip C. Hayes,
Republican. Mr. Campbell was a zealous friend
of Abraham Lincoln, and, in 1858, contributed
liberally to the expenses of the latter in making
the tour of the State during the debate with
Douglas. He broke with the Republican party
in 187-1 on the greenback issue, which won for
him the title of "Father of the Greenback." His
death occurred at La Salle, August 9, 1898.
CAMPBELL, Antrim, early lawyer, was born
in New Jersey in 1814; came to Springfield, 111.,
in 1S3S; was appointed Master in Chancery for
Sangamon County in 1849, and, in 1861, to a
similar position by the United States District
Court for that district. . Died, August 11, 1868.
CAMPBELL, James R., Congressman and sol-
dier, was born in Hamilton County, 111., May 4,
1853, his ancestors being among the first settlers
in that section of the State; was educated at
Notre Dame Universit}', Ind., read law and was
admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court in 1877 ;
in 1878 purchased "The McLeansboro Times,"
which he has since conducted ; was elected to the
lower house of the General Assembly in 1884, and
again in '86, advanced to the .Senate in 1888, and
re-elected in '93. During his twelve years'
experience in the Legislature he participated, as
a Democrat, in the celebrated Logan-Morrison
contest for the United States Senate, in 1885, and
assisted in the election of Gen. John M. Palmer
to the Senate in 1891. At the close of his last
term in the Senate (1896) he was elected to Con-
gress from the Twentieth District, receiving a
plurality of 2,851 over Orlando Burrell, Repub-
lican, who had been elected in 1894. On the
second call for troops issued by the President
during the Spanish-American War, Mr. Camp-
bell organized a regiment which was mustered in
as the Ninth Regiment Illinois Tolunteers, of
which he was commissioned Colonel and assigned
to the corps of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee at Jackson-
ville, Fla. Although his regiment saw no active
service during the war, it was held in readiness
for that purpose, and, on the occupation of Cuba
in December, 1898, it became a part of the army
of occupation. As Colonel Campbell remained
with his regiment, he took no part in the pro-
ceedings of the last term of the Fifty-fifth Con-
gress, and was not a candidate for re-election in
1898.
CAMPBELL, Thompson, Secretary of State
and Congressman, was born in Chester County,
Pa., in 1811 ; removed in childhood to the western
part of the State and was educated at Jefferson
College, afterwards reading law at Pittsburg.
Soon after being admitted to the bar he removed
to Galena, 111. , where he had acquired some min-
ing interests, and, in 1843, was appointed Secre-
tary of State by Governor Ford, but resigned in
' 1846, and became a Delegate to the Constitutional
Convention of 1847; in 1850 was elected as a
Democrat to Congress from the Galena District,
but defeated for re-election in 1853 by E. B.
Washburne. He was then appointed by President
Pierce Commissioner to look after certain land
grants by the Mexican Government in California,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
77
removing to that State in 1853, but resigned this
position about 185.5 to engage in general practice.
In 1859 he made an extended visit to Europe
■with his family, and, on his return, located in
Chicago, the following year becoming a candidate
for Presidential Elector-at-large on the Breckin-
ridge ticket; in 18G1 returned to California, and,
ou the breaking out of the Civil War, became a
zealous champion of the Union cause, by his
speeches exerting a powerful influence upon the
destiny of the State. He also served in the Cali-
fornia Legislature during the war, and, in 1864,
was a member of the Baltimore Convention
wliich nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency
a second time, assisting most ably in the subse-
quent campaign to carry the State for the Repub-
lican ticket. Died in San Francisco, Dec. 6, 18G8.
CA3IPBELL, William J., lawyer and politi-
cian, was born in Philadelphia in 1850. When
he was two years old his father removed to
Illinois, settling in Cook County. After passing
through the Chicago public schools, Mr. Camp-
bell attended tlie University of Pennsylvania, for
two years, after which he studied law, and was
admitted to the bar in 1875. From that date he
was in active practice and attained prominence
at the Chicago bar. In 1878 he was elected State
Senator, and was re-elected in 1882, serving in all
eight years. At the sessions of 1881, '83 and '85
he was chosen President pro tempore of the
Senate, and, on Feb. 6, 1883, he became Lieuten-
ant-Governor upon the accession of Lieutenant-
Governor Hamilton to the executive office to
succeed Shelby M. Cullom, who had been elected
United States Senator. In 1888 he represented
the First Illinois District in the National Repub-
lican Convention, and was the same year chosen
a member of the Republican National Committee
for Illinois and was re-elected in 1883. Died in
Chicago, March 4, 1896. For several years
immediately preceding his death, Mr. Campbell
was the chief attorney of the Armour Packing
Company of Chicago.
CAMP POINT, a village in Adams County, at
the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy and the Wabash Railroads, 33 miles east-
northeast of Quincy. It is a grain center, has
one flour mill, two feed mills, one elevator, a
pressed brick plant, two banks, four churches, a
high school, and one newspaper. Population
(1890). 1,1.50; (1900), 1,360.
CANAL SCRIP FRAUD. During the session
of the Illinois General Assembly of 1859, Gen.
Jacob Fry, who, as Commissioner or Trustee, had
been associated with the construction of the
Illinois & Michigan Canal from 1837 to 1845,
had his attention called to a check purporting to
have been issued by the Commissioners in 1839,
which, upon investigation, he became convinced
was counterfeit, or had been fraudulently issued.
Having communicated his conclusions to Hon.
Jesse K. Dubois, the State Auditor, in charge of
the work of refunding the State indebtedness, an
inquiry was instituted in the office of the Fund
Commissioner — a position attached to the Gov-
ernor's office, but in the charge of a secretary —
which developed the fact that a large amount of
these evidences of indebtedness had been taken
up through that office and bonds issued therefor
by the State Auditor under the laws for funding
the State debt. A subsequent investigation by the
Finance Committee of the State Senate, ordered
by vote of that body, resulted in the discovery
that, in May and August, 1839, two series of
canal "scrip" (or checks) had been issued by the
Canal Board, to meet temporary demands in the
work of construction — the sum aggregating
§369,059— of which all but §316 had been redeemed
within a few years at the Chicago branch of the
Illinois State Bank. The bank officers testified
that this scrip (or a large part of it) had, after
redemption, been held by them in the bank vaults
without cancellation until settlement was had
with the Canal Board, when it was packed in
boxes and turned over to the Board. After hav-
ing lain in the canal office for several years in
this condition, and a new "Trustee" (as the
officer in charge was now called) having come
into the canal office in 1853, this scrip, with other
papers, was repacked in a shoe-box and a trunk
and placed in charge of Joel A. Matteson, then
Governor, to be taken by him to Springfield and
deposited there. Notliing further was known of
these papers until October, 1854, when $300 of the
scrip was presented to the Secretary of the Fund
Commissioner by a Springfield banker, and bond
issued thereon. This was followed in 1856 and
1857 by larger sums, until, at the time the legis-
lative investigation was instituted, it was found
that bonds to the amount of 8333,183.66 had been
issued on account of principal and interest.
With the exception of the •5300 first presented, it
was shown that all the scrip so funded had been
presented by Governor Matteson, either while in
office or subsequent to his retirement, and the
bonds issued therefor delivered to him — although
none of the persons in whose names the issue was
made were known or ever afterward discovered.
The developments made by the Senate Finance
Conmiittee led to an offer from Matteson to
78
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
indemnify the State, in which he stated that he
had "unconscioiisly and innocently been made
the instrument througli whom a gross fraud upon
the State had been attempted." He therefore
gave to the State mortgages and an indemnifying
bond for the sum shown to liave been funded by
him of this class of indebtedness, upon which the
State, on foreclosure a few years later, secured
judgment for §255,000, although the property on
being sold realized only §238,000. A further
investigation by the Legislature, in 1861, revealed
the fact that additional issues of bonds for similar
scrip had been made amounting to §165,340, for
which the State never received any compensa-
tion. A search through the State House for the
trunk and bo.x placed in the hands of Governor
Matteson in 1853, while the official investigation
was in progress, resulted in the discovery of the
trunk in a condition showing it had been opened,
but the box was never found. The fraud was
made the subject of a protracted investigation
bj- the Grand Jury of Sangamon County in May,
18.59, and, although the jury twice voted to indict
Governor Matteson for larceny, it as often voted
to reconsider, and, on a third ballot, voted to
"ignore the bill."
CAXBY, Richard Spri^^, jurist, was born in
Green County, Ohio, Sept. 30, 1808; was educated
at Miami University and admitted to the bar,
afterwards serving as Prosecuting Attorney,
member of the Legislature and one term (1847-49)
in Congress. In 1863 he removed to Illinois,
locating at Olney, was elected Judge of the
Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit in 1867, resuming
practice at the expiration of his term in 1873.
Died in Richland County, July 27, 1895. Judge
Canby was a relative of Gen. Edward Richard
Spriggs Canby, who was treacherously killed by
the Modocs in California in 1873.
CANXOX, Joseph G., Congressman, was born
at Guilford, N. C, May 7, 1836, and removed to
Illinois in early youth, locating at Danville, "Ver-
milion County. By profession he is a la^^-j^er,
and served as State's Attorney of Vermilion
County for two terms (1861-68). Incidentally,
he is conducting a large banking business at
Danville. In 1872 he was elected as a Republican
to the Forty-third Congress for the Fifteenth Dis-
trict, and has been re-elected biennially ever
since, except in 1890, when he was defeated for
the Fifty-second Congress by Samuel T. Busey.
his Democratic opjwnent. He is now (1898)
serving his twelfth term as the Representative
for the Twelfth Congressional District, and has
been re-elected for a thirteenth term in the Fifty-
sixth Congress (1899-1901). Mr. Cannon has been
an influential factor in State and National poli-
tics, as shown by the fact that he has been Chair-
man of the House Conmiittee on Appropriations
during the important sessions of the Fifty-fourth
and Fifty-fifth Congresses.
CANTON, a flourishing city in Fulton County,
12 miles from the Illinois River, and 28 miles
southwest of Peoria. It is the commercial me-
tropolis of one of the largest and richest counties
in the "corn belt"; also has abundant supplies
of timber and clay for manufacturing purposes.
There are coal mines within the municipal limits,
and various manufacturing establishments.
Among the principal outputs are agricultural
implements, flour, brick and tile, cigars, cigar
boxes, foundry and machine-shop products, fire-
arms, brooms, and marble. The city is lighted
by gas and electricity, has water-works, fire de-
partment, a public library, six ward schools and
one high schoo'., and three newspapers. Popula-
tion (1890), 5,604; (1900), 6,564.
CAPPS, Jabez, pioneer, was born in London,
England, Sept. 9, 1796; came to the United States
in 1817, and to Sangamon County, III, in 1819.
For a time he taught school in what is now
called Round Prairie, in the present County of
Sangamon, and later in Calhoun (the original
name of a part of the city of Springfield), having
among his pupils a number of those who after-
wards became prominent citizens of Central
Illinois. In 1836, in conjunction with two part-
ners, he laid out the town of Mount Pulaski, the
original county-seat of Logan County, where he
continued to live for the remainder of his life,
and where, during its later period, he served as
Postmaster some fifteen years. He also served as
Recorder of Logan Count}' four years. Died,
April 1, 1896, in the 100th year of his age.
CAKBONDALE, a city in Jackson County,
founded in 18.52, 57 miles north of Cairo, and 91
miles from St. Louis. Three lines of railway
center here. The chief industries are coal-min-
ing, farming, stock-raising, fruit-growing and
lumbering. It has two preserving plants, eight
churches, two weekly papers, and four public
schools, and is the seat of tlie Southern Illinois
Normal University. Pop.(1890), 2,382; (1900), 3,318.
CAKBONDALE & SHAWNEETOWN RAIL-
R0.4D, a short line 17'4 miles in length, ex-
tending from Marion to Carbondale, and operated
by the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad
Company, as lessee. It was incorporated as the
Murphysboro & Shawneetown Railroad in 1867;
its name changed in 1869 to The Carbondale &
niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
79
Shawneetown, was opened for business, Dec. 31,
1871, and leased in 1886 for 980 years to the St.
Louis Southern, tlirough which it passed into the
hands of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail-
road, and by lease from the latter, in 1890, became
apart of the Illinois Central System (which see).
CAREY, William, lawyer, was born in the town
of Turner, Maine, Dec. 29, 1826 ; studied law with
General Fessenden and at Yale Law School, was
admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of
Maine in 1856, the Supreme Court of Illinois in
1857, and the Supreme Court of the United
States, on motion of Hon. Lyman Trumbull, in
1873. Judge Carey was a member of the State
Constitutional Convention of 1869-70 from Jo
Daviess County, and the choice of the Republicans
in that body for temporary presiding officer;
was elected to the next General Assembly (the
Twenty-seventh), serving as Chairman of the
House Judiciary Committee through its four ses-
sions; from 1873 to 1876 was United States Dis-
trict Attorney for Utah, still later occupying
various offices at Deadwood, Dakota, and in Reno
County, Kan. The first office held by Judge
Carey in Illinois (that of Superintendent of
Schools for the city of Galena) was conferred
upon him through the influence of John A. Raw-
lins, afterwards General Grant's chief-of-staff
during the war, and later Secretary of War —
although at the time Mr. Rawlins and he were
politically opposed. Mr. Carey's present resi-
dence is in Chicago.
CARLIN, Thomas, former Governor, was born
of Irish ancestry in Fayette County, Ky., July
18, 1789; emigrated to Illinois in 1811, and served
as a private in the War of 1812, and as a Captain
in the Black Hawk War. While not highly edu-
cated, he was a man of strong common sense,
high moral standard, great firmness of character
and unfailing courage. In 1818 he settled in
Greene County, of which he was the first Sheriff ;
was twice elected State Senator, and was Regis-
ter of the Land Office at Quincy, when he was
elected Governor on the Democratic ticket in
1838. An imcompromising partisan, he never-
theless commanded the respect and good-will of
his political opponents. Died at his home in
Carrollton, Feb. U, 1852.
CARLIN, William Passmore, soldier, nephew of
Gov. Tliomas Carlin, was born at Rich Woods,
Greene County, 111., Nov. 24, 1829. At the age
of 21 he graduated from the United States Mili-
tary Academy at West Point, and, in 1855, was
attached to the Sixth United States Infantry as
Lieutenant. After several years spent in Indian
fighting, he was ordered to California, where he
was promoted to a captaincy and assigned to
recruiting duty. On August 15, 1861, he was
commissioned Colonel of the Tliirtj'-eighth Illi-
nois Volunteers. His record during the war was
an exceptionally brilliant one. He defeated Gen.
Jeff. Thompson at Fredericktown, Mo., Oct. 21,
1861 ; commanded the District of Southeast Mis-
souri for eighteen months; led a brigade imder
Slocum in the Arkansas campaign; served with
marked distinction in Kentucky and Mississippi ;
took a prominent part in the battle of Stone
River, was engaged in the TuUahoma campaign,
at Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain and Mission-
ary Ridge, and, on Feb. 8, 1864, was commis-
sioned Major in the Sixteenth Infantry. He also
took part in the Georgia campaign, aiding in the
capture of Atlanta, and marching with Sherman
to the sea. For gallant service in the assault at
Jonesboro, Tenn., Sept. 1, 1864, he was made
Colonel in the regular army, and, on March 13,
1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General for meritori-
ous service at Bentonville, N. C, and Major-
General for services during the war. Colonel
Carlin was retired with the rank of Brigadier-
General in 1893. His home is at Carrollton.
CARLINVILLE, the county-seat of Macoupin
County ; a city and railroad junction, 57 miles
northeast of St. Louis, and 38 miles southwest of
Springfield. Blackburn University (which see)
is located here. Three coal mines are operated,
and there are brick works, tile works, and one
newspaper. The city has gas and electric light
plants and water-works. Population (1880),
3,117; (1890), 3,293; (1900), 3,502.
CARLTLE, the county-seat of Clinton County,
48 miles east of St. Louis, located on the Kaskas-
kia River and the Baltimore & Oliio Southwestern
Railroad. The town has churches, parochial and
public schools, water-works, lighting plant, and
manufactures. It has a flourishing seminary for
young ladies, three weekly papers, and a public
library connected with the high school. Popula-
tion (1890), 1,784; (1900), 1,874.
CARMI, the county-seat of White County, on
the Little Wabash River, 124 miles east of St.
Louis and 38 west of Evansville, Ind. The sur-
rounding country is fertile, yielding both cereals
and fruit. Flouring mills and lumber manufac-
turing, including the making of staves, are the
chief industries, thougli the city has brick and
tile works, a plow factory and foundry. Popula-
tion (1880), 2,512; (1890), 2,785; (1900), 2,939.
CARPENTER, Milton, legislator and State
Treasurer; entered upon public life in Illinois as
IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIISOLS
Representative in tlie Ninth General Assembly
(1S34) from Hamilton County, serving by succes-
sive re-elections in tlie Tenth, Eleventh and
Twelfth. While a member of the latter (1841)
he was elected by the Legislature to the ofiSce of
State Treasurer, retaining this position until tlie
adoption of the Constitution of 1848, when lie was
chosen his own successor by popular vote, but
died a few days after the election in August,
1848. He was buried in what is now known as
the "Old Hutchinson Cemetery"— a burying
ground in the west part of the city of Springfield,
long since abandoned — where his remains still lie
(1897) in a grave unmarked by a tombstone.
CAEPENTER, Philo, pioneer and early drug-
gist, was born of Puritan and Revolutionary
ancestry in the town of Savoy, Mass., Feb. 27,
1805 ; engaged as a druggist's clerk at Troy, N. Y. ,
in 1828, and came to Chicago in 1832, where he
established himself in the drug business, which
was later extended into other lines. Soon after
his arrival, he began investing in lands, which
have since become immensely valuable. Mr.
Carpenter was associated with the late Rev.
Jeremiah Porter in the organization of the First
Presbyterian Church of Chicago, but, in IS.'il,
withdrew on account of dissatisfaction with the
attitude of some of tlie representatives of that
denomination on the subject of slavery, iilentify-
ing himself with the Congregationalist Church,
in wliich he had been reared. He was one of the
original founders and most liberal benefactors of
the Chicago Theological Seminary, to which he
gave in contributions, during his life-time, or in
bequests after his death, sums aggregating not
far from 8100,000. One of the Seminary build-
ings was named in his honor, "Carpenter Hall."
He was identified with various other organiza-
tions, one of the most important being the Relief
and Aid Society, which did such useful %vork
after the fire of 1871. By a life of probity, liber-
ality and benevolence, he won the respect of all
classes, dying, August 7, 1886.
CARPENTER, (Mrs.) Sarah L. Warren, pio-
neer teacher, born iu Fredonia, N. Y., Sept. 1,
1813; at the age of 13 she began teaching at State
Line, N. Y. ; in 1833 removed with her parents
(Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Warren) to Chicago, and
soon after began teaching in what was called the
"Yankee settlement," now the town of Lockport,
Will Count}'. She came to Chicago the following
year (1834) to take the place of assistant of Gran-
ville T. Sproat in a school for boys, and is said to
have been the first teacher paid out of the public
funds in Chicago, though Miss Eliza Cliaii' • '1
(afterwards Mrs. Jeremiah Porter) began teach-
ing the children about Fort Dearborn in 1833,
Miss Warren married Abel E. Carjienter, whom
she survived, dying at Aurora, Kane County,
Jan. 10, 1897.
CARPENTERSVILLE, a village of Kane
County and manufacturing center, on Lake Ge-
neva branch of the Chicago & Northwestern Rail-
road. 6 miles north of East Elgin and about 48
miles from Chicago. Pop. (1890), 754; (1900), 1,002.
CARR, Clark E., lawyer, politician and diplo-
mat, was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y.,
May 20, 1836; at 13 years of age accompanied his
father's family to Galesburg, 111., where he spent
several years at Knox College. In 1857 he gradu-
ated from the Albany Law School, but on return-
ing to Illinois, soon embarked in politics, his
affiliations being uniformly with the Republican
party. His first office was that of Postmaster at
Galesburg, to which lie was appointed by Presi
dent Lincoln in 1861 and which he held for
twenty-four years. He was a tried and valued
assistant of Governor Yates during the War of
the Rebellion, serving on the staff of the latter
with the rank of Colonel. He was a delegate to
the National Convention of his party at Baltimore
in 1864, which renominated Lincoln, and took an
active part in the campaigns of that year, as well
as those of 1868 and 1872. In 1869 he purchased
"The Galesburg Republican," which he edited
and published for two years. In 1880 he was an
unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomi-
nation for Governor ; in 1884 was a delegate to the
Republican National Convention, from the State-
at-large, and, in 1887, a candidate for the caucus
nomination for United States Senator, which was
given to Charles B. Farwell. In 1888 he was
defeated in the Republican State Convention as
candidate for Governor by Joseph W Fifer. In
1889 President Harrison appointed him Minister
to Denmark, which post he filled with marked
ability and credit to the country until his resig-
nation was accepted by President Cleveland,
when he retiwned to his former home at Gales-
burg. While in Denmark lie did much to
promote American trade with that country,
especially in the introduction of American corn
as an article of food, which has led to a large
increase in the annual exportation of this com-
modity to Scandinavian markets.
CARR, Eugene A., soldier, was born in Erie
County, N. Y., May 20, 1830, and graduated at
West Point in 18.'J0, entering the Mounted Rifles.
Until 1801 he was stationed in the Far West, and
eng:iged in Indian fighting, earning a First Lieu-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
81
tenancy through his gallantry. In ISGl he
entered upon active service under General Lyon,
in Southwest Missouri, taking jjart in the engage-
ments of Dug Springs and Wilson's Creek,
winning the brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel. In
September, 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of
the Third Illinois Cavalry, He served as acting
Brigadier-General in Fremont's hundred-day
expedition, for a time commanding the Fourth
Division of the Army of the Southwest. On the
second day at Pea Ridge, although three times
wounded, he remained on the field seven hours,
and materially aided in securing a victory, for
his bravery being made Brigadier-General of
Volunteers. In the summer of 1863 he was
promoted to the rank of Major in the Regular
Army. During the Vicksburg campaign he com-
manded a division, leading the attack at Magnolia
Church, at Port Gibson, and at Big Black River,
and winning a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcj- in
the United States Army. He also distinguished
himself for a first and second assault upon taking
Vicksbirrg, and, in the autumn of 1862, com-
manded the left wing of the Sixteenth Corps at
Corinth. In December of that year he was
transferred to the Department of Arkansas,
where he gained new laurels, being brevetted
Brigadier-General for gallantry at Little Rock,
and Major-General for services during the war.
After the close of the Civil War, he was stationed
chiefly in the West, where he rendered good serv-
ice in the Indian campaigns. In 1894 he was
retired with the rank of Brigadier-General, and
has since resided in New York.
CARRIEL, Henry P., M.D., alienist, was born
at Charlestown, N. H., and educated at Marlow
Academy, N. H., and Wesleyan Seminary, Vt. ;
graduated from the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York City, in 1857, and immedi-
ately accepted the position of Assistant Physician
in the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum,
remaining until 1870. Meanwhile, however, he
visited a large number of the leading hospitals
and asylums of Europe. In 1870, Dr. Carriel
received the appointment of Superintendent of
the Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane at
Jacksonville, a position which he continued to
fill until 1893, when he voluntarily tendered to
Governor Altgeld his resignation, to take effect
July 1 of that year.— Mrs. Mary Turner (Carriel),
wife of Dr. Carriel, and a daughter of Prof.
Jonathan B. Turner of Jacksonville, was elected
a Trustee of the University of Illinois on the Repub-
lican ticket in 1896, receiving a plurality of 118,039
over Julia Holmes Smith, her highest competitor.
CARROLL COUNTY, originally a part of Jo
Daviess County, but set apart and organized in
1839, named for Charles Carroll of CarroUton. The
first settlements were in and around Savanna,
Cherry Grove and Arnold"s Grove. The first
Coimty Commissioners were Messrs. L. H, Bor-
den, Garner Moffett and S. M. Jersey, who held
their first court at Savanna. April 13, 1839. In
1843 the county-seat was changed from Savanna
to Mount Carroll, where it yet remains. Town-
ships were first organized in 1850, and the
development of the county has steadily pro-
gressed since that date. The surface of the land
is rolling, and at certain points decidedly pictur-
esque. The land is generally good for farming.
It is well timbered, particularlj' along the Mis-
sissippi. Area of the county, 440 square miles;
population, 18,963. Mount Carroll is a pleasant,
prosperous, wide-awake town, of about 2,000
inhabitants, and noted for its excellent public
and private schools.
CARROLLTON, the county-seat of Greene
County, situated on the west branch of the Chi-
cago & Alton and the Quincy, CarroUton & St.
Louis Railroads, 33 miles north-northwest of
Alton, and 34 miles south by west from Jackson-
ville. The town has a foundry, carriage and
wagon factory, two machine shops, two flour
mills, two banks, six churches, a high school, and
two weekly newspapers. Population (1890),
2,2.58; (1900), 2,355.
CARTER, Joseph N., Justice of the Supreme
Court, was born in Hardin County, Ky., March
12, 1843; came to Illinois in boyhood, and, after
attending school at Tuscola four years, engaged
in teaching until 1863, when he entered Illinois
College, graduating in 1866; in 1868 graduated
from the Law Department of the University of
Michigan, the next year establishing himself in
practice at Quincy, where he has since resided.
He was a member of the Thirty-first and Thirty-
second General Assemblies (1878-82), and, in
June, 1894, was elected to the seat on the Supreme
Bench, which he now occupies
CARTER, Thomas Henry, United States Sena-
tor, born in Scioto County, Ohio, Oct, 30, 1854;
in his fifth year was brought to Illinois, his
father locating at Pana, where he was educated
in the public schools; was employed in farming,
railroading and teaching several years, then
studied law and was admitted to the bar. and. in
1882, removed to Helena, Mont., wljere he en-
gaged in practice: was elected, as a Republican
the last Territorial Delegate to Congress from
Idaho and the fii-st Representative from the new
82
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
St;ite; was Commissioner of the General Land
(Jttice (1891-92), and. in 1895, was elected to the
United States Senate for the term ending in 19U1.
In 189-2 he was chosen Chairman of the Repub-
lican National Committee, serving until the St.
Louis Convention of 1896.
CARTERVILLE, a city in Williamson County,
10 miles by rail northwest of Marion. Coal min-
ing is the principal industry. It has a bank, five
churches, a public school, and a weekly news-
paper. Population (1880), 602; (1890), 969; (1900),
1,749; (1904, est.), 2,000.
C.4RTHAGE, a city and the county-seat of
Hancock County, 18 miles east of Keokuk, Iowa,
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincyand the Wa-
bash Railroads; has water-works, electric lights,
three banks, four trust companies, four weekly
and two semi-weekly papers, and is the seat of a
Lutheran College. Pop. (1890), 1,654; (1900), 2,104.
CARTHAGE COLLEGE, at Carthage, Hancock
County, incorporated in 1871 ; has a teaching
faculty of twelve members, and reports 158 pupils
— sixty-eight men and ninety women — for 1897-98.
It has a library of 5,000 volumes and endowment
of §32,000. Instruction is given in the classical,
scientific, musical, fine arts and business depart-
ments, as well as in preparatory studies. In 1898
this institution reported a property valuation of
$41,000. of wliich S:?,-|. 11(111 w;is in real estate.
cartha(;e a. iu klixgton railroad.
(See Chinuj,,. nnrUm,t<„i <t- Qiiinaj Railroad.)
CARTWRUiHT, James Henry, Justice of the
Supreme Court, was born at Maquoketa, Iowa,
Dec. 1, 1842 — the son of a frontier Methodist
clergyman; was educated at Rock River Semi-
nary and the University of Michigan, graduating
from the latter in 1867 ; began practice in 1870 at
Oregon, Ogle County, which is still his home ; in
1888 was elected Circuit Judge to succeed Judge
Eustace, deceased, and in 1891 assigned to Appel-
late Court duty ; in December, 1895, was elected
Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Justice
John M. Bailey, deceased, and re-elected in
1897.
CARTWRIGHT, Peter, pioneer Methodist
preacher, was born in Amherst County, Va.,
Sept. 1, 1785, and at the age of five years accom-
panied his father (a Revolutionary veteran) to
Logan County, Ky. The country was wild and
unsettled, there were no schools, the nearest mill
was 40 miles distant, the few residents wore
homespun garments of flax or cotton ; and coffee,
tea and sugar in domestic use were almost un-
known. Methodist circuit riders soon invaded
the district, and, at a camp meeting held at Cane
Ridge in 1801, Peter received his first religious-
impressions. A few months later he abandoned
his reckless life, sold his race-horse and abjured
gambling. He began preaching imniediately
after his conversion, and, in 1803. was regularly
received into the ministry of the Methodist Epis-
copal Church, althougli only 18 years old. In
1823 he removed to Illinois, locating in Sangamon
Coimty, then but sparsely settled. In 1828, and
again in 1833, he was elected to the Legislatirre,
where his homespun wit and undaunted courage
stood him in good stead. For a long series of
years he attended annual conferences (usually as.
a delegate), and was a conspicuous figure at
camp-meetings. Although a Democrat all his
life, he was an uncompromising antagonist of
slavery, and rejoiced at the division of bis-
denomination in 1844. He was also a zealous-
supporter of the Government during the Civil
War. In 1846 he was a candidate for Congress-
on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated by
Abraham Lincoln. He -svas a powerful preacher,
a tireless worker, and for fifty years served as a
Presiding Elder of his denomination. On the
lecture platform, his quaintness and eccentricity,
together with his inexhaustible fund of personal
anecdotes, insured an interested audience.
Numerous stories are told of his physical prowess
in overcoming unruly characters whom he had
failed to convince by moral suasion. Inside the
church he was equally fearless and outspoken,
and his strong common sense did much to pro-
mote the success of the denomination in the
West. He died at his home near Pleasant Plains,
Sangamon County, Sept. 25, 1872. His principal
published works are "A Controversy with the
Devil" (1853), "Autobiography of Peter Cart-
■wright" (1856), "The Backwoods Preacher"
(London, 1869), and several works on Methodism.
GARY, Eugene, lawyer and insurance manager,
was born at Boston, Erie County, X. Y., Feb. 20,
1835; began teaching at sixteen, meanwhile
attending a select school or academy at intervals;
studied law at Sheboygan, Wis., and Buffalo,
N. Y., 1855-56; served as City Attorney and
later as County Judge, and, in 1861, enlisted in
the First Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers, serv-
ing as a Captain in the Army of the Ciunberland,
and the last two years as Judge-Advocate on the
staff of General Rousseau. After the war he
settled at Nashville, Tenn., where he held the
office of Judge of the First District, but in 1871
he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1883,
was the High-License candidate for Mayor in
opposition to Mayor Harrison, and believed by
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
83
many to have been honestly elected, but counted
out bj' the machine methods then in vogue.
CASAD, Anthony TV'ayne, clergyman and phy-
sician, was born in Wantage Township, Sussex
County, N. J., May 2, 1791; died at Summerfield,
111., Dec. 16, 1857. His father, Rev. Thomas
Casad, was a Baptist minister, who, with his
wife, Abigail Tingley, was among the early
settlers of Sussex County. He was descended
from Dutch-Huguenot ancestry, the family name
being originally Cossart, the American branch
having been founded by Jacques Cossart, who
emigrated from Leyden to New York in 1663.
At the age of 19 Anthony removed to Greene
County, Ohio, settling at Fairfield, near the site
of the present city of Dayton, where some of his
relatives were then residing. On Feb. 6, 1811, he
married Anna, eldest daughter of Captain Samuel
Stites and Martha Martin Stites, her mother's
father and grandfather having been patriot sol-
diers in the War of the Revolution. Anthony
Wayne Casad served as a volunteer from Ohio in
the War of 1813, being a member of Captain
Wm. Stephenson's Company. In 1818 he re-
moved with his wife's father to Union Grove, St.
Clair Coimty, 111. A few years later he entered
the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church,
and during 1831-23 was stationed at Kaskaskia
and Buffalo, removing, in 1833, to Lebanon,
where he taught school. Later he studied medi-
cine and attained considerable prominence as a
practitioner, being commissioned Surgeon of the
Forty-ninth Illinois Infantry in 183.5. He was
one of the founders of McKendree College and a
liberal contributor to its support; was also for
many years Deputy Superintendent of Schools at
Lebanon, served as Count}' Surveyor of St.
Clair County, and acted as agent for Harper
Brothers in the sale of Southern Illinois lands.
He was a prominent Free Mason and an influ-
ential citizen. His youngest daughter, Amanda
Keziah, married Rev. CoUu D. James (which see).
CASEY, a village of Clark County, at the inter-
section of the Vandalia Line and the Chicago &
Ohio River Railroad, 35 miles southwest of Terre
Haute. Population (1890), 844; (1900), 1,500.
CASEY, Zadoc, pioneer and early Congressman,
was born in Georgia, March 17, 1796, the young-
est son of a soldier of the Revolutionary War who
removed to Tennessee about 1800. The subject
of this sketch came to Illinois in 1817, bringing
with him his widowed mother, and settling in
the vicinity of the present city of Mount Veruon,
in Jefferson County, where he acquired great
prominence as a politician and became the liead
of an influential family. He began preaching at
an early age, and continued to do so occasionally
through his political career. In 1819, he took a
prominent part in the organization of Jefferson
Coimty, serving on the first Board of County
Commissioners; was an unsuccessful candidate
for the Legislature in 1830, but was elected
Representative in 1833 and re-elected two years
later ; in 1826 was advanced to the Senate, serv-
ing until 1830, when he was elected Lieutenant-
Governor, and during his incumbency took part
in the Black Hawk War. On March 1, 1833, he
resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship to accept
a seat as one of the three Congressmen from
Illinois, to which he had been elected a few
months previous, being subsequentl}' re-elected
for four consecutive terms. In 1842 he was
again a candidate, but was defeated bj- John A.
McClernand. Other public positions held by him
included those of Delegate to the Constitutional
Conventions of 1847 and 1862, Representative in
the Sixteenth and Seventeenth General Assem-
blies (1848-52), serving as Speaker in the former.
He was again elected to the Senate in 1860, but
died before the expiration of his term, Sept. 4,
1863. During the latter years of his life he was
active in securing the right of way for the Ohio
& Mississippi Railroad, the original of the Mis-
sissippi division of the Baltimore, Ohio & South-
western. He commenced life in poverty, but
acquired a considerable estate, and was the donor
of the ground upon which the Supreme Court
building for the Southern Division at Mount
Vernon was erected. — Dr. Xewton R. (Casey),
son of the preceding, was born in Jefferson
County, 111., Jan. 37, 1836, received his pri-
mary education in the local schools and at Hills-
boro and Mount Vernon Academies; in 1842
entered the Ohio University at Athens in that
State, remaining until 1845, when be com-
menced the stud}' of medicine, taking a course
of lectures the following year at the Louisville
Medical Institute; soon after began practice,
and, in 1847, removed to Benton, 111., returning
the following year to Mount Vernon. In
1856-57 he attended a second course of lectm-es at
the Missouri Medical College, St. Louis, the latter
year removing to Mound City, where he filled a
number of positions, including that of Mayor
from 1859 to 1864, when he declined a re-election.
In 1860, Dr. Casey served as delegate from Illi-
nois to the Democratic National Convention at
Charleston, S. C and, on the establishment of
the United States Government Hospital at Mound
Citv, in 1861, acted for some time as a volunteer
84
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
surgeon, later serving as Assistant Surgeon. In
1866, he was elected Representative in the
Twenty-fifth General Assembly and re-elected in
1868, when he was an unsuccessful Democratic
candidate for Sjjeaker in o]iposition to Hon. S. M.
CuUom; also again served as Representative in
the Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1872-74).
Since retiring from public life Dr. Casey has
given his attention to the practice of his profes-
sion.—Col. Thomas S. (Casey), another son, was
born in Jefferson County, 111., April 6, 1832,
educated in the common schools and at McKend-
ree College, in due com-se receiving the degree of
A.JI. from the latter; studied law for three
years, being admitted to the bar in 1854; in 1860,
was elected State's Attorney for the Twelfth
Judicial District; in September, 1862, was com-
missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Tenth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was mustered out
May 16, 1863, having in the meantime taken part
in the battle of Stone River and other important
engagements in Western Tennessee. By this
time his regiment, having been much reduced
in numbers, was consolidated with the Sixtieth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry. In 1864, he was
again elected State's Attorney, serving until
18C8; in 1870, was chosen Representative, and, in
1873, Senator for the Mount Vernon District for
a term of four years. In 1879, he was elected Cir-
cuit Judge and was immediately assigned to
Appellate Court duty, soon after the expiration of
his term, in 188.5, removing to Springfield, where
he died, March 1, 1891.
CASS COUNTY, situated a little west of the
center of the State, with an area of 360 square
miles and a population (1900) of 17,222 — named
for Gen. Lewis Cass. French traders are believed
to have made the locality of Beardstown their
headquarters about the time of the discover}- of
the Illinois country. The earhest permanent
white settlers came about 1820, and among them
were Thomas Beard, Martin L. Lindsley, John
Cetrough and Archibald Job. As early as 1821
there was a horse-mill on Indian Creek, and, in
1827. M. L Lindsley conducted a school on the
bluffs. Peter Cartwright, the noted Methodist
missionary and evangelist, was one of the earliest
preiichers, and among the pioneers may be named
Messrs. Robertson, Toplo, IMcDonald, Downing,
Davis, Shepherd, Penny, Bergen and Hopkins.
Beardstown was the original county-seat, ftnd
during both the Black Hawk and Mormon
troubles was a depot of supplies and rendezvous
for troops. Here also Stephen A. Douglas made
his iirst political speech. The site of the town,
as at present laid out, was at one time sold by
Mr. Downing for twenty-five dollars. The
coimty was set off from Morgan in 1837. The
principal towns are Beardstown, Virginia, Chand-
lerville, Ashland and Arenzville. The county-
seat, formerly at Beardstown, was later removed
to Virginia, where it now is. Beardstown was
incorporated in 1837, with about 700 inhabitants.
Virginia was platted in 1836, but not incorporated
until 1842.
CASTLE, Orlando Lane, educator, was born at
Jericho, Vt., July 26, 1822; graduated at Denison
University, Ohio, 1846; spent one year as tutor
there, and, for several years, had charge of the
public schools of Zanesville, Ohio. In 18.j8, he
accepted the chair of Rhetoric, Oratory and
Belles-Lettres in Shm-tleff College, at Upper
Alton, 111., remaining until his death, Jan. 31,
1892. Professor Castle received the degree of
LL.D. from Denison University in 1877.
CATHERWOOD, Mary Hartwell, author, was
born (Hartwell) in Luray, Ohio, Dec. 16, 1844,
educated at the Female College, Granville, Ohio,
where she graduated, in 1868, and, in 1887, was
married to James S. Catlierwood, with whom she
resides at Hoopeston, 111. Mrs. Catlierwood is the
author of a number of works of fiction, which
have been accorded a high rank. Among her
earlier productions are "Craque-o'-Doom" (1881),
"Rocky Fork" (1882), "Old Caravan Days"
(1884), "The Secrets at Roseladies" (1888), "The
Romance of Dollard" and "The Bells of St.
Anne" (18.S9). During the past few years she
has shown a predilection for subjects connected
with early Illinois history, and has published
popular romances under the title of "The Story
of Tonty," "The White Islander," "The Lady of
Fort St. John," "Old Kaskaskia" and "The Chase
of Sant Castin and other Stories of the French
in the New World."
CATON, John Dean, early lawyer and jurist,
was born in Monroe County. N. Y., March 19,
1812. Left to the care of a widowed mother at
an early age, his childhood was spent in poverty
and manual labor. At 1.5 he was set to learn a
trade, but an infirmity of sight compelled him to
abandon it. After a brief attendance at an
academy at Utica, where he studied law between
the ages of 19 and 21, in 1833 he removed to
Chicago, and shortly afterward, on a visit to
Pekin, was examined and licensed to practice by
Judiie Stephen T. Logan. In 1834, he was elected
Justice of the Peace, served as Alderman in
1837-38, and sat upon the bench of the Supreme
Court from 1842 to 1864, when he resigned, hav-
a^.
UMpEWiMiM.,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
85
ing serred nearly twenty-two years. During
this period he more than once occupied the posi-
tion of Chief -Justice. Being embarrassed by the
financial stringency of 1837-38, in the latter year
he entered a tract of land near Plainfield, and,
taking liis family with him, began farming.
Later in life, while a resident of Ottawa, he
became interested in the construction of telegraph
lines in the West, wliich for a time bore his name
and were ultimately incorporated in the "West-
ern Union," laying the foundation of a large
fortune. On retiring from the bench, he devoted
himself for the remainder of his life to his private
affairs, to travel, and to literary labors. Among
his published works are "The Antelope and Deer
of America," "A Summer in Norway." "Miscel-
lanies," and "Early Bench and Bar of Illinois."
Died in Chicago, July 30, 189.5.
CATARLT, Alfred W., early lawyer and legis-
lator; was born in Connecticut, Sept. 15, 1793;
served as a soldier in the War of 1812, and, in
1823, came to Illinois, first settling at Edwards-
ville, and soon afterwards at Carrollton, Greene
County. Here he was elected Representative in
the Fifth General Assembly (1820), and again to
the Twelfth (184U) ; also served as Senator in the
Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Assemblies
(1842-48), acting, in 1845, as one of the Commis-
sioners to revise the statutes. In 1844, he was
chosen a Presidential Elector, and, in 1846, was a
prominent candidate for the Democratic nomi-
nation for Governor, but was defeated in conven-
tion by Augustus C. French. Jlr. Cavarly was
prominent both in his profession and in the
Legislature while a member of that body. In
1853, he removed to Ottawa, where he resided
until his death, Oct. 25, 1876.
CENTERVILLE (or Central City), a village in
the coal-mining district of Grundy County, near
Coal City. Population (1880). 673: (1900). 290.
CENTRAL HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE,
established under act of the Legislature passed
March 1, 1847, and located at Jacksonville, Jlor-
gan County. Its founding was largely due to the
philanthropic efforts of Miss Dorothea L. Dix,
who addressed the people from the platform and
appeared before the General Assembly in behalf
of this class of unfortunates. Construction of
the building was begun in 1848. By 1851 two
wards were ready for occupancy, and the first
patient was received in November of that year.
The first Superintendent was Dr. J. M. Higgins,
who served less than two years, when he was suc-
ceeded by Dr. H. K. Jones, who had been Assist-
ant Superintendent. Dr. Jones remained as
Acting Superintendent for several months, when
the place was filled by the appointment of Dr.
Andrew McFarland of New Hampshire, ids
administration continuing until 1870, when he
resigned on account of ill-health, being succeeded
by Dr. Henry F. Carriel of New Jersey. Dr.
Carriel tendered his resignation in 1893, and,
after one or two further changes, in 1897 Dr.
F. C. Winslow, who had been Assistant Superin-
tendent imder Dr. Carriel, was placed in charge
of the institution. The original plan of construc-
tion provided for a center building, five and a
half stories high, and two wings with a rear
extension in which were to be the chapel, kitchen
and employes' quarters. Subsequently these
wings were greatly enlarged, permitting an
increase in the number of wards, and as the
exigencies of the institution demanded, appropri-
ations have been made for the erection of addi-
tional buildings. Numerous detached buildings
have been erected within the past few years, and
the capacity of the institution greatly increased
—"The Annex" admitting of the introduction of
many new and valuable features in the classifica-
tion and treatment of patients. The number of
inmates of late years has ranged from 1,200 to
1,400. The counties fron. which patients are
received in this institution embrace: Rock
Island, Mercer, Henry, Bureau, Putnam, Mar-
shall. Stark, Klnox. Warren, Henderson, Hancock,
McDonough, Fulton, Peoria, Tazewell, Logan,
Mason, Menard, Cass, Schuyler. Adams, Pike,
Calhoim, Brown, Scott, Morgan, Sangamon,
Christian, Montgomery, Macoupin, Greene and
Jersey.
CEXTRALIA, a city and railway center of
Marion County, 250 miles south of Chicago. It
forms a trade center for the famous "fruit belt"
of Southern Illinois; has a number of coal mines,
a glass plant, an envelope factory, iron foundries,
railroad repair shops, fiour and rolling mills, and
an ice plant ; also has water- works and sewerage
system, a fire department, two daily papers, and
excellent graded schools. Several parks afford
splendid pleasure resorts. Population (1890),
4,763; (1900), 6,721; (1903. est.), 8.000.
CENTRALIA & ALTAMOXT RAILROAD.
(See Cciifirilia d- Chester Railroad.)
CENTRALIA & CHESTER RAILROAD, a rail-
way line wholly within the State, extending
from Salem, in Marion County, to Chester, on the
Mississippi River (Sl.O miles), with a lateral
branch from Sparta to Roxborough (5 miles), and
trackage facilities over the Illinois Central from
the branch junction to Centralia (2.9 miles) —
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
total, 99.5 miles. The original line was chartered
as the Centralia & Chester Railroad, in December,
1SS7, completed from Sparta to Coulterville in
1889, and consolidated the same year with the
Sparta & Evansville and the Centralia & Alta-
mont Railroads (projected); line completed
from Centralia to Evansville early in 1894. The
branch from Sparta to Rosborough was built in
1895, the section of the main line from Centralia
to Salem (14.9 miles) in 1896, and that from
Evansville to Chester (17.6 miles) in 1897-98.
The road was placed in the hands of a receiver,
June 7, 1897, and the expenditures for extension
and equipment made under authority granted by
the United States Court for the issue of Receiver's
certificates. The total capitalization is §2,374,-
841, of which .8978,000 is in stocks and $948,000 in
bonds.
CENTRAL 3IILIT.\RY TRACT RAILROAD.
(See Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railroad.)
CERRO GORDO, a town in Piatt County, 13
miles by rail east-northeast of Decatur. The crop
of cereals in the surrounding country is sufficient
to support two elevators at Cerro Gordo, which
has also a flouring mill, brick and tile factories,
etc. Tliere are three churches, graded schools, a
bank and two newspaper offices. Population
(1890), 939; (1900), 1,008.
CHADDOCK COLLEGE, an institution under
the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church
at Quincy, 111., incorporated in 1878; is co-educa-
tional, has a faculty of ten instructors, and
reports 127 students — 70 male and 57 female — in
the classes of 1895-96. Besides the usual depart-
ments in literature, science and the classics,
instruction is given to classes in theology, music,
the fine arts, oratory and preparatory studies. It
has property valued at §110,000, and reports an
endowment fund of .SS.OOO,
CHAMBERLIN, Thomas Crowder, geologist
and educator, was born near Mattoon, 111., Sept.
25, 1845 ; graduated at Beloit College, Wisconsin,
in 1866: took a course in Michigan University
(1868-69); taught in various Wisconsin institu-
tions, also discharged the duties of State
Geologist, later filling the chair of Geology at
Columbian University, Washington, D. C. In
1878, he was sent to Paris, in charge of the edu-
cational exhibits of Wisconsin, at the Interna-
tional Exposition of that year— during his visit
making a special study of the Alpine glaciers.
In 1887, he was elected President of the Univer-
sity of Wisconsin, serving until 1892, when he
became Head Professor of Geology at the Univer-
sity of Chicago, where he still remains. He is
also editor of the University "Journal of Geol-
ogy" and President of the Chicago Academy of
Sciences. Professor Chamberlin is author of a
number of volumes on educational and scientific
subjects, chiefly in the line of geology. He
received the degree of LL.D. from the Univer-
sit}^ of Michigan, Beloit College and Columbian
University, all on the same date (1887).
CHAMPAIGN, a flourishing city in Champaign
County, 128 miles southwest of Chicago and 83
miles northeast of Springfield ; is the intersecting
point of three lines of railway and connected
with the adjacent city of Urbana, the county-
seat, by an electric railway. The University of
Illinois, located in Urbana, is contiguous to the
city. Champaign has an excellent system of
water-works, well-paved streets, and is lighted by
both gas and electricity. The surrounding coun-
try is agricultural, but the city has manufac-
tories of carriages and machines. Three papers
are published here, besides a college weekly con-
ducted by the students of the University'. The
Burnham Hospital and the Garwood Old Ladies'
Home are located in Champaign. In the resi-
dence portion of tlie city there is a handsome
park, covering ten acres and containing a notable
piece of bronze statuary, and several smaller parks
in other sections. There are several handsome
churches, and excellent schools, both public and
private. Population (1890), 5,839; (1900), 9,098.
CHAMPAIGN COUNTY, situated in the eastern
half of the central belt of the State; area, 1,008
square miles; population (1900), 47,623. The
county was organized in 1833, and named for a
county in Ohio. The physical conformation is
flat, and the soil rich. The county lies in the
heart of what was once called the "Grand
Prairie." Workable seams of bituminous coal
underlie the surface, but overlying quicksands
interfere with their operation. The Sangamon
and Kaskaskia Rivers have their sources in this
region, and several railroads cross the county.
The soil is a black muck underlaid by a yellow
clay. Urbana (with a population of 5,708 in
1900) is the county-seat. Other important points
in the county are Champaign (9,000), Tolono
(1,000), and Rantoul (1,200). Champaign and
Urbana adjoin each other, and the grounds of the
Illinois State University extend into each corpo-
ration, being largely situated in Champaign.
Large drifted masses of Niagara limestone are
found, interspersed with coal measure limestone
and sandstone. Alternating beds of clay, gravel
and quicksand of the drift formation are found
beneath the subsoil to the depth of 150 to 300 feet.
HISTOrJCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOI^
87
CH.VMPAIGX, HATAXA & WESTERX RAIL-
"ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad. )
. CHANDLER, Charles, physician, was born at
West Woodstock, Conn., July 2, 1806; graduated
with the degree of M.D. at Castleton, Vt., and,
in 1829, located in Soituate, R. I. ; in 1833, started
with the intention of settling at Fort Clark (now
Peoria), 111., but was stopped at Beardstown by
the "Black Hawk War," finally locating on the
Sangamon River, in Cass County, where, in 1848,
he laid out the town of Chandlerville — Abraham
Lincoln being one of the surveyors who platted
the town. Here he gained a large practice,
which he was compelled, in his later years, par-
tially to abandon in consequence of injuries
received while prosecuting his profession, after-
wards turning his attention to merchandising
and encouraging the development of the locality
in which he lived by promoting the construction
of railroads and the building of schoolhouses and
■churches. Liberal and public-spirited, his influ-
■ ence for good extended over a large region.
Died, April 7, 1879.
CHANDLER, Henry B., newspaper manager,
•was born at Frelighsburg, Quebec, July 12, 1S3G;
at 18 he began teaching, and later took charge of
the business department of "The Detroit Free
Press"; in 1861, came to Chicago witli Wilbur F.
Storey and became business manager of "The
Chicago Times"; in 1870, disagreed with Storey
^and retired from newspaper business. Died, at
Yonkers, N. Y., Jan. 18, 1896.
CHANDLERTILLE, a village in Cass County,
on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad, 7
imiles north by east from Virginia, laid out in
1848 by Dr. Charles Chandler, and platted by
Abraham Lincoln. It has a bank, a creamery,
'four churches, a weekly newspaper, a flour and a
saw-mill. Population (1890), 910; (1900), 940.
CHAPIN, a village of Morgan County, at the
intersection of the Wabash and the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 10 miles west of
Jacksonville. Population (1890), 450; (1900), 514.
CHAPPELL, Charles H., railway manager,
was born in Du Page County, 111., March 3, 1841.
With an ardent passion for the railroad business,
at the age of 16 he obtained a position as freight
brakeman on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroad, being steadily promoted through the
ranks of conductor, train-master and dispatcher,
until, in 1865, at tlie age of 24, he was appointed
'General Agent of the Eastern Division of the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. Other railroad
po.sitions wliich Mr. Chappell has since held are :
;Superintendent of a division of tlie Union Pacific
(1869-70) ; Assistant or Division Superintendent
of tlie Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, or some of
its branches (1870-74) ; General Superintendent
of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas (1874-76);
Superintendent of the Western Division of the
Wabash (1877-79). In 1880, he accepted the
position of Assistant General Superintendent of
the Chicago & Alton Railroad, being advanced in
the next three years through the grades of
General Superintendent and Assistant General
Manager, to that of General Manager of the
entire system, wliich he has continued to fill for
over twelve years. Quietly and without show or
display, Jlr. Chappell continues in the discharge
of his duties, assisting to make the system with
which he is identified one of the most successful
and perfect in its operation in the whole country.
CHARLESTON, the county-seat of Coles
County, an incorporated city and a railway junc-
tion, 46 miles west of Terre Haute, Ind. It lies
in the center of a farming region, yet has several
factories, including woolen and flouring mills,
broom, plow and carriage factories, a foundry
and a canning factory. Tliree newspapers are
published here, issuing daily editions. Population
(1890), 4,135; (1900), 5,488". The Eastern State
Normal School was located here in 1895.
CHARLESTON, NEOGA & ST. LOUIS RAIL-
ROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis d- Kansas City
Railroad.)
CHARLEVOIX, Pierre Francois Xarier de,
a celebrated French traveler and an early
explorer of Illinois, born at St. Queutiu, France,
Oct. 29, 1682. He entered the Jesuit Society,
and while a student was sent to Quebec
(1695), where for four j'ears he was instructor in
the college, and completed his divinity studies.
In 1709 he returned to France, but came again to
Quebec a few years later. He ascended the St.
Lawrence, sailed through Lakes Ontario and Erie,
and finally reached the Mississippi by way of the
Illinois River. After visiting Cahokia and the
surrounding county (1720-21), he continued down
the Jlississippi to New Orleans, and returned to
France b}' way of Santo Domingo. Besides some
works on religious subjects, he was the author of
histories of Japan, Paraguay and San Domingo.
His great work, however, was the "History of
New France," which was not published until
twenty years after his death. His journal of his
American explorations appeared about the same
time. His history has long been cited by
scholars as authority, but no English translation
was made until 1865, wlien it was undertaken by
Shea. Died in France. Feb. 1, 1761.
88
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
CHASE, Philander, Protestant Episcopal
Bishop, was born in Cornish, Vt., Dec 14. 177.),
and graduated at Dartmouth in 1795. Altliough
reared as a Congregationalist. he adopted the
Episcopal faith, and was ordained a priest in
1799. for several years laboring as a missionary
in Northern and Western New York. In IHO."),
lie went to New Orleans, but returning North in
1811, spent six years as a rector at New Haven,
Conn. , then engaged in missionary work in Ohio,
organizing a number of parishes and fomiding an
academy at Wortliington ; was consecrated a
Bishop in 1819. and after a visit to England to
raise funds, laid the foundation of Kenyon
College and Ganibier Theological Seminary,
named in honor of two English noblemen who
had contributed a large portion of the funds.
Differences arising with some of his clergy in
reference to the proper use of the funds, he
resigned both the Bishopric and the Presidency
of the college in 1831. and after three years of
missionary labor in Micliigan, in 183.5 was cliosen
Bishop of Illinois. Making a second visit to
England, he succeeded in raising additional
funds, and, in 1838, founded Jubilee College at
Robin's Nest, Peoria County, 111., for which a
charter was obtained in 1847. He was a man of
great religious zeal, of indomitable perseverance
and the most successful pioneer of the Episcopal
Church in the West. He was Presiding Bishop
from 1843 until his death, wliich occurred Sept.
20, 1852. Several volumes appeared from his pen,
the most important being "A Plea for the AVest"
(1826), and "Reminiscences: an Autobiography,
Comprising a History of the Principal Events in
the Author's Life" (1848).
CHATHAM, a village of Sangamon County, on
the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 9 miles south of
Springfield. Population (1S90), 482; (19iJ0), 02!).,
CHATSWORTH, town in Livingston County,
on 111. Cent, and Toledo, Peoria & Western Rail-
ways, 79 miles east of Peoria; in farming and
stock-raising district; has two banks, tliree grain
elevators, five churches, a graded school, two
weekly papers, water works, electric liglits. paved
streets, cement sidewalks, biick works, and other
manufactories. Pop. (1890), 827; (1900), 1,038.
CHEBANSE, a town in Iroquois and Kankakee
Counties, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 64
miles south -southwest from Chicago; the place
has two banks and one newspaper. Population
(1880), 728; (1890), fil6; (1900), 5.55.
CHENEY, Charles Edward, Bishop of the Re-
formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was bom in
Canandaigua, N. Y., Feb. 12, 1830; graduated at
Hobart in 1857, and began study for the ministry
of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Soon after
ordination he became rector of Christ Church;
Chicago, and was prominent among those who,
under the leadership of Assistant Bishop Cum-
mins of Kentuckj', organized the Reformed Epis-
copal Church in 1873. He was elected Missionary
Bishop of the Northwest for the new organiza-
tion, and was consecrated in Christ Church,
Chicago. Dec. 14, 1873.
CHEXET, John Vance, author and librarian,
was born at Groveland, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1848,
though the family home was at Dorset, Vt.,
where he grew up and received his primary edu-
cation. He acquired his academic training at
Manchester, Vt., and Temple Hill Academy,
Genesee, N. Y., graduating from the latter in
1865, later becoming Assistant Principal of the
same institution. Having studied law, he was
admitted to the bar successively in Massachusetts
and New York ; but meanwhile having written
considerably for the old "Scribner's Monthly"
(now "Century Magazine"), while under the
editorship of Dr. J. G. Holland, he gradually
adopted literature as a profession. Removing to
the Pacific Coast, be took charge, in 1887, of the
Free Public Library at San Francisco, remaining
imtil 1894, when he accepted the position of
Librarian of the Newberry Library in Chicago,
as successor to Dr. William F. Poole, deceased.
Besides two or three volumes of verse, Mr. Cheney
is the author of numerous essays on literary
subjects. His published works include "Thistle-
Drift," poems (1887); "Wood-Blooms," poems
(1888), "Golden Guess," essays (1892); "That
Dome in Air," essays (1895); "Queen Helen,"
poem (1895) and "Out of the Silence," poem
(1897). He is also editor of "Wood Notes Wild,"
by Simeon Pease Cheney (1892), and Caxton Club's
edition of Derby's Pho?nixiana.
CHEJfOA, an incorporated city of McLean
Coflnty. at the intersecting point of the Toledo,
Peoria & Western and the Chicago & Alton Rail-
roads, 48 miles east of Peoria, 23 miles northeast
of Bloomington, and 102 miles south of Chicago.
Agriculture, dairy farming, fruit-growing and
coal-mining are the chief industries of the sur-
rounding region. The city also has an electric
light plant, water-works, canning works and tile
works, besides two banks, seven churches, a
graded school, two weekly papers, and telephone
systems connecting with the surrounding coun-
try. Population (1890), 1.226; (1900), 1,512.
CHESBROUGH, Ellis Sylvester, civil engineer,
was born in Baltimore, Md., July 6, 1813; at the
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
89
age of thirteen was cliainman to an engineering
party on tlie Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, being
later employed on other roads. In 1837, he was
appointed senior assistant engineer in the con-
struction of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Charles-
ton Railroad, and, in 1840, Chief Engineer of the
Boston "Waterworks, in 1850 becoming sole Com-
missioner of the Water Department of that city.
In 1853, he became engineer of the Chicago Board
of Sewerage Commissioners, and in that capacity
designed the sewerage system of the city — also
planning the river tunnels. He resigned the
ifHce of Commissioner of Public Works of
Chicago in 1879. He was regarded as an author-
ity on water-supply and sewerage, and was con-
sulted by the officials of New York, Boston,
Toronto, Milwaukee and other cities. Died,
August 19, 1886.
CHESNUT, John A., lawyer, was born in Ken-
tucky, Jan. 19, 1816, his father being a native of
South Carolina, but of Irish descent. John A.
was educated principally in his native State, but
came to Illinois in 1830, read law with P. H.
Winchester at Carlinville, was admitted to the
bar in 1837, and practiced at Carlinville until
1855, when he removed to Springfield and engaged
in real estate and banking business. Mr. Ches-
nut was associated with many local business
enterprises, was for several years one of the
Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and
Dumb at Jacksonville, also a Trustee of the
Illinois Female College (Methodist) at the same
place, and was Supervisor of the United States
Census for the Sixth District of Illinois in 1880.
Died, Jan. 14, 1898.
CHESTER, the county-seat of Randolph
County, situated on the Mississippi River, 70
miles south of St. Louis. It is the seat of the
Southern Illinois Penitentiary and of the State
Asylum for Insane Convicts It stands in the
heart of a region abounding in bituminous coal,
and is a prominent shipping point for this com-
modity ; also has quarries of building stone. It
has a grain elevator, flouring mills, rolling mills
and foundries. Population (1880), 2,580; (1890),
2,708; (1900), 2,832.
CHETLAIN, Augustus Louis, soldier, was born
in St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 26, 1824, of French Hugue-
not stock — his parents having emigrated from
Switzerland in 1828, at first becoming members
of the Selkirk colony on Red River, in JIanitoba.
Having received a common school education, he
became a merchant at Galena, and was the first
to volunteer there in response to the call for
troops after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, in
1801, being chosen to the captaincy of a company
in the Twelfth Regiment of Illinois Volunteers,
which General Grant had declined; participated
in the campaign on the Tennessee River which
resulted in the capture of Fort Donelson aiiu the
battle of Shiloh, meanwhile being commissioned
Lieutenant-Colonel; also distinguished himself at
Corinth, where he remained in command until
May, 1803, and organized the first colored regi-
ment raised in the West. In December, 1863, he
was promoted Brigadier-General and placed in
charge of the organization of colored troops in
Tennessee, serving later in Kentucky and being
brevetted Major-General in January, 1864. From
January to October, 1805, he commanded the
post at Memphis, and later the District of Talla-
dega, Ala., until January, 1800, when he was
mustered out of the service. General Chetlain
was Assessor of Internal Revenue for the District
of Utah (1867-69), then appointed United States
Consul at Brussels, serving until 1872, on his
return to the United States establishing himself
as a banker and broker in Chicago.
CHICAGO, the county-seat of Cook County,
chief city of Illinois and (1890) second city in
population in the United States.
Situation.— The city is situated at the south-
west bend of Lake Michigan, 18 miles north of
tho extreme southern point of the lake, at the
mouth of the Chicago River; 715 miles west of
New York, 590 miles north of west from Wash-
ington, and 260 miles northeast of St. Louis.
From the Pacific Coast it is distant 3,417 miles.
Latitude 41° 52' north; longitude 87° 35' west of
Greenwich. Area (1898), 186 square miles.
Topography.— Chicago stands on the dividing
ridge between the Mississippi and St. Lawreice
basins. It is 503 feet above sea-level, and its
highest point is some IS feet above Lake Michi-
gan. The Chicago River is virtually a bayou,
dividing into north and south branches about a
half-mile west of the lake. The surrounding
country is a low, flat prairie, but engineering
science and skill have done much for it in the
way of drainage. The Illinois & Michigan Canal
terminates at a point on the south branch of
the Chicago Ri%-er, within the city Limits, and
unites the waters of Lake Michigan with those
of the Illinois River.
Commerce.— The Chicago River, with its
branches, affords a water frontage of nearly 00
miles, the greater part of which is utilized for
the shipment and imloading of grain, lumber,
stone, coal, merchandise, etc. Another navigable
stream (the Calumet River) also lies within the
90
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
corporate limits. Dredging has made the Chi-
cago River, with its branches, navigable for
vessels of deep draft. The harbor has also been
widened and deepened. Well constructed break-
waters protect the vessels lying inside, and the
port is as safe as any on the great lakes. The
city is a port of entry, and the tonnage of vessels
arriving there exceeds that of any other port in
the United States. During 1897, 9,156 ve.ssels
arrived, with an aggregate tonnage of 7,209,443,
while 9,201 cleared, representing a tonnage of
7,185,324. It is the largest grain market in the
world, its elevators (in 1897) having a capacity
■of 33, 550, 000 bushels.
According to the reports of the Board of Trade,
tlie total receipts and shipments of grain for
the year 1898— oovmting flour as its grain equiva-
lent in bushels — amounted to 323,097,453 bushels
of the former, to 289,930,038 bushels of the latter.
The receipts and shipments of various products
for the year (1898) were as follows:
Flour (bbls.) .
Wheat (bu.) . .
Corn " . . .
Oats "...
Rye "...
Barley " . . .
Cured Meats (lbs.)
Dressed Beef ' ' .
Live-stock — Hogs
Receipts.
5,316,195
3.5,741,5.55
137.426,374
110,393,647
4.935.308
18, 116. .594
329,005,346
Shipments.
5,033,336
38,094,900
130,397,681
''4! 4.53! 384
6.755,347
933,627,722
110,286,653 1,060,859,808
9,360,968 1,334,768
3,502,378
545,001
Chicago is also an important lumber market,
the receipts in 1895, including shingles, being
1,562,.527 M. feet. As a center for beef and pork-
packing, the city is without a rival in the amount
of its products, there having been 92,459 cattle
and 760,514 hogs packed in 1894-95. In bank
clearings and general mercantile business it
ranks second only to New York, while it is also
one of the chief manufacturing centers of the
country. The census of 1890 shows 9,959 manu-
facturing establishments, with a capital of S39 .\ -
477,038; employing 203,108 hands, and turning
out products valued at 8633,184,140. Of the out-
put by far the largest was that of the slaughter-
ing and meat-packing establishments, amounting
to 8203,825,093; men's clothing came next ($33,-
517,336); iron and steel, 831,419,8.54; foundry and
machine shop products, 839,938,616; planed
lumber, §17,604.494. Chicago is also the most
important live-stock market in the United States.
The Union Stock Yards (in the southwest part of
the city) are connected with all railroad lines
•antering the city, and cover many hundreds of
acres. In 1894, there were received 8,788.049
animals (of all descriptions), valued at 8148,057,-
636. Chicago is also a primary market for hides
and leather, the production and sales being both
of large proportions, and the trade in manufac-
tured leather (notably in boots and shoes)
exceeds that of any other market in the country.
Ship-building is a leading industry, as are also
brick-making, distilling and brewing.
Transport.\tion, etc.— Besides being the chief
port on the great lakes, Chicago ranks second to
no other American city as a railway center. The
old "Galena & Chicago Union," its first railroad,
was operated in 1849, and within three years a
substantial advance had been scored in the way
of steam transportation. Since then the multi-
plication of railroad lines focusing in or passing
through Chicago has been rapid and steady. In
1895 not less than thirty-eight distinct lines enter
the city, although these are operated by only
twenty-two companies. Some 2,600 miles of
railroad track are laid within the city limits.
The number of trains daily arriving and depart-
ing (suburban and freight included) is about
2,000. Intramural transportation is afforded by
electric, steam, cable and horse-car lines. Four
tunnels under the Chicago River and its branches,
and numerous bridges connect the various divi-
sions of the city.
HiSTOEV.— Point du Sable (a native of San
Domingo) was admittedly the first resident of
Chicago other than the aborigines. The French
missionaries and explorers — Marquette, Joliet,
La Salle, Hennepin and others — came a century
earlier, their explorations beginning in 1673.
After the expulsion of the French at the close of
the French and Indian War, the territory jjassed
under British control, though French traders
remained in this vicinity after the War of the
Revolution. One of these named Le Mai followed
Point du Sable about 1796, and was himself suc-
ceeded by John Kinzie, the Indian trader, who
came in 1803. Fort Dearborn was built near the
mouth of the Chicago River in 1804 on land
acquired from the Indians by the treaty of
Greenville, concluded by Gen. Anthony Wayne
in 1795, but was evacuated in 1812, when most of
the garrison and the few inhabitants were massa-
cred by the savages. (See Fort Dearborn. ) The
fort was rebuilt in 1816, and another settlement
established around it. The flrist Government
survey was made, 1829-30. Early residents were
the Kinzies, the Wolcotts, the Beaubiens and the
Millers. The Black Hawk War (1833) rather
aided in developing the resources and increasing
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
91
the population of the infant settlement by draw-
ing to it settlers from the interior for purposes of
mutual protection. Town organization was
effected on August 10. 1832, the total number of
votes polled being 28. The town grew rapidly
for a time, but received a set-back in the financial
crisis of 1837. During May of that year, how-
ever, a charter was obtained and Chicago became
a city. The total number of votes cast at that
time was 703. The census of the city for the 1st
of July of that year showed a population of 4.180.
The following table shows the names and term
of office of the chief city officers from 1837 to
1899:
Year.
Mayor.
City Clerk.
City attorney.
City Trbasiirkr.
Wm. B. Ogden
Buckner S. Morris
Benj. W. Raymond
Alexander Lloyd
P. C. Sherman
Benj. W. Raymond
Augustus Garrett
Aug.Garrett.Alson SSherman '
Aug.Garrett.AlsonS.Shermaii l
JohnP.Chapin
JamesCurtiss
James H. Woodworth
James H. Woodworth
James Curtiss
Walters. Gurnee
Walters. Gurnee
I.N.Arnold, Geo. Davis il).
}m9
Samuel L. Smith
Mark Skinner
Geo. Manierre
G Mm i eJ^riienry Brown (' 3 )
ll^iiry W.Clarke
Geo. VV. Dole.
1841
\r^
1844
1845
1846
\l%
1849
1850
1853
1854
IS
1858
li' -■ '■ ' ' ' ''■■" " '
Henry W."zimmerman l! ! ! i!
Henry W. Zimmerman
K^iiSSSrrra;;::::;:
Henry W.Zimmerman
Henry W. Zimmerman
H. Kreisman
N. H. Bolles.
P. C. Sherman.
Wa'lerS. Gurnee.
1 irii-3 H. Larrabee
!■ ■ru k Ballingall
;; i^rSi
\\7i'"l. ni'iiirlK
ll:"Z^-'6\^X :::•:::■
Edward Manierre.
Ira L MiUiken
John Wentworth
Uriah P Harris
J. A. Thompson
J.L Marsh
JohnC.Mdler
Wm. F De Wolf.
O. J. Rose.
C. N. Holrten.
Alonzo Harvey'.
Alonzo Harvey,C.W.Hunt(6)
Geo°F.c"ocH?e7:::::::::';:::
T,
Julian S. Bumsey
P.C.Sherman
P O.Sherman
j^oh^nfl^rr-::..;:;::;.-:;::::
Geo. A. Meech
F.H.Cutting,W.H.Rice(7)
David A. Gage.
David A. Gage.
A. G. Throop.
wS-RWe^^Worth.
WZ^ZTeir."n:-v.:.-
T^
1867
John B. Rice
Wm. F. Wentworth.
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
B.B. Mason
David A. Gage.
David A. Gage.
David A. Gage.
Etni'e^.glfl-
Israel N Stiles
Jo.ephMediU
Harvey D. Colvin
Monroe Heath.i9) H. D. Colvin
J,ro?Se?tr"-.-;-.;;;
Sil^B^lSlbee.
1877-78
1879-80
1S81-82
1883-84
R.S. Tutblll
Julius S.' Orinnell .'.'.: !.■.!:!!.
Carter H. Harrison
Carter H. Harrison
W. C. Seipp.
Rudolph Brand.
P.J.Howard...
C. Herman Plautz
SlS^S^aTb^bllf;:^:::;::
C Herman Plautz.
1889-90 DewittC. Cregier
1891-92 Hempstead Washburne
1893-94 Carter H. Harrison. Geo. B
1 Swift.(ll) JolinP. Hopkins.ni
1895-96 Geo. B.Swift
1S97-98 , carter H. Harrison, Jr
James R. B. Van Cleave
Chas. D. Gastfleld.
Bernard Roesing.
Peter Kiolbassa.
Jacob J. Kern.G.A.TrudedO)
Roy O. West
Miles J. Devme
Adam Wolf.
I. N. Arnold resigned, and Geo. Davis appointed, October, 1837.
Gurnee resigned, Bolles appointed hia successor. April, 1840.
Manierre resigned. Brown appointed his auccessor. July, 1843.
Election of Garrett declared illegal, and Sherman elected at new
Brown appointed to HU vacancy cau.sed by resignation of Rucker.
Harvey resigned and Hunt appointed to till vacancy.
Cutting havim; failed to qualify, Rice. '
Legislature changed dateof election frc
City organized under general In. nr
election omitted the otHcL' m Mi
then in office refused lo r:\ii.H
Colvin, the incumbent, rei'n- l :
for the office, which resuli.-l I i
election was (irdered by the City
City Attorney Kern, having resign
Mayor Harrison, having been ass
elentPiGen. B Swift ( an Alderin
1893, John P. Hopkins was electe
1 office at beginning of ISfjg remaining in office
■1-ction held until April. 1876. The order for a new
« liich gave a majority to Thomas Hoyne. The Council
^ tirst meeting, did so. declaring Hoyue duly elected.
le right to " hold over;" Hoyne then made a contest
ilenying the claims of b"
nroe Heath was elected,
de was appointed to ser
ed. October 23. 1893, the City Council
n the Eleventh Wardi Mayo-- a-i interim
1 out the unexpired term of Mayor Harj
92
niSTOlUCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
The Fire of 1871.— The city steadil}- grew m
beauty, population and commercial importance
until 1871. On Oct. 9 of that year occurred the
"great fire" the story of which has passed into
history. Recuperation was speedy, and the 2, 100
acres burned over were rapidly being rebuilt,
when, in 1874, occurred a second conflagration,
although by no means so disastrous as that of
1871. The city's recuperative power was again
demonstrated, and its subsequent development
has been phenomenal. Tlie subjoined statement
shows its growth in population :
1837 . . . . 4,179
1840 .... 4,470
1850 .... 28,269
1860 .... 112.163
1870 .... 298,977
1880 .... 503,18.5
1890 .... 1,099,8.50
1900 .... 1,698,575
Notwithstanding a large foreign population and
a constant army of unemployed men, Chicago
has witnessed only tliree disturbances of the
peace by mobs — the railroad riots of 1877, the
Anarchist disturbance of 1886, and a strike of
railroad employes in 1894.
Municipal Admixistration. — Chicago long
since outgrew its special charter, and is now
incorporated under the broader provisions of the
law applicable to "cities of the first class," under
which the city is virtually autonomous. The
personnel, drill and equipment of the police and
fire departments are second to none, if noi, supe-
rior to any, to be found in other American cities.
The Cliicago River, with its branches, divides the
cit}' into three principal divisions, known respec-
tively as "North, South and West. Each division
has its statutory geographical boundaries, and
each retains its own distinct township organiza-
tion. This system is anomalous; it has, how-
ever, both assailants and defenders.
Public Improvements.— Chicago has a fine
system of parks and boulevards, well developed,
well improved and well managed. One of the
parks (Jackson in the South Division) was the
site of the World's Columbian Exposition. The
water supply is obtained from Lake Michigan by
means of cribs and tunnels. In this direction
new and better facilities are being constantly
introduced, and the existing water system will
compare favorably with that of any other Ameri-
can city.
Architecture.— The public and office build-
ings, as well as the business blocks, are in some
classical, but generally severely plain.
Granite and other varieties of stone are used in
the City Hall, Coimty Court House, the Board of
Trade structure, and in a few commercial build-
ings, as well as in many private residences. In
the business part of the city, however, steel,
iron, brick and fire clay are the materials most
largely employed in construction, the exterior
walls being of brick. The most approved
metliods of fire-proof building are followed, and
the "Chicago construction" has been recognized
and adopted (with modifications) all over the
United States. Office buildings range from ten
to sixteen, and even, as in the case of the Masonic
Temple, twenty stories in height. Jlost of them
are sumptuous as to the interior, and many of the
largest will each accommodate 8,000 to 5,000
occupants, including tenants and their emplojes.
In the residence sections wide diversity may be
seen ; the chaste and the ornate styles being about
equally popular. Among the handsome public,
or semi-public buildings may be mentioned the
Public Library, the Newberry Library, the Art
Institute, the Armour Institute, the Academy of
Sciences, tlie Auditorium, the Board of Trade
Building, the Masonic Temple, and several of the
railroad depots.
Education and Libraries. — Chicago has a
public school system unsurpassed for excellence
in any other city in the country. According to
the report of the Board of Education for 1898, the
city had a total of 221 primary and grammar
schools, besides fourteen high schools, employing
5,268 teachers and giving instruction to over
236,000 pupils in the course of the year. The
total expenditm-es during the year amounted to
86,785,601, of which nearly S4,.500,000 was on
account of teachers' salaries. The city has
nearly 87,500,000 invested in school buildings.
Besides pupils attenaiug public schools there are
about 100,000 in attendance on private and
parochial schools, not reckoning students at
higher institutions of learning, such as medical,
law, theological, dental and pharmaceutical
schools, and the great University of Chicago.
Near tlie city are also the Northwestern and the
Lake Forest Universities, tlie former at Evanston
and the latter at Lake Forest. Besides an exten-
sive Free Public Library for circulating and refer-
ence purposes, maintained by public taxation,
and embracing (in 1898) a total of over 235,000
volumes and nearly 50,000 pamphlets, there
are the Library of the Chicago Historical Society
and tlie Newberry and Crerar Libraries — the last
two the outgrowth of posthumous donations by
public-spirited and liberal citizens — all open to
DAY AFTER THE FIRE.
CHICAGO THOROUGHFARES.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
93
the public for purposes of reference under certain
conditions. This Ust does not include the exten-
sive library of the University of Chicago and those
connected with the Armour Institute and the
public scliools, intended for the use of the pupils
of these various institutions
CHICAfciO BOARD OF TRADE, one of the
leading commercial exchanges of the world. It
was originally organized in the spring of 1843 as
a voluntary association, with a membership of
eighty-two. Its primary object was the promo-
tion of the city's commercial interests by unity
of action. On Feb. 8, 1849, the Legislature
enacted a general law authorizing the establish-
ment of Boards of Trade, and under its provisions
an incorporation was effected — a second organi-
zation being effected in April, 1850. For several
years the association languished, and at times its
existence seemed precarious. It was, however,
largely instrumental in securing the introduction
of the system of measuring grain by weight,
which initial step opened the way for subsequent
great improvements in the methods of handling,
storing, inspecting and grading cereals and seeds.
By the close of 1856, the association had overcome
the difiBculties incident to its earlier years, and
the feasibility of erecting a permanent Exchange
building began to be agitated, but the project lay
dormant for several years. In 1856 was adopted
the first system of classification and grading of
wheat, which, though crude, formed the founda-
tion of the elaborate modern system, which has
proved of such benefit to the grain-growing
States of the West, and has done so much to give
Chicago its commanding influence in the grain
markets of the world. In 1858, the privilege of
trading on the floor of the Exchange was limited
to members. The same year the Board began
to receive and send out daily telegraphic market
reports at a cost, for the first year, of §500,000,
which was defrayed by private subscriptions.
New York was the only city with which such
communication was then maintained. In Febru-
ary, 1859, a special charter was obtained, confer-
ring more extensive powers upon the organization,
and correspondingly increasing its efficiency. An
important era in the Board's history was tlie
Civil War of 1861-65. During this struggle its
attitude was one of undeviating loyalty and gener-
ous patriotism. Hundreds of thousands of dollars
were contributed, by individual members and
from the treasury of the organization, for the work
of recruiting and equipping i-egiments, in caring
for the wounded on Southern battlefields, and
"roviding for the families of enlisted men. In
1864, the Board waged to a successful issue a war
upon the irredeemable currency with which the
entire West was then flooded, and secured such
action by the banks and by the railroad and
express companies as compelled its replacement
by United States legal-tender notes and national
bank notes. In 1865, handsome, large (and, as
then supposed, permanent) quarters were occu-
pied in a new building erected by the Chicago
Cliamber of Commerce under an agreement with
the Board of Trade. This structure was destroyed
in the fire of October, 1871, but at once rebuilt,
and made ready for re-occupancy in precisely
one year after the destruction of its predecessor.
Spacious and ample as these quarters wei'e then
considered, the growing membership and increas-
ing business demonstrated their inadequacy
before the close of 1877. Steps looking to the
erection of a new building were taken in 1881,
and, on May 1, 1885, the new edifice — then the
largest and most ornate of its class in the world
— was opened for occupancy. The membership
of the Board for the year 1898 aggregated con-
siderably in excess of 1,800. The influence of the
association is felt in every quarter of the com-
mercial world.
CHICAGO, BURLINtJTOJf & NORTHERN
RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroad.)
CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & QUINCY BAIL-
ROAD (known as the "Burlington Route") is
the parent organization of an extensive system
which operates railroads in eleven Western and
Northwestern States, furnishing connections
from Chicago with Omaha, Denver, St. Paul and
Minneapolis, St. Louis and Kansas City, Che3'-
enne (Wyo.), Billings (Mont), Deadwood (So.
Dak,), and intermediate points, and having con-
nections by affiliated roads with the Pacific Coast.
The main line extends from Chicago to Denver
(Colo.), 1,025.41 miles. The mileage of the
various branches and leased proprietary lines
(1898) aggregates 4,627.06 miles. The Company
uses 207.23 miles in conjunction with other
roads, besides subsidiary standard-gauge lines
controlled through the ownership of securities
amounting to 1,440 miles more. In addition to
these the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy controls
179 miles of narrow-gauge road. The vv-hole
number of miles of standard-gauge road operated
by the Burlington system, and known as the
Burlington Route, on June 30, 1899, is estimated
at 7,419, of which 1,509 is in Illinois, all but 47
miles being owned by the Company. The system
in Illinois connects many important commercial
<.t4
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
point?, including Chicago, Aurora. Galesburg,
Quincy, Peoria, Streator. Sterling, Mendota, Ful-
ton, Lewistown, Rushville. Geneva. Keithsburg,
Rock Island, Beardstown, Alton, etc. The entire
capitalization of the line (includin;;- st..( k. bi>uils
anil floating debt) amounted, in l^'.'^, 1" sj:M.ss4,.
600, which was equivalent to alicmt .s:;;;,(i(«i per
mile. The total earnings of the road in Illinois,
during the fiscal year ending June 30. 1898,
amounted to §8,724,997, and the total disbui-se-
ments of the Company within the State, during
till- same period, to §7,469,456. Taxes paid in
1898, .'i;377,968.— (History). The first section of
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad was
constructed under a charter granted, in 1849, to
the Aurora Branch Railroad Company, the name
being changed in 18.53 to the Chicago & Aurora
Railroad Company. The line was completed in
1853, from the junction with the old Galena &
Chicago Union Railroad, 30 miles west of Chi-
cago, to Aurora, later being extended to Mendota.
In 1855 the name of the Company was changed
by act of the Legislature to the Chicago, Burling-
ton & Quincy. The section between Mendota and
Galesburg (80 miles) was built under a charter
granted in 1851 to the Central Military Tract
Railroad Company, and completed in 1854. July
9, 1856, the two companies were consolidated
under the name of the former. Previous to this
consolidation the Company had extended aid to
the Peoria & Oquawka Railroad (from Peoria to
the Mississippi River, nearly opposite Burlington,
ilowa), and to the Northern Cross Railroad from
'Quincy to Galesburg, both of wliicli were com-
pleted in 1855 and operated by the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy. In 1857 the name of the
Northern Cross was changed to the Quincy &
Chicago Railroad. In 1860 the latter was sold
vmder foreclosure to the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy, and, in 1863, the Peoria & Oquawka was
acquired in the same way — the former constitut-
ing the Quincy brancli of tlie main line and the
latter giving it its Burlington connection. Up
to 1863, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy used
the track of the Galena & Chicago Union Rail-
road to enter the city of Chicago, but that year
began the construction of its line from Aurora to
Chicago, wliich was completed in 1864. In 1873
it acquired control, by perpetual lease, of the
Burlington & Missouri River Road in Iowa,
and, in 1880, extended this line into Nebraska,
now reaching Billings, Mont., with a lateral
branch to Deadwood. So. Dak. Other branches
in Illinois, built or acquired by this corporation,
include the Peoria & Hannibal ; Carthage & Bm--
lington ; Quincy & Warsaw ; Ottawa, Chicago &
Fox River Valley, Quincy, Alton & St. Louis,
and the St. Louis, Rock Island & Chicago. The
Chicago, Burlington & Northern — known as the
Northern Division of the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy — is an important part of the system,
furnishing a connection between St. Louis on
the south and St. Paul and Minneapolis on the
north, of which more than half of the distance of
583 miles between terminal points, is in Illinois.
The latter division was originally chartered, Oct.
21, 1885, and constructed from Oregon, 111., to St.
Paul, Minn. (319 miles), and from Fulton to
Savanna, 111. (16.72 miles), and opened, Nov. 1,
1886. It was formally incorporated into the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy line in 1899. In
June of the same year the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy also acquired by purchase the Keokuk &
Western Railroad from Keokuk to Van Wert,
Iowa (143 miles), and the Des Moines & Kansas
City Railway, fi-om Des Moines, Iowa, to Caines-
ville. Mo. (112 miles).
CHICAtiO, DANVILLE & VINCENNES RAIL-
ROAD. (See Chicago & Eastern Illinois Rail-
road. )
CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL, a channel or
waterway, in course of construction (1892-99)
from the Chicago River, within the limits of the
city of Chicago, to Joliet Lake, in the Des Plaines
River, about 12 miles above the junction of the
Des Plaines with the Illinois. The primary object
of the channel is the removal of the sewage of
the city of Chicago and tlie proper drainage of
the region comprised within what is called the
"Sanitary District of Chicago." The feasibility
of connecting the waters of Lake Michigan by
way of the Des Plaines River with those of the
Illinois, attracted the attention of the earliest
French explorers of this region, and was com-
mented upon, from time to time, by them and
their successors. As early as 1808 the subject of
a canal uniting Lake Michigan with the Illinois
was discussed in a report on roads and canals by
Albert Gallatin, then Secretary of the Treasury,
and the project was touched upon in a bill relat-
ing to the Erie Canal and other enterprises, intro-
duced in Congress in 1811. The measure continued
to receive attention in the press, in Western
Territorial Legislatures and in official reports,
one of the latter being a report by John C. Cal-
houn, as Secretary of War, in 1819, in which it is
spoken of as "valuable for military purposes."
In 1822 Congress passed an act granting the
right of way to the State through the public
lands for such an enterprise, which was followed.
SANITARY CANAL - CHICAGO
MANCHESTEF?
NORTH SEJ^
- 3ALTIC-
NORTH SEA
- AMSTERDAM -
i^;5Jg5S^S555:^J5!SSS
ILLINOISiMICHIGAN
C0MPAR\T1\E SIZE OF NOTED CANALS.
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ftS^
five J-ears later, by a grant of lands for the pur-
pose of its construction. The work was begun in
1836. and so far completed in 1848 as to admit of
the passage of boats from the Chicago basin to La
Salle. (See Illinois & 2Iichigan Canal.) Under
an act passed by the Legislature in 1805, the work
of deepening the canal was undertaken bj- the
city of Chicago with a view to furnishing means
to relieve the city of its sewage, the work being
completed some time before the fire of 1871. This
scheme having failed to accomplish the object
designed, other measures began to be considered.
Various remedies were proposed, but in all the
authorities were confronted with the difficulty
of providing a fund, under the provisions of the
Constitution of 1870, to meet the necessary cost
of construction. In the closing months of the
year 1885, Hon. H. B. Hurd, who had been a
member of a Board of "Drainage Commission-
ers," organized in 1855, was induced to give
attention to the subject. Having satisfied him-
self and others that the difficulties were not
insurmountable with proper action bj' the Legis-
lature, the City Council, on Jan. 27, 1886, passed
a resolution authorizing the Mayor to appoint a
Commission, to consist of "one expert engineer of
reputation and experience in engineering and
sanitary matters," and two consulting engineers,
to constitute a "drainage and water-supply com-
mission" for the purpose of investigating and
reporting upon the matter of water-supply and
disposition Of the sewage of the city. As a
result of this action, Rudolph Hering, of Philadel-
phia, was appointed expert engineer by Mayor
Harrison, with Benezette Williams and S. G.
Artingstall, of Chicago, as consulting engineers.
At the succeeding session of the General Assem-
bly (1887), two bills— one known as the "Hurd
bill" and the other as the "Winston bill," but
both drawn by Mr. Hurd, the first contemplating
doing the work by general taxation and the issue
of bonds, and the other by special assessment —
were introduced in that body. As it was found
that neither of these bills could be passed at that
session, a new and shorter one, whicli became
known as the "Roche-Winston bill," was intro-
duced and passed near the close of the session.
A resolution was also adopted creating a com-
mission, consisting of two Senators, two Repre-
sentatives and Maj-or Roche of Chicago, to further
investigate the subject. The later act, just,
referred to, provided for the construction of a cut-
off from the Des Plaines River, which would
divert the flood-waters of that stream and the
North Branch into Lake Michigan north of the
cit}'. Nothing was done under this act, however.
At the next session (1889) the commission made a
favorable report, and a new law was enacted
embracing the main featui'es of the Hurd bill,
though clianging the title of the organization to
be formed from the "Metropolitan Town," as.
proposed by 3Ir. Hurd, to the "Sanitary Dis-
trict." The act, as passed, provided for the
election of a Board of nine Trustees, their powers-
being confined to "providing for the drainage of
the district," both as to surplus water and sew-
age. Much opposition to the measure had been
developed during the pendency of the legislation
on the subject, especially in the Illinois valley,
on sanitary grounds, as well as fear of midsum-
mer flooding of the bottom lands which are
cultivated to some extent ; but this was overcome
by the argument that the channel would, wheu
the Des Plaines and Illinois Rivers were improved
between Joliet and La Salle, furnish a new and
enlarged waterway for the passage of vessels,
between the lake and the Mississippi River, and
the enterprise was indorsed by conventions held
at Peoria, Jlemphis and elsewhere, during the
eighteen months preceding the passage of the
act. The promise ultimately to furnish a flow of
not less than 600,000 cubic feet per minute also
excited alarm in cities situated upon the lakes,
lest the taking of so large a volume of water froiu
Lake Michigan should affect the lake-level
injuriously to navigation; but these apprehen-
sions were quieted by the assurance of expert
engineers that the greatest reduction of the lake-
level below the present minimum would not
exceed three inches, and more likely would not
produce a perceptible effect.
At the general election, held Nov. 5, 1889,
the "Sanitary District of Chicago" was organ-
ized by an almost unanimous popular vote
— the returns showing 70,958 votes for the
measure to 242 against. The District, as thus
formed, embraces all of the city of Chicago
north of Eighty-seventh Street, with fortj'-
three square miles outside of the city limits
but within the area to be benefited by the
improvement. Though the channel is located
partly in Will County, the district is wholly in
Cook and bears the entire expense of construc-
tion. The first election of Trustees was held at a
special election, Dec. 13, 1889, the Trustees then
elected to hold their offices for five years and
until the following November. The second
election occun-ed, Nov. 5, 1895, when the Board,
as now constituted (1899), was chosen, viz. :
William Boldenweck, Joseph C. Braden, Zina R.
90
IIISTOiaCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Carter, Bernard A. Eckhart, Alexander J. Jones.
Thomas Kelly, James P. Mallette, Thomas A.
Smyth and Frank Wenter. Tlie Trustees have
]iower to sell bonds in order to procure funds to
prosecute the work and to levy taxes upon prop-
erty within the district, under certain limitations
as to length of time the taxes run and the rate
per cent imposed. Under an amendment of the
Drainage Act adopted by the Legislature in 1897,
the rate of asses.sment upon property within the
Drainage District is limited to one and one-half
per cent, up to and including the year 1899, but
after that date becomes one-half of one per cent.
The bed of the channel, as now in process of
construction, commences at Robey Street and the
South Branch of the Chicago River, 5.8 miles
from Lake Michigan, and extends in a south-
westerly direction to the vicinity of Summit,
where it intersects the Des Plaines River. From
this point It follows the bed of that stream to
Lockport, in Will County, where, in consequence
of the sudden depression in the ground, the bed of
the channel comes to the surface, and where the
great controlling works are situated. Tliis has made
necessary the excavation of about thirteen miles
of new channel for the river — which runs parallel
with, and on the west side of, the drainage canal
— besides the construction of about nineteen
miles of levee to separate the waters of the
canal from the river. The following statement
of the quality of the material excavated and the
dimensions of the work, is taken from a paper by
Hon. H. B. Hurd, under the title, "The Chicago
Drainage Channel and Waterway," published in
the sixth volume of "Industrial Chicago" (1896):
"Through that portion of the channel between
Chicago and Summit, which is being constructed
to produce a flow of 300,000 cubic feet per minute,
which is supposed to he sufficient to dilute sew-
age for about the present population (of Chicago),
the width of the channel is 110 feet on the bot-
tom, with side slopes of two to one. This portion
of the channel is ultimately to be enlarged to the
capacity of 600,000 cubic feet per minute. The
bottom of the channel, at Robey Street, is 34.448
feet below Chicago datum. The width of the
channel from Summit down to the neighborhood
of Willow Springs is 202 feet on the bottom, with
the same side slope. The cut through the rock,
which extends from the neighborhood of Willow
Springs to the point where the channel runs out
of ground near Lockport, is 160 feet wide at the
bottom. The entire depth of the channel is
substantially the same as at Robey Street, with
the addition of one foot in 40,000 feet. The rock
portion of the ciiannel is constructed to the full
capacity of 600, (lOO cubic feet per minute. From
tlie point where the channel runs out of ground
to Joliet Lake, t.Here is a rapid fall: over this
slope works are to be constructed to let the water
down in such a manner as not to damage Joliet. '
Ground was broken on the rock-cut near
Lemont, on Sept. 3, 1892, and work has been in
progress almost constantlv ever since. The prog-
ress of the work was greatly obstructed during
the year 1898, by difficulties encountered in secur-
ing the right of way for the discharge of the
waters of the canal through the city of Joliet,
but these were compromised near the close of the
year, and it was anticipated that the work vrould
be prosecuted to completion during the year
1899. From Feb. 1, 1890, to Dec. 31, 1898, the
net receipts of the Board for the prosecution of
the work aggregated 838,257,707, while the net
expenditures had amounted to S38, 331 864. 57. Of
the latter, 820,099,284.67 was charged to construc-
tion account, 83,1.56,903.13 to "land account"
(including right of way), and 81,322,093.82 to the
cost of maintaining the engineering department.
When finished, the cost will reach not less than
835,000,000. These figures indicate the stupen-
dous character of the work, which bids fair to
stand without a rival of its kind in modern
engineering and in the results it is expected to
achieve.
CHICAGO GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY.
The total mileage of this line, June 30, 1898, was
1,008 miles, of which 152.53 miles are operated
and owned in Illinois. The line in this State
extends west from Chicago to East Dubuque, the
extreme terminal points being Chicago and
Minneapolis in the Northwest, and Kansas City
in the Southwest. It has several branches in lUi
nois, Iowa and Minnesota, and trackage arrange-
ments with several lines, the most important
being with the St. Paul & Northern Pacific (10.56
miles), completing the connection between St.
Paul and Minneapolis ; with the Illinois Central
from East Dubuque to Portage (13.33 miles), and
with the Chicago* Nortliern Pacific from Forest
Home to the Grand Central Station in Chicago.
The company's own track is single, of standard
gauge, laid with sixty and seventy-flve-pound
steel rails. Grades and curvature are light, and
the equipment well maintained. The outstand-
ing capital stock (1898) was 853,019,054; total
capitalization, including stock, bonds and miscel-
laneous indebtedness, 857,144,345. (History). The
road was chartered, Jan. 5, 1893, under the laws
of Illinois, for the pm-pose of reorganization of
VIEWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL.
VIEWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL.
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
97
the Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas City Railway
Company on a stock basis. During 1895, the
De Kalb & Great AVestern Railroad (.5.81 miles)
was built from De Kalb to Sycamore as a feeder
of this line.
CHICAGO, HARLEM & BATAVIA RAIL-
ROAD. (See Chicago & Xortlicrn Pacific Rail-
road. )
CHICAGO, HATAXA & WESTERN RAIL-
ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad. )
CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY, organized,
April 34, 1856, for the purposes of (1) establishing
■a librai-y and a cabinet of antiquities, relics, etc. ;
(2) the collection and preservation of historical
manuscripts, documents, papers and tracts; (3)
the encouragement of the discovery and investi-
gation of aboriginal remains, particularly in Illi-
nois; (4) the collection of material illustrating
the growth and settlement of Chicago. By ISTl
the Society had accumulated much valuable
material, but the entire collection was destroyed
in the great Chicago fire of that year, among the
manuscripts consumed being the original draft
of the emancipation proclamation by Abraham
Lincoln. The nucleus of a second collection was
consumed by fire in 1874. Its loss in this second
conflagration included many valuable manu-
scripts. In 1877 a temporary building was
erected, which was torn down in 1893 to make
room for the erection, on the same lot, of a
thoroughly fire-proof structure of granite,
planned after the most approved modern systems.
The new building was erected and dedicated
under the direction of its late President, Ed-
ward G. Mason, Esq., Dec. 13, 1896. The Society's
third collection now embraces about twenty-five
•thousand volumes and nearly fifty tliousand
■pamphlets; seventy-five portraits in oils, with
other works of art ; a valuable collection of
mauuscript documents, and a large museum of
local and miscellaneous antiquities. Mr. Charles
Evans is Secretary and Librarian.
CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC MEDICAL COL-
LEGE, organized in 1876, with a teaching faculty
of nineteen and forty-fiv-e matriculates. Its first
term opened October 4, of that year, in a leased
building. By 1881 the college had outgrown its
first quarters and a commodious, well appointed
structure was erected by the trustees, in a more
desirable location. The institution was among
the first to introduce a graded course of instruc-
tion, extending over a period of eighteen vears.
In 1897, the matriculating classnumbered over 200.
CHICAGO HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND
■CHILDREN, located at Chicago, and founded in
1865 by Dr. Mary Harris Thompson. Its declared
objects are : ' 'To afford a home for women and
children among the respectable poor in need of
medical and surgical aid; to treat the same
classes at home by an assistant physician; to
afford a free dispensary for the same, and to
train competent nurses." At the outset the
hospital was fairly well sustained through pri-
vate benefactions, and, in 1870, largelj^ through
Dr. Thompson's efforts, a college was organized
for tlie medical education of women exclusively.
(See Northivestern University Woman's Medical
School.) The hospital building was totally
destroyed in the great fire of 1871, but temporary
accommodations were provided in another section
of the city. The following j-ear, with the aid of
835,000 appropriated by the Chicago Relief and
Aid Society, a permanent building was pur-
' chased, and, in 1885, a new, commodious and well
planned building was erected on the same site, at
a cost of about §75.000.
CHICAGO, MADISON & NORTHERN RAIL-
ROAD, a line of railway 231.3 miles in length, 140
miles of which lie within Illinois. It is operated
by the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and is
known as its "Freeport Division." The par value
of the capital stock outstanding is ■550,000 and of
bonds $3,500,000, while the floating debt is
§3,630,698, making a total capitalization of
§6,170,698, or §36,698 per mile. (See also Illinois
Central Railroad. ) This road was opened from
Chicago to Freeport in 1888.
CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. (See Xorth-
icestern University Medical College.)
CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAIL-
WAT, one of the great trunk lines of the North-
west, having a total mileage (1898) of 6,1.53.83
miles, of which 317.94 are in Illinois. The main
line extends from Chicago to Minneapolis, 430
miles, although it has connections with Kansas
City, Omaha, Sioux City and various points in
Wisconsin, Iov,-a and the Dakotas. The Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company enjoys
the distinction of being the owner of all the lines
operated by it, though it operates 245 miles of
second tracks owned jointh* with other lines.
The greater part of its track is laid with
60, 75 and 85-lb. steel rails. The total capital
invested (1898; is §230,005,901, distributed as
follows: capital stock, §77.845,000; bonded debt,
§135,285,500; other forms of indebtedness,
§5,572,401. Its total earnings in Illinois for
1898 were §5,205,244, and the total expendi-
tures, §3,320,348. The total number of em-
ployes in Illinois for 1898 was 3,293, receiving
98
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
$1,740,(5-27.70 in aggi-egate compensation. Taxes
paid for the same year amounted to $151,28.5.—
(History). The Chicago, iliUraukee & St. Paul
Railway was organized in 1SC3 under the name
of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. The Illi-
nois portion of the main line was built under a
charter granted to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St.
Paul Railway Company, and the Wisconsin por-
tion under charter to the Wisconsin Union Rail-
road Company; the whole built and opened in
1872 and purchased by the Milwaukee & St. Paul
Railway Company. It subsequently acquired by
purchase several lines in "Wisconsin, the whole
receiving the present name of the line by act of
the 'Wisconsin Legislature, passed, Feb. 14, 1874.
The Chicago & Evanston Railroad was chartered,
Feb. 16, 1861, built from Chicago to Calvary (10.8
miles), and opened, May 1, 1885 ; was consolidated
with the Chicago & Lake Superior Railroad,
under the title of the Chicago, Evanston & Lake
Superior Railroad Company, Dec. 22, 1885, opened
to Evanston, August 1, 1886, and purchased, in
June, 1887, by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St.
Paul Railway Company. The Road, as now
organized, is made up of twenty-two divisions
located in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota,
North and South Dakota, Mis.souri and Michigan.
CHICA(iO, PADUCAH & MEjIPHIS KAIL-
EOAD (Projected), a road chartered, Dec. 19,
1893. to run between Altamont and Metropolis,
III., 153 miles, with a branch from Johnston City
to Carbondale, 20 miles — total length, 172 miles.
The gauge is standard, and the track laid with
sixty-pound steel rails. By Feb. 1, 1895, the road
from Altamont to Marion (100 miles) was com-
pleted, and work on the remainder of the line has
been in pi'ogress. It is intended to connect with
the Wabash and the St. Louis Southern systems.
Capital stock anthorized and subscribed, 82,500,-
000; bonds issued, $1,575,000. Funded debt,
authorized, 815.000 per mile in five per cent first
mortgage gold bonds. Cost of road up to Feb. 1,
1895, $20,000 per mile ; estimated cost of the entire
line, §2,000,000. In December, 1896, this road
passed into the hands of the Chicago & Eastern
Ilhnois Railroad Companj-, and is now operated to
JIarion, in Williamson County. (See Cliicago &
Eastern Illinulf: liailruad.)
CHICAGO, PEKIN & SOUTHWESTER>" RAIL-
ROAD, a division of the Chicago & Alton Rail-
road, chartered as the Chicago & Plainfield
Railroad, in 1859 ; opened from Pekin to Streator
in 1873, and to Mazon Bridge in 1876 ; sold under
foreclosure in 1879, and now constitutes a part of
the Chicago & Alton system.
CHICAGO, PEORIA & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD
COMPANY (of Illinois), a corporation operating
two lines of railroad, one extending from Peoria
to Jacksonville, and the other from Peoria to
Springfield, with a connection from the latter
place (in 1893), over a leased line, with St. Louis.
The total mileage, as oflficially reported in 1895,
was 208.66 miles, of which 166 were owned by
the corporation. (1) The original of the Jackson-
ville Division of this line was the Illinois River
Railroad, opened from Pekin to Virginia in 1859.
In October, 1803, it was sold under foreclosure,
and, early in 1864, was transferred by the pur-
chasers to a new corporation called the Peoria,
Pekin & Jacksonville Railroad Company, by
whom it was extended the same year to Peoria,
and, in 1869, to Jacksonville. Another fore-
closure, in 1879, resulted in its sale to the
creditors, followed by consolidation, in 1881,
with the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway.
(2) The Springfield Division was incorporated in
1869 as the Springfield & Northwestern Railway ;
construction was begun in 1872, and road opened
from Springfield to Havana (45.20 miles) in
December, 1874, and from Havana to Pekin and
Peoria over the track of the Peoria, Pekin &
Jacksonville line. The same year the road was
leased to the Indianapolis, Bloomington & West-
ern Railroad Company, but the lease was for-
feited, in 1875, and the road placed in the hands
of a receiver. In 1881, together with the
Jacksonville Division, it was transferred to the
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway, and by
that company operated as the Peoria & Spring-
field railroad. The Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific
having defaulted and gone into the hands of a
receiver, both the Jacksonville and the Spring-
field Divisions were reorganized in February,
1887, imder the name of the Chicago, Peoria &
St. Louis Railroad, and placed under control of
the Jacksonville Southeastern Railroad. A
reorganization of the latter took place, in 1890,
under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville &
St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893, it passed into the
hands of receivers, and was severed from its
allied lines. The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis
Railroad remained under the management of a
separate receiver imtil January, 1896, when a
reorganization was effected under its present
name — "The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Rail-
road of Illinois." The lease of the Springfield
& St. Louis Division having expired in Decem-
ber, 1895, it has also been reorganized as an
independent corporation under the name of the
St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway (which see)-
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
99
CHICAGO RIYER, a sluggish stream, draining
a narrow strip of land between Lake Michigan
and the Des Plaines River, the entire watershed
drained amounting to some 470 square miles. It
is formed b}^ the union of the "Xorth" and
the "South Branch," which unite less than a mile
and a half from the mouth of the main stream.
At an early day the former was known as the
"Guarie" and the latter as "Portage Hiver." The
total length of the North Branch is about 20 miles,
only a small fraction of which is navigable. The
South Branch is shorter but offers greater facilities
for navigation, being lined along its lower jjor-
tions with grain-elevators, lumber-yards and
manufactories. The Illinois Indians in early daj-s
found an easy portage between it and the Des
Plaines River. The Chicago River, with its
branches, separates Chicago into three divisions,
known, respectively, as the "North" the "South"
and the "West Divisions." Drawbridges have
been erected at the principal street crossings
over the river and both branches, and four
tunnels, connecting the various divisions of the
city, have been constructed under the river bed.
CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAXD & PACIFIC RAIL-
WAT, formed by the consolidation of various
lines in 1880. The parent corporation (The
Chicago & Rock Island Railroad) was chartered
in Illinois in 1851, and the road opened from Chi-
cago to the Mississippi River at Rock Island (181
miles), July 10, 18.54. In 1852 a company was
chartered under the name of the Mississippi &
Missouri Railroad for the extension of the road
from the Mississippi to the Missouri River. The
two roads were consolidated in 1866 as the Chi-
cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and the
extension to the Missouri River and a junction
with the Union Pacific completed in 1869. The
Peoria & Bm-eau Valley Railroad (an important
feeder from Peoria to Bureau Junct'ion — 46. 7
miles) was incorporated in 1853, and completed
and leased in perpetuity to the Chicago & Rock
Island Railroad, in 1854. The St. Joseph & Iowa
Railroad was purchased in 1889, and the Kansas
City & Topeka Railway in 1891. The Company
has financial and traffic agreements with the
Chicago, Rock Island & Texas Railway, extending
from Terral Station, Indian Territory, to Fort
Worth, Texas. The road also has connections
from Chicago with Peoria: St. Paul and Minne-
apolis; Omaha and Lincoln (Neb.); Denver. Colo-
rado'Springs and Pueblo (Colo.), besides various
points in South Dakota, Iowa and Southwestern
Kansas. The extent of the Hues owned and
operated by the Company ( ' 'Poor's Manual, " 1898) ,
is 3. .568. 15 miles, of which 236.51 miles are in
Illinois, 189.53 miles being owned by the corpo-
ration. All of the Companj-'s owned and
leased lines are laid with steel rails. The total
capitalization reported for the same year was
8116.748,211, of which §50,000,000 was, in stock
and §58,830,000 in bonds. The total earnings and
income of the line in Illinois, for the year ending
June 30, 1898, was 65,851,875, and the total
expenses §3,401,165, of which §233,139 was in the
form of taxes. The Company has received under
Congressional grants 550, 194 acres of land, exclu-
sive of State grants, of which there had been sold,
up to March 31, 1894, 548,609 acres.
CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & FOND DU LAC RAIL-
ROAD. (See Chicago & yorthinst.'ni Ritilway.)
CHICAGO, ST. PAUL Ac KANSAS ( ITY RAIL-
WAY. (See Chicago Great ^V.st. rii Itaihray.)
CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS k PADUCAH RAIL-
WAY, a short road, of standard gauge, laid with
steel rails, extending from Marion to Brooklyn,
111., 53.64 miles. It was chartered, Feb. 7, 1887,
and opened for traffic, Jan. 1, 1SS9. The St.
Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company is
the lessee, having guaranteed principal and inter-
est on its first mortgage bonds. Its capital stock
is §1,000,000, and its bonded debt §2.000,000,
making the total capitalization about .§56,000 per
mile. The cost of the road was §3,950,000; total
incumbrance (1895), §3,016,715.
CHICAGO TERSIIIVAL TRANSFER RAIL-
ROAD, the successor to the Chicago & Northern
Pacific Railroad. The latter was organized in
November, 1889, to acquire and lease facilities to
other roads and transact a local business. The
Road under its new name was chartered, June 4,
1897, to purchase at foreclosure sale the property
of the Chicago & Northern Pacific, soon after
acquiring the property of the Chicago & Calumet
Terminal Railway also. The combination gives
it the oonti'ol of 84. 53 miles of road, of which
70.76 miles are in Illinois. The line is used for
both passenger and freight terminal purposes,
and also a belt line just outside the city limits.
Its principal tenants are the Chicago Great West-
ern, the Baltimore & Ohio, the Wisconsin Central
Lines, and the Chicago. Hammond & Western
Railroad. The Company also has control of the
ground on which the Grand Central Depot is
located. Its total capitalization (1898) was §44,-
558,044, of which §30,000,000 was capital stock
and §13,394,000 in the form of bonds.
CHICAGO THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, organ-
ized, Sept. 26, 1854, by a convention of Congre-
gational ministers and laymen representing seven
100
IILSTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Western States, among whicli was Illinois. A
special and liberal charter was granted, Feb. 1.5,
18.55. The Seminary has always been under
Congregational control and supervision, its
twenty-four trustees being elected at Triennial
Conventions, at which are represented all the
churches of that denomination west of the Ohio
and east of the Rocky Mountains. The institu-
tion was formally opened to students, Oct. 6,
1858, with two professors and twenty-nine
matriculates. Since then it has steadily grown
in both numbers and influence. Preparatory and
linguistic schools have been added and the
faculty (1896) includes eight professors and nine
minor instructors. The Seminary is liberally
endowed, its productive assets being nearly
§1,000,000, and the value of its grounds, build-
ings, library, etc., amounting to nearly §500,000
more. No charge is made for tuition or room
rent, and there are forty-two endowed scholar-
ships, the income of which is devoted to the aid
of needy students. The buildings, including the
library and dormitories, are four in number, and
are well constructed and arranged.
CHICAGO & ALTON RAILROAD, an impor
tant railway running in a southwesterly direc-
tion from Chicago to St. Louis, with numerous
branches, extending into Missouri, Kansas and
Colorado. The Chicago & Alton Railroad proper
was constructed under two charters — the first
granted to the Alton & Sangamon Railroad Com-
pany, in 1847, and the second to the Chicago &
Mississippi Railroad Company, in 1852. Con-
struction of the former was begun in 1852, and
the line opened from Alton to Springfield in
1853. Under the second corporation, the line was
opened from Springfield to Bloomington in 1854,
and to Joliet in 1856. In 18.55 a line was con-
structed from Chicago to Joliet under the name
of the Joliet & Chicago Railroad, and leased in
perpetuity to the present Company, which was
reorganized in 1857 under the name of the St.
Louis, Alton & Chicago Railroad Company. For
some time connection was had between Alton
and St. Louis by steam-packet boats running in
connection with the railroad ; but later over the
line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad —
the first railway line connecting the two cities —
and, finally, by the Company's own line, which
was constructed in 1864, and formally opened
Jan. 1, 1865. In 1861, a company with the
present name (Chicago & Alton Railroad Com-
pany) was organized, which, in 1802, pm-chased
the St. Louis, Alton & Chicago Road at fore-
closure sale. Several branch lines have since
been acquired by purchase or lease, the most
important in the State being the line from
Bloomington to St. Louis by way of Jacksonville.
This was chartered in 1851 under the name of the
St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, was
opened for business in January, 1868, and havin;^;
Ijeen diverted from the route upon which it was
originally projected, was completed to Blooming-
ton and leased to the Chicago & Alton in 1868.
In 1884 this branch was absorbed by the main
line. Other important branches are the Kansas
City Branch from Roodhouse, crossing the 3Iis-
sissippi at Louisiana. JIo. ; the Washington
Branch from Dwight to Washington and Lacon,
and the Chicago & Peoria, by which entrance is
obtained into the cit}' of Peoria over the tracks
of the Toledo, Peoria & Western. The whole
number of miles operated (1898; is 843.54, of
which 580.73 lie in Illinois. Including double
tracks and sidings, the Company has a total
trackage of 1,186 miles. The total capitalization,
in 1898, was §32,793,972, of which §22,230,600 was
in stock, and §6.694,850 in bonds. The total
earnings and income for the year, in Illinois, were
§5,022,315, and the operating and other expenses,
§4,272,207. This road, under its management as
it existed up to 1898, has been one of the most uni-
formly successful in the country. Dividends
have been paid semiannually from 1863 to 1884,
and quarterly from 1884 to 1896. For a number
of years previous to 1897, the dividends had
amounted to eight per cent per annum on both
preferred and common stock, but later had been
reduced to seven per cent on account of short
crops along the line. The taxes paid in 1898
were §341,040. The surplus, June 30, 1895,
exceeded two and three-quarter million dollars.
The Chicago & Alton was the first line in the
world to put into service sleeping and dining cars
of the Pullman model, which have since been so
widely adopted, as well as the first to run free
reclining chair-cars for the convenience and
comfort of its passengers. At the time the
matter embraced in this volume is undergoing
final revision (1899), negotiations are in progress
for the purchase of this historic line by a syndi-
cate representing the Baltimore & Ohio, the
Missom-i Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the
Missouri, Kansas & Texas systems, in whose
interest it will hereafter be operated.
CHICAGO & AURORA RAILROAD, (See
Chicago. Burlinritoii d- Quinci/ liailroad.)
CHICAGO & EASTERN ILLINOIS RAIL-
ROAD. This company operates a line 516.3 miles
in length, of which 278 miles are within Illinois.
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
101
The main line in this State extends southerly
from Dolton Junction (IT miles south of Chicago)
to Danville. Entrance to the Polk Street Depot
in Chicago is secured over the tracks of the
"Western Indiana Railroad. The company owns
several important branch lines, as follows: From
Momence Junction to the Indiana State Line;
from Cissna Junction to Cissna Park ; from Dan-
ville Junction to Shelbyville, and from Sidell to
Eossville. The system in Illinois is of standard
gauge, about 108 miles being double track. The
right of way is 100 feet wide and well fenced.
The grades are light, and the construction
(including rails, ties, ballast and bridges), is
generally excellent. The capital stock outstand-
ing (1895) is 313,594, 400; funded debt, §18,018,000;
floating debt, $916,381; total capital invested,
$32,570,781; total earnings in Illinois, $2,592,072;
expenditures in the State, $2,595,631. The com-
pany paid the same year a dividend of six per
cent on its common stock ($286,914), and reported
a surplus of $1,484,762. The Chicago & Eastern
Illinois was originally chartered in 1865 as the
Chicago, Danville & Vincennes Railroad, its main
line being completed in 1872. In 1873, it defaulted
on interest, was sold under foreclosure in 1877,
and reorganized as the Chicago & Nashville, but
later in same year took its present name. In
1894 it was consolidated with the Chicago &
Indiana Coal Railway. Two spurs (5.27 miles in
length) were added to the line in 1895. Early in
1897 this line obtained control of the Chicago,
Paducah & Memphis Railroad, which is now
operated to Marion, in "Williamson Coimty. (See
Chicago, Paducah d- McinitJiis Railroad.)
CHICAGO & GRA>U TRUNK RAILWAY. Of
the 335.27 miles of the Chicago & Grand Trunk
Railroad, only 30.65 are in Illinois, and of the
latter 9.7 miles are operated under lease. That
portion of the line within the State extends from
Chicago easterly to the Indiana State line. The
Company is also lessee of the Grand Junction
Railroad, four miles in length. The Road is
capitalized at $6,000,000, has a bonded debt of
$12,000,000 and a floating debt (1895) of $2,271,425,
making the total capital invested, $20,871,425.
The total earnings in Illinois for 1895 amounted
to $660,393; disbursements within the State for
the same period, $345,233. The Chicago & Grand
Trunk Railway, as now constituted, is a consoli-
dation of various lines between Port Huron,
Mich., and Chicago, operated in the interest of
the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. The Illi-
nois section was built under a charter granted in
1878 to the Chicago & State Line Railway Com-
pany, to form a connection with Valparaiso, Ind.
This corporation acquired the Chicago & South-
ern Railroad (from Chicago to Dolton), and the
Chicago & State Line Extension in Indiana, all
being consolidated under the name of the North-
western Grand Trunk Railroad. In 1880, a final
consolidation of these lines with the eastward
connections took place under the present name —
the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway.
CHICAGO & GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY.
(See Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Paihcay.)
CHICAGO & GREAT SOUTHERN RAILROAD.
(See Peoria, Decatur d- Evansville Raihrai/.)
CHICAGO & ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL-
WAY. (See Peoria, Decatur &~ Evansville Rail-
CHICAGO & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See
Chicago d- Alton Railroad.)
CHICAGO & NASHVILLE RAILROAD. (See
Chicago cfr Eastern Illinois Railroad.)
CHICAGO & NORTHERN PACIFIC RAIL-
ROAD. (See Chicago Terminal Transfer Rail-
road. )
CHICAGO & NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY,
one of the great trunk lines of the country, pene-
trating the States of Illinois, Wisconsin. Michi-
gan, Iowa, Minnesota and North and South
Dakota. Tlie total length of its main line,
branches, proprietar)' and operated lines, on May
1, 1899, was 5,076.89 miles, of which 594 miles are
operated in Illinois, all owned by the company.
Second and side tracks increase the mileage
to a total of 7,217.91 miles. The Chicago &
Northwestern Railway (proper) is operated in
nine separate divisions, as follows: The Wis-
consin, Galena, Iowa, Northern Iowa, Madison,
Peninsula, Winona and St. Peter, Dakota and
Ashland Divisions The principal or main lines
of the "Northwestern System,"' in its entirety,
are those which have Cliicago. Omaha, St. Paul
and Minneapolis for their termini, though their
branches reach numerous important points
within the States already named, from the shore
of Lake Michigan on the east to Wyoming on the
west, and from Kansas on the south to Lake
Superior on the north. — (History.) The Chi-
cago & Northwestern Railway Company was
organized in 1859 under charters granted by the
Legislatures of Illinois and Wisconsin during
that year, under which the new company came
into possession of the rights and franchises of the
Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad Com-
pany. The latter road was the outgrowth of
various railway enterprises which had been pro-
102
niSTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
jected. chartered and partly constructed in "Wis-
consin and Illinois, between 1848 and 1855,
including the Madison & Beloit Railroad, the
Eock River Valley Union Railroad, and the Illi-
nois & Wisconsin Railroad — the last named com-
pany being chartered by the Illinois Legislature
in 1851, and autliorized to build a railroad from
Chicago to the Wisconsin line. The Wisconsin .
Legislature of 1855 authorized the consolidation
of the Rock River Valley Union Railroad with the
Illinois enterprise, and, in March, 1855, the con-
solidation of these lines was perfected under the
name of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac
Railroad. During the first four years of its e.xist-
ence this company built 176 miles of the road, of
which seventy miles were between Chicago and
the Wisconsin State line, with the sections con-
structed in Wisconsin completing the connection
between Chicago and Fond du Lac. As the result
of the financial revulsion of 1857, the corporation
became financially embarrassed, and the sale of its
property and franchises under the foreclosure of
1859, already alluded to, followed. This marked
the beginning of the present corporation, and, in
the next few years, by the con.struction of new
lines and the purchase of others in Wisconsin and
Northern Illinois, it added largely to the extent
of its lines, both constructed and projected. The
most important of these was the union effected
with the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad,
which was formally consolidated with the Chi-
cago & Northwestern in 1804. The history' of
the Galena & Chicago Union is interesting in
view of the fact that it was one of the earliest
railroads incorporated in Illinois, having been
chartered by special act of the Legislature during
the "internal improvement" excitement of 1830.
Besides, its charter was the only one of that
period under wliich an organization was effected,
and although construction was not begun under
it until 1847 (eleven years afterward), it was the
second railroad constructed in the State and the
first leading from the city of Chicago. In the
forty years of its history the growth of the Chi-
cago & Northwestern has been steady, and its
success almost phenomenal. In that time it has
not only added largely to its mileage by the con-
struction of new lines, but has absorbed more
lines than almost any other road in the country,
until it now reaches almost every important city
in the Northwest. Among the lines in Northern
Illinois now constituting a part of it, were several
which had become a part of the Galena & Chicago
Union before the consolidation. These included
a line from Belvidere to Beloit, Wis. ; the Fox
River Valley Railroad, and the St. Charles &
Mississippi Air Line Railroad — all Illinois enter-
prises, and more or less closely connected with
the development of the State. The total capi-
talization of the line, on June 30, 1898, was
8200,908,108, of which $66,408,831 was capi-
tal stock and §101,603,000 in the form of
bonds. The earnings in the State of Illinois,
for the same period, aggregated §4,374,933,
and the expenditures 83,713,593. At the present
time (1899) the Chicago & Northwestern is build-
ing eight or ten branch lines in Wisconsin, Iowa,
Jlinnesota and South Dakota. The Northwestern
System, as such, comprises nearly 3,000 miles of
road not included in the preceding statements of
mileage and financial condition. Although owned
by the Chicago & Northwestern Company, they
are managed by difl'erent officers and under other
names. The mileage of the whole system covers
nearlv 8.000 miles of main line.
CHICVGO & SPRIMiFIELD EAILBO.VD.
(See Illinois Central Bailroad.)
CHICAGO & TEXAS RAILROAD, a line
sevent3'-three miles in length, extending from
Johnston City by way of Carbondale westerly to
the Mississippi, thence southerly to Cape Girar-
deau. The line was originally operated by two
companies, under the names of the Grand Tower
& Carbondale and the Grand Tower & Cape Girar-
deau Railroad Companies. The former was
chartered in 1882, and the road built in 1885; the
latter, chartered in 1889 and the line opened the
same year. They were consolidated in 1893, and
operated under the name of the Chicago & Texas
Railroad Company. In October, 1897, the last
named line was transferred, under a twenty-five
year lease, to the Illinois Central Railroad Com-
pany, by whom it is operated as its St. Louis &
Cape Girardeau division.
CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA RAIL-
ROAD. The main line of this road extends from
Chicago to Dolton, 111. (17 miles), and affords ter-
minal facilities for all lines entering the Polk St.
Depot at Chicago. It has branches to Hammond,
Ind. (10.28 miles) ; to Cragin (15.9 miles), and to
South Chicago (5.41 miles); making the direct
mileage of its branches 48.59 miles. In addition,
its second, third and fourth tracks and sidings
increase the mileage to 204. 79 miles. The com-
pany was organized June 9, 1879 ; the road opened
in 1880, and, on Jan. 26, 1882, consolidated with
the South Chicago & V/estern Indiana Railroad
Company, and the Chicago & Western Indiana
Belt Railway. It also owns some 850 acres in fee
in Chicago, including wharf property on the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
103
Chicago River, right of way, switch and transfer
yards, depots, the Indiana grain elevator, etc.
The elevator and the Belt Division are leased to
the Belt Railway Company of Chicago, and the
rest of the property is leased conjointly by the
Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago & Grand
Trunk, the Chicago & Erie, the Louisville, New
Albany & Chicago, and the Wabash Railways
(each of which owns §1,000,000 of the capital
stock), and by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe.
These companies pay the expense of operation
and maintenance on a mileage basis.
CHICAGO & WISCONSIIV RAILKOAD. (See
Wisconsin Central Lines.)
CHILDS, Robert A., was born at Malone,
FrankUn County, N. Y., March 23, 1S45. the son
of an itinerant Methodist preacher, who settled
near Belvidere, Boone Coimty. 111., in 18.53. His
home having been broken up by the death of his
mother, in 1854, he went to live upon a farm. In
April, 1861, at the age of 16 years, he enlisted in
the company of Captain (afterwards General)
Stephen A. Hurlbut, which was later attached to
the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers. After being
mustered out at the close of the war, he entered
school, and graduated from the Illinois State
Normal University in 1870. For the following three
years he was Principal and Superintendent of
public schools at Amboy, Lee County, meanwhile
studying law, and being admitted to the bar. In
1873, he began the practice of his profession at
Chicago, making his home at Hinsdale. After
filling various local offices, in 1884 he was
chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican
ticket, and, in 1893, was elected by the narrow
majority of thirty-seven votes to represent the
Eighth Illinois District in the Fifty-third Con-
gress, as a Republican.
CHILLICOTHE, a city in Peoria County, situ-
ated on tlie Illinois River, at the head of Peoria
Lake; is 19 miles northwest of Peoria, on tlie
Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific Railroad, and the freight division of the
Atkinson, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. It is an
important shipping-point for grain; has a can-
ning factory, a button factory, two banks, five
churches, a high school, and two weekly news-
papers. Population (1890), 1,6.33; (1900), 1,699.
CHINIQUY, (ReT.) Charles, clergyman and
reformer, was born in Canada, July 30, 1809, of
mixed French and Spanish blood, and educated
for the Romish priesthood at the Seminary of St.
Nicholet, where he remained ten years, gaining a
reputation among his fellow students for extraor-
dinary zeal and piety. Having been ordained
to the priesthood in 1833, he labored in various
churches in Canada until 1851, when he accepted
an invitation to Illinois with a view to building
up the church in the Mississippi Valley. Locat-
ing at the junction of the Kankakee and Iroquois
Rivers, in Kankakee County, he was the means
of bringing to that vicinity a colony of some
5,000 French Canadians, followed by colonists
from France, Belgium and other European
countries. It has been estimated that over
50,000 of this class of emigrants were settled in
Illinois within a few years. The colony em-
braced a territory of some 40 square miles, with
the village of St. Ann's as the center. Here
Father Chiniquy began his labors by erecting
churches and schools for the colonists. He soon
became dissatisfied with what he believed to be
tlie exercise of arbitrary authority by the ruling
Bisliop, then began to have doubts on the question
of papal infallibility, the final result being a
determination to separate himself from the
Mother Church. In this step he appears to have
been followed by a large proportion of the colo-
nists who had accompanied him from Canada, but
the result was a feeling of intense bitterness
between the opposing factions, leading to much
litigation and many criminal prosecutions, of
which Father Chiniquy was the subject, though
never convicted. In one of these suits, in which
the Father was accused of an infamous crime,
Abraham Lincoln was counsel for the defense,
the charge being proven to be the outgrowth of
a conspiracy. Having finally determined to
espouse the cause of Protestantism, Father
Chiniquy allied himself with the Canadian Pres-
bytery, and for many years of his active clerical
life, divided his time between Canada and the
United States, having supervision of churches in
Montreal and Ottawa, as well as in this country.
He also more than once visited Europe by special
invitation to address important religious bodies
in that country. He died at Montreal, Canada,
Jan. 16, 1899, in the 90th year of his age.
CHOUART, Medard, (known also as Sieur des
Groseilliers), an early French explorer, supposed
to have been boi-n at Tom-aine, France, about
1621. Coming to New France in early youth, he
made a voyage of discovery with his brother-in-
law, Radisson, westward from Quebec, about
1654-56, these two being believed to have been
the fu-st white men to reach Lake Superior.
After spending the winter of 1658-59 at La
Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis., no^\- stands,
they are believed by some to have discovered the
Upper Mississippi and to have descended that
104
IlI:STOi;a'AL EXCYC'LOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
stream a long distance towards its mouth, us
they claimed to liave readied a much milder
climate and heard of Spanisli ships on the salt
water (Gulf of Mexico). Some antiquarians
credit them, about this time (16.59), with having
visited the present site of the city of Chicago.
They were the first explorers of Northwestern
Wisconsin and Minnesota, and are also credited
with having been the first to discover an inland
route to Hudson's Bay, and with being the
founders of the original Hudson's Bay Company.
Groseillier's later history is unknown, but he
ranks among the most intrepid explorers of the
"New World" about the middle of the seventh
century.
CHRISMAN, a city of Edgar County, at the
intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi-
cago & St. Louis and the Cincinnati, Hamilton &
Dayton Railroads, 24 miles south of Dan viUe: has
a pipe-wrench factory, grain elevators, and
storage cribs. Population (1890), 820; (1900), 905.
CHRISTIAN COUXTT, a rich agricultural
coimty, lying in the "central belt," and organized
in 1839 from parts of Macon, Jlontgomery,
Sangamon and Shelby Counties. The name first
given to it was Dane, in honor of Nathan Dane,
one of the framers of the Ordinance of 1787, but
a political prejudice led to a change. A pre-
ponderance of early settlers having come from
Christian County, Ky., this name was finally
adopted. The surface is level and the soil fertile,
the northern half of the county being best
adapted to corn and the southern to wheat. Its
area is about 710 square miles, and its population
(1900), was 32,790. The life of the early settlers
was exceedingl}' primitive. Game was abun-
dant; wild honey was used as a substitute for
sugar; wolves were troublesome; prairie fires
were frequent; the first mill (on Bear Creek)
could not grind more than ten bushels of grain
per day, by horse-power. The people hauled their
corn to St. Louis to exchange for groceries. The
fii-st store was opened at Robertson's Point, but
the county-seat was established at Taylorville. A
great change was wrought in local conditions by
the advent of the Illinois Central Railway, wliich
passes through the eastern part of the county.
Two other railroads now pass centrally through
the county — the "Wabash" and the Baltimore &
Ohio Southwestern. The principal towns are
Taylorville (a railroad center and thriving town
of 2,829 inhabitants), Pana, Morrisonville, Edin-
burg. and Assumption.
CHrPtCH. Lawrence S., lawyer and legislator,
was born at Xunda, X, Y., in 1820; passed his
youth on a farm, but having a fondness for study,
at an earl)- age began teaching in winter with a
view to earning means to prosecute his studies in
law. In 1843 he arrived at McHenry, then the
county -seat of McHenry County, III., having
walked a part of the way from New York, paying
a portion of his expenses by the delivery of lec-
tures. He soon after visited Springfield, and
having been examined before Judge S. H. Treat,
was admitted to the bar. On the removal of the
county-seat from McHenry to Woodstock, he
removed to the latter place, where he continued
to reside to the end of his life. A member of the
Whig party up to 18.56, he was that year elected
as a Republican Representative in the Twentieth
General Assembly, serving by re-election in the
Twenty-first and Twenty-second; in 1860, was
supported for the nomination for Congress in the
Northwestern District, but was defeated by Hon.
E. B. Washburne ; in 1862, aided in the organiza-
tion of the Ninety-fifth Illinois Volunteers, and
was commissioned its Colonel, but was compelled
to resign before reaching the field on account of
failing health. In 1866 he was elected County
Judge of McHenry County, to fill a vacancy, and,
in 1869 to the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70.
Died, July 23, 1870. Judge Church was a man of
high principle and a speaker of decided ability.
CHURCH, Selden Marvin, capitalist, was born
at East Haddam, Conn., March 4, 1804; taken by
his father to Monroe County, N. Y'., in boyhood,
and grew up on a farm there, but at the age of
21, went to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he engaged
in teaching, being one of the earliest teachers in
the public schools of that city. Then, having
spent some time in mercantile pursuits in Roches-
ter, N. Y'., in 183-5 he removed to Illinois, first
locating at Geneva, but the following year
removed to Rockford, where he continued to
reside for the remainder of his life. In 1841, he
was appointed Postmaster of the city of Rock-
ford by the first President Harrison, remaining
in office three years. Other offices held by him
were those of County Clerk (1843-47), Delegate to
the Second Constitutional Convention (1847),
Judge of Probate (1849-.57), Representative in
the Twenty-third General Assembly (1863-65),
and member of the first Board of Public Charities
by appointment of Governor Palmer, in 1869,
being re-appointed b}- Governor Beveridge, in
1873, and, for a part of the time, serving as Presi-
dent of the Board. He also served, by appoint-
ment of the Secretary of War, as one of the
Commissioners to assess damages for the Govern-
ment improvements at Rock Island and to locate
niSTOrJCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
the GoTernnient bridge between Rock Island and
Davenport. Dm-ing the latter years of his life he
was President for some time of the Rcckford
Insurance Company ; was also one of the origina-
tors, and. for many years. Managing Director of
the Rockford "Water Power Company, which has
done so much to promote the jjrosperity of that
city, and, at the time of his death, was one of the
Directors of the "Winnebago National Bank. Died
at Rockford, June 23. 1892.
CHUKCHILL, George, early printer and legis-
lator, was born at Hubbardtowu, Rutland
County, Yt.. Oct. 11, 1789; received a good edu-
cation in his youth, thus imbibing a taste for
literature which led to his learning the printer's
trade. In 1806 he became an apprentice in the
office of the Albany (N. Y.) "Sentinel," and,
after serving his time, worked as a journeyman
printer, thereby accumulating means to purchase
a half-interest in a small printing office. Selling
this out at a loss, a year or two later, he went to
New York, and, after working at the case some
five months, started for the "West, stopping en
route at Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Louisville.
In the latter place he worked for a time in the
office of "The Courier," and still later in that of
"The Correspondent," then owned by Col. Elijah
C. Berry, who subsequently came to IlUnois and
served as Auditor of Public Accounts. In 1817
he arrived in St. Louis, but, attracted by the fer-
tile soil of Illinois, determined to engage in agri-
cultural pursuits, finally purchasing land some
six miles southeast of Edwardsville, in Madison
Countj-, where he continued to reside the re-
mainder of his life. In order to raise means to
improve his farm, in the spring of 1819 he
worked as a compositor in the office of "The
Jlissouri Gazette"— the predecessor of "The St.
Louis Republic." "While there he wrote a series
of articles over the .signature of "A Farmer of St.
Charles County," advocating the admission of
the State of Missouri into the Union without
slavery, which caused considerable excitement
among the friends of that institution. During
the same year he aided Hooper "Warren in
establishing his paper, "The Spectator," at
Edwardsville, and, still later, became a frequent
contributor to its columns, especially during the
campaign of 1822-24. which resulted, in the latter
year, in the defeat of the attempt to plant slavery
in Illinois. In 1822 he was elected Represent-
ative in the Third General Assembly, serving in
that body by successive re-elections until 1832.
His re-election for a second term, in 1824. demon-
strated that his vote at the preceding session, in
opposition to the scheme for a State Convention
to revise the State Constitution in the interest of
slaver}', was approved by his constituents. In
1838, he was elected to the State Senate, seiwing
four years, and, in 1844, was again elected to t]ie
House — in all serving a period in both Houses of
sixteen years. Mr. Churchill was never married.
He was an industrious and systematic collector of
historical records, and, at the time of his death in
the summer of 1872, left a mass of documents and
other historical material of great value. (See
Slavery and Slave Laws; Warren, Hooper, and
Coles, Edward.)
CLARK (Gen.) George Rogers, soldier, was
born near Monticello, Albemarle County, Va.,
Nov. 19, 1752. In his younger life he was a
farmer and surveyor on the upper Ohio. His
first experience in Indian fighting was under
Governor Dunmore, against the Shawnees (1774).
In 1775 he went as a sm-veyor to Kentucky, and
the British having incited the Indians against
the Americans in the following year, he was
commissioned a Major of miUtia. He soon rose
to a Colonelc}', and attained marked distinction.
Later he was commissioned Brigadier-General,
and planned an expedition against the British
fort at Detroit, which was not successful. In
the latter part of 1777, in consultation with Gov.
Patrick Henry, of "Virginia, he planned an expe-
dition against Illinois, which was carried out
the following year. On July 4, 1778, he captured
Kaskaskia without firing a gun, and other
French villages sm-rendered at discretion. The
following February he set out from Kaskaskia to
cross the "Illinois Country" for the purpose of
recapturing Vinoennes, which had been taken and
was garrisoned by the British under Hamilton.
After a forced march characterized bj- incredible
suffering, his ragged followers effected the cap-
ture of the post. His last important military
service was against the savages on the Big
Miami, whose villages and fields he laid waste.
His last years were passed in sorrow and in com-
parative penury. He died at Louisville, Ky.,
Feb. 18, 1818, and his remains, after reposing in a
private cemetery near that city for half a cen-
tury, were exhumed and removed to Cave Hill
Cemetery in 1869. The fuUest history of General
Clark's expedition and his life will be found in
the "Conquest of the Country Northwest of the
Ohio River, 1774-1788, and Life of Gen. George
Rogers Clark" (3 volumes, 1896). by the late
William H. English, of Indianapolis.
CLARK, Horace S., lawyer and politician, was
born at Huntsburg, Ohio. August 12, 1840. At
106
HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
the age of 15, poming to Chicago, lie found
employment in a livery stable ; later, worked on
a, farm in Kane County, attending school in the
winter. After a year spent in Iowa City attend-
ing the Iowa State University, he returned to
Kane County and engaged in the dairy business,
later occupying himself with various occupations
In Illinois and Missouri, but finally returning to
his Ohio home, where he began the stud_v of law
at Circleville. In 18B1 he enlisted in an Ohio
regiment, rising from the ranks to a caiitaiucy,
but was finally compelled to leave the service in
consequence of a wound received at Ciett^sliurg.
In 186.5 he settled at Mattoon, 111., where he was
admitted to the bar in 1S6S. In ISTO he was an
unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature on the
Republican ticket, but was elected State Senator
in 1880, serving four years and proving himself
one of the ablest speakers on the floor. In 1888
he was chosen a delegate-at-large to the National
Republican Convention, and has long been a con-
spicuous figure in State politics. In 189G he was
a prominent candidate for the Republican nomi-
nation for Governor.
CLARK, John M., civil engineer and merchant,
was born at White Pigeon. Mich., August 1, 1836;
came to Chicago with his widowed mother in
1847, and, after five years in the Chicago schools,
served for a time (1852) as a rodman on the Illi-
nois Central Railroad. After a course in the
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y. ,
where he graduated in 1806, he returned to the
service of the Illinois Central. In 1859 he went to
Colorado, where he was one of the original
founders of the city of Denver, and chief engi-
neer of its first water supply company. In 1863
he started on a surveying expedition to Arizona,
but was in Santa Fe when that place was captm-ed
by a rebel expedition from Texas; was also
present soon after at the battle of Apache Canon,
when the Confederates, being defeated, were
driven out of the Territory. Returning to Chi-
cago in 1864, he became a member of the whole-
sale leather firm of Gray, Clark & Co. The
official positions held by Mr. Clark include those
of Alderman (1879-81). Member of the Board of
Education, Collector of Customs, to which he
was appointed by President Harrison, in 1889,
and President of the Chicago Civil Service Board
by appointment of Mayor Swift, under an act
passed by the Legislatm-e of 1895, retiring m 1897.
In 1881 he was the Republican candidate for Mayor
of Chicago, but was defeated by Carter H. Harri-
son. 3Ir. Clark is one of the Directors of the Crerar
Library, named in the will of Sir. Crerar.
CLARK COUXTYj one of the eastern counties
of the State, south of the middle line and front-
ing upon the Wabash River; area, 510 square
miles, and population (1900), 24,0;j;3; named for
Col. George Rogers Clark. Its organization was
efiiected in 1819. Among the earliest pioneers
were John Bartlett, Abraham Washburn, James
Whitlock, James B. Anderson, Stephen Archer
and Uri Manly. The county-seat is Marshall, the
site of which was purchased from the Govern-
ment in 1803 by Gov. Joseph Duncan and Col.
William B. Archer, the latter becoming sole pro-
jirietor in 1835, in which year the first log cabin
was built. The original county-seat was Darwin,
and the change to Marshall (in 1849) was made
onlj' after a hard struggle. The soil of the
county is rich, and its agricultural products
varied, embracing corn (the chief staple), oats,
potatoes, winter wheat, butter, sorghum, honey,
maple sugar, wool and i^rk. Woolen, flouring
and lumber mills exist, but the manufacturing
interests are not extensive. Among the promi-
nent towns, besides Marshall and Darwin, are
Casey (population 844), Martinsville (779), West-
field (510), and York (394).
CLAY, Porter, clergyman and brother of the
celebrated Henry Clay, was born in Virginia,
March, 1779 ; in early life removed to Kentucky,
studied law, and was, for a time. Auditor of
Public Accounts in that State ; in 1815, was con-
verted and gave himself to the Baptist ministry,
locating at Jacksonville, 111., where he spent
most of his life. Died, in 1850.
CLAY CITY, a village of Clay County, on.the
Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 12
miles west of Olney ; has one newspaper, a bank,
and is in a grain and fruit-growing region.
Population (1890), 613; (1900). 907; (1903), 1,020.
CLAY COUNTY, situated in the southeastern
quarter of the State ; has an area of 470 square
miles and a population (190U) of 19, .553. It was
named for Henry Clay. The first claim in the
county was entered by a Mr. Elliot, in 1818, and
soon after settlers began to locate homes in the
count}', although it was not organized until 1824.
During the same year the pioneer settlement of
Maysville was made the county-seat, but immi-
gration continued inactive until 1837, when
man}- settlers arrived, headed by Judges Apper-
son and Hopkins and Messrs. Stanford and Lee,
who were soon followed by the families of Coch-
ran, SIcCullom and Tender. The Little Wabash
River and a number of small tributaries drain
the county. A light-colored sandy loam consti-
tutes the gi-eater part of the soil, although "black
IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
107
prairie loain" appears here and tliere. Railroad
facilities are limited, but sufficient to accommo-
date the county's requirements. Fruits,
especially apples, are successfully cultivated.
Educational advantages are fair, although largely
confined to district schools and academies in
larger towns. Louisville was made the county-
seat in 1842, and, in 1890, had a population of
C3T. Xenia and Flora are the most important
towns.
CLATTOX, a town in Adams County, on the
Wabash Railway, 28 miles east-northeast of
Quincy. A branch of the Wabash Railway ex-
tends from this point northwest to Carthage, 111.,
and Keokuk, Iowa, and another branch to
Quincy, 111. The industries include flour and feed
mills, machine and raih'oad repair shops, grain
elevator, cigar and harness factories. It has a
bank, four churches, a high school, and a weeklj-
newspaper. Population (1890). 1,038; (1900), 996.
CLE.4.yER, William, pioneer, was born in Lon-
don, England, in 1815; came to Canada with his
parents in 1831, and to Chicago in 1884 ; engaged
in business as a chandler, later going into the
grocery trade; in 1849, joined the gold-seekers in
California, and, sis years afterwards, established
himself in the southern part of the present city
of Chicago, then called Cleaverville, where he
served as Postmaster and managed a general
store. He was the owner of considerable real
estate at one time in what is now a den.sely
populated part of the city of Chicago. Died in
Chicago, Nov. 13, 1896.
CLEMENTS, Isaac, ex-Congi-essman and Gov-
ernor of Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Danville,
111., was born in Franklin Count}% Ind., in 1887;
graduated from Asbury University, at Green-
castle, in 1859, having supported himself during
his college com-se by teaching. After reading
law and being admitted to the bar at Greeucastle,
he removed to Carbondale, 111., where he again
found it necessary to resort to teaching in order
to purchase law-books. In July, 1861, he enlisted
in the Ninth Illinois Infantry, and was commis-
sioned Second Lieutenant of Company G. He
was in the service for three years, was three
times woimded and twice promoted "for meri-
torious service." In June, 1867, he was ap-
pointed Register in Bankruptcy, and from 1873
to 1875 was a Republican Representative in tlie
Forty-third Congress from the (then) Eighteenth
District. He was also a member of tlie Repula-
lican State Convention of 1880. In 1889, he
became Pension Agent for the District of Illinois,
by appointment of President Harrison, serving
until 1893. In the latter part of 1898, he was
appointed Superintendent of the Soldiers'
Orphans' Home, at Normal, but served only a
few months, when he accepted the position of
Governor of the new Soldiers' and Sailors' Home,
at Danville.
CLEVELAND, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO & ST.
LOUIS RAILWAY. The total length of this sys-
tem (1898) is 1,807.34 miles, of which 478.39 miles
are operated in Illinois. That portion of the main
line lying within the State extends from East St.
Louis, northeast to the Indiana State line, 181
miles. The Company is also the lessee of the
Peoria & Eastern Raih-oad (132 miles), and oper-
ates, in addition, other lines, as follows; The
Cairo Division, extending from Tilton, on the
line of the Wabash, 3 miles southwest of Dan-
ville, to Cairo (259 miles) ■ the Chicago Division,
extending from Kankakee southeast to the
Indiana State line (34 miles) ; the Alton Branch,
from Wann Junction, on the main line, to Alton
(4 miles). Besides these, it enjoys with the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, joint owner-
ship of the Kankakee & Seneca Raih-oad, which
it operates. The system is uniformly of standard
gauge, and about 280 miles are of double track.
It is laid with heavy steel rails (sixty-five, sixty-
seven and eighty poimds), laid on white oak ties,
and is amply ballasted with broken stone and
gravel. Extensive repair shops are located at
ilattoon The total capital of the entire system
on June 30, 1898— including capital stock and
bonded and floating debt — was 897,149,361. The
total earnings in Illinois for the year were
§3,773,193, and the total expenditures in the State
§3,611,437. The taxes paid the same year were
8124,196. The history of this .system, so far as
Illinois is concerned, begins with the consoUda-
tion, in 1889, of the Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St.
Louis & Chicago, the Cleveland, Columbus, Cin-
cinnati & Indianapolis, and the Indianapolis &
St. Louis Railway Companies. In 1890, certain
leased lines in Illinois (elsewhere mentioned)
were merged into the system. (For history of
the several divisions of tiiis system, see St. Louis,
Alton & Terre Haute, Peoria & Eastern, Cairo
& Vinccnnes, and Kankakee & Seneea Railroads.)
CLIMATOLOGY. Extending, as it does, thi-ough
six degrees of latitude, Illinois affords a great
diversity of climate, as regards not only the
range of temperature, but also the amount of
rainfall. In both particulars it exhibits several
points of contrast to States lying between the
same parallels of latitude, but neai-er the Atlan-
tic. The same statement applies, as well, to all
108
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
the North Central anil the Western States.
Warm winds from the Gulf of Mexico come up
the ilississiiipi Valley, and impart to vegetation
in the southern portion of the State, a stimulat-
ing influence which is not felt upon the seaboard.
On the other hand, there is no great barrier to
the descent of the Arctic winds, which, in
winter, sweep down toward the Gulf, depressing
the temperature to a point lower than is custom-
ary nearer the seaboard on the same latitude.
Lake Michigan exerts no little influence upon the
climate of Chicago and other adjacent districts,
mitigating both summer heat and winter cold.
If a comparison be instituted between Ottawa
and Boston — the latter being one degree farther
north, but 570 feet nearer the sea-level — the
springs and summers are found to be about five
degrees warmer, and the winters three degrees
colder, at the former point. In comparing the
East and West in respect of rainfall, it is seen
that, in the former section, the same is pretty
equally distributed over the four seasons, %vhile
in the latter, spring and summer may be called
the wet season, and autumn and winter the dry.
In the extreme West nearly three-fourths of the
yearly precipitation occurs during the growing
season. This is a climatic condition highly
favorable to the growth of grasses, etc., but
detrimental to the growth of trees. Hence we
find luxuriant forests near the seaboard, and, in
the interior, grassj' plains. Illinois occupies a
geographical position where these great climatic
changes begin to manifest themselves, and where
' the distinctive features of the prairie first become
fully apparent. The annual precipitation of
rain is gi'eatest in the southern part of the State,
but, owing to the higher temperature of that
section, the evaporation is also more rapid. The
distribution of the rainfall in respect of seasons
is also more unequal toward the south, a fact
■which may account, in part at least, for the
increased area of woodlands in that region.
While Illinois lies within the zone of southwest
winds, their flow is affected by conditions some-
what abnormal. The northeast trades, after
entering the Gulf, are deflected by the mountains
of Mexico, becoming inward breezes in Texas,
southerly winds in the Lower Mississippi Valley,
and southwesterly as thej- enter the Uiiper
Valley. It is to this aerial current that the hot,
moist summers are attributable. The north and
northwest winds, which set in with the change
of the season, depress the temperature to a point
below that of the Atlantic slope, and are
attended with a diminished precipitation.
CLINTON, the county-seat of De Witt County,
situated 28 miles south of Blooniington, at inter-
section of the Springfield and the Champaign-
Havana Divisions with the main line of the Illinois
Central Railroad ; lies in a productive agricultural
region; has machine shops, flour and planing
mills, brick and tile works, water works, electric
lighting plant, piano-case factory, banks, three
newspapers, six churches, and two public schools.
Population (1890), 2,598; (1900), 4,453.
CLINTON COUNTY, organized in 1824. from
portions of Washington, Bond and Fayette Coun-
ties, and named in honor of De Witt Clinton. It
is situated directly east of St. Louis, has an area
of 494 square miles, and a population (1900) of
19,824. It is drained by the Kaskaskia River and
by Shoal, Crooked, Sugar and Beaver Creeks. Its
geological formation is similar to that of other
counties in the same section. Thick layers of
limestone lie near the surface, with coal seams
underlying the same at varying depths. The
soil is varied, being at some points black and
loamy and at others (under timber) decidedly
clayey. The timber has been mainly cut for fuel
because of the inherent diflSculties attending
coal-mining. Two railroads cross the county
from east to west, but its trade is not important.
Agriculture is the chief occupation, corn, wheat
and oats being the staple products.
CLOUD, Newton, clergyman and legislator,
was born in North Carolina, in 1805, and, in 1827,
settled in the vicinity of Waverly, Morgan
County, 111., whei'e he piursued the vocation of a
farmer, as well as a preacher of the Methodist
Church. He also became prominent as a Demo-
cratic politician, and served in no less than nine
sessions of the General Assembly, besides the
Constitutional Convention of 1847, of which he
was chosen President. He was first elected
Representative in the Seventh Assembly (1830),
and afterwards served in the House during the
sessions of the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Thir-
teenth, Fifteenth and Twenty-seventh, and as
Senator in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth. He
was also Clerk of the House in 1844-45, and,
having been elected Representative two years
later, was chosen Speaker at the succeeding ses-
sion. Although not noted for any specially
aggressive qualities, his consistency of character
won for him general respect, while his frequent
elections to the Legislature prove him to have
been a man of large influence.
CLOWRY, Robert C, Telegraph Managar, was
born in 1838 ; entered the service of the Illinois &
Mississippi Telegraph Company as
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
109
boy at Joliet in 185'2, became manager of the
office at Lockport six montlis later, at Sin-ingfield
in 1853, and chief operator at St. Louis in 1854.
Between 1859 and '63, he held highly responsible
positions on rarious Western lines, but the latter
year was commissioned by President Lincoln
Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and placed
in charge of United States military lines with
headquarters at Little Rock, Ark. ; was mustered
out in May, 1866, and immediately appointed
District Superintendent of Western Union lines
in tlie Southwest. From that time his promotion
was steady and rapid. In 1875 he became
Assistant General Superintendent ; in 1878, Assist-
ant General Superintendent of the Central Divi-
sion at Chicago; in 1880, succeeded General
Stager as General Superintendent, and, in 1885,
was elected Director, member of the Execu-
tive Conunittee and Vice-President, his terri-
tory extending from the Atlantic to the
Pacific.
COAL AND COAL-MIXING. Illinois contains
much the larger portion of what is known as the
central coal field, covering an area of about
37,000 square miles, and imderlying sixty coim-
ties, in but forty-five of which, however, opera-
tions are conducted on a commercial scale. The
Illinois field contains fifteen distinct seams.
Those available for commercial mining generally
lie at considerable depth and are reached by
shafts. The coals are all bituminous, and furnish
an excellent steam-making fuel. Coke is manu-
factured to a limited extent in La Salle and some
of the southern counties, but elsewhere in the
State the coal does not yield a good marketable
coke. Neither is it in any degree a good gas
coal, although used in some localities for that
purpose, rather because of its abundance than on
accoimt of its adaptability. It is thought that,
with the increase of cheap transportation facili-
ties, Pittsburg coal will be brought into the State
in such quantities as eventually to exclude local
coal from the manufacture of gas. In the report
of the Eleventh United States Census, the total
product of tlie Illinois coal mines was given as
13,104,272 tons, as against 6,115,377 tons reported
by the Tenth Census. The value of the output
was estimated at §11,735,203, or §0.97 per ton at
the mines. The total number of mines was
stated to be 1,073, and the number of tons mined
was nearly equal to the combined yield of the
mines of Ohio and Indiana. The mines are
divided into two classes, technically known as
"regular" and "local." Of the former, there
were 358, and of the latter, 714. These 358 regular
mines employed 23,934 men and boys, of whom
31,3.50 worked below ground, besides an office
force of 389, and paid, in wages, §8,694,397. The
total capital invested in these 358 mines was
SJ7,630,351. According to the report of the State
Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1898, 881 mines
were operated during tlie year, employing 35,026
men and producing 18,599,399 tons of coal, which
was 1,473,459 tons less than the preceding year —
the reduction being due to the strike of 1897.
Five counties of the State produced more than
1,000,000 tons each, standing in the following
order: Sangamon, 1,763,803; St. Clair, 1,000,752;
Vermilion, 1,520,099; Macoupin, 1,264,926; La
Salle, 1,165,490.
COAL CITY, a town in Grundy County, on the
Chicagc, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 29 miles
by rail south-southwest of Joliet. Large coal
mines are operated here, and tlie town is an im-
portant shipping point.for their product. It has a
bank, a weekly newspaper and five churches.
Pop. (1890), 1,673; (1900), 2.607; (1903), about 3,000.
COBB, Emery, capitalist, was born at Dryden,
Tompkins Coimty, N. Y., August 20, 1831; at 16,
began the study of telegraphy at Ithaca, later
acted as operator on Western New York lines,
but, in 1852, became manager of the office at
Chicago, continuing until 1865, the various com-
panies having meanwiiile been consolidated into
the Western Union. He then made an extensive
tour of the world, and, although he had intro-
duced the system of transmitting money by
telegraph, he declined all invitations to return to
the key-board. Having made large investments
in lands about Kankakee, where he now resides,
he has devoted much of his time to agriculture
and stock-raising; was also, for many years, a
member of the State Board of Agriculture, Presi-
dent of the Short-Horn Breeders" Association,
and, for twenty years (1873-93), a member of the
Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois.
He has done much to improve the city of his
adoption by the erection of buildings, the con-
struction of electric street-car lines and the
promotion of manufactures.
COBB, Silas B., pioneer and real-estate opera-
tor, was born at Montpelier, Vt., Jan. 23, 1812;
came to Chicago in 1833 on a schooner from Buf-
falo, the voyage occupying over a month. Being
without means, he engaged as a carpenter upon a
building which James Kinzie, the Indian trader,
was erecting; later he erected a building of his
own in which he started a harness-shop, which
he conducted successfully for a number of years.
He has since been connected with a number
110
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
of business enterprises of a public character,
including banks, street and steam railways, but
his largest successes have been achieved in the line
of improved real estate, of which he is an exten-
sive owner. He is also one of the liberal bene-
factors of the University of Chicago, "Cobb
Lecture Hall," on the campus of that institution,
lieing the result of a contribution of his amount-
ing to 81,50,000, Died in Chicago, April 5, 1900.
COBDEX, a village in Union County, on the
Illinois Central Railroad, 43 miles north of Cairo
and 1.5 miles south of Carbondale. Fruits and
vegetables are extensively cultivated and shipped
to northern markets. This region is well tim-
bered, and Cobden has two box factories employ-
ing a considerable number of men; also has
several churches, schools and two weekly papers.
Population (1890), 994; (1900,) 1,034.
COCHRAN, William Granville, legislator and
jurist, was born in Ross County, Ohio, Nov. 13,
1844; brought to Moultrie County, 111., in 1849,
and, at the age of 17, enlisted in the One Himdred
and Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers,
serving in the War of the Rebellion three years
as a private. Returning home from the war, he
resumed life as a farmer, but early in 1873 began
merchandising at Lovington, continuing this
business three years, when he began the study of
law; in 1879, was admitted to the bar, and has
since been in active practice. In 1888 he was
elected to the lower house of the General
Assembly, was an unsuccessful candidate for the
Senate in 1890, but was re-elected to the House
in 1894, and again in 189G. At the special session
of 1890, he was chosen Speaker, and was similarly
honored in 189.5. He is an excellent parliamen-
tarian, clear-headed and just in his rulings, and
an able debater. In June, 1897, he was elected
for a six years' term to the Circuit bench. He is
also one of the Trustees of the Soldiers" Orphans'
Home at Normal.
CODDI>'G, leliabod, clergyman and anti-
slavery lectm'er, was born at Bristol. N. Y., in
1811; at the age of 17 he was a popular temper-
ance lectm-er; while a student at Middlebury,
Vt., began to lecture in opposition to slavery;
after leaving college served five years as agent
and lecturer of the Anti-Slavery Society; was
often exposed to mob violence, but always retain-
ing his self-control, succeeded in escaping
serious injury. In 1842 he entered the Congrega-
tional ministry and held pastorates at Princeton,
Lockport, Joliet and elsewhere; between 1854
and '58, lectured extensively through Illinois on
the Kansas-Nebraska issue, and was a power in
the organization of the Republican party. Died
at B;u-aboo, Wis., June 17, 1^00.
CODY, Hiram Hitchcock, lawyer and Judge;
born in Oneida County, N. Y., June 11, 1824; was
partiallj' educated at Hamilton College, and, in
1843, came with his father to Kendall County,
lU. In 1847, he removed to Naperville, where
for six years he served as Clerk of the County
Commissioners' Court. In 1851 he was admitted
to the bar; in 1801, was elected County Judge
vvith practical unanimity , served as a member of
the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and,
in 1874. was elected Judge of the Twelfth Judi-
cial Circuit. His residence (1896) was at Pasa-
dena, Cal.
COLCHESTER, a city of McDonough County,
on the Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad,
midway between Galesburg and Quincy; is the
center of a rich farming and an extensive coal-
mining region, producing more than 100,000 tons
of coal annually. A superior quality of potter's
clay is also niinea and shipped extensively to
other points. The city has brick and drain-tile
works, a bank, four churches, two public schools
and two weekly papers. Population (1890),
1,643; (1900), 1,635.
COLES, Edward, the second Governor of the
State of Illinois, born in Albemarle County, Ya.,
Dec. l.j, 1786, the son of a wealthy planter, who
had been a Colonel in the Revolutionary War;
was educated at Hampden-Sidney and William
and Mary Colleges, but compelled to leave before
graduation by an accident which interrupted his
studies ; in 1809, became the private secretary of
President Madison, remaining six years, after
which he made a trip to Russia as a special mes-
senger by appointment of the President. He
early manifested an interest in the emancipation
of the slaves of Virginia. In 1815 he made his
first tour through the Northwest Territory, going
as far west as St. Louis, returning three years
later and visiting Kaskaskia while the Constitu-
tional Convention of 1818 was in session. In
April of the following year he set out from his
Virginia home, accompanied by his slaves, for
Illinois, traveling by wagons to Brownsville. Pa.,
where, taking flat-boats, he descended the river
with his goods and servants to a point below
Louisville, where they disembarked, journeying
overland to Edwardsville. While descending
the Ohio, he informed liis slaves that tliey were
free, and, after arriving at their destination,
gave to each head of a family 160 acres of land.
This generous act was, in after years, made the
ground for bitter persecution by his enemies. At
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Ill
Edwai-dsville he entered upon the duties of
Register of the Land Office, to whicli he had
been appointed by President "Monroe. In 1823
he became the candidate for Governor of those
opposed to removing the restriction in tlie State
Constitution against the introduction of slavery,
and, although a majority of the voters then
favored the measure, he was elected by a small
plurality over his highest competitor in conse-
quence of a division of the opposition vote
between three candidates. The Legislature
chosen at the same time submitted to the people
a proposition for a State Convention to revise the
Constitution, which was rejected at the election
of 1834 by a majority of 1,668 in a total vote of
11,612. While Governor Coles had the efficient
aid in opposition to the measure of such men as
Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Congressman Daniel
P. Cook, Morris Birkbeck, George Forquer,
Hooper Warren, George Churchill and others, lie
was himself a most influential factor in protecting
Illinois from the blight of slavery, contributing
his salary for his entire term (84,000) to that end.
In 1825 it became his duty to welcome La Fay-
ette to Illinois. Retiring from office in 1826, he
contihued to reside some years on his farm near
Edwardsville, and, in 1830, was a candidate for
Congress, but being a known opponent of Gen-
eral Jackson, was defeated by Joseph Duncan.
Previous to 1833, he removed to Philadelphia,
where lie married during the following year, and
continued to reside there until his death, July 7,
1868, having lived to see the total e.xtinction of
slavery in the United States. (See Slavery and
Slave Laics. )
COLES COUNTY, originaUy a part of Crawford
County, but organized in 1831, and named in
honor of Gov. Edward Coles.— lies central to the
eastern portion of the State, and embraces 520
square miles, with a population (1900) of 34,146.
The Kaskaskia River (sometimes called the
Okaw) runs through the northwestern part of the
county, but the principal stream is the Embarras
(Embraw). The chief resource of the people is
agricultm-e, although the county lies within the
limits of the Illinois coal-belt. To the north and
west are prairies, while timber abounds in the
southeast. The largest crop is of corn, although
wheat, dairy products, potatoes, hay, tobacco,
sorghum, wool, etc., are also important products.
Broom-corn is extensively cultivated. Manufac-
turing is carried on to a fair extent, the output
embracing sawed lumber, carriages and wagons,
agricultural implements, tobacco and snuff, boots
and shoes, etc. Charleston, the county-seat, is
centrally located, and has a number of handsome
public buildings, private residences and business
blocks. It was laid out in 1831, and Incorporated
in 1865; in 1900, its population was 5,488.
Mattoon is a railroad center, situated some 130
miles east of St. Louis. It has a population of
9,623, and is an important shipping point for
grain and live-stock. Other principal towns are
Ashmore, Oakland and Lerna.
COLFAX, a village of McLean County, on the
Kankakee and Bloomington branch of the Illinois
Central Railroad, 33 miles northeast of Blooming-
ton. Farming and stock-growing are the leading
industries; has two banks, one newspaper, three
elevators, and a coal mine. Pop. (19U0), 1,153.
COLLEGE OF PHTSICIAXS AND SURGEONS,
located at Chicago, and organized in 1881. Its
first term opened in September, 1882, in a build-
ing erected by the trustees at a cost of 860,000,
with a faculty embracing twenty-flve professors,
with a sufficient corps of demonstrators, assist-
ants, etc. The number of matriculates was 153.
The institution ranks among the leading medical
colleges of the West. Its standard of qualifica-
tions, for both matriculates and graduates, is
equal to those of other first-class medical schools
throughout the country. The teaching faculty,
of late years, has consisted of some twenty-five
professors, who are aided by an adequate corps of
assistants, demonstrators, etc.
COLLEGES, EARLY. The early Legislatures of
Illinois manifested no little unfriendliness toward
colleges. The first charters for institutions of
this character were granted in 1833, and were for
the incorporation of the "Union College of Illi-
nois," in Randolph County, and the "Alton Col-
lege of Illinois," at Upper Alton. The first
named was to be under the care of the Scotch
Covenanters, but was never founded. The
second was in the interest of the Baptists, but
the charter was not accepted. Both these acts
contained jealous and unfriendly re.strictions,
notably one to the effect that no theological
department should be established and no pro-
fessor of theology employed as an instructor, nor
should anj' religious test be applied in the selec-
tion of trustees or the admission of pupils. The
friends of higher education, however, made com-
mon cause, and, in 1835, secured the passage of
an "omnibus bill" incorporating four private
colleges — the Alton; the IlUnois. at Jacksonville;
the McKendree, at Lebanon, and the Jonesboro.
Similar restrictive provisions as to theological
teaching were incorporated in these charters, and
a limitation was placed upon tlie amount of
112
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
property ti) be owned by any institution, but in
many respects the law was more liberal than its
predecessors of two years previous Owing to
the absence of suitable preparatory schools, these
institutions were compelled to maintain prepara-
tory departments under the tuition of the college
professors. The college last named above ( Jones-
boro) was to have been founded by the Christian
denomination, but was never organized. The
three remaining ones stand, in tlie order of their
formation, McKendree, Illinois, Alton (afterward
Shurtleff) ; in the order of graduating initial
classes — Illinois, McKendree, Shurtleff. Pre-
paratory instruction began to be given in Illinois
College in 1829, and a class was organized in tlie
collegiate department in 1831. The Legislature
of 1835 also incorporated the Jacksonville Female
Academy, the first school for girls chartered in
the State. From this time forward colleges and
academies were incorporated in rapid succession,
many of them at places whose names have long
since disappeared from the map of the State. It
was at this time that there developed a strong
party in favor of founding what were termed,
rather euphemisticall}-, "Manual Labor Col-
leges." It was believed that the time which a
student might be able to "redeem" from study,
could be so profitably employed at farm or shop-
work as to enable him to earn his own livelihood.
Acting upon this theory, tlie Legislature of 1835
granted charters to the "Franklin JIanual Labor
College," to be located in either Cook or La Salle
Coimty; to the "Burnt Prairie Manual Labor
Seminary," in White County, and the "Chatham
Manual Labor School," at Lick Prairie, Sanga-
mon County. University powers were conferred
upon the institution last named, and its charter
also contained the somewhat extraordinary pro-
vision that any sect might establish a professor-
ship of theology therein. In 1837 six more
colleges were incorporated, only one of which
(Kno$) was successfully organized. By 1840,
better and broader views of education had
developed, and the Legislature of 1841 repealed
all prohibition of the establishing of theological
departments, as well as the restrictions previously
imposed upon tlie amount and value of property
to be owned by private educational institutions.
The whole number of colleges and seminaries
incoi-porated under the State law (1896) is forty-
three. (See also Illinois College, Knox College,
Lake Forest University. McKendree College, Mon-
mouth College, Jacksunvillc Female Seminary,
Monticello Female Seminary, Northivestern Uni-
versity, Shurtleff College.)
COLLIER, Robert Laird, clergyman, was bom
in Salisbury, Md., August 7, 1837; graduated at
Boston University, 1858; soon after became an
itinerant Methodist minister, but. in 1806, united
with the Unitarian Church and ofliciated as
pastor of churches in Chicago, Boston and Kan-
sas City, besides supplying pulpits in various
cities in England (1880-85). In 1885, he was
appointed United States Consul at Leipsic, but
later served as a special commissioner of the
Johns Hopkins University in the collection of
labor statistics in Europe, meanwhile gaining a
wide reputation as a lectm-er and magazine
writer. His published works include; "Every-
Day Subjects in Sunday Sermons" (1809) and
"Jleditations on the Essence of Christianity"
(1876). Died near ids birtliplace, July 27. 1890.
COLLINS, Frederick, manufacturer, was born
in Connecticut, Feb. 24, 18(14. He was the young-
est of five brothers who came with their parents
from Litchfield, Conn , to Illinois, in 1822, and
settled in the town of L'nionville — now Collins-
ville — in the southwestern part of Madison
County. They were enterprising and public-
spirited business men, who engaged, quite
extensively for the time, in various branches of
manufacture, including flour and whisky. This
was an era of progress and development, and
becoming convinced of the injurious character
of the latter branch of their business, it was
promptly abandoned. The subject of this sketch
was later associated with his brother Michael in
the pork-packing and grain business at Naples,
the early Illinois River terminus of the Sangamon
& Morgan (now 'VVabash) Railroad, but finally
located at Quincy in 1851, where he was engaged
in manufacturing business for many years. He
was a man of high business probity and religious
principle, as well as a determined opponent of the
institution of slavery, as shown by the fact that
he was once subjected by his neighbors to the
intended indignity of being hung in effigy for the
crime of assisting a fugitive female slave on the
road to freedom. In a speech made in 1834, in
commemoration of the act of emancipation in the
West Indies, he gave utterance to the following
prediction : "Methinks the time is not far distant
when our own country will celebrate a day of
emancipation within her own borders, and con-
sistent songs of freedom shall indeed ring
throughout the length and breadth of the land."
He lived to see this prophecy fulfilled, dying at
Quincy, in 1878. Mr. Collins was the candidate of
the Liberty Men of Illinois for Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor in 1842.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
113
COLLINS, James H., lawyer and jurist, -svas
born in Cambridge, Washington County, N. Y.,
but taken in early life to Vernon, Oneida County,
where be grew to manhood. After spending a
couple of years in an academy, at the age of 18
be began the study of law, was admitted to the
bar in 1824, and as a counsellor and solicitor in
1827, coming to Chicago in the fall of 1833, mak-
ing a part of the journey by the first stage-coach
from Detroit to the present Western metropolis.
After arriving in Illinois, he spent some time in
exploration of the surrounding country, but
returning to Chicago in 1834, he entered into
partnership with Judge John D. Caton, wlio had
been his preceptor in New York, still later being
a partner of Justin Butterfield under the firm
name of Butterfield & Collins. He was con-
sidered an eminent authority in law and gained
an extensive practice, being regarded as espe-
cially strong in chancery cases as well as an able
pleader. Politically, be was an uncompromising
anti-slavery man, and often aided runaway
slaves in securing their liberty or defended others
who did so. He was also one of the original
promoters of the old Galena & Chicago Union
Railroad and one of its first Board of Directors.
Died, suddenly of cholera, wliile attending court
at Ottawa, in 18.54.
COLLINS, Loren C, jurist, was born at Wind-
sor, Conn., August 1, 1848; at the age of 18
accompanied bis family to Illinois, and was
educated at the Northwestern University. He
read law, was admitted to the bar, and soon
built up a remunerative practice. He was
elected to the Legislature in 1878, and tlu-ough
his ability as a debater and a parliamentarian,
soon became one of the leaders of his party on
the floor of the lower bouse. He was re-elected
in 1880 and 1882, and, in 1883, was chosen Speaker
of the Thirty-third General Assembly. In
December, 1884, he was appointed a Judge of the
Circuit Court of Cook County, to fill the vacancy
created by the resignation of Judge Barnum, was
elected to succeed himself in 1885, and re-elected
in 1891, but resigned in 1894, since that time
devoting his attention to regular practice in the
city of Chicago.
COLLINS, William H., retired manufacturer,
born at ColUnsville, III, March 20, 1831; was
educated in the common schools and at Illinois
College, later taking a course in literature,
philosophy and theology at Yale College ; served
as pastor of a Congregational church at La Salle
several years; in 1858, became editor and propri-
etor of "The Jacksonville Journal," which he
conducted some four years. The Civil War hav-
ing begun, be then accepted the chaplaincy of
the Tenth Regiment Illinois "Volunteers, but
resigning in 1863, organized a company of the
One Hundred and Fourth Volunteers, of which
he was chosen Captain, participating iu the
battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and
Missionary Ridge. Later be served on the staff
of Gen. John M. Palmer and at Fourteenth Army
Corps headquarters, until after the fall of
Atlanta. Then resigning, in November, 1864, be
was appointed by Secretary Stanton Provost-
Marshal for the Twelfth District of Illinois, con-
tinuing in this service until the close of 1365,
when he engaged in the manufactm-ing business
as head of the Collins Plow Company at Quincy.
This business he conducted successfuU}' some
twenty-five years, when he retired. Mr. Collins
has served as Alderman and Mayor, c(d interivi,
of the city of Quincy ; Representative in the
Thirty-fom-th and Thirty-fifth General Assem-
blies— during the latter being chosen to deliver
the eulogy on Gen. John A. Logan ; was a promi-
nent candidate for the nomination for Lieutenant
Governor in 1888, and the same year Republican
candidate for Congress in the Quincy District;
in 1894, was the Republican nominee for State
Senator in Adams Count}', and, though a Repub-
lican, has been twice elected Supervisor in a
strongly Democratic city.
COLLINSVILLE, a city on the southern border
of Madison County, 13 miles (by rail) east-north-
east of St. Louis, on the "Vandalia Line" (T. H.
& I. Ry.), about 11 miles south of Edwardsville.
The place was originally settled in 1817 by four
brothers named Collins from Litchfield, Conn.,
who established a tan-yard and erected an ox-mill
for grinding corn and wheat and sawing lumber
The town was platted by sm-viving members of
this family in 1836. Coal-mining is the principal
industry, and one or two mines are operated
within the corporate limits. The city has zinc
works, as vvell as flour mills and brick and tile
factories, two building and loan associations, a
lead smelter, stock bell factory, electric street
railways, seven churches, two banks, a high
school, and a newspaper office. Population
(1890), 3,498; (1900), 4,021; (1903, est.), 7,500.
COLLTER, Robert, clergyman, was born at
Keighly, Yorkshire, England, Dec. 8, 1823; left
school at eight years of age to earn bis living in
a factory ; at fourteen was apprenticed to a black-
smith and learned the trade of a hammer-maker.
His only opportunity of acquiring an education
during this period, apart from private study, was
114
IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
in a nif^ht-school, which he attended two winters.
In 1849 lie became a local Methodist preacher,
came to the United States the ne.\t j'ear, settling
in Pennsylvania, where he pursued his trade,
preaching on Sunda3-s. His views on the atone-
ment having gradually been changed towards
Unitarianisra, his license to preach was revoked
by the conference, and, in 18.j9, he united with
the Unitarian Church, having already won a
wide reputation as an eloquent public speaker.
Coming to Chicago, he began work as a mission-
ary, and, in 1860, organized the Unity Church,
beginning with seven members, though it has
since become one of the strongest and most influ-
ential churches in the city. In 1879 lie accepted
a call to a church in New York City, where he
still remains. Of strong anti-slavery views and
a zealous Unionist, he served during a part of the
Civil War as a camp inspector for the Sanitary
Commission. Since the war he has repeatedly
visited England, and has exerted a wide influence
as a lecturer and pulpit orator on both sides of
the Atlantic. He is the author of a number of
volumes, including "Nature and Life" (1866);
"A Man in Earnest: Life of A. H. Conanf (1868);
"A History of the Town and Parish of likely"
(1886), and "Lectures to Young Men and Women"
(1886).
COLTON, Chauncey Sill, pioneer, was born at
Springfield, Pa., Sept. 21, 1800; taken to Massachu-
setts in childhood and educated at Monson in that
State, afterwards residing for many years, dur-
ing his manhood, at Monson, Maine. He came to
Illinois in 1836, locating on the site of the present
city of Galesburg, where he built the first store
and dwelling house; continued in general mer-
chandise some seventeen or eighteen years, mean-
while associating his sons with him in business
under the firm name of C. S. Colton & Sons. Mr.
Colton was associated with the construction of
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad from
the beginning, becoming one of the Directors of
the Company; was also a Director of the First
National Bank of Galesburg, the first organizer
and fir.st President of the Farmers' and ilechan-
ics' Bank of that city, and one of the Trustees of
Knox College. Died in Galesburg, July 27, 1885.
— Francis (Colton), son of the preceding; born
at Monson. Maine, May 24, 1834, came to Gales-
burg with his father's family in 1836, and was
educated at Knox College, graduating in 1855,
and receiving the degree of A.M. in 1858. After
graduation, he was in partnership with his father
some seven years, also served as Vice-President
of the First National Bank of Galesburg, and, in
1866, was appointed by President Johnson United'
States Consul at Venice, remaining there until
1869. The latter year he became the General
Passenger Agent of the Union Pacific Railroad,
continuing in that position until 1871, meantime
visiting China, Japan and India, and establishing
agencies for the Union and Central Pacific Rail-
ways in various countries of Europe. In 1872 he
succeeded his father as President of the Farmers'
and Mechanics' Bank of Galesburg, but retired in
1884, and the same year removed to Washington,
D. C, where he has since resided. Mr. Colton is
a large land owner in some of the Western States,
especially Kansas and Nebraska.
COLUMBIA, a town of Monroe County, oa
Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 15 miles south of St.
Louis; has a machine shop, large flour mill,
brewery, five cigar factories, electric light plant,
telephone system, stone quarry, five churches,,
and public school. Pop. (1900), 1,197; (1903), 1,205.
COMPANY OF THE WEST, THE, a company
formed in France, in August, 1717, to develop
the resources of "New France." in which the
"Illinois Country" was at that time included.
At the head of the company was the celebrated
John Law, and to him and his associates the
French monarch granted extraordinary powers,
both governmental and commercial. They were
given the exclusive right to refine the precious
metals, as well as a monopoly in the trade in
tobacco and slaves. Later, the company became
known as the Indies, or East Indies, Company,
owing to the king having granted them conces-
sions to trade with the East Indies and China.
On Sept. 27, 1717, the Royal Council of France
declared that the Illinois Country should form a
part of the Province of Louisiana ; and, under the
shrewd management of Law and his associates,
immigration soon increased, as many as 800
settlers arriving in a single year. The directors
of the company, in the exercise of their govern-
mental powers, appointed Pierre Duque de Bois-
briant Governor of the Illinois District. He
proceeded to Kaskaskia, and, within a few miles
of that settlement, erected Fort Chartres. (See
Fort Chartres. ) The policy of the Indies Company
was energetic, and. in the main, wise. Grants of
commons were made to various French villages,
and Cahokia and Kaskaskia steadily grew in size
and population. Permanent settlers were given
grants of land and agriculture was encouraged.
These grants (which were allodial in their char-
acter) covered nearly all the lands in that part of
the American Bottom, lying between the Missis-
sippi and the Kaskaskia Rivers. Many grantees
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
115
held their lands in one great common field, each
proprietor contributing, pro rata, to the mainte-
nance of a surrounding fence. In 1721 the Indies
Company divided the Province of Louisiana into
nine civil and military districts. That of Illinois
was numerically the Seventh, and included not
only the southern half of the existing State, but
also an immense tract west of the Mississippi,
extending to the Rocky Mountains, and embrac-
ing the present States of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa
and Nebraska, besides portions of Arkansas and
Colorado. The Commandant, with his secretary
and the Company's Commissary, formed the
District Council, the civil law being in force. In
1732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter,
and thereafter, the Governors of Illinois were
appointed directly by the French crown.
COSCORDIA SEMINARY, an institution lo-
cated at Springfield, founded in 1879 ; tlie succes-
sor of an earlier institution under the name of
Illinois University. Theological, scientific and
preparatory departments are maintained, al-
though there is no classical course. The insti-
tution is under control of the German Lutherans.
The institution reports $125,000 worth of real
property. The members of the Faculty (1898)
are five in number, and there were about 171
students in attendance.
CONDEE, Leander D., lawyer, was born in
Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 26, 1847; brought
by his parents to Coles County. 111. , at the age of
seven years, and received his education in the
common schools and at St. Paul's Academy. Kan-
kakee, taking a special course in Michigan State
University and graduating from the law depart-
ment of the latter in 1808. He then began prac-
tice at Butler, Bates County, Mo., wliere he
served three years as City Attorney, but, in 1873,
returned to Illinois, locating in Hyde Park (now
a part of Chicago), where he served as City
Attorney for four consecutive terms before its
annexation to Chicago. In 1880, he was elected
as a Republican to the State Senate for the
Second Senatorial District, serving in the Thirty-
second and the Thirty-third General Assemblies.
In 1892, he was the Republican nominee for Judge
of the Superior Court of Cook County, but was
defeated with the National and the State tickets
of that year, since when he has given his atten-
tion to regular practice, maintaining a high rank
in his profession.
C'OXGER, Edwin Hurd, lawyer and diploma-
tist, was born in Knox County, 111., March 7, 1843;
graduated at Lombard University, Galesburg, in
1862. and immediately thereafter enlisted as a
private in the One Hundred and Second Illinois
Volunteers, serving through the war and attain-
ing the rank of Captain, besides being brevetted
Major for gallant service. Later, he graduated
from the Albany Law School and practiced for a
time in Galesburg, but, in 1868, removed to Iowa,
where he engaged in farming, stock-raising and
banking ; was twice elected Count}' Treasurer of
Dallas County, and, in 1880, State Treasurer,
being re-elected in 1882 ; in 1886, was elected to
Congress from the Des Moines District, and twice
re-elected (1888 and '90), but before the close of
his last term was appointed by President Harri-
son Minister to Brazil, serving until 1893. In
1896, he served as Presidential Elector for the
State-at-large, and, in 1897, was re-appointed
Minister to Brazil, but, in 1898, was transferred
to China, where (1899) he now is. He was suc-
ceeded at Rio Janeiro by Charles Page Bryan of
Illinois.
CONOREGATIONALISTS, THE. Two Congre-
gational ministers — Rev. S. J. Mills and Rev.
Daniel Smith — visited Illinois in 1814, and spent
some time at Kaskaskia and Shawneetown, but
left for New Orleans without organizing any
churches. The first church was organized at
Mendon, Adams County, in 1833, followed by
others during the same year, at Naperville, Jack-
sonville and Quincy. By 1836, the number had
increased to ten. Among the pioneer ministers
were Jabez Porter, who was also a teacher at
Quincy, in 1828, and Rev. Asa Turner, in 1830,
who became pastor of the first Quincy church,
followed later by Revs. Julian M. Sturtevant
(afterwards President of Illinois College), Tru-
man M. Post, Edward Beecher and Horatio Foot.
Other Congregational ministers who came to t'^e
State at an early day were Rev. Salmon Gridley,
who finally located at St. Louis; Rev. John 51.
Ellis, who served as a missionary and was instru-
mental in founding Illinois College and the Jack-
sonville Female Seminary at Jacksonville; Revs.
Thomas Lippincott, Cyrus L. Watson, Tlieron
Baldwin, Elisha Jenney, William Kirb}^ the two
Lovejoys (Owen and Elijah P.), and many more
of whom, either temporarily or permanently,
became associated with Presbyterian churches.
Although Illinois College was under the united
patronage of Presbyterians and Congregational-
ists, the leading spirits in its original establish-
ment were Congregationalists, and the same was
true of Knox College at Galesburg. In 1835, at
Big Grove, in an unoccupied log-cabin, was
convened the first Congregational Council, known
in the denominational historv of the State as
IIG
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
that of Fox Ri%
fifteen separate -
By 1890, the .li'
had been sucli li
ing 312 ministers,
line tv
s h:ive been organized.
of the denomination
.'■<i) cliurche.s, support-
120 members. During
that year tlie disbursements on account of chari-
ties and liome extension, by the Illinois clmrches,
were nearly §1,000,000. The Chicago Theological
Seminary, at Chicago, is a Congregational school
of divinit}', its property Iioldings being wortli
nearly §700,000. '"The Advance" (publislied at
Chicago) is the chief denominational organ.
(See also Religious Denominations. )
CONGRESSIONAL APPORTIOXMEXT. (See
Apportionment, Congressional; also Represent-
atives in Congress. )
CONKLIXO, James Cook, lawyer, war born in
New York City, Oct. 13, 1816; graduated at Prince-
ton College in 1835, and, after studj-ing law and
being admitted to the bar at Morristowii, N. J. , in
1838, removed to Springfield, 111. Here his first
business partner was Cyrus Walker, an eminent
and widely known lawyer of his tinie, wliile at a
later period he was associated witli Gen. James
Shields, afterwards a soldier of the Mexican "vVar
and a United States Senator, at different times,
from three different States. As an original
Whig, Mr. Conkling early became associated
with Abraham Lincoln, whose intimate and
trusted friend he was througli life. It was to
liim that Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated
letter, wldcli, by his special request, Mr. Conk-
ling read before the great Union mass-meeting at
Springfield, held, Sept. 3, 1803, now known as the
"Lincoln-Conkling Letter."' M.r. Conkling was
chosen Mayor of the city of Springfield in 1844,
and served in the lower branch of the Seven-
teentli and tlie Twenty-fiftli General Assemblies
(1851 and 1807). It was largely due to his tactful
management in the latter, tliat the first appropri-
ation was made for tlie new State House, which
establislied tlie capital permanently in that city.
At tlie Bloomington Convention of 1856, where
the Republican party in Illinois may be said to
have been formally organized, witli Mr. Lincoln
and three others, lie represented Sangamon
County, served on the Committee on Resolutions,
and was appointed a member of the State Central
Committee whioli conducted tlie campaign of
that year. In ISOil, and again in 1804, his name
was on the Reimlili'vui Stnti' ticket for Presiden-
tial Elector, and, on lioth .inusions, it became his
duty to cast the eli-ctmiil vote of Mr. Lincoln's
own District for him for President. The intimacy
of personal friendship existing between him and
Mr. Lincoln was fittingly illustrate<l by his po.si-
tion for over tliirty years as an original member
of tlie Lincoln Slonument Association. Other
public positions held by him included those of
State Agent during the Civil War by appointment
of Governor Yates, Trustee of the State University
at Cliampaign, and of Blackburn University at
Carlinville, as also tliat of Postmaster of the city
of Springfield, to which he was appointed in 1890,
continuing in office four years. High-minded
and honorable, of pure personal character and
strong religious convictions, public-spirited and
liberal, probably no man did more to promote
the growth and prosperity of the city of Spring-
field, during the sixty years of his residence there,
than he. His death, as a result of old age,
occurred in that city, March 1, 1899.— Clinton L.
(Conkling), son of the preceding, was born in
Springfield, Oct. 16, 1843; graduated at Yale
College in 1864, studied law with his father, and
was licensed to practice in the Illinois courts in
1860, and in the United States courts in 1867.
After practicing a few j'ears, he tui'ned his atten-
tion to manufacturing, but, in 1877, resumed
practice and has proved successful. He has
devoted much attention of late years to real
estate business, and has represented large land
interests in this and other States. For many
years lie was Secretary of the Lincoln Monument
Association, and has served on the Board of
County Supervisors, which is the only political
office he has held. In 1897 he was the Repub-
lican nominee for Judge of the Springfield Cir-
cuit, but, although confessedly a man of the
liighest probity and ability, was defeated in a
district overwhelmingly Democratic.
1 CONNOLLY, James Austin, lawyer and Con-
gressman, was born in Newark, N. J., March 8,
1843; went with his parents to Ohio in 1850,
where, in 1858-59, he served as Assistant Clerk of
the State Senate ; studied law and was admitted
to the bar in that State in 1861, and soon after
removed to Illinois; the following year (1803) he
enlisted as a private soldier in the One Hundred
and Twenty-third Illinois Volunteers, but was
successively commissioned as Captain and Major,
retiring with the rank of brevet Lieutenant-
Colonel. In 1873 he was elected Representative
in the State Legislature from Coles County and
re-elected in 1874; was United States District
Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois
from 1876 to 1885, and again from 1889 to 1893 ;
in 1886 was appointed and confirmed Solicitor of
the Treasury, but declined the office ; tlie same
year ran as the Republican candi.late for Con-
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
iir
gress in the Springfield (then the Thirteenth)
District in opposition to "\Vni. JI. Springer, and
was defeated by less than 1,000 votes in a district
usually Democratic by 3,000 majority. He
declined a second nomination in 18SS, but, in 1894,
was nominated for a third time (this time for the
Seventeenth District), and was elected, as he was
for a second term in 1896. He declined a renomina-
tion in 1898, returning to the practice of his pro-
fession at Springfield at the close of the Fifty-fifth
Congress.
CONSTABLE, Charles H., lawyer, was born at
Chestertown, Md.,July G, 1817; educated at Belle
Air Academy and the University of Virginia,
graduating from the latter in 1838. Then, having
studied law, he was admitted to the bar, came to
Illinois early in 1840, locating at Mount Carmel,
Wabash County, and, in 1844, was elected to the
State Senate for the district composed of Wabash,
Edwards and Wayne Counties, serving until 1848.
He also served as a Delegate in the Constitutional
Convention of 1847. Originally a Whig, on the
dissolution of that party in 1854, he became a
Democrat; in IS.'JO, served as Presidential
Elector-at-large on the Buchanan ticket and,
during the Civil War, was a pronounced oppo-
nent of the policy of the Government in dealing
^•ith secession. Having removed to Marshall,
Clark County, in 18.52, he continued the practice
of his profession there, but was elected Judge of
the Circuit Com-t in 1861, serving until his death,
which occirrred, Oct. 9, 1865. While holding
court 'at Charleston, in JIarch, 1863, Judge Con-
stable was arrested because of his release of four
deserters from the army, and the holding to bail,
on the charge of kidnaping, of two Union officers
who had arrested them. He was subsequently
released by Judge Treat of the United States
District Court at Springfield, but the affair cul-
minated in a riot at Charleston, on March 23, in
which four soldiers and three citizens were killed
outright, and eight persons were wounded.
CONSTITUTIONAL CONTENTIONS. Illinois
has had four State Conventions called for the
pm-pose of formulating State Constitutions. Of
these, three— those of 1818, 1847 and 1869-70—
adopted Constitutions which went into efi'ect,
while the instrimient framed by the Convention
of 1862 was rejected by the people. A synoptical
histoiy of each will be found below :
Convention of 1818.— In January, 1818, the
Territorial Legislature adopted a resolution
instructing the Delegate in Congress (Hon.
Nathaniel Pope) to present a petition to Congress
requesting the passage of an act authorizing the
people of Illinois Territory to organize a State
Government. A bill to this effect was intro-
duced, April 7, and became a law, April 18, follow-
ing. It authorized the people to frame a
Constitution and organize a State Government —
apportioning the Delegates to be elected from
each of the fifteen counties into which the Ter-
ritory was then divided, naming the first Monday
of July, following, as the da}' of election, and the
first Monday of August as the time for the meet-
ing of the Convention. The act was conditioned
upon a census of the people of the Territory (to
be ordered by the Legislature), showing a popu-
lation of not less than 40,000. The census, as
taken, showed the required population, but, as
finally corrected, this was reduced to 34,620 —
being the smallest with which any State was ever
admitted into the Union. The election took
place on July 6, 1818, and the Convention assem-
bled at Kaskaskia on August 3. It consisted of
thirty-three members. Of these, a majority were
farmers of limited education, but with a fair
portion of hard common-sense. Five of the
Delegates were lawyers, and these undoubtedly
wielded a controlling influence. Jesse B.
Thomas (afterwards one of the fir.st United
States Senators) presided, and Elias Kent Kane,
also a later Senator, was among the dominating
sijirits. It has been asserted that to the latter
should be ascribed whatever new matter was
incorporated in the instrument, it being copied
in most of its essential provisions from the Con-
stitutions of Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. The
Convention completed its labors and adjourned,
August 26, the Constitution was submitted to
Congress by Delegate John IMcLean, without the
formality of ratification by the people, and Illi-
nois was admitted into the Union as a State by
resolution of Congress, adopted Dec. 3, 1S18.
Convention of 1847.— An attempt was made in
1822 to obtain a revision of the Constitution of
1818, the object of the chief promoters of the
movement being to secure the incorporation of a
provision authorizing the admission of slavery
into Illinois. The passage of a resolution, by the
necessary two-thirds vote of both Houses of the
General Assembly, submitting the proposition to
a vote of the people, was secured by the most
questionable methods, at the session of 1822, but
after a heated campaign of nearly two years, it
was rejected at the election of 1824. (See
Slavery and Slave Laws: also Coles, Edward.)
At the session of 1840-41, another resolution on
the subject was submitted to the people, but it
was rejected by the narrow margin of 1,039
118
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
votes. Again, in 1845, the question was submit-
ted, and, at the election of 1846, was approved.
The election of delegates occurred, April 19, 1847,
and the Convention met at Springfield, June 19,
following. It was composed of 102 members,
ninety-two of whom were Democrats. The list
of Delegates embraced the names of many who
afterwards attained high distinction in public
affairs, and the body, as a whole, was represent-
ative in character. The Bill of Rights attached
to the Constitution of 1818 was but little changed
in its successor, except by a few additions,
among which was a section disqualifying any
person who liad been concerned in a duel from
holding office. The earlier Constitution, how-
ever, was carefully revised and several important
changes made. Among these may be mentioned
the following; Limiting the elective franchise
for foreign-born citizens to those who had
become naturalized : making the judiciary elect-
ive; requiring that all State officers be elected
by the people ; changing tlie time of the election
of the Executive, and making him ineligible for
immediate re-election; various curtailments of
the power of the Legislature; imposing a two-
mill tax for payment of the State debt, and pro-
viding for the establishment of a sinking fund.
The Constitution framed was adopted in conven-
tion, August 31, 184T; ratified by popular vote,
March 6, 1848, and went into effect, April 1, 1848.
Convention of 1863. —The proposition for
holding a tliird Constitutional Convention was
submitted to vote of the people by the Legislature
of 1859, endorsed at the election of 1860, and the
election of Delegates held in November, 1861. In
the excitement attendant upon the early events
of the war, people paid comparatively little
attention to the choice of its members. It was
composed of forty-five Democrats, twenty-one
Republicans, seven "fusionists" and two classed
as doubtful. The Convention a.ssembled at
Springfield on Jan. 7, 18G2, and remained in ses-
sion until JIarch 24, following. It was in many
respects a remarkable body. The law providing
for its existence prescribed that the members,
before proceeding to business, should take an
oath to support tlie State Constitution. This the
majority refused to do. Their conception of
their powers was such that tliey seriously deliber-
ated upon electing a United States Senator,
assumed to make appropriations from the State
treasury, claimed the right to interfere with
military affairs, and called upon the Governor
for information concerning claims of the Illinois
Central Railroad, wliich the Executive refused to
lay before them. The instrument drafted pro-
posed numerous important changes in the organic
law, and was generally regarded as objectionable.
It was rejected at an election held, June 17, 1862,
by a majority of over 16,000 votes.
Convention op 1869-70.— The second attempt
to revise the Constitution of 1848 resulted in
submission to the people, by the Legislature of
1867, of a proposition for a Convention, which was
approved at the election of 1868 by a bare major-
ity of 704 votes. The election of Delegates was
provided for at the next session (1869), the elec-
tion held in November and the Convention
assembled at Springfield, Dec. 13. Charles
Hitchcock was chosen President, John Q. Har-
mon, Secretary, and Daniel Shepard and A. H.
Swain, First and Second Assistants. There were
eighty-five members, of whom forty-four were
Republicans and forty-one Democrats, although
fifteen had been elected nominally as "Independ-
ents." It was an assemblage of some of the
ablest men of the State, including representatives
of all the learned professions except the clerical,
besides mercliants, farmers, bankers and journal-
ists. Its work was completed May 13, 1870, and
in the main good. Some of the principal changes
made in the fundamental law, as proposed by the
Convention, were the following; The prohibi-
tion of special legislation where a general law
may be made to cover the necessities of the case,
and the absolute prohibition of such legislation
in reference to divorces, lotteries and a score of
other matters ; prohibition of the passage of any
law releasing any civil division (district, county,
city, township or town) from the payment of its
just proportion of any State tax ; recommenda-
tions to the Legislature to enact laws upon
certain specified subjects, such as liberal home-
stead and exemption rights, the construction of
drains, the regulation of charges on railways
(which were declared to be public highways),
etc., etc. ; declaring all elevators and storehouses
public warehouses, and providing for their legis-
lative inspection and supervision. The mainte-
nance of an "efficient system of public .schools"
was made obligatory upon the Legislature, and
the appropriation of any funds — State, municipal,
to%vn or dLstrict — to the support of sectarian
schools was prohibited. The principle of cumu-
lative voting, or "minority representation," in
the choice of members of the House of Represent-
atives was provided for, and additional safe-
guards thrown around the passage of bills. The
ineligibility of the Governor to re-election for a
second consecutive term was set aside, and a
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
119
■two-thirds vote of the Legislature made necessary
to override an executive veto. The list of State
officers was increased by tlie creation of the
offices of Attornej'-General and Superintendent
of Public Instruction, these having been previ-
ously provided for only by statute. The Supreme
Court bench was increased bj^ the addition of
foui' members, making the whole number of
Supreme Court judges seven; Appellate Courts
authorized after 1874, and County Courts were
made courts of record. The compensation of all
State officers — executive, judicial and legislative
^was left discretionary with the Legislature,
and no limit was placed upon the length of the
sessions of the General Assemblj^. The instru-
ment drafted by the Convention was ratified at
an election held, July 6, 1870, and went into force,
August 8, following. Occasional amendments
have been submitted and ratified from time to
time. (See Constitutions, Elections and Repre-
sentation: also Minority Representation.)
COjN'STITUTIONS. Illinois has had three con-
stitutions— that of 1870 being now (1898) in force.
The earliest instrument was that approved by
Congress in 1818, and the first revision was made
in 1847 — the Constitution having been ratified at
an election held, March 5, 1848, and going into
force, April 1, following. The term of State
officers has been uniformly fixed at four years,
except that of Treasurer, which is two years.
Biennial elections and sessions of the General
Assemblj' are provided for, Senators holding their
seats for four years, and Representatives two
years. The State is required to be apportioned
after each decennial census into fifty-one dis-
tricts, each of which elects one Senator and three
Representatives. The principle of minority rep-
resentation has been incorporated into the
organic law, each elector being allowed to cast as
many votes for one legislative candidate as there
are Representatives to be chosen in his district ;
or ho may divide his vote equally among all the
three candidates or between two of them, as he
may see fit. One of the provisions of the Consti-
tution of 1870 is the inhibition of the General
Assembly from passing private laws. Munici-
palities are classified, and legislation is for all
cities of a class, not for an individual corpora-
tion. Individual citizens with a financial griev-
ance must secure payment of their claims under
the terms of some general appropriation. The
sessions of the Legislature are not limited as to
time, nor is there any restriction upon the power
of the Executive to summon extra sessions.
■ (See also Constitutional Conventions: Elections:
Governors and other State Officers; Judicial
System; Suffrage, Etc. )
COOK, Burton C, lawyer and Congressman,
was born in Monroe County, N. Y., May 11, 1819;
completed his academic education at the Collegi-
ate Institute in Rochester, and after studying
law, removed to Illinois (1835), locating first at
Hennepin and later at Ottawa. Here he began
the practice of his profession, and, in 1846, was
elected by the Legislatm-e State's Attorney for
the Ninth Judicial District, serving two years,
when, in 1848, he was re-elected by the people
under the Constitution of that year, for four
years. From 1852 to 1860, he was State Senator,
taking part in the election which resulted in
making Lyman Trumbull United States Senator
in 1855. In 1861 he served as one of the Peace
Commissioners from Illinois in the Conference
which met at Washington. He may be called
one of the founders of the Republican party in
this State, having been a member of the State
Central Committee appointed at Bloomington in
1856, and Chairman of the State Central Com-
mittee in 1863. In 1864, he was elected to Con-
gress, and re-elected in 1866, "68 and '70, but
resigned in 1871 to accept the solicitorship of the
Northwestern Railroad, which he resigned in
1886. He was an intimate friend of Abraham
Lincoln, serving as a delegate to both the National
Conventions which nominated him for the Presi-
dency, and presenting his name at Baltimore in
1864. His death occurred at Evanston, August
18, 1894.
COOK, Daniel Pope, early Congressman, was
born in Scott County, Ky., in 1795, removed to
Illinois and began the practice of law at Kaskas-
kia in 1815. Earlj^ in 1816, he became joint owner
and editor of "The Illinois Intelligencer,'' and at
the same time served as Auditor of Public
Accounts by appointment of Governor Edwards ;
the next year (1817) was sent by President Mon-
roe as bearer of dispatches to John Quincy Adams,
then minister to London, and, on liis return, was
appointed a Circuit Judge. On the admission of
the State he was elected the first Attorney-
General, but almost immediately resigned and,
in September, 1819, was elected to Congress, serv-
ing as Representative until 1827. Having married
a daughter of Governor Edwards, he became a
resident of Edwardsville. He was a conspicuous
opponent of the proposition to make Illinois a
slave State in 1823-24, and did much to prevent
the success of that scheme. He also bore a
prominent part while in Congress in securing the
donation of lands ior the consti'uction of the
120
HLSTOmCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIJ^
Illinois & Michigan Canal. He was distinguished
for his eloquence, and it was during his first
Congressional campaign that stump-speaking was
introduced into the State. Suffering from
consumption, he visited Cuba, and. after return-
ing to his home at Edwardsville and failing to
improve, he went to Kentucky, where he died,
Oct. 16, 1827.— John (Cook), soldier, born at
Edwardsville, 111., June 13, 1825, the son of
Daniel P. Cook, the second Congressman from
Illinois, and grandson of Gov. Xinian Edwards,
was educated by private tutors and at Illinois
College ; in 1855 was elected Mayor of Springfield
and the following year Sheriff of Sangamon
County, later serving as Quartermaster of the
State. Raising a company promptly after the
firing on Fort Sumter in 18G1, he was commis-
sioned Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Volunteers
—the first, regiment organized in Illinois under
the first call for troops by President Lincohi ; was
promoted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Fort
Donelson in March, 18G2 ; in 1864 commanded the
District of Illinois, with headquarters at Spring-
field, being mustered out. August, 1865, with the
brevet rank of JIajor-Geueral. General Cook was
elected to the lower house of the General Assem-
bly from Sangamon County, in 1868. During
recent years his home has been in Michigan.
cook COUNTY, situated in the nortlieasteru
section of the State, bordering on Lake Michigan,
and being the most easterly of the second tier of
counties south of the Wisconsin State line. It
has an area of 890 square miles; population (1890),
1,191,922; (1900), 1,838,735; county-seat, Chicago.
The count.v w-as organized in ISol, having origi-
nally embraced the counties of Du Page, "Will,
Lake, JIcHenry and Iroquois, in addition to its
present territorial limits. It was named in
honor of Daniel P. Cook, a distinguished Repre-
sentative of Illinois in Congress. (See Cook,
Daniel P.) The first County Commissioners were
Samuel ^Miller, Gholson Kercheval and James
Walker, who took the oath of office before Justice
John S. C. Hogan, on March 8. 1831. AVilliam
Lee was appointed Clerk and Archibald Clybourne
Treasurer. Jedediah Wormley was first County
Sm-veyor, and three election districts (Chicago,
Du Page and Hickorj' Creek) were created. A
scow ferry was established across the South
Branch, with Mark Beaubien as ferryman. Only
non-residents were required to pay toll. Geolo-
gists are of the opinion that, previous to the
glacial epoch, a large portion of the countj' lay
under the waters of Lake Michigan, whicli was
connected with the Mississippi by the Des Plaines
River. This theory is borne out by the finding
of stratified beds of coal and gravel in the eastern
and southern portions of the county, either under-
lyin.g the jirairies or assuming the form of ridges.
The latter, geologists maintain, indicate the exist-
ence of an ancient key, and they conclude that,
at one time, the level of the lake was nearly forty
feet higher than at present. Glacial action is
believed to have been verj- effective in establish-
ing surface conditions in this vicinity. Lime-
stone and building stone are quarried in tolerable
abundance. Athens marble (white when taken
out, but growing a rich yellow through exposure)
is found in the southwest. Isolated beds of peat
have also been found. The general surface is
level, although undulating in some portions. The
soil near the lake is sandy, but in the interior
becomes a black mold from one to four feet in
depth. Drainage is afforded by the Des Plaines,
Chicago and Calumet Rivers, which is now being
improved by the construction of the Drainage
Canal. Manufactui-es and agriculture are the
principal industries outside of the city of Chi-
cago. (See also Chicago.)
COOK COUXTY HOSPITAL, located in Clii-
cago and under control of the Commissioners of
Cook County. It was originally erected by the
City of Chicago, at a cost of §80.000, and was
intended to be used as a hospital for patients
suffering from infectious diseases. For several
years the building was unoccupied, but, in 1858,
it was leased by an association of physicians, who
opened a hospital, with the further purpose of
affording facilities for clinical instruction to the
students of Rush Medical College. In 18G3 the
building was taken by the General Government
for miUtary purposes, being used as an eye and
ear hospital for returning soldiers. In 1865 it
reverted to the City of Chicago, and, in 1866, was
purchased by Cook County. In 1874 the County
Commissioners purchased a new and more spa-
cious site at a cost of 8145.000, and began the erec-
tion of buildings thereon. The two principal
pavilions were completed and occupied before the
close of 1875; the clinical amphitheater and
connecting corridors were built in 1876-77. and an
administrative building and two additional
pavilions were added in 1882-84. Up to that date
the total cost of the buildings had been 8719,574,
and later additions and improvements have
swelled the outlay to more than 81,000.000. It
accommodates about 800 patients and constitutes
a part of the county machinery for the care of
the poor. A certain number of beds are placed
under the care of homeopathic phj'sicians. The
IIISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
121
present (1836) allopathic medical staff consists of
fifteen physicians, fifteen sui-geons, one oculist
and aurist and one pathologist ; the homeopathic
staff comprises five phj-siciaus and five surgeons.
In addition, there is a large corps of internes, or
house physicians and surgeons, composed of
recent graduates from the several medical col-
leges, who gain their positions through competi-
tive examination and hold them for eighteen
montlis.
COOKE, Edward Dean, lawyer and Congress-
man, born in Dubuque County, Iowa, Oct. 17,
1S49; was educated in the common schools and
the high school of Dubuque ; studied law in that
city and at Columbian University, Washington,
D.C., graduating from that institution with the
degree of Bachelor of Laws, and was admitted to
the bar in Washington in 1873. Coming to Chi-
cago the same year, he entered upon the practice
of his profession, which he pursued for the
remainder of his life. In 1883 he was elected a
Representative in the State Legislature from
Cook County, serving one term ; was elected as a
Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the
Sixth District (Chicago), in 1894. and re-elected in
1896. His death occurred suddenly while in
attendance on the extra session of Congress in
Washington, June 24, 1897.
COOLBAUGH, William Findlay, financier, was
born in Pike County, Pa., July 1, 1831; at the
age of 15 became clerk in a dry-goods store in
Philadelphia, but, in 1843, opened a braucli
establishment of a New York firm at Burlington,
Iowa, where he afterwards engaged in the bank-
ing business, also serving in the Iowa State
Constitutional Convention, and, as the candidate
of his party for United States Senator, being
defeated by Hon. James Harlan by one vote. In
18G3 he came to Chicago and opened the banking
house of W. F. Coolbaugh & Co. , wliicli, in 1865,
became the Union National Bank of Chicago.
Later he became the first President of the Chi-
cago Clearing House, as also of the Bankers'
As.sociation of the West and South, a Director of
the Board of Trade, and ap original incorporator
of the Chamber of Commerce, besides being a
member of the State Constitutional Convention
of 1869-70. His death by suicide, at the foot of
Douglas Monument, Nov. 14, 1877, was a shock to
the wliole city of JChicago.
COOLEY, Horace S., Secretary of State, was
born in Hartford, Conn., in 1806, studied medi-
cine for two years in early life, then went to Ban-
gor, Maine, where he began the study of law ; in
1840 he came to Illinois, locating first at Ru^liville
and finally in the city of Quincy ; in 1842 took a
prominent part in the campaign wliicli resulted
in tlie election of Thomas Ford as Governor— also
received from Governor Carlin an appointment as
Quartermaster-General of the State. On the
accession of Governor Frencli in December, 1846,
he was appointed Secretary of State and elected
to the same office under the Constitution of 1848,
dying before the expiration of his term, April 3,
1850.
CORBUS, (Dr.) J. C, physician, was born in
Holmes County, Ohio, in 1833, received his pri-
mary education in the public schools, followed
by an academic course, and began the study of
medicine at Millersburg. finally graduating from
tlie Western Reserve Medical College at Cleve-
land. In 1855 he began practice at Orville, Ohio,
but the same year located at Mendota, 111., soon
thereafter removing to Lee County, where he
remained until 1863. The latter year he was
appointed Assistant Sm-geon of the Seventy-fifth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon pro-
moted to the position of Surgeon, though com-
pelled to resign the following year on account of
ill health. Returning from the army, he located
at Jlendota. Dr. Corbus served continuously as a
member of the State Board of Public Charities
from 1873 until the accession of Governor Altgeld
to the Governorship in 1803, when he resigned.
He was also, for fifteen years, one of the Medical
Examiners for his District under the Pension
Bureau, and has served as a member of the
Republican State Central Committee for the
Mendota District. In 1897 he was complimented
by Governor Tanner by reappointment to the
State Board of Charities, and was made President
of the Board. Early in 1899 he was appointed
Superintendent of the Eastern Hospital for the
Insane at Kankakee, as successor to Dr. William
G. Stearns.
CORNELL, Paul, real-estate operator and capi-
talist, was born of English Quaker ancestry in
Washington County, N. Y., August 5, 1822: at 9
years of age removed with his step-father. Dr.
Barry, to Ohio, and five years later to Adams
Coimty, 111. Here yoimg Cornell lived the life of
a farmer, working part of the year to earn money
to send himself to school the remainder; also
taught for a time, then entered tlie office of W. A.
Richardson, at Rushville, Schuyler County, as a
law student. In 1845 he came to Chicago, but
soon after became a student in the law office of
Wilson & Henderson at Joliet, and was admitted
to practice in that city. Removing to Chicago in
1847, he was associated, successively, with the lato
129
HISTOEICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
L. C. P. Freer, Judge James H. Collins auJ
Messrs. Skinner & Hoyne; Knally entered into a
contract with Judge Skinner to i)erfect the title to
320 acres of land held under tax-title within the
present limits of Hyde Park, which he succeeded
in doing by visiting the original owners, thereby
securing one-half of the property in his own
name. He thus became the founder of the village
of Hyde Park, meanwhile adding to his posses-
sions other lands, which increased vasth' in value.
He also established a %vatch factory at Cornell
(now a part of Chicago), which did a large busi-
ness until removed to California. Mr. Cornell
was a member of the first Park Board, and there-
fore has the credit of assisting to organize Chi-
cago's extensive park system.
COB WIN, Franklin, Congressman, was born at
Lebanon, Oliio, Jan. 12, 1818, and admitted to the
bar at the age of 21. While a resident of Ohio he
served in both Houses of the Legislature, and
settled in Illinois in 1857, making his home at
Peru. He was a member of the lower house of
the Twenty-fom-th, Twenty-fifth and Twenty-
sixth General Assemblies, being Speaker in 1867,
and again in 1869. In 1872 he was elected to
Congress as a Republican, but, in 1874, was
defeated by Alexander Campbell, who made the
race as an Independent. Died, at Peru, 111., June
15, 1879.
COUCH, James, pioneer hotel-keeper, was born
at Fort Edward, N. Y. , August 31, 1800 ; removed
to Chautauqua County, in the same State, where
he remained until his twentieth year, receiving a
fair English education. After engaging succes-
sively, but with indifferent success, as hotel-clerk,
stage-house keeper, lumber-dealer, and in the dis-
tilling business, in 1836, in comjiany with his
younger brother, Ira, he visited Chicago. They
both decided to go into business there, first open-
ing a small store, and later entering upon their
hotel ventures which proved so eminently suc-
cessful, and gave the Tremont House of Chicago
so wide and enviable a reputation. Mr. Couch
superintended for his brother Ira the erection, at
various times, of many large business blocks in
the city. Upon the death of his brother, in 1857,
he was made one of the trustees of his estate, and,
■with other trustees, rebuilt the Tremont House
after the Chicago fire of 1871. In April, 1892,
while boarding a street car in the central part of
the city of Cliicago, he was run over by a truck,
receiving injuries which resulted in his death
the same day at the Tremont House, in the 92d
year of his age. — Ira (Couch), younger brother of
■the preceding, was born in Saratoga County,
N. Y., Nov. 22, 1806. At the age of sixteen he
was apprenticed to a tailor, and, in 1S26, set up
in business on his own account. In 1836. while
visiting Chicago with his brother James, he
determined to go into business there. With a
stock of furnishing goods and tailors' supplies,
newly bought in New York, a small store was
opened. This business soon disposed of, Mr.
Couch, with his brother, obtained a lease of the
old Tremont House, then a low frame building
kept as a saloon boarding house. Changed and
refurnished, this was opened as a hotel. It was
destroyed by fire in 1839, as was also the larger
rebuilt structure in 1849. A second time rebuilt,
and on a much larger and gi-ander scale at a cost
of 875,000, surpassing anything the West had ever
known before, the Tremont House this time stood
until the Chicago fire in 1871, when it was again
destroyed. Mr. Couch at all times enjoyed an
immense patronage, and was able to accumulate
(for that time) a large fortune. He purchase(J
and improved a large number of business blocks,
then within the business center of the city. In
1853 he retired from active business, and, in con-
sequence of impaired health, chose for the rest of
his life to seek recreation in travel. In the
winter of 1857, while with his family in
Havana, Cuba, he was taken with a fever which
soon ended his life. His remains now rest in a
mausoleum of masonry in Lincoln Park, Chi-
cago.
COrLTERVILLE,a town of Randolph County,
at the crossing of the Centralia «& Chester and
the St. Louis & Paducah branch Illinois Central
Railways, 49 miles southeast of St. Louis. Farm-
ing and coal-mining are the leading industries.
The town has two banks, two creameries, and a
newspaper. Population (1890), 598; (1900), 650.
COUNTIES, UNORGANIZED. (See Unorgan-
ized Coinifies.)
COWDEN, a village of Shelby County, at the
intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest-
ern and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Rail-
ways, 60 miles southeast of Springfield. Con-
siderable coal is mined in the vicinity; has a
bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880),
350; (1890), 702; (1900), 751.
COWLES, Alfred, newspaper manager, was
born in Portage County, Ohio, May 13, 1832, grew
up on a farm and, after spending some time at
Michigan University, entered the office of "The
Cleveland Leader"' as a clerk; in 1855 accepted a
similar position on "The Chicago Tribune, " which
had just been bought by Joseph Medill and
others, finally becoming a stockholder and busi-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDLV OF ILLINOIS.
123
ness manager of the paper, so remaining until his
deatli in Cliicago, Dec. 20, 1889.
COX, Thomas, pioneer. Senator in the First
General Assembly of Illinois (1818-22) from Union
Count}-, and a conspicuous figure in early State
history ; was a zealous advocate of the policy of
making Illinois a slave State ; became one of the
original proprietors and founders of the citj' of
Springfield, and was appointed the first Register
of the Land Office there, but was removed under
charges of misconduct ; after his retirement from
the Land Office, kept a hotel at Springfield. In
1836 he removed to Iowa (then a part of Wiscon-
sin Territory), became a member of the first
Territorial Legislatm'e there, was twice re-elected
and once Speaker of the House, being prominent
in 1840 as commander of the "Regulators" who
drove out a gang of murderers and desperadoes
who had got possession at Bellevue, Iowa. Died,
at Maquoketa, Iowa, 1843.
COT, Irus, lawyer, was born in Chenango
County, N. Y., July 2.5, 1832; educated in the
common schools and at Central College, Cortland
County, N. Y., graduating in law at Albany in
1857. Then, having removed to Illinois, he
located in Kendall County and began practice ; in
1868 was elected to the lower house of the General
A.ssembly and, in 1872, served as Presidential
Elector on the Republican ticket; removed to
Chica;go in 1871, later serving as attorney of the
Union Stock Yards and Transit Company. Died,
in Chicago, Sept. 20, 1897.
CRAFTS, Clayton E., legislator andpoUtician,
born at Auburn, Geauga County, Ohio, July 8,
1848 ; was educated at Hiram College and gradu-
ated from the Cleveland Law School in 1868,
coming to Chicago in 1869. Mr. Crafts served in
seven consecutive sessions of the General Assem-
bly (1883-9.5, inclusive) as Representative from
Cook County, and was elected by the Democratic
majority as Speaker, in 1891, and again in '93.
CRAIG, Alfred M., jurist, was born in Edgar
County, 111., Jan. 15, 1831, graduated from Knox
College in 1853, and was admitted to the bar in
the follo\ving year, commencing practice at
Knoxville. He held the offices of State's
Attorney and County Judge, and represented
Knox County in the Constitutional Convention
of 1869-70. In 1873 he was elected to the bench
of the Supreme Court, as successor to Justice
C. B. La'oTence, and was re-elected in '82 and
'91 ; his present term expiring with the centurj'.
He is a Democrat in politics, but has been
three times elected in a Republican judicial
district.
CRAWFORD, Charles H., lawyer and legisla-
tor, was born in Bennington, Vt., but reared in
Bureau and La Salle Counties, 111. ; lias practiced
law for twenty years in Chicago, and been three
times elected to the State Senate — 1884, "88 and
'94— and is author of the Crawford Primary Elec-
tion Law, enacted in 1885.
CRAWFORD COUMY, a southeastern county,
bordering on the Wabash, 190 miles nearly due
south of Chicago — named for William H. Craw-
ford, a Secretary of War. It has an area of 452
square miles; population (1900), 19,240. The
first settlers were the French, but later came
emigrants from New England. The soil is rich
and well adapted to the production of corn and
wheat, which are the principal crops. The
count}' was organized in 1817, Darwin being
the first count3'-seat. The present county-seat
is Robinson, with a population (1890) of 1,887;
centrally located and the point of intersection of
two railroads. Other towns of importance are
Palestine (population, 734) and Hutsonville (popu-
lation, 582). The latter, as well as Robinson, is
a grain-shipping point. The Embarras River
crosses the southwest portion of the county, and
receives the waters of Big and Honey Creeks and
Bushy Fork. The county has no mineral
resources, but contains some valuable woodland
and many well cultivated farms. Tobacco,
potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the lead-
ing products.
CREAL SPRIXGS, a village of Williamson
County, on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute
Railroad ; lias a bank and a weekh- paper. Popu-
lation (1890), .539; (1900), 940.
CREBS, John M., ex-Congressman, was born in
Middlebm-g, Loudoun Count}-, Va., April 7, 1830.
When he was but 7 years old his parents removed
to Illinois, where he ever after resided. At the
age of 21 he began the study of law, and, in 1852,
was admitted to the bar, beginning practice in
Wliite County. In 1862 he enlisted in the
Eighty -seventh Illinois Volunteers, receiving a
commission as Lieutenant-Colonel, participating
in all the important movements in the Mississippi
Valley, including the captm-e of Vicksburg, and
in the Arkansas campaign, a part of the time
commanding a brigade. Returning home, he
resumed the practice of his profession. In 1866
he was an unsuccessful candidate for State
Superintendent of Public Instruction on the
Democratic ticket. He was elected to Congress
in 1868 and re-elected in 1870, and, in 1880, was a
delegate to the Democratic State Convention.
Died, June 26, 1890.
124
IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
CREKiHTOX. .TaiiU'S A., jurist, was born in
White Coimty, 111., ilarcli 7, 1S40; in childhood
removed with his parents to Wayne County, and
was educated in the schools at Fairfield and at
the Southern Illinois College, Salem, graduating-
from the latter in 1868. After teaching for a
time while studying law, lie was admitted to the
bar in 18T0, and opened an otflce at Fairfield, but,
in 1877, removed to Springfield. In 1885 he was
elected a Circuit Judge for the Springfield Cir-
cuit, was re-elected in 1891 and again in 1897.
CRERAK, John, manufacturer and philanthro-
pist, was born of Scotch ancestry in New York
Citj-, in 1827; at 18 years of age was an employe
of an iron-importing firm in that city, subse-
quently accepting a position with Morris K.
Jessup & Co., in the same line. Coming to
Chicago in 1862, in partnershiji with J. McGregor
Adams, he succeeded to the business of Jessup &
Co., in that city, also becoming a partner in the
Adams & Westlake Compan3', iron manufactur-
ers. He also became interested and an ofiScial in
various other business organizations, including
the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Chicago
& Alton Railroad, the Illinois Trust and Savings
Bank, and, for a time, was President of the Chi-
cago & Joliet Raih-oad, besides being identified
with various benevolent institutions and associ-
ations. After the fire of 1871, he was intrusted
by the New York Chamber of Commerce with
the custody of funds sent for the relief of suffer-
ers by that calamity. His integrity and business
sagacity were universally recognized. After his
death, which occurred in Chicago, Oct. 19,
1889, it was found that, after making munificent
bequests to some twenty religious and benevolent
associations and enterprises, aggregating nearlj-
a million dollars, besides liberal legacies to
relatives, he had left the residue of his estate,
amounting to some 82,000,000, for the pm-pose of
founding a public library in the city of Chicago,
naming thirteen of his most intimate friends as
the first Board of Trustees. No more fitting and
lasting monmuent of so noble and public-spirited
a man could have been devLsed.
CRETE, a village of Will County, on the Chi-
cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 30 miles south
of Chicago. Population (1890), 643; (1900), 760.
CROOK, George, soldier, was born near Day-
ton, Ohio, Sept. 8, 1828 ; graduated at the United
States Military Academy, West Point, in 1852. and
was assigned as brevet Second Lieutenant to the
Fourth Infantry, becoming full Second Lieuten-
ant in 1853. In 1801 he entered the volunteer
service as Colonel of the Thirty-sixth Ohio Infan-
try- ; was promoted Brigadier-General in 1^62 and
ilajor-General in 1804, being mustered out of the
service, January, 1866. Dm-ing the war he
participated in some of the most important
battles in West Virginia and Tennessee, fought at
Chiokamauga and Antietam, and commanded
the cavalry in the advance on Richmond in the
spring of 186,5. On being mustered out of the
volunteer service he returned to the regular
army, was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the
Twenty-third Infantry, and, for several years, was
engaged in campaigns against the hostile Indians
in the Northwest and in Arizona. In 1888 he
was appointed Major-General and, from that time
to his death, was in command of the Military
Division of the Missouri, with headquarters at
Chicago, where he died, March 19, 1890.
CROSIAR, Simon, pioneer, was born near
Pittsburg, Pa., in the latter part of the last
century; removed to Ohio in 1815 and to Illinois
in 1819, settling first at Cap au Gris, a French
villa,ge on the Mississippi just above the mouth
of the Illinois in what is now Calhoun County ;
later lived at Peoria (1824), at Ottawa (1826), at
Shippingport near the present city of La Salle
(1829), and at Old Utica (1834); in the mean-
while built one or two mills on Cedar Creek in
La Salle County, kept a storage and commission
house, and, for a time, acted as Captain of a
steamboat plying on the Illinois. Died, in 1846.
CRYSTAL LAKE, a village in McHenry
County, at the intersection of two divisions of
the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 43 miles
northwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 546;
(1890), 781; (1900), 950.
CUBA, a town in Fulton County, distant 38
miles west-southwest of Peoria, and about 8 miles
north of Lewistown. The entire region (includ-
ing the town) is underlaid with a good quality of
bituminous coal, of vi-hich the late State Geologist
Worthen asserted that, in seven townships of
Fulton County, there are 9,000,000 tons to the
square mile, within 150 feet of the surface. Brick
and cigars are made here, and tlie town has two
banks, a newspaper, three churches and good
schools. Population (1890), 1,114; (1900), 1,198;
(1903, school census), 1,400.
CULLEN, William, editor and Congressman,
born in the north of Ireland, March 4, 1826 ; while
yet a child was brought by his parents to Pitts-
biu'g. Pa., where he was educated in the public
schools. At the age of 20 he removed to
La Salle County, 111, and began life as a farmer.
Later he took up his residence at Ottawa. He
has served as Sheriff of La Salle County, and held
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
125
other local offices, and was for many years a part
owner and senior editor of "The Ottawa Repub-
lican." From 1881 to 1883, as a Republican, he
represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con-
gress.
CULLOM, Richard jVortlicraft, farmer and
legislator, was born in the State of Maryland,
October 1, 1795, but early removed to "VVayne
Coimty, K}-., where he was married to Miss
Elizabeth Coffey, a native of North Carolina. In
183U he removed to Illinois, settling near "Wash-
ington, Tazewell Coimtj-, where he continued to
reside during the remainder of his life. Although
a farmer by vocation, Mr. Cullom was a man of
prominence and a recognized leader in public
affairs. In 1836 he was elected as a Whig Repre-
sentative in the Tenth General Assembly, serving
in the same body with Abraham Lincoln, of
whom he was an intimate personal and political
friend. In 1810 he was chosen a member of the
State Senate, serving in the Twelfth and Tliir-
teentli General Assemblies, and, in 18.52, was
again elected to the House. Mr. CuUom's death
occm-red in Tazewell County, Dec. 4, 1872. his
wife having died Dec. 5, 1808. Mr. and Mrs.
CuUom were the parents of Hon. Shelby M.
Cullom.
CULLOM, Shelby Moore, United States Sena-
tor, was born in Wayne Comit}', Ky., Nov. 23,
1829. His parents removed to Tazewell County,
111., in 1830, where his father became a member
of the Legislature and attained prommence as a
public man. After two years spent in Rock
River Seminary at Mount Morris, varied by some
experience as a teacher, in 18.53 the subject of
this sketch went to Springfield to enter upon the
study of law in the office of Stuart & Edwards.
Being admitted to the bar two years afterward,
he was almost immediatelj^ elected City Attor-
ney, and, in 1856, was a candidate on the Fill-
more ticket for Presidential Elector, at the same
time being elected to the Twentieth General
Assembly for Sangamon County, as he was again,
as a Republican, in 1860, being supported alike by
the Fillmore men and the Free-Soilers. At the
session following the latter election, he was
chosen Speaker of the House, which was his first
important political recognition. In 1862 he was
appointed by President Lincoln a member of the
War Claims Commission at Cairo, serving in this
capacity with Governor Boutwell of Jlassachu-
setts and Charles A. Dana of New York. He was
also a candidate for the State Senate the same
year, but then sustained his only defeat. Two
years later (1861) he was a candidate for Con-
gress, defeating liis former preceptor, Hon. John
T. Stuart, being re-elected in 1860, and again in
1808, the latter year over B. S. Edwards. He
was a delegate to the National Republican Con-
vention of 1872, and. as Chairman of the Illinois
delegation, placed General Grant in nomination
for the Presidency, holding the same position
again in 1884 and in 1892; was elected to the Illi-
nois House of Representatives in 1872 and in 1874,
being chosen Speaker a second time in 1873, as he
was the unanimous choice of his party for
Speaker again in 1875 ; in 1876 was elected Gov-
ernor, was re-eiocted in 1880, and, in 1883, elected .
to the United States Senate as successor to Hon.
David Davis. Having had two re-elections since
(1889 and '95), he is now serving his third term,
which will expire in 1901. In 1898, by special
appointment of President McKinley, Senator
Cullom served upon a Commission to investigate
the condition of the Hawaiian Islands and
report a plan of government for this new division
of the American Republic. Other important
measures with which his name has been promi-
nently identified have been the laws for the sup-
pression of polj'gamy in Utah and for the creation
of the Inter-State Commerce Commission. At
present he is Chairman of the Senate Committee
on Inter-State Commerce and a member of those
on Appropriations and Foreign Affairs. His
career has been conspicuous for his long public
service, the large number of important ofiices
wliich he has held, the almost unbroken uniform-
ity of his success wlien a candidate, and his com-
plete exemption from scandals of every sort. No
man in the history of the State has been more
frequently elected to the United States Senate,
and only three — Senators Douglas, Trumbull and
Logan— for an equal number of terms; though
only one of these (Senator Trumbull) lived to
serve out the full period for which he was
elected.
CUMBERLAJfD COUXTT, situated in the
southeast quarter of the State, directly south of
Coles County, from which it was cut off in 1842.
Its area is 350 square miles, and population (1900),
16,124. The county-seat was at Greenup until
1855, when it was transferred to Prairie City,
which was laid off in 1854 and incorporated as a
town in 1866. The present county-seat is at
Toledo (population, 1890, 676). The Embarras
River crosses the county, as do also three lines of
railroad. Neoga, a mining town, has a popula-
tion of 829. The county received its name from
the Cumberland Road, which, as originally pro-
jected, passed through it.
12G
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
CUMMINS, (Rev.) David, Bishnp of tlie Re-
furmeJ Protestant Episcopal Cliurch, was
born near Smyrna, Del., Dec. 11, 1.S22; gradu-
ated at Dickinson College, Pa., in 1841, and
became a licentiate in the Methodist ministry,
but, in 1840, took orders in the Episcopal
Church; afterwards held rectorships in Balti-
more, Norfolk, Richmond and the Trinity
Episcopal Church of Chicago, in 1866 being con-
secrated Assistant Bishop of the Diocese of
Kentucky. As a recognized leader of the Low-
Church or Evangelical party, he early took issue
with the ritualistic tendencies of the High-Church
party, and, having withdrawn from the Episcopal
Church in 1873, became the first Bishop of the
Reformed Episcopal organization. He was zeal-
ous, eloquent and conscientious, but overtaxed his
strength in his new field of labor, dying at Luth-
erville, Md.. June 26, 1876. A memoir of Bishop
Cummins, by hLs wife, was publishedin 1878.
Cl'MrLATIVE VOTE. (.See Minority Repre-
sentatinn.)
CURTIS, Harvey, clergyman and educator, was
born in Adams, Jefferson County, N. Y., May 30,
1SU6; graduated at Middlebury College, Vt., in
1831, with the highest honors of his class; after
three years at Princeton Theological Seminary,
was ordained pastor of the Congregational
church at Brandon, Vt., in 1836, In 1841 he
accepted an appointment as agent of the Home
iMi.ssionary Society for Ohio and Indiana, between
1843 and 18.58 holding pastorates at Madison,
Ind., and Chicago. In the latter year he was
chosen President of Knox College, at Galesburg,
dying there, Sept. 18, 1863.
CURTIS, William Elroy, journalist, was born
at Akron, Ohio, Nov. 5, 1850; graduated at
Western Reserve College in IS.'il, meanwhile
learning the art of typesetting; later served as a
reporter on "The Cleveland Leader" and, in 1872,
took a subordinate po.sition on "The Chicago
Inter Ocean," finally rising to that of managing-
editor. While on "The Inter Ocean" he accom-
panied General Custer in his campaign ag;',inst
the Sioux, spent several months investi;.':atiii.n-
the "Ku-Klux" and "White League" or,i;a'.iiz;i-
tions in the South, and, for some years, wa.s "The
Inter Ocean" correspondent in Washington.
Having retired from "The Inter Ocean," he
became Secretary of the "Pan-American Con-
gress" in Washington, and afterwards made the
tour of the United States with the South and
Central American representatives in that Con-
gress. During the World's Columbian Exposition
in Chicago he had general supervision of the
Latin-American historical and archa?ological
e.xhibits. Mr. Curtis has visited nearly every
Central and South American country and has
written elaboiately on these subjects for the
magazines and for publication in book form ; has
also published a "Life of Zachariah Chandler"'
and a "Diplomatic History of the United States
and Foreign Powers." For some time he was
managing editor of "The Chicago News" and is
now (1898) the Washington Correspondent of
"The Chicago Record."
CUSHMAN, (Col.) William H. W., financier
and manufacturer, was born at Freetown, Mass.,
May 13, 1813; educated at the American Literary,
Scientific and Military Academy, Norwich, Vt. ;
at 18 began a mercantile career at Middlebury,
and, in 1824, removed to La Salle County, 111.,
where he opened a country store, also built a mill
at Vermilionville ; later was identified with many
large financial enterprises which generally
proved successful, thereby accumulating a for-
tune at one time estimated at .53,000,000. He was
elected as a Democrat to the Thirteenth and
Fourteenth General Assemblies (1842 and '44)
and, for several years, held a commission as
Captain of the Ottawa Cavalry (militia). The
Civil War coming on, he assisted in organizing
the Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, and was com-
missioned its Colonel, but resigned Sept. 3, 1802.
He organized and was principal owner of the
Bank of Ottawa, which, in 1805, became the First
National Bank of that city ; was the leading
spirit in the Hydraulic Company and the Gas
Company at Ottawa, built and operated the
Ottawa Machine Shops and Foundry, speculated
largely in lands in La Salle and Cook Counties —
his ojierations in the latter being especially large
about Riverside, as well as in Chicago, was a
principal stockholder in the bank of Cush-
nian & Hardin in Chicago, had large interests in
the lumber trade in Michigan, and was one of
the builders of the Chicago, Paducah & South-
western Railroad. The Chicago fire of 1871,
however, brought financial disaster upon him,
wliich finally dissipated his fortune and de-
stroyed his mental and physical health. His
death occurred at Ottawa, Oct. 28, 1878.
DALE, Michael (J., lawyer, was born in Lan-
caster, Pa. , spent his childhood and youth in the
public schools of his native city, except one year
in West Chester Academy, when he entered
Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, graduating
there in 1835. He then began the study of law
and was admitted to the bar in 1837 ; coming tO'
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
i2r
Illinois the following year, he was retained in a
suit at Greenville, Bond Countj-, which led to his
employment in others, and finally to opening an
office there. In 1839 he was elected Probate
Judge of Bond County, remaining in office four-
teen years, meanwhile being commissioned Major
of the State Militia in 1844, and serving as mem-
ber of a Military Court at Alton in 1847 ; was also
the Delegate from Bond County to the State Con-
stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1853 he re-
signed the office of County Judge in Bond County
to accept that of Register of the Land office at
Edwardsville, where he continued to reside, fill-
ing tlie office of County Judge in Madison County
five or six terms, besides occupying some subordi-
nate positions. Judge Dale married a daugliter
of Hon. William L. D. Ewing. Died at Edwards-
ville, April 1, 1895.
DALLAS CITY, a town of Hancock County, at
the intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe and the Chicago. Burlington & Ouincy Rail-
roads. 16 miles south of Burlington. It has man-
ufactories of lumber, buttons, carriages and
wagons, and two weekly newspapers. Popula-
tion (1880), 829; (1890), 747; 1900), 970.
DAjVENHOWER, John Wilson, Arctic explorer,
was born in Chicago, Sept. 30, 1849 — the son of
W. "W. Danenhower, a journalist. After passing
through the schools of Chicago and Washington,
he graduated from the United States Naval Acad-
emy at Annapolis in 1870, was successively com-
missioned as Ensign, Master and Lieutenant, and
served on expeditions in the North Pacific and in
the Mediterranean. In 1878 he joined the Arctic
steamer Jeannette at Havre, France, as second in
command under Lieut. George W. De Long; pro-
ceeding to San Francisco in July, 1879, the
steamer entered the Arctic Ocean by way of
Behring Straits. Here, liaving been caught in an
ice-pack, the vessel was held twenty -two months,
Lieutenant Danenhower meanwhile being dis-
abled most of the time by ophthalmia. The crew,
as last compelled to abandon the steamer, dragged
their boats over the ice for ninety-five days imtil
they were able to launch them in open water,
but were soon separated by a gale. The boat
commanded by Lieutenant Danenhower reached
the Lena Delta, on the north coast of Siberia,
where the crew were rescued by natives, landing
Sept. 17, 1881. After an ineffectual" search on
the delta for the crews of the other two boats.
Lieutenant Danenhower, with his crew, made
the journey of 6,000 miles to Orenburg, finally
arriving in the United States in June, 1882. He
has told the story of the expedition in '"The
Narrative of the Jeannette," published in 1882.
Died, at Annapolis, Md. , April 20, 1887.
DAXVERS, a village of McLean County, on the
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railway. The section is agricultural. The town
has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880),
460; (1890), 506; (1900), 607.
DAXVILLE, the county-seat of Vermilion
County, on Vermilion River and on five impor-
tant lines of railroad; in rich coal-mining
district and near large deposits of shale and
soapstone, which are utilized in manufacture of
sewer-pipe, paving and fire-clay brick. The city
has car-sliops and numerous factories, water-
works, electric lights, paved streets, several
banks, twenty-seven churches, five graded schools
and one high school, and six newspapers, three
daily. A Soldiers" Home is located three miles
east of the city. Pop. (1890), 11,491 ; (1900), 16,354.
D.4NVILLE, OLXEY, & OHIO RIVER RAIL-
ROAD. (See Chicago cfc Ohio River Railroad.)
DANVILLE, URBAJfA, BLOOMINGTON &
PEKIN RAILROAD. (See Peoria & Eastern
Railroad.)
D'ARTAIGLIETTE, Pierre, a French com
mandant of Illinois from 1734 to 1736, liaving
been appointed by Bienville, then Governor of
Louisiana. He was distinguished for gallantry
and courage. He defeated the Natchez Indians,
but, in an unsuccessful expedition against the
Chickasaws, was wounded, captured and burned
at the stake.
DAVENPORT, George, soldier, pioneer ami
trader, born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1783,
came to this country in 1804, and soon aftei
enlisted in the United States army, with the ranli
of sergeant. He served gallantly on various
expeditions in the West, where he obtained a
knowledge of the Indians which was afterward
of great value to him. During the War of ISl'J
his regiment was sent East, where he partici-
pated in the defense of Fort Erie and in other
enterprises. In 1S15, his term of enhstment hav-
ing expired and the war ended, he entered the
service of the contract commissary. He selected
the site for Fort Armstrong and aided in planning
and supervising its construction. He cultivated
friendly relations with the surrounding tribes,
and, in 1818, built a double log house, married,
and engaged in business as a fur-trader, near the
site of the present city of Rock Island. He had
the confidence and respect of the savages, was
successful and his trading posts were soon scat-
tered through Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. In
1823 he piloted the first steamboat through the
128
IIISTOPJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
upper Mississippi, and, in 18'3o, was apponited the
first postmaster at Rock Island, being the only
white civilian resident there. In 1826 he united
his business with that of the American Fur Com-
pany, in whose service he remained. Although
he employed every effort to induce President
Jackson to make a payment to Black Hawk and
his followers to induce them to emigrate across
the Mississippi voluntarily, when that Chief
commenced hostilities. Mr. Davenport tendered
his services to Governor Reynolds, bj \%'hom he
was commissioned Quartermaster-General with
the rank of Colonel. Immigration increased
rapidly after the close of the Black Hawk War
In 1835 a company, of which he was a member,
founded the town of Davenport, opposite Rock
Island, which was named in his honor. In 1837
and '42 he was largely instrumental in negoti-
ating treaties by which the Indians ceded their
lands in Iowa to the United States. In the
latter year he gave up the business of fur-trading,
having accumulated a fortune through hard
labor and scrupulous integrity, in the face often
of gi-ave perils. He had large business interests in
nearly every town in his vicinity, to all of which
he gave more or less personal attention. On the
night of July 4, 1843, he was a.s.sassinated at his
home by robbers. For a long time the crime was
shrouded in mystery, but its perpetrators were
ultimately detected and brought to punishment.
DAVIS, David, jurist and United States
Senator, was born in Cecil County, Md., March
9, 1813; pursued his academic studies at Kenyon
College, Ohio, and studied law at Yale. He settled
at Bloomington, 111., in 1836, and, after practicing
law there until 1844, was elected to the lower house
of the Fourteenth General Assembly. After
serving in the Constitutional Convention of 1847,
he was elected Judge of the Eighth Judicial
Circuit under the new Constitution in 1848, being
re-elected in ISo.'J and '61. He was a warm, per-
sonal friend of Abraham Lincoln, who, in 1862,
placed him upon the bench of the United States
Supreme Court. He resigned his high judicial
honors to become United States Senator in 1877
as successor to Logan's first term. On Oct. 13,
1881, he was elected President pro tem. of the
Senate, serving in this capacity to the end of his
term in ISS.'i. He died at his home in Blooming-
ton, June 26, 1886.
DAVIS, tieorge R., lawyer and Congressman,
was born at Three Rivers, Mass., January 3, 1840;
received a common school education, and a
classical course at Williston Seminary, Easthamp-
ton, Mass. From 1862 to 1865 he served in the
Union army, first as Captain in the Eighth
Mas.5achusetts Infantry, and later as Major in the
Third Rhode Island Cavah-y. After the war he
removed to Chicago, where he still resides. By
profession he is a lawyer. He took a prominent
part in the organization of the Chicago militia,
was elected Colonel of the First Regiment,
I. N. G., and was for a time the senior Colonel in
the State service. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful
Republican candidate for Congress, but was
elected in 1878, and re-elected in 1880 and 1882.
From 1886 to 1890 he was Treasurer of Cook
County. He took an active and influential part
in securing the location of the World's Columbian
Exposition at Chicago, and was Director-General
of the Exposition from its inception to its close,
by his executive ability demonstrating the wis-
dom of his selection. Died Nov. 25, 1,899.
DAVIS, Hasbrouck, soldier and journalist, was
born at Worcester, Mass., April 23, 1827, being
the son of John Davis, United States Senator and
Governor of Massachusetts, known in his lifetime
as "Honest John Davis." The son came to Chi-
cago in 1855 and commenced the practice of
law , in 1861 joined Colonel Voss in the organiza-
tion of the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry, being elected
Lieutenant-Colonel and, on the retirement of
Colonel Voss in 1863, succeeding to the colonelcy.
In March, 1865, he was brevetted Brigadier-Gen-
eral, remaining in active service until August,
1865, when he resigned. After the «'ar he was.
for a time, editor of "The Chicago Evening Post,"
was City Attorney of the City of Chicago from
1867 to '69, but later removed to Massachusetts
Colonel Davis was drowned at sea, Oct. 19, 1870,
by the loss of the steamship Cambria, while on a
voyage to Europe.
DAVIS, James M., early lawyer, was born in
Barren County, Ky., Oct. 9, 1793, came to Illinois
in 1817, located in Bond County and is said to
have taught the first school in that county. He
became a lawyer and a prominent leader of the
Whig party, was elected to the Thirteenth Gen-
eral Assembly (1842) from Bond County, and to
the Twenty-first from Montgomery in 1858, hav-
ing, in the meantime, become a citizen of
Hillsboro ; was also a member of the State Consti-
tutional Convention of 1847. Mr. Davis was a
man of striking personal appearance, being over
six feet in height, and of strong individuality.
After the dissolution of the Whig party he identi-
fied himself with the Democracy and was an
intensely bitter opponent of the war policy of
the Government. Died, at Hillsboro. Sept. 17.
1866.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
DAVIS, John A., soldier, was born in Craw-
ford County, Pa., Oct. 25, 1823; came to Steplien-
.son County, III., in boyhood and served as
Representative in tlie General Assembly of 1857
and '59; in September, 1861, enlisted as a private,
was elected Captain and, on the organization of
the Forty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at
Camp Butler, was commissioned its Colonel. He
participated in the capture of Fort Donelson,
and in the battle of Shiloh was desperately
wovmded by a shot through the lungs, but
Tecovered in time to join his regiment before the
battle of Corinth, where, on Oct. i. 1862, he fell
mortally wounded, dying a few days after. On
receiving a request from some of his fellow-citi-
zens, a few days before his death, to accept a
nomination for Congress in the Freeport District,
Colonel Davis patriotically replied: "I can serve
my country better in following the torn banner
of my regiment in the battlefield."
DAVIS, Levi, lawyer and State Auditor, was
born in Cecil County, Md., July 20, 1806; gradu-
ated at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1828, and was
admitted to the bar at Baltimore in 1830. The
following year he removed to Illinois, settling at
Vandalia, then the capital. In 1835 Governor
Duncan appointed him Auditor of Public
Accounts, to which office he was elected by the
legislature in 1837, and again in 1838. In
1846 he took up his residence at Alton. He
attained prominence at the bar and was, for
several years, attorney for the Chicago & Alton
-and St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad
Companies, in which he was also a Director.
Died, at Alton, March 4, 1897.
DAVIS, Nathan Smith, M.D., LL.D., physi-
cian, educator and editor, was born in Chenango
County, N. Y., Jan. 9, 1817; took a classical and
scientific course in Cazenovia Seminary ; in 1837
graduated from the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, winning several prizes during his
course; the same year began practice at Bing-
hamton; spent two years (1847-49) in New York
City, when he removed to Chicago to accept tlie
chair of Physiology and General Pathology in
Rush Medical College. In 1859 he accepted a
similar position in the Chicago Medical College
(now the medical department of Northwestern
University), where he still remains. Dr. Davis
has not only been a busy practitioner, but a volu-
minous writer on general and special topics con-
nected with his profession, having been editor at
difiierent times of several medical periodicals,
including "The Chicago Medical Journal." "The
Medical Journal and Examiner," and "The
Journal of the American Medical Association.''
He has also been prominent in State, National
and International Medical Congresses, and is one
of the founders of the Northwestern University,
the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Cliicago
Historical Society, the Illinois State Microscopi-
cal Society and the Union College of Law, liesides
other scientific and benevolent associations.
DAVIS, Oliver L., lawyer, was born in New
York City, Dec. 20, 1819; after being in the
employ of the American Fur Company some
seven years, came to Danville, 111., in 1841 and
commenced studying law the next year; was
elected to the lower branch of the Seventeenth
and Twentieth General Assemblies, first as a
Democrat and next (1856) as a RepubUcan;
served on the Circuit Bench in 1861-66, and again
in 1873-79, being assigned in 1877 to the Appellate
bench. Died, Jan. 12, 1892.
DAWSON, John, early legislator, was born in
Virginia, in 1791 ; came to Illinois in 1827, set-
tling in Sangamon County ; served five terms in
the lower house of the General Assembly (1830,
"34, '36, '38 and '46), dm-ing a part of the time
being the colleague of Abraham Lincoln. He
was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who repre-
sented Sangamon County at the time of the
removal of the State capital to Springfield ; was
also a member of the Constitutional Convention
of 1847. Died, Nov. 12, 1850.
DEAF AND DUMB, ILLINOIS INSTITU-
TION FOR EDUCATION OF, located at Jack-
sonville, established by act of the Legislature,
Feb. 23, 1839, and the oldest of the State
charitable institutions. Work was not begun
until 1842, but one building was ready for
partial occupancy in 1846 and was completed
in 1849. (In 1871 this building, then known
as the south wing, was declared unsafe, and
was razed and rebuilt.) The center building
was completed in 1852 and the north wing in
1857. Other additions and new buildings have
been added from time to time, such as new dining
halls, workshops, barns, bakery, refrigerator
house, kitchens, a gymnasium, separate cot-
tages for the sexes, etc. At present (1895) the
institution is probably the largest, as it is un-
questionably one of the best conducted, of its class
in the world. The number of pupils in 1894 was
716. Among its employes are men and women of
ripe culture and experience, who have been con-
nected with it for more than a quarter of a
century.
DEARBORN, Luther, lawyer and legislator,
was born at Plymouth, N. H., March 24, 1820,
IIISTOPJCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ami educated in I^iymoutli scliools and at Xe\v
Hampton xVcademy ; in youtli removed to Dear-
born County, Ind., wliere lie tauglit scliool and
served as deputy Circuit Clerlj; tlien came to
Mason County, III., and, in 1844. to Elgin. Here
he was elected Sheriff and, at the expiration of
his term. Circuit Clerk, later engaging in the
banking business, which proving disastrous in
1857, he returned to Mason County and began the
practice of law. He then spent some years in
Minnesota, finally returning to Illinois a second
time, resumed practice at Havana, served one
term in the State Senate (1876-80); in 1884
became member of a law firm in Chicago, but
retired in 1887 to accept the attorneyship of the
Chicago & Alton Eailway, retaining this position
until his death, which occurred suddenly at
Springfield, April 5, 1889. For the last two years
of his life Mr. Dearborn's residence was at
Aurora.
DECATUR, the county-seat of Macon County;
39 miles east of Springfield and one mile north
of the Sangamon River — also an important rail-
way center. Three coal shafts are operated out-
side the city. It is a center for the grain trade,
having five elevators. Extensive car and repair
shops are located there, and several important
manufacturing industries flourish, among them
three flouring mills. Decatur has paved streets,
water-works, electric street railways, and excel-
lent public .schools, including one of the best and
most noted higli schools in the State. Four
newspapers are publislied there, eacli issuing a
daily edition. Pop., (1800). 10,841; (1900), 20,7.54.
DECATUR EDITORIAL C<» VENTIOX. (See
Atiti-X(Iirn.~iI:ii Ediforinl Vnnrnitiini.)
DECATUR k EASTERN RAILWAY, (.See
Indiuna, Decatur & ]Vcstcni riailicay.)
DECATUR, MATTOOX k SOUTHERN RAIL-
ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur <£• Evansville
Jiailwaii.)
DECATUR, SULLITAX & JIATTOON RAIL-
ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur cfc Eransville
Railicay.)
DEEP SNOW, THE, an event occurring in the
winter of 1^80-31 and referred to by old settlers
of Illinois as constituting an epoch in State his-
tory. The late Dr. Julian M. Sturtevant. Presi-
dent of Illinois College, in an address to the "Old
Settlers" of Jlorgan County, a few years before
his death, gave the following account of it: "In
the interval between Christmas, 1830, and Janu-
ary, 1881, snow fell all over Central Illinois to a
depth of fully three feet on a level. Then came
a rain with weather so cold that it froze as it
fell, forming a crust of ice over this three feet of
snow, nearly, if not quite, strong enough to bear
a man, and finally over this crust there were a
few inches of snow. The clouds passed away
and the wind came down upon us from the north-
west with extraordinary ferocity. For weeks —
certainly not less than two weeks — the mercury
in the thermometer tube was not, on any one
morning, higher than twelve degrees below zero.
This snow-fall produced constant sleighing for
nine weeks."' Other contemporaneous accounts
say that this storm caused great suffering among
both men and beasts. The scattered settlers, un-
able to reach the mills or produce stores, were
driven, in some cases, to great extremity for
supplies ; mills were stopped by the freezing up
of streams, while deer and other game, sinking
through the crust of snow, were easily captured
or perished for lack of food. Birds and domestic
fowls often suffered a like fate for want of sus-
tenance or from the severity of the cold.
DEERE, John, manufacturer, was born at
Middlebury, Vt., Feb. 7, 1804; learned the black-
smith trade, which he followed until 1838, when
he came west, settling at Grand Detour, in Ogle
County ; ten years later removed to Moline, and
there founded the plow-works which bear his
name and of which he was President from 1868
until his death in 1886. — Charles H. (Deere), son
of the preceding, was born in Hancock, Addison
County Vt., March 28, 1837; educated in the
common schools and at Iowa and Knox Acad-
emies, and Bell's Commercial College, Chicago;
became assistant and head book-keeper, travel-
ing and purchasing agent of the Deere Plow
Company, and, on its incorporation, Vice-Presi-
dent and General Manager, until his father's
death, when he succeeded to the Presidency. He
is also the founder of the Deere & JIansur Corn
Planter Works. President of the Moline Water
Power Company, besides being a Director in
various other concerns and in the branch houses
of Deere & Co., in Kansas City, Des Moines,
Council Bluffs and San Francisco. Notwith-
standing his immense business interests, Mr.
Deere has found time for the discharge of public
and patriotic duties, as shown by the fact that he
was for j'ears a member and Chairman of the
State Bureau of Labor Statistics ; a Commissioner
from Illinois to the Vienna International Exposi-
tion of 1873 ; one of the State Commissioners of
the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893; a
Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1888,
and a delegate from his District to the National
Republican Convention at St. Louis, in 1896.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
131
DEERIJfG, William, manufacturer, was born
at Pariu, Oxford County, Maine, April 26, 1826,
completed his education at the Readfield high
school, in 1843, engaged actively in manufactur-
ing, and during his time has assisted in establish-
ing several large, successful business enterprises,
including wholesale and commission dry-goods
houses in Portland, Maine, Boston and New York.
His greatest work has been the building up of the
Deering JIanufacturing Company, a main feature
of which, for thirty years, has been the manu-
facture of Marsh harvesters and other agricultural
implements and appliances. This concern began
operation in Chicago about 1870. at the present
time (1899) occupying eighty acres in the north
part of the city and employing some 4,000 hands.
It is said to turn out a larger amount and greater
variety of articles for the use of the agriculturist
than any other establishment in the country,
receiving its raw material from many foreign
countries, including the Philippines, and distrib-
uting its products all over the globe. Mr. Deer-
ing continues to be President of the Company
and a principal factor in the management of its
immense business. He is liberal, public-spirited
and benevolent, and his business career has been
notable for the absence of controversies with his
employes. He has been, for a number of years,
one of the Trustees of the Northwestern Univer-
sity at Evanston, and, at the present time, is
President of the Board.
DE KALB, a city in De Kalb County, .58 miles
west of Chicago. Of late years it has grown
rapidly, largely because of the introduction of
new industrial enterprises. It contains a large
wire drawing plant, barbed wire factories, foun-
dry, agricultural implement works, machine
shop, shoe factory and several minor manufac-
turing establishments. It has banks, four news-
papers, electric street railway, eight miles of
paved streets, nine churches and three graded
schools. It is the site of the Northern State Nor-
mal School, located in 1895. Population (1880),
1,598; (1890), 2,5T9; (1900), .5,904; (1903, est.), 8,000.
DE KALB COUNTY, originally a portion of
La Salle County, and later of Kane ; was organized
in 1837, and named for Baron De Kalb, the
Revolutionary patriot. Its area is 650 square
miles and population (in 1900), 31.756. The land
is elevated and well drained, lying between Fox
and Rock Rivers. Prior to 1835 the land belonged
to the Pottawatomie Indians, who maintained
several villages and their own tribal government.
No sooner had the aborigines been removed than
white settlers appeared in large numbers, and,
in September, 1835, a convocation was held on
the banks of the Kishwaukee, to adopt a tempo-
rary form of government. The public lands in the
county were sold at auction in Chicago in 1843.
Sycamore (originally called Orange) is the
county-seat, and, in 1890, had a population of
2,987. Brick buildings were first erected at
Sycamore by J. S. Waterman and the brothers
Mayo. In 1854, H. A. Hough established the
first newspaper, "The RepubUcan Sentinel."
Other prosperous towns are De Kalb (population,
3,579), Cortland, Malta and Somonauk. The sur-
face is generally rolling, upland prairie, with
numerous groves and wooded tracts along the
principal streams. Various lines of railroad trav-
erse the county, which embraces one of the
wealthiest rural districts in the State.
DE KALB & (JREAT WESTERN RAILROAD.
(See Chicago Great Western Railway.)
DELAY AN, a thriving city in Tazewell County,
on the line of the Cliicago & Alton Railroad, at
the point of its intersection with the Peoria and
Pekin Division of the Illinois Central Railway, 34
miles west- southwest of Bloomington and 24
miles south of Peoria. Grain is extensively
grown in the adjacent territory, and much
shipped from Delavan. The place supports two
banks, tile and brick factor3', creamery, and two
weekly papers. It also has five churches and a
graded school. Pop. (1890), 1,176, (1900), 1,304.
DEMENT, Henry Dodg-e, ex-Secretary of State,
was born at Galena, 111., in 1840 — the son of
Colonel John Dement, an early and prominent
citizen of the State, who held the office of State
Treasurer and was a member of the Constitu-
tional Conventions of 1847 and 1870. Colonel
Dement having removed to Dixon about 1845, the
subject of this sketch was educated there and at
Mount Morris. Having enlisted in the Thirteenth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry in 18G1, he was elected
a Second Lieutenant and soon promoted to First
Lieutenant — also received from Governor Yates a
complimentary commission as Captain for gal-
lantry at Arkansas Post and at Chickasaw
Bayou, where the commander of his regiment.
Col. J. B. Wyman, was killed. Later he served
with General Curtis in Mississippi and in the
Fifteenth Army Corps in the siege of Vicksburg.
After leaving the army he engaged in the manu-
facturing business for some years at Dixon. Cap-
tain Dement entered the State Legislature by
election as Representative from Lee County in
1873, was re-elected in 1874 and, in 1876, was pro-
moted to the Senate, serving in the Thirtieth and
Thirty-first General Assemblies. In 1880 he was
132
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
chosen Secretary of State, and re-elected in 1884,
serving eight years. The last public position held
by Captain Dement was that of Warden of the
State Penitentiary at Joliet, to which he was
appointed in 1891, serving two years. His
present home is at Oak Park. Cook County.
DEMENT, John, was born in Sumner County,
Tenn., in April, 1804. When 13 years old he
accompanied his parents to Illinois, settling in
Franklin County, of which he was elected Sheriff
in 1826, and which he represented in the General
Assemblies of 1828 and "30. He served with
distinction during the Black Hawk War, having
previously had experience in two Indian cam-
paigns. In 1831 he was elected State Treasurer
by the Legislature, but, in 183G, resigned this
office to represent Fayette County in the General
Assembly and aid in the fight against the removal
of the capital to Springfield. His efforts failing
of success, he removed to the northern part of the
State, finally locating at Dixon, where he became
extensively engaged in manufacturing. In 1837
President Van Buren appointed him Receiver of
Public Moneys, but he was removed by President
Harrison in 1841 ; was reappointed by Polk in
184.5, only to be again removed by Taylor in 1849
and reappointed by Pierce in 18i53. He held the
office from that date until it was abolished. He
was a Democratic Presidential Elector in 1844;
served in three Constitutional Conventions (1847,
'62, and '70), being Temporary President of the
two bodies last named. He was the father of
Hon. Denry D. Dement, Secretary of State of Illi-
nois from 1884 to 1888. He died at his home at
Dixon, Jan. 16. 1883.
DENT, Thomas, lawyer, was born in Putnam
County, 111., Nov. 14, 1831; in his youth was
employed in the Clerk's oflBce of Putnam County,
meanwhile studying law; was admitted to the
bar in 1854, and, in 1856, opened an office in Chi-
cago; is still in practice and has served as
President, both of the Chicago Law Institute and
the State Bar Association.
DES PLAINES, a village of Cook County, at the
intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and
the Wisconsin Central Railroads, 17 miles north-
west from Chicago; is a dairying region. Popu-
lation (1880), 818; (1890), 986; (1900), 1,666.
DES PLAINES RIVER, a branch of the Illinois
River, which rises in Racine County, Wis., and,
after passing through Kenosha County, in that
State, and Lake County, 111., running nearly
parallel to the west shore of Lake Michigan
through Cook County, finally unites %vith the
Kankakee, about 13 miles southwest of Joliet, bv
its confluence with the latter forming the Illinois
River. Its length is about 150 miles. The
Chicago Drainage Canal is constructed in the
valley of the Des Plaines for a considerable por-
tion of the distance between Chicago and Joliet.
DEWEY, (Dr.) Richard S., physician, alienist,
was born at Forest ville, N. Y., Dec. 6, 1845; after
receiving his primary education took a two years"
course in the literary and a three years' course in
the medical department of the Michigan Univer-
sity at Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in
1869. He then began practice as House Physician
and Surgeon in the City Hospital at Brooklyn,
N. Y., remaining for a year, after which he
visited Europe inspecting hospitals and sanitary
methods, meanwhile spending six months in the
Prussian military service as Surgeon during the
Franco-Prussian War. After the close of the
war he took a brief course in the University of
Berlin, when, returning to the United States, he
was employed for seven years as Assistant Physi-
cian in the Northern Hospital for the Insane at
Elgin. In 1879 he was appointed Medical Super-
intendent of the Eastern Hospital for the Insane
at Kankakee, remaining until the accession of
John P. Altgeld to the Governorship in 1893.
Dr. Dewey's reputation as a specialist in the
treatment of the insane has stood among the
highest of his class.
DE WITT COUNTY, situated in the central
portion of the State ; has an area of 405 square
miles and a population (1900) of 18,972. The land
was originally owned by the Kickapoos and Potta-
watomies, and not until 1820 did the first perma-
nent white settlers occupy this region. The first
to come were Felix Jones. Prettyman Marvel,
William Cottrell, Samuel Glenn, and the families
of Scott, Lundy and Coaps. Previously, how-
ever, the first cabin had been built on the site of
the present Farmer City by Nathan Clearwater.
Zion Shugest erected the earliest grist-mill and
Burrell Post the first saw-mill in the county.
Kentuckians and Tennesseeans were the first im-
migrants, but not until the advent of settlers from
Ohio did permanent improvements begin to be
made. In 1835 a school house and Presbyterian
church were built at Waynesville. The county
was organized in 1839, and — with its capital
(Clinton) — was named after one of New York's
most distinguished Governors. It lies within the
great "corn belt," and is well watered by Salt
Creek and its branches. Most of the surface is
rolling prairie, interspersed with woodland.
Several lines of railway (among them the Illinois
Central) cross the county. Clinton had a popu-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
133
lation of 3,598 in 1S90, and Farmer City, 1,367.
Both are railroad centers and have considerable
trade.
DE WOLF, Calvin, pioneer and philanthropist,
was born in Luzerne Count}-, Pa., Feb. 18, 181.T;
taken early in life to Vermont, and, at 19 years of
age, commenced teaching at Orwell, in that
State; spent one year at a manual labor school
in Ashtabula County, Ohio, and, in 1837, came to
Chicago, and soon after began teacliing in Will
County, still later engaging in the same vocation
in Chicago. In 1839 he commenced the study of
law with Messrs. Spring & Goodrich and, in 1843,
was admitted to practice. In 1854 he was
elected a Justice of the Peace, retaining tlie
position for a quarter of a century, winning for
himself the reputation of a sagacious and incor-
ruptible public officer. Mr. De Wolf was an
original abolitionist and his home is said to have
been one of the stations on the "underground
railroad" in the days of slavery. Died Nov. 28, '99.
DEXTER, Wirt, lawyer, born at De.xter, Mich. ,
Oct. 25, 1831 ; was educated in the scliools of his
native State and at Cazenovia Seminary, N. Y.
He was descended from a family of lawyers, his
grandfather, Samuel Dexter, having been Secre-
tary of War, and afterwards Secretary of the
Treasury, in the cabinet of the elder Adams.
Coming to Chicago at the beginning of his profes-
sional career, Mr. Dexter gave considerable
attention at first to his father's extensive lumber
trade. He was a zealous and eloquent supporter
of the Government during the Civil War, and
was an active member of the Relief and Aid
Society after the fire of 1871. His entire profes-
sional life was spent in Chicago, for several years
before his death being in the service of the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company as
its general solicitor and member of the executive
committee of the Board of Directors. Died in
Chicago, May 20, 1890.
DICKEY, Hugh Thompson, jurist, was born in
New York City, May 30, 1811; graduated from
Columbia College, read law and was admitted to
the bar. He visited Chicago in 1836, and four
years later settled there, becoming one of its
most influential citizens. Upon the organization
of the County Court of Cook County in 1845,
Mr. Dickey was appointed its Judge. In Septem-
ber, 1848, he was elected Judge of the Seventh
Judicial Circuit, practically without partisan
opposition, serving until the expiration of his
term in 1853. He was prominently identified
with several important commercial enterprises,
was one of the founders of the Chicago Library
Association, and one of the first Trustees of the
IlUnois General Hospital of the Lakes, now Mercy
Hospital. In 1885 he left Chicago to take up his
residence in his native city. New York, where he
died. June 3, 1892.
DICKEY, Theophilus Lyle, lawyer and jurist,
was born in Bourbon County, Ky., Nov. 12, 1812,
the grandson of a Revolutionary soldier, gradu-
ated at the Miami (Ohio) University, and re-
moved to Illinois in 1834, settling at Macomb,
McDonough County, where he was admitted to
the bar in 1835. In 1836 he moved to Rushville,
where he resided three years, a part of the time
editing a Whig newspaper. Later he became a
resident of Ottawa, and, at the opening of the
Mexican War, organized a company of volun-
teers, of which he was chosen Captain. In 1861
he raised a regiment of cavalry which was
mustered into service as the Fourth Illinois
Cavalry, and of which he was commissioned
Colonel, taking an active part in Grant's cam-
paigns in the West. In 1865 he resigned his
commission and resumed the practice of his
profession at Ottawa. In 1866 he was an
unsuccessful candidate for Congressman for the
State-at-large in opposition to John A. Logan,
and. in 1868, was tendered and accepted the posi-
tion of Assistant Attorney-General of the United
States, resigning after eighteen months' service.
In 1873 he removed to Chicago, and, in 1874, was
made Corporation Counsel. In December, 1875,
he was elected to the Supreme Court, vice W. K.
McAllister, deceased ; was re-elected in 1879, and
died at Atlantic City, July 22, 1885.
DISCIPLES OF CHRIST, THE, known also as
the Christian Church and as "Campbellites,"
having been founded by Alexander Campbell.
Many members settled in Illinois in the early
30's, and, in the central portion of the State, the
denomination soon began to flourish greatly.
Any one was admitted to membership who made
what is termed a scriptm-al confession of faith
and was baptized by immersion. Alexander
Campbell was an eloquent preacher and a man oi
much native ability, as well as a born conver-
sationalist. The sect has steadily grown in
numiiers and influence in the State. The United
States Census of 1890 showed 641 churches in the
State, with 368 ministers and an aggregate mem-
bership of 61,587, having 550 Sunday schools, with
50,000 pupils in attendance. The value of the
real property, which included 552 church edifices
(with a seating capacity of 155.000) and 30 parson-
ages, was 81,167,67.5. The denomination supports
Em-eka College, with an attendance of between
134
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
400 and 500 students, while its assets are valued
at §150,000. Total membersbip in the United
States, estimated at 750,000.
DIXON, an incorporated citj', the county-seat
of Lee County. It lies on both sides of Rock
River and is the point of inter.section of the Illi-
nois Central and the Chicago & Northwestern
Railroads; is 98 miles west of Chicago. Rook
River furnishes abundant water power and the
manufacturing interests of the city are very ex-
tensive, including large plow works, wire-cloth
factory, wagon factory; also has electric light
and power plant, three shoe factories, planing
mills, and a condensed milk factory. There are
two National and one State bank, eleven
churches, a hospital, and three newspapers. In
schools the city particularly excels, having sev-
eral graded (grammar) schools and two colleges.
The Chautauqua A.ssemblj' holds its meeting here
annually. Population (1890), 5,161; (1900), 7,917.
DIXOX, John, pioneer — the first white settler
in Lee County, 111., was born at Rye, West-
chester County, N. Y., Oct. 9, 1784; at 21 removed
to New York City, where he was in business some
fifteen years. In 1820 he set out ■with his family
for the West, traveling by land to Pittsburg,
and thence by flat-boat to Shawneetown. Having
disembarked his horses and goods here, he pushed
out towards the northwest, passing the vicinity
of Springfield, and finally locating on Fancy
Creek, .some nine miles north of the present site
of that city. Here he remained some five years,
in that time serving as foreman of the first Sanga-
mon County Grand Jurj-. The new county of
Peoria having been established in 1825, he w-as
offered and accepted the appointment of Circuit
Clerk, I'emoving to Fort Clark, as Peoria was
then called. Later he became contractor for
carrying the mail on the newly established route
between Peoria and Galena. Compelled to pro-
vide means of crossing Rock River, he induced a
French and Indian half-breed, named Ogee, to
take charge of a ferry at a point afterwards
known as Ogee"s Ferry. The tide of travel to the
lead-mine region caused both the mail-route and
the ferry to prove profitable, and, as the half-
breed ferrj-man could not endure prosperity, Jlr.
Dixon was forced to buy him out, removing his
family to this point in April, 1830. Here he
established friendly relations with the Indians,
and, during the Black Hawk War .two years later,
was enabled to render valuable service to the
State. His station was for many j-ears one of
the most important points in Northern Illinois,
and among the men of national reputation who
were entertained at different times at his home
may be named Gen. Zachary Taylor, Albert Sid-
ney Johnston, Gen. Winfield Scott, Jefferson
Davis, Col. Robert Anderson, Abraham Lincoln,
Col. E. D. Baker and many more. He bought the
land where Dixon now stands in 1835 and laid off
the town ; in 1838 was elected by the Legislature
a member of the Board of Public Works, and, in
1840, secured the removal of the land office from
Galena to Dixon. Colonel Dixon was a delegate
from Lee County to the Republican State Con-
vention at Bloomington, in May, 1856, and,
although then considerably over 70 years of age,
spoke from the same stand with Abraham Lin-
coln, his presence producing much enthusiasm.
His death occurred, July 6, 1876.
DOAXE, John Wesley, merchant and banker,
was born at Thompson, Windham County, Conn.,
March 23, 1833 ; was educated in the common
schools, and, at 22 years of age, came to Chicago
and opened a small grocery store which, by 1870,
had become one of the most extensive concerns
of its kind in the Northwest. It was swept out
of existence by the fire of 1871, but was re-estab-
lished and, in 1872, transfeiTed to other parties,
although Mr. Doane continued to conduct an
importing business in many lines of goods used in
the grocery trade. Having become interested in
the Merchants' Loan & Trust Company, he was
elected its President and has continued to act in
that capacity. He is also a stockholder and a
Director of the PuUman Palace Car Company,
the Allen Pajier Car Wheel Company and the
Illinois Central Railroad, and was a leading
promoter of the World's Columbian Exposition of
1893 — being one of those who guaranteed the
$5,000,000 to be raised by the citizens of Chicago
to assure the success of the enterprise.
DOLTON STATION, a village of Cook County,
on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago &
Western Indiana, and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 16 miles south of
Chicago ; has a carriage factory, a weekly paper,
churches and a graded school. Population ( 1880)
448; (1890), 1,110; (1900), 1,229.
DOXGOLA, a village in Union County, on the
Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles north of Cairo.
Population (1880), .599; (1890), 733; (1900), 681.
DOOLITTLE, James Rood, United States
Senator, was born in Hampton, Wasliington
County, N. Y., Jan 3, 1815; educated at Middle-
bury and Geneva (now Hobart) Colleges, admitted
to the bar in 1837 and practiced at Rochester and
Warsaw, N. Y. ; was elected District Attorney of
Wyoming County, N. Y., in 1845. and in 1851.
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
135
removed to Wisconsin; two years later was
elected Circuit Judge, but resigned in 18156, and
the following year was elected as a Democratic-
Republican to the United States Senate, being
re-elected as a Republican in 1863. Retiring
from public life in 1869, he afterwards resided
chiefly at Racine, Wis., though practicing in the
courts of Chicago. He was President of the
National Union Convention at Philadelphia in
1866, and of the National Democratic Convention
of 1872 in Baltimore, which endorsed Horace
Greeley for President. Died, at Edgewood, R. I.,
July 27, 1897.
DORE, John Clark, first Superintendent of
Chicago City Schools, was born at Ossipee, N. H.,
March 22, 1822; began teaching at 17 years of age
and graduated at Dartmouth College in 1847;
then taught several j-ears and, in ISol, was
offered and accepted the position of Superintend-
ent of City Schools of Chicago, but resigned two
years later. Afterwards engaging in business,
he served as Vice-President and President of
the Board of Trade, President of the Com-
mercial Insurance Company and of the State
Savings Institution ; was a member of tlie State
Senate, 1868-73, and has been identified with
various benevolent organizations of the city of
Chicago. Died in Boston, Mass., Dec, 14. 1900.
DOU(tHEETT, John, la^vyer and Lieutenant-
Governor, was born at Marietta, Oliio, May 6,
1806; brought by his parents, in 1808, to Cape
Girardeau, Mo., where they remained imtil after
the disastrous earthquakes in that region in
1811-12, when, his father having died, his mother
removed to Jonesboro, 111. Here he finall}- read
law with Col. A. P. Field, afterwards Secretary
of State, being admitted to the bar in 1831 and
early attaining prominence as a successful
criminal lawyer. He soon became a recognized
political leader, was elected as a member of the
House to the Eighth General Assembly (1832)
and re-elected in 1834, '36 and '40, and again in
1856, and to the Senate in 1842, serving in the
latter body until the adoption of the Constitution
of 1848. Originally a Democrat, he was, in 1858,
the Administration (Buchanan) candidate for
State Treasurer, as opiJosed to the Douglas wing
of the party, but, in 1861, became a strong sup-
porter of Abraham Lincoln. He served as Presi-
dential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1864
and in 1872 (the former year for the State- at-
large), in 1868 was elected Lieutenant-Governor
and, in 1877, to a seat on the criminal bench,
serving until June, 1879. Died, at Jonesboro,
Sept. 7, 1879.
DOUGLAS, John M., lawyer and Railway
President, was born at Plattsburg, Clinton
County, N. Y., August 22, 1819; read law three
years in his native city, then came west and
settled at Galena, 111., where he was admitted to
the bar in 1841 and began practice. In 1856 he
removed to Chicago, and, the following year,
became one of the solicitors of the Illinois Central
Raih'oad, with which he had been associated as
an attorney at Galena. Between 1861 and 1876
he was a Director of the Company over twelve
years; from 1865 to 1871 its President, and again
for eighteen months in 1875-76, when he retired
permanently. Mr. Douglas' contemporaries speak
of him as a lawyer of great ability, as well
as a capable executive oflScer. Died, in Chicago,
March 25. 1891.
DOUGLAS, Stephen Arnold, statesman, was
born at Brandon, Vt., April 23, 1813. In conse-
quence of the death of his father in infancy,
his early educational advantages were limited.
When fifteen he applied himself to the cabinet-
maker's trade, and, in 1830, accompanied his
mother and step-father to Ontario County, N. Y.
In 1832 lie began the study of law, but started for
tlie West in 1833. He taught school at Win-
chester, 111., reading law at night and practicing
before a Justice of the Peace on Saturdays. He
was soon admitted to the bar and took a deep
interest in politics. In 1835 he was elected Prose-
cuting Attorney for Jlorgan County, but a few
months later resigned this office to enter the
lower house of the Legislature, to which he was
elected in 1836. In 1838 he was a candidate for
Congress, but was defeated by John T. Stuart, his
Whig opponent; was appointed Secretary of
State in December, 1840, and, in February, 1841,
elected Judge of the Supreme Court. He was
elected to Congress in 1843, '44 and '46, and, in
the latter year, was chosen United States Sena-
tor, taking his seat March 4, 1847, and being
re-elected in 1853 and '59. His last canvass was
rendered memorable through his joint debate, in
1858, before the people of the State with Abraham
Lincoln, whom he defeated before the Legisla-
ture. He was a candidate for the presidential
nomination before the Democratic National
Conventions of 1852 and '56. In 1860, after having
failed of a nomination for the Presidency at
Charleston, S. C, through the operation of the
"two thirds rule." he received the nomination
from the adjourned convention held at Baltimore
six weeks later — though not vmtil the delegates
from nearly all the Southern States had with-
drawn, the seceding delegates afterwards nomi-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
nating John C. Breckenridge. Although defeated
for the Presidency by Lincoln, his old-time
antagonist, Douglas yielded a cordial support to
the incoming administration in its attitude
toward the seceded States, occupying a place of
honor beside Mr. Lincoln on the portico of the
Capitol during the inauguration ceremonies. As
politician, orator and statesman, Douglas had
few superiors. Quick in perception, facile in
expedients, ready in resources, earnest and
fearless in utterance, he was a born "leader of
men." His shortness of stature, considered in
relation to his extraordinary mental acumen,
gained for him the sobriquet of the "Little
Giant." He died in Chicago, June 3, 1861.
DOUGLAS COUNTY, lying a little east of the
center of the State, embracing an area of 410
square miles and having a population (1900) of
19,097. The earliest land entry was made by
Harrison Gill, of Kentucky, whose patent was
signed by Andrew Jackson. Another early
settler was John A. Richman, a West Virginian.
who erected one of the first frame houses in
the county in 1829. The Embarras and Kas-
kaskia Rivers flow through the county, wliicli is
also crossed by the Wabash and Illinois Central
Railways. Douglas County was organized in
18.57 (being set off from Coles) and named in
honor of Stephen A. Douglas, then United States
Senator from Illinois. After a sharp struggle Tus-
cola was made the county-seat. It has been
visited by several disastrous conflagrations, but
is a thriving town, credited, in 1890, with a
population of 1,897. Other important towns are
Areola (population, 1,733), and Camargo, which
•was originally known as New Salem.
DOWNERS GROVE, village, Du Page County,
onC, B. &Q. R. R., 21 miles south-southwest from
Chicago, incorporated 1873; has water- works, elec-
tric lights, telephone system, good schools, bank
and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 960; (1900), 2,103.
DOWNING, Finis Ewlngr, ex-Congressman and
lawyer, was born at Virginia, 111., August 24,
1846 ; reared on a farm and educated in the public
and private schools of his native town ; from 1865
was engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1880,
when he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court
of Cass County, serving three successive terms;
read law and was admitted to the bar in Decem-
ber, 1887. In August, 1891, he became interested
in "The Virginia Enquirer" (a Democratic
paper), which he has since conducted; was
elected Secretary of the State Senate in 1893,
and, in 1894, was returned as elected to the Fifty-
fourth Congress from the Sixteenth District by a
plurality of forty votes over Gen. John I. Rinaker,
the Republican nominee. A contest and recount
of the ballots resulted, however, in awarding the
seat to General Rinaker. In 1896 Mr. Downing
was the nominee of his party for Secretary of
State, but was defeated with the rest of his ticket.
DRAKE, Francis Marion, soldier and Governor,
was born at Rushville, Schuyler County, 111.,
Dec. 30, 1830; early taken to Drakesville, Iowa,
which his father founded; entered mercantile
life at 16 years of age ; crossed the plains to Cali-
fornia in 18.j2, had experience in Indian warfare
and, in 1859, established himself in business at
Union ville, Iowa; ser\-ed through the Civil War,
becoming Lieutenant-Colonel and retiring in
1865 with the rank of Brigadier-General by
brevet. He re-entered mercantile Life after the
war, was admitted to the bar in 1866, subsequently
engaged in railroad building and, in 1881, contrib-
buted the bulk of the funds for founding Drake
University ; was elected Governor of Iowa in
1895, serving until January, 1898.
DRAPER, Andrew Sloan, LL.D., lawyer and
educator, was born in Otsego County, N. Y.,
June 21, 1848 — being a descendant, in the eighth
generation, from the "Puritan," James Draper,
who settled in Boston in 1647. In 1855 Mr.
Draper's parents settled in Albany, N. Y., where
he attended school, winning a scholarship in the
Albany Academy in 1863, and graduating from
that institution in 1866. During the next four
years he was employed in teaching, part of the
time as an instructor at his alma mater ; but, in
1871, graduated from the Union College Law
Department, when he began practice. The rank
he attained in the profession was indicated by
his appointment by President Arthur, in 1884,
one of the Judges of the Alabama Claims Com-
mission, upon which he served until the conclu-
sion of its labors in 1886. He had previously
served in the New York State Senate (1880) and,
in 1884, was a delegate to the Republican National
Convention, also serving as Chairman of the
Republican State Central Committee the same
year. After his return from Europe in 1886, he
served as State Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion of New York luitil 1892, and, in 1889, and
again in 1890, was President of the National
Association of School Superintendents. Soon
after retiring from the State Superintendency in
New York, he was chosen Superintendent of
Public Schools for the city of Cleveland, Ohio,
remaining in that position until 1894, when he
was elected President of the University of Illinois
at Champaign, where he now is. His adminis-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
137
tration has been characterized by enterprise and
sagacity, and has tended to promote the popular-
ity and prosperity of the institution.
DRESSER, Charles, clergyman, was born at
Pomfret, Conn., Feb. 34, 1800; graduated from
Brown University in 1823, went to Virginia,
where be studied theology and was ordained a
minister of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In
1838 he removed to Springfield, and became rector
of St. Paul's Episcopal Church there, retiring in
1858. On Nov. 4, 1842, Mr. Dresser performed the
ceremony uniting Abraham Lincoln and Mary
Todd in marriage. He died, March 2.5, 1865.
DRUMMOND, Thomas, jurist, was born at
Bristol Mills, Lincoln County, Maine, Oct. 16,
1809. After graduating from Bowdoin College, in
1880, he studied law at Philadelphia, where he was
admitted to the bar in 1833. He settled at
Galena, 111, in 1835, and was a member of the
General Assembly in 1840-41. In 1850 he was
appointed United States District Judge for the
District of Illinois as successor to Judge Nathaniel
Pope, and four years later removed to Chicago.
Upon the division of the State into two judicial
districts, in 1855, he was assigned to the North-
ern. In 1869 he was elevated to the bench of the
United States Circuit Court, and presided over
the Seventh Circuit, which at that time included
the States of Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. In
1884 — at the age of 75 — he resigned, livmg in
retirement until his death, wliich occurred at
Wheaton, 111., May 15, 1890.
DUBOIS, Jesse Kilgore, State Auditor, was
born, Jan. 14, 1811, in Lawrence County, 111.,
near Vincennes, Ind., where his father, Capt.
Toussaint Dubois, had settled about 1780. The
latter was a native of Canada, of French descent,
and, after settling in the Northwest Territory,
had been a personal friend of General Harrison,
under whom he served in the Indian wars,
including the battle of Tippecanoe. The son
received a partial collegiate education at Bloom-
ington, Ind., but, at 24 years of age (1834), was
elected to the General Assembly, serving in the
same House with Abraham Lincoln, and being
re-elected in 1836, '38, and "42, In 1841 he was
appointed by President Harrison Register of the
Land OfHce at Palestine, 111., but soon resigned,
giving his attention to mercantile pursuits until
1849, when he was appointed Receiver of Public
Moneys at Palestine, but was removed by Pierce
in 1853. He was a Delegate to the first Repub-
lican State Convention, at Bloomington, in 1856,
and, on the recommendation of Mr. Lincoln, was
nominated for Auditor of Public Accounts,
renominated in 1860, and elected both times. In
1864 he was a candidate for the nomination of
his party for Governor, but was defeated by
General Oglesby, serving, however, on the
National Executive Committee of that year, and
as a delegate to the National Convention of 1868.
Died, at liis home near Springfield, Nov. 22, 1876.
— Fred T. (Dubois), son of the preceding, was
born in Crawford County, lU., May 39, 1851;
received a common-school and classical educa-
tion, graduating from Yale College in 1872 ; was
Secretary of the Illinois Railway and Warehouse
Commission in 1875-76 ; went to Idaho Territory
and engaged in business in 1880, was appointed
United States Marshal there in 1882, serving until
1886; elected as a Republican Delegate to the
Fiftieth and Fifty-first Congresses, and, on the
admission of Idaho as a State (1890), became
one of the first United States Senators, his term
extending to 1897. He was Chairman of the
Idaho delegation in the National Republican
Convention at Minneapolis in 1893, and was a
member of the National Republican Convention
at St. Louis in 1896, but seceded from that body
with Senator Teller of Colorado, and has since
cooperated with the Populists and Free Silver
Democrats.
DUCAT, Arthur Charles, soldier and civil
engineer, was born in Dublin, Ireland. Feb. 24,
1830, received a liberal education and became a
civil engineer. He settled in Chicago in 1851,
and six years later was made Secretary and Chief
Surveyor of the Board of Underwriters of that
city. Wliile acting in this capacity, he virtually
revised the schedule system of rating fire-risks.
In 1861 he raised a company of 300 engineers,
sappers and miners, but neither the State nor
Federal authorities would accept it. Thereupon
he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois
Volunteers, but his ability earned him rapid
promotion. He rose through the grades of Cap-
tain, Major and Lieutenant-Colonel, to that of
Colonel, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in
February, 1864. Compelled by sickness to leave the
army. General Ducat returned to Chicago,
re-entering the insurance field and finally, after
holding various responsible positions, engaging
in general business in that line. In 1875 he was
entrusted with the task of reorganizing the State
militia, which he performed with signal success.
Died, at Downer's Grove, 111, Jan. 29, 1896.
DUELS Xyv AXTI-DUELING LAWS. Al-
though a majority of the population of Illinois,
in Territorial days, came from Southern States
where the duel was widely regarded as the proper
138
IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
mode for settling "difficulties" of a personal
character, it is a curious fact that so few "affairs
of honor" (so-called) should have occurred on
Illinois soil. The first "affair" of this sort of
which either history or tradition has handed
down any account, is said to have occurred
between an English and a French officer at the
time of the surrender of Fort Chartres to the
British in 176.5, and in connection with that
event. The officers are said to have fought with
small swords one Sunday morning near the Fort,
when one of them was killed, but the name of
neither the victor nor the vanquished has come
down to the iiresent time. Gov. John Eeynolds.
who is the authority for the story in his "Pioneer
History of Illinois," claimed to have received it
in his boyhood from an aged Frenchman who
represented that lie had seen the combat.
An affair of less doubtful authenticity has come
down to us in tlie history of the Territorial
period, and, although it was at first bloodless, it
finally ended in a tragedy. This was the Jones-
Bond affair, which originated at Kaskaskia in
1808. Rice Jones was the son of John Rice Jones,
the first Enghsh-.speaking lawyer in the "Illinois
Country." The younger Jones is described as an
exceptionally brilliant young man who, having
studied law, located at Kaskaskia in 1806. Two
years later he bi'canic ii iiiiididate for Represent-
ative from Ranilc>l|ili ('(uiiityin the Legislature
of Indiana Territi.>ry, of which Illinois was apart.
In the course of the canvass which resulted in
Jones' election, he became involved in a qviarrel
with Shadrach Bond, who was then a member of
the Territorial Council from the same county,
and afterwards became Delegate in Congress
from Illinois and the first Governor of the State.
Bond challenged Jones and the meeting took
place on an island in the Mississippi between
Kaskaskia and St. Genevieve. Bond's second
was a Br. James Dunlap of Kaskaskia, who
appears also to have been a bitter enemy of Jones.
The discharge of a pistol in the hand of Jones
after the combatants had taken their places
preliminary to the order to "fire," raised the
question whether it was accidental or to be
regarded as Jones' fire. Dunlap maintained the
latter, but Bond accepted the explanation of his
adversary that the discharge was accidental, and
the generosity which he di^|il;iyi-(l Ic'd to expla-
nations that averted a linal cmIi.lhl;!/ of shots.
The feud thus started betwrcii .l.mrs ami Dunlap
gi-ew until it involved a large part of the com-
munity. ' On Dec. 7, 1808, Dunlap .shot down
Jones in cold blood and without warning in
the streets of Kaskaskia, killing him instantly.
The murderer fled to Texas and was never heard
of about Kaskaskia afterwards. Tliis incident
furnishes the basis of the most graphic chapter
in Mrs. Catherwood's story of "Old Kaskaskia."
Prompted by this tragical affair, no doubt, the
Governor and Territorial Judges, in 1810, framed a
stringent law for the suppression of dueling, in
which, in case of a fatal result, all parties con-
nected with the affair, as principals or seconds,
were held to be guilty of murder.
Governor Reynolds furnishes the record of a
duel between Thomas Rector, the member of a
noted family of that name at Kaskaskia, and one
Joshua Barton, supposed to have occurred some-
time during the War of 1813, though no exact
dates are given. This affair took place on the
favorite dueling ground known as "Bloody
Island," opposite St. Louis, so often resorted to
at a later day, by devotees of "the code" in Mis-
souri. Reynolds says that "Barton fell in the
conflict."'
The next affair of which history makes men-
tion grew out of a drunken carousel at Belleville,
in February, 1819, which ended in a duel betvpeen
two men named Alonzo Stuart and William
Bennett, and the killing of Stuart by Bennett.
The managers of the affair for the principals are
said to have agreed that the guns should be loaded
with blank cartridges, and Stuart was let into the
secret but Bennett was not. When the order to
fire came, Bennett's gun jjroved to have been
loaded with ball. Stuart fell mortally wounded,
expiring almost immediately. One report says
that the duel was intended as a sham, and was so
understood by Bennett, who was horrified by the
result. He and his two seconds were arrested for
murder, but Bennett broke jail and fled to
Arkansas. The seconds were tried, Daniel P.
Cook conducting the prosecution and Thomas H.
Benton defending, the trial resulting in their
acquittal. Two years later, Bennett was appre-
hended by some sort of artifice, put on his trial,
convicted and executed — Judge John Reynolds
(afterwards Governor) presiding and pronouncing
In a footnote to "The Edwards Papers,"
edited by the late E. B. Washburne, and printed
vmder the auspices of the Chicago Historical
Society, a few years ago, Mr. Washburne rebates
an incident occurring in Galena about 1838, while
"The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Adver-
tiser" was under the charge of Sylvester M.
Bartlett, who was afterwards one of the founders
of "The Quincy Whig." The story, as told by
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
139
Mr. 'Washburne, is as follows: "David G. Bates
(a Galena business man and captain of a packet
plying between St. Louis and Galena) ^v^ote a
short communication for the paper reflecting on
the character of John Tiu-ney, a prominent law-
yer who had been a member of the House of
Representatives in 1828-30, from the District
composed of Pike, Adams, Fulton, Schuyler,
Peoria and Jo Daviess Counties. Turney de-
manded the name of the author and Bartlett gave
up the name of Bates. Turney refused to take
any notice of Bates and then challenged Bartlett
to a duel, wliich was promptly accepted by Bart-
lett. The second of Turnej' was the Hon. Joseph
P. Hoge, afterward a member of Congress from
the Galena District. Bartlett's second was
William A. Warren, now of Bellevue, Iowa."
(Warren was a prominent Union officer during
the Civil War.) "The parties went out to the
ground selected for the duel, in what was tlien
Wisconsin Territory, seven miles north of Galena,
and, after one ineffectual fire, the matter was
compromised. Subsequently, Bartlett removed
to Quincy, and was for a long time connected
with the publication of 'The Quincy Whig.'"
During the session of the Twelfth General
Assembly (1841), A. R. Dodge, a Democratic
Representative from Peoria County, feeling him-
self aggrieved by some reflections indulged by Gen.
John J. Hardin (then a Whig Representative
from Morgan County) upon the Democratic party
in connection with the partisan reorganization
of the Supreme Com-t, threatened to "call out"
Hardin. The aiiair was referred to W. L. D.
Ewing and W. A. Richardson for Dodge, ami
J. J. Brown and E. B. Webb for Hardin, with
the result that it was amicably adjusted "honor-
ably to both parties."
It was dm-ing the same session that John A.
McClernand, then a young and fiery member
from Gallatin County — who had, two years
before, been appointed Secretary of State by
Governor CarUn, but had been debarred from
taking the office by an adverse decision of the
Supreme Court — indulged in a violent attack
upon the Whig members of the Coui-t based upon
allegations afterwards shown to have been fur-
nished by Theophilus W. Smith, a Democratic
member of the same court. Smith having joined
his associates m a card denying the truth of the
charges, McClernand responded with the publi-
cation of the cards of persons tracing the allega-
tions directl}' to Smith himself. This brought a
note from Smith which McClernand construed into
a challenge and answered with a prompt accept-
ance. Attorney-General Lamborn, having got
wind of the affair, lodged a complaint with a
Springfield Justice of the Peace, wliich resulted
in placing the pugnacious jurist under bonds to
keep, the peace, when he took his departure tor
Cliicago, and the "affair" ended.
An incident of greater liistorical interest than
all the others yet mentioned, was the affair in
which James Shields and Abraham Lincoln — the
former the State Auditor and the latter at that
time a yoimg attorney at Springfield — were con-
cerned. A communication in doggerel verse had
appeared in "The Springfield Journal" ridiculing
the Auditor. Shields made demand upon the
editor (Mr. Simeon Francis) for the name of the
author, and, in accordance with previous under-
standing, the name of Lincoln was given. (Evi-
dence, later coming to light, showed that the real
authors were Miss Mary Todd — who, a few months
later, became Mrs. Lincoln — and Miss Julia Jayne,
afterwards the wife of Senator Trumbull.)
Shields, through John D. Whiteside, a former
State Treasurer, demanded a retraction of the
offensive matter — the demand being presented to
Lincoln at Tremont, in Tazewell County, where
Lincoln was attending court. Without attempt-
ing to follow the affair through all its complicated
details — Shields having assumed that Lincoln was
the author without fm-ther investigation, and
Lincoln refusing to make any explanation unless
the first demand was withdrawn — Lincoln named
Dr. E. H. Men-iman as his second and accepted
Shield's challenge, naming cavalry broadswords
as the weapons and the Missouri shore, within
three miles of the city of Alton, as the place.
The principals, with their "friends," met at the
appointed time and place (Sept. 22, 1842, opposite
the city of Alton) ; but, in the meantime, mutual
friends, having been apprised of what was going
on, also appeared on the ground and brought
about explanations which averted an actual con-
flict. Those especially instrumental in bringing
about this result were Gen. John J. Hardin of
Jacksonville, and Dr. R. W. English of Greene
County, while John D. Whiteside, W. L. D.
Ewing and Dr. T. M. Hope acted as represent-
atives of Shields, and Dr. E. H. Merriman,
Dr. A. T. Bledsoe and William Butler for Lincoln.
Out of tliis affair, within the next few days,
followed challenges from Shields to Butler and
Whiteside to Merriman ; but, altliough these were
accepted, yet owing to some objection on the part
of the challenging party to the conditions named
by the party challenged, thereby resulting in de-
lay, no meeting actually took place.
140
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
Anotlier affair which bore important results
without ending in a tragedy, occurred during tlje
session of the Constitutional Convention in 1847.
The parties to it were 0. C. Pratt and Thompson
Campbell — both Delegates from Jo Daviess
County, and both Democrats. Some sparring
between them over tlie question of suffrage for
naturalized foreigners resulted in an invitation
from Pratt to Campbell to meet liim at the
Planters' Ilouse in St. Louis, with an intimation
that this was for the purpose of arranging the
preliminaries of a duel. Both parties were on
hand before the appointed time, but their arrest
by the St. Louis authorities and putting them
under heavy bonds to keep the peace, gave them
an excuse for returning to tlieir convention
duties without coming to actual hostilities — if
they had such intention. This was promptly
followed by the adoption in Convention of the
provision of the Constitution of 1848, disqualify-
ing any person engaged in a dueling affair, either
as principal or second, from holding any office of
honor or profit in the State.
The last and principal affair of this kind of
historic significance, in which a citizen of Illinois
was engaged, though not on Illinois soil, was that
in wliich Congressman William H. Bissell, after-
wards Governor of Illinois, and Jefferson Davis
were concerned in February, ISfiO. During the
debate on the "Compromise Measures" of that
year, Congressman Seddon of Virginia went out
of his way to indulge in implied reflections upon
the coiu'age of Northern soldiers as displayed on
the battle-field of Buena Vista, and to claim for
the Mississippi regiment commanded by Davis
the credit of saving the day. Replying to these
claims Colonel Bissell took occasion to correct the
Virginia Congressman's statements, and especi-
ally to vindicate the good name of the Illinois and
Kentucky troops. In doing so he declared that,
at the critical moment alluded to by Seddon,
when the Indiana regiment gave way, Davis's
regiment was not within a mile and a half of the
scene of action. This was construed by Davis as
a reflection upon his troops, and led to a challenge
which was promptly accepted by Bissell, who
named the soldier's weapon (the common army
musket), loaded with ball and buckshot, with
forty paces as the distance, with liberty to
advance up to ten — otherwise leaving tlie pre-
liminaries to be settled by his friends. The evi-
dence manifested by Bissell that he was not to be
intimidated, but was prepared to face death
itself to vindicate his own honor and that of his
comrades in the field, was a surprise to the South-
ern leaders, and they soon found a way for Davis
to withdraw his challenge on condition that
Bissell should add to his letter of acceptance a
clause awarding credit to the Mississippi regi-
ment for what they actually did, but without dis-
avowing or retracting a single word he had
uttered in his speech. In the meantime, it is said
that President Taylor, who was the father-in-law
of Davis, having been apprised of what was on
foot, had taken precautions to prevent a meeting
by instituting legal proceedings the night before
it was to take place, though this was rendered
unnecessary by the act of Davis himself. Thus,
Colonel BisseU's position was virtually (though
indirectly) justified by his enemies. It is true,
he was violently assailed by his political opponents
for alleged violation of the inhibition in the State
Constitution against dueling, especially when he
came to take the oath of office as Governor of
Illinois, seven years later ; but his course in "turn-
ing the tables" against his fire-eating opponents
aroused the enthusiasm of the North, while his
friends maintained that the act having been
performed beyond the jurisdiction of the State,
he was technically not guilty of any violation of
the laws.
While the provision in the Constitution of 1848,
against dueling, was not re- incorporated in that
of 1870, the laws on the subject are very strin-
gent. Besides imposing a penalty of not less than
one nor more than five years' imprisonment, or a
fine not exceeding §3,000, upon any one who, as
principal or second, participates in a duel with a
deadly weapon, whether such duel proves fatal
or not, or who sends, carries or accepts a chal-
lenge: the law also provides that any one con-
victed of such offense shall be disqualified for
holding "any office of profit, trust or emolument,
either civil or military, under the Constitution or
laws of this State." Any person leaving the
State to send or receive a challenge is subject to
the same penalties as if the offense had been
committed within the State ; and any person who
may inflict upon his antagonist a fatal wound, as
the result of an engagement made in this State to
fight a duel beyond its jurisdiction — when the
person so woimded dies within this State — is held
to be guilty of murder and subject to punishment
for the same. The publishing of any person as a
coward, or the applying to him of opprobrious or
abusive language, for refusing to accept a chal-
lenge, is declared to be a criiue punishable by
fine or imprisonment.
DUFF, Andrew D., lawyer and Judge, was
born of a family of pioneer settlers in Bond
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
141
County, 111., Jan. 24, 1820; was educated in the
country schools, and, from 1842 to 1847, spent his
time in teaching and as a farmer. The latter
year he removed to Benton, Franklin County,
where he began reading law, but susi^ended his
studies to enlist in the Mexican War, serving as a
private; in 1849 was elected County Judge of
Franklin County, and, in the following year, was
admitted to the bar. In 1861 he was elected
Judge for the Twenty-sixth Circuit and re-
elected in 1867, serving until 1873. He also
served as a Delegate in the State Constitutional
Convention of 1862 from the district composed of
Franklin and Jackson Counties, and, being a
zealous Democrat, was one of the leaders in
calling the mass meeting held at Peoria, in
August, 1864, to protest against the policy of the
Government in the prosecution of the war.
About the close of his last term upon the bench
(1873), he removed to Carbondale, where he con-
tinued to reside. In his later years he be-
came an Independent in politics, acting for
a time in cooperation with the friends of
temperance. In 1885 he was appointed by joint
resolution of the Legislature on a commission to
revise the revenue code of the State. Died, at
Tucson, Ariz., June 25, 1889.
DUXCAN, Joseph, Congressman and Gov-
ernor, was born at Paris, Ky., Feb. 22, 1794;
emigrated to Illinois in 1818, having previously
ser\'ed with distinction in the War of 1812, and
been presented with a sword, by vote of Congress,
for gallant conduct in the defense of Fort Stephen-
son. He was commissioned Major-General of
Illinois militia in 1823 and elected State Senator
from Jackson County in 1824. He served in the
lower house of Congress from 1827 to 1834, when
he resigned his seat to occupy the gubernatorial
chair, to which he was elected the latter year. He
was the author of the first free-school law,
adopted in 1825. His executive policy was con-
servative and consistent, and his administration
successful. He erected the first frame building
at Jacksonville, in 1834, and was a liberal friend
of Illinois College at that place. In his personal
character he was kindly, genial and unassmning,
although fearless in the expression of his convic-
tions. He was the Whig candidate for Governor
in 1842, when he met with his first political
defeat. Died, at Jacksonville, Jan. 15, 1844,
mourned by men of all parties.
DUNCAN, Thomas, soldier, was born in Kas-
kaskia. 111., April 14, 1809; served as a private in
the Illinois mounted volunteers during the Black
Hawk War of 1832 ; also as First Lieutenant of
cavalry in the regular army in the Mexican War
(1846), and as Major and Lieutenant-Colonel
during the War of the Rebellion, still later doing
duty upon the frontier keeping the Indians in
check. He was retired from active service in
1873, and died in Washington, Jan. 7, 1887.
DUNDEE, a town on Fox River, in Kane
County, 5 miles (by rail) north of Elgin and 47
miles west-northwest of Chicago. It has two
distinct corporations— East and West Dundee —
but is progressive and united in action. Dairy
farming is the principal industry of the adjacent
region, and the town has two large milk-con-
densing plants, a cheese factory, etc. It lias good
water power and there are flour and saw-mills,
besides brick and tile-works, an.extensive nursery,
two banks, six churches, a handsome high school
building, a public library and one weekly paper.
Population (1890), 2,023; (1900), 2,765.
DUNHAM, John High, banker and Board of
Trade operator, was born in Seneca County,
N. Y., 1817; came to Chicago in 1844, engaged in
the wholesale grocery trade, and, a few years
later, took a prominent part in solving the ques-
tion of a water supply for the city ; was elected to
the Twentieth General Assembly (1856) and the
next year assisted in organizing the Merchants'
Loan & Trust Company, of which he became the
first President, retiring five years later and re-
engaging in the mercantile business. While
Hon. Hugh McCullough was Secretary of the
Treasury, he was appointed National Bank
Examiner for Illinois, serving until 1866. He
was a member of the Chicago Historical Society,
the Academy of Sciences, and an early member
of the Board of Trade. Died, April 28, 1898,
leaving a large estate.
DUNHAM, Ransom W., merchant and Con-
gressman, was born at Savoy, Mass., March 21,
1838 ; after graduating from the High School at
Springfield, Mass., in 1855, was connected with
the Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Com-
pany until August, 1860. In 1857 he removed
from Springfield to Chicago, and at the termina-
tion of his connection with the Insurance Com-
pany, embarked in the grain and provision
commission business in that city, and, in 1882,
was President of the Chicago Board of Trade.
From 1883 to 1889 he represented the First Illinois
District in Congress, after the expiration of his
last term devoting his attention to his large
private business. His death took place suddenly
at Springfield, Mass., August 19, 1896.
DUNLAP, (Jeorge Lincoln, civil engineer and
Railway Superiatendent, was born at Brunswick,
IIISTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
Maine, in 1828; studied mathematics and engineer-
ing at Gorliam Academy, and, after several
rears' experience on the Boston & Maine and the
New York & Erie Railways, came west in 1855
and accepted a position as assistant engineer on
what is now the Chicago & Northwestern Rail-
road, finally becoming its General Superintend-
ent, and, in fourteen years of his connection with
that road, vastly extending its lines. Between
1872 and "79 he was connected with the Montreal
& Quebec Railway, but the latter year returned
to Illinois and was actively connected with the
extension of the Wabash system until his retire-
ment a few years ago.
DU\LAP, Henry M., horticulturist and legis-
lator, was born in Cook County, 111., Nov. 14,
1853 — the son of M. L. Dunlap (the well-known
"Rural"), who became a prominent horticulturist
In Champaign County and was one of the found-
ers of the State Agricultural Society. The family
having located at Savoy, Champaign County,
about 18r)7, the younger Dunlap was educated in
the Universit}' of Illinois, graduating in the
scientific department in 1875. Following in the
footsteps of his father, he engaged extensively
in fruit-growing, and has served in the office of
both President and Secretary of the State Horti-
cultural Society, besides local offices. In 1892 he
was elected as a Republican to the State Senate
for the Thirtieth District, was re-elected in 1896,
and has been ijrominent in State legislation.
DU>'LAP, Mathias Lane, horticulturist, was
born at Cherry Valley, N. Y., Sept. 14, 1814:
coming to La Salle County, 111., in 1835, he
taught school the following winter ; then secm-ed
a clerkship in Chicago, and later became book-
keeper for a firm of contractors on the Illinois &
Michigan Canal, remaining two years. Having
entered a body of Government land in the western
part of Cook County, he tm-ned his attention to
farming, giving a portion of his time to siu'vey-
ing. In 1845 he became interested in horticultm-e
and, in a few years, built up one of the most
extensive nurseries in the "West. In 1854 he was
chosen a Representative in the Nineteenth Gen-
eral Assembly from Cook Coimty, and, at the
following session, presided over the cavicus which
resulted in the nomination and final election of
Lyman Trumbull to the United States Senate for
the first time Politically an anti-slavery Demo-
crat, he espoused the cause of freedom in the
Territories, while his house was one of the depots
of the "underground railroad." In 1855 he pur-
chased a half-section of land near Champaign,
whither he removed, two vears later, for the
prosecution of his nursery business. He was an
active member, for many years, of the State Agri-
cultiiral Society and an earnest supporter of the
scheme for the establishment of an "Industrial
University," which finally took form in the Uni-
versity of Illinois at Champaign. From 1853 to
his death he was the agricultural correspondent,
first of "The Chicago Democratic Press," and
later of "The Tribune," writing over the nom de
plume of "Rural." Died, Feb. 14, 1875.
DU PAGE cor XT Y, organized in 1839, named
for a river which flows through it. It adjoins
Cook County on the west and contains 340 square
miles. In 1900 its population was 28,196. The
county-seat was originally at Naperville, which
was platted in 1342 and named in honor of Capt.
Josepli Naper, who settled upon the site in 1831.
In 18C9 the count}- government was removed to
Wheaton, the location of Wheaton College,
where it yet remains. Besides Captain Naper,
early settlers of prominence were Bailey Hobson
(the pioneer in the township of Lisle), and Pierce
Downer (in Downer's Grove). The chief towns
are Wheaton (population, 1,622), Naperville
(2,216), Hinsdale (1,584), Downer's Grove (960),
and Eoselle f450). Hinsdale and Roselle are
largely populated by persons doing business in
Chicago.
DC (jUOIX, a city and railway junction in
Perry County, 76 miles north of Cairo; has a
foundry, machine shops, planing-mill, flour mills,
salt works, ice factory, soda-water factory,
creamery, coal mines, graded school, public
library and four newspapers. Population (1890),
4,052; (1900), 4,353; (1903, school census), 5,207.
DURBORO'O', AUan Cathcart, ex-Congress-
man, was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 20, 1857.
When five years old ho accompanied liis jjarents
to Williamsport, Ind., where he received his
early education. He entered the preparatory
department of Wabash College Ln 1872, and
graduated from the University of Indiana, at
Bloomington, in 1877. After two years' residence
in Indianapolis, he removed to Chicago, where he
engaged in business. Always active in local
politics, he was elected by the Democrats in 1890,
and again in 1892, Representative in Congress
from the Second District, retiring with the close
of the Fifty-third Congress. Mr. Durborow is
Treasurer of the Chicago Air-Line Express Com-
pany.
DUSTIN, (Gen.) Daniel, soldier, was born in
Topsham, Orange County, Vt., Oct. 5, 1820;
received a common-school and academic educa-
tion, graduating in medicine at Dartmouth Col-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
143
lege in 1846. After practicing three years at
Corinth, Vt., he went to California in 1850 and
engaged in mining, but three years later resumed
the practice of his profession while conducting a
mercantile business. He was subsequently chosen
to the California Legislature from Nevada
Coxmty, but coming to Illinois in 18.58, he
engaged in the drug business at Sycamore, De
Kalb County, in connection with J. E. Elwood.
On the breaking out of the war in 1861, he sold
out his drug business and assisted in raising the
Eighth Regiment Illinois Cavalry, and was com-
missioned Captain of Company L. The regiment
was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, and,
in January, 1862, he was promoted to the position
of Major, afterwards taking part in the battle of
Manassas, and the great "seven days' fight"
before Richmond. In September, 1863, the One
Hundred and Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer
Infantry was mustered in at Dixon, and Major
Dustin was commissioned its Colonel, soon after
joining the Army of the Cumberland. After the
Atlanta campaign he was assigned to the com-
mand of a brigade in the Third Division of the
Twelfth Army Corps, remaining in this position
to the close of the war, meanwhile having been
brevetted Brigadier-General for bravery displayed
on the battle-field at Averysboro, N. C. He was
mustered out at Washington, June 7, 1865, and
took part in the gi-and review of the armies in
that city which marked the close of the war.
Returning to his home in De Kalb County, he
was elected Coimty Clerk in the following
November, remaining in office four years. Sub-
sequently he was chosen Circuit Clerk and ex-
officio Recorder, and was twice thereafter
re-elected — in 1884 and 1888. On the organization
of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, in
1885, he was appointed by Governor Oglesby one
of the Trustees, retaining the position imtil his
death. In May, 1890, he was appointed by
President Harrison Assistant United States
Treasurer at Chicago, but died in office while on
a visit with his daughter at Carthage, Mo. , March
30, 1892. General Dustin was a Mason of high
degree, and, in 1872, was chosen Right Eminent
Commander of the Grand Commandery of the
State.
DWIGHT, a prosperous city in Livingston
County, 74 miles, by rail, south-southwest of Chi-
cago, 52 miles northeast of Bloomington, and 23
miles east of Streator; has two banks, two weekly
papers, six churches, five large warehouses, two
electric light plants, complete water-works sys-
tem, and four hotels. The cit}' is the center of a
rich farming and stock-raising district. Dwight
has attained celebrity as the location of the first
of "Keeley Institutes," founded for the cure of
the drink and morphine habit. Population
(1890), 1,354; (1900), 2,015. These figures do not
include the floating population, which is
augmented by patients who receive treatment
at the "Keeley Institute."
DYER, Charles Volney, M.D., pioneer physi-
cian, was born at Clarendon, Vt., June 12, 1808;
graduated in medicine at Middlebury College, in
1830; began practice at Newark, N. J,, in 1831,
and in Chicago in 1835. He was an uncomprom-
ising opponent of slavery and an avowed sup-
porter of the "underground railroad," and, in
1848, received the support of the Free-Soil party
of Illinois for Governor. Dr. Dyer was also one
of the original incorporators of the North Chicago
Street Railway Company, and his name was
prominently identified with many local benevo-
lent enterprises. Died, in Lake View (then a
suburb of Chicago), April 24, 1878.
EARLVILLE, a city and railway junction in
La Salle County, 52 miles northeast of Princeton,
at the intersecting point of the Chicago, Burling-
ton & Quincy and the Chicago & Northwestern
Railroads. It is in the center of an agricultural
and stock-raising district, and is an important
shipping-point. It has seven churches, a graded
school, one bank, two weekly newspapers and
manufactories of plows, wagons and carriages.
Population (1880), 963; (1890), 1,058; (1900), 1,122.
EARLY, John, legislator and Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor, was born of American parentage and Irish
ancestry in Essex County, Canada West, March
17, 1828, and accompanied his parents to Cale-
donia, Boone County, 111., in 1846. His boyhood
was passed upon his father's farm, and in youth
he learned the trade (his father's) of carpenter
and joiner. In 1852 he removed to Rockford,
Winnebago County, and, in 1865, became State
Agent of the New England Mutual I^ife Insm--
ance Company. Between 1863 and 1866 he held
sundry local offices, and, in 1809, was appointed
by Governor Palmer a Trustee of the State
Reform School. In 1870 he was elected State
Senator and re-elected in 1874, serving in the
Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth
and Thirtieth General Assemblies. In 1873 he
was elected President pro tenr. of the Senate, and,
Lieut-Gov. Beveridge succeeding to the executive
chair, he became ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor.
In 1875 he was again the Republican nominee for
the Presidencv of the Senate, but >vas defeated
144
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
by a coalition of Democrats and Independents.
He died while a member of the Senate, Sept. 2,
1877.
EARTHQUAKE OF 1811. A series of the
most remarkable earthquakes in the history of
the Mississippi Valley began on the night of
November 16, 1811, continuing for several months
and finally ending with the destruction of Carac-
cas, Venezuela, in March following. Wliile the
•center of the earlier disturbance appears to have
been in the vicinity of New Madrid, in Southeast-
ern Missouri, its minor effects were felt through
a wide extent of country, especially in the
settled portions of Illinois. Contemporaneous
history states that, in the American Bottom, then
the most densely settled portion of Illinois, the
results were very perceptible. The walls of a
brick house belonging to Mr. Samuel Judy, a
pioneer settler in the eastern edge of the bottom,
near Edwardsville, Madison Countj', were cracked
bj' the convulsion, the effects being seen for more
than two generations. Gov. John Reynolds, then
a young man of 23, living with his father's
family in what was called the "Goshen Settle-
ment," near Edwardsville, in his history of "My
Own Times." says of it: "Our family were all
sleeping in a log-cabin, and my father leaped out
of bed, crying out, 'The Indians are on the house.
The battle of Tippecanoe had been recently
fought, and it was supposed the Indians would
attack the settlements. Not one in the family
knew at that time it was an earthquake. The
next morning another shock made us acquainted
with it. . . . The cattle came running home
bellowing with fear, and all animals were terribly
alarmed. Our house cracked and quivered so we
were fearful it would fall to the ground. In the
American Bottom many chimneys wei^ thrown
down, and the church bell at Cahokia was
sounded by the agitation of the building. It is
said a shock of an earthquake was felt in Kaskas-
kia in 1804, but I did not perceive it." Owing to
the sparseness of the population in Illinois at that
time, but little is known of the effect of the con-
vulsion of 1811 elsewhere, but there are numerous
"sink-holes" in Union and adjacent counties,
between the forks of the Ohio and Mississippi
Rivers, wliich probably owe their origin to this or
some similar disturbance. "On the Kaskaskia
River below Athens," says Governor Reynolds in
his "Pioneer History," "the water and white sand
were thrown up through a fissure of the earth."'
EAST DUBUQUE, an incorporated city of Jo
Daviess County, on the east bank of the ilissis-
sippi, 17 miles (by rail) northeast of Galena. It
is connected with Dubuque, Iowa, by a railroad
and a wagon bridge two miles in length. It has
a grain elevator, a box factory, a planing mill
and manufactories of cultivators and .sand drills.
It has also a bank, two churches, good public
schools and a weekly newspaper. Population
(1880), 1,037; (1890), 1,069; (1900), 1,146.
EASTOX, (Col.) Rnfus, pioneer, founder of the
city of Alton; was born at Litchfield, Conn.,
May 4, 1774; studied law and practiced two
years in Oneida County, N. Y. ; emigrated to St.
Louis in 1804. and was commissioned by President
Jefferson Judge of the Territory of Louisiana,
and also became the first Postmaster of St. Louis,
in 1808. From 1814 to 1818 he served as Delegate
in Congress from Missouri Territorj', and, on the
organization of the State of Missouri (1821), was
appointed Attorney-General for the State, serving
until 1826. His death occurred at St. Charles,
Mo., July 5, 1834. Colonel Easton's connection
with Illinois history is based chiefly upon the
fact that he was the founder of the present city
of Alton, which he laid out, in 1817, on a tract of
land of which he had obtained possession at the
mouth of the Little Piasa Creek, naming the
town for his son. Rev. Thomas Lippincott,
prominently identified with the early history of
that portion of the State, kept a store for Easton
at Milton, on Wood River, about two miles from
Alton, in the early " '20's."
EAST ST. LOUIS, a flourishing city in St. Clair
County, on the east bank of the Mississippi di-
rectly opposite St. Louis; is the terminus of
twenty-two railroads and several electric lines,
and the leading commercial and manufacturing
point in Southern Illinois. Its industries include
rolling mills, steel, brass, malleable iron and
glass works, grain elevators and flour mills,
breweries, stockyards and packing houses. The
city has eleven public and five parochial schools,
one high school, and two colleges; is well sup-
plied with banks and has one daily and four
weekly papers. Population (1890), 1.5,169; (1900),
29,6.55; (1903, est.), 40.000.
EASTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE IXSANE.
The act for the establishment of this institution
passed the General Assembly in 1877. Many
cities offered inducements, by way of donations,
for the location of the new hospital, but the site
finally selected was a farm of 250 acres near Kan-
kakee, and this was subsequently enlarged by the
purchase of 327 additional acres in 1881. Work
was begun in 1878 and the first patients received
in December, 1879. The plan of the institution
is, in many respects, unique. It comprises a
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
145
general building, three stories high, capable of
accommodating 300 to -100 patients, and a nmiiber
of detached buildings, technically termed cot-
tages, where various classes of insane patients may
be grouped and receive the particular treatment
best adapted to ensure their recovery. The plans
were mainly worked out from suggestions by
Frederick Howard Wines, LL.D., then Secretary
of the Board of Public Charities, and liave
attracted generally favorable comment both in
this country and abroad. The seventy-five build-
ings occupied for the various purposes of the
institution, cover a quarter-section of land laid off
in regular streets, beautified with trees, plants
and flowers, and presenting all the appearance of
a flourishing village with numerous small parks
adorned with walks and drives. The counties
from which patients are received include Cook,
Champaign, Coles, Cumberland, De Witt, Doug-
las, Edgar, Ford, Grundy, Iroquois, Kankakee,
La Salle, Livingston, Macou, McLean, Moultrie^
Piatt, Shelby, Vermilion and Will. The whole
number of patients in 1898 was 2,200, while the
employes of all classes numbered 500.
EASTERN ILLI>'OIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an
institution designed to qualify teachers for giving
instruction in the public schools, located at
Charleston, Coles County, under an act of the
Legislature passed at the session of 1895. The
act appropriated §50,000 for the erection of build-
ings, to which additional appropriations were
added in 1897 and 1898, of §25,000 and §50,000,
respectively, with §56,216.72 contributed by the
city of Charleston, making a total of §181,216.72.
The building was begun in 1896, the corner-stone
being laid on May 27 of that year. There was
delay in the progress of the work in consequence
of the failure of the contractors in December,
1896, but the work was resumed in 1897 and
practically completed early in 1899, with the
expectation that the institution would be opened
for the reception of students in September fol-
lowing.
EASTMAN, Zebina, anti-slavery journalist,
was born at North Amherst, Mass., Sept. 8, 1815;
became a printer's apprentice at 14, but later
spent a short time in an academy at Hadley.
Then, after a brief experience as an employe in
the oflice of "The Hartford Pearl,"" at the age of
18 he invested his patrimony of some §2,000 in
the establishment of "The Free Press"" at Fayette-
ville, Vt. This venture proving unsuccessful, in
1837 he came west, stopping a year or two at
Ann Arbor, Mich. In 1839 he visited Peoria liy
way of Chicago, working for a time on "Tlie
Peoria Register,"' but soon after joined Benjamin
Lundy, who was preparing to revive his paper,
"The Genius of Universal Emancipation," at
Lowell, La Salle County. This scheme was
partially defeated by Lundy's early death, but,
after a few months" delay, Eastman, in conjunc-
tion with Hooper Warren, began the publication
of "The Genius of Liberty'" as the successor of
Lundy's paper, using the printing press which
Warren had used in the office of "The Commer
cial Advertiser, " in Chicago, a year or so before. In
1842, at the invitation-of prominent AboUtionists,
the paper was removed to Chicago, where it was
issued under the name of "The Western Citizen,"
in 1858 becoming "The Free West," and finally,
in 1856, being merged in "The Chicago Tribune."
After the suspension of "The Free West," Mr.
Eastman began the publication of "The Chicago
Magazine," a literary and historical monthly,
but it reached only its fifth number, when it was
discontinued for want of financial -upport. In
1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln
United States Consul at Bristol, England, where
he remained eight years. On his return from
Europe, he took up his residence at Elgin, later
removing to Maywood, a suburb of Chicago,
where he died, June 14, 1883. During the -latter
years of his life Mr. Eastman contributed many
articles of great historical interest to the Chi-
cago press. (See Lundy, Benjamin, and Warren,
Hooper. )
EBERHART, John .T'rederlck, educator and
real-estate operator, was born in Mercer County,
Pa., Jan. 21, 1829; commenced teaching at 16
years of age, and, in 1853, graduated from Alle-
gheny College, at Meadville, soon after becoming
Principal of Albright Seminary at Berlin, in the
same State ; in 1855 came west by way of Chicago,
locating at Dixon and engaging in editorial work ;
a year later established "The Northwestern
Home and School Journal,'" which he published
three years, in the meantime establishing and
conducting teachers' institutes in Illinois, Iowa
and Wisconsin. In 1859 he was elected School
Commissioner of Cook County — a position which
was afterwards changed to County Superintend-
ent of Schools, and which he held ten years. Mr.
Eberhart was largely instrumental in the estab-
lishment of the Cook County Normal School.
Since retiring from office he has been engaged in
the real-estate business in Chicago.
ECKHART, Bernard A., manufacturer and
President of the Chicago Drainage Board, was
liorn in Alsace. France (now Germany), brouglit
to America in infancv and reared on a farm in
146
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Vernon County, Wis. ; was educated at Milwau-
kee, and, in 1868, became clerk in the office of the
Eagle Milling Companj' of that city, afterwards
■serving as its Eastern agent in various seaboard
cities. He finally established an extensive mill-
ing business in Chicago, in which he is now
engaged. In 1884 he served as a delegate to the
National Waterway Convention at St. Paul and,
in 1886, was elected to the State Senate, serving
four years and taking a prominent part in draft-
ing the Sanitary Drainage Bill passed by the
Thirty -sixth General Assembly. He has also been
prominent in connection with various financial
institutions, and, in 1891, was elected one of the
Trustees of the Sanitary District of Chicago, was
re-elected in 189.5 and chosen President of the
Board for the following year, and re-elected Pres-
ident in December, 1898.
EDBROOKE, Willoughby J., Supervising
Architect, was born at Deerfield, Lake County,
111., Sept. 3, 1843; brought up to the architectural
profession by his father and under the instruc-
tion of Chicago architects. During Mayor
Roche's administration he held the position of
Commissioner of Public Works, and, in April,
1891, was appointed Supervising Architect of the
Treasury Department at Washington, in that
capacity supervising the construction of Govern-
ment buildings at the World's Columbian Exposi-
tion. Died, in Chicago, Blarch 26, 1896.
EDDY, Henry, pioneer lawyer and editor,
was born in Vermont, in 1798, reared in New
York, learned the printer's trade at Pittsburg,
served in the War of 1812, and was wounded in
the battle of Black Rock, near Buffalo ; came to
Shawneetowu, 111,, in 1818, where he edited "The
Illinois Emigrant," the earliest paper in that
part of the State; was a Presidential Elector in
1824, a Representative in the Second and Fif-
teenth General Assemblies, and elected a Circuit
Judge in 183.5, but resigned a few weeks later.
He was a Whig in politics. Usher F. Linder, in
his "Reminiscences of the Early Bench and Bar
of Illinois," says of Mr. Eddy: "When he
addressed the court, he elicited the most profound
attention. He was a sort of walking law library.
He never forgot anything that he ever knew,
whether law, jioetry or belles lettres." Died,
June 29, 1849.
EDDY, Thomas Moars, clergyman and author,
was born in Haniill.ni ('(iiinty, Ohio, Sept. 7,
1823; educated at ( :r.(iiNl,oi-,,u,i;li, Ind., and, from
1842 to 18.53, was a iletlu.dist circuit preacher
in that State, becoming Agent of the American
Bible Society the latter year, and Presiding
Elder of the Indianapolis district until 1856, when
he was appointed editor of "The Morthwestern
Christian Advocate," in Chicago, retiring from
that position in 1868. Later, he held pastorates
in Baltimore and Washington, and was chosen
one of the Corresponding Secretaries of the Mis-
sionary Society by the General Conference of
1872. Dr. Eddy was a copious writer for the
press, and, besides occasional sermons, published
two volumes of reminiscences and personal
sketches of prominent Illinoisans in the War of
the Rebellion under the title of "Patriotism of
Illinois" (1865). Died, in New York City, Oct.
7, 1874.
EDGAR, John, early settler at Kaskaskia, was
born in Ireland and, during the American Revo-
lution, served as an officer in the British navy,
but married an American woman of great force
of character who sympathized strongly with the
patriot cause. Having become involved in the
desertion of three British soldiers whom his wife
had promised to assist in reaching the American
camp, he was compelled to flee. After remaining
for a while in the American army, during which
he became the friend of General La Fayette, he
sought safety by coming west, arriving at Kas-
kaskia in 1784. His property was confiscated, but
his wife succeeded in saving some §12,000 from
the wreck, with which she joined him two years
later. He engaged in business and became an
extensive land-owner, being credited, during
Territorial days, with the ownership of nearly
50,000 acres situated in Randolph, Monroe, St.
Clair, Madison, Clinton, Washington, Perry and
Jackson Counties, and long known as the "Edgar
lands." He also purchased and rebuilt a mill
near Kaskaskia which had belonged to a French-
man named Paget, and became a large shipper of
flour at an early day to the Southern markets.
When St. Clair County was organized, in 1790, he
was appointed one of the Judges of the Common
Pleas Court, and so appears to have continued
for more than a quarter of a century. On the
establishment of a Territorial Legislature for the
Northwest Territory, he was chosen, in 1799, one
of the members for St. Clair County — the Legis-
lature holding its session at Chillioothe, in the
present State of Ohio, under the administration
of Governor St. Clair. He was also appointed a
Major-General of militia, retaining the office for
many years. General and Mrs. Edgar were
leaders of society at the old Territorial capital,
and, on the visit of La Fayette to Kaskaskia in
1825, a reception was given at their house to the
distinguished Frenchman, whose acquaintance
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
147
they had made more than forty years before. He
died at Kaskaskia, in 1832. Edgar County, in the
eastern part of tlie State, was named in lionor of
General Edgar. He was Worshipful Master of
the first Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted
Masons in Illinois, constituted at Kaskaskia in
1806.
ED«AE COUNTY, one of the middle tier of
counties from north to south, lying on the east-
ern border of the State ; was organized in 1823,
and named for General Edgar, an early citizen of
Kaskaskia. It contains 630 square miles, with
a population (1900) of 28,273. The county is
nearly square, well watered and wooded. Most
of the acreage is under cultivation, grain-growing
and stock-raising being the principal industries.
Generally, the soil is black to a considerable
deptli, though at some points — especially adjoin-
ing the timber lands in the east — the soft, brown
clay of the subsoil comes to the surface. Beds of
the drift period, one hundred feet deep, are foimd
in the northern portion, and some twenty-five
years ago a nearly perfect skeleton of a mastodon
was exhimied. A bed of limestone, twenty-five
feet thick, crops out near Baldwinsville and runs
along Brouillefs creek to the State line. Paris, tlie
county-seat, is a railroad center, and has a popu-
lation of over 6,000. Vermilion and Dudley are
prominent shipping points, while Chrisman,
which was an unbroken prairie in 1873, was
credited with a population of 900 in 1900.
EDINBURG, a village of Christian County, on
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18
miles southeast of Springfield; has two banks
and one newspaper. The region is agricultural,
though some coal is mined here. Population
(1880), 551; (1890), 806; (1900), 1,071.
EDSALL, James Kirtland, former Attorney
General, was born at Windham, Greene Coimty,
N. Y., May 10, 1831. After passing through the
common-schools, he attended an academy at
Prattsville, N.Y., supporting himself , meanwhile,
by working upon a farm. He read law at Pratts-
ville and Catskill, and was admitted to the bar at
Albany in 1853. The next two years he spent in
Wisconsin and Minnesota, and, in 1854, removed
to Leavenworth, Kan. He was elected to the
Legislature of that State in 1855, being a member
of the Topeka (free-soil) body when it was broken
up by United States troops in 1856. In August,
1856, he settled at Dixon, 111., and at once
engaged in practice. In 1863 he was elected
Mayor of that city, and, in 1870, was chosen State
Senator, serving on the Committees on Munic-
ipahties and Judiciary in the Twenty-seventh
General Assembly. In 1873 he was elected
Attorney-General on the Republican ticket and
re-elected in 1876. At the expiration of his
second term he took up his residence in Chicago,
where he afterwards devoted himself to the prac-
tice of his profession, until his death, which
occurred, June 20, 1893.
EDUCATION.
The first step in the direction of the establish-
ment of a system of free schools for the region
now comprised within the State of Illinois was
taken in the enactment by Congress, on May 20,
1785, of "An Ordinance for Ascertaining the
mode of disposing of lands in the Western Terri-
tory." This applied specifically to the region
northwest of the Ohio River, which had been
acquired through the conquest of the "Illinois
Country" by Col. George Rogers Clark, acting
under the auspices of the State of Virginia and
by authority received from its Governor, the
patriotic Patrick Henrj'. This act for the first
time established the present sj-stem of township
(or as it was then called, "rectangular") surveys,
devised by Capt. Thomas Hutchins, who became
the first Surveyor-General (or "Geographer," as
the otSce was styled) of the United States under
the same act. Its important feature, in this con-
nection, was the provision "that there shall be
reserved the lot No. 16 of every township, for the
maintenance of public schools within the tovm-
ship. " The same reservation (the term "section"
being substituted for "lot" in the act of May 18,
1796) was made in all subsequent acts for the sale
of public lands — the acts of July 23, 1787, and
June 20, 1788, declaring that "the lot No. 16 in
each township, or fractional part of a township,"
shall be "given perpetually for the pm-pose con-
tained in said ordinance" (i. e., the act of 1785).
The next step was taken in the Ordinance of 1787
(Art. III.), in the declaration that, "religion,
morality and knowledge being necessary for the
happiness of mankind, schools and the means of
education shall forever be encom-aged." The
reservation referred to in the act of 1785 (and
subsequent acts) was reiterated in the "enabling
act" passed by Congress, April 18, 1818, authoriz-
ing the people of Illinois Territory to organize a
State Government, and was formally accepted by
the Convention which formed the first State
Constitution. The enabling act also set apart one
entire township (in addition to one previously
donated for the same purpose by act of Congress
in 1804) for the use of a seminary of learning,
148
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
togetlier with three per cent of the net proceeds
of the sales of public lands within the State, "to
be appropriated bj- the Legislature of the State
for the encouragement of learning, of which one-
sixth part"' (or one-half of one per cent) "shall
be exclusively bestowed on a college or uni%-er-
sity." Thus, the plan for the establishment of a
system of free public education in Illinois had its
inception in the first steps for the organization of
the Northwest Territory, was recognized in the
Ordinance of 1787 which reserved that Territory
forever to freedom, and was again reiterated in
the preliminary steps for the organization of the
State Government. These several acts became
the basis of that permanent provision for the
encouragement of education known as the "town-
ship," "seminary" and "college or university"
funds.
Early Schools. — Previous to this, however, a
beginning had been made in the attempt to estab-
lish schools for the benefit of the children of the
pioneers. One John Seeley is said to have taught
the first American school within the territory of
Illinois, in a log-cabin in Monroe County, in 1783,
followed by others in the next twenty years in
Monroe, Randolph, St. Clair and Madison Coun-
ties. Seeley"s earliest successor was Francis
Clark, who, in turn, was followed by a man
named Halfpenny, who afterwards built a mill
near the present town of Waterloo in Monroe
County, Among the teachers of a still later period
were John Boyle, a soldier in Col. George Rogers
Clark's army, who taught in Randolph County
between 1790 and 1800; John Atwater, near
Ed wards ville, in 1807, and John Slessinger, a sur-
veyor, who was a member of the Constitutional
Convention of 1818 and Speaker of the first House
of Representatives. The latter taught in the
vicinity of Shiloh in St. Clair County, afterwards
the site of Rev. John M. Peck's Rock Spring
Seminary. The schools which existed during
this period, and for many years after the organi-
zation of the State Government, were necessarily
few, widely scattered and of a very primitive
character, receiving their support entirely by
subscription from their patrons.
First Free School Law and Sales of
School Lands.— It has been stated that the first
free school in the State was established at L^pjier
Alton, in 1821, but there is good reason for believ-
ing this claim was based upon the power granted
by the Legislature, in an act passed that year, to
establish such schools there, which power was
never can-ied into effect. The first attempt to
establish a free-school system for the whole State
was made in January, 1825, in the pas.sage of a
bill introduced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards a
Congressman and Governor of the State. It
nominally appropriated two dollars out of each one
hundred dollars received in the State Treasury,
to be distributed to those who had paid taxes or
subscriptions for the support of schools. So
small was the aggregate revenue of the State at
that time (only a little over §00,000), that the
sum realized from this law would have been but
little more than §1,000 per year. It remained
practically a dead letter and was repealed in 1829,
when the State inaugurated the policy of selling
the seminary lands and borrowing the proceeds
for the payment of current expenses. In this
way 43,200 acres (or all but foiir and a half sec-
tions) of the seminary lands were disposed of,
realizing less than 860,000. The first sale of
township school lands took place in Greene
County in 1831, and, two years later, the greater
part of the school section in the heart of the
present city of Chicago was sold, producing
about §39,000. The average rate at which these
sales were made, up to 1882, was §3. 78 per acre,
and the minimum, 70 cents per acre. That
these lands have, in very few instances, produced
the results expected of them, was not so much
the fault of the sj-stem as of those selected to
administer it — whose bad judgment in premature
sales, or whose complicity with the schemes of
speculators, were the means, in many cases, of
squandering what might otherwise have furnished
a liberal provision for the support of public
schools in many sections of the State. Mr. W. L.
Pillsbury, at present Secretary of the University
of Illinois, in a paper printed in the report of the
State Superintendent of Public Instruction for
1885-86 — to which the writer is indebted for many
of the facts presented in this article — gives to
Chicago the credit of establishing the first free
schools in the State in 1834, while Alton followed
in 1837, and Springfield and Jacksonville in 1840.
Early Higher Institutions.— A movement
looking to the establishment of a higher institu-
tion of learning in Indiana Territory (of which
Illinois then formed a part), was inaugurated by
the passage, through the Territorial Legislature at
Vincennes, in November, 1806, of an act incorpo-
rating the University of Indiana Territory to be
located at V'incennes. One provision of the act
authorized the raising of $20,000 for the institu-
tion by means of a lottery. A Board of Trustees
was promptly organized, with Gen. William
Henry Harrison, then the Territorial Governor,
at its head ; but, beyond the erection of a building.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
149
little progress was made. Twenty-one years
later (1827) the first successful attempt to found
an advanced school was made by the indomitable
Rev. John M. Peck, resulting in the establish-
ment of his Theological Seminary and High
School at Rock Springs, St. Clair Count}^ which,
in 1831, became the nucleus of Shurtleff College at
Upper Alton. In like manner, Lebanon Semi-
nary, established in 1828, two years later
expanded into McKendree College, while instruc-
tion began to be given at Illinois College, Jack-
sonville, in December, 1829, as the outcome of a
movement started by a band of young men at
Yale College in 1827 — these several institutions
being formally incorporated by the same act of
the Legislatiu-e, passed in 1835. (See sketches of
these Institutions.)
Educational Conventions. — In 1833 there
was held at Vandalia (then the State capital) the
first of a series of educational conventions, which
were continued somewhat irregularly for twenty
years, and whose history is remarkable for the
number of those participating in them who after-
wards gained distinction in State and National
history. At first these conventions were held at
the State capital during the sessions of the Gen-
eral Assembly, when tlie chief actors in them
were members of that body and State officers,
with a few other friends of education from the
ranks of professional or business men. At the
convention of 1833, we find, among those partici-
pating, the names of Sidney Breese, afterwards a
United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme
Court; Judges. D. Lockwood, then of the Supreme
Court; W. L. D. Ewing, afterwards acting Gov-
ernor and United States Senator ; O. H. Browning,
afterwards United States Senator and Secretary
of the Interior; James Hall and John Russell,
the most notable writers in the State in their day,
besides Dr. J. M. Peck, Archibald Williams,
Benjamin Mills, Jesse B. Thomas, Henry Eddy
and others, all prominent in their several depart-
ments. In a second convention at the same
place, nearly two years later, Abraham Lincoln,
Stephen A. Douglas and Col. John J. Hardin
were participants. At Springfield, in 1810, pro-
fessional and literary men began to take a more
prominent part, although the members of the
Legislature were present in considerable force.
A convention held at Peoria, in 1844, was made
up largely of professional teachers and school
officers, with a few citizens of local prominence ;
and the same may be said of those held at Jack-
sonville in 1845, and later at Chicago and other
points. Various attempts were made to form
permanent educational societies, finally result-
ing, in December, 1854, in the organization of the
"State Teachers' Institute," which, three years
later, took the name of the "State Teachers'
Association" — though an association of the same
name was organized in 1836 and continued in
existence several years.
State Superintendent and School Jour-
nals.— The appointment of a State Superintend-
ent of Public Instruction began to be agitated as
early as 1837, and was urged from time to time in
memorials and resolutions by educational conven-
tions, by the educational press, and in the State
Legislature ; but it was not until February, 1854,
that an act was passed creating the ofiice, when
the Hon. Ninian W. Edwards was appointed by
Gov. Joel A. Matteson, continuing in office until
his successor was elected in 1856. "The Common
School Advocate" was published for a year at
Jacksonville, beginning with January, 1837; in
1841 "The Illinois Common School Advocate"
began publication at Springfield, but was discon-
tinued after the issue of a few numbers. In 1855
was established "The Illinois Teacher." This
was merged, in 1873, in "The Illinois School-
master," which became the organ of the State
Teachers' Association, so remaining several years.
The State Teachers' Association has no oflicial
organ now, but the "Public School Journal" is
the chief educational publication of the State.
Industrial Education. — In 1851 was insti-
tuted a movement which, although obstructed for
some time bj^ partisan opposition, has been
followed by more far-reaching results, for the
country at large, than any single measure in the
history of education since the act of 1785 setting
apart one section in each township for the support
of public schools. This was the scheme formu-
lated bj' the late Prof. Jonathan B. Turner, of
Jacksonville, for a system of practical scientific
education for the agricultural, mechanical and
other industrial classes, at a Farmers' Convention
held under the auspices of the Buel Institute (an
Agricultural Society), at Granville, Putnam
Covmty, Nov. 18, 1851. While proposing a plan
for a "State University" for Illinois, it also advo-
cated, from the outset, a "University for the
industrial classes in each of the States," by way
of supplementing the work which a "National
Institute of Science," such as the Smithsonian
Institute at Washington, was expected to accom-
plish. The proposition attracted the attention
of persons interested in the cause of industrial
education in other States, especially in New
York and some of the New England States, and
150
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
received their hearty endorsement and cooper-
ation. The Granville meeting was followed by a
series of similar conventions held at Springfield,
June 8, 18.53; Cliioago, Nov. 24, 18.53; Springfield,
Jan. 4, 1853, and Springfield, Jan. 1, 1855, at
which the scheme was still further elaborated.
At the Springfield meeting of January, 1853, an
organization was formed under the title of the
"Industrial League of the State of Illinois." with
a view to disseminating information, securing
more thorough organization on tlie part of friends
of the measure, and the employment of lecturers
to address the people of the State on the subject.
At the same time, it was resolved that "this Con-
vention memorialize Congress for the purpose of
obtaining a grant of public lands to establish and
endow industrial institutions in each and every
State in the Union." It is worthy of note that
this resolution contains the central idea of the
act passed by Congress nearly ten years after-
ward, making appropriations of public lands for
the establishment and support of industrial
colleges in the several States, which act received
the approval of President Lincoln, July 2, 1863 —
a similar measure having been vetoed by Presi-
dent Buchanan in February, 1859. The State
was extensively canvassed by Professor Turner,
Mr. Bronson Murray (now of New York), the late
Dr. R. C. Rutherford and others, in behalf of the
objects of the League, and the Legislature, at its
session of 1853, by unanimous vote in both houses,
adopted the re.solutions commending the measure
and instructing the United States Senators from
Illinois, and requesting its Representatives, to
give it their support. Though not specifically
contemplated at the outset of the movement, the
Convention at Springfield, in January, 18.55, pro-
po.sed, as a part of the scheme, <the establishment
of a "Teachers' Seminary or Normal School
Department," which took form in the act passed
at the session of 1857, for the establisliment of
the State Normal School at Normal. Although
delayed, as already stated, the advocates of indus-
trial education in Illinois, aided by those of other
States, finally triumphed in 1863. The lands
received by the State as the result of this act
amounted to 480,000 acres, besides subsequent do-
nations. (See University of Illinois; also Turner,
Jonctihan Baldwin. ) On the foundation thus
furnished was established, by act of the Legisla-
ture in 1867, the "Illinois Industrial University"
— now the Universitj' of Illinois — at Champaign,
to say notliing of more than forty similar insti-
tutions in as many States and Territories, based
upon the same general act of Congress.
Free-School System. — While there may be
said to have been a sort of free-school system in
existence in Illinois previous to 18.55, it was
limited to a few fortunate districts possessing
funds derived from the sale of school-lands situ-
ated within their respective limits. The system
of free schools, as it now exists, based upon
general taxation for the creation of a permanent
school fund, had its origin in the act of that
year. As already shown, the office of State
Superintendent of Public Instruction had been
created by act of the Legislature in Februarj-,
1854, and the act of 1855 was but a natural corol-
lary of the previous measure, giving to the people
a uniform system, as the earlier one had provided
an official for its administration. Since then
there have been many amendments of the school
law, but these have been generally in the direc-
tion of securing greater efficiency, but with-
out departure from the principle of securing
to all the children of the State the equal
privileges of a common-school education. The
development of the system began practically
about 1857, and, in the next quarter of a
century, the laws on the subject had grown
into a considerable volume, while the number-
less decisions, emanating from the office of the
State Superintendent in construction of these
laws, made up a volume of still larger proportions.
The following comparative table of school
statistics, for 1860 and 1896, compiled from the
Reports of the State Superintendent of Public
Instruction, will illustrate the growth of the
system in some of its more important features :
iseo. 1896.
Population 1,711,951 (eat.) 4,250,000
No. of Persona of School Age i be-
tween 6 and 21 ) •.549.604 1,384,367
No. of Pupils enrolled 'i71:Zi7 898.619
School Districts 8,956 11,615
" Public Schools 9,162 X2,i>23
" aradea " 294 1,887
" Public High Schools 27J
■* School Houses built during
theyear 557 267
Whole No. of School Houses 8,221 12,632
No. of Male Teachers 8,223 7,057
Female Teachers 6,485 18,359
Whole No. of Teachers in Public
Schools 14,708 25,416
Highest Monthly Wages paid Male
Teachers S180.00 S300.00
Highest Monthly Wages paid
Fetnale Teachers 75.00 280.00
Lowest Monthly Wages paid Male
Teachers 8,00 14.00
Lowest Monthly Wages paid
Female Teachers 4.00 10.00
Average Monthly Wages paid Male
Teach.TS ....... 2,S.82 67.76
.lOO 2,619
$73,450.38 865,583.63
322,852.00 889.614.20
children were inclu
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
151
; received from state Tax., f 690,000.00 ? 1,000,000.00
Special Dis-
trict Taxes 1.265.137.00 13,133,309.61
liigtheyear 517,960.93
Total Amount received during the
year by School Districts 2,193,455.00 15.607,172.50
Amount paid Male Teachers 2,772,829.-13
" Female " 7.186,105.67
"Wholeamount paid Teachers .... 1.542,211.00 9,95s,934.99
Amount paid for new School
Houses 348,728.00 1,873,757.25
Amount paid for repairs and im-
Amount paid for School Furniture. 24.837.00 'l54'.S36.64
" •' " " Apparatus 8,563.00 164,298.92
" " Books for Dis-
trict Libraries 30.124 00 13,664.97
Total Expenditures 2.259.8ii3,00 14,614,627.31
Estimated valueof School Property 1.3,304,892.00 42,780.267.00
" Libraries.. 377.819.00
•* *' " Apparatus 607,389.00
The sums annually disbursed for incidental
expenses on account of superintendence and the
cost of maintaining the higher institutions estab-
lished, and partially or wholly supported bj' the
State, increase the total expenditures by some
§600,000 pev annum. These higher institutions
include the Illinois State Normal University at
Normal, the Southern Illinois Normal at Carbon-
dale and the University of Illinois at Urbana ; to
which were added by the Legislature, at its ses-
sion of 189.5, the Eastern Illinois Normal School,
afterwards established at Charleston, and the
Northern Illinois Normal at De Kalb. These
institutions, although under supervision of the
State, are partly supported by tuition fees. (See
description of these institutions under their
several titles.) The normal schools— as their
names indicate — are primarily designed for the
training of teachers, although other classes of
pupils are admitted under certain conditions,
including the payment of tuition. At the Uni-
versity of Illinois instruction is given in the clas-
sics, the sciences, agriculture and the mechanic
arts. In addition to these the State supports four
other institutions of an educational rather than a
custodial character — viz. : the Institution for the
Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Insti-
tution for the Blind, at Jacksonville ; the Asylum
for the Feeble-Minded at Lincoln, and the Sol-
diers" Orphans' Home at Normal. The estimated
value of the property connected with these
several institutions, in addition to the value of
school property given in the preceding table, will
increase the total (exclusive of permanent funds)
to 847,1.55,374.95, of which §4,375.107.95 repre-
sents property belonging to the institutions above
mentioned.
Powers and Duties of Superintendents
AND Other School Officers.— Each county
elects a County Superintendent of Schools, whose
duty it is to visit schools, conduct teachers' insti-
tutes, advise with teachers and school officers and
instruct them in their respective duties, conduct
examinations of persons desiring to become
teachers, and exercise general supervision over
school affairs within his county. The subordi-
nate officers are Township Trustees, a Township
Treasurer, and a Board of District Directors or —
in place of the latter in cities and villages — Boards
of Education. The two last named Boards have
power to employ teachers and. generally, to super-
vise the management of schools in districts. The
State Superintendent is entrusted with general
supervision of the common-school system of the
State, and it is his duty to advise and assist
County Superintendents, to visit State Charitable
institutions, to issue official circulars to teachers,
school officers and others in regard to their rights
and duties under the general school code; to
decide controverted questions of school law, com-
ing to him by appeal from County Superintend-
ents and others, and to make full and detailed
reports of the operations of his office to the
Governor, biennially. He is also made ex-officio
a member of the Board of Trustees of the Univer-
sity of Illinois and of the several Normal Schools,
and is empowered to grant certificates of two
different grades to teachers — the higher grade to
be valid during the lifetime of the holder, and
the lower for two years. Certificates granted by
County Superintendents are aLso of two grades
and have a tenure of one and two years, respec-
tively, in the county where given. The conditions
for securing a certificate of the first (or two-
years') grade, require that the candidate shall be
of good moral character and qualified to teach
orthography, reading in English, penmanship,
arithmetic, modern geography, English grammar,
the elements of the natural sciences, the history
of the LTnited States, physiology and the laws of
health. The second grade (or one-year) certifi-
cate calls for examination in the branches just
enumerated, except the natural sciences, physi-
ology and laws of health ; but teachers employed
exclusively in giving instruction in music, draw-
ing, penmanship or other special branches, may
take examinations in these branches alone, but
are restricted, in teaching, to those in which they
have been examined. — County Boards are
empowered to establish County Normal Schools
for the education of teachers for the common
schools, and the management of such normal
schools is placed in the hands of a County Board
of Education, to consist of not less than five nor
more than eight persons, of whom the Chairman
of the County Board and the County Superin-
tendent of Schools shall be ex-officio members.
153
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Boards of Education and Directors may establisli
kindergartens (when autliorized to do so by vote
of a majority of the voters of their districts), for
children between the ages of four and six years,
but the cost of supporting the same must be
defrayed by a special tax. — A compulsory pro-
vision of the School Law requires that each child,
between the ages of seven and fourteen years,
shall be sent to school at least sixteen weeks of
each j-ear, imless otherwise instructed in the
elementary branches, or disqualified by physical
or mental disability. — Under the provisions of an
act, passed in 1891, women are made eligible to
any office created by the general or special school
laws of the State, when twenty-one years of age
or upwards, and otherwise possessing the same
qualifications for the office as are prescribed for
men. (For list of incumbents in the office of
State Superintendent, see Superintendents of
Public Instruction. )
EDWARDS, Arthur, D.D., clergyman, soldier
and editor, was born at Norwalk, Ohio, Nov. 23,
1834; educated at Albion, Mich., and the "Wes-
leyan University of Ohio, graduating from the
latter in 1858 ; entered the Detroit Conference of
the Methodist Episcopal Church the same year,
was ordained in 1860 and, from 1861 until after
the battle of Gettysburg, served as Chaplain of
the First Michigan Cavalry, when he resigned to
accept the colonelcy of a cavalry regiment. In
1864, he was elected assistant editor of "The
Northwestern Christian Advocate" at Chicago,
and, on the retirement of Dr. Eddy in 1872,
became Editor-in-chief, being re-elected every
four years thereafter to the present time. He
has also been a member of each General Confer-
ence since 1872, was a member^of tlie Ecumenical
Conference at London in 1881, and has held other
positions of prominence witliin the church,
EDWARDS, Cyrus, pioneer lawyer, was born
in Montgomery County, Md., Jan. 17, 1793; at the
age of seven accompanied his parents to Ken-
tucky, where he received his primary education,
and studied law ; was admitted to the bar at Kas-
kaskia, III, in 1815, Ninian Edwards (of whom he
was the youngest brother) being then Territorial
Governor. During the next fourteen years he
resided alternately in Missouri and Kentucky,
and, in 1829, took up his residence at Edwards-
ville. Owing to impaired health he decided to
abandon his profession and engage in general
business, later becoming a resident of Upper
Alton. In 1832 he was elected to the lower house
of the Legislature as a Whig, and again, in 1840
and '60, the last time as a Republican ; was State
Senator from 183.5 to "39, and was also the Whig
candidate for Governor, in 1838, in opposition to
Thomas Carlin (Democrat), who was elected. He
served in the Black Hawk War, was a member of
the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and espe-
cially interested in education and in public chari-
ties, being, for thirty-five years, a Trustee of
Shurtleflf College, to which he was a most
munificent benefactor, and which conferred on
him the degree of LL.D. in 1852. Died at Upper
Alton, September, 1877.
EDWARDS, Ninian, Territorial Governor and
United States Senator, was born in Montgomery
County, Md., March 17, 1775; for a time had the
celebrated William Wirt as a tutor, completing
his course at Dickinson College. At the age of 19
he emigrated to Kentucky, where, after squander-
ing considerable money, he studied law and, step
by step, rose to be Chief Justice of the Court of
Appeals. In 1809 President Madison appointed
him the first Territorial Governor of Illinois.
This office he held until the admission of Illinois
as a State in 1818, when he was elected United
Sates Senator and re-elected on the completion of
his first (the short) term. In 1826 he was elected
Governor of the State, his successful administra-
tion terminating in 1830. In 1832 he became a
candidate for Congress, but was defeated by
Charles Slade. He was able, magnanimous and
incorruptible, although charged with aristocratic
tendencies which were largely hereditary. Died,
at his home at Belleville, on July 20, 1833, of
cholera, the disease having been contracted
through self-sacrificing efforts to assist sufferers
from the epidemic. His demise cast a gloom
over the entire State. Two valuable volumes
bearing upon State history, comprising his cor-
respondence with man}' public men of his time,
have been published ; the first under the title of
"History of Illinois and Life of Ninian Edwards, "
by his son, the late Ninian Wirt Edwards, and
the other "The Edwards Papers," edited by the
late Elihu B. Washburne, and printed under the
auspices of the Chicago Historical Society. —
Ninian Wirt (Edwards), son of Gov. Ninian
Edwards, was born at Frankfort, Ky., April 15,
1809, the year his father became Territorial
Governor of Illinois ; spent his boyhood at Kas-
kaskia, Edwardsville and Belleville, and was
educated at Transylvania University, graduating
in 1838. He married Elizabeth P. Todd, a sister
of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, was appointed Attor-
ney-General in 1834, but resigned in 1835, when
he removed to Springfield. In 1836 he was
elected to the Legislature from Sangamon
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
153
County, as the colleague of Abraham Lincolii,
being one of the celebrated "Long Nine," anil
was influential in securing the removal of the
State capital to Springfield. He was re-elected
to the House in 1838, to the State Senate in 18U,
and again to the House in 1848 ; was also a mem-
ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1847.
Again, in 1850, he was elected to the House, but
resigned on account of his change of politics
from Whig to Democratic, and, in the election to
fill the vacancy, was defeated by James C. Conk-
ling. He served as Superintendent of Public
Instruction by appointment of Governor Matte-
son, 1854-57, and, in 1861, was appointed by
President Lincoln, Captain Commissary of Sub-
sistence, which position he filled until June, 1865,
since which time he remained in private life. He
is the author of the "Life and Times of Ninian
Edwards" (1870), which was prepared at the
request of the State Historical Society. Died, at
Springfield, Sept. 3, 1889. — Benjamin Stevenson
(Ed%vards), lawyer and jurist, another son of Gov.
Ninian Edwards, was born at Edwardsville, 111.,
June 3, 1818, graduated from Yale College in
1838, and was admitted to the bar the following
year. Originally a Whig, he subsequently
became a Democrat, was a Delegate to the Con-
stitutional Convention of 1862, and, in 18G8, was
an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposi-
tion to Shelby M. Cullom. In 1869 he was elected
Circuit Judge of the Springfield Circuit, but
within eighteen months resigned the position,
preferring the excitement and emoluments of
private practice to the dignity and scanty salary
attaching to the bench. As a lawyer and as a
citizen he was universally respected. Died, at
his home in Springfield, Feb. 4, 1886, at the time
of his decease being President of the Illinois
State Bar Association.
EDWARDS, Richard, educator, ex-Superin-
tendent of Public Instruction, was born in Cardi-
ganshire, Wales, Dec. 23, 1822; emigrated with
his parents to Portage County, Ohio, and began
life on a farm; later graduated at the State
Normal School, Bridgewater, Mass., and from
the Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., receiv-
ing the degrees of Bachelor of Science and Civil
Engineer; served for a time as a civil engineer
on the Boston water works, then beginning a
career as a teacher which continued almost unin-
terruptedly for thirty-five years. During this
period he was connected with the Normal School
at Bridgewater; a Boys" High School at Salem,
and the State Normal at the same place, coming
west in 1857 to establish the Normal School at St.
Louis, Mo. , still later becoming Principal of the
St. Louis High School, and, in 1863, accepting the
Presidency of the State Normal University, at
Normal, 111. It was here where Dr. Edwards,
remaining fourteen years, accomplished his
greatest work and left his deepest impress upon
the educational system of the State by personal
contact with its teachers. The next nine years
were spent as pastor of the First Congregational
church at Princeton, when, after eighteen
months in the service of Knox College as Finan-
cial Agent, he was again called, in 1886, to a
closer connection with the educational field by
his election to the oflSce of State Superintendent
of Public Instruction, serving until 1891, when,
having failed of. a re-election, he soon after
assumed the Presidency of Blackburn University
at Carlinville. Failing health, however, com-
pelled his retirement a year later, when he
removed to Bloomington, which is now (1898)
his place of residence.
EDWARDS COrXTT, situated in the south-
eastern part of the State, between Richland and
White on the north and south, and Wabash and
Wayne on the east and west, and touching the
Ohio River on its southeastern border. It was
separated from Gallatin County in 1814, during
the Territorial period. Its territory was dimin-
ished in 1824 by the carving out of Wabash
Covmty The surface is diversified by prairie
and timber, the soil fertile and well adapted to
the raising of both wheat and corn. The princi-
pal streams, besides the Ohio, are Bonpas Creek,
on the east, and the Little Wabash River on the
we.st. Palmyra (a place no longer on the map)
was the seat for holding the first county court,
in 1815, John Mcintosh, Seth Gard and AVilliam
Barney being the Judges. Albion, the present
county-seat (population, 937), was laid out by
Slorris Birkbeck and George Flower (emigrants
from England), in 1819, and settled largely by
their countrymen, but not incorporated until
1860. The area of the county is 220 square
miles, and population, in 1900, 10.345. Grayville,
with a population of 2,000 in 1890, is partly in
this county, though mostly in White. Edwards
County was named in honor of Ninian Edwards,
the Territorial Governor of Illinois.
EDWARDSVILLE, the county-seat of Madison
County, settled in 1812 and named in honor of
Territorial Governor Ninian Edwards; is on four
lines of railway and contiguous to two others, 18
miles northeast of St. Louis. Edwardsville was
the home of some of the most prominent men in
the history of the State, including Governors Ed-
154
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
wards. Coles, and others. It has pressed and
shale brickyards, coal mines, flour mills, machine
shops, banks, electric street railway, water-works,
schools, and churches. In a suburb of the city
(LeClaire) is a cooperative manufactory of sani-
tary supplies, using large shops and doing a large
business. Edwardsville has three newspapers,
one issued semi-weekly. Population (1890), 3,561 ;
(1900), 4,1.57; with suburb (estimated), 5,000.
EFFINGHAM, an incorporated city, the county-
seat of Effingham County, 9 miles northeast from
St. Louis and 199 southwest of Chicago ; has four
papers, creamery, milk condensory, and ice fac-
tory. Population (1890), 3,260; (1900), 3,774.
EFFINGHAM COUNTY, cut off from Fayette
(and separately organized) in 1831 — named for
Gen. Edward Effingham. It is situated in the
central portion of the State, 63 miles northeast of
St. Louis ; has an area of 490 square miles and a
population (1900) of 20,465. T. M. Short, I. Fanchon
and William I. Hawkins were the first County
Commissioners. Effingham, the county -seat, was
platted by Messrs. Alexander and Little in 1854.
Messrs. Gillenwater, Hawkins and Brown were
among the earliest settlers. Several lines of rail-
way cross the county. Agriculture and sheep-
raising are leading industries, wool being one of
the principal products.
EGAN, William Bradshaw, M.D., pioneer phy-
siean, was born in Ireland, Sept. 28, 1808; spent
some time during his youth in the study of sur-
gery in England, later attending lectures at Dub-
lin. About 1828 he went to Canada, taught for
a time in the schools of Quebec and Montreal
and, in 1830, was licensed by the Medical Board
of New Jersey and began practice at Newark in
that State, later practicing in New York. In
1833 he removed to Chicago and was early recog-
nized as a prominent 'physician ; on July 4, 1836,
delivered the address at the breaking of gi'ound
for the Illinois & Michigan Canal. During the
early years of his residence in Chicago, Dr. Egan
was owner of the block on which the Tremont
House stands, and erected a number of houses
there. He was a zealous Democrat and a delegate
to the first Convention of that party, held at
Joliet in 1843; was elected County Recorder in
1844 and Representative in the Eighteenth Gen-
eral Assembly (1853-54). Died, Oct. 37. 1860.
ELBURN, a village of Kane County, on the
Cliicago & Northwestern Railway, 8 miles west
of Geneva. It has banks and a weekly ne%vs-
paper. Population (1890), 584; (1900), 606.
ELDORADO, a town in Saline County, on the
■Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the
Louisville & Nashville, and the St. Louis, Alton
& Terre Haute Railroads; has a bank and one
newspaper; district argicultural. Population,
(1900), 1,445.
ELDRID(;E, Hamilton If., lawyer and soldier,
was born at Soutli Williamstown, Mass., August,
1837; graduated at Williams College in tlie class
with President Garfield, in 1856, and at Albany
Law School, in 1857; soon afterward came to
Chicago and began practice ; in 1863 assisted in
organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh
Illinois Volunteers, of which he was elected
Lieutenant-Colonel, before the end of the year
being promoted to the position of Colonel; dis-
tinguished himself at Arkansas Post, Chicka-
mauga and in the battles before Vicksburg,
winning the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General,
but, after two years' service, was compelled to
retire on account of disability, being carried east
on a stretcher. Subsequently he recovered suffi-
cientlj' to resume his profession, but died in
Chicago, Dec. 1, 1882, much regretted by a large
circle of friends, with whom he was exceedingly
popular.
ELECTIONS. The elections of public officers
in Illinois are of two general classes: (I) those
conducted in accordance with United States
laws, and (II) those conducted exclusively under
State laws.
I. To the first class belong: (1) the election of
United States Senators; (3) Presidential Elect-
ors, and (3 ) Representatives in Congress. 1.
(United States Senators). The election of
United States Senators, while an act of the State
Legislature, is conducted solelj^ under forms pre-
scribed by the laws of the United States. These
make it the duty of the Legislature, on the second
Tuesday after convening at the session next pre-
ceding the expiration of the term for which any
Senator may -have been chosen, to proceed to
elect his successor in the following manner:
Each House is required, on the day designated, in
open session and by the viva voce vote of each
member present, to name some person for United
States Senator, the result of the balloting to be
entered on the journals of the respective Houses.
At twelve o'clock (M. ) on the day following the
day of election, the members of the two Houses
meet in joint assembly, when the journals of both
Houses are read. If it appears that the same
person has received a majority of all the votes in
each House, he is declared elected Senator. If,
however, no one has received such majority, or
if eitlier House has failed to take proceedings as
required on the preceding day, then the members
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
155
of the two Houses, in joint assembly, proceed to
ballot for Senator by viva voce vote of members
present. The person receiving a majority of all
the votes cast— a majority of the members of
both Houses being present and voting — is declared
elected ; otherwise the joint assembly is renewed
at noon each legislative day of the session, and at
least one ballot taken until a Senator is chosen.
When a vacancy exists in the Senate at the time
of the assembling of the Legislature, the same
rule prevails as to the time of holding an election
to fill it; and, if a vacancy occm-s during the
session, the Legislature is required to proceed to
an election on the second Tuesday after having
received official notice of such vacancy. The
tenure of a United States Senator for a full term
is six years — the regular term beginning with a
new Congress — the two Senators from each State
belonging to different "classes," so that their
terms expire alternately at periods of two and
four years from each other. — 2. (Presidenti.^l
Electors). The choice of Electors of President
and Vice-President is made by popular vote
taken quadrennially on the Tuesday after the
first Monday in November. The date of such
election is fixed by act of Congress, being the
same as that for Congressman, although the State
Legislature prescribes the manner of conducting
it and making returns of the same. The number
of Electors chosen equals the number of Senators
and Representatives taken together (in 1899 it
was twenty-four), and tliey are elected on a gen-
eral ticket, a plurality of votes being sufficient to
elect. Electors meet at the State capital on the
second Monday of January after their election
(Act of Congress, 1887), to oast the vote of the
State— 3. (Members of Congress). The elec-
tion of Representatives in Congress is also held
under United States law, occurring biennially
(on the even years) simultaneously with the gen-
eral State election in November. Should Congress
select a different date for such election, it would
be the duty of the Legislature to recognize it by
a corresponding change in the State law relating
to the election of Congressmen. The tenure of a
Congressman is two years, the election being by
Districts instead of a general ticket, as in the
case of Presidential Elector,s — the term of each
Representative for a full term beginning with a
new Congress, on the 4th of March of the odd
years following a general election. (See Con-
gressional Apportionment. )
II. All officers under the State Government —
except Boards of Trustees of charitable and penal
institutions or tlie heads of certain departments,
which are made appointive by the Governor — are
elected by popular vote. Apart from county
officers they consist of three classes: (1) Legisla-
tive; (3) Executive; (3) Judicial — which are
chosen at different times and for different periods.
1. (Legisl.^ture). Legislative officers consist of
Senators and Representatives, chosen at elections
lield on the Tuesday after the first Monday of
November, biennially. The regular term of a
Senator (of whom there are fifty -one under the
present Constitution) is four j'ears; twenty-five
(those in Districts bearing even numbers) being
chosen on the years in which a President and
Governor are elected, and the other twenty-six at
the intermediate period two years later. Thus,
one-half of each State Senate is composed of what
are called "hold-over" Senators. Representatives
are elected biennially at the November election,
and hold oflSce two years. The qualifications as
to eligibility for a seat in the State Senate require
that the incumbent shall be 25 years of age,
while 21 years renders one eligible to a seat in
the House — the Constitution requiring that each
shall have been a resident of tlie State for five
years, and of the District for which he is chosen,
two years next preceding his election. (See
Legislative Apportionment and Minority Repre-
sentation.) — 2. (Executive Officers). The
officers constituting the Executive Department
include the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor,
Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts,
Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction,
and Attorney -General. Each of these, except the
State Treasurer, holds office four years and — with
the exception of the Treasurer and Superintend-
ent of Public Instruction— are elected at the
general election at which Presidential Electors
are chosen. The election of State Superintendent
occurs on the intermediate (even) years, and that
of State Treasurer every two years coincidently
with the election of Governor and Superintendent
of Public Instruction, respectively. (See Execu-
tive Officers.) In addition to the State officers
already named, three Trustees of the Universitv
of Illinois are elected biennially at the general
election in November, each holding office for
six years. These trustees (nine in number),
with the Governor, President of the State Board
of Agriculture and the Superintendent of Public
Instruction, constitute the Board of Trustees of
the University of Illinois.— 3. (Judiciary). The
Judicial Department embraces Judges of the
Supreme. Circuit and County Courts, and such
other subordinate officials as may be connected
with the administration of justice. For the
156
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
election of members of the Supreme Court the
State is divided into seven Districts, each of
which elects a Justice of the Supreme Court for
a term of nine years. The elections in five of
these — the First, Second, Third, Sixth and
Seventh — occur on the first Jlonday in June every
ninth year from 1879, the last election having
occun-ed in June, 1897. The elections in the
other t -vo Districts occur at similar periods of nine
years from 1876 and 1873, respectively — the last
election in the Fourth District having occurred
in June, 1893, and that in the Fifth in 1891.—
Circuit Judges are chosen on the first Monday in
Jmie every six years, counting from 1873. Judges
of the Superior Court of Cook County are elected
every six years at the November election. — Clerks
of the Supreme and Appellate Courts are elected
at the November election for six years, the last
election having occurred in 1896. Under the act
of April 3, 1897, consolidating the Supreme
Court into one Grand Division, the number of
Supreme Court Clerks is reduced to one, although
the Clerks elected in 1896 remain in office and have
cliarge of the records of their several Divisions
until the expiration of their terms in 1902. The
Supreme Court holds five terms annually at Spring-
field, liegiuning, respectively, on the first Tuesday
of October, December, February, April and June.
(Other Officers), (a) Members of the State
Board of Equalization (one for every Congres-
sional District) are elective every four years at
the same time as Congressmen, (b) County
officers (except County Commissioners not under
township organization) hold office for four years
and are chosen at the November election as
follows: (1) At the general election at which
the Governor is chosen —•Clerk of the Circuit
Court, State's Attorney, Recorder of Deeds (in
counties having a population of 60,000 or over),
Coroner and County Surveyor. (2) On inter-
mediate years— Sheriff, County Judge, Probate
Judge (in counties having a population of 70,000
and over) , County Clerk, Treasurer, Superintend-
ent of Schools, and Clerk of Criminal Court of
Cook County, (c) In counties not under town-
ship organization a Board of County Commission-
ers is elected, one being chosen in November of
each year, and each holding office three years.
(d) Under the general law the polls open at 8
a. m., and close at 7 p. m. In cities accepting an
Act of the Legislature passed in 188.5, the hour of
opening the polls is 6 a. m. , and of closing 4 p. m.
(See also Ajiatralian Ballof.)
ELECTORS, QIALIFICATIOXS OF. (See
Suffrage.)
EL(iI\, an important city of Northern Illinois,
in Kane County, on Fox River and tlie Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul and Chicago & Northwest-
ern Railroads, besides two rural electric lines, 36
miles northwest of Chicago; has valuable water-
power and over fifty manufacturing establish-
ments, including the National Watch Factory and
the Cook Publishing Company, both among the
most extensive of their kind in the world; is also
a great dairy center with extensive creameries
and milk-condensing works. The quotations of
its Butter and Cheese Exchange are telegraphed
to all the great commercial centers and regulate
the prices of tliese commodities throughout the
country. Elgin is the seat of the Northern (Illi-
nois) Hospital for the Insane, and has a handsome
Government (postoffice) building, fine public
library and many handsome residences. It has
had a rapid growth in the past twenty years.
Population (ISilii), 17.823; (1900), 22,433.
EL(a>. JOLIET \ EASTERN RAILWAY. The
main line of this mad e.xtends west from Dyer on
the Indiana State line to Joliet, thence northea.st
to Waukegan. The total length of the line (1898)
is 193.72 miles, of which 159.93 miles are in Illi-
nois. The entire capital of the company, includ-
ing stock and indebtedness, amounted (1898), to
§13,799,630— more than §71,000 per mile. Its total
earnings in Illinois for the same year were 61,212,-
026, and its entire expenditure in the State,
SI, 156, 146. The company paid in taxes, the same
year, §48,876. Branch lines extend southerly
from Walker Junction to Coster, where connec-
tion is made with the Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and northwesterly
from Normantown, on the main line, to Aurora.
—(History). The Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Rail-
way was chartered in 1887 and absorbed the
Joliet, Aurora & Northern Railway, from Joliet to
Aurora (21 miles), which had been commenced in
1886 and was completed in 1888, with extensions
from Joliet to Spaulding, 111. , and from Joliet to
McCool, Ind. In January, 1891, the Company
purchased all the properties and franchises of the
Gardner, Coal City & Normantown and the
Waukegan & Southwestern Railway Companies
(formerly operated under lease). The former of
these two roads was chartered in 1889 and opened
in 1890. The system forms a belt line around
Chicago, intersecting all railroads entering that
city from every direction. Its traffic is chiefly
in the transportation of freight.
ELIZABETHTOWN, the county-seat of Hardin
County. It stands on the north bank of the Ohio
River, 44 miles above Paducah, Ky., and about
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
157
125 miles southeast of Belleville; has a brick and
tile factory, large tie trade, two churches, two
flouring mills, a bank, and one newspaper. Pop-
ulation (1890), 653; (1900), 668.
ELKH.4.RT, a town of Logan County, on the
Chicago & Alton Railroad, 18 miles northeast of
Springfield ; is a rich farming section ; has a coal
shaft. Population (1890), 414; (1900), 553.
ELKIX, William F., pioneer and early legisla-
tor, was born in Clark County, Ky., April 13,
1792; after spending several years in Ohio and
Indiana, came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1825;
was elected to the Sixth, Tenth and Eleventh
General Assemblies, being one of the "Long
Nine" from Sangamon County and, in 1861, was
appointed by his former colleague (Abraham
Lincoln) Register of the Land Office at Spring-
field, resigning in 1873. Died, in 1878.
ELLIS, Edward F. W., soldier, was born at
Wilton, Maine, April 15, 1819; studied law and
was admitted to the bar in Ohio ; spent three years
(1849-53) in California, serving in the Legislature
of that State in 1851, and proving himself an
earnest opponent of slavery ; returned to Ohio the
next year, and, in 1854, removed toRockford, 111.,
where he embarked in the banking business.
Soon after the firing on Fort Sumter, he organ-
ized the Ellis Rifles, which having been attached
to the Fifteenth Illinois, he was elected Lieuten-
ant-Colonel of the regiment ; was in command at
the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, and was killeil
while bravely leading on his men.
ELLIS, (Rev.) John Millot, early home mis-
sionary, was born in Keene, N. H., July 14, 1793;
came to IlUnois as a home missionary of the
Presbyterian Church at an early day, and served
for a time as pastor of churches at Kaskaskia and
Jacksonville, and was one of the influential
factors in securing the location of Illinois Col-
lege at the latter place. His wife also conducted,
for some years, a private school for young ladies
at Jacksonville, which developed into the Jack-
sonville Female Academy in 1833, and is still
maintained after a history of over sixty years.
Mr. Ellis was later associated with the establish-
ment of Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, Ind.,
finally returning to New Hampshire, where, in
1840, he -was pastor of a church at East Hanover.
In 1844 he again entered the service of the Soci-
ety for Promoting Collegiate and Theological
Education in the West. Died. August 6, 1855.
ELLSWORTH, Ephraim Elmer, soldier, first
victim of the Civil War, was born at Mechanics
ville, Saratoga County, N. Y., April 23. 1837. He
came to Chicago at an early age, studied law.
and became a patent solicitor. In 1860 he raised
a regiment of Zouaves in Chicago, which became
famous for the perfection of its discipline and
drill, and of which he was commissioned Colonel.
In 1861 he accompanied President Lincoln to
Washington, going from there to New York,
where he recruited and organized a Zouave
regiment composed of firemen. He became its
Colonel and the regiment was ordered to Alexan-
dria, Va. While stationed there Colonel Ells-
worth observed that a Confederate flag was
flying above a hotel owned by one Jackson.
Rushing to the roof, he tore it down, but before
he reached the street was shot and killed by
Jackson, who was in turn shot by Frank H.
Bro«-nell, one of Ellsworth's men. He was the
first Union soldier killed in the war. Died, May
24, 1861.
ELMHURST (formerly Cottage Hill), a village
of Du Page County, on the Chicago Great Western
and 111. Cent. Railroads, 15 miles west of Chicago;
is the seat of the Evangelical Seminary ; has elec-
tric interurbau line, two papers, stone quarry,
electric light, water and sewerage systems, high
school, and churches. Pop. (1900), 1,728.
ELMnOOD, a town of Peoria County, on the
Galesburg and Peoria and Buda and Rushville
branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quinoy
Railroad, 26 miles west-northwest of Peoria; the
principal industries are coal-mining and corn and
tomato canning ; has a bank and one newspaper.
Population (1890), 1,548; (1900), 1,582.
EL P.4.S0, a city in Woodford County, 17 miles
north of Bloomington, 33 miles east of Peoria, at
the crossing Illinois Central and Toledo, Peoria &
Western Railroads; in agricultural district; has
two national banks, three grain elevators, two
high schools, two newspapers, nine churches.
Pop. (1890), 1,353; (1900), 1,441; (1903, est.), 1,600.
EMB.iRRAS RIVER, rises in Champaign
County and rims southward through the counties
of Douglas, Coles and Cumberland, to Newton, in
Jasper County, where it turns to the southeast,
passing through Lawrence County, and entering
the Wabash River about seven miles below Vin-
cennes. It is nearly 1.50 miles long.
ESOIERSOX, Charles, jmist, was born at North
Haverhill, Grafton County, N. H., April 15, 1811;
came to Illinois in 1833, first settling at Jackson-
ville, where he spent one term in Illinois College,
then studied law ct Springfield, and, having been
admitted to the bar, began practice at Decatur,
where he spent the remainder of his life except
three years (1847-50) during which he resided at
Paris, Edgar County. In 1850 he was elected to
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
the Legislature, and, in isr.s. to the Circuit bench,
serving on the latter by re-election till 1^67. The
latter year he was a candidate for Justice of the
Supreme Court, but was defeated by the late
.Judge Pinkney H. Walker. In 1869 he was
elected to the State Constitutional Convention,
but died in April, 1870, while the Convention was
still in session.
EXFIELD, a town of White County, at the
intersection of the Louisville .t Nashville with
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 10
miles west of Carmi; is the seat of Southern Illi-
nois College. The town also has a bank and one
newspaper. Population (1880), 717; (1890), 870;
(1900), 971; (1903, est.), 1,000.
EXGLISH, Joseph G., banker, was born at
Rising Sun, Ind., Dec. 17, 1820; lived for a time
at Perrysville and La Fayette in that State, finally
engaging in merchandising in the former; in
18o3 removed to Danville, 111., where he formed
a partnership with John L. Tincher in mercantile
business ; later conducted a private banking btisi-
ness and, in 1863, established the First National
Bank, of which he has been President over twenty
years. He served two terms as Mayor of Dan-
ville, in 1872 was elected a member of the State
Board of Equalization, and, for more than twenty
years, has been one of the Directors of the Chicago
& Eastern Railroad. At the present time Mr.
English, having practically retired from busi-
ness, is spending most of his time in the West.
ENOS, Pascal PaoU, pioneer, was born at
Windsor, Conn., in 1770; graduated at Dartmouth
College in 1794. studied law, and. after spending
some years in Vermont, where he served as High
Sheriff of Windsor Covmty, in September, 181.5,
removed West, stopping* first at Cincinnati. A
year later he descended the Ohio by flat-boat to
Shawneetown, 111., crossed the State by land,
finally locating at St. Charles, Mo., and later at
St. Louis. Then, having purchased a tract of land
in Madison County, 111., he remained there about
two years, when, in 1823, having received from
President Monroe the appointment of Receiver of
the newly established Land Office at Springfield,
he removed thither, making it his permanent
home. He was one of the original pm-chasers of
the land on which the city of Springfield now
stands, and joined with Maj. Elijah lies, John
Taylor and Thomas Cox, the other patentees, in
laj'ing out the town, to which they fir.st gave the
name of Calhoun. Mr. Enos remained in office
through the administration of President John
Quincy Adams, but was removed by President
Jackson for political reasons, in 1829. Died, at
Springfield, April, 1832.— Pascal P. (Enos), Jr.,
eldest son of Mr. Enos, was born in St. Charles,
Mo., Nov. 28, 1816; was elected Representative in.
the General Assembly from Sangamon County in
1852, and served by appointment of Justice
McLean of the Supreme Court as Clerk of the
United States Circuit Court, being reappointed
by Judge David Davis, d^-ing in office, Feb. 17,
1867. — Zimri A. (Enos), another son, was born
Sept. 29, 1821, is a citizen of Springfield — has
served as County Surveyor and Alderman of the
citj-. — Julia R., a daughter, was born in Spring-
field, Dec. 20, 1832, is the widow of the late O. M.
Hatch, Secretary of State (1857-65).
EPLER, Cyrus, lawyer and jurist, was born
at Charleston, Clark County, Ind., Nov. 12,
1825; graduated at Illinois College, Jackson-
ville, studied law, and was admitted to the
bar in 1852, being elected State's Attorney
the same year; also served as a member
of the General Assembly two terms (1857-61)
and as blaster in Chancery for Morgan County,
1867-73. In 1873 he was elected Circuit Judge
for the Seventh Circuit and was re-elected
successively in 1879, '85 and '91, serving four
terms, and retiring in 1897. During his entire
professional and official career his home has been
in Jacksonville.
EqUALlTY, a village of Gallatin County, on
the Shawneetown Division of the Louisville &
Nashville Railroad, 11 miles west-northwest of
Shawneetown. It was for a time, in earl}- days, the
county-seat of Gallatin County and market for
the salt manufactured in that vicinity. Some
coal is mined in the neighborhood. One weekly
paper is published here. Population (1880), 500;
(1890), 622; (1900). 898.
ERIE, a village of Whiteside County, on the
Rock Island and Sterling Division of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 30 miles north-
east of Rock Island. Population (1880). 537;
(1890), 535; (1900), 768.
EUREKA, the county -seat of Woodford County,
incorporated in 1856, situated 19 miles east of
Peoria; is in the heart of a rich stock-raising and
agricultural district. The principal mechanical
industry is a large canning factory. Besides
having good grammar and high schools, it is also
the seat of Eureka College, under the control of
the Christian denomination, in connection with
which are a Normal School and a Biblical Insti-
tute. The town has a handsome courthouse and
a jail, two weekly and one monthly paper.
Eureka became the county-seat of Woodford
County in 1896, the change from Metamora being
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
159
due to the central location and more convenient
accessibility of the former from all parts of the
county. Population (1880), 1,185; (1890), 1,481;
(1900), 1,661.
EUREKA COLLEGE, located at Eureka, Wood-
ford County, and chartered in LS.j."), distinctively
under the care and supervision of the "Christian"
or "Campbellite" denomination. The primary
aim of its founders was to prepare young men for
the ministry, while at the same time affording
facilities for liberal culture. It was chartered in
1855, and its growth, while gradual, has been
steady. Besides a preparatory department and a
business school, the college maintains a collegiate
department (with classical and scientific courses)
and a tlieological school, the latter being designed
to tit yoimg men for the ministry of the denomi-
nation. Both male and female matriculates are
received. In 1896 there was a faculty of eighteen
professors and assistants, and an attendance of
some 325 students, nearly one-third of whom
were females. The total value of the institution's
property is $144,000, which includes an endow-
ment of 845,000 and real estate valued at §85,000.
EUSTACE, John V., lawyer and judge, was
born in Philadelphia, Sept. 9. 1821 ; gi-aduated
from the University of Pennsylvania in 1839, and,
in 1843, at the age of 21, was admitted to the bar,
removing the same year to Dixon, 111., where he
resided until his death. In 1856 he was elected
to the General Assembly and, in 1857, became
Circuit Judge, serving one term; was chosen
Presidential Elector in 1864, and. in March, 1878,
was again elevated to the Circuit Bench, vice
Judge Heaton, deceased. He was elected to the
same position in 1879, and re-elected in 1885. but
died in 1888, three years before the expiration of
his term.
EVANGELICAL SEMIXAET, an institution
under the direction of the Lutheran denomina-
tion, incorporated in 1865 and located at Elm-
hurst, Du Page County. Instruction is given in
■the classics, theology, oratory and preparatory
studies, by a faculty of eight teachers. The
number of pupils during the school year (1895-96)
was 133 — all young men. It has property valued
at 859,305.
EVANS, Henry H., legislator, was born in
Toronto, Can., March 9, 1836; brought by his
father (who was a native of Pennsylvania) to
Aurora, 111., where the latter finallj- became fore-
man of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy ma-
chine shops at that place. In 1862 young Evans
enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth
Illinois Volunteers, serving until the close of the
war. Since the war he has become most widely
known as a member of the General Assembly, hav-
ing been elected first to the House, in 187G, and
subsequently to the Senate every four years from
1880 to the year 1898, giving him over twenty
years of almost continuous service. He is a large
owner of real estate and has been prominently
connected with financial and other business
enterprises at Aurora, including the Aurora Gas-
and Street Railway Companies ; also served vyitli
the rank of Colonel on the staffs of Governors-
Cullom, Hamilton, Fifer and Oglesby.
EVANS, (Rev.) Jervice G., educator and re-
former, was born in Marshall County, 111., Dec.
19, 1833; entered the ministry of tlie Methodist
Episcopal Church in 1854, and, in 1873, accepted
the presidency of Hedding College at Abingdon,
which he filled for six years. He then became
President of Chaddock College at Quincy, but the
following year returned to pastoral work. In
1889 he again became President of Hedding Col-
lege, where (1898) he still remains. Dr. Evans is
a member of the Central Illinois (M. E.) Confer-
ence and a leader in the prohibition movement ;
has also produced a number of volumes on reli-
gious and moral questions.
EVANS, John, M.D., physician and Governor,
was born at Waynesville, Oliio, of Quaker ances-
try, Jlarch 9, 1814: graduated in medicine at
Cincinnati and began practice at Ottawa, 111.,
but soon returned to Oliio, finally locating at
Attica, Ind. Here he became prominent in the
establishment of the first insane hospital in In-
diana, at Indianapolis, about 1841-43, becoming a
resident of that city in 1845. Three years later,
having accepted a cbair in Rush Medical College,
in Chicago, he I'emoved thither, also serving for
a time as editor of "The Xorthwestern Medical
and Sm-gical Journal." He served as a member
of the Chicago City Council, became a successful
operator in real estate and in the promotion of
various railroad enterprises, and was one of the
founders of the Northwestern University, at
Evanston, serving as President of the Board of
Trustees over forty years. Dr. Evans was one of
the founders of the Republican party in Illinois,
and a strong personal friend of President Lincoln,
from whom, in 1863, he received the appointment
of Governor of the Territory of Colorado, con-
tinuing in office imtil displaced by Andrew John-
son in 1865. In Colorado he became a leading
factor in the construction of some of the most
important railroad lines in that section, including
the Denver, Texas & Gulf Road, of which he was
for many years the President. He was also
160
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
prominent in connection with educational and
church enterprises at Denver, which was his home
after leaving Illinois. Died, in Denver, July 3, 1897.
EVAXSTON, a city of Cook County, situated 13
miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago, Milwau-
kee & St. Paul and the Chicago & Northwestern
Railroads. The original town was incorporated
Dec. 29, 1863, and, in March, 1869, a special act
was passed by the Legislature incorporating it as
a city, but rejected by vote of the people. On
Oct. 19, 1872, the voters of the corporate town
adopted village organizations under the General
Village and City Incorporation Act of the same
year. Since then annexations of adjacent terri-
tory to the village of Evanston have taken place
as follows: In January, 1873, two small districts
by petition; in April, 1874, the village of North
Evanston was annexed by a majority vote of the
electors of both corporations; in April, 1886,
there was another annexation of a small out-lying
district by petition ; in February, 1893, the ques-
tion of the annexation of South Evanston was
submitted to the voters of both corporations and
adopted. On March 29, 1893, the question of
organization under a city government was sub-
mitted to popular vote of the consolidated corpo-
ration and decided in the affirmative, the first
city election taking place April 19, following.
The population of the original corporation of
Evanston, according to the census of 1890, was
13,073, and of South Evanston, 3,205, making the
total population of the new city 15,967. Judged
by the census returns of 1900, the consolidated
city has had a healthy growth in the past
ten years, giving it, at the end of the
century, a population of 19,259. Evanston is
one of the most attftictive residence cities in
Northern Illinois and famed for its educational
advantages. Besides having an admirable system
of graded and high schools, it is the seat of the
academic and theological departments of the
Northwestern University, the latter being known
as the Garrett Biblical Institute. The city has
well paved streets, is lighted by both gas and
electricity, and maintains its own system of
water works. Prohibition is strictly enforced
within the corporate limits under stringent
municipal ordinances, and the charter of the
Northwestern University forbidding the sale of
intoxicants within four miles of that institution.
As a consequence, it is certain to attract the
most desirable class of people, whether consisting
of those seeking permanent homes or simply
contemplating temporary residence for the sake
of educational advantages.
EWIXG, William Lee Davidson, early lawyer
and politician, was born in Kentucky in 1795, and
came to Illinois at an early day, first settling at
Shawneetown. As early as 1820 he appears from
a letter of Governor Edwards to President Mon-
roe, to have been holding some Federal appoint-
ment, presumably that of Receiver of Public
Moneys in the Land Office at Vandalia, as con-
temporary history shows that, iu 1823, he lost a
deposit of 81,000 by the robbery of the bank there.
He was also Brigadier-General of the State militia
at an early day. Colonel of the "Spy Battalion"
during the Black Hawk War, and, as Indian
Agent, superintended the removal of the Sacs
and Foxes west of the Mississippi. Other posi-
tions held hy him included Clerk of the House of
Representatives two sessions (1826-37 and 1828-29) ;
Representative from the counties composing the
Vandalia District in the Seventh General Assem-
bly (1830-31), when he also became Speaker of the
House; Senator from the same District in the
Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies, of which
he was chosen President pro tempore. While
serving in this capacity he became ex-officio
Lieutenant-Governor in consequence of the resig-
nation of Lieut.-Gov. Zadoc Casey to accept a
seat in Congress, in March, 1833, and, in Novem-
ber, 1834, assumed the Governorshiji as successor
to Governor Reynolds, who had been elected to
Congress to fill a vacancy. He served only fifteen
days as Governor, when he gave place to Gov.
Joseph Duncan, who had been elected in due
course at the previous election. A year later
(December, 1835) he was chosen United States
Senator to succeed Elias Kent Kane, who had
died in office. Failing of a re-election to the
Senatorship in 1837, he was returned to the House
of Representatives from his old district in 1838,
as he was again in 1840, at each session being
chosen Speaker over Abraham Lincoln, who was
the Whig candidate. Dropping out of the Legis-
lature at the close of his term, we find him at the
beginning of the next session (December, 1843) in
his old place as Clerk of the House, but, before
the close of the session (in March, 1843), appointed
Auditor of Public Accounts as successor to James
Shields, who had resigned. While occupying the
office of Auditor, Mr. Ewing died, March 35, 1846.
His public career was as unique as it was remark-
able, in the number and character of the official
positions held by him within a period of twenty-
five j'ears.
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. (See State officers
under heads of '^Governor," " Lieutenant -Oov-
ernor," etc.)
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
161
EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY, ILLINOIS
CHARITABLE. This institution is an outgrowth
of a private charity founded at Chicago, in 1858,
by Dr. Edward L. Holmes, a distinguished Chi-
cago oculist. In 1871 the property of the institu-
tion was transferred to and accepted by the State,
the title was changed by the substitution of the
word "Illinois" for "Chicago," and the Infii-mary
became a State institution. The fire of 1871
destroyed the building, and, in 1873-74, the State
erected another of brick, four stories in height,
at the corner of West Adams and Peoria Streets,
Chicago. The institution receives patients from
all the counties of the State, the same receiving
board, lodging, and medical aid, and (when neces-
sary) surgical treatment, free of charge. The
number of patients on Dec. 1, 1897, was 160. In
1877 a free eye and ear dispensary was opened
under legislative authority, which is under charge
of some eminent Chicago specialists.
FAIRBURY, an incorporated city of Livings-
ton County, situated ten miles southeast of Pod-
tiac, in a fertile and thickly-settled region. Coal,
sandstone, limestone, fire-clay and a micaceous
quartz are found in the neighborhood. The
town has banks, grain elevators, flpuring mills
and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880),
2,140; (1890), 2,324; (1900), 2,187.
FAIRFIELD, an incorporated city, the county-
seat of Wayne County and a railway junction,
108 miles southeast of St. Louis. The town has
an extensive woolen factory and large flouring
and saw mills. It also has four weekly papers
and is an important fruit and grain-shipping
point. Population (1880), 1.391; (1890), 1,881;
(1900), 2,838.
FAIRMOUNT, a village of Vermilion County,
on the Wabash Railway, 13 miles west-south%vest
from Danville; industrial interests chiefly agri-
cultural; has brick and tile factory, a coal mine,
stone quarry, three rural mail routes and one
weekly paper. Population (1890), 649 ; (1900), 928.
FALLOWS, (Rt. Rev.) Samuel, Bishop of Re-
formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at
Pendleton, near Manchester, England, Dec. 13,
183.5 ; removed with his parents to Wisconsin in
1848, and graduated from the State University
there in 18.59, during a part of liis university
course serving as pastor of a Methodist Episcopal
church at Madison; was next Vice-President of
Gainesville University till 1861, when he was
ordained to the Methodist ministry and became
pastor of a church at Oshkosh. The following
year he was appointed Chaplain of the Thirty-
second Wisconsin Volunteers, but later assisted
in organizing the Fortieth Wisconsin, of which
he became Colonel, in lS6.j being brevetted Briga-
dier-General. On his return to civil life he
became a pastor in Milwaukee; was appointed
State Superintendent of Public Instruction for
Wisconsin to fill a vacancy, in 1871, and was twice
re-elected. In 1874 he was elected President of
the Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington,
111. , remaining two years ; in 1873 united with the
Reformed Episcopal Church, soon after became
Rector of St. Paul's Church in Chicago, and was
elected a Bishop in 1876, also assuming the
editorship of "The Appeal," the organ of the
church. He served as Regent of the University
of Wisconsin (1864-74), and for several years has
been one of the Trustees of the Illinois State
Reform School at Pontiac. He is the author of
two or three volumes, one of them being a "Sup-
plementary Dictionary," published in 1884.
Bishop Fallows has had supervision of Reformed
Episcopal Church work in the West and North-
west for several years ; has also served as Chaplain
of the Grand Army of the Republic for the
Department of Illinois and of the Loyal Legion,
and was Chairman of the General Committee of
the Educational Congress during the World's
Columbian Exposition of 1893.
FARINA, a town of Fayette County, on the
Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railroad,
29 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture and
fruit-growing constitute the chief business of the
section; the town has one newspaper. Popula-
tion (1890), 618; (1900), 693; (1003, est.), 800.
FARMER CITY, a city of De Witt County, 25
miles southeast of Bloomington, at the jvmction
of the Springiield division of the Illinois Central
and the Peoria division of the Cleveland, Cincin-
nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. It is a
trading center for a rich agricultural and stock-
raising district, especially noted for rearing finely
bred horses. The city has banks, two news-
papers, churches of four denominations and good
schools, including a high school. Population
(1880), 1,289; (1890), 1,367; (1900), 1,664.
FARMERS' INSTITUTE, an organization
created by an act, approved June 24, 189.5, de-
signed to encourage practical education among
farmers, and to assist in developing the agricul-
tural resources of the State. Its membership
consists of three delegates from each county in
the State, elected annually by the Farmers'
Institute in such county. Its affairs are managed
by a Board of Directors constituted as follows :
The Superintendent of Public Instruction, the
1G2
IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Professor of Agriculture in tlie University of Illi-
nois, and the Presidents of the State Board of
Agriculture, Dairymen's Association and Horti-
cultural Societ}', ex-officio, with one member from
each Congressional Diistrict, chosen by the dele-
gates from the district at the annual meeting of
the organization. Annual meetings (between
Oct. 1 and March 1) are required to be held,
which shall continue in session for not less than
three days. The topics for discussion are the
cultivation of crops, the care and breeding of
domestic animals, dairy husbandry, horticulture,
farm drainage, improvement of highways and
general farm management. The reports of the
annual meetings are printed by the State to the
number of 10,000, one-half of the edition being
placed at the disposal of the Institute. Suitable
quarters for the officers of the organization are
provided in the State capitol.
FARMINGTON, a city and railroad center in
Fulton County, 12 miles north of Canton and 22
miles west of Peoria. Coal is extensively mined
here; there are also brick and tile factories, a
foundry, one steam flour- mill, and two cigar
manufactories. It is a large shipping-point for
grain and livestock. The town has two banks
and two newspapers, five clrarches and a graded
school. Population (1800), 1,3T!5- (1903, est.), 2,103.
FARNSWORTH, Elon John, soldier, was born
at Green Oak, Livingston County, Mich., in 1837.
After completing a course in the public schools,
he entered the University of Michigan, but left
college at the end of his freshman year (1858) to
serve in the Quartermaster's department of the
army in the Utah expedition. At the expiration
of his term of service he became a buffalo hunter
and a carrier of maijs between the haunts of
civilization and the then newly-discovered mines
at Pike's Peak. Returning to Illinois, he was
commissioned (1861) Assistant Quartermaster of
the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, of which his uncle
was Colonel. (See Fariisworth, John Franklin. )
He soon rose to a captaincy, distinguishing him-
self in the battles of the Peninsula. In May,
1863, he was appointed aid-de-camp to General
Pleasanton, and, on June 29, 1863, was made a
Brigadier-General. Four days later he was killed,
while gallantly leading a charge at Gettysburg.
FARNSWORTH, John Franklin, soldier and
former Congressman, was born at Eaton, Canada
East, March 27, 1820; removed to Michigan in
1834, and later to Illinois, settling in Kane
County, where he practiced law for many years,
making his home at St. Charles. He was elected
to Congress in 1856, and re-elected in 1858. In
.September of 1861, he was commissioned Colonel
of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry Volunteers, and
was brevetted Brigadier-General in November,
1862, but I'esigned, March 4, 1863, to take his seat
in Congress to which he had been elected the
November previous, by successive re-elections
serving from 1863 to 1873. The latter years of
his life were spent in Washington, where he died,
July 14, 1897.
FARWELL, Charles Benjamin, merchant and
United States Senator, was born at Painted Post,
N. Y., July 1, 1823; removed to Illinois in 1838,
and, for six years, was employed in surveying
and farming. In 1844 he engaged in the real
estate business and in banking, at Chicago. He
was elected County Clerk in 1858, and re-elected
in 1857. Later he entered into commerce, becom-
ing a partner with his brother, John Villiers, in
the firm of J. V. Farwell & Co. He was a mem-
ber of the State Board of Equalization in 1867 :
Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Cook
County in 1868 ; and National Bank Examiner in
1869. In 1870 he was elected to Congress as a
Republican, was re-elected in 1872, but was
defeated in 1874, after a contest for the seat which
was carried into tlie House at Washington.
Again, in 1880, he was returned to Congi'ess,
making three full terms in that body. He also
served for several years as Chairman of the
Republican State Central Committee. After the
death of Gen. John A. Logan he was (1887)
elected United States Senator, his term expiring
March 3, 1891. Mr. Farwell has since devoted
his attention to the immense mercantile busi-
ness of J. V. Farwell & Co.
FARWELL, John Villiers, merchant, was born
at Campbelltown, Steuben County, N. Y., July
29, 1825, the son of a farmer; received a common-
school education and, in 1838, removed with his
father's family to Ogle County, 111. Here he
attended Mount Morris Seminary for a time, but,
in 1845, came to Chicago without capital and
secured employment in the City Clerk's office,
then became a book-keeper in the dry- goods
establishment of Hamilton & White, and, still
later, with Hamilton & Day. Having thus
received his bent towards a mercantile career, he
soon after entered the concern of Wadsworth &
Phelps as a clerk, at a salary of §600 a year, but
was admitted to a partnership in 1850, the title of
the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell & Co., in 1860.
About this time Marshall Field and Levi Z. Letter
became associated with the concern and received
their mercantile training under the supervision
of Mr. Farwell. In 1865 the title of the firm
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
163
became J. V. Farwell & Co., but, in 1891, the fam
was incorporated under the name of The J. V.
Farwell Company, his brother, Charles B. Far-
well, being a member. The subject of this sketch
has long been a prominent factor in religious
circles, a leading spirit of the Young Men"s
Christian Association, and served as President of
the Chicago Branch of the United States
Christian Commission during the Civil War.
Politically he is a Republican and served as Presi-
dential Elector at the time of President Lincobi's
second election in 1864 ; also served by appoint-
ment of President Grant, in 1809, on the Board of
Indian Commissioners. He was a member of the
syndicate which erected the Texas State Capitol,
at Austin, in that State ; has been, for a number
of years, Vice-President and Treasurer of the
J. V. Farwell Company, and President of the
Colorado Consolidated Land and Water Company.
He was also prominent in the organization of the
Chicago Public Library, and a member of the
Union League, the Chicago Historical Society
and the Art Institute.
FARWELL, William Washington, jurist, was
born at MorrisviUe, Madison County, N. Y., Jan.
5, 1817, of old Puritan ancestry ; graduated from
Hamilton College in 1837, and was admitted to
the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1841. In 1848 he
removed to Chicago, but the following year went
to California, returning to his birthplace in 1850.
In 1854 he again settled at Chicago and soon
secured a prominent position at the bar. In 1871
he was elected Circuit Court Judge for Cook
Coimty, and, in 1873, re-elected for a term of six
years. During this period he sat chiefly upon
the chancery side of the court, and, for a time,
presided as Chief Justice. At the close of his
second term he was a candidate for re-election as
a Republican, but was defeated with the re-
mainder of the ticket. In 1880 he was chosen
Professor of Equity Jurisprudence in the Union
College of Law (now the Northwestern Univer-
sity Law School), serving until June. 1893, when
he resigned. Died, in Chicago, April 30, 1894.
FAYETTE COUXTY, situated about 60 miles
south of the geographical center of the State;
was organized in 1821, and named for the French
General La Fayette. It has an area of 720 square
miles; population (1900), 28,065. The soil is fer-
tile and a rich vein of bituminous coal underlies
the county. Agriculture, fruit-growing and
mining are the chief industries. The old, historic
"Cumberland Road," the trail for all west-bound
emigi-ants, crossed the county at an early date.
Perryville was the first county-seat, but this town
is now extinct. Vandalia, the present seat of
county government (population, 2,144), stands
upon a succession of hills upon the west bank of
the Kaskaskia. From 1820 to 1839 it was the
State Capital. Besides Vandalia the chief towns
are Ramsey, noted for its railroad ties and tim-
ber, and St. Ehno.
FEEBLE-MIiVDED CHILDREN, ASYLUM
FOR. This institution, originally estabhshed as
a sort of appendage to the Illinois Institution for
the Deaf and Dumb, was started at Jacksonville,
in 1865, as an "experimental school, for the
instruction of idiots and feeble-minded children."
Its success having been assured, the school was
placed upon an independent basis in 1871, and,
in 1875, a site at Lincoln, Logan County, covering
forty acres, was donated, and the erection of
buildings begun. The original plan provided for
a center building, with wings and a rear exten-
sion, to cost §124,775. Besides a main or adminis-
tration building, the institution embraces a
school building and custodial hall, a hospital and
industrial workshop, and, during the past year, a
chapel has been added. It has control of 890
acres, of which 400 are leased for farming piu--
poses, the rental going to the benefit of the insti-
tution. The remainder is used for the pm-poses
of the institution as farm land, gardens or pas-
ture, about ninpty acres being occupied by the
institution buildings. The capacity of the insti-
tution is about 700 inmates, with many applica-
tions constantly on file for the admission of
others for whom there is no room.
FEEHAN, Patrick A., D.D., Archbi.shop of
the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Chicago, and
Metropolitan of Illinois, was born at Tipperary,
Ireland, in 1829, and educated at Maynooth
College. He emigrated to the United States in
1852, settling at St. Louis, and was at once
appointed President of the Seminary of Caronde-
let. Later he was made pastor of the Church of
the Immaculate Conception at St. Louis, where
he achieved marked distinction. In 1865 he was
consecrated Bishop of Nashville, managing the
affairs of the diocese with great ability. In 1880
Chicago was raised to an archiepiscopal see, with
Suffragan Bishops at Alton and Peoria, and
Bishop Feehan was consecrated its first Arch-
bishop. His administration has been conserva-
tive, yet efficient, and the archdiocese has greatly
prospered under his rule.
FELL, Jesse W., lawyer and real-estate opera-
tor, was born in Chester County, Pa., about 1808;
started west on foot in 1828, and, after spending
some years at Steubenville, Ohio, came to Dela-
164
niSTOIJK'AL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
van, III, in 1.S32, and the next year located at
Bloomington, being the first lawj'er in that new-
town. Later he became agent for school lands
and the State Bank, but failed financially in
1837, and returned to practice; resided several
years at Payson, Adams County, but returning
to Bloomington in 1855, was instrumental in
securing the location of the Chicago & Alton
Railroad through that town, and was one of the
founders of the towns of Clinton, Pontiac, Lex-
ington and El Paso. He was an intimate personal
and political friend of Abraham Lincoln, and it
was to him Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated
personal biography ; in the campaign of 1800 he
served as Secretary of the Republican State Cen-
tral Committee, and, in 1862, was appointed by
Mr. Lincoln a Paymaster in the regular army,
serving some two years. Mr. Fell was also a zeal-
ous friend of the cause of industrial education,
and bore an important part in securing the
location of the State Normal University at Nor-
mal, of which city he was the founder. Died, at
Bloomington, Jan. 25, 1887.
FERtiUS, Robert, early printer, was born in
Glasgow, Scotland, August 4, 1815; learned the
printer's trade in his native city, assisting in his
youth in putting in type some of Walter Scott's
productions and other works which now rank
among English classics. In 1834 he came to
America, finally locating in Chicago, where,
with various partners, he pursued the business of
a job printer continuously some fifty years —
being the veteran printer of Chicago. He was
killed by being run over by a railroad train at
Evanston, July 23, 1897. The establishment of
which he was so long the head is continued by
his sons.
FERNWOOD, a suburban station on the Chi-
cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 12 south of ter-
minal station; annexed to City of Chicago, 1891.
FERRY, Elisha Peyre, politician, born in
Monroe, Mich., August 9, 1825; was educated in
his native town and admitted to the bar at Fort
Wayne, Ind., in 1845; removed to Waukegan,
111., the following year, served as Postmaster and,
in 1856, was candidate on the Republican ticket
for Presidential Elector; was elected Mayor of
Waukegan in 1859, a member of the State Con-
stitutional Convention of 1862, State Bank Com-
missioner in 1861-63, Assistant Adjutant-General
on the staff of Governor Yates during the war,
and a delegate to the Republican National Con-
vention of 1864. After the war he served as
direct-tax Commissioner for Tennes.see; in 1869
was appointed Surveyor-General of Washington
Territory and, in 1872 and '76, Territorial Gov-
ernor. On the admission of Washington as a
State, in 1889, he was elected the first Governor.
Died, at Seattle, Wash., Oct. 14, 1895.
FEVRE RIVER, a small stream which rises in
Southern Wisconsin and enters the Mississippi in
Jo Daviess County, six miles below Galena, which
stands upon its banks. It is navigable for steam-
boats between Galena and its mouth. The name
originally given to it by early French explorers
was "Feve" (the French name for "Bean"),
which has since been corrupted into its present
form.
FICKLIX, Orlando B., lawyer and politician,
was born in Kentucky, Dec. 16, 1808, and
admitted to the bar at Mount Carmel, Wabash
County, 111., in March, 1830. In 1884 he was
elected to the lower house of the Ninth General
Assembly. After serving a term as State's
Attorney for Wabash County, in 1837 he removed
to Charleston, Coles County, where, in 1838, and
again in '42, he was elected to the Legislature, as
he was for the last time in 1878. He was four
times elected to Congress, serving from 1813 to
'49, and from 1851 to '53; was Presidential Elector
in 1856, and candidate for the same position on
the Democratic ticket for the State-at-large in
1884; was also a delegate to the Democratic
National Conventions of 1856 and '60. He was
a member of the Constitutional Convention of
1862. Died, at Charleston, May 5, 1886.
FIELD, Alexander Pope, early legislator and
Secretary of State, came to Illinois about the
time of its admission into the Union, locating in
Union County, which he represented in the Third,
Fifth and Sixth General Assemblies. In the
first of these he was a prominent factor in the
ejection of Representative Hansen of Pike County
and the seating of Shaw in his place, wliich
enabled the advocates of slavery to secure the
passage of a resolution submitting to the people
the question of calling a State Constitutional
Convention. In 1828 he was appointed Secretary
of State by Governor Edwards, remaining in
office under Governors Reynolds and Dun-
can and through half the term of Governor
Carlin, though the latter attempted to secure
his removal in 1838 by the appointment of
John A. McClernand — the courts, however,
declaring against the latter. In November, 1840,
the Governor's act was made effective by the
confirmation, by the Senate, of Stephen A. Doug-
las as Secretary in place of Field. Douglas
held the office only to the following February,
when he resigned to take a place on the Supreme
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
165
bench and Lj'man Trumbull was appointed to
succeed him. Field (who had become a Whig)
was appointed by President Harrison, in 1841,
Secretary of Wisconsin Territory, later removed
to St. Louis and finally to New Orleans, where he
was at the beginning of the late war. In Decem-
ber, 1863, he presented himself as a member of
the Tliirty-eighth Congress for Louisiana, but
was refused his seat, though claiming in an elo-
quent speech to have been a loyal man. Died, in
New Orleans, in 1877. Mr. Field was a nephew
of Judge Nathaniel Pope, for over thirty years on
the bench of the United States District Court.
FIELD, Engrene, journalist, humorist and poet,
was born in St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 3, 18.50. Left an
orphan at an early age, he was reared by a rela-
tive at Amherst, Mass., and received a portion of
his literary training at Monson and Williamstown
in that State, completing his course at the State
University of Missouri. After an extended tour
through Europe in 1872-73, he began his journal-
istic career at St. Louis, Mo., as a reporter on
"The Evening Journal," later becoming its city
editor. During the next ten years he was succes-
sively connected with newspapers at St. Joseph,
Mo., St. Louis, Kansas City, and at Denver, Colo.,
at the last named city being managing editor of
"The Tribune." In 1883 he removed to Chicago,
becoming a special writer for "The Chicago
News," his particular department for several
years being a pungent, witty column with tlie
caption, "Sharps and Flats." He wrote con-
siderable prose fiction and much poetry, among
the latter being successful translations of several
of Horace's Odes. As a poet, however, he was
best known through his short poems relating to
childhood and home, which strongly appealed to
the popular heart. Died, in Chicago, deeply
mourned by a large circle of admirers, Nov. 4,
1895.
FIELD, Marshall, merchant and capitalist, was
born in Conway, Mass., in 183.5, and grew up on
a farm, receiving a common school and academic
education. At the age of 17 he entered upon a
mercantile career as clerk in a dry-goods store at
Pittsfield, Mass., but, in 1856, came to Chicago
and secured employment with Messrs. Cooley,
Wadsworth & Co. ; in 1860 was admitted into
partnership, the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell
& Co., and still later, Farwell, Field & Co. The
last named firm was dissolved and that of Field,
Palmer & Leiter organized in 1865. Mr. Palmer
having retired in 1867, the firm was continued
under the name of Field, Leiter & Co., until 1881,
when Mr. Leiter retired, the concern being since
known as Marshall Field & Co. The growth of
the business of this great establishment is shown
by the fact that, whereas its sales amounted
before the fire to some 812,000,000 annually, in
1895 they aggregated §40.000,000. Mr. Field's
business career has been remarkable for its suc-
cess in a city famous for its successful business
men and the vastness of their commercial oper-
ations. He has been a generous and discrimi-
nating patron of important public enterprises,
some of his more conspicuous donations being the
gift of a tract of land valued at $300,000 and
§100,000 in cash, to the Chicago University, and
§1,000,000 to the endowment of the Field Colum-
bian Museum, as a sequel to the World's Colum-
bian Exposition. The latter, chiefly through the
munificence of Mr. Field, promises to become one
of the leading institutions of its kind in the
United States. Besides his mercantile interests,
Mr. Field has extensive interests in various finan-
cial and manufacturing enterprises, including
the Pullman Palace Car Company and the Rock
Island & Pacific Railroad, in each of which he is
a Director.
FIFER, Joseph W., born at Stanton, Va., Oct.
28, 1840 ; in 1857 he accompanied his father (who
was a stone-mason) to McLean County, 111., and
worked at the manufactm-e and laying of brick.
At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted as a
private in the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry, and
was dangerously wounded at tlie assault on Jack-
son, Miss., in 1863. On the healing of his wound,
disregarding the advice of family and friends, he
rejoined his regiment. At tlie close of the war,
when about 25 years of age, he entered the Wes-
leyan University at Bloomington, where, by dint
of hard work and frugality, while supporting
himself in part by manual labor, he secured a
diploma in 1868. He at once began tlie study of
law, and, soon after his admission, entered upon a
practice which subsequently proved both success-
ful and lucrative. He was elected Corporation
Counsel of Bloomington in 1871 and State's Attor-
ney for McLean County in 1872, holding the latter
ofiice, through re-election, until 1880, when he
was chosen State Senator, serving in the Tliirty-
second and Thirty-third General Assemblies. In
1888 he was nominated and elected Governor on
the Republican ticket, but, in 1892, was defeated
by John P. Altgeld, the Democratic nominee,
tliough running in advance of the national and
the rest of the State ticket.
FINERTY, John F., ex-Congressman and
journalist, was born in Galway, Ireland, Sept.
10, 1846. His studies were mainly prosecuted
106
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
under private tutors. At the age of 16 he entered
the iirofession of journalism, and, in 1864, coming
to America, soon after enlisted, serving for 100
days during the Civil War, in the Ninety-ninth
New York Volunteers. Subsequently, having
removed to Chicago, he was connected with '"The
Chicago Times" as a special correspondent from
1876 to 1881, and, in 1882, established "The Citi-
zen, ■ ■ a weekly newspaper devoted to the Irish-
American interest, which he continues to pub-
lish. In 1882 he was elected, as an Independ-
ent Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois
District in the Fortyeiglith Congress, but, run-
ning as an Independent Republican for re-election
in 1884, was defeated by Frank Lawler, Democrat.
In 1887 he was appointed Oil Inspector of Chi-
cago, and, since 1889, has held no public office,
giving his attention to editorial work on his
paper.
FISHER, (Dr.) George, pioneer physician and
legislator, was probably a native of Virginia,
from which State he appears to have come- to
Kaskaskia previous to 1800. He became very
prominent during the Territorial period; was
appointed by William Henry Harrison, then
Governor of Indiana Territory, the first Sheriff of
Randolph County after its organization in 1801 ;
was elected from that county to the Indiana
Territorial House of Representatives in 1805, and
afterwards promoted to the Territorial Council ;
was also Representative in the First and Third
Legislatures of Illinois Territory (1812 and '16),
serving as Speaker of each. He was a Dele-
gate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, but
died on his farm near Kaskaskia in 1820. Dr.
Fisher participated iji the organization of the
first Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in Illi-
nois at Kaskaskia, in 1806, and was elected one
of its officers.
FISHERIES. The fisheries of Illinois center
chiefly at Chicago, the catch being taken from
Lake Michigan, and including salmon trout,
white fish (the latter species including a lake
herring), wall-eyed pike, three kinds of bass,
three varieties of sucker, carp and sturgeon. Tlie
"fishing fleet" of Lake Michigan, properly so
called, (according to the census of 1890) con-
sisted of forty-seven steamers and one schooner,
of which only one — a steamer of twenty-six tons
burthen — was credited to Illinois. The same
report showed a capital of 836,105 invested in
land, buildings, wharves, vessels, boats and
apparatus. In addition to the "fishing fleet"
mentioned, nearly 1,100 sail-boats and other vari-
eties of craft are employed in tlie industry.
sailing from ports between Chicago and Macki-
nac, of which, in 1890, Illinois furnished 94, or
about nine per cent. All sorts of apparatus are
used, but the principal are gill, fyke and pound
nets, and seines. The total value of these minor
Illinois craft, with their equipment, for 1890, was
nearly §18,000, the catch aggregating 722,830
pounds, valued at between 824,000 and 825,000
Of tliis draught, the entire quantity was either
sold fresh in Chicago and adjacent markets, or
shipped, either in ice or frozen. The Mississippi
and its tributaries yield walleyed pike, pike
perch, buffalo fish, sturgeon, paddle fish, and
other species available for food.
FITHIAX, (Jeorgre W., ex-Congressman, was
born on a farm near Willow Hill, 111., July 4, 1854.
His early education was obtained in the common
schools, and he learned the trade of a printer at
Mount Carmel. Wliile employed at the case he
foimd time to study law, and was admitted to the
bar in 1875. In 1876 he was elected State's
Attorney for Jasper County, and re-elected m
1880. He was prominent in Democratic politics,
and, in 1888, was elected on the ticket of that
party to represent the Sixteenth Illinois District
in Congress. He was re-elected in 1890 and
again in 1892, but, in 1894, was defeated by his
Republican opponent.
FITHIAN, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician,
was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1800; built the
first houses in Springfield and Urbana in that
State; in 1822 began the study of medicine at
Urbana; later practiced two years at Mechanics-
burgh, and four years at Urbana, as partner of
his preceptor; in 1830 came west, locating at
Danville, Vermilion County, where lie became a
large land-owner; in 1832 served with the Ver-
milion County militia in the Black Hawk War,
and, in 1834, was elected Representative in the
Ninth General Assembly, the first of which
Abraham Lincoln was a member; afterwards
served two terms in the State Senate from the
Danville District (1838-46). Dr. Fithia'n was
active in promoting the railroad interests of
Danville, giving the right of way . for railroad
purposes through a large body of land belonging
to him, in Vermilion County. He was also a
member of various medical associations, and,
during his later years, was the oldest practicing
physician in the State. Died, in Danville, 111.,
April 5, 1890.
FLAGO, Gershom, pioneer, was born in Rich-
mond, Vt., in 1792, came west in 1816, settling in
Madison County, 111., in 1818, where lie was
known as an enterprising farmer and a prominent
IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
167
•and influential citizen. Originally a Whig, he
became a zealous Republican on the organization
of that party, dying in 18.57.— TVillard Cutting
(Flagg), son of the preceding, was born in Madi-
son County, 111., Sept 16, 1S29, spent his early life
on his father's farm and in the common schools;
from 1844 to '50 was a pupil in the celebrated
high school of Edward Wyman in St. Louis,
finally graduating with honors at Yale College,
in 1854. During his college course he took a
number of literary prizes, and, in his senior year,
served as one of the editors of "The Yale Literary
Magazine." Returning to Illinois after gradu-
ation, he took charge of his father's farm, engaged
■extensively in fruit-culture and stock-raising,
being the first to introduce the Devon breed of
■cattle in Madison County in 1859. He was a
member of tlie Republican State Central Com-
mittee in 1860 ; in 1863, by appointment of Gov.
Yates, became Enrolling Officer for jMadison
■Coimty; served as Collector of Internal Revenue
for the Twelfth District. 1864-69, and, in 1868,
was elected to the State Senate for a term of four
years, and, during the last session of liis term
(1872), took a prominent part in the revision of
the scliool law; was appointed a member of the
first Board of Trustees of the Industrial Univer-
sity (now the University of Illinois) at Cham-
paign, and reappointed in 1875. Mr. Flagg was
also prominent in agricultural and horticultural
organizations, serving as Secretary of the State
Horticultural Society from 1861 to '09, when he
became its President. He was one of tlie origi-
nators of the "farmers' movement," served for
some time as President of "The State Farmers'
Association," wrote voluminously, and delivered
addresses in various States on agricultural and
horticultural topics, and, in 1875, was elected
President of the National Agricultural Congress.
In his later years he was a recognized leader in
the Granger movement. Died, at Mora, Madison
County. 111., April 5, 1878.
FLEMIXtx, Robert K., pioneer printer, was
born in Erie County, Pa., learned the printers'
trade in Pittsbui'g, and, coming west while quite
young, worked at his trade in St. Louis, finally
removing to Kaskaskia, where he was placed in
control of the office of "The Republican Advo-
cate," which had been established in 1823, by
Elias Kent Kane. Tlie publication of "The
Advocate"' having been suspended, he revived it
in May, 1825, under the name of "The Kaskaskia
Recorder," but soon removed it to Vandalia (then
the State capital), and, in 1827, began the publi-
■ cation of "The Illinois Corrector, " at Edwards-
ville. Two years later he returned to Kaskaskia
and resumed the ijublicatiou of "The Recorder,"
but, in 1833, was induced to remove his office to
Belleville, where he commenced the publication
of "The St. Clair Gazette," followed by "The St.
Clair Mercury," both of which liad a brief exist-
ence. About 1843 he returned to the newspaper
business as publisher of "The Belleville Advo-
cate," which he continued for a number of years.
He died, at Belleville, in 1874, leaving two sons
who have been prominently identified with the
history of journalism in Southern Illinois, at
Belleville and elsewhere.
FLETCHER, Job, pioneer and early legislator,
was born in Virginia, in 1793, removed to Sanga-
mon County, 111., in 1819; was elected Represent-
ative in 1826, and, in 1834, to the State Senate,
serving in the latter body six years. He was one
of the famous "Long Nine" which represented
Sangamon County in the Tenth General xVssem-
bly. Mr. Fletcher was again a member of the
House in 1844-45. Died, in Sangamon County,
in 1872.
FLOR.V, a city in Barter Township, Clay
County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern
Railroad, 95 miles east of St. Louis, and Id^* miles
south-southeast of Springfield; has barrel factory,
flouring mills, cold storage and ice plant, three
fruit-working factories, two banks, six churches
and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890),
1,695: (1900). 2 311 ; (1903, est.), 3,000.
FLOWER, George, early English colonist, was
born in Hertfordshire, England, about 1780 ;
came to the United States in 1817, and was associ-
ated with Morris Birkbeck in founding the
"English Settlement" at Albion, Edwards
County, 111. Being in affluent circumstances, he
built an elegant mansion and stocked an exten-
sive farm with blooded animals from England
and other parts of Europe, but met with reverses
which dissipated his wealth. In common with
Mr. Birkbeck, he was one of the determined
opponents of the attempt to establish slavery in
Illinois in 1824, and did much to defeat that
measure. He and his wife died on the same day
(.Jan. 15, 1862), while on a visit to a daughter at
Grayville, 111. A book written by him — "History
of the English Settlement in Edn-ards County,
111." — and published in 1882, is a valuable contri-
bution to the early history of that portion of the
State.— Edward Fordliams (Flower), son of the
preceding, was born in England, Jan. 31, 1805,
but came with his father to Illinois in early life;
later he returned to England and spent nearly
half a century at Stratford-on-Avon, where he
168
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
was four times chosen Mayor of that borough
and entertained many visitors from the United
States to Shakespeare's birthplace. Died, March
26, 1883.
FOBES, Philena, educator, born in Onondaga
County, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1811: was educated at
Albany and at Cortland Seminary, Rochester,
N. Y. ; in 1838 became a teacher in Monticello
Female Seminary, then newly established at
Godfrey, 111., under Rev. Theron Baldwin, Prin-
cipal. On the retirement of Mr. Baldwin in 1843,
Miss Fobes succeeded to the principalship,
remaining until 1866, when she retired. For
some years she resided at Rochester, N. Y., and
New Haven, Conn., but. in 1886, she removed to
Philadelpliia, where she afterwards made her
home, notwithstanding her advanced age, main-
taining a lively interest in educational and
benevolent enterprises. Miss Fobes died at Phila-
delphia, Nov. 8, 1898, and was buried at New
Haven, Conn.
FOLEY, Thomas, Roman Catholic Bishop, born
in Baltimore, Md., in 1823; was ordained a priest
in 1846, and, two years later, was appointed Chan-
cellor of the Diocese, being made Vicar-General
in 1867. He was nominated Coadjutor Bishop of
the Chicago Diocese in 1869 (Bishop Duggan hav-
ing become insane), and, in 1870, was consecrated
Bishop. His administration of diocesan work was
prudent and eminently successful. As a man
and citizen he won the respect of all creeds and
classes alike, the State Legislature adopting
resolutions of respect and regret upon learning
of liis death, which occurred at Baltimore, in
1879.
FORBES, Stephen Van Rensselaer, pioneer
teacher, was born at Windham, Vt., July 2(i, 1797;
in his youth acquired a knowledge of surveying,
and, having removed to Nevvburg (now South
Cleveland), Ohio, began teaching. In 1829 he
came west to Chicago, and having joined a sur-
veying imrty,- went to Louisiana, returning in
the foUovi'ing year to Chicago, which then con-
tained only three white families outside of Fort
Dearborn. Having been joined by his wife, he
took up his abode in what was called the "sut-
ler's house" connected with Fort Dearborn; was
appointed one of the first Justices of the Peace,
and opened the first school ever taught in Chi-
cago, all but three of his pupils being either
half-breeds or Indians. In 1833 lie was elected, as
a Whig, the first Sheriff of Cook County ; later
preempted 160 acres of land where Riverside
now stands, subsequently becoming owner of
some 1,800 acres, much of which he sold, about
18.53, to Dr. W. B. Egan at S20 per acre. In
1849, having been seized with the "gold fever,"
Mr. Forbes joined in the overland migration to
California, but, not being successful, returned
two years later by way of the Isthmus, and, hav-
ing sold his possessions in Cook County, took up
his abode at Newburg, Ohio, and resumed his
occupation as a surveyor. About 1878 he again
returned to Chicago, but survived only a short
time, dying Feb. 17, 1879.
FORD, Thomas, early lawyer, jurist and Gov-
ernor, was born in Uniontown, Pa. , and, in boy-
hood, accompanied his mother (then a widow) to
Missouri, in 1804. The family soon after located
in Monroe County, 111. Largely through the
efforts and aid of his half-brother, George
Forquer, he obtained a professional education,
became a successful lawyer, and, early in life,
entered the field of politics. He served as a
Judge of the Circuit Court for the northern part
of the State from 1835 to 1837, and was again
commissioned a Circuit Judge for the Galena
circuit in 1839; in 1841 was elevated to the bench
of the State Supreme Court, but resigned the
following year to accept the nomination of his
party (the Democratic) for Governor. He was
regarded as upright in his general policy, but he
had a number of embarrassing questions to deal
with during his administration, one of these
being the Mormon troubles, in which he failed to
receive the support of his own party. He was
author of a valuable "History of Illinois," (pub-
lished posthumously). He died, at Peoria, in
greatly reduced circumstances, Nov. 3, 1850. The
State Legislature of 1895 took steps to erect a
monument over his grave.
FORD COUNTY, lies northeast of Springfield,
was organized in 1859, being cut off from Vermil-
ion. It is shaped like an inverted "T," and has
an area of 490 square miles; population (1900),
18,359. The first County Judge was David Pat-
ton, and David Davis (afterwards of the United
States Supreme Court) presided over the first
Circuit Court. The sui'face of the county is level
and the soil fertile, consisting of a loam from one
to five feet in depth. There is little timber, nor
is there any out-cropping of stone. The county
is named in honor of Governor Ford. The county-
seat is Paxton, which had a population, in 1890, of
2. 187. Gibson City is a railroad center, and has a
population of 1,800.
FORMAN, (Col.) Ferris, lawyer and soldier,
was born in Tioga County, N. Y., August 25,
1811; graduated at Union College in 1833, studied
law and was admitted to the bar in New York in
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
1835, and in the United States Supreme Court in
1836; the latter j-ear came west and settled at
Vandalia, 111., where he began practice; in 1844
was elected to the State Senate for the district
composed of Fayette. EfBngham, Clay and Rich-
land Counties, serving two years; before tlie
expiration of his term (1846) enlisted for tlie
Mexican War, and was commissioned Colonel of
the Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and,
after participating in a number of the most
important engagements of the campaign, was
mustered out at New Orleans, in May, 1847. Re-
turning from the Mexican War, he brought with
him and presented to the State of Illinois a
six-pound cannon, which had been captured by
Illinois troops on the battlefield of Cerro Gordo,
and is now in the State Arsenal at Springfield.
In 1848 Colonel Forman was chosen Presidential'
Elector for the State-atlarge on the Democratic
ticket; in 1849 went to California, where he prac-
ticed his profession until 1853, meanwhile serving
as Postmaster of Sacramento City by appointment
of President Pierce, and later as Secretary of
State during the administration of Gov. John B.
Weller (1858-60); in 1801 officiated, by appoint-
ment of the California Legislature, as Commis-
sioner on the part of the State in fixing the
boundary between California and the Territory
of Utah. After the discharge of this duty, he
was offered the colonelcy of the Fourth California
Volunteer Infantry, which he accepted, serving
about twenty months, when he resigned. In
1866 he resumed his residence at Vandalia, and
served as a Delegate for Fayette and Effingham
Counties in the Constitutional Convention of
1869-70, also for several years thereafter held the
office of State's Attorney for Fayette Coimty.
Later he returned to California, and, at the
latest date, was a resident of Stockton, in that
State.
FORMAIV, WilUani S., ex-Congressman, was
born at Natchez, Miss., Jan. 20, 1847. When he
was four years old, his father's family removed to
Illinois, settling in Washington County, where
he has lived ever since. By profession he is a
lawyer, and he takes a deep interest in politics,
local, State and National. He represented his
Senatorial District in the State Senate in the
Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem-
blies, and, in 1888, was elected, as a Democrat, to
represent the Eighteenth Illinois District in the
Fifty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1890, and
again in '93, but was defeated in 1894 for renomi-
nation by John J. Higgins, who was defeated at
the election of the same year by Everett J. Mur-
phy. In 1896 Mr. Forman was candidate of the
"Gold Democracy" for Governor of Illinois,
receiving 8, 100 votes.
FOR(JUER, (ieorge, early State officer, was
born near Brownsville, Pa., in 1794 — was the son
of a Revolutionary soldier, and older half-brother
of Gov. Thomas Ford. He settled, with his
mother (then a widow), at New Design, 111., in
1804. After learning, and, for several years,
following the carpenter's trade at St. Louis, he
returned, to Illinois and purchased the tract
whereon Waterloo now stands. Subsequently he
projected the town of Bridgewater, on the Mis-
sissippi. For a time he was a partner in trade of
Daniel P. Cook. Being unsuccessful in business,
he took up the study of law, in which he attained
marked success. In 1824 he was elected to repre-
sent Monroe County in the House of Represent-
atives, but resigned in January of the following
year to accept the position of Secretary of State,
to which he was appointed by Governor Coles.
as successor to Morris Birkbeck, whom the
Senate had refused to confirm. One ground for
the friendship between him and Coles, no doubt,
was the fact that thej' had been united in their
opposition to the scheme to make Illinois a slave
State. In 1828 he was a candidate for Congress,
but was defeated by Joseph Duncan, afterwards
Governor. At the close of the year he resigned
the office of Secretary of State, but, a few weeks
later (January, 1829), he was elected by the
, Legislature Attorney-General. This position he
held imtil January, 1883, when he resigned, hav-
ing, as it appears, at the previous election, been
chosen State Senator from Sangamon County,
serving in the Eighth and Ninth General Assem-
blies. Before the close of his term as Senator
(1835), he received the appointment of Register
of the Land Office at Springfield, which appears
to have been the last office held by him, as he
died, at Cincinnati, in 1837. Mr. Forquer was a
man of recognized ability and influence, an elo-
quent orator and capable %vTiter, but, in common
with some of the ablest lawyers of that time,
seems to have been much embarrassed by the
smallness of his income, in spite of his ability
and the fact that he was almost continually in
office.
FORREST, a village in Livingston County, at
the intersection of the Toledo, Peoria & Western
and the Wabash Railways, 75 miles east of Peoria
and 16 miles southeast of Pontiac. Considerable
grain is shipped from this point to the Chicago
market. The village has several churches and a
graded school. Population (1880), 375; (1900), 952.
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
FORREST, Joseph K. C, journalist, was bora
in Cork, Ireland, Nov. 26, 182U ; eame to Chicago
in 1840, soon after securing employment as a
writer on "The Evening Journal," and. later on,
"The Gem of the Prairies," the predecessor of
"The Tribune," being associated with the latter
at the date of its establishment, in June, 1847.
During the early years of his residence in Chi-
cago, Mr. Forrest spent some time as a teacher.
On retiring from "The Tribune," lie became the
associate of John Wentworth in the management
of "The Chicago Democrat," a relation which
was broken up by the consolidation of the latter
with "The Tribmie," in 1861. He then became
the Springfield correspondent of "The Tribune,"
also holding a position on the staff of Governor
Yates, and still later represented "The St. Louis
Democrat" and "Chicago Times, " as "Washington
correspondent; assisted in founding "The Chicago
Republican" (now "Inter Ocean"), in 186.5, and,
some years later, became a leading writer upon
the same. He served one term as Clerk of the
city of Chicago, but, in his later years, and up to
the period of his death, was a leading contributor
to the columns of "The Chicago Evening News"
over the signatures of "An Old Timer" and "Now
or Never." Died, in Chicago, June 23, 1896.
FORRESTON, a village in Ogle County, the
terminus of the Chicago and Iowa branch of the
Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and
point of intersection of the Illinois Central and
the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways; 107
ni'Ies west bj- north from Chicago, and 12 miles
south of Freeport: founded in 18.54, incorporated
by special charter in 1868, and, under the general
law, in 1888. Farming and stock-raising are the
principal industries. The village has a bank,
water-works, electric light plant, creamery, vil-
lage hall, seven churches, a graded school, and a
newspaper. Population (1890), 1,118; (1900), 1,017.
FORSYTHE, Albert P., ex Congressman, was
born at New Richmond, Ohio, May 24, 1830;
received his early education in the common
schools, and at Asbury University. He was
reared upon a farm and followed farming as his
life-work. During the War of the Rebellion he
served in the Union army as Lieutenant. In
politics he early became an ardent Nationalist,
and was chosen President of the Illinois State
Grange of the Patrons of Industry, in December,
1875, and again in January, 1878. In 1S7S he was
elected to Congress as a Nationalist, but, in 1880,
though receiving the nominations of the com-
bined Republican and Greenback parties, was
defeated by Samuel W. Moulton, Democrat.
FORT, Greenbiiry L., soldier and Congress-
man, was born in Ohio, Oct. 17, 1825, and, in 1834,
removed with his parents to Illinois. In 1850 he
was elected Sheriff of Putnam County ; in 1852,
Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, having mean-
while been admitted to the bar at Lacon, became
County Judge in 1857, serving until 1861. In
April of the latter j-ear he enlisted under the first
call for troops, by re-enlistments serving till
March 24, 1866. Beginning as Quartermaster of
his regiment, he served as Chief Quartermaster of
the Fifteenth Armj' Corps on the "March to the
Sea," and was mustered out with the rank ol
Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. On his
return from the field, he was elected to the State
Senate, serving in the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-
sixth General Assemblies, and, from 1873 to 1881,
as Representative in Congress. He died, at
Lacon, June 13, 1883.
FORT CHARTRES, a strong fortification
erected by the French in 1718, on the American
Bottom, 16 miles northwest from Kaskaskia,
The soil on which it stood was alluvial, and the
limestone of which its walls were built was
quarried from an adjacent bluflf. In form it was
an irregular quadrangle, surrounded on three
sides by a wall two feet two inches thick, and on
the fourth by a ravine, which, during the spring-
time, was full of water. During the period of
French ascendency in Illinois, Fort Chartres was
the seat of government. About four miles east
soon sprang up the village of Prairie du Rocher
(or Rock Prairie). (See Prairie du Rocher.) At
the outbreak of the French and Indian War
(1756), the original fortification was repaired and
virtually rebuilt. Its cost at that time is esti-
mated to have amounted to 1,000,000 French
crowns. After the occupation of Illinois by the
British, Fort Chartres still remained the seat of
government imtil 1772, when one side of the
fortification was washed away by a freshet, and
headquarters were transferred to Kaskaskia.
The first common law court ever held in the Mis-
sissippi Valley was established here, in 1768, by
the order of Colonel Wilkins of the English
army. The ruins of the old fort, situated in the
northwest corner of Randolph County, once con-
stituted an object of no little interest to anti-
quarians, but the site has disappeared during the
past generation by the encroachments of the
Mississippi.
FORT DEARBORN, the name of a United
States military post, established at the mouth of
the Chicago River in 1803 or 1804, on a tract of
land six miles square conveyed by the Indians in
f J
1 ! !? |5 1
EARLY HISTORIC SCENES, CHICAGO.
ARLY HISTORIC SCKXKS, CHICAGO.
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
171
the treaty of Greenville, concluded by General
Wayne in 1795. It originally consisted of two
block houses located at opposite angles (north-
west and southeast) of a strong wooden stockade,
with the Commandant's quarters on the east side
of the quadrangle, soldiers' barracks on the south,
ofKcers' barracks on the west, and magazine,
contractor's (sutler's) store and general store-
house on the north — all the buildings being con-
structed of logs, and all, except the block-houses,
being entirely within the enclosure. Its arma-
ment consisted of three light pieces of artillery.
Its builder and first commander was Capt. John
Whistler, a native of Ireland who had surrendered
with Burgoyne, at Saratoga,, N. Y., and who
subsequently became an American citizen, and
served with distinction throughout the War of
1812. He was succeeded, in 1810, by Capt.
Nathan Heald. As early as 1806 the Indians
around the fort manifested signs of disquietude,
Tecumseh, a few years later, heading an open
armed revolt. In 1810 a council of Pottawato-
mies, Ottawas and Chippewas was held at St.
Joseph, Mich., at which it was decided not to
join the confederacy proposed by Chief Tecumseh.
In 1811 hostilities were precipitated by an attack
upon the United States troops under Gen.
William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe. In
April, 1812, hostile bands of Winnebagos appeared
in the vicinity of Fort Dearborn, terrifying the
settlers by their atrocities. Many of the whites
sought refuge within the stockade. Within two
months after the declaration of war against
England, in 1812, orders were issued for the
evacuation of Fort Dearborn and the transfer of
the garrison to Detroit. The garrison at that
time numbered about 70, including officers, a
large number of the troops being ill. Almost
simultaneously with the order for evacuation
appeared bands of Indians clamoring for a dis-
tribution of the goods, to which they claimed
they were entitled under treaty stipulations.
Knowing that he had but about forty men able
to fight and that his march would be sadly
hindered by the care of about a dozen women and
twenty children, the commandant hesitated.
The Pottawatomies, through whose country he
would have to pass, had always been friendly, and
he waited. Within six days a force of 500 or 600
savage warriors had assembled around the fort.
Among the leaders wer« the Pottawatomie chiefs.
Black Partridge, Winnemeg and Topenebe. Of
these, Winnemeg was friendly. It was he who
had brought General Hull's orders to evacuate,
and, as the crisis grew more and more dangerous.
he offered sound advice. He urged instantaneous
departure before the Indians had time to agree
ujjon a line of action. But Captain Heald
decided to distribute the stores among the sav-
ages, and thereby secure from them a friendly
escort to Fort Wayne. To this the aborigines
readily assented, believing that thereby all the
whisky and ammunition which they knew to be
within the enclosure, would fall into their hands.
Meanwhile Capt. William Wells, Indian Agent at
Fort Wayne, had arrived at Fort Dearborn with
a friendly force of Miamis to act as an escort.
He convinced Captain Heald that it would be the
height of folly to give the Indians liquor and gun-
powder. Accordingly the commandant emptied
the former into the lake and destroyed the latter.
This was the signal for war. Black Partridge
claimed he could no longer restrain his young
braves, and at a council of the aborigines it was
resolved to massacre the garrison and settlers.
On the fifteenth of August the gates of the fort
were opened and the evacuation began. A band
of Pottawatomies accompanied the whites under
the guise of a friendly escort. They soon deserted
and, within a mile and a half from the fort,
began the sickening scene of carnage known as
the "Fort Dearborn Massacre." Nearly 500
Indians participated, their loss being less than
twenty. The Miami escort fled at the first
exchange of shots. With but four exceptions
the wounded white prisoners were dispatched
with savage ferocity and promptitude. Those
not wounded were scattered among various tribes.
The next day the fort with its stockade was
burned. In 1816 (after the treaty of St. Louis)
the fort was rebuilt upon a more elaborate scale.
The second Fort Dearborn contained, besides bar-
racks and officers' quarters, a magazine and
provision-store, was enclosed by a square stock-
ade, and protected by bastions at two of its
angles. It was again evacuated in 1829 and
re-garrisoned in 1828. The troops were once
more withdrawn in 1831, to return the following
year during the Black Hawk War. The final
evacuation occurred in 1836.
FORT (iAGE, situated on the eastern bluffs of
the Kaskaskia River, opposite the village of Kas-
kaskia. It was erected and occupied by the
British in 1772. It was built of heavy, square
timbers and oblong in shape, its dimensions being
290x251 feet. On the night of July 4, 1778, it was
captured by a detachment of American troops
commanded by Col. George Rogers Clark, who
held a commission from Virginia. The soldiers,
with Simon Kenton at their head, were secretly
173
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
admitted to the fort by a Pennsylvanian who
happened to be within, and the coniiuaudant,
Eocheblave, was surprised in bed, while sleeping
with his wife by his side.
FORT JEFFERSON. I. A fort erected by Col.
George Rogers Clark, under instructions from
the Governor of Virginia, at the Iron Banks on
the east bank of the Mississippi, below the mouth
of the Ohio River. He promised lands to all
adult, able-bodied white males who would emi-
grate thither and settle, either with or without
their families. Many accepted the offer, and
a considerable colony was established there.
Toward the close of the Revolutionary War, Vir-
ginia being unable longer to sustain the garrison,
the colony was scattered, many families going to
Kaskaskia. II. A fort in the Miami valley,
erected by Governor St. Clair and General Butler,
in October, 1791. Within thirty miles of the
post St. Clair's army, which had been badly
weakened through desertions, was cut to pieces
by the enemy, and the fortification was aban-
doned.
FORT MASSAC, an early French fortification,
erected about 1711 on the Ohio River, 40 miles
from its mouth, in what is now Massac County.
It was the first fortification (except Fort St.
Louis) in the "Illinois Country," antedating
Fort Chartres by several years. The origin of
the name is uncertain. The best authorities are
of the opinion that it was so called in honor of'
the engineer who superintended its construction ;
by others it has been traced to the name of the
French Minister of Marine ; others assert that it
is a corruption of the word "Massacre," a name
given to the locality because of the massacre
there of a large number of French soldiers by the
Indians. The Virginians sometimes spoke of it
as the "Cherokee fort." It was garrisoned by
tlie French until after the evacuation of the
country under the terms of the Treaty of Paris.
It later became a sort of depot for American
settlers, a few families constantly residing within
and around the fortification. At a very early
day a military road was laid out from the fort to
Kaskaskia, the trees alongside being utilized as
milestones, the number of miles being cut with
irons and painted red. After the close of the
Revolutionary War, the United States Govern-
ment strengthened and garrisoned the fort by
way of defense against inroads by the Spaniards.
With the cession of Louisiana to the United
States, in 1803. the fort was evacuated and never
re-garrisoned. According to the "American
State Papers," during the period of the French
occupation, it was both a Jesuit missionary
station and a trading post.
FORT SACKVILLE, a British fortification,
erected in 1769, on the Wabash River a short
distance below Vincennes. It was a stockade,
with bastions and a few pieces of cannon. In
1778 it fell into the hands of the Americans, and
was for a time commanded by Captain Helm,
with a garrison of a few Americans and Illinois
French. In December, 1778, Helm and one
private alone occupied the fort and surrendered
to Hamilton, British Governor of Detroit, who
led a force into the country around Vincennes.
FORT SHERIDAN, United States Military
Post, in Lake County, on the Milwaukee Division
of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 24 miles
north of Chicago. (Highwood village adjacent
on the south.) Population (1890), 4.51 ; (1900), 1,575.
FORT ST. LOUIS, a French fortification on a
rock (widely known as "Starved Rock"), which
consists of an isolated cliff on the south side of
the Illinois River nearly opposite Utica, in La
Salle County. Its height is between 130 and 140
feet, and its nearly round summit contains an
area of about three-fourths of an acre. The side
facing the river is nearly perpendicular and, in
natural advantages, it is well-nigh impregnable.
Here, in the fall of 1683, La Salle and Tonty
began the erection of a fort, consisting of earth-
works, palisades, store-houses and a block house,
which also served as a dwelling and trading post.
A windlass drew water from the river, and two
small brass cannon, mounted on a parapet, com-
prised the armament. It was solemnly dedicated
by Father Membre, and soon became a gathering
place for the surrounding tribes, especially the
Illinois. But Frontenac having been succeeded
as Governor of New France by De la Barre, who
was unfriendly to La Salle, the latter was dis-
placed as Commandant at Fort St. Louis, while
plots were laid to secure his downfall by cutting
off his supplies and inciting the Iroquois to attack
him. La Salle left the fort in 1683, to return to
France, and, in 1703, it was abandoned as a
military post, tliough it continued to be a trad-
ing post until 1718, when it was raided by the
Indians and burned. (See La Salle.)
FORT WAYNE & CHIC.400 RAILROAD.
(See Pittsburg. Fort Wayne d- Chicago Railway.)
FORT WAYNE & ILLIN(US R.VILROAD. (See
AV;r York. Cliieag,, A- St. Limis Railway.)
FORTIFR ATIONS. PREHISTORIC. Closely
related in interest to the works of the mound-
builders in Illinois — though, probably, owing their
origin to another era and an entirely different
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
17.'
race — are those works whicli bear evidence of
having been constructed for purposes of defense
at some period anterior to the arrival of white
men in the country. While there are no works
in Illinois so elaborate in construction as those to
which have been given the names of "Fort
Ancient" on the Maumee in Ohio, "Fort Azatlan"
on the Wabash in Indiana, and "Fort Aztalan"
on Rock River in Southern Wisconsin, there are
a number whose form of construction shows that
the}- must have been intended for warlike pur-
poses, and that they were formidable of their
kind and for the period in which they were con-
structed. It is a somewhat curious fact that,
while La Salle County is the seat of the first
fortification constructed by the French in Illinois
that can be said to have had a sort of permanent
character ( see Fort St. Louis and Starved Bock),
it is also the site of a larger number of prehistoric
fortifications, whose remains are in such a state
of preservation as to be clearly discernible, than
any other section of the State of equal area. One
of the most formidable of these fortifications is
on the east side of Fox River, opposite the mouth
of Indian Creek and some six miles northeast of
Ottawa. This occupies a position of decided
natural strength, and is surrounded by three lines
of circumvallation, showing evidence of consider-
able engineering skill. From the size of the trees
within this work and other evidences, its age has
been estimated at not less than 1,200 years. On
the present site of the town of Marseilles, at the
rapids of the Illinois, seven miles east of Ottawa,
another work of considerable strength existed.
It is also said that the American Fur Company
had an earthwork here for the protection of its
trading station, erected about 1816 or '18, and
consequently belonging to the present century.
Besides Fort St. Louis on Starved Rock, the out-
line of another fort, or outwork, whose era has
not been positively determined, about half a mile
south of the former, has been traced in recent
times. De Baugis, sent by Governor La Barre, of
Canada, to succeed Tonty at Fort St. Louis, is said
to have erected a fort on Buffalo Rock, on the
opposite side of the river from Fort St. Louis,
which belonged practically to the .same era as the
latter. — There are two points in Southern Illinois
where the aborigines had constructed fortifica-
tions to which the name "Stone Fort" has been
given. One of these is a hill overlooking the
Saline River in the southern part of Saline
County, where there is a wall or breastwork five
feet in height enclosing an area of less than an
acre in extent. The other is on the west side of
Lusk's Creek, in Pope County, where a breast-
work has been constructed by loosely piling up
the stones across a ridge, or tongue of land, with
vertical sides and surrounded by a bend of the
creek. Water is easily obtainable from the creek
below the fortified ridge. — The remains of an old
Indian fortification were found by early settlers
of McLean Count}-, at a point'called "Old Town
Timber," about 1823 to 1825. It was beUeved
then that it had been occupied by the Indians
during the War of 1812. The story of the Indians
was, that it was burned by General Harrison in
1812; though this is improbable in view of the
absence of any historical mention of the fact.
Judge H. W. Beckwith, who examined its site in
1880, is of the opinion that its history goes back
as far as 1753, and that it was erected by the
Indians as a defense against the French at Kas-
kaskia. There was also a tradition that there
had been a French mission at this point. — One of
the most interesting stories of early fortifications
in the State, is that of Dr. V. A. Boyer, an old
citizen of Chicago, in a paper contributed to the
Chicago Historical Society. Although the work
alluded to by him was evidently constructed after
the arrival of the French in the country, the
exact period to which it belongs is in doubt.
According to Dr. Boyer, it was on an elevated
ridge of timber land in Palos Township, in the
western part of Cook County. He says: "I first
saw it in 1833, and since then have visited it in
company with other persons, some of whom are
still living. I feel sure that it was not built dur-
ing the Sac War from its appearance. ... It
seems probable that it was the work of French
traders or explorers, as there were trees a century
old growing in its environs. It was evidently
the work of an enlightened people, skilled in the
science of warfare. ... As a strategic point it
most completely commanded the surrounding
country and the crossing of the swamp or 'Sag'."
Is it improbable that this was the fort occupied
by Colonel Durantye in 1695? The remains of a
small fort, supposed to have been a French trad-
ing post, were found by the pioneer settlers of
Lake County, where the present city of Waukegan
stands, giving to that place its first name of
"Little Fort." This structure was seen in 1825
by Col. William S. Hamilton (a son of Alexander
Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury), who
had served in the session of the General Assembly
of that year as a Representative from Sangamon
Covmty, and was then on his way to Green Bay,
and the remains of the pickets or palisades were
visible as late as 1835. While the date of its
174
HISTOUKAL KXCYLLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
erection is unknown, it [inibatily lielon.^ed to the
latter part of the eigliteenth century. Tliere is
al^so a tradition tliat a fort or trading post, erected
by a Frenchman named Garay (or Guarie; stood
on tlie North Branch of the Cliicago River prior
to the erection of the iir.qt Fort Dearborn in 1803.
FOSS, (ieorsre Edmund, lawyer and Congress-
man, was born in Franklin County, Vt., July 2,
1863; graduated from Harvard University, in
1885; attended the Columbia Law School and
School of Political Science in New York City,
finally graduating from the Union College of Law
in Chicago, in 1889, when he was admitted to the
bar and began practice. He never held any
political office until elected as a Republican to
the Fifty-fourth Congress (1894), from the
Seventh Illinois District, receiving a majority of
more than 8,000 votes over his Democratic and
Populist competitors. In 1896 he was again the
candidate of his party, and was re-elected by a
majority of over 20,000, as he was a third time,
in 1898, by more than 12,000 majority. In the
Fifty-fifth Congress Mr. Foss was a member of tlie
Committees on Naval Affairs and Expenditures in
the Department of Agriculture.
FOSTER, (Dr.) John Herbert, physician and
educator, was born of Quaker ancestry at Hills-
borough, N. H., March 8, 1TU6. His early years
were spent on his father's farm, but at the age
of 16 he entered an academy at Meriden, N. H.,
and. three years later, began teaching with an
older brother at Schoharie, N. Y. Having spent
some sixteen years teaching and practicing
medicine at various places in his native State, in
1832 he came west, first locating in Morgan
County, 111. While there he took part in the
Black Hawk War, serving as a Surgeon. Before
the close of the year he was compelled to come to
Chicago to look after the estate of a brother who
was an officer in the army and had been killed by
an insubordinate soldier at Green Baj'. Having
thus fallen heir to a considerable amount of real
estate, which, in subsequent years, largely
appreciated in value, he became identified with
early Chicago and ultimately one of the largest
real-estate owners of his time in the city. He
was an active promoter of education during this
period, serving on both City and State Boards,
ilis death occurred. May 18, 1874, in consequence
of injm-ies su.stained by being thrown from a
vehicle in which he was riding nine days previous.
FOSTER, John Wells, author and scientist,
was born at Brimfield, Mass., in 181.5, and edu-
cated at Weslej'an University, Conn ; later studied
law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio, but
soon turned his attention to .scientific pursuits,
being employed for several years in the geological
survey of Ohio, during which he investigated the
coal-beds of the State. Having incidentally
devoted considerable attention to the study of
metallurgy, he was employed about 18-14 by
mining capitalists to make the first systematic
survey of the Lake Superior copper region, upon
which, in conjunction with J. D. Whitney, he
made a report which was published in two vol-
umes in 1850-51. Returning to Slassachusetts, he
participated in the organization of the "American
Party" there, though we find him soon after
breaking with it on the slavery question. In
1855 he was a candidate for Congress in the
Springfield (Mass.) District, but was beaten bj- a
small majority. In 1858 he removed to Chicago
and, for some time, was Land Commissioner of
the Illinois Central Railroad. The latter years of
his life were devoted chiefly to archteological
researches and writings, also serving for some
years as Professor of Natural History in the (old)
University of Chicago. His works include "The
Mississippi Valley ; its Physical Geography, Min-
eral Resources," etc. (Chicago, 1869) ; "Mineral
Wealth and Railroad Development," (New York,
1872); "Prehistoric Races of the United States,"
(Chicago, 1873), besides contributions to numer-
ous scientific periodicals. He was a member of
several scientific associations and, in 1809, Presi-
dent of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science. He died in Hyde Park,
now a part of Chicago, June 29, 1873.
FOUKE, Philip B., lawyer and Congressman,
was born at Kaskaskia, III, Jan. 23, 1818; vras
chiefly self-educated and began his career as a
clerk, afterwards acting as a civil engineer ; about
1841-42 was associated with the publication of
"The Belleville Advocate," later studied law,
and, after being admitted to the bar, served as
Prosecuting Attorney, being re-elected to tliat
office in 1856. Previous to this, however, he had
been elected to the lower branch of the Seven-
teenth General Assembly (1850), and, in 1858,
was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-sixth
Congress and re-elected two years later. While
still in Congress he assisted in organizing the
Thirtieth i;c--iiiuMil Illinois Volunteers, of which
he was c^.iiiiiii^sh.iicd Colonel, but resigned on
accountof ill licaUli si mn after the battle of Shiloh.
After leaving the army he removed to New
Orleans, where he was appointed Public Adminis-
trator and practiced law for some time. He then
took up the prosecution of the cotton-claims
against the Mexican Government, in which he
IIISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA oF ILLINOIS.
was engaged some seven years, finally removing
to "Washington City and making several trips to
Europe in the interest of these suits. He won
his cases, but died soon after a decision in his
favor, largely in consequence of overtaxing his
brain in their prosecution. His death occurred
in Washington, Oct. 3, 1876, when he was buried
in the Congressional Cemetery, President Grant
and a number of Senators and Congressmen acting
as pall-bearers at his funeral.
FOWLER, Charles Henry, Methodi.st Episcopal
Bishop, born in Burford, Conn., August 11, 1837;
was partially educated at Rock River Seminary,
Mount Morris, finally graduating at Genesee
College, N. Y., in 1859. He then began the study
of law in Chicago, but, changing his purpose,
entered Garrett Biblical Institute, at Evanston,
graduating in 1861. Having been admitted to
the Rock River Methodist Episcopal Conference
he was appointed successively to Chicago churches
till 1872; then became President of the North-
western University, holding this office four years,
when he was elected to the editorship of "The
Christian Advocate" of New York. In 1884 he
was elected and ordained Bishop. His residence
is in San Francisco, his labors as Bishop being
devoted largely to the Pacific States.
FOX KIVER (of lUinois)— called Pishtaka by
the Indians — rises in Waukesha County, AVis.,
and. after running soutliward through Kenosha
and Racine Counties in that State, passes into
Illinois. It intersects McHeni-y and Kane Coun-
ties and runs southward to the city of Aurora,
below which point it flows southwestward, until
it empties into the Illinois River at Ottawa. Its
length is estimated at 220 miles. The chief
towns on its banks are Elgin, Aurora and Ottawa.
It affords abundant water power.
FOXES, an Indian tribe. (See Sacs and
Foxes. )
FRANCIS, Simeon, pioneer journalist, was
born at Wethersfield, Conn., May 14, 1796,
learned the printer's trade at New Haven, and, in
connection with a partner, published a paper at
Buffalo, N. Y. In consequence of the excitement
growing out of the abduction of Morgan in 1828.
(being a Mason) he was compelled to suspend,
and, coming to Illinois in the fall of 1831, com-
menced the publication of "The Sangamo" (now
"The Ilhnois State") "Journal" at Springfield,
continuing his connection therewith until 1855,
when he sold out to Messrs. Bailhache & Baker.
Abraham Lincoln was his close friend and often
wrote editorials for his paper. Mr. Francis was
active in the organization of the State Agricul-
tural Society (1S53). .serving as its Recording
Secretary for several years. In 1859 he moved to
Portland, Ore., where he published "The Oregon
Farmer," and served as President of the Oregon
State Agricultural Society; in 1861 was ap-
pointed by President Lincoln, Paymaster in the
regular army, serving until 1870, when he retired
on half-pay. Died, at Portland, Ore., Oct. 25,
1872. — Allen (Francis), brother of the preceding,
was born at Wethersfield, Conn., April 14, 1815;
in 1834, joined his brother at Springfield, 111., and
became a partner in the publication of "The
Journal" until its sale, in 1855. In 1861 he was
appointed United States Consul at Victoria, B. C,
serving until 1871, when he engaged in the fur
trade. Later he was United States Consul at
Port Stanley, Can., dying there, about 1887.—
Josiali (Francis), cousin of the preceding, born
at Wethersfield, Conn., Jan. 17, 1804; was early
connected with "The Springfield Journal"; in
1836 engaged in merchandising at Athens, Menard
County ; returning to Springfield, was elected to
the Legislature in 1840, and served one term as
Mayor of Springfield. Died in 1867.
FRANKLIN, a village of Morgan County, on
the Jacksonville & St. Louis Railroad. 12 miles
southeast of Jacksonville. The place has a news-
paper and two banks; the surrounding country
is agricultural. Population (1880), 316; (1890),
578; (1900), 687.
FRANKLIN COUNTY, located in the south-
central part of the State; was organized in 1818,
and lias an area of 430 square miles. Population
(1900). 19.675. The county is well timbered and
is drained by the Big Muddy River. The soil is
fertile and the products include cereals, potatoes,
sorghum, wool, pork and fruit. The county-seat
is Benton, with a population (1890) of 939. The
county contains no large towns, although large,
well-cultivated farms are numerous. The earli-
est white settlers came from Kentucky and Ten-
nessee, and the hereditary traditions of generous,
southwestern hospitality are preserved among
the residents of to-day.
FRANKLIN GROTE, a town of Lee County, on
Council Bluffs Division of the Chicago & North-
western Railway, 88 miles west of Chicago.
Grain, poulti'y, and live-stock are shipped from
here. It has banks, water-works, high school,
and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 736;
(1900), 681.
FRAZIER, Robert, a native of Kentucky, who
came to .Southern Illinois at an earh' day and
served as State Senator from Edwards County, in
the Second and Third General Assemblies, in the
176
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
latter being an opponent of the scheme to mahe
Illinois a slave State. He was a fanner by occu-
pation and, at tlie time he was a member of the
Legislature, resided in what afterwards became
Wabash County. Subsequently he removed to
Edwards County, near Albion, where he died.
"Frazier's Prairie," in Edwards County, was
named for him.
FREEBURG, a village of St. Clair County, on
the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, 8
miles southeast of Belleville. Population (1880),
1,038; (1890), 848; (1900), 1,214.
FREEMAN, Normau L., lawyer and Supreme
Court Reporter, was born in Caledonia, Living-
ston County, N. Y., May 9, 1823; in 1831 accom-
panied his widowed mother to Ann Arbor. Mich.,
removing six years afterward to Detroit ; was edu-
cated at Cleveland and Ohio University, taught
school at Lexington, Ky., while studying law,
and was admitted to the bar in 1846; removed to
Shawneetown, ILl.,in 18,'31, was admitted to the
Illinois bar and practiced some eight years. He
then began farming in JIarion County, Mo. . but,
in 1862, returned to Shawneetown and, in 1863,
was appointed Reporter of Decisions by the
Supreme Court of Illinois, serving until his
death, which occurred at Springfield near the
beginning of his sixth term in ofifice, August 23,
1894.
FREE MASOJiS, the oldest secret fraternity in
the State— known as the "Ancient Order of Free
and Accepted Masons" — the first Lodge being
instituted at Kaskaskia, June, 3, 1806, with Gen.
John Edgar, Worshipful Master; Michael Jones,
Senior Warden; James Galbraith, Junior War-
den ; William Arundel, Secretary ; Robert Robin-
son, Senior Deacon. These are names of persons
who were, without exception, prominent in the
early hi.story of Illinois. A Grand Lodge was
organized at Vandalia in 1822, with Gov. Shad-
rach Bond as first Grand Master, but the organi-
zation of the Grand Lodge, as it now exists, took
place at Jacksonville in 1840. The number of
Lodges constituting the Grand Lodge of Illinois
in 1840 was six, with 157 members; the number
of Lodges within the same jurisdiction in 1895'
was 713, with a membership of 50,727, of which
47,335 resided in Illinois. The dues for 1895
were §37,834. .50; the contributions to members,
their widows and orphans, §25,088.41; to non-
members, 86,306.38, and to the Illinois Masonic
Orphans" Home, $1,315.80. — Apollo Commandery
No. 1 of Knights Templar — the pioneer organi-
zation of its kind in this or any neighboring
State — was organized in Chicago, May 20, 1845,
ami the Grand Commandery of the order in Illi-
nois in 1857, with James V. Z. Blaney. Grand
Commander. In 1895 it was made up of sixty-
five subordinate commanderies, with a total
membership of 9.355, and dues amounting to
S7. 7.54. 75. The principal olficers in 1895-90 were
Henry Hunter Montgomery, Grand Commander;
John Henry Witbeck, Grand Treasurer, and Gil-
bert W. Barnard, Grand Recorder.— The Spring-
field Chapter of Royal Arch-Masons was organized
in Springfield, Sept. 17, 1841, and the Royal Arch
Chapter of the State at Jack.sonville, April 9,
1850, the nine existing Chapters being formally
chartered Oct. 14. of the same year. The number
of subordinate Chapters, in 1895, was 186, with a
total membership of 16,414. — The Grand Council
of Royal and Select Masters, in 1894, embraced 32
subordinate Councils, with a membership of
2,318.
FREEPORT, a city and railway center, the
county-seat of Stephenson County, 121 miles west
of Chicago; has good water-power from the Peca-
tonica River, with several manufacturing estab-
lishments, the output including carriages,
wagon -wheels, wind-mills, coffee-mills, organs,
piano-stools, leather, mineral paint, foundry pro-
ducts, chicken incubators and vinegar. Tlie Illi-
nois Central Railroad has shops here and the city
has a Government postoflice building. Popula-
tion (1890), 10,189; (1900), 13.2.58.
FREEPORT COLLEGE, an institution at Free-
port, 111., incorporated in 1895; is co-educational ;
had a faculty of six instructors in 1896, with 116
pupils.
FREER, Lemuel Covell Paine, early lawyer,
was born in Dutchess County, N. Y., Sept. 18,
1815; came to Chicago in 1836, studied law and
was admitted to the bar in 1840 ; was a zealous
anti-slavery man and an active supporter of the
Government during the War of the Rebellion ;
for many years was President of the Board of
Trustees of Rush Medical College. Died, in
Chicago, April 14, 1892.
FRENCH, Augustus C, ninth Governor of
Illinois (1846-52), was born in New Hamjishire,
August 2, 1808. After coming to Illinois, he
became a resident of Crawford County, and a
lawyer by profession. He was a member of the
Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies, and
Receiver, for a time, of the Land Office at Pales-
tine. He served as Presidential Elector in 1844,
was elected to the office of Governor as a Demo-
crat in 1846 by a majority of nearly 17,000 over
two competitors, and was the unanimous choice of
his party for a second term in 1848. His adminis-
IIISTOmC'AL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
177
tration was free from scandals. He was appointed
Bank Commissioner by Governor Matteson, and
later accepted the chair of Law in McKendree
College at Lebanon. In 1858 he was the nominee
of the Douglas wing of the Democratic part.v for
State Superintendent of Public Instruction,
ex-Gov. John Reynolds being the candidate of
the Buchanan branch of the party. Both were
defeated. His last public service was as a mem-
ber from St. Clair County of the Constitutional
Convention of 1863. Died, at Lebanon, Sept. 4.
1864
FREXCH AND INDIAN WAR, The first
premonition of this struggle in the West was
given in 1698, when two English vessels entered
the mouth of the Mississippi, to take possession
of the French Territory of Louisiana, which then
included what afterward became the State of
Illinois. This expedition, however, returned
without result. Great Britain was anxious to
have a colorable pretext for attempting to evict
the French, and began negotiation of treaties
with the Indian tribes as early as 1724, expecting
thereby to fortify her original claim, which was
based on the right of prior discovery. The
numerous shiftings of the political kaleidoscope in
Europe prevented any further steps in this direc-
tion on the part of England until 1748-49, when
the Ohio Land Company received a royal grant
of 500,000 acres along the Ohio River, with exclu-
sive trading privileges. The Company proceeded
to explore and survey and, about 1752, established
a trading post on Loramie Creek, 47 miles north
of Dayton. The French foresaw that hostilities
were probable, and advanced their posts as far
east as the Allegheny River. Complaints by the
Ohio Company induced an ineffectual remon-
strance on the part of Virginia. Among the
ambassadors sent to the French by the Governor
of Virginia was George Washington, who thus,
in early manhood, became identified with Illinois
history. His report was of such a nature as to
induce the erection of counter fortifications by
the British, one of which (at the junction of the
Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers) was seized
and occupied by the French before its completion.
Then ensued a series of 'engagements which,
while not involving large forces of men, were
fraught with grave consequences, and in which
the French were generally successful. In 17.^5
occurred "Braddock's defeat" in an expedition to
recover Fort Duquesne (wliere Pittsburg now
stands), which had been captured by the French
the previous year, and the Government of Great
Britain determined to redouble its efforts. The
final result was the termination of French domi-
nation in the Ohio Valley. Later came the down-
fall of French ascendency in Canada as the result
of the battle of Quebec ; but the vanquished yet
hoped to be able to retain Louisiana and Illinois.
But France was forced to indemnify Spain for the
loss of Florida, which it did by the cession of all
of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi (includ-
ing the city of New Orleans), and this virtually
ended French hopes in Illinois. The last military
post in North America to be garrisoned by French
troops was Fort Chartres, in Illinois Territory,
where St. Ange remained in command until its
evacuation was demanded by the English.
FRENCH GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS. French
Governors began to be appointed by the Company
of the Indies (which see) in 1722, the "Illinois
Country" having previously been treated as a
dependency of Canada. The first Governor ( or
"commandant") was Pierre Duque de Boisbriant,
who was commandant for onl}- three years, when
he was summoned to New Orleans (1725) to suc-
ceed de Bienville as Governor of Louisiana. Capt.
du Tisne was in command for a short time after
his departure, but was succeeded by another
Captain in the royal army, whose name is vari-
oush- spelled de Liette, de Lielte, De Siette and
Delietto. He was followed in turn by St. Ange
(the father of St. Ange de Bellerive), who died in
1742. In 1732 the Company of the Indies surren-
dered its charter to the crown, and the Governors
of the Illinois Country were thereafter appointed
directly by royal authority. Under the earlier
Governors justice had been administered under
the civil law ; with the change in tlie method of
appointment the code known as the "Common
Law of Paris" came into effect, although not
rigidly enforced because found in many particu-
lars to be ill-suited to the needs of a new country.
Tlie first of the Royal Governors was Pierre
d' Artaguiette, who was appointed in 1734, but was
captured while engaged in an expedition against
the Chickasaws, in 1736, and burned at the stake.
(See D' Artaguiette.) He was followed by
Alphonse de la Buissoniere, who was succeeded,
in 1740, by Capt. Benoist de St. Claire. In 1742
he gave way to the Chevalier Bertel or Berthet,
but was reinstated about 1748. The last of the
French Governors of the "Illinois Country" was
Louis St. Ange de Bellerive. who retired to St.
Louis, after turning over the command to Cap-
tain Stirling, the English officer sent to supersede
him, in 1765. (St. Ange de Bellerive died, Dec.
27, 1774.) The administration of the French
commandants, while firm, was usually conserva-
178
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
tive and benevolent. Local self-government was
encouraged as far as practicable, and, while the
Governors' power over commerce was virtually
unrestricted, they interfered but little witli the
ordinary life of the people.
FREW, Calvin Hamill, lawyer and State Sena-
tor, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, educated at
Finley (Ohio) High School, Beaver (Pa.) Academy
and Vermilion Institute at Hayesville, Ohio. ; in
1863 was Principal of the High School at Kalida,
Ohio, where he began the study of law, which he
continued the next two years with Messrs. Strain
& Kidder, at Monmouth, 111., meanwhile acting
as Principal of a high school at Young America ;
in 1865 removed to Paxton, Ford County, which
has since been his home, and the same year was
admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Illi-
nois. Mr. Frew served as Assistant Superintend-
ent of Schools for Ford County (1865-68) ; in 1868
was elected Representative in the Twenty-sixth
General Assembly, re-elected in 1870, and again
in "78. While practicing law he has been con-
nected with some of the most important cases
before the courts in that section of the State, and
his fidelity and skill in their management are
testified by members of the bar, as well as
Judges upon the bench. Of late years he has
devoted his attention to breeding trotting horses,
with a view to the improvement of his health
but not with the intention of pei-manently
abandoning his profession.
FRY, Jacob, pioneer and soldier, was born in
Fayette County, Ky., Sept. 20, 1799; learned the
trade of a carpenter and came to Illinois in 1819,
working first at Alton, but, iu 1820, took up his
residence near the present town of Carrollton, in
which he built the first house. Greene County
was not organized until two years later, and this
border settlement was, at that time, the extreme
northern white settlement in Illinois. He served
as Constable and Deputy Sheriff (simultaneously)
for six years, and was then elected Sheriff, being
five times re-elected. He served thi-ough the
Black Hawk War (first as Lieutenant-Colonel and
afterwards as Colonel), having in his regiment
Abraham Lincoln, O. H. Browning, John Wood
(afterwards Governor) and Robert Anderson, of
Fort Suuiter fame. In 1837 he was appointed
Commissioner of the Illinois & Jlichigau Canal,
and re-appointed in 1839 and "41, later becoming
Acting Commissioner, with authority to settle up
the business of the former commission, which
was that year legislated out of office. He was
afterwards appointed Canal Trustee by Governor
Ford, and, in 1847, retired from connection with
canal management. In 1850 he went to Cali-
fornia, where he engaged in mining and trade
for three years, meanwhile serving one term in
the State Senate. In 1857 he was appointed Col-
lector of the Port at Chicago by President Buch-
anan, but was removed in 1859 because of his
friendship for Senator Douglas. In 1860 he
returned to Greene County ; in 1861, in spite of his
advanced age, was commissioned Colonel of the
Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers, and later partici-
pated in numerous engagements (among them the
battle of Shiloh), was captured by Forrest, and
ultimately compelled to resign because of im-
paired health and failing eyesight, finally becom-
ing totally blind. He died, June 27, 1881, and
was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery, near Spring-
field. Two of Colonel Fry's sons achieved dis-
tinction during the Civil War. — James Barnet
(Fry), son of the preceding, was born at Car-
rollton, IU., Feb. 22, 1827; graduated at West
Point Military Academy, in 1847, and was
assigned to artillery service ; after a short experi-
ence as Assistant Instructor, joined his regiment,
the Third United States Artillery, in Mexico,
remaining there through 1847-48. Later, he was
employed on frontier and garrison duty, and
again as Instructor in 1853-54, and as Adjutant of
the Academy during 1854-59; became Assistant
Adjutant-General, March 16, 1861, then served as
Chief of StaflE to General McDowell and General
Buell (1861-62), taking part in the battles of Bull
Run, Shiloh and Corinth, and in the campaign in
Kentucky; was made Provost-Marshal-General
of the United States, in March, 1863, and con-
ducted the drafts of that year, receiving the rank
of Brigadier-General, April 21, 1804. He con-
tinued in this ofHce until August 30, 1866, during
which time he put in the army 1,120,021 men,
arrested 70,502 deserters, collected 820.360,316.78
and made an exact enrollment of the National
forces. After the war he served as Adjutant-
General with the rank of Colonel, till June 1,,
1881, when he was retired at his own request.
Besides his various official reports, he published a
"Sketch of the Adjutant-General's Department,
United States Army, from 1775 to 1875, " and "His-
tory and Legal Effects of Brevets in the Armies of
Great Britain and the United States, from their
origin in 1692 to the Present Time," (1877). Died,
in Newport, R. I., July 11, 1894.— William M.
(Fry), another son, was Provost Marshal of the
North Illinois District during the Civil War. and
rendered valuable service to the Government.
FULLER, Allen Curtis, lawyer, jurist and
Adjutant-General, was born in Farmington,
HISTORICAL E^X'YCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Conn., Sept. 24, 1822; studied law at Warsaw,
N. y., was admitted to practice, in 1846 came to
Belvidere, Boone County, 111. . and, after practic-
ing there some years, was elected Circuit Judge
in 1861. A few months afterward he was induced
to accept the ofRce of Adjutant-General by
appointment of Governor Yates, entering upon
the duties of the office in November, 1861. At
first it was understood that his acceptance was
only temporary, so that lie did not formally
resign his place upon the bench until July, 1862.
He continued to discharge the duties of Adjutant-
General until Januarj', 1865, when, having been
elected Representative in the General Assembly,
he was succeeded in the Adjutant-General's office
by General Ishani N. Haynie. He served as
Speaker of the House during the following ses-
sion, and as State Senator from 1867 to 1873 —
in the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty-
seventh General Assemblies. He was also elected
a Republican Presidential Elector in 1860, and
again in 1870. Since retiring from office. General
Fuller has devoted his attention to the practice of
his profession and looking after a large private
business at Belvidere.
FULLEE, Charles E., lawyer and legislator,
was born at Flora, Boone County, 111., March 31.
1849; attended the district school until 12 years
of age, and, between 1861 and '67, served as clerk
in stores at Belvidere and Cherry Valley. He
then spent a couple of years in the book business
in Iowa, when i,1869) he began the study of law
with Hon. Jesse S. Hildrup, at Belvidere, and
was admitted to the bar in 1870. Since then
Mr. Fuller has practiced his profession at Belvi-
dere, was Corporation Attorney for that city in
1875-76, the latter j'ear being elected State's
Attorney for Boone County. From 1879 to 1891
he served continuously in the Legislature, first
as State Senator in the Thirty-first and Tliirty-
second General Assemblies, then as a member of
the House for three sessions, in 1888 being
returned to the Senate, where he served the
next two sessions. Mr. Fuller established a high
reputation in the Legislature as a debater, and
was the candidate of his party (the Republican)
for Speaker of the House in 1885. He was also a
delegate to the Republican National Convention
of 1884. Mr. Fuller was elected Judge of the
Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Circuit at the
judicial election of June, 1897.
FULLER, Melville Weston, eighth Chief Jus-
tice of the United States Supreme Court, was
born at Augusta. Maine, Feb. 11, 1833, graduated
from Bowdoin College in 1853, was admitted to
the bar in 1855, and became City Attorney of his
native city, but resigned and removed to Chicago
the following year. Through his mother's
family lie traces his descent back to the Pilgrims
of the Mayflower. His literary and legal attain-
ments are of a high order. In politics he has
always been a strong Democrat. He served as a
Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of
1862 and as a member of the Legislature in 1863,
after that time devoting his attention to the
practice of his profession in Chicago. In 1888
President Cleveland appointed him Chief Justice
of the Supreme Court, since which time he has
resided at Washington, although still claiming a
residence in Chicago, where he has considerable
property interests.
FULLERTOX, Alexander N., pioneer settler
and lawyer, born in Chester. Vt., in 1804, was
educated at Middlebury College and Litchfield
Law School, and, coming to Chicago in 1833,
finally engaged in real-estate and mercantile
business, in which he was very successful. His
name has been given to one of the avenues of
Chicago, as well as associated with one of the
prominent business blocks. He was one of the
original members of the Second Presbyterian
Church of that city. Died, Sept. 29, 1880.
FULTON, a city and railway center in White-
side County, 135 miles west of Chicago, located
on the Mississippi River and the Chicago &
Northwestern, the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul
Railways. It was formerly the terminus of a
line of steamers which annually brought millions
of bushels of grain down the Mississippi from
Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois, returning
with merchandise, agricultural implements, etc.,
but this river trade gradually died out, having
been usurped by the various railroads. Fulton
has extensive factories for the making of stoves,
besides some important lumber industries. The
Northern Illinois College is located here. Popu-
lation (1890). 2,099; (-1900), 2,685.
FULTON COUNTY, situated west of and bor-
dering on the Illinois River ; was originalh" a part
of Pike County, but separately organized in 1823
— named for Robert Fulton. It has an area of 870
square miles with a population (1900) of 46,201.
The soil is rich, well watered and wooded. Drain-
age is effected by the Illinois and Spoon Rivers
(the former constituting its eastern boundary)
and by Copperas Creek. Lewistown became the
county-seat immediately after county organi-
zation, and so remains to the present time (1899).
The surface of the county at a distance from the
180
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
river is generally flat, although along the Illinois
there are bluffs rising to the height of 125 feet.
The soil is rich, and underlying it are rich, work-
able seams of coal. A thin seam of cannel coal
has been mined near Avon, with a contiguous
vein of fire-clay. Some of the earliest settlers were
Slessrs. Craig and Savage, who, in 1818, built a
saw mill on Otter Creek; Ossian M. Ross and
Stephen Dewey, who laid off Lewistown on his
own land in 1823. The first hotel in the entire
military tract was opened at Lewistown by Tru-
man Phelps, in 1827. A flat-boat ferry across the
Illinois was established at Havana, in 1823. The
principal towns are Lewistown (population, 2, 166),
Farmiugton (1,375), and Vermont (1,158).
FULTOX COIXTY NARROW-GAUGE RAIL-
WAY, a line extending from the west bank of the
IlUnois River, opposite Havana, to Galesburg,
CI miles. It is a single-track, narrow-gauge
(3-foot) road, although the excavations and
embankments are being widened to accommodate
a track of standard gauge. The grades are few,
and, as a rule, are light, although, in one instance,
the gradient is eighty-four feet to the mile.
There are more than 19 miles of curves, the maxi-
mum being sixteen degrees. The rails are of
iron, thirty-five pounds to the j'ard, road not
ballasted. Capital stock outstanding (1895),
§636,794; bonded debt. §484.000; miscellaneous
obligations, 8462,362; total capitalization, §1,583,-
156. The line from Havana to Fairview (31 miles)
was chartered in 1 878 and opened in 1880 and the
extension from Fairview to Galesburg chartered
in 1881 and opened in 1882.
FUJTK, Isaac, pioneer, was born in Clark
County, Ky., Nov, 17, 1797; grew up with meager
educational advantages and, in 1823, came to Illi-
nois, finally settling at what afterwards became
known as Funk's Grove in McLean Covmty.
Here, with no other capital than industry, per-
severance, and integrity. Mr. Funk began laying
the foundation of one of the most ample fortunes
ever acquired in Illinois outside the domain of
trade or speculation. By agriculture and dealing
in live-stock, he became the possessor of a large
area of the finest farming lands in the State,
which he brought to a high state of cultivation,
leaving an estate valued at his death at not less
than §2,000,000. Mr. Funk served three sessions
in the General Assembly, first as Representative
in the Twelfth (1840-42). and as Senator in the
Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth (1862-66), dying
before the close of his last term, Jan. 29, 1865.
Originally a "Whig in politics, he became a Repub-
lican on the organization of that party, and gave
a liberal and patriotic support to the Government
during the war for the preservation of the Union.
During the session of the Twenty-third General
Assembly, in February, 1863, he delivered a
speech in the Senate in indignant condemnation
of the policy of the anti-war factionists, which,
although couched in homely language, aroused
the enthusiasm of the friends of the Government
throughout the State and won for its author a
prominent place in State history. — Benjamin F.
(Funk), son of the preceding, was born in Funk's
Grove Township, McLean County, 111., Oct. 17,
1838. After leaving the district schools, he
entered the Wesleyan University at Blooming-
ton, but suspended his studies to enter the army
in 1863, enlisting as a private in the Sixty eighth
Illinois Volunteers. After five months' service
he was honorably discharged, and re-entered the
University, completing a three-years' course.
For three years after graduation he followed
farming as an avocation, and, in 1869, took up
his residence at Bloomington. In 1871 he wa3
chosen Mayor, and served seven consecutive
terms. He was a delegate to the National
Republican Convention of 1888, and was the suc-
cessful candidate of that party, in 1892, for Repre-
sentative in Congress from the Fourteenth Illinois
District. — Lafayette (Funk), another son of Isaac
Funk, was a Representative from McLean County
in the Thirty-third General Assembly and Sena-
tor in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth. Other
sons who have occupied seats in the same body
include George \V., Representative in the Twenty-
seventh, and Duncan M., Representative in the
Fortieth and Forty-first Assemblies The Funk
family have been conspicuous in the affairs of
McLean County for a generation, and its mem-
bers have occupied many other positions of im-
portance and influence, besides those named, under
the State, County and municipal governments.
GAGE, Lyman J., Secretary of the Treasury,
was born in De Ruyter, Madison County, N. Y.,
June 28, 1836 ; received a common school educa-
tion in his native county, and, on the removal of
his parents, in 1848, to Rome, N. Y., enjoyed the
advantages of instruction in an academy. At
the age of 17 he entered the employment of the
Oneida Central Bank as office-boy and general
utility clerk, but, two j-ears afterwards, came to
Chicago, first securing employment in a planing
mill, and, in 1858, obtaining a position as book-
keeper of the Merchants' Loan and Trust Com-
pany, at a salary of §500 a year. By 1861 he had
been advanced to the position of cashier of the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
181
concern, but, in 1868, he accepted the cashiership
of the First National Bank of Chicago, of which
he became the Vice-President in 1881 and, in
1891, the President. Mr. Gage was also one of the
prominent factors in securing the location of the
World's Fair at Chicago, becoming one of the
guarantors of the 810,000,000 promised to be raised
by the city of Chicago, and being finally chosen
the first President of the Exposition Company.
He also presided over the bankers' section of tlie
"World's Congress Auxiliary in 1893, and, for a
number of years, was President of the Civic Feder-
ation of Chicago. On the assumption of the
Presidency by President McKinley, in March,
1897, Mr. Gage was selected for the position of
Secretary of the Treasury, which he has con-
tinued to occupy up to the present time (1899).
GALATIA, a village of Saline County, on the
Illinois Central Railroad, 40 miles southeast of
Duquoin; has a bank; leading industry is coal-
mining. Population (1890), 519; (1900), 642.
GALE, George Washington, D.D., LL.D.,
clergyman and educator, was born in Dutchess
County, N. Y., Dec. 3, 1789. Left an orphan at
eight years of age, he fell to the care of older
sisters who inherited the vigorous character of
their father, which they instilled into the son.
He graduated at Union College in 1814, and, hav-
ing taken a course in the Theological Seminary
at Princeton, in 1816 was licensed by the Hudson
Presbytery and assumed the charge of building
up new churches in Jefferson County, N. Y.,
serving also for six years as pastor of the Presby-
terian church at Adams. Here his labors were
attended by a revival in which Charles G. Fin-
ney, the eloquent evangelist, and other eminent
men were converts. Having resigned his charge
at Adams on account of illness, he spent the
winter of 1823-24 in Virginia, where his views
were enlarged by contact with a new class of
people. Later, removing to Oneida County,
N. Y., by his marriage with Harriet Selden he
acquired a considerable property, insuring an
income which enabled him to extend the field of
his labors. The result was the establishment of
the Oneida Institute, a manual labor school, at
Whitesboro, with which he remained from 1827
to 1834, and out of which grew Lane Seminary
and Oberlin and Knox Colleges. In 183.5 he con-
ceived tlie idea of establishing a colony and an
institution of learning in the West, and a com-
mittee representing a party of proposed colonists
was appointed to make a selection of a site, which
resulted, in the following year, in the choice of
a location in Knox County, 111., including the
site of the present city of Galesburg, which was
named in honor of Mr. Gale, as the head of the
enterprise. Here, in 1837, were taken the first
practical steps in carrying out plans which had
been previously matured in New York, for the
establishment of an institution which first
received the name of Knox Manual Labor Col-
lege. The manual laboi; feature having been
finally discarded, the institution took the name
of Knox College in 1857. Mr. Gale was the lead-
ing promoter of the enterprise, by a liberal dona-
tion of lands contributing to its first endowment,
and, for nearly a quarter of a century, being
intimately identified with its history. From
1840 to '42 he served in the capacity of acting
Professor of Ancient Languages, and, for fifteen
years thereafter, as Professor of Moral Philosophy
and Rhetoric. Died, at Galesburg, Sept. 31, 1861.
— Wiillam Selden (Gale), oldest son of the preced-
ing, was born in Jeflferson County, N. Y., Feb.
15, 1822, came with his father to Galesburg, 111.,
in 1830, and was educated there. Having read
law with the Hon. James Knox, he was admitted
to the bar in 1845, but practiced only a few years,
as he began to turn his attention to measures for
the development of the country. One of these
was the Central Military Tract Railroad (now the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy), of which he was
the most active promoter and a Director. He
was also a member of the Board of Supervisors of
Knox County, from the adoption of township
organization in 1853 to 1895, with the exception
of four years, and, during the long controversy
which resulted in the location of the county-seat
at Galesburg, was the leader of the Galesburg
party, and subsequently took a prominent part
in the erection of public buildings there. Other
positions held by him include the office of Post-
master of the city of Galesburg, 1849-53 ; member
of the State Constitutional Convention of 1862,
and Representative in the Twenty-sixth General
Assembly (1870-72); Presidential Elector in 1872;
Delegate to the National Republican Convention
of 1880; City Alderman, 1872-82 and 1891-95;
member of the Commission appointed by Gov-
ernor Oglesby in 1885 to revise the State Revenue
Laws; by appointment of President Harrison,
Superintendent of the Galesbm-g Government
Building, and a long term Trustee of the Illinois
Hospital for the Insane at Rock Island, by
appointment of Governor Altgeld. He has also
been a frequent representative of his party
(the Republican) in State and District Conven-
tions, and, since 1861, has been an active and
leading member of the Board of Trustees of
182
HISTORICAL EXCYCLUPEDIA OF ILLINOIS
Knox College. :Mr. Gale was married, Oct. 0,
1845, to Miss Caroline Ferris, granddaughter of
the financial representative of the Galesburg
Colony of 1836, and has had eight children, of
whom four are living. Died Sep. 1, 1900.
(j(ALEXA,'the county -seat of Jo Daviess County,
a city and port of entry, 150 miles in a direct line
west by northwest of Chicago; is located on
Galena River, about 4:}^ miles above its junction
with the Mississippi, and is an intersecting point
for the Chicago, Burlington tt Quincy, the North-
western, and the Illinois Central Railroads, with
connections by stub with the Chicago Great
"Western. It is built partially in a valley and
partially on the blulfs which overlook the river,
the Galena River being made navigable for ves-
sels of deep drauglit by a system of lockage. The
vicinity abounds in rich mines of sulphide of lead
(galena), from which the city takes its name.
Galena is adorned by handsome public and priv-
ate buildings and a beautiful park, in which
stands a fine bronze statue of General Grant, and
a symmetrical monument dedicated to the sol-
diers and sailors of Jo Daviess County who lost
their lives during the Civil War. Its industries
include a furniture factory, a table factor}', two
foundries, a tub factory and a carriage factory.
Zinc ore is now being produced in and near the
city in large quantities, and its mining interests
will become vast at no distant day. It owns an
electric light plant, and water is furnished from
an artesian well 1,700 feet deep. Galena was one
of the earliest towns in Northern Illinois to be
settled, its mines having been worked in the lat-
ter part of the seventeenth century. Many men
of distinction in State and National affairs came
from Galena, among whom were Gen. U. S.
Grant, Gen. John A. Rawlins, Gen. John E.
Smith, Gen. John C. Smith. Gen. A. L. Chetlain,
Gen. John O. Duer, Gen. W. R. Rowley, Gen. E.
D. Baker. Hon. E. B. Washburne, Secretary of
State under Grant, Hon. Thompson Campbell,
Secretary of State of Illinois, and Judge Drum-
mond. Population (1890). 5.635; (19(10). 5,005.
GALENA & CHICAGO IMON RAILROAD.
(See Chicago & Xorthwestcm Railway.)
GALESBURG, the county-seat of KnoxCoimty
and an important educational center. Tiie first
settlers were emigrants from the East, a large pro-
portion of them being members of a colony organ-
ized by Rev. George W. Gale, of Whitesboro,
N. Y., in whose honor the original village was
named. It is situated in the heart of a rich
agricultural district 53 miles northwest of Peoria,
99 miles northeast of Quincy and 163 miles south-
we.st of Chicago; is an important railway center,
being at the junction of the main line with two
branch lines of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy,
and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroads.
It was incorporated as a village in 1841, and as a
citj- by special charter in 1857. There are beauti-
ful parks and the residence streets are well
shaded, while 25 miles of street are paved with
vitrified brick. Tiie city owns a system of water-
works receiving its supply from artesian wells
and artificial lakes, has an efficient and well-
equipped paid fire-department, an electric street
car system with three suburban lines, gas and
electric lighting systems, steam-heating plant,
etc. It also has a number of flourishing mechan-
ical industries, including two iron foundries, agri-
cultural implement works, flouring mills, carriage
and wagon works and a broom factory, besides
other industrial enterprises of minor importance.
The manufacture of vitrified paving brick is quite
extensively carried on at plants near the city
limits, the city itself being the shipping-point
as well as the point of administrative control.
The Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railroad
Company has shops and stockyards here, while
considerable coal is mined in the vicinity. The
public buildings include a courthouse. Govern-
ment postoffice building, an opera house, nine-
teen churches, ten public schools with a high
school and free kindergarten, and a handsome
public library building erected at a cost of 5100,-
000, of which one-half was contributed by Mr.
Carnegie. Galesburg enjoj-s its chief distinction
as the seat of a large number of high class liter-
ary institutions, including Knox College (non-
sectarian), Lombard University (Universalist),
and Corpus Christi Lyceum and LTniversity, and
St. Joseph's Academy (both Roman Catholic).
Three interurban electric railroad lines connect
Galesburg with neighboring towns. Pop. (1890),
15,264; (1900), 18,607.
GALLATIN COUNTY, one of three counties
organized in Illinois Territory in 1812 — the others
being Madison and Johnson. Previous to that
date the Territory had consisted of only two coun-
ties, St. Clair and Randolph. The new county
was named in honor of Albert Gallatin, then
Secretary of the Treasury. It is situated on the
Ohio and Wabash Rivers, in the extreme south-
eastern part of the State, and has an area of 349
square miles; population (1900), 15,836. The first
cabin erected by an American settler was the
home of Michael Sprinkle, who settled at Shaw-
neetowu in 1800. The place early became an
important trading post and distributing point.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
183
A ferry across the Wabash was established in
1803, by Alexander Wilson, whose descendants
conducted it for more than seventy-five years.
Although Stephen Rector made a Government
survey as earl}- as 1807, the public lands were not
placed on the market un*il 1818. Shawneetown,
the county-seat, is the most important town,
having a population of some 2,000. Bituminous
coal is found in large quantities, and mining is
an important industry. The prosperity of the
county has been much retarded by floods, particu-
larly at Shawneetown and Equality. At the
former point the difference between high and
low water mark in the Ohio River has been as
much as fifty-two feet.
GALLOWAY, Andrew Jackson, civil engineer,
was born of Scotch ancestry in Butler County,
Pa., Dec. 31, 1814; came with his father to Cory-
don, Ind. , in 1820, took a course in Hanover Col-
lege, graduating as a civil engineer in 1837 ; then
came to Mount Carmel, White County, 111. , with
a view to employment on projected Illinois rail-
roads, but engaged in teaching for a year, having
a,mong his pupils a number who have since been
prominent in State affairs. Later, he obtained
employment as an assistant engineer, serving for
a time under William Gooding, Chief Engineer of
the Illinois & Michigan Canal ; was also Assistant
Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the State
Senate in 1840-41, and held the same position in
the House in 1846-47, and again in 1848-49, in tlie
meantime having located a farm in La Salle
County, where the present city of Streator stands.
In 1849 he was appointed Secretary of the Canal
Trustees, and, in 1851, became assistant engineer
on the Illinois Central Railroad, later superin-
tending its construction, and finally being trans-
ferred to the land department, but retiring in
1855 to engage in real-estate business in Chicago,
dealing largely in railroad lands. Mr. Galloway
was elected a County Commissioner for Cook
County, and has since been connected with many
measures of local importance.
(JALVA, a town in Henry County, 45 nules
southeast of Rock Island and 48 miles north-
northwest of Peoria; the point of intersection of
the Rook Island & Peoria and the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy Railways. It stands at the
summit of the dividing ridge between the Missis-
sippi and the Illinois Rivers, and is a manufac-
turing and coal-mining town. It has eight
churches, three banks, good schools, and two
weekly newspapers. The surrounding country
is agricultviral and wealthy, and is rich in coal.
Population (1890), 3,409; (1900), 3,683.
GARDNER, a village in Garfield Township,
Grundy County, on the Chicago & Alton Rail-
road, 65 miles south-southwest of Chicago and 36
miles north-northeast of Pontiac ; on the Kanka-
kee and Seneca branch of the "Big Four," and
the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern R. R. Coal-mining
is the principal industry. Gardner has two
banks, four churches, a high school, and a weekly
paper. Population (1890), 1,094: (1900), 1,036.
GARDNER, COAL CITY & NORMAXTOWN
RAILWAY. (See Elgin, Jolicf & Eastern Rail-
u-ay. )
GARY, Joseph Easton, lawyer and jurist, was
born of Pm'itan ancestry, at Potsdam, St. Law-
rence County, N. Y., July 9, 1831. His early
educational advantages were such as were fur-
nished by district schools and a village academy,
and, until he was 33 years old, he worked at the
carpenter's bench. In 1843 he removed to St.
Louis, Mo., where he studied law. After admis-
sion to the bar, he practiced for five years in
Southwest Missom-i, thence going to Las Yegas,
N. M., in 1849, and to San Francisco, Cal,, in
1853. In 1856 he settled in Chicago, where he
has since resided. After seven years of active
practice he was elected to the bench of the
Superior Court of Cook County, where he has sat
for thirty years, being four times nominated by
both political parties, and his last re-election — for
a term of six years, occurring in 1893. He pre-
sided at the trial of the Chicago anarchists in
1886 — one of the causes celebres of Illinois. Some
of his rulings therein were sharply criticised, but
he was upheld by the courts of appellate jurisdic-
tion, and his connection with the case has given
him world-wide fame. In November, 1888, the
Supreme Court of Illinois transferred him to the
bench of the Appellate Court, of which tribunal
he has been three times Chief Justice.
GASSETTE, Norman Theodore, real-estate
operator, wasbornatTownsend.Vt., April 31, 1839,
came to Chicago at ten years of age, and, after
.spending a year at Shurtleff College, took a prepar-
atory collegiate course at the Atwater Institute,
Rochester, N. Y. In June, 1861, he enlisted as
a private in the Nineteenth Regiment Illinois
Volunteers, rising in the second year to the rank
of First Lieutenant, and, at the battle of Chicka-
mauga, by gallantry displayed while serving as
an Aid-de-Camp, winning a recommendation
for a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy. The war
over, he served one term as Clerk of the Circuit
Court and Recorder, but later engaged in the real-
estate and loan business as the head of the exten-
sive firm of Norman T. Gassette & Co. He was t.
184
HISTOEICAL E^'CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Republican in politics, active in Grand Army
circles and prominent as a Mason, holding the
position of Eminent Grand Commander of
Knights Templar of Illinois on occasion of the
Triennial Conclave in Washington in 1889. He
also had charge, as President of the Masonic
Fraternity Temple Association of Chicago, for
some time prior to his decease, of the erection of
the Masonic Temple of Chicago. Died, in Chi-
cago, March 26, 1891.
GATE WOOD, WilUam Jefferson, early lawyer,
was born in "Warren County, Ky., came to
Franklin County, 111., in boyhood, removed to
Shawneetown in 1823, where he taught school
two or three years while studying law; was
admitted to the bar in 1828, and served in five
General Assemblies — as Representative in 1830-32,
and as Senator, 1834-42. He is described as a man
of fine education and brilliant talents. Died,
Jan. 8, 1842.
GAULT, John C, railway manager, was born
at Hooksett. N. H., May 1, 1829; in 1850 entered
the local freight ofiice of the JIanchester & Law-
rence Railroad, later becoming General Freight
Agent of the Vermont Central. Coming to Chi-
cago in 1859, he successively fiUed the positions
of Superintendent of Transportation on the
Galena & Chicago Union, and (after the consoli-
dation of the latter with the Chicago & North-
western), that of Division Superintendent,
General Freight Agent and Assistant General
Manager; Assistant General Manager of the
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul; General Mana-
ger of the Wabash (1879-83) ; Arbitrator for the
trunk lines (1883-85), and General Manager of
the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific
(1885-90), when he retired. Died, in Chicago,
August 29. 1891.
GENERAL ASSEMBLIES. The following is a
list of the General Assemblies which have met
since the admission of Illinois as a State up to
1898— from the First to the Fortieth inclusive—
with the more important acts passed by each and
the duration of their respective sessions :
First General Assembly held two sessions,
the first convening at Kaskaskia, the State Capi-
tal, Oct. 5, and adjourning Oct. 18, 1818. The
second met, Jan. 4, 1819, continuing to March 31.
Lieut-Gov. Pierre Menard presided over the Sen-
ate, consisting of thirteen members, while John
Messinger was chosen Speaker of the House,
containing twenty-seven members. The most
important business transacted at the first session
was the election of two United States Senators —
Ninian Edwards and Jesse B. Thomas, Sr.— and
the filling of minor State and judicial offices. At
the second session a code of laws was enacted,
copied chiefly from the Virginia and Kentucky
statutes, including the law concerning "negroes
and mulattoes, " which long remained on the
statute book. An act was also passed appointing
Commissioners to select a site for a new State
Capital, which resulted in its location at Van-
dalia. The sessions were held in a stone building
with gambrel-roof pierced by dormer-windows,
the Senate occupying the lower floor and the
House the upper. The length of the first session
was nine days, and of the second eighty-seven —
total, ninety-six days.
Second General Assembly convened at Van-
dalia, Dec. 4, 1820. It consisted of fourteen
Senators and twenty-nine Representatives. John
McLean, of Gallatin County, was chosen Speaker
of the House. A leading topic of discussion was
the incorporation of a State Bank. Money was
scarce and there was a strong popular demand
for an increase of circulating medium. To
appease this clamor, no less than to relieve traders
and agriculturists, this General Assembly estab-
lished a State Bank (see State Bank), despite
the earnest protest of McLean and the executive
veto. A stay-law was also enacted at tliis session
for the benefit of the debtor class. The number
of members of the next Legislature was fixed at
eighteen Senators and thirty-six Representatives
— this provision remaining in force until 1831.
The session ended Feb. 15, having lasted seventy-
four days.
Third General Assembly convened, Dec. 2,
1822. Lieutenant-Governor Hubbard presided in
the Senate, while in the organization of the
lower house, William M. Alexander was chosen
Speaker. Governor Coles, in his inaugural,
called attention to the existence of slavery in
Illinois despite the Ordinance of 1787, and urged
the adoption of repressive measures. Both
branches of the Legislature being pro-slavery in
sympathy, the Governor's address provoked
bitter and determined opposition. On Jan. 9,
1823, Jesse B. Thomas was re-elected United
States Senator, defeating John Reynolds, Leonard
White and Samuel D. Lockwood. After electing
Mr. Thomas and choosing State officers, the
General Assembly proceeded to discuss the major-
ity and minority reports of the committee to
which had been referred the Governor's address.
The minority report recommended the abolition
of slavery, while that of the majority favored
the adoption of a resolution calling a convention
to amend the Constitution, the avowed object
HISTORICAL E]SrCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
185
being to make Illinois a slave State. The latter
report was adopted, but the pro-slavery party in
the House lacked one vote of the number neces-
sary to carry the resolution by the constitutional
two-thirds majority. What followed has always
been regarded as a blot upon the record of the
Third General Assembly. Nicholas Hansen, who
had been awarded the seat from Pike County
at the beginning of the session after a contest
brought by his opponent, John Shaw, was un-
seated after the adoption of a resolution to
reconsider the vote by which he had been several
weeks before declared elected. Shaw having
thus been seated, -the resolution was carried by
the necessary twenty-four votes. Mr. Hansen,
although previously regarded as a pro-slavery
man, had voted with the minority when the
resolution was first put upon its passage. Hence
followed his deprivation of his seat. The triumph
of the friends of the convention was celebrated
by what Gov. John Reynolds (himself a couven-
tionist) characterized as "a wild and indecorous
procession by torchlight and liquor." (See
Slavery and Slave Lairs.) The session adjourned
Feb. 18, having continued seventy-nine days.
Fourth General Assembly. This body held
two sessions, the first being convened, Nov. 15,
1824, by proclamation of the Executive, some
three weeks before the date for the regular
session, in order to correct a defect in the law
relative to counting the returns for Presidential
Electors. Thomas Mather was elected Speaker
of the House, while Lieutenant-Governor Hub-
bard presided in the Senate. Having amended
the law concerning the election returns for Presi-
dential Electors, the Assembly proceeded to the
election of two United States Senators— one to
fill the unexpired term of ex-Senator Edwards
(resigned) and the other for the full term begin-
ning March 4, 182.5. John McLean was chosen
for the first and Elias Kent Kane for the second.
Five circuit judgeships were created, and it was
provided that the bench of the Supreme Court
should consist of four Judges, and that semi-
annual sessions of that tribunal should be held at
the State capital. (See Judicial Department.)
The regular session came to an end, Jan. 18, 1835,
but at its own request, the Lieutenant-Governor
and acting Governor Hubbard re-convened the
body in special session on Jan. 2, 1826, to enact a
new apportionment law under the census of 1825.
A sine die adjournment was taken, Jan. 28, 1826.
One of the important acts of the regular session
of 1825 was the adoption of the first free-school
law in Illinois, the measure having been intro-
duced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards Governor of
the State. This Legislature was in session a total
of ninety-two days, of which sixty-five were
during the first session and twenty-seven during
the second.
Fifth General Assembly convened, Dec. 4,
1826, Lieutenant-Governor Kinney presiding in
the Senate and John McLean in the House. At
the request of the Governor an investigation into
the management of the bank at Edwardsville was
Iiad, resulting, however, in the exoneration of its
officers. The circuit judgeships created by the
preceding Legislature were abrogated and their
incumbents legislated out of oflice. The State
was divided into four circuits, one Justice of the
Supreme Court being assigned to each. (See
Judicial Department.) This General Assembly
also elected a State Treasurer to succeed Abner
Field, James Hall being chosen on the ninth
ballot. The Supreme Court Judges, as directed
by the preceding Legislature, presented a well
digested report on the revision of the laws, which
was adopted without material alteration. One of
the important measures enacted at this session
was an act establishing a State penitentiary, the
funds for its erection being obtained by the
sale of saline lands in Gallatin County. (See
Alton Penitentiary; also Salt Manufacture.)
The session ended Feb. 19 — having continued
seventy-eight days.
Sixth General Assembly convened, Dec. 1.
1828. The Jackson Democrats had a large major-
ity in both houses. John McLean was, for the
third time, elected Speaker of the House, and,
later in the session, was elected United States
Senator by a unanimous vote. A Secretary of
State, Treasurer and Attorney-General were also
appointed or elected. The most important legis-
lation of the session was as follows : Authorizing
the sale of school lands and the borrowing of the
proceeds from the school fund for the ordinary
governmental expenses; providing for a return
to the viva voce method of voting: creating a
fifth judicial circuit and appointing a Judge
therefor ; providing for the appointment of Com-
missioners to determine upon the route of the
Illinois & Michigan Canal, to sell lands and com-
mence its construction. The Assembly adjourned,
Jan. 23, 1829, having been in session fifty-four da3's.
Seventh General Assembly met, Dec. 6, 1830.
The newly-elected Lieutenant-Governor, Zadoc
Casey, and WilUam L. D. Ewing presided
over the two houses, respectively. John Rey-
nolds was Governor, and, the majority of the
Senate being made up of his political adversaries.
186
^I^;TOKIC'AL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
experienced no little difficulty iu securing the
confirmation of his nominees. Two United
States Senators were elected: Elias K. Kane
being chosen to succeed himself and John M.
Robinson to serve the unexpired term of John
McLean, deceased. The United States census of
1830 gave Illinois thi-ee Representatives in Con-
gress instead of one, and this General Assembly
passed a re-apportionment law accordingly. The
number of State Senators was increased to
twenty-six, and of members of the lower house
to fifty-five. The criminal code was amended by
tlie substitution of imprisonment in the peni-
tentiary as a penalty in lieu of the stocks and
public flogging. This Legislature also authorized
the borrowing of §100,000 to redeem the notes of
the State Bank which were to mature the follow-
ing year. The Assembly adjourned, Feb. 16, 1831,
the session having lasted seventy-three days.
Eighth General Assembly. The session
began Dec. 3, 1833. and ended March 2, 1833.
"William L. D. Ewing was chosen President pro
tempore of the Senate, and succeeded Zadoc
Casey as Lieutenant-Governor, the latter having
been elected a Representative in Congress.
Alexander M. Jenkins presided over the House as
Speaker. This Legislature enacted the first gen-
eral incorporation laws of Illinois, their provisions
being applicable to towns and public libraries.
It also incorporated several railroad companies,
— one line from Lake Michigan to the Illinois
River (projected as a substitute for the canal),
one from Peru to Cairo, and another to cross the
State, nmning through Springfield. Other char-
ters were granted for shorter lines, but the incor-
porators generally failed to organize under them.
A notable inci dent in connection with this session
was the attempt to impeach Theophilus "\V. Smith,
a Justice of the Supreme Court. This was the first
and last trial of this character in the State's his-
tory, between 1818 and 1899. Failing to secure a
conviction in the Senate (where the vote stood
twelve for conviction and ten for acquittal, with
four Senators excused from voting), the House
attempted to remove him by address, but in this
the Senate refused to concur. The first mechan-
ics' lien law was enacted by this Legislature,
as also a law relating to the "right of way" foi-
"public roads, canals, or other public works.'
The length of the session was ninety days.
Ninth General Assembly. This Legislature
held two sessions. The first began Dec. 1, 1834,
and lasted to Feb. 13, 183.5. Lieutenant-Governor
Jenkins presided in the Senate and James Semple
was elected Speaker of the House without oppo-
sition. On Dec. CO, John M. Robinson was re-
elected United States Senator Abraham Lincoln
was among the new members, but took no con-
spicuous part in the discussions of the body. Tlie
principal public laws passed at this session were:
Providing for tlie borrowing of §,500,000 to bt
used in tlie construction of the Illinois & Michi-
gan Canal and the appointment of a Board of
Commissioners to supervise its expenditure;
incorporating the Bank of the State of Illinois:
and authorizing a loan of §13,000 b}- Cook County,
at 10 per cent interest per annum from the
county school fund, for the erection of a court
house in that county. The second session of this
Assembly convened. Dec. 7, 1835, adjourning, Jan.
18, 1830. A new canal act was passed, enlarging
the Commissioners' powers and pledging the faith
of the State for the repayment of money bor-
rowed to aid in its construction. A new appor-
tionment law was also passed providing for the
election of forty-one Senators and ninety-one
Representatives, and W. L. D. Ewing was elected
United States Senator, to succeed Elias K. Kane,
deceased. The length of the first session was
seventy-five days, and of the second forty-three
days— total, 118.
Tenth General Assembly, like its predeces-
sor, held two sessions. The first convened Dec. 5,
183G, and adjourned March 6, 1837. The Whigs
controlled tlie Senate by a large majority, and
elected William H. Davidson, of White County,
President, to succeed Alexander M. Jenkins, who
had resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship. (See
Jenkins. Alexander 31.) James Semple was
re-elected Speaker of the House, %vhich was
fully two-thirds Democratic. This Legislature
was remarkable for the number of its members
who afterwards attained National prominence.
Lincoln and Douglas sat in the lower house, both
voting for the same candidate for Speaker — New-
ton Cloud, an independent Democrat. Besides
these, the rolls of this Assembly included the
names of a future Governor, six future United
States Senators, eight Congressmen, three Illinois
Supreme Court Judges, seven State officers, and
a Cabinet officer. Tlie two absorbing topics for
legislative discussion and action were the system
of internal improvements and the removal of the
State capital. (See Intertial Improvement Policy
and State Capitals. ) The friends of Springfield
finally effected such a combination tliat that city
was selected as the seat of the State government,
while the Internal Improvement Act was passed
over the veto of Governor Duncan. A second
session of this Legislature met on the call of the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
187
GoTernor, July 10, 1837, and adjourned July 23.
An act legalizing the suspension of State banks
was adopted, but the recommendation of the Gov-
ernor for the repeal of the internal improvement
legislation was ignored. The length of the first
session was ninety-two days and of the second
thirteen— total 105.
Eleventh General Assembly. This body
held both a regular and a special session. The
former met Dec. 3, 1838, and adjourned March 4,
1839. The Whigs were in a majority in both
houses, and controlled the organization of the
Senate. In the House, however, their candidate
for Speaker^Abraham Lincoln — failing to secure
his full party vote, was defeated by W. L. D.
Ewing. At this session §800,000 more was appro-
priated for the "improvement of water-ways and
the construction of railroads, " all efforts to put an
end to, or even curtail, further expenditures on
account of internal improvements nieeting with
defeat. An appropriation (tlie first) was made
for a library for the Supreme Court ; the Illinois
Institution for the Education of the Deaf and
Dumb was established, and the further issuance
of bank notes of a smaller denomination than So
was prohibited. By this time the State debt had
increased to over §13,000,000, and both the people
and the Governor were becoming apprehensive as
to ultimate results of this prodigal outlay. A
crisis appeared imminent, and the Governor, on
Dec. 9, 1839. convened the Legislature in special
session to consider the situation. (This was the
first session ever held at Springfield ; and. the new
State House not being completed, the Senate, the
House and the Supreme Court found accommo-
dation in three of the principal church edifices.)
The struggle for a change of State policy at this
session was long and hard fought, no heed being
given to party lines. The outcome was the vir-
tual abrogation of the entire internal improve-
ment system. Provision was made for the calling
in and destruction of all unsold bonds and the
speedy adjustment of all unsettled accounts of
the old Board of Public Works, which was legis-
lated out of office. The special session adjourned
Feb. 3. 1840. Length of regular session ninety-
two days, of the special, fifty-seven — total, 149.
Twelfth General Assembly. This Legisla-
ture was strongly Democratic in both branches.
It first convened, by executive proclamation,
Nov. 23, 1840, the object being to provide for pay-
ment of interest on the public debt. In reference
to this matter the following enactments were
made: Authorizing the hypothecation of §300,000
internal improvement bonds, to meet the interest
due Jan. 1, 1841 : directing the issue of bonds to
be sold in the open market and the proceeds
applied toward discharging all amounts due on
interest account for which no other provision was
made ; levying a special tax of ten cents on the
§100 to meet the interest on the last mentioned
class of bonds, as it matured. For the comple-
tion of the Northern Cross Railroad (from Spring-
field to Jacksonville) another appropriation of
§100,000 was made. The called session adjourned,
sine die, on Dec. 5, and the regular session began
two days later. The Senate was presided over by
the Lieutenant-Governor (Stinson H. Anderson),
and William L. D. Ewing was chosen Speaker of
the House. The most vital issue was the propri-
ety of demanding the surrender of the charter of
the State Bank, with its branches, and here
party lines were drawn. The Whigs finally
succeeded in averting the closing of the institu-
tions which had suspended specie payments, and
in secm-ing for those institutions the privilege of
issuing small bills. A law reorganizing the judi-
ciary was passed by the majority over the execu-
tive veto, and in face of the defection of some of
its members. On a partisan issue all the Circuit
Judges were legislated out of office and five Jus-
tices added to the bench of the Supreme Court.
The session was stormy, and the Assembly ad-
journed March 1, 1841. This Legislature was in
session ninety-eight days — thirteen during the
special session and eighty -five during the regular.
Thirteenth General Assembly consisted of
forty-one Senators and 131 Representatives; con-
vened, Dec. 5. 1842. The Senate and House were
Democratic by two-thirds majority in each.
Lieut. -Gov. John Moore was presiding officer of
the Senate and Samuel Hackelton Speaker of the
House, with W. L. D. Ewing, who had been
acting Governor and United States Senator, as
Clerk of the latter. Richard Yates, Isaac N.
Arnold, Stephen T. Logan and Gustavus Koerner,
were among the new members. The existing
situation seemed fraught with peril. The State
debt was nearly §14,000,000; immigration had
been checked ; the State and Shawneetown banks
had gone down and their currency was not worth
fifty cents on the dollar; Auditor's warrants were
worth no more, and Illinois State bonds were
quoted at fourteen cents. On Deo. 18. Judge
Sidney Breese was elected United States Senator,
having defeated Stephen A. Douglas for the
Democratic caucus nomination, on the nineteenth
baUot, by a majority of one vote. The State
Bank (in which the State had been a large share-
holder) was permitted to go into liquidation upon
IfSS
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
the surrender of State bonds in exchange for a
like amount of bank stock owned by the State.
Tlie same conditional release was granted to tlie
bank at Shawneetown. The net result was a
reduction of the State debt by about .$3,000,000.
The Governor was authorized to negotiate a
loan of 81,600,000 on the credit of the State, for
the purpose of prosecuting the work on the canal
and meeting the indebtedness already incurred.
The Executive was also made sole "Fund Com-
missioner" and, in that capacity, was empowered
(in connection with the Auditor) to sell the
railroads, etc., belonging to the State at public
auction. Provision was also made for the redemp-
tion of the bonds hypothecated with Macalister
and Stebbins. (See Macalister and Stebbins
Bonds.) The Congressional distribution of the
moneys arising from the sale of public lauds was
acquiesced in, and the revenues and resources of
the State were pledged to the redemption "of
every debt contracted by an authorized agent for a
good and valuable consideration." To establish
a sinking fund to meet such obligation, a tax of
twenty cents on every §100, payable in coin, was
levied. This Legislature also made a re-appor-
tionment of the State into Seven Congressional
Districts. The Legislature adjourned, March 6,
1843, after a session of ninety -two days.
Fourteenth General Assembly convened
Dec. 2, 1844, and adjourned March 3, 1845, the ses-
sion lasting ninety-two days. The Senate was
composed of twenty-six Democrats and fifteen
Whigs; the House of eighty Democrats and
thirty-nine Whigs. David Davis was among the
new members. William A. Richardson defeated
Stephen T. Logan for the Speakership, and James
Semple was elected United States Senator to suc-
ceed Samuel McRoberts, deceased. The canal
law was amended by the passage of a supple-
mental act, transferring the property to Trustees
and empowering the Governor to complete the
negotiations for the borrowing of §1,600,000 for
its construction. The State revenue being in-
sufficient to meet the ordinary expenses of the
government, to say nothing of the arrears of
interest on the State debt, a tax of three mills on
each dollar's worth of property was imposed for
1845 and of three and one-half mills thereafter.
Of the revenue thus raised in 1845, one mill was
set apart to pay the interest on the State debt
and one and one-half mills for the same purpose
from the taxes collected in 1846 "and forever
thereafter."
Fifteenth General Assembly convened Dec.
7, 1846. The farewell message of Governor Ford
and the inaugural of Governor French were lead-
ing incidents. The Democrats had a two-thirds
majority in each house. Lieut. -Gov. Joseph B.
Wells presided in the Senate, and Newton Cloud
was elected Speaker of the House, the compli-
mentary vote of the Whigs being given to Stephen
T. Logan. Stephen A. Douglas was elected
United States Senator, the whigs voting for Cyrus
Edwards. State officers were elected as follows :
Auditor, Thomas H. Campbell; State Treasurer,
Milton Carpenter— both by acclamation; and
Horace S Cooley was nominated and confirmed
Secretary of State. A new school law was
enacted ; the sale of the Gallatin County salines
was authorized ; the University of Chicago was
incorporated, and the Hospital for the Insane at
Jacksonville established; the sale of the North-
ern Cross Railroad was authorized; District
Courts were established ; and provision was made
for refunding the State debt. The Assembly
adjourned, March 1, 1847, after a session of
eighty-five days.
Sixteenth General Assembly. This was the
first Legislature to convene under the Constitu-
tion of 1847. There were twenty-five members
in the Senate and seventy-five in the House.
The body assembled on Jan. 1, 1849, continu-
ing in session until Feb. 12 — the session being
limited by the Constitution to six weeks. Zadoc
Casey was chosen Speaker, defeating Richard
Yates by a vote of forty-six to nineteen. After
endorsing the policy of the administration in
reference to the Mexican War and thanking the
soldiers, the Assembly proceeded to the election
of United States Senator to succeed Sidney
Breese. The choice fell upon Gen. James Shields,
the other caucus candidates being Breese and
McClernand, while Gen. William F. Thornton led
the forlorn hope for the Whigs. The principle of
the Wilmot proviso was endorsed. The Governor
convened the Legislature in special session on
Oct. 22. A question as to the eligibility of Gen.
Shields having arisen (growing out of his nativity
and naturalization), and the legal obstacles hav-
ing been removed by the lapse of time, he was
re-elected Senator at the special session. Outside
of the passage of a general law authorizing the
incorporation of railroads, little general legisla-
tion was enacted. The special session adjourned
Nov. 7. Length of regular session forty -three
days ; special, seventeen — total sixty.
Seventeenth General Assembly convened
Jan. 6, 1851, adjourned Feb. 17 — length of
session forty-three days. Sidney Breese (ex-
Senator) was chosen Speaker. The session was
HISTOPJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
1S9
cliaracterized by a vast amount of legislation, not
all of which was well considered. By joint reso-
lution of both bouses the endorsement of the
Wilmot proviso at the previous session was
rescinded. The first homestead exemption act
was passed, and a .stringent liquor law adopted,
the sale of liquor in quantities less than one quart
being prohibited. Township organization was
authorized and what was virtually free-banking
was sanctioned. The latter law was ratified by
popular vote in Xovember, 1851. An act incorpo-
rating the Illinois Central Railroad was also
passed at this session, the measure being drafted
by James L. D. Morrison. A special session of
this Assembly was held in 1852 under a call by
the Governor, lasting from June 7 to the 23d —
seventeen days. The most important general
legislation of the special session was the reappor-
tionment of the State into nine Congressional
Districts. This Legislature was in session a total
of sixty days.
Eighteenth General Assembly. The first
(or regular) session convened Jan. 3, 1853, and
adjourned Feb. 14. The Senate was composed of
twenty Democrats and five Whigs; the House, of
fifty-nine Democrats, sixteen Whigs and one
"Free-Soiler. " Lieutenant-Governor Koerner
presided in the upper, and ex-Gov. John Reynolds
in the lower house. Governor Matteson was
inaugurated on the 16th ; Stephen A. Douglas was
re-elected United States Senator, Jan. 5, the
Whigs casting a complimentary vote for Joseph
Gillespie. More than 450 laws were enacted, the
majority being "private acts." The prohibitory
temperance legislation of the preceding General
Assembly was repealed and the license system
re enacted. This body also passed the famous
"black laws" designed to prevent the immigration
of free negroes into the State. The sum of
§18,000 was appropriated for the erection and
furnishing of an executive mansion ; the State
Agricultural Society was incorporated; the re-
mainder of the State lands was ordered sold, and
any surplus funds in the treasury appropriated
toward reducing the State debt. A special session
was convened on Feb. 9, 1854, and adjourned
March 4. The most important measures adopted
were: a legislative re-apportionment, an act pro-
viding for the election of a Superintendent of
Public Instruction, and a charter for the Missis-
sippi & Atlantic Railroad. The regular session
lasted forty-three days, the special twenty-four
— total, sixty-seven.
Nineteenth Gener.\l Assembly met Jan.. 1,
1855, and adjourned Feb. 15 — the session lasting
forty -six days. Thomas J. Turner was elected
Speaker of the House. The political complexion
of the Legislature was much mixed, among the
members being old-line Whigs, Abolitionists,
Free-Soilers, Know-Xothings, Pro-slavery Demo-
crats and Anti-Nebraska Democrats. The
Nebraska question was the leading issue, and in
reference thereto the Senate stood fourteen
Nebraska members and eleven anti-Nebraska ; the
House, thirty-four straight-out Democrats, while
the entire strength of the opposition was forty-
one. A United States Senator was to be chosen
to succeed Gen. James Shields, and the friends of
free-soil had a clear majority of four on joint
ballot. Abraliam Lincoln was the caucus nomi-
nee of the Whigs, and General Shields of the Demo-
crats. The two houses met in joint session Feb. 8.
The result of the first ballot was, Lincoln, forty-
five; Shields, forty-one; scattering, thirteen;
present, but not voting, one. Mr. Lincoln's
strength steadily waned, then rallied slightly on
the sixth and seventh ballots, but again declined.
Shields" forty-one votes rising on the fifth ballot
to forty-two, but having dropped on the next
ballot to forty-one, his name was withdrawn and
that of Gov. Joel A. Matteson substituted. Mat-
teson gained until he received forty -seven votes,
which was the limit of his strength. On the
ninth ballot, Loncoln's vote having dropped to
fifteen, his name was withdrawn at his own
request, his support going, on the next ballot, to
Lyman Trumbull, an anti-Nebraska Democrat,
who received fift}--one votes to forty-seven for
JIatteson and one for Archibald Williams— one
member not voting. Trumbull, having received
a majority, was elected. Five members had
voted for him from the start. These were Sena-
tors John M. Palmer, Norman B. Judd and Burton
C. Cook, and Representatives Henry S. Baker and
George T. Allen. It had been hoped that they
would, in time, come to the support of Jlr. Lin-
coln, but they explained that they had been
instructed by their constituents to vote only for
an anti-Nebraska Democrat. They were all sub-
sequently prominent leaders in the Republican
party. Having inaugurated its work by accom-
plishing a political revolution, this Legislature
proceeded to adopt several measures more or less
radical in their tendency. One of these was the
Maine liquor law, with the condition that it be
submitted to popular vote. It failed of ratifica-
tion by vote of the people at an election held in
the following June. A new common school law
was enacted, and railroads were required to fence
their tracks. The Assembly also adopted a reso-
190
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
lution calling for a Convention to amend the Con-
stitution, but tliis was defeated at the polls.
Twentieth General Assembly convened Jan.
5, 18.57, and adjourned, sine die. Feb. 19. A
Republican State administration, with Governor
Bissell at its head, had just been elected, but the
Legislature was Democratic in both branches.
Lieut. -Gov. John Wood presided over the Senate.
and Samuel Holmes, of Adams County, defeated
Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook, for the Speakership of
the House. Among the prominent members were
Norman B. Judd, of Cook; A. J. Kuykendall, of
Johnson ; Shelby M. Cullom, of Sangamon ; John
A. Logan, of Jackson; William R. Morrison, of
Monroe ; Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook ; Joseph Gilles-
pie, of Madison, and S. W. Moulton, of Shelby.
Among the important measures enacted by this
General Assembly were the following: Acts
establishing and maintaining free schools; estab-
lishing a Normal University at Normal ; amending
the banking law ; providing for the general incor-
poration of railroads ; providing for the building
of a new penitentiary ; and funding the accrued
arrears of interest on the public debt. Length of
session, forty-six days.
Twenty-first General Assembly convened
Jan. 3, 1859, and was in session for fifty-three
days, adjourning Feb. 2-t. The Senate consisted
of twenty-five, and the House of seventy-five
members. The presiding officers were: — of the
Senate, Lieut. -Gov. Wood; of the House, W. R.
Morrison, of Monroe County, who defeated his
Republican opponent. Vital Jarrot, of St. Clair,
on a viva voce vote. Tlie Governor's message
showed a reduction of $1,106,877 in the State debt
during two years preceding, leaving a balance of
principal and arrears of interest amounting to
§11,138,454. On .Jan. 6. 1859, the Assembly, in
joint session, elected Stephen A. Douglas to suc-
ceed himself as United States Senator, by a vote
of fifty-four to forty-six for Abraham Lincoln.
The Legislature was thrown into great disorder
in consequence of an attempt to prevent the
receipt from the Governor of a veto of a legisla-
tive apportionment bill which had been passed by
the Democratic majority in the face of bitter
opposition on the part of the Republicans, who
denounced it as partisan and unjust.
Twenty-second General Assembly convened
in regular session on Jan. 7, 1861, consisting of
twenty-five Senators and seventy-five Represent-
atives. For the first time in the State's history,
the Democrats failed to control the organization
of either house. Lieut.-Gov. Francis A. Hoffman
presided over the Senate, and S. M. Cullom, of
Sangamon, was chosen Speaker of the House, the
Democratic candidate being James AV. Singleton.
Thomas A. Marshall, of Coles County, was elected
President pro tem. of the Senate over A. J. Kuy-
kendall, of Johnson. The message of the retiring
Governor (John Wood) reported a reduction of
the State debt, during four years of Republican
administration, of §2,860,402, and showed the
number of banks to be 110, whose aggregate cir-
culation was 812.320,964. Lyman Trumbull was
re-elected United States Senator on January 10,
receiving fifty-four votes, to forty-six cast for
Samuel S. Marshall. Governor Yates was inau-
gurated, Jan. 14. The most important legislation
of this session related to the following subjects:
the separate property rights of married women ;
the encouragement of mining and the support of
public schools ; the payment of certain evidences
of State indebtedness ; protection of the purity of
the ballot-box, and a resolution submitting to the
people the question of the calling of a Convention
to amend the Constitution. Joint resolutions were
passed relative to the death of Governor Bissell ;
to the appointment of Commissioners to attend a
Peace Conference in Washington, and referring
to federal relations. The latter deprecated
amendments to the United States Constitution, but
expressed a willingness to unite with any States
which might consider themselves aggrieved,
in petitioning Congress to call a convention
for the consideration of such amendments, at the
same time pledging the entire resources of Illi-
nois to the National Government for the preser-
vation of the Union and the enforcement of the
laws. The regular session ended Feb. 22, having
lasted forty-seven days. — Immediately following
President Lincoln's first call for volunteers to
suppress the rebellion, Governor Yates recon-
vened the General Assembly in special session to
consider and adopt methods to aid and support
the Federal authority in preserving the Union and
protecting the rights and propert}' of the peojjle.
The two houses assembled on April 23. On April
25 Senator Douglas addressed the members on the
issues of the day, in resjjonse to an invitation con-
veyed in a joint resolution. The special session
closed May 3, 1861, and not a few of the legislators
promptly volunteered in the Union army.
Length of the regular session, forty-seven days;
of the special, eleven — total fifty-eight.
Twenty-third General Assembly was com-
posed of twenty-five Senators and eighty-eight
Representatives. It convened Jan. 5, 1863, and
was Democratic in both branches. The presiding
officer of the Senate was Lieutenant-Governor
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
101
Hoffman; Samuel A. Buckmaster was elected
Speaker of the House by a vote of fifty-three to
twenty-five. On Jan. 13. William A. Richardson
was elected United States Senator to succeed
S. A. Douglas, deceased, the Republican nominee
being Governor Yates, who received thirtj'-eight
votes out of a total of 103 cast. Much of the time
of the session was devoted to angry discussion of
the policy of the National Government in the
prosecution of the war. The views of the oppos-
ing parties were expressed in majority and minor-
ity reports from the Committee on Federal
Relations — the former condemning and the latter
upholding the Federal administration. The
majority report was adopted in the House on
Feb. 12, by a vote of fifty-two to twenty-eight,
and the resolutions which it embodied were at
once sent to the Senate for concurrence. Before
they could be acted upon in that body a Demo-
cratic Senator — J. 51. Rodgers, of Clinton County
— died. This left the Senate politically tied, a
Republican presiding ofBcer having the deciding
vote. Consequently no action was taken at the
time, and, on Feb. 14, the Legislature adjourned
till June 2. Immediately upon re-assembling,
joint resolutions relating to a sine die adjourn-
ment were introduced in both houses. A disagree-
ment regarding the date of such adjournment
ensued, when Governor Yates, exercising the
power conferred upon him by the Constitution in
such cases, sent in a message (June 10, 1863)
proroguing the General Assembly until "the
Saturday next preceding the first Monday in
January, 18G5.'' The members of the Republican
minority at once left the hall. The members of
the majority convened and adjourned from day
to day until June 24, when, having adopted an
address to the people setting fortli tlieir grievance
and denouncing the State executive, they took a
recess imtil the Tuesday after the first Monday of
January, 1864. The action of the Governor, hav-
ing been submitted to the Supreme Court, was
sustained, and no further session of this General
Assembly was held. Owing to the prominence
of political issues, no important legislation was
effected at this session, even the ordinary appro-
priations for the State institutions failing. This
caused much embarrassment to the State Govern-
ment in meeting current expenses, but banks and
capitaUsts came to its aid, and no important
interest was permitted to suffer. The total
length of the session was fifty days — forty-one
days before the recess and nine days after.
Twenty-fourth General Assembly convened
Jan. 3, 1865, and remained in session forty-six
days. It consisted of twenty-rive Senators and
eighty-five Representatives. The Republicans
had a majority in both houses. Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor Bross presided over the Senate, and Allen
C. Fuller, of Boone County, was chosen Speaker
of the House, over Ambrose M. Miller, Democrat,
the vote standing 48 to 23. Governor Yates, in
his valedictory message, reported that, notwith-
standing the heavy expenditure attendant upon
the enlistment and maintenance of troops, etc.,
the State debt had been reduced §987,786 in four
years. On Jan. 4, 186.5, Governor Yates was
elected to the United States Senate, receiving
sixty-four votes to forty three cast for James C.
Robinson. Governor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan.
16. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United
States Constitution was ratified by this Legisla-
ture, and sundry special appropriations made.
Among the latter was one of §3,000 toward the
State's proportion for the establishment of a
National Cemetery at Gettysburg; 52.5,000 for
the purcliase of the land on which is the tomb
of the deceased Senator Douglas; besides sums
for establishing a home for Soldiers' Orphans and
an experimental scliool for the training of idiots
and feeble-minded children. The first act for
the registry of legal voters was passed at this
session.
Twenty-fifth General Assembly. This
body held one regular and two special sessions.
It first convened and organized on Jan. 7, 1867.
Lieutenant-Governor Bross presided over the
upper, and Franklin Corwin, of La Salle County,
over the lower house. The Governor (Oglesby),
in his message, reported a reduction of §2,607,938
in the State debt during the two years preceding,
and recommended various appropriations for pub-
lic purposes. He also urged the calling of a Con-
vention to amend the Constitution. On Jan. 15,
Lyman Trumbull was chosen United States Sena-
tor, the complimentary Democratic vote being
given to T. Lyle Dickey, who received thirty-
three votes out of 109. The regular session lasted
fifty-three days, adjourning Feb. 28. The Four-
teenth Amendment to the United States Constitu-
tion was ratified and important legislation enacted
relative to State taxation and the regulation of
public warehouses ; a State Board of Equalization
of Assessments was established, and the ofiice of
Attorney-General created. (Under this law
Robert G. IngersoU was the first appointee.)
Provision was made for the erection of a new
State House, to establish a Reform School for
Juvenile Offenders, and for the support of other
State institutions. The first special session con-
192
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA ()F ILLINOIS
vened on June 11, 1867, having been summoned
to consider questions relating to internal revenue.
The lessee of the penitentiary having surrendered
his lease without notice, the Governor found it
necessary to make immediate provision for the
management of that institution. Not having
included this matter in his original call, no ne-
cessity then existing, he at once summoned a
second special session, before the adjournment
of the first. This convened on June 14, remained
in session until June 28, and adopted what is
substantially the present penitentiary law of the
State. This General Assembly was in session
seventy-one days— fifty-three at the regular,
three at the first special session and fifteen at the
Twenty-sixth General Assembly convened
Jan. 4, 1809. The Republicans had a majority in
each house. The newly elected Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor, John Dougherty, presided in the Senate,
and Franklin Corwin. of Peru, was again chosen
Speaker of the House. Governor Oglesby sub-
mitted his final message at the opening of the
session, showing a total reduction in the State
debt during his term of §4,743,831. Governor
John M. Palmer was inaugurated Jan. 11. The
most important acts passed by this Legislature
were the following; Calling the Constitutional
Convention of 1869; ratifying the Fifteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution ;
granting well behaved convicts a reduction in
their terms of imprisonment ; for the prevention
of cruelty to animals ; providing for the regula-
tion of freights and fares on railroads; estab-
lishing the Southern Normal University; pro-
viding for the erection of the Northern Insane
Hospital; and establishing a Board of Com-
missioners of Public Charities. The celebrated
"Lake Front Bill," especially affecting the
interests of the city of Chicago, occupied a
great deal of time during this session, and
though finally passed over the Governor's veto,
was repealed in 1873. This session was inter-
rupted by a recess which extended from March
12 to April 13. The Legislature re-assem-
bled April 14, and adjourned, sine die, April 20,
having been in actual session seventy-four days.
Twenty-seventh General Assembly had
four sessions, one regular, two special and one
adjourned. The first convened Jan. 4, 1871, and
adjourned on April 17. having lasted 104 days,
when a recess was taken to Nov. 13 following.
The body was made up of fifty Senators and 177
Representatives. The Republicans again con-
-trolled both houses, electing WiUiam M. Smith,
S[3eaker (over William R. Morrison, Democrat),
while Lieutenant-Governor Dougherty presided in
the Senate. The latter occupied the Hall of Rep-
resentatives in the old State Capitol, while the
House held its sessions in a new church edifice
erected by the Second Presbj-terian Church.
John A. Logan was elected United States Sena-
tor, defeating Thomas J. Turner (Democrat) by a
vote, on joint ballot, of 181 to 89. This was the
first Illinois Legislature to meet after the adoption
of the Constitution of 1870, and its time was
mainly devoted to framing, discussing and pass-
ing laws required by the changes in the organic
law of the State. The first special session opened
on May 24 and closed on June 22, 1871, continu-
ing thirty days. It was convened by Governor
Palmer to make additional appropriations for the
necessary expenses of tlie State Government and
for the continuance of work on the new State
House. The purpose of the Governor in sum-
moning the second special session was to provide
financial relief for the city of Chicago after the
great fire of Oct. 9-11, 1871. Members were sum-
moned by special telegrams and were in their
seats Oct. 13, continuing in session to Oct. 24
— twelve days. Governor Palmer had already
suggested a plan by which the State might
aid the stricken city without doing violence
to either the spirit or letter of the new Con-
stitution, which expressly prohibited special
legislation. Chicago had advanced $2, .500, 000
toward the completion of the Illinois & Micliigan
Canal, under the pledge of the State that this
outlay should be made good. The Legislature
voted an appropriation sufficient to paj' both
principal and interest of this loan, amounting, in
round numbers, to about 83,000,000. The ad-
journed session opened on Nov. 15, 1871, and came
to an end on April 9, 1872 — having continued 147
days. It was entirely devoted to considering and
adopting legislation germane to the new Consti-
tution. The total length of all sessions of this
General Assembly was 293 days.
Twenty-eighth General Assembly convened
Jan. 8, 1873. It was composed of fifty-one Sena-
tors and 153 Representatives; the upper house
standing thirty-three Republicans to eighteen
Democrats, and the lower, eighty-six Republicans
to sixty-seven Democrats. The Senate chose
John Early, of Winnebago, President pro tempore,
and Shelby M. CuUom was elected Speaker of the
Hovise. Governor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan.
13, but, eight days later, was elected to the United
States Senate, being succeeded in the Governor-
ship by Lieut. -Gov. John L. Beveridge. An
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
193
appropriation of 81,000,000 was made for carrying
on the work on the new capitol and various otlier
acts of a public character passed, the most impor-
tant being an amendment of the railroad law of
the previous session. On May 6, the Legislature
adjourned until Jan. 8, 1874. The purpose of the
recess was to enable a Commission on the Revision
of the Laws to complete a report. The work was
duly completed and nearly all the titles reported
by the Commissioners were adopted at the
adjourned session. An adjournment, sine die,
was taken March 31, 1874 — the two sessions
having lasted, respectively, 119 and 83 days —
total 202.
Twenty-ninth General Assembly convened
Jan 6, 1875. While the Republicans had a plu-
rality in both houses, they were defeated in an
effort to secure their organization through a
fusion of Democrats and Independents. A. A.
Glenn (Democrat) was elected President pro tem-
pore of the Senate (becoming acting Lieutenant-
Governor), and Elijah M. Haines was chosen
presiding officer of the lower house. The leaders
on both sides of the Chamber were aggressive,
and the session, as a whole, was one of the most
turbulent and disorderly in the history of the
State. Little legislation of vital importance
(outside of regular appropriation bills) was
enacted. This Legislature adjourned. April 15,
having been in session 100 days.
Thirtieth General Assembly convened Jan.
3 ; 1877, and adjourned, sine die. on May 24. The
Democrats and Independents in the Senate united
in securing control of that body, although the
House was Republican. Fawcett Plumb, of La
Salle County, was chosen President pro tempore
of the upper, and James Shaw Speaker of the
lower, house. The inauguration of State officers
took place Jan. 8, Shelby M. Cullom becoming
Governor and Andrew Shutnan, Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor. This was one of the most exciting years
in American political history Both of the domi-
nant parties claimed to have elected the President,
and the respective votes in the Electoral College
were so close as to excite grave apprehension in
many minds. It was also tlie year for the choice
of a Senator by the Illinois Legislature, and the
attention of the entire country was directed
toward this State. Gen. John M. Palmer was
the nominee of the Democratic caucus and John
A. Logan of the Republicans. On the twenty-
fourth ballot the name of General Logan was
withdrawn, most of the Republican vote going
to Charles B. La\vTence, and the Democrats going
over to David Davis, who, although an original
Republican and friend of Lincoln, and Justice of
the Supreme Court by appointment of Mr. Lin-
coln, had become an Independent Democrat. On
the fortieth ballot (taken Jan. 25), Judge Davis
received 101 votes, to 94 for Judge Lawrensc
(Republican) and five scattering, thus securing
Davis' election. Not many acts of vital impor-
tance were passed bj- this Legislature. Appellate
Courts were established and new judicial districts
created; the original jurisdiction of county
courts was enlarged; better safeguards were
thrown about miners ; measures looking at once
to the supervision and protection of railroads were
passed, as well as various laws relating chiefly to
the police administration of the State and of
municipalities. The length of the session was
142 days.
Thirty-first General Assembly convened
Jan. 8, 1879, with a Republican majority in each
house. Andrew Shuman, the newly elected Lieu-
tenant-Governor, presided in the Senate, and
William A. James of Lake County was chosen
Speaker of the House. John M. Hamilton of
McLean County (afterwards Governor), was
chosen President pro tempore of the Senate.
John A. Logan was elected United States Senator
on Jan. 21, the complimentary Democratic vote
being given to Gen. John C. Black. Various
laws of public importance were enacted by this
Legislature, among them being one creating the
Bureau of Labor Statistics; the first oleomargar-
ine law; a drainage and levee act; a law for the
reorganization of the militia; an act for the
regulation of pawnbrokers; a law limiting the
pardoning power, and various laws looking
toward the supervision and control of railways.
The session lasted 144 days, and the Assembly
adjourned, sine die. May 31. 1879.
Thirty second General Assembly convened
Jan. 5, 1881, the Republicans having a majority
in both branches. Lieutenant-Governor Hamil-
ton presided in the Senate, WilUam J. Campbell
of Cook County being elected President pro tem-
pore. Horace H. Thomas, also of Cook, was
chosen Speaker of the House. Besides the rou-
tine legislation, the most important measures
enacted by this Assembly were laws to prevent
the spread of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle;
regulating the sale of firearms; providing more
stringent penalties for the adulteration of food,
drink or medicine; regulating the practice of
pharmacy and dentistry ; amending the revenue
and school laws ; and requiring annual statements
from official custodians of public moneys. The
Legislature adjourned May 30, after having been
194
IIISTOrJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS.
in session 146 days, but was called together again
in special session by the Governor on March 23,
1883, to pass new Legislative and Congressional
Apportionment Laws, and for the consideration
of other subjects. The special session lasted
forty-four days, adjourning May 5— both sessions
occupying a total of 190 days.
Thirty-third General Assembly convened
Jan. 3, 1883, with the Republicans again in the
majority in both houses. William J. Campbell
was re-elected President pro tempore of the
Senate, but not until the sixty-first ballot, six
Republicans refusing to be bound by the nomina-
tion of a caucus held prior to their arrival at
Springfield. Loren C. Collins, also of Cook, was
elected Speaker of the House. The compliment-
ary Democratic vote was given to Tliomas M. Shaw
in the Senate, and to Austin O. Sexton in the
House. Governor Cullom, the Republican caucus
nominee, was elected United States Senator, Jan.
16, receiving a majority in each branch of the
General Assembly. The celebrated "Harper
High-License Bill," and the first "Compulsory
School Law" were passed at this session, the
other acts being of ordinary character. The
Legislature adjourned June 18, having been in
session 168 days.
Thirty-fourth General Assembly convened
Jan. 7, 1885. The Senate was Republican by a
majority of one, there being twenty-six members
of that party, twenty-four Demociats and one
greenback Democrat. William. J. Campbell, of
Cook County, was for the third time chosen
President pro tempore. The House stood seventy-
six Republicans and seventy-six Democrats, with
one member — Elijah M. Haines of Lake County —
calling himself an "Independent." The contest
for the Speakership continued until Jan. 39,
when, neither party being able to elect its nomi-
nee, t!ie Democrats took up Haines as a candidate
and placed him in the chair, with Haines' assist-
ance, filling the minor oflSces with their own
men. After the inaugm-ation of Governor
Oglesby, Jan. 30, the first business was the elec-
tion of a United States Senator. The balloting
proceeded until May 18, when John A. Logan re-
ceived 103 votes to ninety -six for Lambert Tree and
five scattering. Three members — one Republican
and two Democrats — had died since the opening
of the session ; and it was thi-ough the election of
a Republican in place of one of the deceased
Democrats, that the Republicans succeeded in
electing their candidate. Tlie session was a
stormy one tliroughout, the Speaker being, much
of the time, at odds with the House, and an
unsuccessful effort was made to depose him.
Charges of bribery against certain members were
preferred and investigated, but no definite result
was reached. Among the important measures
passed by this Legislature were the following : A
joint resolution providing for submission of an
amendment to the Constitution prohibiting con-
tract labor in penal institutions; providing by
resolution for the appointment of a non-partisan
Commission of twelve to draft a new revenue
code ; the Crawford primary election law ; an act
amending the code of criminal procedure ; estab-
lishing a Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, subse-
quently located at Quincy : creating a Live-Stock
Commission and appropriating §531,713 for the
completion of the State House. The Assembly
adjourned, sine die, June 36, 1885, after a session
of 171 days.
Thirty-fifth General Assembly convened
Jan. 5, 1887. The Republicans had a majority of
twelve in the Senate and three in tlie House.
For President pro tempore of the Senate, August
W. Berggren was chosen ; for Speaker of the
House, Dr. William F. Calhoun, of De Witt
County. The death of General Logan, which
had occurred Dec. 26, 1886, was officially an-
nounced by Governor Oglesby and, on Jan. 18,
Charles B. Farwell was elected to succeed him as
United States Senator. William R. Morrison and
Benjamin W. Goodhue were the candidates of
the Democratic and Labor parties, respectively.
Some of the most important laws passed by this
General Assembly were the following: Amend
ing the law relating to the spread of contagious
diseases among cattle, etc. ; the Chase bill to
prohibit book-making and pool-selling: regulat-
ing trust companies: making the Trustees of
the University of Illinois elective: inhibiting
aliens from holding real estate, and forbidding
the marriage of first cousins. An act virtually
creating a new State banking system was also
passed, subject to ratification by popular vote.
Other acts, having more particular reference to
Chicago and Cook County, were: a law making
cities and counties responsible for three-fourths
of the damage resulting from mobs and riots : the
Merritt conspiracy law; the Gibbs Jury Commis-
sion law. and an act for the suppression of
bucket-shop gambling. The session ended June
15, 1887. having continued 163 days.
Thirty-sixth General Assembly convened
Jan. 7, 1889, in its first (or regular) session, tlio
Republicans being largely in the majority. The
Senate elected Theodore S. Chapman of Jersey
County, President pro tempore, and the House
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
195
Asa C Matthews of Pike County, Speaker. Mr.
Matthews was appointed First Comptroller of the
Treasury by President Harrison, on May 9 (see
Matthews, Asa C. ), and resigned the Speakership
on the following day. He was succeeded by
James H. Miller of Stark County. Shelby M.
Cullom was re-elected to the United States Senate
on January 22, the Democrats again voting for
ex-Gov. John M. Palmer. The "Sanitary Drain-
age District Law," designed for the beueiit of the
city of Cliicago, was enacted at this session : an
asylum for insane criminals was established at
Chester : the annexation of cities, towns, villages,
etc., under certain conditions, was authorized;
more stringent legislation was enacted relative to
the circulation of obscene literature ; a new com-
pulsory education law was passed, and the em-
ployment on public works of aliens who had not
declared their intention of becoming citizens was
prohibited. This session ended, May 28. A
special session was convened by Governor Fifer
on July 24, 1890, to frame and adopt legislation
rendered necessary by the Act of Congress locat-
ing the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago.
Mr. Miller having died in the interim, "William G.
Cochran, of Moultrie County, was chosen Speaker
of the House. The special session concluded
Aug. 1, 1890, having enacted the following meas-
ures; An Act granting the use of all State lands,
(submerged or other) in or adjacent to Chicago, to
the World's Columbian Exposition for a period to
extend one year after the closing of the Exposi-
tion; authorizing the Chicago Boards of Park
Commissioners to gi-ant the use of the public
parks, or any part thereof, to promote the objects
of such Exposition ; a joint resolution providing
for the submission to the people of a Constitu-
tional Amendment granting to the city of Chicago
the power (provided a majority of the (]ualified
voters desired it) to issue bonds to an amount not
exceeding §5,000,000, the same to bear interest
and the proceeds of their sale to be turned over
to the Exposition Managers to be devoted to the
use and for the benefit of the Exposition. (See
also World's Columbian Exposition.) The total
length of the two sessions was 150 days.
TmETY-SEVENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY Convened
Jan. 7, 1891, and adjourned June 12 following.
Lieut. -Gov. Ray presided in the Senate, Milton
W. Matthews (Republican), of Urbana, being
elected President pro tem. The Democrats had
control in the House and elected Clayton E.
Crafts, of Cook County, Speaker. The most
exciting feature of the session was the election of
a United States Senator to succeed Charles B.
Farwell. Neither of the two leading parties had
a majority on joint ballot, the balance of power
being held by three "Independent" members of
the House, who had been elected as represent-
atives of the Farmers' Mutual Benevolent Alli-
ance. Richard J. Oglesby was the caucus
nominee of the Republicans and John M. Palmer
of the Democrats. For a time the Independents
stood as a unit for A. J. Streeter, but later two of
the three voted for ex-Governor Palmer, finally,
on March 11, securing his election on the 154th
ballot in joint session. Meanwhile, the Repub-
licans had cast tentative ballots for Alson J.
Streeter and Cicero J. Lindley, in hope of draw-
ing the Independents to their support, but without
effective result. The final ballot stood — Palmer,
103; Lindley, 101, Streeter 1. Of 1,296 bills intro-
duced in both Houses at this session, only 151
became laws, the most important being: The
Australian ballot law, and acts regulating build-
ing and loan associations ; prohibiting the employ-
ment of children under thirteen at manual labor ;
fixing the legal rate of interest at seven per cent ;
prohibiting the "truck system" of paying em-
ployes, and granting tlie right of suffrage to
women in the election of school officers. An
amendment of the State Constitution permitting
the submission of two Constitutional Amend-
ments to the people at the same time, was sub-
mitted by this Legislature and ratified at the
election of 1892. Tlie session covered a period of
157 days.
Thirty-eighth General Assembly-. This
body convened Jan. 4, 1893. The Democrats were
in the ascendency in botli houses, having a
majority of seven in the Senate and of three in
the lower house. Joseph R. Gill, the Lieutenant-
Governor, was ex-oflicio President of the Senate,
and John W. Coppinger, of Alton, was chosen
President pro tem. Clayton E. Crafts of Cook
County was again cliosen Speaker of the House.
The inauguration of the new State officers took
place on the afternoon of Tuesdaj-, Jan. 10. This
Legislature was in session 164 days, adjourning
June 16, 1893. Not very much legislation of a
general character was enacted. New Congres-
sional and Legislative apportionments were
passed, the former dividing the State into twenty-
two districts; an Insurance Department was
created; a naval militia was established; the
scope of the juvenile reformatory was enlarged
and the compulsory education law was amended.
Thirty-ninth General Assembly. This
Legislature held two sessions — a regular and a
special. The former opened Jan. 9, 1895, and
196
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
closed June 14, following. The political com-
plexion of the Senate was— Republicans, thirty-
three; Democrats, eighteen; of the House,
ninety -two Republicans and sixty -one Democrats.
John Meyer, of Cook County, was elected Speaker
of the House, and Charles Bogardus of Piatt
County, President pro tem. of the Senate. Acts
were passed making appropriations for improve-
ment of the State Fair Grounds at Springfield ;
authorizing the establishment of a Western Hos-
pital for the Insane (8100,000); appropriating
§100,000 for a Western Hospital for the Insane;
$65,000 for an Asylum for Incurable Insane; §50,-
000, each, for two additional Normal Schools — one
in Northern and the other in Eastern Illinois;
$35,000 for a Soldiers' Widows' Home— all being
new institutions— besides §15,000 for a State
exhibition at the Atlanta Exposition; §65,000 to
mark, by monuments, the position of Illinois
troops on the battlefields of Chickamauga, Look-
out Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Other acts
passed fixed the salaries of members of the Gen-
eral Assembly at §1,000 each for each regular
session; accepted the custody of the Lincoln
monument at Springfield, authorized provision
for the retirement and pensioning of teachers in
public schools, and authorized the adoption of
civil service rules for cities. The special session
convened, pursuant to a call by the Governor, on
June 25, 1895, took a recess, June 28 to July 9,
re-assembled on the latter date, and adjourned,
sine die, August 2. Outside of routine legisla-
tion, no laws were passed except one providing
additional necessary revenue for State purposes
and one creating a State Board of Arbitration.
The regular session continued 157 days and the
special twenty-nine — total 186.
Fortieth General Assembly met in regular
session at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1897, and adjourned,
sine die, June 4. The Republicans had a major-
ity in both branches, the House standing eighty-
eight Republicans to sixty -three Democrats and
two Populists, and the Senate, thirty-nine Repub-
licans to eleven Democrats and one Populist,
giving the Republicans a majority on joint ballot
of fifty votes. Both houses were promptly organ-
ized by the election of Republican officers, Edward
C. Curtis of Kankakee County being chosen
Speaker of the House, and Hendrick V. Fisher,
of Henry County, President pro tem. of the Sen-
ate. Governor Tanner and the other Republican
State officers were formally inaugurated on
Jan. 11, and, on Jan. 20, William E. Mason
(Republi(^an) was chosen United States Senator
to succeed John M. Palmer, receiving in joint
5 votes to seventy-seven for John P.
Altgeld (Democrat). Among the principal laws
enacted at this se.ssion were the following: An
act concerning aliens and to regulate the right to
hold real estate, and prescribing the terms and
conditions for the conveyance of the same ;
empowering the Commissioners who were ap-
pointed at the previous session to ascertain and
mark the positions occupied by Illinois Volunteers
in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Moun-
tain and Missionary Ridge, to expend the remain-
ing appropriations in their hands for the erection
of monuments on the battle-grounds; authorizing
the appointment of a similar Commission to
ascertain and mark the positions held by Illinois
troops in the battle of Shiloh ; to reimburse the
University of Illinois for the loss of funds result-
ing from the Spaulding defalcation and affirming
the liability of the State for "the endowment
fund of the University, amounting to §456,713.91,
and for so much in addition as may be received
in future from the sale of lands"; authorizing
the adoption of the "Torrens land-title system" in
the conveyance and registration of land titles by
vote of the people in any county ; the consolida-
tion of the three Supreme Court Districts of the
State into one and locating the Court at Spring-
field; creating a State Board of Pardons, and
prescribing the manner of applying for pardons
and commutations. An act of this session, which
produced much agitation and led to a great deal
of discussion in the press and elsewhere, was the
street railroad law empowering the City Council,
or other corporate authority of any city, to grant
franchises to street railway companies extending
to fifty years. This act was repealed by the
General Assembly of 1899 before any street rail-
vcay corporation had secured a franchise under it.
A special session was called by Governor Tanner
to meet Dec. 7, 1897, the proclamation naming
five topics for legislative action. The session
continued to Feb. 34, 1898, only two of the meas-
ures named by the Governor in his call being
affirmatively acted upon. These included: (1) an
elaborate act prescribing the manner of conduct-
ing primary elections of delegates to nominating
conventions, and (2) a new revenue law regulat-
ing the manner of assessing and collecting taxes.
One provision of the latter law limits the valuation
of property for assessment purposes to one-fifth
its cash value. Tlie length of the regular session
was 150 days, and that of the special session
eighty days— total. 330 days.
(wEJJESEO, a city in Henry County, about two
miles south of the Green River. It is on the Chi-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
197
cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 23 miles
east of Rock Island and 75 miles west of Ottawa.
It is in the heart of a grain-growing region, and
has two large grain elevators. Manufacturing is
also carried on to a considerable extent liere,
furniture, wagons and farming implements con-
stituting the chief output. Geneseo has eleven
churches, a graded and a high school, a col-
legiate institute, two banks, and two newspapers,
one issuing a daily edition. Population (1890),
3,182; (1900), 3,356.
GENEVA, a city and railway junction on Fox
River, and the county -seat of Kane County ; 35
miles west of Chicago. It has a fine courthouse,
completed in 1893 at a cost of 5250,000, and
numerous handsome churches and school build-
ings. A State Reformatory for juvenile female
offenders has been located here. There is an ex-
cellent water-power, operating six manufac-
tories, including extensive glucose works. The
town has a bank, creamery, water-works, gas
and electric light plant, and two weekly news-
papers. The surrounding country is devoted to
agriculture and dairy farming. Population
(1880), 1,239; (1890), 1,692; (1900), 2,446.
GENOA, a village of De Kalb County, on
Omaha Division of the Chi., Mil. & St. Paul, the
111. Cent, and Chi. & N. W. Railroads, 59 miles west
of Chicago. Dairying is a leading industry; has
two banks, shoe and telephone factories, and two
newspapers. Population (1890), 634; (1900), 1,140.
GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. The geological
structure of Illinois embraces a representation,
more or less complete, of the whole paleonic
series of formations, from the calciferous group
of the Lower Silurian to the top of the coal meas-
ures. In addition to these older rocks there is a
limited area in the extreme southern end of the
State covered with Tertiary deposits. Over-
spreading these formations are beds of more
recent age, comprising sands, clays and gravel,
varying in thickness from ten to more than two
hundred feet. These superficial deposits may be
divided into Alluvium, Loess and Drift, and con-
stitute the Quaternary system of modern geolo-
gists.
Lower Silurian System.— Under this heading
may be noted three distinct groups: the Calcifer-
ous, the Trenton and the Cincinnati. The first
mentioned group comprises the St. Peter's Sand-
stone and the Lower Magnesian Limestone. The
former outcrops only at a single locality, in La
Salle County, extending about two miles along
the valley of the Illinois River in the vicinity of
Utica. The thickness of the strata appearing
above the surface is about 80 feet, thin bands of
Magne.sian limestone alternating with layers of
Calciferous sandstone. Many of the layers con-
tain good hydraulic rock, which is utilized in the
manufacture of cement. The entire thickness of
the rock below the surface has not been ascer-
tained, but is estimated at about 400 feet. The
St. Peter's Sandstone outcrops in the valley of
the Illinois, constituting the main portion of the
bluffs from Utica to a point beyond Ottawa, and
forms the "bed rock" in most of the northern
townships of La Salle County. It also outcrops
on the Rock River in the vicinity of Oregon City,
and forms a conspicuous bluff on the Mississippi
in Calhoun County. Its maximum thickness in
the State may be estimated at about 200 feet. It
is too incoherent in its texture to be valuable as
a building stone, though some of the upper strata
in Lee County have been utilized for caps and
sills. It affords, however, a fine quality of sand
for the manufacture of glass. The Trenton
group, which immediately overlies the St. Peter's
Sandstone, consists of three divisions. The low-
est is a brown Magnesian Limestone, or Dolomite,
usually found in regular beds, or strata, varying
from four inches to two feet in thickness. The
aggregate thickness varies from twenty feet, in
the northern portion of the State, to sixty or
seventy feet at the bluff in Calhoun County. At
the quarries in La Salle County, it abounds in
fossils, including a large Lituites and several
specimens of Orthoceras, Maclurea, etc. The
middle division of the Trenton group consists of
light gray, compact limestones in the southern
and western parts of the State, and of light blue,
thin-bedded, shaly limestone in the northern por-
tions. The upper division is the well-known
Galena limestone, the lead-bearing rock of the
Northwest. It is a buff colored, porous Dolomite,
sometimes arenaceous and unevenly textured,
giving origin to a ferruginous, sandy clay when
decomposed. The lead ores occur in crevices,
caverns and horizontal seams. These crevices were
probably formed by shrinkage of the strata from
crystallization or by some disturbing force from
beneath, and have been enlarged by decomposi-
tion of the exposed surface. Fossils belonging to
a lower order of marine animal than the coral are
found in this rock, as are also marine shells,
corals and crustaceans. Although this limestone
crops out over a considerable portion of the terri-
tory between the Mississippi and the Rock River,
the productive lead mines are chiefly confined to
Jo Daviess and Stephenson Counties. All the
divisions of the Trenton group afford good build-
108
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ing material, some of the roc-k being susceptible
i>f a high polish and making a handsome, durable
marble. About seventy feet are exposed near
Thebes, in Alexander County. All through tlie
Southwest this stone is known as Cape Girardeau
marble, from its being extensively quarried at
Cape Girardeau, Mo. The Cincinnati group
immediately succeeds the Trenton in the ascend-
ing scale, and forms the uppermost member of
the Lower Silurian system. It usually consists of
argillaceous and sandy shales, although, in the
northwest portion of the State, JIagnesian lime-
stone is found with the shales. The prevailing
colors of the beds are light blue and drab,
weathering to a light ashen gray. This group is
found well exposed in the vicinity of Thebes,
Alexander County, furnishing a durable building
stone extensively used for foundation walls.
Fossils are found in profusion in all the beds,
many fine specimens, in a perfect state of preser-
vation, having been exhumed.
Upper Siluri.^n System.— The Niagara group
in Northern Illinois consists of brown, gray and
buff magnesian limestones, sometimes evenly
bedded, as at Joliet and Athens, and sometimes
concretionary and brecciated, as at Bridgeport and
Port Byron. Near Chicago the cells and pockets
of this rock are filled with petroleum, but it has
been ascertained that only the thirty upper feet
of the rock contain bituminous matter. The
quarries in Will and Jersey Counties furnish fine
building and flagging stone. The rock is of a
light gray color, changing to buff on exposure.
In Pike and Calhoun Counties, also, there are out-
croppings of this rock and quarries are numerous.
It is usually evenly bedded, the strata varying in
thickness from two inches to two feet, and break-
ing evenly. Its aggregate thickness in Western
and Northern Illinois ranges from fifty to 150
feet. In Union and Alexander Counties, in the
southern part of the State, the Upper Silurian
series consists chiefly of thin bedded gray or
buff-colored limestone, silicious and cherty, flinty
material largely preponderating over the lime-
stone. Fossils are not abundant in this formation,
although the quarries at Bridgeport, in Cook
County, have afforded casts of nearly 100 species
of marine organisms, the calcareous portion hav-
ing been washed away,
Devoni.^ System.— This system is represented
in Illinois by three well marked divisions, cor-
responding to the Oriskany sandstone, the Onon-
daga limestone and the Hamilton and Corniferous
beds of New York. To these the late Professor
Worthen, for many years State Geologist, added,
although with some hesitancy, the black shale
formation of Illinois. Although these comprise
an aggregate thickness of over 500 feet, their
exposure is limited to a few isolated outcroppings
along the bluffs of the Illinois, Mississippi and
Rock Rivers. The loiver division, called "Clear
Creek Limestone," is about 250 feet thick, and is
only found in the extreme southern end of the
State. It consists of chert, or impure flint, and
thin-bedded silico-magnesian limestones, rather
compact in texture, and of buff or light gray
to nearly white colors. When decomposed by
atmospheric influences, it forms a fine white clay,
resembling common chalk in appearance. Some
of the cherty beds resemble burr stones in poros-
ity, and good mill-stones are made therefrom in
Union County. Some of the stone is bluish-gray,
or mottled and crystalline, capable of receiving
a high polisli, and making an elegant and durable
building stone. The Onondaga group comprises
some sixty feet of quartzose sandstone and
striped silicious shales. The structure of the
rock is almost identical with that of St. Peter's
Sandstone. In the vicinity of its outcrop in
Union County are found fine beds of potter's clay,
also variegated in color. The rock strata are
about twenty feet thick, evenly bedded and of a
coarse, granular structure, which renders the
stone valuable for heavy masonry. The group
has not been found north of Jackson County.
Large quantities of characteristic fossils abound.
The rocks composing the Hamilton group are the
most valuable of all the divisions of the Devonian
system, and the outcrops can be identified only by
their fossils. In Union and Jackson Counties it is
found from eighty to 100 feet in thickness, two
beds of bluish gray, fetid limestone being sepa-
rated by about twenty feet of calcareous shales.
The limestones are highly bitmninous. In Jersey
and Calhoun Counties the group is only six to
ten feet thick, and consists of a hard, silicious
limestone, passing at some points into a quartzose
sandstone, and at others becoming argillaceous,
as at Grafton. The most northern outcrop is in
Rock Island County, where the rock is concretion-
ary in structure and is utilized for building pur-
poses and in the manufacture of quicklime.
Fossils are numerous, among them being a few
fragments of fishes, which are the oldest remains
of vertebrate animals yet found in the State.
The black shale probably attains its maximum
development in Union County, where it ranges
from fifty to seventy-five feet in thickness. Its
lower portion is a fine, black, laminated slate,
sometimes closely resembling the bituminous
niSTOEICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
199
shales associated with the coal seams, which cir-
cumstance has led to the fruitless expenditure of
much time and nione}'. The bituminous portion
of the mass, on distillation, yields an oil closely
resembUng petroleum. Crystals of iron pyrites
are abundant in the argillaceous portion of the
group, which does nou extend north of the coun-
ties of Calhoun, Jersey and Pike.
Lower Carboniferous System. — This is di-
Tisible into five groups, as follows : The Kinder-
hook group, the Burlington limestone, and the
Keokuk, St. Louis and Chester groups. Its
greatest development is in the southern portion
of the State, where it has a thickness of 1,400 or
1,500 feet. It thins out to the northward so rapidly
that, in the vicinity of the Lower Rapids on the
Mississippi, it is only 300 feet thick, while it
wholly disappears below Rock Island. The Kinder-
hook group is variable in its lithological charac-
ter, consisting of argillaceous and sandy shales,
with thin beds of compact and oolitic limestone,
passing locally into calcareous shales or impure
limestone. The entire formation is mainly a
mechanical sediment, with but a very small por-
tion of organic matter. The Burlington lime-
stone, on the other hand, is composed almost
entirely of the fossilized remains of organic
beings, with barely enough sedimentary material
to act as a cement. Its maximum thickness
scarcely exceeds 200 feet, and its principal out-
crops are in the counties of Jersey, Greene, Scott,
Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Warren and Henderson.
The rock is usually a light gray, buff or brown
limestone, either coarsely granular or crystalline
in structure. The Keokuk group immediately
succeeds the BurUngton in the ascending order,
with no well defined line of demarcation, the
chief points of difference between the two being
in color and in the character of fossils found. At
the upper part of this group is found a bed of
calcareo-argillaceous shale, containing a great
variety of geodes, which furnish beautiful cabinet
specimens of crystallized quartz, chalcedony,
dolomite and iron pyrites. In Jersey and Monroe
Counties a bed of hydraulic limestone, adapted to
the manufacture of cement, is found at the top of
this formation. The St. Louis group is partly
a fine-grained or semi-crystalUzed bluisli-gray
limestone, and partly concretionary, as around
Alton. In the extreme southern part of the State
the rock is highly bituminous and susceptible of
receiving a high polish, being used as a black
marble. Beds of magnesian limestone are found
here and there, which fm-nish a good stone for
foundation walls. In Hardin County, the rock
is traversed by veins of fluor spar, carrying
galena and zinc blonde. The Cliester group is
only found in the southern part of the State,
thinning out from a thickness of eight hundred
feet in Jackson and Randolph Counties, to about
twenty feet at Alton. It consists of hard, gray,
crystalline, argillaceous limestones, alternating
with sandy and argillaceous shales and sandstones,
which locally replace each other. A few species
of true carboniferous flora are found in the are-
naceous shales and sandstones of this gi'oup, the
earliest traces of pre-historic land plants found in
the State. Outcrops extend in a narrow belt
from the southern part of Hardin County to the
southern line of St. Clair County, passing around
the southwest border of the coal field.
Upper Carboniferous System.— This includes
the Conglomerate, or -'Mill Stone Grit" of Euro-
pean authors, and the true coal measures. In the
southern portion of the State its greatest thick-
ness is about 1,200 feet. It becomes thinner
toward the north, scarcely exceeding 400 or 500
feet in the vicinity of La Salle. The word "con-
glomerate" designates a thick bed of sandstone
that lies at the base of the coal measures, and
appears to have resulted from the cuhnination of
the arenaceous sedimentarj- accumulations. It
consists of massive quartzose sandstone, some-
times nearly white, but more frequently stained
red or brown by the ferruginous matter which
it contains, and is frequently composed in
part of rounded quartz pebbles, from the size
of a pea to several inches in diameter. When
highly ferruginous, the oxide of iron cements
the sand into a hard crust on the surface
of the rock, which successfully resists the de-
nuding influence of the atmosphere, so that the
rock forms towering cUffs on the banks of the
stream along which are its outcrops. Its thickness
varies from 200 feet in the southern part of the
State to twenty-five feet in the northern. It has
afforded a few species of fossil plants, but no
animal remains. The coal measures of IlUnois
are at least 1,000 feet thick and cover nearly
tliree-fourths of its entire area. The strata are
horizontal, the dip rarely exceeding six to ten
feet to the mile. The formation is made up of
sandstone, shales, thin beds of limestone, coal,
and its associated fire clays. The thickness of
the workable beds is from six to twenty-four
inches in the upper measures, and from two to
five feet in the lower measures. The flre clays,
on which the coal seams usually rest, probably
represent the ancient soil on which grew the
trees and plants from which the coal is formed.
200
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
When pure, tliese clays are valuable for the
manufacture of fire brick, tile ami common
pottery. Illinois coal is wholly of the bitumi-
nous variety, the metamorphic conditions which
resulted in the production of anthracite coal in
Pennsylvania not having extended to this State.
Fossils, both vegetable and animal, abound in
the coal measures.
Tertiary System.— This system is represented
only in the southern end of the State, where cer-
tain deposits of stratified sands, shales and con-
glomerate are found, which appear to mark the
northern boundary of the great Tertiary forma-
tion of the Gulf States. Potter's clay, lignite and
silicious woods are found in the formation.
Quaternary* Sy'stem. — This system embraces
all the superficial material, including sands, clay,
gravel and soil which overspreads the older for-
mations in all portions of the State. It gives
origin to the soil from which the agricultural
wealth of Illinois is derived. It may be properly
separated into four divisions: Post-tertiary
sands, Drift, Loess and Alluvium. The first-
named occupies the lowest position in the series,
and consists of stratified beds of yellow sand and
blue clay, of variable thickness, overlaid by a
black or deep brown, loamy soil, in which are
found leaves, branches and trunks of trees in a
good state of preservation. Next above lie the
drift deposits, consisting of blue, yellow and
brown clays, containing gravel and boulders of
various sizes, the latter the water-worn frag-
ments of rocks, many of which have been washed
down from the northern shores of the great
lakes. This drift formation varies in thickness
from twenty to 120 feet, and its accumulations
are probably due to the combined influence of
water cirrrents and moving ice. The subsoil
over a large part of the northern and central
portions of the State is composed of fine brown
clay. Prof. Desquereux (Illinois Geological Sur-
vey, Vol. I. ) accounts for the origin of this clay
and of the black prairie soil above it, by attribut-
ing it to the growth and decomposition of a
peculiar vegetation. The Loess is a fine mechan-
ical sediment that appears to have accumulated in
some body of fresh water. It consists of marly
sands and clays, of a thickness varying from five to
sixty feet. Its greatest development is along the
bluffs of the principal rivers. The fossils found
in this formation consist chiefly of the bones and
teeth of extinct mammalia, such as the mam-
moth, mastodon, etc. Stone implements of
primeval man are also discovered. Tlie term
alluvium is usually restricted to the deposits
forming the bottom lands of the rivers and
smaller streams. They consist of irregularly
stratified sand, clay and loam, which are fre-
quently found in alternate layers, and contain
more or less organic matter from decomposed
animal and vegetable substances. When suffi-
ciently elevated, they constitute the richest and
most productive farming lands in the State.
GEORGETOWN, a village of Vermilion County,
on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railway, 10 miles south of Danville. It has a
bank, telegraph and express office and a news-
paper. Population (1890), 062; (1900), 988.
GERMAN EVANGELICAL SCHOOL, located at
Addison, Du Page County; incorporated in 1852;
has a faculty of three instructors and reports 187
pupils for 1897-98, with a property valuation of
$9,600.
GERMANTOWN, a village of Vermilion County,
and suburb of Danville ; is the center of a coal-
mining district. Population (1880), 540; (1890),
1.178; (1900), 1,783.
GEST, William H., lawyer and ex-Congress-
man, was born at Jacksonville, 111., Jan. 7, 1838.
When but four years old his parents removed to
Rock Island, where he has since resided. He
graduated from Williams College in 1860, was
admitted to the bar in 1862, and has always been
actively engaged in practice. In 1886 he was
elected to Congress by the Republicans of the
Eleventh Illinois District, and was re-elected in
1888, but in 1890 was defeated by Benjamin T.
Cable, Democrat.
GIBAULT, Pierre, a French priest, supposed to
have been born at New Madrid in what is now
Southeastern Missouri, early in the eighteenth
century; was Vicar-General at Kaskaskia, with
ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the churches at
Cahokia, St. Genevieve and adjacent points, at
the time of the capture of Kaskaskia by Col.
George Rogers Clark in 1778, and rendered Clark
important aid in conciliating the French citizens
of Illinois. He also made a visit to Vincennes and
induced the people there to take the oath of allegi-
ance to the new government. He even advanced
means to aid Clark's destitute troops, but beyond
a formal vote of thanks by the Virginia Legisla-
ture, he does not appear to have received any
recompense. Governor St. Clair, in a report to
Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary of State, dwelt
impressively upon the value of Father Gibaulfs
services and sacrifices, and Judge Law said of
him, "Next to Clark and (Francis) Vigo, the
United States are indebted more to Father
Gibault for the accession of the States comprised
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
201
in what was the original Northwest Territory
than to any other man." The date and place of
his death are unknown.
GIBSON CITY, a town in Ford County, situ-
ated on the Lake Erie & Western Railroad, 34
miles east of Blooniington, and at the intersec-
tion of the Wabash Railroad and the Springfield
Division of the Illinois Central. Tlie principal
mechanical industries are iron works, canning
works, a shoe factory, and a tile factory. It has
two banks, two newspapers, nine churches and
an academy. A college is projected. Popula-
tion (1890), 1,803; (1900). 2,054; (1903, est), 3,165.
tJILL, Joseph B., Lieutenant-Governor (1893-
97), was born on a farm near Marion, Williamson
County, 111., Feb. 17, 1862. In 1868 his father
settled at Murphysboro, where Mr. Gill still
makes his home. His academic education was
received at the school of the Christian Brothers,
in St. Louis, and at the Southern Illinois Normal
University, Carbondale. In 1886 he graduated
from the Law Department of the Michigan State
University, at Ann Arbor. Returning home he
purchased an interest in "The Murphysboro Inde-
pendent," which paper he conducted and edited
up to January, 1893. In 1888 he was elected to
the lower house of the Legislature and re-elected
in 1890. As a legislator he was prominent as a
champion of the labor interest. In 1892 he was
nominated and elected Lieutenant-Governor on
the Democratic ticket, serving from January,
1893, to "97.
GILLESPIE, a village of Macoupin County, on
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railway, 10 miles southwest of Litchfield. This
is an agricultural, coal-mining and stock-raising
region ; the town has a bank and a newspaper.
Population (1890), 948; (1900), 873.
GILLESPIE, Joseph, lawyer and Judge, was
born in New York City, August 22, 1809, of Irish
parents, who removed to Illinois in 1819, settling
on a farm near Edwardsville. After coming to
Illinois, at 10 years, he did not attend school over
two months. In 1827 he went to the lead mines
at Galena, remaining until 1829. In 1831, at the^
invitation of Cyrus Edwards, he began the study
of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1837,
having been elected Probate Judge in 1836. He
also served during two campaigns (1831 and '32)
in the Black Hawk War. He was a Whig in
politics and a warm personal friend of Abraham
Lincoln. In 1840 he was elected to the lower
house of the Legislature, serving one term, and
was a member of the State Senate from 1847 to
1859. In 1853 he received the few votes of the
Whig members of the Legislature for United States
Senator, in opposition to Stephen A. Douglas,
and, in 18G0, presided over the second Republican
State Convention at Decatur, at which elements
were set in motion which resulted in the nomi-
nation of Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency
for the first time, a week later. In 1861 he was
elected Judge of the Twenty-fourth Judicial
Circuit, and re-elected in 1867 for a second term,
serving until 1873. Died, at his home at Edwards-
ville, Jan. 7, 1885.
GILLETT, John Dean, agriculturist and stock-
man, was born in Connecticut, April 28, 1819;
spent several 3-ears of his youth in Georgia, but,
in 1838, came to Illinois by way of St. Louis,
finally reacliing "Bald Knob," in Logan County,
where an uncle of the same name resided. Here
he went to work, and, by frugality and judicious
investments, finally acquired a large body of
choice lands, adding to his agricultural operations
the rearing and feeding of stock for the Chicago
and foreign markets. In this he was remarkably
successful. In his later years he was President
of a National Bank at Lincoln. At the time of
his death, August 27, 1888, he was the owner of
16,500 acres of improved lands in the vicinity of
Elkhart, Logan County, besides large herds of
fine stock, both cattle and horses. He left a large
family, one of his daughters being the wife of
the late Senator Richard J. Oglesbj .
GILLETT, Philip Goode, specialist and edu-
cator, born in Madison, Ind., March 24, 1833; was
educated at Asbury University, Greencastle, Ind. ,
graduating in 1852, and the same year became an
instructor in the Institution for the Education of
the Deaf and Dumb in that State. In 1856 he
became Principal of the Illinois Institution for
the Education of the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson-
ville, remaining there until 1893, when he
resigned. Thereafter, for some years, he was
President of the Association for the Promotion of
Speech by the Deaf, with headquarters in Wash-
ington, D. C, but later returned to Jacksonville,
where he has since been living in retirement.
GILLHAM, Daniel B., agriculturist and legis-
lator, was born at a place now called Wanda, in
Madison County, 111., April 29, 1826— his father
being a farmer and itinerant Methodist preacher,
who belonged to one of the pioneer families in
the American Bottom at an early daj'. The sub-
ject of this sketch was educated in the common
schools and at McKendree College, but did not
graduate from the latter. In his early life he
followed the vocation of a farmer and stock-
grower in one of the most prosperous and higlily
IIISTOPJCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
cultivated portions of the American Bottom, a
few miles below Alton, but, in 1872, removed to
Alton, where lie spent the remainder of his life.
He became a member of the State Board of Agri-
culture in 18(j6, serving eight years as Superin-
tendent and later as its President; was also a
Trustee of Shurtleflf College some twenty-five
years, and for a time President of the Board. In
1870 he was elected to the lower branch of the
TNventy-seventh General Assembly, and to tlie
State Senate in 1883, serving a term of four years
in the latter. On the night of March 17, 1890, he
was assaulted by a burglar in his house, receiving
a wound from a pistol-shot in consequence of
which he died, April 6, following. The identity
of his assailant was never discovered, and the
crime consequently went unpunished.
GILMA>', a city in Iroquois County, at the
intersection of the Illinois Central and the To-
ledo, Peoria & Western Railways, 81 miles south
by west from Chicago and 208 miles northeast
of St. Louis. It is in the heart of one of the
richest corn districts of the State and has large
stock-raising and fruit-growing interests It has
an opera house, a public library, an extensive
nursery, brick and tile works, a linseed oil mill,
two banks and two weekly newspapers. Arte-
sian well water is obtained by boring from 90 to
200 feet. Population (1890), 1,112; (1900). 1,411.
(ilLMAN, Arthur, was born at Alton, 111., June
22, 1837, the son of Winthrop S. Oilman, of the
firm of Oilman & Godfrey, in whose warehouse
the printing press of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy was
stored at the time of its destruction by a mob in
1837; was educated in St. Louis and Xew York,
l<egan business as a banker in 1857, but, in 1870,
removed to Cambridge, Mass., and connected
himself with "The Riverside Press." Mr. Gilman
was one of the prime movers in what is known as
"The Harvard Annex" in the interest of equal
collegiate advantages for women, and has written
much for the periodical press, besides publishing
a number of volumes in the line of history and
English literature.
0IL3I.1X, CLIXTON & SPRINOFIELD RAIL-
EO.\D, (See niinois Ceyifral Railroad. )
GIR.\RD, a city in Macoupin County, on the
Chicago & Alton Railroad, 25 miles south by west
from Springfi'^ld and 13 miles north-northeast of
Carliuville. Coal-mining is carried on extensively
here. The city also has a bank, five churches
and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880),
1,024; (1800), 1,524; (1900). 1,661.
GlEXCOE, a village of Cook County, on the
Milwaukee Division of the Chicago & Northwest-
ern Railway, 19 miles north of Cliicago. Popu-
lation (1880), 387; (1890), .569; (1900), 1.020.
GLENN, Arcliibald A., ex-Lieutenant-Oovernor,
was born in ^acholas County, Ky., Jan. 30, 1819.
In 1828 his father's family removed to Illinois,
settling first in VermiUon, and later in Schuyler
County. At the age of 18, bein,g forced to
abandon school, for six years lie worked upon the
farm of his widowed mother, and, at 19, entered
a printing office at Rushville, where he learned
the trade of compositor. In 1844 he published a
Whig campaign paper, which was discontinued
after the defeat of Henry Clay. For eleven
years he was Circuit Clerk of Brown County,
during which period he was admitted to the bar;
was a member of the Constitutional Convention
O' 1862, and of the State Board of Equalization
from 1868 to 1872. The latter year he was elected
to the State Senate for four years, and, in 1875,
chosen its President, thus becoming ex-officio
Lieutenant-Governor. He early abandoned legal
practice to engage in banking and in mercan-
tile investment. After the expiration of his term
in the Senate, he removed to Kansas, where, at
latest advices, he still resided.
GLENN, John J., lawyer and jurist, was born
in Ashland County, Ohio, March 2, 1831; gradu-
ated from Miami University in 1856 and, in
was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind.
Removing to Illinois in 1860, he settled in Mercei
County, a year later removing to Monmouth in
Warren County, where he still resides. In
he was elected Judge of the Tenth Judicial Cir-
cuit and re-elected in 1879, '85, '91, and "9'
After his last election he served for some tim(
by appointment of the Supreme Court, as a mem-
ber of the Appellate Court for the Springfield
District, but ultimately resigned and returned to
Circuit Court duty. His reputation as a cool-
headed, impartial Judge stands very high, and his
name has been favorably regarded for a place on
the Supreme Bench.
GLOVER, Joseph Otis, lawyer, was born in
Cayuga County, N. Y.. April 13, 1810, and edu-
cated in the high-school at Aurora in that State.
In 1835 he came west to attend to a land case at
Galena for his father, and, although not then a
lawyer, he managed the case so successfully that
he was asked to take charge of two others. Tliis
determined the bent of his mind towards the latv,
to the study of which he turned his attention
under the preceptorship of the late Judge The-
ophilus L. Dickey, then of Ottawa. Soon after
being admitted to the bar in 1840. he formed a
partnership with the late Burton C. Cook, which
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
203
lasted over thirty years. In 1846 he was elected
as a Democrat to the lower branch of the Fif-
teenth General Assembly, but, on the repeal of
the Missouri Compromise, lie became one of the
founders of the Republican party and a close
friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he entertained,
at the time of his (Lincoln's) debate with Senator
Douglas, at Ottawa, in 1858. In 1868 he served
as Presidential Elector at the time of General
Grant's first election to the Presidency, and the
following year was appointed United States Dis-
trict Attorney for the Northern District, serving
until 187.5. In 1877 he was appointed by Gov-
ernor CuUom a memjber of the Board of Railway
and Canal Commissioners, of wliich he afterwards
became President, serving six years. Died, in
Chicago, Dec. 10, 1893.
yOBFRET, a village of Madison County, on the
Chicago & Alton Railway, 5 miles north of Alton.
It is the seat of Monticello Female Seminary, and
named for Capt. Benjamin Godfrey, an early
settler who was chiefly instrumental in founding
that institution. Population (1890), 228.
GODFREY, (Capt.) Benjamin, sea captain and
philanthropist, was born at Chatham, Jlass. , Dec.
4, 179-1; at nine years of age he ran away from
home and went to sea, his first voyage being to
Ireland, where he spent nine years. The War of
1813 coming on, he returned home, spending a
part of the next three years in the naval service,
also gaining a knowledge of the science of navi-
gation. Later, he became master of a merchant-
vessel making voyages to Italy, Spain, the West
Indies and other countries, finally, by shipwreck
in Cuban waters, losing the bulk of his fortune.
In 1824 he engaged in mercantile business at
Matamoras, Mex., where he accumulated a hand-
some fortune; but, in transferring it (amounting
to some S200.000 in silver) across the country on
pack-animals, he was attacked and robbed by
brigands, with which that country was then
infested. Resuming business at New Orleans, he
was again successful, and, in 1832, came north,
locating near Alton, 111., the next year engaging
in the warehouse and commission business as the
partner of Winthrop S. Oilman, under the name
of Godfrey & Gilman. It was in the warehouse
of this firm at Alton that the printing-press of
Elijah P. Lovejoy was stored when it was seized
and destroyed by a mob, and Lovejoy was killed,
in October, 1837. (See Lovejoy, Elijah P. ) Soon
after establishing himself at Alton, Captain God-
frey made a donation of land and money for the
erection of a young ladies' seminary at the village
</f <iodfrey, four miles from Alton. (See Monti-
cello Female SemiJiary.) The first cost of the
erection of buildings, borne by him, was $.53,000.
The institution was opened, April 11, 1838, and
Captain Godfrey continued to be one of its Trustees
as long as he lived. He was also one of the lead-
ing spirits in the construction of the Alton &
Springfield Railroad ( now a part of the Chicago
& Alton), in which he invested heavily and un-
profitably. Died, at Godfrey, April 13, 1862.
GOLCONDA, a village and county -seat of Pope
County, on the Ohio River, 80 miles northeast
of Cairo; located in agricultural and mining dis-
trict; zinc, lead and kaolin mined in the vicinity;
has a courthouse, eight churches, schools, one
bank, a newspaper, a box factory, flour and saw
mills, and a fluor-spar factory. It is the termi-
nus of a branch of the Illinois Central Railroad.
Population (1890), 1,174; (1900), 1,140.
GOLDZIER, Julius, ex- Congressman, was
born at Vienna, Austria, Jan. 20, 1854, and
emigrated to New York in 1866. In 1872 he
settled in Chicago, where he was admitted
to the bar in 1877, and where he has practiced
law ever since. From 1890 to 1893 he was a
member of the Chicago City Council, and, in
1892, was the successful Democratic candidate
in the Fourth District, for Congress, but was
defeated in 1894 by Edward D. Cooke. At the
Chicago city election of 1899 he was again re-
turned to the Council as Alderman for the Thirty-
second Ward.
GOODING, Jamps, pioneer, was born about
1707, and, in 1833, was residing at Bristol, Ontario
County, N. Y. , when he removed to Cook County,
111-, settling in what was later called "Gooding's
Grove," now a part of Will County. The Grove
was also called the "Yankee Settlement," from
the Eastern origin of the principal settlers. Mr.
Gooding was accompanied, or soon after joined, by
three sons — James, Jr., William and Jasper — and
a nephew, Charles Gooding, all of whom became
prominent citizens. The senior Gooding died in
1849, at the age of 83 years.— William (Gooding),
civil engineer, son of the preceding, was born at
Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y., April 1, 1803;
educated in the common schools and by private
tuition, after which he divided his time chiefly
between teaching and working on the farm of
his father, James Gooding. Having devoted
considerable attention to surveying and civil
engineering, he obtained employment in 1830 on
the Welland Canal, where he remained three years.
He then engaged in mercantile pursuits at Lock-
port. N. Y., but sold out at the end of the first
year and went to Ohio to engage in his profession.
204
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Being unsuccessful in this, he accepted employ-
ment for a time as a rodman, but later secured a
position as Assistant Engineer on the Ohio Canal.
After a brief visit to his father's in 1832, he
returned to Ohio and engaged in business there
for a sliort time, but the following j-ear joined
his father, who had previously settled in a portion
of what is now Will County, but tlien Cook, mak-
ing the trip by the first mail steamer around the
lakes. He at first settled at "Gooding's Grove"
and engaged in farming. In 1836 he was ap-
pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois &
Michigan Canal, but, in 18-12, became Chief Engi-
neer, continuing in that position until the com-
pletion of the canal in 1848, when he became
Secretary of the Canal Board. Died, at Lockport,
"Will County, in May. 1878.
GOODRICH, Grant, lawyer and jurist, was
born in Milton, Saratoga, County, N. Y. . August
7, 1811; grew up in Western New York, studied
law and came to Chicago in 1834, becoming one
of the most prominent and reputable members of
his profession, as well as a leader in many of the
movements for the educational, moral and reli-
gious advancement of the community. He was
one of the founders of the First Methodist Epis-
copal Church of Cliicago, an active member of
the Union Defense Committee during the war, an
incorporator and life-long Trustee of the North-
western University, and President of the Board
of Trustees of Garrett Biblical Institute, besides
being identified with many organizations of a
strictly benevolent character. In 18o9 Judge
Goodrich was elected a Judge of the newlv organ-
ized Superior Court, but, at the end of his term,
resumed the practice of his profession. Died,
March 1.5, 1889.
GORE, David, ex-State Auditor, was born in
Trigg County, Ky., Aprils. 1827; came with his
parents to Madison County. 111. , in 1834, and served
in the Jlexican War as a Quartermaster, afterwards
locating in Macoupin County, where he lias been
extensively engaged in farming. In 1874 he was
an unsuccessful Greenback-Labor candidate for
State Treasurer, in 1884 was elected to the State
Senate from the Macoupin-Morgan District, and,
in 1892, nominated and elected, as a Democrat,
Auditor of Public Accounts, serving imtil 1897.
For some sixteen years he was a member of the
State Board of Agriculture, the last two years of
that period being its President. His home is at
CarlinviUe.
GOUDT, Calvin, early printer and physician,
was born in Ohio, June 2, 1814; removed with
his parents, in childhood, to Indianapolis, and
in 1832 to Vandalia, 111., where he worked in the
State printing office and bindery. In the fall of
1833 the family removed to Jacksonville, and the
following j'ear he entered Illinois College, being
for a time a college-mate of Richard Yates, after-
wards Governor. Here he continued his vocation
as a printer, working for a time on "Peck's
Gazetteer of Illinois'' and "Goudy's Almanac,"
of which his father was publisher. In association
with a brother while in Jacksonville, he began
the publication of "The Common School Advo-
cate." the pioneer publication of its kind in the
Northwest, which was continued for about a
year. Later he studied medicine with Drs. Henry
and Merriman in Springfield, finally graduating
at the St. Louis Jledical College and, in 1844.
began practice at Taylorville ; in 1847 was elected
Probate Judge of Christian County for a term of
four years; in 1851 engaged in mercantile busi-
ness, which he continued nineteen years. In 1856
he was elected to the lower house of the General
Assembly and, in the session of the following
year, was a leading supporter of the act estab-
lishing the State Normal Scliool at Normal, stUl
later serving for some sixteen years on the State
Board of Education. Died, at Taylorville, in
1877. Dr. Goudy was an older brother of the late
William C. Goudy of Chicago.
GOUDT, William C, lawyer, was born in
Indiana. May 15. 18'24; came to Illinois, with liis
father, first to Vandalia and afterwards to Jack-
sonville, previous to 1833. where the latter began
the publication of "The Farmer's Almanac" — a
well-known publication of that time. At Jack-
sonville young Goudy entered Illinois College,
graduating in 1845, when he began the study of
law with Judge Stephen T. Logan, of Springfield;
was admitted to tlie bar in 1847, and the next year
began practice at Lewistown, Fulton County;
served as State's Attorney (1852-55) and as State
Senator (18.j6-60); at the close of his term re-
moved to Chicago, where he became prominent
as a corporation and railroad lawyer, in 1886 be-
coming General Solicitor of the Chicago & North-
western Railroad. During President Cleveland's
first term, Mr. Goudy was believed to exert a
large infiuence with the administration, and was
credited with having been largely instrumental
in securing the appointment of his partner, Mel-
ville W. Fuller, Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court. Died. April 27, 1893.
GRAFF, Joseph T., lawyer and Congressman,
was born at Terre Haute, Ind., July 1, 1854; after
graduating from the Terre Haute high-school,
spent one year in Wabash College at Crawfords-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
205
Tille, but did not graduate ; studied law and was
admitted to the bar at Delavan, 111., in 1879; in
1892 was a delegate to the Republican National
Con%-ention at Minneapolis, but, with the excep-
tion of President of the Board of Education,
never held any public office until elected to Con-
gress from the Fourteenth Illinois District, as a
Bepublican, in November, 189-4. Mr. Graff was a
successful candidate for re-election in 1896, and
again in '98.
GRAFTON, a town in Jersey County, situated
on the Mississippi one and a half miles below the
mouth of the Illinois River. The bluffs are high
and fine river views are obtainable. A fine
quality of f ossi lif erous limestone is quarried here
and exported by the river. The town has a
bank, three churches and a graded school. Pop-
ulation (1880), 807, (1890), 927; (1900), 988.
GRAIN INSPECTION, a mode of regulating
the grain-trade in accordance with State law, and
under the general supervision of the Railroad and
Warehouse Commission. The principal exec-
utive officer of the department is the Chief
Inspector of Grain, the expenses of whose adminis-
tration are borne by fees. The chief business of
the inspection department is transacted in Chi-
cago, where the principal offices are located. (See
Railroad and Warehouse Commission.)
GRAMMAR, John, pioneer and early legislator,
came to Southern Illinois at a very early date and
served as a member of the Third Territorial
Council for Johnson County (1816-18); was a
citizen of Union County when it was organized
in 1818, and served as State Senator from that
county in the Third and Fourth General Assem-
blies (1822-26), and again in the Seventh and
Eighth General Assemblies (1830-34), for the Dis-
trict composed of Union, Johnson and Alexander
Counties. He is described as having been very
illiterate, but a man of much shrewdness and
considerable influence.
GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC, a fra-
ternal, charitable and patriotic association,
limited to men who served in the Union army or
navy during the Civil War, and received hon-
orable discharge. Its founder was Dr. B. F.
Stephenson, who served as Surgeon of the Four-
teenth Illinois Infantry. In this task he had
the cooperation of Rev. William J Rutledge,
Chaplain of the same regiment, Col. John M.
Snyder, Dr. James Hamilton, Maj. Robert M.
Woods, Maj. Robert Allen, Col. Martin Flood,
Col. Daniel Grass, Col. Edward Prince, Capt.
John S. Phelps, Capt. John A. Lightfoot, Col.
B. P. Smith, Maj. A. A. North, Capt. Henry E.
Howe, and Col. B. F. Hawkes, all Illinois veter-
ans. Numerous conferences were held at Spring-
field, in this State, a ritual was prepared, and the
first post was chartered at Decatur, 111., April 6,
1866. The charter members were Col. I. C. Pugh,
George R. Steele, J. W. Routh, Joseph Prior,
J. H. Nale, J. T. Bishop, G. H. Dunning, B. F.
Sibley, M. F. Kanan, C. Reibsame, I. N. Coltrin,
and Aquila Toland. All but one of these had
served in Illinois regiments. At first, the work
of organization proceeded slowly, the ex-soldiers
generally being somewhat doubtful of the result
of the project ; but, before July 12, 1866, the date
fixed for the assembling of a State Convention to
form the Department of Illinois, thirty-nine posts
had been chartered, and, by 1869, there were 330
reported in Illinois. By October, 1866, Depart-
ments had been formed in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,
Wisconsin and Minnesota, and posts established
in Ohio, Missouri, Kentucky, Arkansas, Massa-
chussetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and the
District of Columbia, and the first National
Encampment was held at Indianapolis, November
20 of that year. In 1894 there were 7,500 posts,
located in every State and Territory of the Union,
with a membership of 450,000. The scheme of
organization provides for precinct, State and
National bodies. The first are known as posts,
each having a number, to which the name of
some battle or locality, or of some deceased soldier
may be prefixed; the second (State organizations)
are known as Departments; and the supreme
power of the Order is vested in the National En-
campment, which meets annually. As has been
said, the G. A. R. had its inception in Illinois.
The aim and dream of Dr. Stephenson and his
associates was to create a grand organization of
veterans which, through its cohesion, no less than
its incisiveness, should constitute a potential fac-
tor in the inculcation and development of patriot-
ism as well as mutual support. While he died
sorrowing that he had not seen the fruition of
his hopes, the present has witnessed the fullest
realization of his dream. (See Stephenson, B. F. )
The constitution of the order expressly prohibits
any attempt to use the organization for partisan
purposes, or even the discussion, at any meeting,
of partisan questions. Its aims are to foster and
strengthen fraternal feelings among members ; to
assist comrades needing help or protection and
aid comrades' widows and orphans, and to incul-
cate unswerving loyalty. The "Woman's Relief
Corps" is an auxiliary organization, originating
at Portland. Maine, in 1869. The following is a list
of Illinois Department Commanders, ohronolog-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ically arranged: B. F. Stephenson (ProTisional,
1866), John M. Palmer (1866-68), Thomas O.
Osborne (1869-70), Charles E. Lippiucott (1871),
Hubert Dilger (1872), GuyT. Gould (1873), Hiram
Hilliard (1874-76), Joseph S.' Reynolds (1877),
T. B. Coulter (1878), Edgar D. Swain (1879-80),
J. W. Burst (1881), Thomas G. Lawler (1882),
S. A. Harper (1883), L. T. Dickason (1884),
William W. Berry (1885), Philip Sidney Post
(1886), A. C. Sweetser (1887), James A. Sexton
(1888), James S. Martin (1889), William L. Distin
(1890), Horace S. Clark (1891), Edwin Harlan
(1892), Edward A. Blodgett (1893), H. H.
McDowell (1894), W. H. Powell (1895), William
G. Cochran (1896), A. L. Schimpff (1897), John
C. Black (1898), John B. Inman (1899). The fol-
lowing lUinoisans have held the position of Com-
mander-in-Chief: S. A. Hurlbut, (two terms)
1866-67; Jolm A. Logan, (three terms) 1868-70;
Thomas G. Lawler, 1894; James A. Sexton, 1898.
GRAND PRAIRIE SEMINARY, a co educa
tional institution at Onarga, Iroquois County, in-
corporated in 1863 ; had a faculty of eleven teach-
ers in 1897-98, with 285 pupils — 145 male and 140
female. It reports an endowment of §10,000 and
property valued at $55,000. Besides the usual
classical and scientific departments, instruction
is given in music, oratory, fine arts and prepara-
tory studies.
GRAND TOWER, a town in Jackson County,
situated on the Mississippi River, 27 miles south-
west of Carbondale ; the western terminus of the
Grand Tower & Carbondale Railroad. It received
its name from a high, rocky island, lying in the
river opposite the village. It has four churches,
a weekly newspaper, and two blast furnaces for
iron. Population (1890), 624; (1900), 881.
GRAND TOWER & CAPE GIRARDEAU
RAILROAD. (See Chicago &• Texas Railroad. )
GRAND TOWER & CARBONDALE RAIL-
ROAD. (See Chicago & Texas Railroad.)
GRANGER, Flavel K., lawyer, farmer and
legislator, was born in Wayne County, N. Y.,
May 16, 1832, educated in public schools at Sodus
in the same State, and settled at Waukegan, 111.,
in 1853. Here, having studied law, he was
admitted to the bar in 1855, removing to McHenry
County the same year, and soon after engaging in
the live-stock and wool business. In 1872 he was
elected as a Republican Representative in the
Twenty-eighth General Assembly, being succes-
sively re-elected to the Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth
and Thirty-first, and being chosen Temporary
Speaker of the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth. He
is now a member of the State Senate for the
Eighth District, having been elected in 1896. His
home is at West McHenry.
GRANT, Alexander Fraeser, early lawyer and
jurist, was born at Inverness, Scotland, in 1804;
came to Illinois at an early day and located at
Shawneetown, where he studied law with Henry
Eddy, the pioneer lawyer and editor of that place.
Mr. Grant is described as a man of marked ability,
as were many of the early settlers of that region.
In February, 1835, he was elected by the General
Assembly Judge for the Third Circuit, as succes-
sor to his preceptor, Mr. Eddy, but served only a
few months, dying at Vandalia the same year.
GRANT, Ulysses Simpson, (originally Hiram
Ulysses), Lieutenant - General and President,
was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County,
Ohio, April 27, 1822 ; graduated from West
Point Military Academy, in 1843, and served
through the Mexican War. After a short resi-
dence at St. Louis, he became a resident of Galena
in 1860. His war-record is a glorious part of the
Nation's history. Entering the service of the
State as a clerk in the office of the Quartermaster-
General at Springfield, soon after the breaking out
of the war in 1861, and still later serving as a
drill-master at Camp Yates, in June following he
was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of
the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers, which he
immediately led into the field in the State of
Missouri ; was soon after promoted to a Brigadier-
Generalship and became a full Major-General of
Volunteers on the fall of Forts Donelson and
Henry, in February following. His successes at
Fort Gib.son, Eaj'mond, Champion Hill, and Big
Black River, ending with the capture of Vicks-
burg, were the leading victories of the Union
armies in 1863. His successful defense of Chat-
tanooga was also one of his victories in the West
in the same year. Commissioned a Major-General
of the Regular Army after the fall of Vicksburg,
he became Lieuteuant-General in 1864, and, in
March of that year, assumed command of all the
Northern armies. Taking personal command of
the Array of the Potomac, he directed the cam-
paign against Richmond, which resulted in the
final evacuation and downfall of the Confederate
capital and the surrender of General Lee at
Appomattox on April 8, 1865. In July, 1866, he
was made General — the office being created for
him. He also served as Secretary of War, ad
interim, under President John.son, from Au-
gust, 1867, to January, 1868. In 1868 he was
elected President of the United States and re-
elected in 1872. His administration may not
have been free from mistakes, but it was charac^
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
207
terized by patriotism and integrity of purpose.
During 1877-79 lie made a tour of the world, being
received everywhere with the highest honors. In
1880 his friends made an unsuccessful effort to
secure his renomination as a Presidential candi-
date on the Republican ticket. Died, at Mount
McGregor, N. Y. , July 23, 1885. His chief Uterary
work was his "Memoirs" (two volumes, 1885-86),
which was very extensively sold.
GRAPE CREEK, a surburban mining village in
VermiUon County, on the Big Vermilion River
and the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, six
miles south of Danville. The chief industry is
coal mining, %vhich is extensively carried on.
Population (1890). 778; (1900). 610
GRATIOT, Charles, of Huguenot parentage,
bom at Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1752. After
receiving a mercantile training in the counting
house of an uncle in London, he emigrated to
Canada, entering the employ of another uncle at
Montreal. He first came to the "Illinois Coun-
try" in 1775, as an Indian trader, remaining one
year. In 1777 he returned and formed a partner-
ship with David McRae and Jolm Kay, two young
Scotchmen from Montreal. He established depots
at Cahokia and Kaskaskia. Upon the arrival of
Col. George Rogers Clark, in 1778, he rendered
that commander material financial assistance,
becoming personally responsible for the supplies
needed by the penniless American army. "When
the transfer of sovereignty took place at St.
Louis, on March 10, 1804. and Louisiana Territory
became a part of the United States, it was from
the balcony of his house that the first American
flag was unfurled in Upper Louisiana. In recom-
pense for his liberal expenditure, he was promised
30,000 acres of land near the present site of
Louisville, but this he never received. Died, at
St. Louis, April 21, 1817.
GRAVIEE, Father Jacques, a Jesuit mission-
ary, born in France, but at what date cannot be
stated with certainty. After some years spent in
Canada he was sent by his ecclesiastical superiors
to the IlUnois Mission (1688), succeeding AUouez
as Superior two years later, and being made
Vicar-General in 1691. He labored among the
Miamis, Peorias and Kaskaskias — his most numer-
ous conversions being among the latter tribe — as
also among the Cahokias, Osages, Tamaroas and
Missouris. It is said to have been largely through
his influence that the Illinois were induced to
settle at Kaskaskia instead of going south. In
1705 he recei\-ed a severe wound during an attack
by the Illinois Indians, incited, if not actually
led, by one of their medicine men. It is said
that he visited Paris for treatment, but failed
to find a cm-e. Accounts of his death vary as
to time and place, but all agree that it resulted
from the wound above mentioned. Some of hij
biographers assert that he died at sea; others
that he returned from France, yet suffering from
the Indian poison, to Louisiana in February,
1708, and died near Mobile, Ala., the same year.
GRAY, Elisha, electrician and inventor, was
born at Barnesville, Ohio, August 2, 1835; after
serving as an apprentice at various trades, took a
course at Oberlin College, devoting especial
attention to the physical sciences, meanwhile
supporting liimself by manual labor. In 1865 he
began his career as an electrician and, in 1867,
received his first patent; devised a method of
transmitting telephone signals, and, in 1875, suc-
ceeded in transmitting four messages simultane-
ously on one wire to New York and Boston, a
year later accomplishing the same with eight
messages to New York and Philadelphia. Pro-
fessor Gray has invented a telegraph switch, a
repeater, enunciator and type-writing telegraph.
From 1869 to "73 he was employed in the manu-
facture of telegraph apparatus at Cleveland and
Chicago, but has since been electrician of the
Western Electric Company of Chicago. His latest
invention, the "telautograph" — for reproducing
by telegi-aph the handwriting of the sendei
of a telegram — attracted great interest at the
"World's Columbian Exposition of 1S93, He is
author of "Telegraphy and Telephony" and
"Experimental Researches in Electro-Harmonic
Telegraphy and Telephony."
GRAY, William C, Ph.D., editor, was born in
Butler Coimty, Ohio, in 1830; graduated from
the Farmers' (now Belmont) College in 1850,
read law and began secular editorial work in
1852, being connected, in the next fourteen 3'ears,
with "The Tifiin Tribune," "Cleveland Herald''
and "Newark American." Then, after several
years spent in general publishing business in
Cincinnati, after the great fire of 1871 he came to
Chicago, to take charge of "The Interior," the
organ of the Presbyterian Church, which he has
since conducted. The success of the paper imder
his management affords the best evidence of his
practical good sense. He holds the degree of
Ph.D., received from Wooster University in 1881.
GR.A.YVILLE, a city situated on the border of
White and Edwards Counties, lying chiefly in
the former, on the Wabash River, 35 miles north-
west of Evansville, Ind., 16 miles northeast of
Carmi, and forty miles southwest of Vincennes.
It is located in the heart of a heavily timbered
-208
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
region and is an important liard-wood market.
Valuable coal deposits exist. The industries in-
clude fiour, saw and planing mills, stave factories
and creamery. The city has an electric light
and water plant, two banks, eight churches, and
two weekly papers. Population ^1900), 1,9-18.
GRAYYILLE & MATTOOX RAILROAD. (See
Peoria, Decatur &■ EransviUe Raihvay.)
GREATHOUSE, Lucien, soldier, was born at
Carlinville, 111., in 1843; graduated at Illinois
Wesleyan University, Bloomington. and studied
law ; enlisted as a private at the beginning of the
War of the Rebellion and rose to the rank of
Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Volunteers;
bore a conspicuous part in the movements of the
Army of the Tennessee; was killed in battle near
Atlanta, Ga., June 21. 186-1.
GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (of 1843 and
■'49). (See IlUnois Central Jiailroad.)
GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (2) (See
Wabauli liailivay.)
GREEN RITER, rises in Lee County, and,
after draining part of Bureau County, flows west-
ward through Henry County, and enters Rock
River about 10 miles east by south from Rock
Island. It is nearly 120 miles long.
GREEN, William H., State Senator and Judge,
was born at Danville, Ky., Dec. 8, 1830. In 1847
he accomjjanied his father's family to Illinois,
and, for three years following, taught school, at
the same time reading law. He was admitted to
the bar in 1852 and began practice at Mount
Vernon, removing to Metropolis the next year,
and to Cairo in 1863. In 1808 he was elected to
the lower house of the General Assembly, was
re-elected in 1860 and, two years later, was
elected to the State Senate for four years. In
December, 1865, he was elected Judge of the
Third Judicial Circuit, to fill the unexpired term
of Judge Mulkey, retiring with the expiration of
his term in 1867. He was a delegate to the
National Democratic Conventions of 1860, "64,
'68, '80, '84 and '88, besides being for many years
a member of the State Central Committee of that
party, and also, for four terms, a member of the
State Board of Education, of whicli he has been
for several years the President. He is at present
(1899) engaged in the practice of his profession at
Cairo.
GREENE, Henry Sacheveral, attorney, -was
bom in the North of Ireland, July, 1833, brought
to Canada at five years of age, and from nine com-
pelled to support himself, sometimes as a clerk
and at others setting type in a printing office.
After spending some time in Western New York,
in 1853 he commenced the study of law at Dan-
ville, Ind. . with Hugh Crea, now of Decatur, 111. ;
four years later settled at Clinton, DeWitt
Coimty, where he taught and studied law with
La\^Tence Weldon, now of the Com-t of Claims,
Washington. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar
at Springfield, on the motion of Abraham Lin-
coln, and was associated in practice, for a time,
with Hon. CHfton H. Moore of Clinton; later
served as Prosecuting Attorney and one term
(1867-69) as Representative in the General Assem-
bly. At the close of his term in the Legislature
he removed to Springfield, forming a law partner-
ship with Milton Hay and David T. Littler, under
the firm name of Hay, Greene & Littler, still later
becoming the head of the firm of Greene &
Humphrey. From the date of his removal to
Springfield, for some thirty years his chief employ-
ment was as a corporation lawyer, for the most
part in the service of the Chicago & Alton and
the Wabash Railways. His death occurred at his
home in Springfield, after a protracted illness,
Feb. 25, 1899. Of recognized ability, thoroughly
devoted to his profession, high minded and honor-
able in all his dealings, he commanded respect
wherever he was known.
GREENE, William G., pioneer, was born in
Tennessee in 1812; came to Illinois in 1822 with
his father (Bowling Greene), who settled in the
vicinity of New Salem, now in Menard County.
The younger Greene was an intimate friend and
fellow-student, at Illinois College, of Richard
Yates (afterwards Governor), and also an early
friend and admirer of Abraham Lincoln, xinder
whom he held an appointment in Utah for some
years. He died at Tallula, Menard County, in
1894.
GREENFIELD, a city in the eastern part of
Greene County, on the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy and the Quincy, Carrollton & St. Louis
Railways, 12 miles east of Carrollton and 55 miles
north of St. Louis; is an agricultural, coal-mining
and stock-raising region. The city has several
churches, public scliools, a seminary, electric
light plant, steam flouring mill, and one weekly
paper. It is an important shipping point for
cattle, hor.ses. swine, corn, grain and produce.
Population (1890). 1.131; (1900), 1,085.
GREENE COUNTY, cut off from Madison and
separately organized in 1821; has an areatof 544
square miles; population (1900). 23,402; named
for Gen. Nathaniel Greene, a Revolutionary sol-
dier. The soil and climate are varied and adapted
to a diversity of products, wheat and fruit being
among the principal. Building stone and clay
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
200
are abundant. Probably the first English-speak-
ing settlers were David Stockton and James
Whiteside, who located south of Macoupin Creek
in June, 1817. Samuel Thomas and others
(among them Gen. Jacob Fr}-) followed soon
afterward. The Indians were numerous and
aggressive, and had destroyed not a few of the
monuments of the Government surveys, erected
some years before. Immigration of the whites,
however, was rapid, and it was not long before
the nucleus of a village was established at Car-
roUton, where General Fry erected the first house
and made the first coffin needed in the settle-
ment. This town, the county-seat and most
important place in the county, was laid off by
Thomas Carlin in 1821. Other flourishing towns
are Whitehall (population, 1,961), and Roodhouse
(an important railroad center) with a population
of 2,360.
GKEEJfUP, village of Cumberland County, at
intersection of the Vandalia Line and Evansville
branch 111. Cent. Ry. ; in farming and fruit-
growing region; has powder mill, bank, broom
factory, five churches, public library and good
schools. Population (1890), 858; (1900), 1,08.5.
GREENVIEW, a village in Menard County, on
the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton
Railroad, 23 miles north-northwest of Springfield
and 36 miles northeast of Jacksonville. It has a
coal mine, bank, two weekly papers, seven
churches, and a graded and liigh school. Popu-
lation (1890), 1.106; (1900), 1,019; (1903), 1,245.
GREEJiVILLE, an incorporated city, the
county-seat of Bond County, on the Ea.st Fork of
Big Shoal Creek and the St. Louis, Vandalia &
Terre Haute Railroad, 50 miles east-northeast of
St. Louis; is in a rich agricultural and coal-min-
ing region. Corn and wheat are raised exten-
sively in the surrounding country, and there are
extensive coal mines adjacent to the city. The
leading manufacturing product is in the line of
wagons. It is the seat of Greenville College (a
coeducational institution) ; has several banks and
three weekly newspapers. Population (1890),
1,868; (1900), 3,504.
GREENVILLE, TREATY OF, a treaty negoti-
ated by Gen. Anthony Wayne with a number of
Indian tribes (see Indian Treaties), at Green-
ville, after his victory over the savages at the
battle of Maumee Rapids, in August, 1795. This
was the first treaty relating to Illinois lands in
which a number of tribes united. The lands con-
veyed within the present limits of the State
of Illinois were as follows; A tract six miles
oquare at the mouth of the Chicago River;
another, twelve miles square, near the mouth of
the Illinois River; another, six miles square,
around the old fort at Peoria ; the post of Fort
Massac; the 150,000 acres set apart as bounty
lands for the army of Gen. George Rogers Clark,
and "the lands at all other places in the pos.ses-
sion of the French people and other white set-
tlers among them, the Indian title to which has
been thus extinguished. ' ' On the other hand, the
United States relinquished all claim to all other
Indian lands north of the Ohio, east of the Mis-
sissippi and south of the great lakes. The cash
consideration paid by the Government was
5210,000.
GREGG, David L., lawyer and Secretary of
State, emigrated from Albany, N. Y., and began
the practice of law at Joliet, 111. , where, in 1839,
he also edited "The Juliet Courier," the first
paper established in Will County. From 1843 to
1846, he represented Will, Du Page and Iroquois
Counties in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Gen-
eral Assemblies ; later removed to Chicago, after
which he served for a time as United States Dis-
trict Attorney; in 1847 was chosen one of the
Delegates from Cook County to the State Consti-
tutional Convention of that year, and served as
Secretary of State from 1850 to 1853, as successor
to Horace S. Cooley, who died in office the former
year. In the Democratic State Convention of
1853, Mr. Gregg was a leading candidate for the
nomination for Governor, though finally defeated
by Joel A. Matteson; served as Presidential
Elector for that year, and, in 1853, was appointed
by President Pierce Commissioner to the Sandwich
Islands, still later for a time acting as the minis-
ter or adviser of King Kamehamaha IV, who died
in 1863. Returning to California he was ap-
pointed by President Lincoln Receiver of Public
Moneys at Carson City, Nev. , where he died, Dec.
23, 1868.
GREGORY, John Milton, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born at Sand Lake, Rensselaer Co.,
N. Y., July 6, 1822; graduated from Union Col-
lege in 1846 and, after devoting two years to the
study of law, studied theology and entered the
Baptist ministry. After a brief pastorate in the
East he came West, becoming Principal of a
classical school at Detroit. His ability as an
educator was soon recognized, and, in 1858, he
was elected State Superintendent of Public
Instruction in Michigan, but declined a re-elec-
tion in 1863. In 1,854, he assisted in founding
"The Michigan Journal of Education," of which
he was editor-in-chief. In 1863 he accepted the
Presidency of Kalamazoo College, and four years
210
HISTORICAL EKCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
later was called to that of tlie newly founded
University of Illinois, at Champaign, where he
remained until 18IS0. He was United States
Commissioner to the Vienna Exposition In 1873,
Illinois State Commissioner to the Paris Exposi-
tion of 1878, also serving as one of the judges in
the educational department of the Philadelphia
Centennial of 1876. From 1882 to "85 he was a
member of the United States Civil Service Com-
mission. The degree of LL.D. was conferred
upon him by Madison University (Hamilton.
N. Y. ) in 1866. While State Superintendent he
published a "Compend of School Laws'* of Michi-
gan, besides numerous addresses on educational
subjects. Other works of his are "Handbook of
History" and "Map of Time" (Chicago, 1866) ; "A
New Political Economy" (Cincinnati, 1882); and
"Seven Laws of Teaching" (Chicago, 1883).
While holding a chair as Professor Emeritus of
Political Economy in the University of Illinois
during tlie latter years of his life, he resided in
Washington, D. C, where he died, Oct. 20, 1898.
By his special request he was buried on the
grounds of the University at Champaign.
ORES HAM, Walter Quinton, soldier, jurist
and statesman, was born near Lanesville, Harri-
son County, Ind., March 17, 1832. Two years at
a seminary at Corydon, followed by one year at
Bloommgton University, completed his early
education, which was commenced at the common
schools. He read law at Corydon, and was
admitted to the bar in 1853. In 1860 he was
elected to the Indiana Legislature, but resigned
to become Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty-
eighth Indiana Volunteers, and was almost
immediately commissioned Colonel of the Fifty-
third Regiment. After the fall of Vicksburg he
was promoted to a Brigadier-Generalship, and was
brevetted Major-Geueral on March 13, 1865. At
Atlanta he was severely woimded, and disabled
from service for a year. After the war he re-
sumed practice at New Albany, Ind. His polit-
ical career began in 1856, when he stumped his
county for Fremont. From that time until 1892
he was always prominently identified with the
Republican party. In 1866 lie was an unsuccess-
ful Republican candidate for Congress, and, in
1867-68, was the financial agent of his State
(Indiana) in New York. In 1869 President Grant
appointed him Judge of the United States Dis-
trict Court for Indiana. In 1883 he resigned this
position to accept the portfolio of Postmaster-Gen-
eral in the Cabinet of President Arthur. In July,
188-t, upon the death of Secretary Folger, he was
made Secretary of the Treasury. In Oct. 1884,
he was appointed United States Judge of the
Seventli Judicial Circuit, and thereafter made
his home in Chicago. He was an earnest advo-
cate of tlie renomination of Grant in that year,
but subsequently took no active personal part in
politics. In 1888 he was the substantially unani-
mous choice of Illinois Republicans for the Presi-
dency, but was defeated in convention. In 1892
he was tendered the Populist nomination for
President, but declined. In 1893 President Cleve-
land offered him the portfolio of Secretary of
State, which he accepted, dying in office at
Washington, D. C, May 28, 1895.
GREUSEL, Nicholas, soldier, was born in Ger-
many, July 4, 1817, the son of a soldier of Murat;,
came to New York in 1833 and to Detroit, Mich.,
in 1835 ; served as a Captain of the First Michigan
Volunteers in the Mexican War; in 1857, came to
Chicago and was employed on the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy Railroad, until the firing on
Fort Sumter, when he promptly enrolled himself
as a private in a company organized at Aurora,
of which he was elected Captain and attached to
the Seventh Illinois (three-months' men), later
being advanced to the rank of Major. Re-enlisting
for three years, he was commissioned Lieutenant-
Colonel, but, in August following, was commis-
sioned Colonel of the Thirty sixth Illinois; took
part in tlie battles of Pea Ridge and Perryville
and the campaign against Corinth ; compelled to
resign on account of failing health, in February,
1863, he removed to Mount Pleasant, Iowa,
whence he returned to Aurora in 1893. Died at
Aurora, April 25, 1896.
(iRIDLEY, Asahel, lawyer and banker, was
born at Cazenovia, N. Y., April 21, 1810; was
educated at Pompey Academy and, at the age of
21, came to Illinois, locating at Bloomington and
engaging in the mercantile business, which he
carried on quite extensively some eight years.
He served as First Lieutenant of a cavalry com-
pany during the Black Hawk War of 1832, and
soon after was elected a Brigadier-General of
militia, thereby acquiring the title of "General."
In 1840 he was elected to the lower branch of the
Twelfth General Assembly, and soon after began
to turn his attention to the study of law, subse-
quently forming a partnership with Col. J. H.
Wickizer, which continued for a number of years.
Having been elected to the State Senate in 1850,
he took a conspicuous part in tlie two succeeding
sessions of the General Assembly in securing the
location of the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois
Central Railroads by way of Bloomington; was
also, at a later period, a leading promoter of tha
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ill
Indiana, Bloomington & Western and other lines.
In 1858 he joined J. Y. Scammon and J. H. Burch
of Chicago, in the establishment of the McLean
County Bank at Bloomington, of whicli he became
President and ultimately sole proprietor ; also be-
came proprietor, in 1857, of the Bloomington Gas-
Light & Coke Company, which he managed some
twenty-five years. Originally a "Whig, he identi-
fied himself with the Republican cause in 1856,
serving upon the State Central Committee during
the campaign of that year, but, in 18T2, took
part in the Liberal Republican movement, serv-
ing as a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention,
where he was a zealous supporter of David Davis
for the Presidency. Died, at Bloomington, Jan.
20, 1881.
GRIER, (Col.) David Perkins, soldier and mer-
chant, was born near Wilkesbarre, Pa. , in 1837 ;
received a common school education and, in
1853, came to Peoria, 111., where he engaged in
the grain business, subsequently, in partnership
with his brother, erecting the first grain-elevator
in Peoria, with three or four at other points.
Early in the war he recruited a company of which
he was elected Captain, but, as the State quota
was already full, it was not accepted in Illinois,
but was mustered in, in June, as a part of the
Eighth Missouri Volunteers. With this organi-
zation he took part in the capture of Forts Henry
and Donelson, the battle of Shiloli and the siege
and capture of Corinth. In August, 1863, he was
ordered to report to Governor Yates at Spring-
field, and, on his arrival, was presented with a
commission as Colonel of the Seventy-seventh
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, of which he retained
command up to the siege of Vicksburg. During
that siege he commanded a brigade and, in sub-
sequent operations in Louisiana, was in command
of the Second Brigade. Fourth Division of the
Thirteenth Army Corps. Later he had command
of all the troops on Dauphin Island, and took a
conspicuous part in the capture of Fort Morgan
and Mobile, as well as other operations in Ala-
bama. He subsequently had command of a
division until his muster-out, July 10, 1865, with
the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After tlie
war, General Grier resumed his business as a
grain merchant at Peoria, but, in 1879, removed to
East St. Louis, where he had charge of the erection
and management of the Union Elevator there^
was also Vice-President and Director of the St.
Louis Merchants' Exchange. Died, April 23,
1891.
GRIERSON, Benjamin H., .soldier, was born in
Pittsburg, Pa., July 8, 1836; removed in boyhood
to TrumbuU County, Ohio, and, about 1850, to
Jacksonville, 111., where he was engaged for a
time in teaching music, later embarking in the
grain and produce business at Meredosia. He
enlisted promptly at the beginning of the Civil
War, becoming Aid-de-camp to General Prentiss
at Cairo during the three-months' service, later
being commissioned Major of the Sixth Illinois
Cavalry. From this time his promotion was
rapid. He was commissioned Colonel of the same
regiment in March, 1863, and was commander of a
brigade in December following. He was promi-
nent in nearly all the cavalry skirmishes between
Memphis and the Tennessee river, and, in April
and May, 1863, led the famous raid from La
Grange, Tenn. , through the States of Mississippi
and Louisiana to Baton Rouge in the latter— for
the first time penetrating the heart of the Con-
federacy and causing consternation among the
rebel leaders, while materially aiding General
Grant's movement against Vicksburg. This dem-
onstration was generally regarded as one of the
most brilliant events of the war. and attracted
the attention of the whole country. In recog-
nition of this service he was, on June 3, 1863.
made a Brigadier-General, and May 27, 1865, a
full Major-General of Volunteers. Soon after the
close of the war he entered the regular army as
Colonel of the Tenth United States Cavalry and
was successively brevetted Brigadier- and Major-
General for bravery shown in a raid in Arkansas
during December, 1864. His subsequent service
was in the West and Southwest conducting cam-
paigns against the Indians, in the meanwliile
being in command at Santa Fe, San Antonio and
elsewhere. On the promotion of General Miles
to a Major-Generalship following the death of
Maj.-Gen. George Crook in Chicago, March 19,
1890, General Grierson, who had been the senior
Colonel for some years, was promoted Brigadier-
General and retired with that rank in Julj' fol-
lowing. His home is at Jacksonville.
GRIGGS, Samuel Chapman, publisher, was
born in Tolland, Conn., July 30, 1819; began
business as a bookseller at Hamilton, N. Y. , but
removed to Chicago, where he established the
largest bookselling trade in tlie Northwest. Mr.
Griggs was a heavy loser by the fire of 1871, and
the following year, having sold out to his part-
ners, established himself in the publishing busi-
ness, which he conducted imtil 1896, when he
retired. The class of books published by him
include many educational and classical, with
others of a high order of merit. Died in Chi-
cago, April 5, 1897.
212
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
GRIGGSTILLE, a city in Pike County, on the
Wabash Railroad. 4 miles west of the Illinois
River, and 50 miles east of Quincy. Flour, camp
stoves, and brooms are manufactured here. The
city lias churches, graded schools, a public
library, fair grounds, opera house, and a weekly
newspaper. Population (1890), 1,400; (1900),
1,404.
GRIMSHAW, Jackson, lawyer and politician,
was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 23, 1820. of Anglo-
Irish and Revolutionary ancestry. He was par-
tially educated at Bristol College, Pa., and began
the study of law with his father, who was a lawyer
and an author of repute. His professional studies
were interrupted for a few years, during which he
was employed at surveying and civil engineering,
but he was admitted to the bar at Harrisburg, in
1843. The same year he settled at Pittsfield, 111. ,
where he formed a partnership with his brother,
William A. Grimshaw. In 1857 he removed to
Quincy, where he resided for the remainder of his
life. He was a member of the first Republican
Convention, at Bloomington, in 1856, and was
twice an unsuccessful candidate for Congress
(1856 and '58) in a strongly Democratic District.
He was a warm personal friend and trusted coun-
sellor of Governor Yates, on whose stafi he served
as Colonel. During 1861 the latter sent Mr.
Grimshaw to Washington with dispatches an-
nouncing the capture of Jefferson Barracks, JIo.
On arriving at Annapolis, learning that the rail-
roads had been torn up b}' rebel sympathizers, he
, walked from that city to the capital, and was
summoned into the presence of the President and
General Scott with his feet protruding from his
boots. In 1865 Mr. Lincoln appointed him Col-
lector of Internal Revenue for the Quincy Dis-
trict, which office he held until 1869. Died, at
Quincy, Dec. 13, 1875.
GRIMSHAW, William A., early lawyer, was
born in Philadelphia and admitted to the bar
in his native city at the age of 19 ; in 1833 came
to Pike County, 111., where he continued to prac-
tice until his death. He served in the State Con-
stitutional Convention of 1847, and had the credit
of preparing the article in the second Constitution
prohibiting dueling. In 1864 he was a delegate
to the Republican National Convention which
nominated Mr. Lincoln for President a second
time; also served as Presidential Elector in 1880.
He was, for a time, one of the Trustees of the
Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson-
ville, and, from 1877 to 1882, a member of the State
Board of Public Charities, being for a time Presi-
dent of the Board. Died, at Pittsfield, Jan. 7, 1895.
GRIXNELL, Julius S., lawyer and ex-Judge,
was born in St. Lawrence County, N. Y., in 1842,
of New England parents, who were of French
descent. He graduated from Middlebury College
in 1866, and, two years later, was admitted to the
bar at Ogdensburg, N. Y. In 1870 he removed to
Chicago, where he soon attained a prominent
position at the bar ; was elected City Attorney in
1879, and re-elected in 1881 and 1883. In 1884 he
was elected State's Attorney for Cook Count}', in
which capacity he successfully conducted some
of the most celebrated criminal prosecutions in
the history of Illinois. Among these may be
mentioned the cases against Joseph T. Mackia
and William J. Gallagher, growing out of an
election conspiracy in Chicago in 1884; the
conviction of a number of Cook County Commis-
sioners for accepting bribes in 1885, and the con-
viction of seven anarchistic leaders charged with
complicity in the Haymarket riot and massacre
in Chicago, in May, 1886 — the latter trial being
held in 1887. The same year (1887) he was
elected to the Circuit bench of Cook County, but
resigned his seat in 1890 to become counsel for
the Chicago City Railway. Died, in Chicago,
June 8, 1898.
GROSS, Jacob, ex-State Treasurer and banker,
was born in Germany, Feb. 11, 1840; having lost
his father by death at 13, came to the United
States two years later, spent a year in Chicago
schools, learned the trade of a tinsmith and
clerked in a store until August, 1862, when he
enlisted in the Eighty-Second Illinois Volunteers
(the second "Hecker Regiment"); afterwards par-
ticipated in some of the most important battles
of the war, including Chancellorsville, Gettys-
burg, Lookout Mountain, Resaca and others. At
Dallas, Ga. , he had his right leg badly shattered
by a bullet-wound above the knee, four successive
amputations being found necessary in order to
save his life. Having been discharged from the
service in February, 1865, he took a course in a
commercial college, became deputy clerk of the
PoUce Court, served three terms as Collector of
the West Town of Chicago, and an equal number
of terms (12 j-ears) as Clerk of the Circuit Court
of Cook County, and, in 1884, was elected State
Treasurer. Since retiring from the latter office,
Sir. Gross has been engaged in the banking busi-
ness, being President, for several years, of the
Commercial Bank of Chicago.
GROSS, William I., lawyer, was born in Her-
kimer County, N. Y., Feb. 21, 1839, came with
his father to Illinois in 1844, was admitted to the
bar at Springfield in 1863, but abuost immediately
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
213
entered the service of the Government, and, a
year later, was appointed by President Lincoln
Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and, under
command of General Stager, assigned to the
Department of tlie Ohio as Military Superintend-
ent of Telegraphs. At the close of the war he
was transferred to the Department of the Gulf,
taking control of military telegraphs in that
Department with headquarters at New Orleans,
remaining until August, 1866, meanwhile being
brevetted Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. For
the next two years he occupied various positions
in the civil telegraph service, but, in 1868, resumed
the practice of law at Springfield, in conjunction
with his brother (Eugene L. ) issuing the first
volume of "Gross' Statutes of Illinois," followed
in subsequent years by two additional volumes,
besides an Index to all the Laws of the State. In
1878 he was elected as a Republican to the General
Assembly from Sangamon County, and, in 1884,
was appointed by Governor Hamilton Circuit
Judge to succeed Judge C. S. Zane, who had been
appointed Chief Justice of L^tah. Upon the organi-
zation of the Illinois State Bar Association, Judge
Gross became its first Secretary, serving until
1883, when he was elected President, again serv-
ing as Secretary and Treasurer in 1893-94.
GROSSCUP," Peter Stenger, jurist, born in
Ashland, Ohio, Feb. 15, 1853 ; was educated in the
local schools and Wittenberg College, graduating
from the latter in 1872; read law in Boston, Mass.,
and settled down to practice in his native town,
in 1874. He was a candidate for Congress in a
Democratic District before he was 25 years old,
but, being a Republican, was defeated. Two
years later, being thrown by a reapportionment
into the same district with William McKinley,
he put that gentleman in nomination for the seat
in Congress to which he was elected. He re-
moved to Chicago in 1883, and, for several years,
was the partner of the late Leonard Swett ; in
December, 1892, was appointed by President
Harrison Judge of the United States District
Court for the Northern District of Illinois as suc-
cessor to Judge Henr}' W. Blodgett. On the
death of Judge Showalter, in December, 1898,
Judge Grosscup was appointed his successor as
Judge of the United States Circuit Court for the
Seventh Judicial District. Although one of the
youngest incumbents upon the bench of the
United States Court, Judge Grosscup has given
ample evidence of his ability as a jurist, besides
proving himself in harmony with the progressive
spirit of the time on questions of national and
international interest.
GRUNDY COUNTY, situated in the northeast-
ern quarter of the State, having an area of 440
square miles and a population (1900) of 24,136.
The surface is mainly rolling prairie, beneath
which is a continuous coal seam, three feet thick.
Building stone is abundant (particularly near
Morris), and there are considerable beds of pot-
ter's clay. The county is crossed by the Illinois
River and the Illinois & Michigan Canal, also by the
Rock Island and the Chicago & Alton Railways.
The chief occupation of the people is agriculture,
although there are several manufacturing estab-
lishments. The first white settler of whom any
record has been preserved, was William Marquis,
who arrived at the mouth of the Mazon in a
"prairie schooner" in 1828. Other pioneers
were Colonel Sayers, W. A. Holloway, Alex-
ander K. Owen, John Taylor, James McCartney
and Joab Chappell. The first public land sale
was made in 1835, and, in 1841, the county was
organized out of a part of La Salle, and named
after Felix Grundy, the eminent Tennesseean.
The first pollbook showed 148 voters. Morris
was chosen the county-seat and has so re-
mained. Its present population is 3,653. Another
prosperous town is Gardner, with 1,100 inhab-
itants.
GULLITER, John Putnam, D.D., LL.D.,
clergyman and educator, was born in Boston,
Mass.. May 12, 1819; graduated at Yale College,
in 1840, and at Andover Theological Seminary in
1845. meanwhile serving two years as Principal
of Randolph Academy. From 1845 to 1865 he
was pastor of a church at Norwich, Conn., in
1865-68, of the New England Church, of Chicago,
and, 1868-72, President of Knox College at Gales-
burg, 111. The latter year he became pastor of
the First Presbyterian Church in Binghamton,
N. Y. , remaining until 1878, when he was elected
Professor of the "Relations of Christianity and
Secular Science'' at Andover, holding this posi-
tion actively until 1891, and then, as Professor
Emeritus, until his death, Jan. 25, 1894. He was
a member of the Corporation of Yale College
and had been honored with the degrees of D.D.
and LL.D.
GURLEY, William F. E., State Geologist, was
born at Oswego, N. Y., June 5, 1854; brought by
his parents to Danville, 111. , in 1864, and educated
in the public schools of that city and Cornell
University, N. Y. ; served as city engineer of
Danville in 1885-87, and again in 1891-93. In
July of the latter year he was appointed by Gov-
ernor Altgeld State Geologist as successor to Prof.
Joshua Lindahl.
21 4
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
HACKER, John S., pioneer and soUiier of the
Mexican War, was born at Owensburg, Ky.,
November, 1797; in early life removed to Mis-
souri, where he was employed in the stock and
produce trade witli New Orleans. Having married
in 1817, he .settled at Jonesboro, Union County,
111., where he kept a tavern for a number of
years, and was also engaged some tliirty years in
mercantile business. It is said that he was
unable to read until tauglit after marriage by his
wife, wlio appears to have been a woman of
intelligence and many graces. In 1824 he was
elected Representative in the Fourth General
Assembly and, in 1834, to the State Senate, serv-
ing by re-election in 1838 until 1842, and being a
supporter of the internal improvement scheme.
In 1837 he voted for the removal of the State
capital from Vandalia to Springfield, and, though
differing from Abraham Lincoln politically, was
one of his warm personal friends. He served in
the War of 1812 as a private in the Jlissouri
militia, and, in the Mexican War, as Captain of a
company in the Second Regiment, Illinois Volun-
teers—Col. W. H. Bissell's. By service on the
staff of Governor Duncan, he had already obtained
the title of Colonel. He received the nomination
for Lieutenant-Governor from the first formal
State Convention of the Democratic party in
December, 1837, but the head of the ticket (Col.
J. W. Stephenson) having withdrawn on account
of charges connected with his administration of
the Land Office at Dixon, Colonel Hacker also
declined, and a new ticket was put in the field
headed by Col. Thomas L. Carlin, which was
elected in 1838. In 1849 Colonel Hacker made
the overland journey to California, but returning
with impaired health in 18.52, located in Cairo,
where he held the position of Surveyor of the
Port for three years, when he was removed by
President Buchanan on account of his friendship
for Senator Douglas. He also served, from 1854
to '.56, as Secretary of the Senate Committee on
Territories under the Chairmanship of Senator
Douglas, and, in 1856, as Assistant Doorkeeper of
the House of Representatives in Washington. In
1837 he returned to Jonesboro and spent the
remainder of his life in practical retirement,
dying at the home of his daughter, in Anna, May
18, 1878.
HADLET, William F. L., lawyer and Con-
gressman, was born near CoUinsvlUe, 111., June
15, 1847; grew up on a farm, receiving his educa-
tion in the common schools and at McKendree
College, where he graduated in 1867. In 1871 he
graduated from the Law Department of the
University of Michigan, and established him-
.self in the practice of his profession at
Edwardsville. He was elected to the State Sen-
ate, from Madison County in 188G, serving four
years, and was nominated for a second term, but
declined; was a delegate-at-large to the Repub-
lican National Convention of 1888, and, in 1895,
was nominated and elected, in the Eighteenth
District, as a Republican, to the Fifty-fourth Cqn-
gress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of
Hon. Frederick Remann, who had been elected
in 1894, but died before taking his seat. Mr.
Hadley was a candidate for re-election in 1896,
but was prevented by protracted illness from
making a canvass, and suffered a defeat. He
is a son-in-law of the late Edward M. West,
long a prominent business man of Edwards-
ville, and since his retirement from Congress, has
devoted his attention to his profession and the
banking business.
HAHNEMANN HOSPITAL, a homeopathic hos-
pital located in Chicago. It was first opened with
twenty beds, in November, 1870, in a block of
wooden buildings, the use of which was given
rent free by Mr. J. Young Scammon, and was
known as the Scammon Hospital. After the fire
of October, 1871, Mr. Scammon deeded the prop-
erty to the Trustees of the Hahnemann Medical
College, and the hospital was placed on the list
of public charities. It also received a donation
of $10,000 from the Relief and Aid Society,
besides numerous private benefactions. In
April, 1873, at the suggestion of Mr. Scammon,
the name of the institution was changed to the
Hahnemann Hospital, by which designation it
has since been known. In 1893 the corner-stone
of a new hospital was laid and the building com-
pleted in 1894. It is seven stories in height, with
a capacity for 225 beds, and is equipped with all
the improved appliances and facilities for the
care and protection of the sick. It has also about
sixty private rooms for paying patients.
HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE, located
in Chicago, chartered in 1834-35, but not organ-
ized until 1860, when temporary quarters were
secured over a drug-store, and the first college
term opened, with a teaching faculty numbering
nine professors, besides clinical lecturers, demon-
strators, etc. In 1866-67 the institution moved
into larger quarters and, in 1870, the corner-stone
of a new college building was laid. The six suc-
ceeding years were marked by internal dissen-
sion, ten of the professors withdrawing to
establish a rival school. The faculty was cur-
tailed in numbers and re-organized. In August,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
1892, the corner-stone of a second building was
laid with appropriate Masonic ceremonies, the
new structure occupj-ing the site of the old, but
being larger, better arranged and better equipped.
Women were admitted as students in 1870-71 and
co-education of the sexes has ever since continued
an established feature of the institution. For
more than thirtj'-five years a free dispensary has
been in operation in connection with the college.
HAIJfES, John Charles, Mayor of Chicago and
legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y..
May 2G, 1818; came to Chicago in 1835, and, for
the next eleven years, was employed in various
pursuits; served three terms (1848-54) in the City
Council; was twice elected Water Commissioner
(1853 and "50), and, in 1858, was chosen Mayor,
serving two terms. He also served as Delegate
from Cook County in the Constitutional Conven-
tion of 1869-70, and, in 1874, was elected to the
State Senate from the First District, serving in
the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth General Assem-
blies. At the session of 1877 he received sixty-
nine votes for the seat in the United States
: Senate to which Judge David Davis was after-
wards elected. Mr. Haines was a member of the
Chicago Historical Society, was interested in the
old Chicago West Division Railway and President
of the Savings Institute. During his later years
he was a resident of Waukegan. dying there,
July 4, 1896. —Elijah Middlebrook (Haines),
brother of the preceding, lawyer, politician
and legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y.,
April 21, 1822; came to Illinois in boyhood, locat-
ing first at Chicago, but, a year later, went to
Lake County, where he resided until his death.
His education, rudimentary, classical and profes-
. sional, was self-acquired. He began to occupy
and cultivate a farm for himself before attaining
his majority; studied law, and, in 1851, was
admitted to the bar, beginning practice at Wau-
kegan; in 1860 opened an office in Chicago, still,
however, making his home at Waukegan. In
1855 he published a compilation of the Illinois
township laws, followed by a "Treatise on the
Powers and Duties of Justices of the Peace. " ' He
made similar compilations of the township laws
of Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Missouri.
By nature Mr. Haines was an agitator, and his
career as a politician both checkered and unique.
Originally a Democrat, he abandoned that or-
ganization upon the formation of the Republican
party, and was elected by the latter to the Legis-
lature from Lake County in 1858, '60 and '62. In
1867 he came into prominence as an anti-monopo-
list, and on tliis issue was elected to the Consti-
tutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1870 he was
again chosen to the Legislature as an "independ-
ent," and, as such, re-elected in '74, '82, "84, '86 and
"88, receiving the support, however, of the Demo-
crats in a Di.strict normally Republican. He
served as Speaker during the sessions of 1875 and
'85, tlie party strength in each of these Assemblies
being so equally divided that he either held, or
was able to control, the balance of power. He
was an adroit parliamentarian, but his decisions
were the cause of much severe criticism, being
regarded bj' both Democrats and Republicans as
often arbitrary and unjust. The two sessions
over which he presided were among the stormiest
in the State's history. Died, at Waukegan, April
25, 1889.
HALE, Albert, pioneer clergyman, was born
at Glastonbury, Conn., Nov. 29, 1799; after some
j'ears spent as a clerk in a country store at
Wethersfield, completed a course in the theolog-
ical department of Yale College, later serving as a
home missionary, in Georgia; came to Illinois in
1831, doing home missionary work in Bond
County, and. in 1833, was sent to Chicago, where
his open candor, benignity and blameless conduct
enabled him to exert a powerful influence over
the drunken aborigines who constituted a large
and menacing class of the population of what
was then a frontier town. In 1839 he assumed
the pastorate of the Second Presbyterian Church
in Springfield, continuing that connection until
1865. From that time until his death, his life
was largely devoted to missionary work among
the extremely poor and the pariahs of society.
Among these he wielded a large influence and
always commanded genuine respect from all
denoininations. His forte was love rather than
argument, and in this lay the secret of his suc-
cess. Died, in Springfield, Jan. 30, 1891.
HALE, (Dr.) Eilyyiu M., physician, was born
in Newport. N. H., in 1829, commenced the study
of medicine in 1848 and, in 1850, entered the
Cleveland Homeopatliic College, at the end of the
session locating at Jonesville, Mich. From 1855
he labored in the interest of a representation of
homeopathy in the University of Michigan.
When this was finall}- accomplished, he was
ofl'ered the chair of Materia Medica and Thera-
peutics, but was compelled to decline in conse-
quence of having been elected to the same position
in the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago.
In 1876 he made a visit to Europe, and, on his
return, severed his connection with the Hahne-
mann and accepted a similar position in the Chi-
cago Homeopathic College, where he remained
216
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
five years, when lie retired with the rank of Pro-
fessor Emeritus. Dr. Hale was the author of
several volumes held in high esteem by members
of the profession, and maintained a high reputa-
tion for professional skill and benevolence of
character. He was a member of the Chicago
Academy of Sciences and an honorary member of
various home and foreign associations. Died, in
Chicago, Jan. 18, 1899.
HALL, (Col.) Cyrus, soldier, was born in Fay-
ette County, 111., August 29, 1822 — the son of a
pioneer who came to Illinois about the time of
its admission as a State. He served as Second
Lieutenant in the Third Illinois Volunteers (Col.
Foreman's regiment), during the Mexican War,
and, in 1860, removed to Shelbyville to engage in
hotel-keeping. The Civil AVar coming on, he
raised the first company for the war in Shelby
Coimty, which was attached to the Fourteenth
Illinois (Col. John M. Palmer's regiment) ; was
promptly promoted from Captain to Major and
finally to Lieutenant-Colonel, on the promotion
of Palmer to Brigadier-General, succeeding to
command of the regiment. The Fourteenth
Regiment having been finally consolidated with
the Fifteenth, Lieutenant-Colonel Hall was
transferred, with the rank of Colonel, to the
command of the One Hundred and Forty-fourth
Illinois, which he resigned in March, 1864, was
brevetted Brigadier-General for gallant and
meritorious service in the field, in March, 1805,
and mustered out Sept. 16, 1865. Returning to
Slielbyville, he engaged in the furniture trade,
later was appointed Postmaster, serving some ten
years and until his death, Sept. 6, 1878.
HALL, James, legislator, jurist. State Treasurer
and author, was born in Philadelphia, August
19, 1793; after serving in the War of 1812 and
spending some time with Com. Stephen Decatur
in the Mediterranean, in 1815, he studied law,
beginning practice at Shawneetown, in 1820.
He at once assumed prominence as a citizen, was
appointed State's Attorney in 1821, and elevated
to the bench of the Circuit Court in 1825. He
was legislated out of ofiice two years later and
resumed private practice, making his home at
Vandalia, where he was associated with Robert
Blackwell in the publication of "The Illinois
Intelligencer." The same year (1827) he was
elected by the Legislature State Treasurer, con-
tinuing in office four years. Later he removed to
Cincinnati, where he died, July 5, 1868. He con-
ducted "The Western Monthly Magazine," the
first periodical published in Illinois. Among his
published volumes may be mentioned "Tales of
the Border," "Notes on the Western States,"
"Sketches of the West," "Romance of Western
History," and "History of the Indian Tribes."
HAMER, Thomas, soldier and legislator, was
born in Union County, Pa., June 1, 1818; came
to Illinois in 1846 and began business as a mer-
chant at Vermont, Fulton County; in 1862
assisted in recruiting the Eighty-fourth Illinois
Volunteers and was elected Lieutenant-Colonel;
was wounded in the battle of Stone River, re-
turned to duty after partial recovery, but was
finally compelled to retire on account of disabil-
ity. Returning home he resumed business, but
retired in 1878 ; was elected Representative in the
General Assembly in 1886 and to the Senate in
1888, and re-elected to the latter in 1892, making
ten years of continuous service.
HAMILTO>', a city in Hancock County, on the
Mississippi River opposite Keokuk, Iowa; at junc-
tion of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and Keokuk
branch of the Wabash Railway. Its position at
the foot of the lower rapids insures abundant
water power for manufacturing purposes. An
iron railroad and wagon bridge connects the Illi-
nois city with Keokuk. It has two banks, elec-
tric lights, one newspaper, six churches, a high
school, and an apiary. The surrounding country
is a farming and fruit district. A sanitarium
is located here. Population (1890), 1,301; (1900),
1,344.
HAMILTON, John B., M.D, LL.D., surgeon,
was born of a pioneer family in Jersey County,
111., Dec. 1, 1847, his grandfather, Thomas M.
Hamilton, having removed from Ohio in 1818 to
Monroe County, 111. , wliere the father of the sub-
ject of this sketch was born. The latter (Elder
Benjamin B. Hamilton) was for fifty years a
Baptist preacher, chiefly in Greene County, and,
from 1862 to '65, Chaplain of the Sixty -first Illi-
nois Volunteers. Young Hamilton, having re-
ceived his literary education at home and with a
classical teacher at Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1863
began the study of medicine, and the following
year attempted to enlist as a soldier, but was
rejected on account of being a minor. In 1869 he
graduated from Rush Medical College in Chicago,
and, for the next five years, was engaged in gen-
eral practice. Then, having passed an examina-
tion before an Army Examining Board, he was
appointed Assistant Surgeon in the regular army
with the rank of First Lieutenant, serving suc-
cessively at Jeflferson Barracks, St. Louis; Fort
Colville, Washington, and in the Jlarine Hospital
at Boston ; in 1879 became Supervising Surgeon-
General as successor to Gen. John M. Woodworth
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
21^
and, during the yellow-fever epidemic in the
South, a few years later, rendered efficient service
in checking the spread of the disease by taking
charge of the camp of refugees from Jacksonville
and other stricken points. Resigning the position
of Surgeon-General in 1891, he took charge of the
Marine Hospital at Chicago and became Pro-
fessor of Surgery in Rush Jledical College, besides
holding other allied positions ; was also editor of
"The Journal of the American Medical Associ-
ation." In 1896 he resigned his position in the
Medical Department of the United States Army,
in 1897 was appointed Superintendent for the
Northern Hospital for the Insane at Elgin, but
died, Dec. 24, 1898.
HAMILTON, John L., farmer and legislator,
was born at Newry, Ireland, Nov. 9, 1829; emi-
grated to Jersey County, III, in 1851, where he
began life working on a farm. Later, he followed
the occupation of a farmer in Mason and Macou-
pin Counties, finally locating, in 1864, in Iroquois
County, which has since been his home. After
filling various local offices, in 1875 he was elected
County Treasurer of Iroquois County as a Repub-
lican, and twice re-elected (1877 and "79). also, in
1880, being Chairman of the Republican County
Central Committee. In 1884 he was elected to
the House of Representatives, being one of the
"103" who stood by General Logan in the mem-
orable Senatorial contest of 1885 ; was re-elected
in 1886, and again returned to the same body in
1890 and '98.
HAMILTON, John Marshall, lawyer and ex-
Governor, was born in Union County, Ohio, May
28, 1847; when 7 years of age, was brought to
Illinois by his father, who settled on a farm in
Marshall County. In 1864 (at the age of 17; he
enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-first Illi-
nois Volunteers — a 100-day regiment. After
being mustered out, he matriculated at the Wes-
leyan (Ohio) University, from which he gradu-
ated in 1868. For a year he taught school at
Henry, and later became Professor of Languages
at the Wesleyan (111.) University at Blooming-
ton. He was admitted to the bar in 1870. and has
been a successful practitioner at the bar. In
1876 he was elected State Senator from McLean
County, and, in 1880, Lieutenant-Governor on the
ticket with Gov. Shelby M. CuUom. On Feb. 6,
1883, he was inaugurated Governor, to succeed
Governor Cullom, who had been chosen United
States Senator. In 1884 he was a candidate for
the gubernatorial nomination before the Repub-
lican State Convention at Peoria, but that body
selected ex-Gov. and ex-Senator Richard J.
Oglesby to head the State ticket. Since then
Governor Hamilton has been a prominent practi-
tioner at the Chicago bar.
HAMILTON, Richard Jones, pioneer lawyer,
was born near Danville, Ky., August 31, 1799;
studied law and, about 1820, came to Jonesboro,
Union County. 111. , in company with Abner Field,
afterwards State Treasurer ; in 1821 was appointed
cashier of the newly established Branch State
Bank at Brownsville, Jackson County, but, in
1831, removed to Chicago, Governor Reynolds
having appointed him the first Probate Judge of
Cook County. At the same time he also held the
offices of Circuit and County Clerk, Recorder and
Commissioner of School lands — the sale of the
Chicago school section being made under his
administration. He was a Colonel of State militia
and, in 1832, took an active part in raising volun-
ters for defense during the Black Hawk War;
also was a candidate for the colonelcy of the
Fifth Regiment for the Mexican War (1847),
but was defeated by Colonel Newby. In 1856
he was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieu-
tenant-Governor on the Democratic ticket. Died,
Dec. 26, 1860.
HAMILTON, WilUam Stephen, pioneer — son
of Alexander Hamilton, fir.st United States Secre-
tary of the Treasury — was born in New York
City, August 4, 1797; spent three years (1814-17),
at West Point ; came west and located at an early
day at Springfield, 111. ; was a deputy surveyor of
public lands, elected Representative from Sanga-
mon County, in the Fourth General Assembly
(1824-26); in 1837 removed to the Lead Mine
region and engaged in mining at "Hamilton's
Diggings" (now Wiota) in southwest Wisconsin,
and occasionally practiced law at Galena ; was a
member of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature
of 1842-43, emigrated to California in 1849, and
died in Sacramento, Oct. 9, 1850. where, some
twenty years later, a monument was erected to
his memory. Colonel Hamilton was an aid-de-
camp of Governor Coles, who sent him forward
to meet General La Fayette on his way from New
Orleans, on occasion of La Fayette's visit to Illi-
nois in 1825.
HAMILTON COUNTY, situated in the south-
eastern part of the State; has an area of 440
square miles, and population (1900) of 20,197 —
named for Alexander Hamilton. It was organ-
ized in 1821, with McLeansboro as the county-
seat. The surface of the county is rolling and
the fertile soil well watered and drained by
numerous creeks, flowing east and south into the
Wabash, which constitutes its southeastern
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
boundary. Coal crops out at various points in
the southwestern portion. Originally Hamilton
L'ounty was a dense forest, aud timber is still
abundant and saw mills numerous. Among the
hard woods found are black and white oak, black
walnut, ash and hickory. The softer woods are
in unusual variety. Corn and tobacco are the
jM-incipal crops, although considerable fruit is
cultivated, besides oats, winter wheat and pota-
toes. Sorghum is also extensively produced.
Among the pioneer settlers was a Mr. Auxier (for
whom a water course was named), in 181,5; Adam
Crouch, the Biggerstafifs and T Stelle, in 1818,
and W. T. Golson and Louis Baxter, in 1821.
The most important town is lIcLeansboro, whose
population in 1890 was 1.3.").5.
H.\MMO>D, Charles Goodrich, Railway Mana-
ger, was born at Bolton, Conn., June 4, 1804,
spent his youth in Chenango County, N. Y.,
where he became Principal of the Whitesboro
Seminary (in which he was partially educated),
and entered mercantile life at Canandaigua:
in 1834 removed to Michigan, where he held
various offices, including member of the Legisla-
ture and Auditor; in 18.53 completed the con-
struction of the Michigan Central Railroad (the
first line from the East) to Chicago, and took up
his residence in that city. In 1805 he became
Superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroad, but soon resigned to take a
trip to Europe for the benefit of his health.
Returning from Europe in 1869, he accepted the
Superintendency of the Union Pacific Railroad,
but was compelled to resign by failing health, later
becoming Vice-President of the Pullman Palace
Car Company. He was Treasurer of the Chicago
Relief & Aid Society after the fire of 1871, and
one of the founders of the Chicago Theological
Seminary (Congregational) ; also President, for
several years, of the Chicago Home for the Friend-
less. Died, April 15, 1884.
HAMPSHIRE, a village of Kane County, on
the Omaha Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee
tt St. Paul Railway, 51 miles west-northwest from
Chicago. There are brick and tile works, a large
canning factory, pickle factory, and machine
sliop ; dairy and stock interests are large. The
f)Iace has a bank, electric lights and water-works,
and a weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 696; (1900), 760.
HANCOCK COUMY, on the western border of
the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi
River; was organized in 1825 and named for John
Ha.ncock ; has an area of 769 square miles ; popu-
lation (1900), 32,215. Its early settlers were
chiefly from the Middle and Southern States,
among them being I. J. Waggen, for nearly sixty
years a resident of Montebello Township. Black
Hawk, the famous Indian Chief, is reputed to
have been born within the limits of Camp Creek
Township, in this county. Fort Edwards was
erected on the present site of Warsaw, soon after
the War of 1812, but was shortly afterwards evac-
uated. Abraham Lincoln, a cousin of the Presi-
dent of that name, was one of the early settlers.
Among the earliest were John Day, Abraham
Brewer, Jacob Compton, D. F. Parker, the Dixons,
Mendenhalls, I^ogans, and Luther Whitney.
James White. George Y. Cutler and Henry Nich-
ols were the first Commissioners. In 1839 the
Mormons crossed the Mississippi, after being
expelled from Missouri, and founded the city of
Nauvoo in this county. (See Mormons, Xaiivoo.)
Carthage and Appanoose were surveyed and laid
out in 1835 and 1886. A ferry across the IMissis-
sippi was established at Montebello (near the
present site of Hamilton) in 1829, and another,
two years later, near the site of old Fort Edwards.
The county is crossed by six lines of railway, has
a fine public school system, numerous thriving
towns, and is among the wealthy counties of the
State.
HANDY, Moses Purnell, journalist, was born
at Warsaw, Mo., April 14, 1847; before he was
one year old was taken back to Maryland, his
parents' native State. He was educated at Ports-
mouth, Va., and was a student at the Virginia
Collegiate Institute at the breaking out of the
Civil War, when he joined the Confederate army
at the age of seventeen. When the war ended
Handy found himself penniless. He was school-
teacher and book-canvasser by turns, meantime
writing some for a New York paper. Later he
became a clerk in the office of "The Christian
Observer" in Richmond. In 1867, by some clever
reporting for "The Richmond Dispatch," he was
able to secure a regular position on the local staff
of that paper, quickly gaining a reputation as a
successful reporter, and, in 1809, becoming city
editor. From this time until 1887 his promotion
was rapid, being employed at different times upon
many of the most prominent and influential
papers in the East, including "The New York
Tribune," "Richmond Enquirer," and, in Phila-
delphia, upon "The Times," "The Press" and
"Daily News." In 1893, at the request of Director-
General Davis of the World's Columbian Exposi-
tion, Jlr. Handy accepted the position of Chief of
the Department of Publicity and Promotion, pre-
ferring this to the Consul-Generalship to Egypt,
tendered him about the same time by President
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
219
Harrison. Later, as a member of the National
Commission to Europe, he did much to arouse the
interest of foreign countries in the Exposition.
For some time after the World's Fair, he was
associate editor of "The Chicago Times-Herald."
In 1897, having been appointed by President
McKinley United States Commissioner to the
Paris Exposition of 1900, he visited Paris. Upon
his return to this country he found himself in
very poor health, and went South in a vain
attempt to regain his lost strength and vigor, but
died, at Augusta, Ga. , Jan. 8, 1898.
HAKKS, Dennis, pioneer, born in Hardin
County, Ky., May 1.5, 1799; was a cousin of the
mother of Abraham Lincoln and, although ten
years the senior of the latter, was his intimate
friend in boyhood. Being of a sportive disposi-
tion, he often led the future President in boyish
pranks. About 1818, he joined the Lincoln house-
hold in Spencer County, Ind. , and finally married
Sarah Johnston, the step-sister of Mr. Lincoln,
the families removing to Macon County, 111.,
together, in 1830. A year or so later, Mr. Hanks
removed to Coles County, where he remained
until some three years before his death, when he
went to reside with a daughter at Paris, Edgar
County. It has been claimed that he first taught
the youthful Abraham to read and write, and
this has secured for him the title of Mr. Lincoln's
teacher. He has also been credited with having
once saved Lincoln from death by drowning while
crossing a swollen stream. Austin Gollaher, a
school- and play-mate of Lincoln's, has also made
the same claim for himself— the two stories pre-
sumably referring to the same event After the
riot at Charleston, 111. , in March, 1863, in wliich
several persons were killed, Hanks made a visit
to President Lincoln in Washington in the inter-
est of some of the arrested rioters, and, although
they were not immediately released, the fact that
they were ordered returned to Charleston for
trial and finally escaped punishment, has been
attributed to Hanks' influence with the President.
He died at Paris, Edgar County, Oct. 31, 1893, in
the 94th year of his age, as the result of injuries
received from being run over by a buggy while
returning from an Emancipation -Day celebra-
tion, near that city, on the 22d day of September
previous.
HANKS, John, pioneer, a cousin of the mother
of Abraham Lincoln, was born near Bardstown,
Ky., Feb. 9, 1802; joined the Lincolns in Spencer
County, Ind., in 1822, and made his home with
them two years; engaged in flat-boating, making
numerous trips to New Orleans, in one of them
being accompanied by Abraham Lincoln, then
about 19 years of age, who then had his feelings
aroused against slavery by his first sight of a
slave-mart. In 1828 Mr. Hanks removed to
Macon County, 111., locating about four miles
west of Decatur, and it was partly through his
influence that the Lincolns were induced to emi-
grate to the same locality in 1830. Hanks had
cut enough logs to build the Lincolns a house
when they arrived, and these were hauled by
Abraham Lincoln to the site of the house, which
was erected on the north bank of the Sangamon
River, near the present site of Harristown. Dur-
ing the following summer he and Abraham Lin-
coln worked together splitting rails to fence a
portion of the land taken up by the elder Lincoln
— some of these rails being the ones displa}-ed
during the campaign of 1860. In 1831 Hanks and
Lincoln worked together in the construction of a
flat-boat on the Sangamon River, near Spring-
field, for a man named Offutt, which Lincoln took
to New Orleans — Hanks only going as far as
St. Louis, when he returned home. In 1832,
Hanks served as a soldier of the Mexican War in
the company commanded by Capt. I. C. Pugh,
afterwards Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois
Volunteer Infantry during the Civil War. He
followed the occupation of a farmer until 1850,
wlien he went to California, where he spent three
years, returning in 1853. In 1861 he enlisted as
a soldier in the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteer
Infantry (afterwards commanded by General
Grant), but being already 59 years of age, was
placed by Grant in charge of tlie baggage-train,
in which capacity he remained two years, serving
in Missouri, Tennessee, Arkansas, Kentucky,
Alabama and Mississippi. While Grant was with
the regiment. Hanks had charge of the staff team.
Being disabled by rheumatism, he was finally
discharged at Winchester, Tenn. He made
three trips to California after the war. Died,
July 1, 1891.
HANMIUL & NAPLES RAILROAD. (See
}Vabash Railroad.)
HA\ON, Martin, pioneer, was born near Nash-
ville, Tenn., April, 1799; came with his father to
Gallatin County, Illinois Territory, in 1812, and,
in 1818, to what is now a portion of Christian
County, being the first white settler in tliat
region. Died, near Sharpsburg, Christian County,
April 5, 1879.
HANOVER, a village in Jo Daviess County, on
Apple River, 14 miles south-southeast of Galena.
It has a woolen factory, besides five churches and
a graded school. The Township (also called Han-
2ao
IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
over) extends to the Mississippi, and has a popu-
lation of about 1.700. Population of the village
(1890). 743; (1900), 785.
HARDIN, the county-seat of Calhoun County,
situated in Hardin To%vnship. on the west bank
of the Illinois River, some 30 miles northwest of
Alton. It has two churches, a graded school and
two newspaper offices. Population (1880), 500;
(1890), 311; (1900). 494.
HARDIN, John J., lawyer, Congressman and
soldier, was born at Frankfort, Ky., Jan. 6, 1810.
After graduating from Transylvania University
and being admitted to the bar, he began practice
at Jacksonville, 111., in 1830; for several years he
was Prosecuting Attorney of Morgan County,
later being elected to the lower house of the
Legislature, where he served from 1836 to '42.
The latter year he was elected to Congress, his
term expiring in 1845. During the later period
of his professional career at Jacksonville he was
the partner of David A. Smith, a prominent law-
yer of that city, and had Richard Yates for a
pupil. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he
was commissioned Colonel of the First Illinois
Volunteers (June 30. 1846) and was killed on the
second day of the battle of Buena Vista (Feb. 27,
1847) while leading the final charge. His remains
were brought to Jacksonville and buried with
distinguished honors in the cemetery there, his
former pupil, Richard Yates, delivering the fu-
neral oration. — Gen. Martin D. (Hardin), soldier,
son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville, 111. ,
June 26, 1837 : graduated at West Point Military
Academy, in 18.59, and entered the service as
brevet Second Lieutenant of the Third Artillery.
a few months later becoming full Second Lieu-
tenant, and, in May, 1861, Fir.st Lieutenant.
Being assigned to the command of volunteer
troops, he passed through various grades until
May. 1864. when he was brevetted Colonel of
Volunteers for meritorious conduct at North
River, Va., became Brigadier-General of Volun-
teers, July 2, 1864, was brevetted Brigadier-
General of the regular army in March, 1865,
for service during the war, and was finally mus-
tered out of the volunteer service in January,
1866. He continued in the regular service, how-
ever, until December 15, 1870, when he was
retired with the rank of Brigadier-General.
General Hardin lost an arm and suffered other
■wounds during the war. His home is in Chicago.
— Ellen Hardin (Walworth), author, daughter of
Col. John J. Hardin, was born in Jacksonville,
111., Oct. 20, 1832, and educated at the Female
Seminary in that place ; was married about 1854
to Mansfield Tracy Walworth (son of Chancellor
R. H. Walworth of New York). Her husband
became an author of considerable repute, chiefly in
the line of fiction, but was assassinated in 1873 by
a son who was acquitted of the charge of murder
on the ground of insanity. Mrs. Walworth is a
leader of the Daughters of the Revolution, and
has gi%-en much attention, of late years, to literary
pursuits. Among her works are accounts of the
Burgoyne Campaign and of the battle of Buena
Vista — the latter contributed to "The Magazine
of American History"; a "Life of Col. John J.
Hardin and History of the Hardin Family,"
besides a number of patriotic and miscellaneous
poems and essays. She served for several years
as a member of the Board of Education, and was
for six years principal of a young ladies' school
at Saratoga Springs, N. Y.
HARDIN COUNTY, situated on the southeast
border of the State, and bounded on the east and
south by the Ohio River. It has an area of 194
square miles, and was named for a county in
Kentucky. The surface is broken by ridges and
deep gorges, or ravines, and well timbered with
oak, hickory, elm, maple, locust and cotton-
wood. Corn, wheat and oats are the staple
agricultural products. The minerals found are
iron, coal and lead, besides carboniferous lime-
stone of the Keokuk group. Elizabethtown is
the county-seat. Population ( 1880) , 6, 024 ; (1890),
7,234; (1900), 7,448.
HARDING, Abner Clark, soldier and Member
of Congress, born in East Hampton, Middlesex
County, Conn., Feb. 10, 1807; was educated chiefly
at Hamilton Academy, N. Y. , and, after practic-
ing law for a time, in Oneida County, removed to
Illinois, resuming practice and managing several
farms for twenty-five years. He was also a mem-
ber of the State Constitutional Convention of
1847 from Warren County, and of the lower
branch of the Sixteenth General Assembly
(1848-50). Between 1850 and 1860 he was engaged
in railroad enterprises. In 1863 he enlisted as a
private in the Eighty-third Illinois Volunteer
Infantry, was commissioned Colonel and, in less
than a year, was promoted to Brigadier-General.
In 1864 he was elected to Congress and re-elected
in 1866. He did much for the development of the
western part of the State in the construction of
railroads, the Peoria & Oquawka (now a part of
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) being one of
the lines constructed by him. He left a fortune
of about §2,000,000, and, before his death, en-
dowed a professorship in Monmouth College.
Died, July 19, 1874.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
231
HARGRAVE, Willis, pioneer, came from Ken-
tucky to Illinois in 1816. settling near Carmi in
White County; served in the Third Territorial
Legislature (1817-18; and in the First General
Assembly of the State (1818-20). His business-
life in IlUnois was devoted to farming and salt-
manufacture.
HARLAN, James, statesman, was born in Clark
County, 111., August 25, 1820; graduated at Asbury
University, Ind. ; was State Superintendent of
PubUc Instruction In Iowa (1847), President of
Iowa Wesleyan University (1853), United States
Senator (1855-65), Secretary of the Interior
(1865-66), but re-elected to the Senate the latter
year, and, in 1869, chosen President of Iowa Uni-
versity. He was also a member of the Peace
Conference of 1861, and a delegate to the Phila-
delphia Loyalists' Convention of 1866; in 1873,
after leaving the Senate, was editor of "The
Washington Chronicle," and, from 1882 to 1885,
presiding Judge of the Court of Commissioners of
the Alabama Claims. A daughter of ex-Senator
Harlan married- Hon. Robert. T. Lincoln, son of
President Lincoln, and (1889-93) United States
Minister to England. Mr. Harlan's home is at
Mount Pleasant, Iowa. Died, Oct. 5, 1899.
HARLA\, Justin, jurist, was born in Ohio
about 1801 and, at the age of 25, settled in Clark
County, 111. ; served in the Black Hawk War of
1832 and, in 1835, was appointed a Justice of the
Circuit Court; was a Delegate to the Constitu-
tional Convention of 1847 and the following year
was elected to the Circuit bench under the new
Constitution, being re-elected in 18.55. In 1862
he was appointed by President Lincoln Indian
Agent, continuing in office until 1865; in 1872
was elected County Judge of Clark County.
Died, %vhile on a visit in Kentucky, in March,
1879.
HARLOW, George H., ex-Secretary of State,
born at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., in 1830, removed
to Tazewell County, 111., in 1854, and engaged in
business as a commission merchant ; also served
a term as Mayor of Pekin. For many years he
took a prominent part in the history of the State.
Early in the '60's he was one of seven to organize,
at Pekin, the "Union League of America," a
patriotic secret organization sworn to preserve
the Union, working in harmony with the war
party and against the "Sons of Liberty." In
1862 he enlisted, and was about to go to the front,
when Governor Yates requested him to remain at
home and continue his effective work in the
Union League, saying that he could accomplish
more for the cause in this way than in the field.
Accordingly Mr. Harlow continued to labor as an
organizer, and the League became a powerful
factor in State politics. In 1865 he was made
First Assistant Secretary of the State Senate,
but soon after became Governor Oglesby's private
secretary. For a time he also served as Inspector-
General on the Governor's staff, and had charge
of the troops as they were mustered out. During
a portion of Mr. Rummel's term (1869-73) as Secre-
tary of State, he served as Assistant Secretary,
and, in 1872, was elected as successor to Secretary
Rummel and re-elected in 1876. While in Spring-
field he acted as correspondent for several news-
papers, and, for a year, was city editor of "The
Illinois State Journal." In 1881 he took up his
residence in Chicago, where he was engaged at
different periods in the commission and real
estate business, but has been retired of late years
on account of ill health. Died May 16, 1900.
HARPER, William H., legislator and commis-
sion merchant, born in Tippecanoe County, Ind.,
May 4, 1845 ; was brought by his parents in boy-
hood to Woodford County, 111., and served in the
One Hundred and Forty-fifth Illinois Volunteers;
took a course in a commercial college and engaged
in the stock and grain-shipping business in Wood-
ford County until 1868, when he entered upon the
commission business in Chicago. From 1872 to
'75 he served, by appointment of the Governor,
as Chief of the Grain Inspection Department of
the city of Chicago ; in 1882 was elected to the
Thirty-third General Assembly and re-elected in
1884. During his first term in the Legislature,
Blr. Harper introduced and secured the passage
of the "High License Law," which has received
his name. Of late years he has been engaged in
the grain commission business in Chicago.
HARPER, William Rainey, clergyman and
educator, was born at New Concord, Ohio, July
26, 1856 ; graduated at Muskingum College at the
age of 14, delivering the Hebrew oration, this
being one of the principal commencement honors
in that institution. After three years' private
study he took a post-graduate course in philology
at Yale, receiving the degree of Ph. D. , at the age
of 19. For several years he was engaged in
teaching, at Macon. Tenn., and Denison Uni-
versity, Ohio, meanwhile continuing his philo-
logical studies and devoting special attention to
Hebrew. In 1879 he accepted the chair of
Hebrew in the Baptist Union Theological Semi-
nary at Morgan Park, a suburb of Chicago. Here
he laid the foundation of the "inductive method"
of Hebraic study, which rapidly grew in favor.
The school by correspondence was known as the
222
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
'■American Institute of Hebrew," and increased
so rapidly that, by 1885, it had enrolled !SUO stu-
dents, from all parts of the world, many leading
professors co-operating. In 1886 he accepted the
professorship of Semitic Language and Literature
at Yale University, having in tlie previous year
become Principal of the Chautauqua College of
Liberal Arts, and, in 1891, Principal of the
entire Chautauqua system. During the winters
of 1889-91, Dr. Harper delivered courses of lec-
tures on the Bible in various cities and before
several universities and colleges, having been,
in 1889, made Woolsey Professor of Biblical
Literature at Yale, although still filling his
former chair. In 1891 he accepted an invitation
to the Presidency of the then incipient new Chi-
cago University, which has rapidly increased in
wealth, extent and influence. (See University
of Chicago.) He is also at present (1899) a mem-
ber of the Cliicago Board of Education. Dr.
Harper is the author of numerous philological
text-books, relating chiefly to Hebrew, but ap-
plying the "inductive method" to the study of
Latin and Greek, and has also sought to improve
the study of English along these same lines. In
addition, he has edited two scientific periodicals,
and published numerous monographs.
HARRIS, Thomas L., lawyer, soldier and Mem-
ber of Congress, was born at Norwich, Conn.,
Oct. 29, i8l6; graduated at Trinity College. Hart-
ford, in 1841, studied law with Gov. Isaac Toucey,
and was admitted to the bar in Virginia in 1842,
the same year removing to Petersburg. Menard
County, 111. Here, in 1845, he was elected School
Commissioner, in 1846 raised a company for the
Mexican War, joined the Fourth Regiment (Col.
E. D. Baker's) and was elected Major. He was
present at the capture of Vera Cruz and the
battle of Cerro Gordo, after the wounding of
General Shields at the latter, taking command of
the regiment in place of Colonel Baker, who had
assumed command of the brigade. During his
absence in the army (1846) he was chosen
to the State Senate; in 1848 was elected to
the Thirty-first Congress, but was defeated by
Richard Y'ates in 1850; was re-elected in 1854,
'ofi. and '.58. but died Nov. 24, 1858, a few days after
his fourth election and before completing his
preceding term.
H.iRRIS, William Logan, Methodist Episcopal
Bishop, born near Mansfield. Ohio, Nov. 14, 1817;
was educated at Norwalk Seminary, licensed to
preach in 1836 and soon after admitted to the
Michigan Conference, being transferred to the
Ohio Conference in 1840. In 1845-46 he was a
tutor in the Ohio Wesleyan University; then,
after two years' pastoral work and some three
years as Principal of Baldwin Seminary, in 1851
returned to the Wesleyan, filling the position
first of Principal of the Academic Department
and then a professorship; was Secretary of the
General Conferences (1.856-72) and, during 1860-72,
Secretary of the Church Missionary Society ; in
1872 was elected Bishop, and visited the Methodist
Mission stations in China, Japan and Europe;
joined the Illinois Conference in 1874, remaining
until his death, which occurred in New Y'ork,
Sept. 2, 1887. Bishop Harris was a recognized au-
thority on Methodist Church law, and pubUshed
a small work entitled "Powers of the General
Conference" (1859), and, in connection with
Judge William J. Henry, of this State, a treatise
on "Ecclesiastical Law," having special refer-
ence to the Methodist Church.
H.VRRISBCRG, county -seat of Saline County,
on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St.
Louis Railway, 70 miles northeast of Cairo The
region is devoted to agriculture and fruit-grow-
ing, and valuable deposits of salt, coal and iron
are found. The town has flour and saw mills,
coal mines, dairy, brick and tile works, carriage
and other wood-working establishments, two
banks and three weekly newspapers. Population
(1890), 1,723; (1900), 2,202.
HARRISON, Carter Henry, politician, Con-
gressman and Mayor of Chicago, was born in
Fayette County, Ky., Feb. 15, 1825; at the age of
20 years graduated from Y'ale College and began
reading law, but later engaged in farming. After
spending two years in foreign travel, he entered
the Law Department of Transylvania University,
at Lexington, Ky., and, after graduation, settled
at Chicago, where he soon became an operator in
real estate. In 1871 he was elected a Commis-
sioner of Cook County, serving three years. In
1874 he again visited Europe, and, on his return,
was elected to Congress as a Democrat, being
re-elected in 1876. In 1879 he was chosen Mayor
of Chicago, filling that office for four successive
biennial terms, but was defeated for re-election
in 1887 by his Republican competitor. John A.
Roche. He was the Democratic candidate for
Governor in 1888, but failed of election. He
thereafter made a trip around the world, and, on
his return, published an entertaining account of
his journey under the title, "A Race with the
Sun." In 1891 he was an Independent Demo-
cratic candidate for the Chicago mayoralty, but
was defeated by Hempstead Washburne, Repub-
lican. In 1893 he received the regular nomina-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
22;i
tion of his party for the office, and was elected.
In Itjyi, iu connection with a few associates, he
purchased the plant of " 'The Chicago Times, " ' plac-
ing his sons in charge. He was a man of strong
character and intense personality, making warm
friends and bitter enemies; genial, generous and
kindly, and accessible to any one at all times, at
either his office or his home. Taking advantage
of this latter trait, one Pvendergast, on the night
of Oct. 28, 1893— immediately following the clos-
ing exercises of the World's Columbian Exposition
— gained admission to his residence, and, without
the slightest provocation, shot him down in his
library. He lived but a few hours. The assassin
was subsequently tried, convicted and hung.
HARRISON, Carter Henry, Jr., son of the
preceding, was born in Chicago, April 23, 1860,
being a lineal descendant of Benjamin Harrison,
an early Colonial Governor of Virginia, and lat-
erally related to the signer of the Declaration
of Independence of that name, and to President
William Henry Harrison. Mr. Harrison was
educated in tlie public schools of Chicago, at the
Gymnasium, Altenburg, Germany, and St. Igna-
tius College, Chicago, graduating from the latter
in 1881. Having taken a course in Yale Law
School, he be.gan practice in Chicago in 1883,
remaining until 1889, when he turned his atten-
tion to real estate. His father having purchased
the "Chicago Times" about 1893, he became
associated with the editorship of that paper and,
for a time, had charge of its publication until its
consolidation with "The Herald" in 1895. In
1897, he received the Democratic nomination for
Mayor of Chicago, liis popularity being shown by
receiving a majority of the total vote. Again
in 1399, he was re-elected to the same office,
receiving a plurality over his Republican com-
petitor of over 40.000. Mayor Harrison is one of
the youngest men who ever held the office.
HARRISO?i, William Henry, first Governor of
Indiana Territory (including the present State of
Illinois), was born at Berkeley, Va., Feb 9, 1773,
being the son of Benjamin Harrison, a signer of
-the Declaration of Independence ; was educated
at Hampden Sidney College, and began the study
of medicine, but never finished it. In 1791 he
was commissioned an Ensign in the First U. S.
Infantry at Fort Washington (the present site of
Cincinnati), was promoted a Lieutenant a year
later, and, m 1797, assigned to command of the
Fort with the rank of Captain. He had pre-
viously served as Aid-de-Camp to Gen. Wayne,
by wliom he was complimented for gallantry at
the battle of Miami. In 1798 he was appointed by
President Adams Secretary of the Northwest
Territory, but resigned in 1799 to become Dele-
gate in Congress ; in 1800 lie was appointed Gov-
ernor of the newly created Territory of Indiana,
serving by reappointment some 12 years. During
his incumbency and as Commissioner, a few years
later, he negotiated man}' important treaties
with the Indians. In 1811 he won the decisive
victory over Chief Tecumseh and his followers
at Tippecanoe. Having been made a Brigadier-
General in the War of 1813, he was promoted to
Major-General in 1813 and, as Commander of the
Army of the Northwest, he won the important
battle of the Thames. Resigning his commission
in 1814, he afterwards served as Representative
in Congress from Ohio (1816-1819); Presidential
Elector in 1830 and 1824; United States Senator
(1824-1838), and Minister to the United States of
Colombia (1838-39). Returning to the United
States, he was elected Clerk of the Court of Com-
mon Pleas of Hamilton Count)', serving twelve
years. In 1836 he was an unsuccessful Whig
candidate for President, but was elected in 1840,
dying in Washington City, April 4, 1841, just on&
month after his inauguration.
HARTZELL, William, Congressman, was born
in Stark County, Ohio, Feb. 20, 1837. When he
was three years old his parents removed to Illi-
nois, and, four years later (1844) to Texas. In
1853 he returned to Illinois, settling in Randolph
County, which became his permanent home. He
was brouglit up on a farm, but graduated at Mc-
Kendree College, Lebanon, in June, 1859. Five
years later he was admitted to the bar, and began
practice. He was Representative in Congress for
two terms, being elected as a Democrat, in 1874,
and again in 1870.
HARTARD, an incorporated city in McHenry
County, 63 miles northwest of Chicago on the
Chicago & Northwestern Railway. It has elec-
tric light plant, artesian water system, hardware
and bicycle factories, malt house, cold storage
and packing plant, a flouring mill, a carriage-
wheel factory and two weekly papers. The
region is agricultural. Population (1890), 1,967;
(1900), 2,603.
HASKELL, Harriet Newell, educator and third
Principal of Monticello Female Seminary, was
bornat Waldboro, Lincoln County, Maine, Jan. 14,
1835 ; educated at Castleton Seminary, Vt. , and
Mount Holyoke Seminary, Mass., graduating
from the latter in 1855. Later, she served as
Principal of high schools in Maine and Boston
until 1863, when she was called to the principal-
ship of Castleton Seminary. She resirrned thii
224
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
position in 1867 to assume a similar one at Monti-
cello Female Seminary, at Godfrey, 111., where
she has since remained. The main building of
this institution liaving been burned in Novem-
ber, 1889, it was rebuilt on an enlarged and
improved plan, largely through the earnest efforts
of Miss Haskell. (See Monticello Female Semi-
nary.)
HATCH, Ozias Mather, Secretary of the State
of Illinois (1857-'6.5), was born at Hillsborough
Center, N. H., April 11, 1814, and removed to
Origgsville, 111., in 1836. In 1829 he began life as
a clerk for a wholesale and retail grocer in Bos-
ton. From 1836 to 1841 he was engaged in store-
keeping at Griggsville. In the latter year he was
appointed Circuit Court Clerk of Pike County,
holding the office seven years. In 1858 he again
embarked in business at Meredosia, 111. In 1850
he was elected to the Legislature, serving one
term. An earnest anti-slavery man, he was, in
1856. nominated by the newly organized Repub-
lican party for Secretary of State and elected,
being re-elected in 1860, on the same ticket with
Mr. Lincoln, of whom he was a warm personal
friend and admirer. During the war he gave a
zealous and effective support to Governor Yates'
administration. In 1864 he declined a renomi-
nation and retired from political life. He was an
original and active member of the Lincoln Monu-
ment Association from its organization in 1865 to
his death, and, in company with Gov. R. J.
Oglesby, made a canvass of Eastern cities to col-
lect funds for statuary to be placed on the monu-
ment. After retiring from office he was interested
to some extent in the banking business at Griggs-
ville, and was influential in securing the con-
struction of the branch of the Wabash Railway
from Naples to Hannibal, Mo. He was. for over
thirty-five years, a resident of Springfield, dying
■ tnere, March 12, 1893.
HATFIELD, (Rev.) Robert Miller, clergy
man, was born at Mount Pleasant, Westchester
County, N. Y., Feb. 19, 1819; in early life enjoyed
only such educational advantages as could be
obtained while living on a farm ; later, was em
ployed as a clerk at White Plains and in New
York City, but, in 1841, was admitted to the
Providence Methodist Episcopal Conference, dur-
ing the next eleven years supplying churches in
Rhode Island and Massachusetts. In 1852 he
went to Brooklyn and occupied pulpits in that
vicinity until 1865, when he a.ssumed the pastor-
ship of the Wabash Avenue Methodist Episcopal
Church in Chicago, two years later going to the
Centenary Church in the same city. He subse-
quently had charge of churches in Cincinnati and
Philadelphia, but, returning to Illinois in 1877,
he occupied pulpits for the next nine years in
Evanston and Chicago. In 1886 he went to Sum-
merfield Methodist Episcopal Chm-ch, Brooklyn,
which was his last regular charge, as, in 1889, he
became Financial Agent of the Northwestern
University at Evanston, of which he had been a
Trustee from 1878. As a temporary supply for
pulpits or as a speaker in popular assemblies, his
services were in constant demand during this
period. Dr. Hatfield served as a Delegate to the
General Conferences of 1860, "64, '76, "80 and "84,
and was a leader in some of the most important
debates in those bodies. Died, at Evanston,
March 31, 1891.
HATTOX, Frank, journalist and Postmaster-
General, was born at Cambridge, Ohio, April 28,
1846; entered his father's newspaper office at
Cadiz, as an apprentice, at 11 years of age, be-
coming foreman and local editor; in 1862, at the
age of 16, he enlisted in the Ninety-eighth Ohio
Infantry, but, in 1864, was transferred to the One
Hundred and Eighty-fourth Ohio and commis-
sioned Second Lieutenant — his service being
chiefly in the Army of the Cumberland, but par-
ticipating in Sherman's March to the Sea. After
the war he went to Iowa, whither his father had
preceded him, and where he edited "The Mount
Pleasant Journal" (1869-74) ; then removed to Bur-
lington, where he secured a controlling interest
in "The Hawkeye," which he brought to a point
of great prosperity ; was Postmaster of that city
under President Grant, and, in 1881, became
First Assistant Postmaster-General. On the
retirement of Postmaster-General Gresham in
1884, he was appointed successor to the latter,
serving to the end of President Arthur's adminis-
tration, being the youngest man who ever held
a cabinet position, except Alexander Hamilton.
From 1882 to 1884, Mr. Hatton managed "The
National Republican" in Washington; in 1885
removed to Chicago, where he became one of the
proprietors and editor-in-chief of "The Evening
Mail"; retired from the latter in 1887, and, pur-
chasing the plant of "The National Republican"
in Washington, commenced the publication of
"The Washington Post, "with which he was con-
nected until his death, April 30, 1894.
HAVANA, the county-seat of Mason County, an
incorporated city founded in 1827 on the Illinois
River, opposite the mouth of Spoon River, and a
point of junction for three railways. It is a ship-
ping-point for corn and osage orange hedge
plants. A number of manufactories are located
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
225
here. The city has several churches, three pub-
lic schools and three newspapers. Population
(1890). 3,525; (1900), 3,268.
HAVANA, RANTOUL & EASTERN RAIL-
ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad. )
HAVEN, Erastus Otis, Methodist Episcopal
Bishop, was born in Boston. Mass.. Nov. 1, 1820;
graduated at the Wesleyan University in 1842,
and taught in various institutions in Massachu-
setts and New York, meanwhile studying theol-
ogy. In 1848 he entered the Methodist ministry
as a member of the New York Conference ; five
years later accepted a professorship in Michigan
University, but resigned in 1856 to become editor
of "Zion's Herald," Boston, for seven years — in
that time serving two terms in the State Senate
and a part of the time being an Overseer of Har-
vard University. In 1863 he accepted the Presi-
dency of Northwestern University at Evanston,
111. ; in 18T2 became Secretary of the IMethodist
Board of Education, but resigned in 1874 to
become Chancellor of Syracuse University, N.Y.
In 1880 he was elected a Bishop of the Methodist
Episcopal Church. Died, in Salem, Oregon, in
August. 1881. Bishop Haven was a man of great
versatilit)' and power as an orator, wrote much
for the periodical press and published several
volumes on religious topics, besides a treatise on
rhetoric.
HAVEN, Luther, educator, was born near
Framingham, Mass., August 6, 1806. With a
meager country-school education, at the age of
17 he began teaching, continuing in this occupa-
tion six or seven years, after which he spent
three years in a more liberal course of study in a
private academy at Ellington, Conn. He was
next employed at Leicester Academy, first as a
teacher, and, for eleven years, as Principal. He
then engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1849,
when he removed to Chicago. After several
years spent in manufacturing and real-estate
business, in 1854 he became proprietor of "The
Prairie Farmer,"' of which he remained in con-
trol until 1858. Mr. Haven took an active interest
in public affairs, and was an vmtiring worker for
the promotion of popular education. For ten
years following 1853, he was ofScially connected
with the Chicago Board of Education, being for
four years its President. The comptroUersliip of
the city was offered liim in 1860, but declined.
During the war he was a zealous supporter of the
Union cause. In October, 1861, he was appointed
by President Lincoln Collector for the Port of
Chicago, and Sub-Treasurer of the United States
for the Department of tlie Northwest, serving in
this capacity during a part of President Johnson's
administration. In 1866 he was attacked with
congestion of the lungs, dying on March 6, of
that year.
HAWK, Robert M. A., Congressman, was born
in Hancock County. Ind., April 23, 1839; came to
Carroll County. 111., in boy hood, where he attended
tlie common schools and later graduated from Eu-
reka College. In 1862 he enlisted in the Union
army, was commissioned First Lieutenant, next
promoted to a Captaincy and, finally, brevetted
Major for soldierly conduct in the field. In 1865
he was elected County Clerk of Carroll County,
and three times re-elected, serving from 1865 to
1879. The latter year he resigned, having been
elected to Congress on the Republican ticket in
1878. In 1880 he was re-elected, but died before
the expiration of his term, his successor being
Robert R. Hitt, of Mount Morris, who was chosen
at a special election to fill the vacancy.
HAWLEY, John B., Congressman and First
Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, was born i.i
Fairfield County, Conn., Feb. 9, 1831; accompa-
nied his parents to Illinois in childhood, residin";
in his early manhood at Carthage, Hancoci;
County. At the age of 23 (1854) he was admitted
to the bar and began practice at Rock Island
From 1856 to 1860 he was State's Attorney ol'
Rock Island County. In 1861 he entered th-
Union army as Captain, but was so severely
wounded at Fort Donelson (1862) that he was
obliged to quit the service. In 1865 President
Lincoln appointed him Postmaster at Rock Island,
but one year afterward he was removed by Presi-
dent Johnson. In 1868 he was elected to Congress
as a Republican, being twice re-elected, and, in
1876, was Presidential Elector on the Hayes-
Wheeler ticket. In the following year he was
appointed by President Hayes First Assistant
Secretary of the Treasury, serving until 1880,
when he resigned. During the last six years of
his life he was Solicitor for the Chicago & North ■
western Railroad, with headquarters at Omaha,
Neb. Died, at Hot Springs, South Dakota, May
24, 1895.
HAY, John, author, diplomatist and Secretary
of State, was born in Salem, Ind., Oct. 8, 1838, of
Scottish ancestry; graduated at Brown Univer-
sity, 1858, and studied law at Springfield, 111., his
father, in the meantime, having become a resi-
dent of Warsaw, 111. ; was admitted to practice
in 1861, but immediately went to Washington as
assistant private secretary of President Lincoln,
acting part of the time as the President's aid-de-
camp, also serving for some time under General
220
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Hunter andGilmore, with the rank of Major and
Adjutaut-Geueral. After President Lincoln's
assassination lie served as Secretary of Legation
at Paris and Madrid, and as Charge d' Affaires at
Vienna; was also editor for a time of "The Illi-
nois State Journal"' at Springfield, and a leading
editorial writer on "The New York Tribune."
Colonel Hay's more important literary works
include "Castilian Days, ' ' "Pike County Ballads, ' '
and the ten-vohune "History of the Life and
Times of Abraham Lincoln," written in collabo-
ration with John G. Nicolay. In 1875 he settled
at Cleveland, Ohio, but, after retiring from "The
New York Tribune," made Washington his home.
In 1897 President McKinley appointed him Am-
bassador to England, where, by his tact, good
judgment and sound discretion manifested as a
diplomatist and speaker on jjublic occasions, he
won a reputation as one of the most able and ac-
complished foreign representatives America has
produced. His promotion to the position of
Secretary of State on the retirement of Secretary
William R. Day, at the close of the Spanish-
American War. in September, 1898, followed
naturally as a just tribute to the rank which he
had won as a diplomatist, and was universally
approvetl throughout the nation.
HAT, John B., ex-Congressman, was born at
Belleville, III, Jan. 8, 1834; attended the com-
mon schools and worked on a farm until he was
16 years of age, when he learned the printer's
trade. Subsequently he studied law, and won
considerable local prominence in his profession,
being for eight years State's Attorney for the
Twenty-fourth Judicial Circuit. He served in
the Union army dtiring the War of the Rebellion,
and, in 1868, was elected a Representative in the
Forty-flrst Congress, being re-elected in 1870.
HAY, Milton, lawyer and legislator, was born
in Fayette County, Ky., July 3, 1817; removed
with his father's family to Springfield, III, in
1832 ; in 1838 became a student in the law office
of Stuart & Lincoln; was admitted to the
bar in 1840, and began practice at Pittsfield,
Pike County. In 1858 he returned to Springfield
and formed a partnership with Judge Stephen
T. Logan (afterwards his father-in-law), which
ended by the retirement of the latter from prac-
tice in 1861. Others who were associated with
him as partners, at a later date, were Hon. Shelby
M. Cullom, Gen. John M. Palmer, Henry S.
Greene and D. T. Littler. In 1869 he was elected
a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention
and, as Chairman of the Committee on Revenue
and member of the Judiciary Committee, was
prominent in shaping the Constitution of 1870.
Again, as a member of the lower branch of the
Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1873-74), he
assisted in revising and adapting the laws to the
new order of things under the new Constitution.
The estimate in which he was held by his associ-
ates is shown in the fact that he was a member
of the Joint Committee of five appointed by the
Legislature to revise the revenue laws of the
State, which was especially complimented for
the manner in which it performed its work by
concurrent resolution of the two houses. A con-
servative Republican in politics, gentle and imob-
trusive in manner, and of calm, dispassionate
judgment and unimpeachable integrity, no man
was more frequently consulted by State execu-
tives on questions of great delicacy and public
importance, during the last thirty years of his
life, than Mr. Hay. In 1881 he retired from tlie
active prosecution of his profession, devoting his
time to the care of a handsome estate. Died,
Sept. 15, 1893.
HATES, PhlUp C, ex-Congressman, was born
at Gran by. Conn., Feb. 3, 1833. Before he was a
year old his parents removed to La Salle County,
111. , where the first twenty years of his life were
spent upon a farm. In 1860 he graduated from
Oberlin College, Ohio, and, in April, 1861, en-
listed in the Union army, being commissioned
successively. Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel and
Colonel, and finally brevetted Brigadier-General.
After the war he engaged in journalism, becom-
ing the publisher and senior editor of "The Morris
Herald," a weekly periodical issued at Morris,
Grundy County. In 1872 he was a delegate to the
National Republican Convention at Philadelphia
which renominated Grant, and represented his
district in Congress from 1877 to 1881. Later he
became editor and part proprietor of "The Repub-
lican" at Joliet, 111., but retired some years since.
HATES, Samuel Snowden, lawyer and politi-
cian, was born at Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 25, 1820;
settled at Shawneetown in 1838, and engaged in
the drug business for two years ; then began the
study of law and was admitted to practice in
1842, settling first at Mount Vernon and later at
Carmi. He early took an interest in politics,
stumping the southern counties for the Demo-
cratic party in 1843 and '44. In 1845 he was a
delegate to the Memphis Commercial Convention
and, in 1846, was elected to the lower House of
the State Legislature, being re-elected in '48. In
1847 he raised a company for service in the
Mexican War, but, owing to its distance from
the seat of government, its muster rolls were not
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
227
received until the quota of the State had been
filled. The same year he was chosen a Delegate
to the State Constitutional Convention for White
Count}', and, in 1848, was a Democratic Presi-
dential Elector. About 18.52 he removed to Chi-
cago, where he was afterwards City Solicitor and
(1862-65) City Comptroller. He was a delegate
to the National Democratic Conventions at
Charleston and Baltimore in 1860, and an earnest
worker for Douglas in the campaign which fol-
lowed. While in favor of the Union, he was
strongly opposed to the policy of the administra-
tion, particularly in its attitude on the question
of slavery. His last public service was as a Dele-
gate from Cook County to the State Constitu-
tional Convention of 1869-70. His talents as an
orator, displayed both at the bar and before popu-
lar assemblies, were of a very high order.
HATMARKET RIOT, THE, an anarchistic
outbreak whicli occurred in Chicago on the
evening of ]May 4, 1886. For several days prior,
meetings of dissatisfied workingmen had been
addressed by orators who sought to inflame the
worst passions of their hearers. The excitement
(previously more or less under restraint) cuhni-
nated on the date mentioned. Haymarket
Square, in Chicago, is a broad, open space formed
by the widening of West Randolph Street for an
open-air produce-market. An immense concourse
assembled there on the evening named ; inflam-
matory speeches were made from a cart, which
was used as a sort of improvised i:ilatform. Dur-
ing the earlier part of the meeting the Mayor
(Carter H. Harrison) was present, but upon his
withdrawal, the oratory became more impassioned
and incendiary. Towards midnight, some one
whose identity has never been thoroughly proved,
threw a dynamite bomb into the ranks of the
pohce, who, under command of Inspector John
Bonfield, had ordered the dispersal of the crowd
and were endeavoring to enforce the command.
Simultaneously a score of men lay dead or bleed-
ing in the street. The majority of the crowd
fled, pursued by the officers. Numerous arrests
followed during the night and the succeeding
morning, and search was made in the office of
the principal Anarchistic organ, which resulted
in the discovery of considerable evidence of an
incriminating cliaracter. A Grand Jury of Cook
County found indictments for murder against
eight of the suspected leaders, all of whom were
convicted after a trial extending over several
months, both the State and tlie defense being
represented by some of the ablest counsel at the
Chicago bar. Seven of the accused were con-
demned to death, and one (Oscar Neebe) was
given twenty years' imprisomuent. The death
sentence of two — Samuel Fielden and Justus
Schwab — was subsequently commuted by Gov-
ernor Oglesby to life-imprisonment, but executive
clemency was extended in 1893 by Governor
Altgeld to all three of those serving terms in the
penitentiary. Of those condemned to execution,
one (Louis Linng) committed suicide in the
county-jail by exploding, between his teeth, a
small dynamite bomb which he had surrepti-
tiously obtained; the remaining four (August
Spies, Albert D. Parsons, Louis Engel and Adolph
Fischer) were hanged in the county-jail at
Chicago, on November 14, 1887. The affair
attracted wide attention, not only throughout the
United States but in other countries also.
HAYA'IE, Isham Nicolas, soldier and Adju-
tant-General, was born at Dover, Tenn., Nov. 18,
1824; came to Illinois in boyhood and received
but little education at school, but worked on a
farm to obtain means to study law, and was
licensed to practice in 1846. Throughout the
Mexican War he served as a Lieutenant in the
Sixth Illinois Volunteers, but, on his return,
resumed practice in 1849, and, in 18,50, was
elected to the Legislature from Marion County.
He graduated from the Kentucky Law School in
18.52 and, in 1856, was appointed Judge of the
Court of Common Pleas at Cairo. In 1860 he was a
candidate for Presidential Elector on the Doug-
las ticket. In 1861 he entered the army as
Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Infantry,
which he had assisted in organizing. He partici-
pated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh,
and was severely wounded at the latter. In 1862
he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress as
a War Democrat, being defeated by W. J. Allen,
and the same year was commissioned Brigadier-
General of Volunteers. He resumed practice at
Cairo in 1864, and, in 1865, was appointed by
Governor Oglesby Adjutant-General as successor
to Adjutant-General Fuller, but died in office, at
Springfield, November. 1868.
HAYWARD COLLECiE AND COMMERCIAL
SCHOOL, at Fairfield, Wayne County ; incorpo-
rated in 1886; is co-educational; had 160 pupils in
1898, with a faculty of nine instructors.
HEACOCK, Russell E., pioneer lawyer, was
born in Litchfield, Conn., in 1770; having lost his
father at 7 years of age, learned the carpenter's
trade and came west early in life; in 1806 was
studying law in Missouri, and, two years later,
was licensed to practice in Indiana Territory, of
which Illinois then formed a part, locating first
228
IIISTOPJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
at Kaskaskia and afterwards at Jonesboro, in
Union County; in 1823 went to Butfalo, N. Y.,
but returned west in 1827, arriving wliere Clii-
cago now stands on July 4 ; in 1828 was living
inside Fort Dearborn, but subsequently located
several miles up the South Brancli of the Chicago
River, where lie opened a small farm at a place
which went by the name of "Heacock's Point."
In 1831 he obtained a license to keep a tavern, in
1833 became a Justice of the Peace, and, in 1835,
had a law office in the village of Chicago. He
took a prominent part in the organization of Cook
County, invested liberally in real estate, but lost
it in the crash of 1837. He was disabled by par-
alysis in 1843 and died of cholera. June 28, 1849.
— Reuben E. (Heacock), a son of Mr. Heacock,
was memVier of tlie State Constitutional Conven-
tion of 1847. from Cook County.
HEALTH, BO.iRD OF, a bureau of the State
Government, created by act of May 25, 1877. It
consists of seven members, named by the Gov-
ernor, who hold office for seven years. It is
charged with "general supervision of the inter-
ests connected with the health and life of the
citizens of the State. " All matters pertaining to
quarantine fall within its purview, and in this
respect it is invested with a power which, while
discretionary, is well-nigh autocratic. The same
standard holds good, although to a far less ex-
tent, as to its supervisory power over conta-
gious diseases, of man or beast. The Board also
has a modified control over medical practitioners,
under the terms of the statute popularly known
as the "Medical Practice Act." Through its
powers thereunder, it has kept out or expelled
from the State an army of irregular practition-
ers, and has done much toward raising the stand-
ard of professional qualification.
HEALY, Georare P. A., artist, was born in
Boston, July 1.5, 1808, and early manifested a
predilection for art, in which he was encoviraged
by the painter Scully. He struggled in the face
of difficulties until 1836, when, having earned
some money by his art, he went to Europe to
study, spending two years in Paris and a like
period in London. In 18.0.5 lie came to Chicago,
contemplating a stay of three weeks, but re-
mained until 1867. During this time he is said
to have painted 575 portraits, many of tliem
being likenesses of prominent citizens of Chicago
and of the State. Many of his pictures, deposited
in the rooms of the Chicago Historical Society
for safe-keeping, were destroyed by the fire of
1871. From 1869 to "91 his time was spent chiefly
in Eome. During his several visits to Europe he
painted the portraits of a large number of royal
personages, including Louis Phillippe of France,
as also, in this country, the portraits of Presidents
and other distinguished persons. One of his his-
torical pictures was "Wehster Replying to
Hayne," in wliich 1.50 figures are introduced. A
few years before his death, Mr. Healy donated a
large number of his pictures to the Newberry
Library of Chicago. He died in Chicago, June
24, 1894.
HEATOX, WilUam Weed, lawyer and jurist,
was born at Western, Oneida County, N. Y.,
April 18, 1814. After completing his academic
studies he engaged, for a sliort time, in teaching,
but soon began the study of law, and, in 1838,
was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind. In
1840 he removed to Dixon, 111., where he resided
until his death. In 1861 he was elected Judge of
the Circuit Court for the Twenty -second Circuit,
and occupied a seat upon the bench, through
repeated re-elections, until his death, which
occurred Dec. 26, 1877, while serving as a mem-
ber of tlie Appellate Court for the First District.
HECKER, Friedrich Karl Franz, German pa-
triot and soldier, was born at Baden, Germany,
Sept. 28, 1811. He attained eminence in his
native country as a lawyer and politician ; was a
member of the Baden Assembly of 1843 and a
leader in the Diet of 1846-47, ..but, in 1848, was
forced, with many of liis compatriots, to find a
refuge in the United States. In 1849 he settled
as a farmer at Summerfield, in St. Clair County,
111. He took a deep interest in politics and, being
earnestly opposed to slavery, ultimately joined
the Republican party, and took an active part in
the campaigns of 18.56 and "60. In 1861 he was
commissioned Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illi-
nois Volunteers, and was later transferred to the
command of the Eighty-second. He was a brave
soldier, and actively participated in the battles
of Missionary Ridge and Chancellorsville. In
1864 he resigned his commission and returned to
his farm in St. Clair County. Died, at St. Louis,
Mo., March 24, ISSl.
HEDDING COLLEGE, an institution incorpo-
rated in 187.5 and conducted under the auspices of
the ilethodist Episcopal Church, at Abingdon,
Knox County, 111. ; lias a faculty of seventeen
instructors, and reports (1895-96), 403 students,
of whom 213 w-ere male and 181 female. The
branches taught include the sciences, the classics,
music, fine arts, oratory and preparatory courses.
The institution has funds and endowment
amounting to .$55,000, and property valued at
§158,000.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
339
HEMPSTEAD, Charles S., pioneer lawyer ami
first Maj'or of Galena, was born at Hebron, Tol-
land County, Conn., Sept. 10, 1794 — the son of
Stephen Hempstead, a patriot of the Revolution.
In 1809 he came west in company with a brother,
descending the Ohio River in a canoe from Mari-
etta to Shawneetown, and making his way across
the "Illinois Country" on foot to Kaskaskia and
finally to St. Louis, where be joined another
brother (Edward), with wliom he soon began the
study of law. Having been admitted to the bar
in both IMissouri Territory and Illinois, he re-
moved to St. Genevieve, where he held the office
of Prosecuting Attorney by appointment of the
Governor, but returned to St. Louis in 1818-19
and later became a member of the IMissouri Legis-
lature. In 1829 Sir. Hempstead located at Galena,
111., which continued to be his home for the re-
mainder of his life, and where he was one of the
earliest and best known lawyers. The late Minis-
ter E. B. Washburne became a clerk in Mr.
Hempstead's law office in 1840, and, in 1845, a
partner. Mr. Hempstead was one of the pro-
moters of the old Chicago & Galena LTnion Rail-
road (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern),
serving upon the first Board of Directors; was
elected the first Mayor of Galena in 1841, and, in
the early days of the Civil War, was appointed
by President Lincoln a Paymaster in the Army.
Died, in Galena, Dec. 10, 1874.— Edward (Hemp-
stead) , an older brother of the preceding, already
mentioned, came west in 1804, and, after holding
various positions at Vincennes, Indiana Territorj-,
under Gov. William Henrj' Harrison, located at
St Louis and became the first Territorial
Delegate in Congress from Missouri Territory
(1811-14). His death occurred as the result of an
accident, August 10, 1817. — Stephen (Hemp-
stead), another member of this historic family,
was Governor of Iowa from 1850 to '54. Died,
Feb. 10, 1883.
HENDERSON, Thomas J., ex-Congressman.
was born at Brownsville, Tenn. , Nov. 19, 1824;
came to Illinois in 1837, and was reared upon a
farm, but received an academic education. In
1847 he was elected Clerk of the County Com-
missioners" Court of Stark County, and, in 1849,
Clerk of the County Court of the same county,
serving in that capacity for four years. Mean-
while he had studied law and had been admitted
to the bar in 1852. In 1855 and '50 he was a
member of the lower house of the Legislature,
and State Senator from 1857 to '60. He entered
the Union army, in 1863, as Colonel of the One
Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, and
served until the close of the war, being brevetted
Brigadier-General in January, 1805. He was a
Republican Presidential Elector for the State- at-
large in 1868, and, in 1874, was elected to Congress
from the Seventh Illinois District, serving con-
tinuously until March, 1895. His home is at
Princeton.
HENDERSON, William H., jiolitician and legis-
lator, was born in Garrard County, Ky., Nov. 10,
1793. After serving in the War of 1812, he settled
in Tennessee, where he held many positions of
public trust, including that of State Senator' In
1836 he removed to Illinois, and, two years later,
was elected to the General Assembly as Repre-
sentative from Bureau and Putnam Counties,
being re-elected in 1840. In 1842 he was the
unsuccessful Whig candidate for Lieutenant-
Governor, being defeated by John Moore. In
1845 lie migrated to Iowa, where he died in 1864.
HENDERSON COUNTY, a county comprising
3S(i sijuare miles of territor}', located in the west-
ern section of tlie State and bordering on the Mis-
sissippi River. The first settlements -were made
about 1827-28 at Yellow Banks, now Oquawka.
Immigration was checked by the Black Hawk
AVar, but revived after the removal of the Indians
across the IMississippi. The county was set off
from Warren in 1841, with Oquawka as the
county-seat. Population (1880), 10,722; (1890),
9,870. The soil is fertile, and underlaid by lime-
stone. The surface is undulating, and well tim-
bered. Population (1900), 10,836
HENNEPIN, the county-seat of Putnam
County, situated on the left bank of the Illinois
River, about 28 miles below Ottawa, 100 miles
southwest of Chicago, and 3 miles soutlieast of
Bureau Junction. It has a courthouse, a bank,
two grain elevators, three churches, a graded
school, a newspaper. It is a prominent shipping
point for produce by the liver. Tlie Hennepin
Canal, now in process of construction from the
Illinois River to the Mississippi at the mouth of
Rock River, leaves the Illinois about two miles
above Hennepin. Population (1880), 623; (1890),
574; (1900), ."123.
HENNEPIN, Louis, a Franciscan (Recollect)
friar and explorer, born at Ath, Belgium, about
1640. After several years of clerical service in
Belgium and Holland, he was ordered (1075) by
his ecclesiastical superiors to proceed to Canada.
In 1679 he accompanied La Salle on his explo-
rations of the great lakes and tlie upper Missis-
sippi. Having reached the Illinois by way of
Lake Michigan, early in the following year ( 1080; ,
La Salle proceeded to construct a fort on the east
230
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
side of the Illinois River, a little below the
present site of Peoria, which afterwards received
the name of Fort Creve-Cceur. In Februarv,
1680, Father Hennepin was dispatched by La
Salle, with two companions, by way of the
mouth of the Illinois, to explore the upper Mis-
sissippi. Ascending the latter stream, his party
was captured by the Sioux and carried to the
villages of that tribe among the Minnesota lakes,
but finally rescued. During his captivity he
discovered the Falls of St. Anthony, which he
named. After his rescue Hennepin returned to
Quebec, and thence sailed to France. There he
published a work describing La Salle's first
expedition and his own explorations. Although
egotistical and necessarily incorrect, this work
was a valuable contribution to history. Because
of ecclesiastical insubordination he left France
for Holland. In 1697 he published an extraordi-
nary volume, in which he set forth claims as a
discoverer which have been wholly discredited.
His third and last work, published at Utrecht, in
1698, was entitled a "New Voyage in a Country
Larger than Eui-ope." It was a compilation
describing La Salle's voyage to the mouth of the
Mississippi. His three works have been trans-
lated into twenty-four different languages. He
died, at Utrecht, between 1702 and I'lOr,.
HEXXEPIX CANAL. (See Illinois & 3Iissis-
sip2)i Canal.)
HEXRY, a city in Marshall County, situated on
the west bank of the Illinois River and on the
Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific Railway, 33 miles north-northeast of
Peoria. There is a combination railroad and
wagon bridge, lock and dam across the river at
this point. The city is a thriving commercial
center, among its industries being grain eleva-
tors, flour mills, and a windmill factory; has
two national banks, eight churches and two
newspapers. Population (1880), 1,728; (1890)
l..')12; (1900), 1,637.
HENRY, James D., pioneer and soldier, was born
in Pennsylvania, came to Illinois in 1822, locating
at Edwardsville, where, being of limited educa-
tion, he labored as a mechanic during the day
and attended school at night; engaged in mer-
chandising, removed to Springfield in 1826, and
was soon after elected Sheriff ; served in the Win-
nebago War (1827) as Adjutant, and, in the
Black Hawk War (1831-32) as Lieutenant-Colonel
and Colonel, finally being placed in command of
a brigade at the battle of Wisconsin and the Bad
Axe, his success in both winning for him great
popularity. His exposures brought on disease of
the lungs, and, going South, he died at New
Orleans. March 4, 1834.
HENRY COUNTY, one of the middle tier of
counties of Northern Illinois, near the western
border of the State, having an area of 830 square
miles, — named for Patrick Henry. The Ameri-
can pioneer of the region was Dr. Baker, who
located in 1835 on what afterwards became the
town of Colona. During the two years following
several colonies from the eastern States settled at
different points (Geneseo, Wethersfield, etc.;.
The act creating it was passed in 1825, though
organization was not completed imtil 1837. The
first county court was held at Dayton. Subse-
quent county-seats have been Richmond (1837) ;
Geneseo (1840); Morristown (1842); and Cam-
bridge (1843). Population (1870), 36,597; (1890),
33,338: (1900), 40,049.
HERNDON, Archer G., one of the celebrated
"Long Nine" members of the General Assembly
of 1836-37, was born in Culpepper County, Va.,
Feb. 13, 1795 ; spent his youth in Green County,
Ky., came to Madison County, 111., 1820, and to
Sangamon in 1821, becoming a citizen of Spring-
field in 1825, where he engaged in mercantile
business ; served eight years in the State Senate
(1834-42), and as Receiver of the Land Office
1842-49. Died, Jan. 3, 1867. Mr. Herndon was
the father of William H. Herndon, the law part-
ner of Abraham Lincoln.
HERNDON, WiUiam H., lawyer, was born at
Greensbiu-g, Ky., Dec. 25, 1818; brought to Illi-
nois by his father. Archer G. Herndon, in 1820,
and to Sangamon County in 1821 ; entered Illinois
College in 1836, but remained only one year on
account of his father's hostility to the supposed
abolition influences prevailing at that institution ;
spent several years as clerk in a store at Spring-
field, studied law two years with the firm of Lin-
coln & Logan (1842-44), was admitted to the bar
and became the partner of Mr. Lincoln, so con-
tinuing until the election of the latter to the
Presidency. Mr. Herndon was a radical oppo-
nent of slavery and labored zealously to promote
the advancement of his distinguished partner.
TUe offices lie held were those of City Attorney,
Mayor and Bank Commissioner under three Gov-
ernors. Some years before his death he wrote,
and, in conjunction with Jesse W. Weik, published
a Life of Abraham Lincoln in three volumes —
afterwards revised and issued in a two-volume
edition by the Messrs. Appleton, New York.
Died, near Springfield, March 18. 1891.
HERRINGTON, Augustus M., lawyer and poli-
tician, was born at or near Meadville, Pa., in 1823;
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
231
when ten years of age was brought by his father
to Chicago, the family removing two years later
(1835) to Geneva, Kane County, where the elder
Herrington opened the first store. Augustus was
admitted to the bar in 1844 ; obtained great promi-
nence as a Democratic politician, serving as
Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in
1856, and as a delegate to Democratic National
Conventions in 1860, '64, '68, '76 and "SO. and was
almost invariably a member of the State Conven-
tions of his party during the same period. He
also served for many years as Solicitor of the
Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Died, at Ge-
neva. Kane County, August 14. 1883. — James
(Harrington), brother of the preceding, was born
in Mercer County, Pa., June 6, 1824; came to
Chicago in 1833, but, two years later, was taken
by his parents to Geneva, Kane County. In 1843
he was apprenticed to the printing business on
the old "Chicago Democrat" (John Wentworth,
publisher), remaining vmtil 1848, when he returned
to Geneva, where he engaged in farming, being
also connected for a j'ear or two with a local
paper. In 1849 he was elected County Clerk, re-
maining in office eight years ; also served three
terms on the Board of Supervisors, later serving
continuously in the lower branch of the General
Assembly from 1872 to 1886. He was also a mem-
ber of the State Board of Agriculture and a fre-
quent delegate to Democratic State Conventions.
Died, July 7, 1890. — James Herrington, Sr.,
father of the two preceding, was a Representative
in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48) for
the District embracing the coimties of Kane,
McHenry, Boone and De Kalb.
HERTZ, Henry L., ex-State Treasurer, was
born at Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1847; gradu-
ated from the University of Copenhagen in 1866,
and after pursuing the study of medicine for two
years, emigrated to this coimtry in 1869. After
various experiences in selling sewing-machines,
as bank-clerk, and as a farm-hand, in 1876 Mr.
Hertz was emploj-ed in the Recorder's office of
Cook County; in 1878 was record-writer in the
Criminal Court Clerk's office; in 1884 was elected
Coroner of Cook Count}', and re-elected in 1888.
In 1892, as Republican candidate for State Treas-
urer, he was defeated, but, in 1896, again a
candidate for the same office, was elected by a
majority of 115.000, serving until 1899. He is
now a resident of Chicago.
HESIXG, Antone Caspar, journalist and politi-
cian, was born in Prussia in 1823 ; left an orphan at
the age of 15, he soon after emigrated to America,
landing at Baltimore and going thence to Cin-
cinnati. From 1.940 to 1842 he worked in a gro-
cery store in Cincinnati, and later opened a small
hotel. In 1854 he removed to Chicago, where he
was for a time engaged in the manufacture of
brick. In 1860 he was elected Sheriff of Cook
County, as a Republican. In 1862 he purchased
an interest in "The Chicago Staats Zeitung, "
and in 1867 became sole proprietor. In 1871 he
admitted his son, Washington Hesing, to a part-
nership, installing him as general manager.
Died, in Chicago, March 31, 1895.— Washington
(Hesing), son of the preceding, was born in Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, May 14, 1849, educated at Chicago
and Yale College, graduating from the latter in
1870. After a year spent in study abroad, he
returned to Chicago and began work upon "The
Staats Zeitung. ' ' later becoming managing editor,
and finally editor-in-chief. "While yet a young
man he was made a member of the Chicago
Board of Education, but declined to serve a
second term. In 1872 he entered actively into
politics, making speeches in both English and
German in support of General Grant's Presi-
dential candidacy. Later he affiliated with the
Democratic party, as did his father, and, in 1893,
was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democi-atic
nomination for the Chicago mayoralty, being
defeated by Carter H. Harrison. In December,
1893, he was appointed by President Cleveland
Postmaster of the city of Cliicago, serving four
years. His administration was characterized by
a liigh degree of efficiency and many improve-
ments in the service were adopted, one of the
most important being the introduction of postal
cars on the street-railroads for the collection of
mail matter. In April, 1897. he became an Inde-
pendent candidate for Mayor, but was defeated
by Carter H. Harrison, the regular Democratic
nominee. Died, Dec. 18, 1897.
HETWORTH, a village of McLean County, on
the Illinois Central Railway, 10 miles south of
Bloomington; has a bank, churches, gas wells,
and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 566; (1900), 683.
HIBBARD, Homer Nash, lawyer, was born at
Bethel, Windsor County, Vt., Nov. 7, 1824, his
early Ufe being spent upon a farm and in attend-
ance upon the common schools. After a short
term in an academy at Randolph, Vt. , at the age
of 18 he began the study of law at Rutland — also
fitting himself for college with a private tutor.
Later, having obtained means by teaching, he
took a course in Castleton Academy and Ver-
mont University, graduating from the latter in
18.50. Then, having spent some years in teach-
ing, he entered the Dane Law School at Harvard,
23-2
IIISTOrtlCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
later continuing his studies at Burlington and
finally, in the fall of 1853, removing to Chicago.
Here he opened a law office in connection with
his old classmate, the late Judge John A. Jame-
son, but earh' in the following year removed to
Freeport, where he subsequently served as City
Attorney, Master in Chancery and President of
the City School Board. Returning to Chicago in
1860, he became a member of the law firm of
Cornell, Jameson & Hibbard, and still later the
head of the firm of Hibbard, Rich & Noble. In
18T0 he was appointed by Judge Drummond
Register in Bankruptcy for the Chicago District,
serving during the life of the law. He was also,
for some time, a Director of the National Bank
of Illinois, and Vice-President of the American
Insurance Company. Died, Nov. 14, 1897,
HICKS, Stephen (J,, lawyer and soldier of
three wars, was born in Jackson County, Ga.,
Feb. 22, 1807— the son of John Hicks, one of the
seven soldiers killed at the battle of New Orleans,
Jan. 8, 1815. Leaving the roof of a step-father
at an early age, he found his way to Illinois,
working for a time in the lead mines near Galena,
and later at the carpenter's trade with an uncle ;
served as a Sergeant in the Black Hawk War,
finally locating in Jefferson County, where he
studied law and was admitted to the bar. Here
he was elected to the lower branch of the Twelfth
General Assembly (1840) and re-elected succes-
sively to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth. Early
in the Mexican War (1840) he recruited a com-
pany for the Third Regiment, of which he was
chosen Captain, a year later becoming Lieuten-
ant-Colonel of the Sixth. At the beginning of
the Civil War Colonel Hicks was practicing his
profession at Salem, Marion County. He
promptly raised a company which became a part
of the Fortieth Regiment Volunteer Infantry, of
which he was commissioned Colonel. The regi-
ment saw active service in the campaign in West-
ern Tennessee, including the battle of Shiloh,
where Colonel Hicks was dangerously wounded
through the lungs, only recovering after some
months in hospital and at his home. He rejoined
his regiment in July following, but found him-
self compelled to accept an honorable discharge,
a few months later, on account of disability.
Having finally recovered, he was restored to his
old command, and served to the close of the war.
In October, 1863, he was placed in command at
Paducah, Ky., where he remained eighteen
months, after which he was transferred to Colum-
bus. Ky, AVhile in command at Paducah, the
place was desperately assaiilted by the rebel
Colonel Forrest, but successfully defended, the
rebel assailants sustaining a lo.ss of some 1,200
killed and wounded. After the war Colonel
Hicks retui-ned tu Salem, where he died, Dec. 14,
1869, and was buried, in accordance with his
request, in the folds of the American flag. Born
on Washington's birthday, it is a somewhat
curious coincidence that the death of this brave
soldier should have occurred on the anniversary
of that of the "Father of His Country."
HKiBEE, Cliauncey L., lawyer and Judge, was
born in Clermont County, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1821,
and settled in Pike Comity, 111., in 1844. He
earl}- took an interest in politics, being elected to
the lower house of the Legislature in 18.54, and
two years later to the State Senate. In 1861 he
was elected Judge of the Fifth Circuit Court, and
was re-elected in 1867, '73, and '79. In 1877. and
again in '79, he was assigned to the bench of the
Appellate Court. Died, at Pittsfield, Dec. 7, 1884.
HIGGIXS, Van HoUisi, lawyer, was born in
Genessee County, N. Y. , and received his early
education at Auburn and Seneca Falls ; came to
Chicago in 1837 and, after spending some time as
clerk in his brother's store, taught some months
in Vermilion County: then went to St. Louis,
where he spent a year or two as reporter on "The
Missouri Argus," later engaging in commercial
pursuits: in 1842 removed to Iroquois County,
111. , where he read law and was admitted to the
bar; in 1845, established himself in practice in
Galena, served two years as City Attorney there,
but. returned to Chicago in 1852, where he contin-
ued to reside for the remainder of his life. In 1858
he was elected as a Republican Representative in
the Twenty-first General Assembty ; served sev-
eral years as Judge of the Chicago City Court,
and was a zealous supporter of the Government
during the War of the Rebellion. Judge Higgins
was successful as a lawyer and business man, and
was connected with a number of important busi-
ness enterprises, especially in connection with
real-estate operations; was also a member of sev-
eral local societies of a professional, social and
patriotic character. Died, at Darien, Wis., April
17, 1893.
HI{iGI>'SO\, Charles M., civil engineer and
Assistant Railway President, was born in Chica-
go, July 11. 1846 — the son of George M.Higginson,
who located in Chicago about 1843 and engaged
in the real-estate business; was educated at the
Lawrence Scientific School. Cambridge, Mass.,
and entered the engineering department of the
Burlington & Missouri River Railroad in 1867,
remaining until 1875. He then became the pur-
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
233
chasing agent of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw
Railroad, but, a j-ear later, returned to Chicago,
and soon after assumed the same position in con-
nection with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy,
being transferred to the Auditorship of the
latter road in 1879. Later, he became assistant
to President Ripley of the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe Line, where he remained until his
death, which occurred at Riverside, 111., Jlay 0,
1899. Mr. Higginson was, for several years,
President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences,
and a member of the Board of Managers of the
Young Men's Christian Association of Chicago.
HIGH, James L., lawj'er and author, was born
at Belleville, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1844; in boyhood came
to Wisconsin, and graduated at Wisconsin State
University, at Madison, in 1804, also serving for
a time as Adjutant of the Forty-ninth Regiment
Wisconsin Volunteers ; studied law at the Michi-
gan University Law School and, in 18G7. came to
Chicago, where he began practice. He spent the
winter of 1871-72 in Salt Lake City and, in the
absence of the United States District Attorney,
conducted the trial of certain Mormon leaders for
connection with the celebrated Mountain Meadow
Massacre, also acting as correspondent of "The
New York Times," his letters being widely
copied. Returning to Chicago he took a high
rank in his profession. He was the author of
several volumes, including treatises on "The Law
of Injunctions as administered in the Courts of
England and America, ' ' and "Extraordinary Legal
Remedies, Mandamus, Quo Warranto and Prohibi-
tions," which are accepted as high authority with
the profession. In 1870 he published a revised
edition of Lord Erskine's Works, including all
his legal arguments, together with a memoir of
his hfe. Died, Oct. 3, 1898.
H1GHLA>'D, a city in the southeastern part of
Madison County, founded in 1836 and located on
the Vandalia line, 3"3 miles east of St. Louis. Its
manufacturing industries include a milk-con-
densing plant, creamery, flour and planing mills,
breweries, embroidery works, etc. It contains
several churches and schools, a Roman Catholic
Seminary, a hospital, and has three newspaper.? —
one German. The early settlers were Germans
of the most thrifty and enterprising classes.
The surrounding country is agricultural. Popu-
lation (1880), 1,960; (1890), 1,857; (1900, decennial
census), 1,970.
HIGHLAND PARK, an incorporated city of
Lake County, on the Chicago & Northwestern
Railroad, 23 miles north-northwest of Chicago.
It has a salubrious site on a blutf 100 feet above
Lake Jlichigan, and is a favorite. residence and
health resort. It has a large hotel, several
churches, a military academy, ami a weekly
paper. Two Waukegan papers issue editions
here. Population (1890), 3,163;. (1900), 2,806.
HILDBUP, Jesse S., lawyer and legislator,
was born in Middletown, Conn., March 14, 1833; at
15 removed to the State of New York and after-
wards to Harrisburg, Pa. ; in 1860 came to Belvi-
dere, 111., where he began the practice of law,
also serving as Corporation Trustee and Township
Supervisor, and. during the latter years of the
war, as Deputy Provost Marshal. His first im-
portant elective office was that of Delegate to the
State Constitutional Convention of 1870, but he
was elected Representative in the General Assem-
bly the same year, and again in 1872. While in
the House he took a prominent part in the legis-
lation which resulted in the organization of the
Railroad and Warehouse Board. Mr. Hildrup
was also a Republican Presidential Elector in
1868, and United States Marshal for the Northern
District of Illinois from 1877 to 1881. During
the last few years much of his time has been
spent in California for the benefit of the health
of some members of his family.
HILL, Charles Augustus, ex-Congressman,
was born at Truxton, Cortland County, N. Y.,
August 33, 1833. He acquired his early education
by dint of hard labor, and much privation. In
1854 he removed to Illinois, settling in Will
County, where, for several years, he taught
school, as he had done while in New York.
Meanwhile he read law, his last instructor being
Hon. H. C. Newcomb, of Indianapolis, where he
was admitted to the bar. He returned to Will
County in 1860, and, in 1862, enlisted in the
Eighth Illinois Cavalry, participating in the
battle of Antietam. Later he was commissioned
Finst Lieutenant in the First United States Regi-
ment of Colored Troops, with which he remained
until the close of the war, rising to the rank of
Captain. In 1865 he returned to Joliet and to the
practice of his profession. In 1868 he was elected
State's Attorney for the district comprising \\ ill
and Grundy Counties, but declined a renomina-
tion. In 1888 he was the successful Republican
candidate for Congress from the Eighth Illinois
District, but was defeated for re-election in 1890
by Lewis Steward, Democrat.
HILLSBORO. an incorporated city, the county-
seat of Montgomery County, on the Cleveland.
Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. 07
miles northeast of St. Louis. Its manufactures
are flour, brick and tile, carriages and harness.
334
IIISTOPJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
furniture and woolen goods. It lias a Ingh
school, banks and two weekly newspapers. The
surrounding region is agricultural, though con-
siderable coal is mined in the vicinity. Popula-
tion (issil). 2,858; (1890), 2,.'500; (1900), 1,937.
HIXCKLEY, a village of De Kalb County, on
the Roehelle Division of the Chicago, Burlington
& Quincy Railroad, 18 miles we.st of Aurora; in
rich agricultural and dairying region ; has grain
elevators, brick and tile works, water system and
electric light plant. Pop. (1890), 496; (1900), 587.
HINRICHSEX, William H., ex-Secretary of
State and ex-Congressman, was born at Franklin,
Morgan County, 111., May 27, 1850; educated at
the University of Illinois, spent four years in the
office of his father, who was stock-agent of the
Wabash Railroad, and six years (1874-80) as
Deputy Sheriff of Morgan County; then went
into the newspaper business, editing the Jackson-
ville "Evening Courier," until 1880, after which
he was connected with "The Quincy Herald," to
1890, when he returned to Jacksonville and re-
sumed his place on "The Courier. " ' He was Clerk
of the House of Representatives in 1891, and
elected Secretary of State in 1893, serving until
January, 1897. Mr. Hinrichsen has been a mem-
ber of the Democratic State Central Committee
since 1890, and was Chairman of that body dur-
ing 1894-96. In 1896 Mr. Hinrichsen was the
nominee of his party for Congress in the Six-
teenth District and was elected by over 6,000
majority, but failed to secure a renomination in
1898.
HIKSDALE, a village in Du Page County and
popular residence suburb, on the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles west-south-
west of Cliicago. It has four churches, a graded
school, an academy', electric light plant, water-
works, sewerage system, and two weekly news-
papers. Population (1890), 1,584; (1900), 2,578.
HITCHCOCK, Charles, lawyer, was born at
Hanson, Plymouth County, Mass., April 4, 1837;
studied at Dartmouth College and at Harvard
Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1854,
soon afterward establishing himself for the prac-
tice of his profession in Chicago. In 1869 Mr.
Hitchcock was elected to the State Constitutional
Convention, which was the only important pub-
lic office that he held, though his capacity was
recognized by his election to the Presidency of
that body. Died, May 6, 1881.
HITCHCOCK, Luke, clergyman, was born
April 13, 1813, at Lebanon, X. Y., entered the
ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in
1834, and, after supplying various charges in
that State during the next five years, in 1839
came to Chicago, becoming one of the most
influential factors in the Methodist denomination
in Northern Illinois. Between that date and
1860 he was identified, as regular pa.stor or Pre-
siding Elder, with churches at Dixon, Ottawa,
Belvidere, Rockford, Mount Morris, St. Charles
and Chicago (the old Clark Street church), with
two years' service (1841-43) as agent of Rock
River Seminary at Mount Morris — his itinerant
labors being interrupted at two or three periods
by ill-health, compelling him to assume a super-
annuated relation. From 1853 to '80, inclusive,
he was a delegate every four years to the General
Conference. In 1860 he was appointed Agent of
the Western Book Concern, and, as the junior
representative, was placed in charge of the
depository at Chicago — in 1868 becoming the
Senior Agent, and so remaining until 1880. His
subsequent service included two terms as Presid-
ing Elder for the Dixon and Chicago Districts ;
the position of Superintendent of the Chicago
Home Missionary and Church Extension Society ;
Superintendent of the Wesley Hospital (which he
assisted to organize), his last position being that
of Corresponding Secretary of the Superannu-
ates" Relief Association. He was also influential
in securing the establishment of a church paper
in Chicago and the founding of the Northwestern
University and Garrett Biblical Institute. Died,
while on a visit to a daughter at East Orange,
N. J., Nov. 12, 1898.
HITT, Daniel F., civil engineer and soldier,
was born in Bourbon County, K}-., Jime 13, 1810
— the son of a Methodist preacher who freed his
slaves and removed to Urbana, Ohio, in 1814. In
1829 tlie son began the study of engineering and,
removing to Illinois the following year, was ap-
pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois &
Michigan Canal, later being employed in survey-
ing some sixteen years. Being stationed at
Prairie du Chien at the time of the Black Hawk
War (1832), he was attached to the Stephenson
Rangers for a year, but at the end of that period
resumed surveying and, having settled in La
Salle Coxmty, became the first Surveyor of that
county. In 1861 he joined Colonel Cushman, of
Ottawa, in the organization of the Fifty-third
Illinois Volunteers, was mu.stered into the service
in March, 1863, and commissioned its Lieutenant-
Colonel. Tlie regiment took part in various
battles, including those of Shiloh, Corinth and
La Grange, Tenn. In the latter Colonel Hitt
received an injury by being thrown from his
horse which compelled his resignation and from
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
235
which he never fully recovered. Returning to
Ottawa, he continued to reside there imtil his
death, May 11, 1899. Colonel Hitt was father of
Andrew J. Hitt, General Superintendent of the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and
uncle of Congressman Robert R. Hitt of Mount
Morris. Originally a Democrat, he allied himself
with the Republican party on the breaking out
of the Civil AVar. He was a thirty-second degree
Mason and prominent in Grand Army circles.
HITT, Isaac R., real-estate operator, was born
at Boonsboro, Md., June 3, 1838; in 1S4.5 entered
the fresliman class at Asbury University, Ind.,
graduating in 1849. Then, removing to Ottawa,
111., be was engaged for a time in farming, but,
in 1853, entered into the forwarding and com-
mission business at La Salle. Having meanwhile
devoted some attention to real-estate law, in 1853
he began buying and selling real estate while
continuing his farming operations, adding thereto
coal-mining. In May, 1856, he was a delegate
from La Salle County to the State Convention at
Bloomington which resulted in the organization
of the Republican party in Illinois. Removing
to Chicago in 1860, lie engaged in the real-estate
business there ; in 1863 was appointed on a com-
mittee of citizens to look after the interests of
wounded Illinois soldiers after the battle of Fort
Donelson, in that capacity visiting hospitals at
Cairo, Evansville, Paducah and Xashville. Dur-
ing the war he engaged to some extent in the
business of prosecuting soldiers' claims. Mr.
Hitt has been a member of both the Chicago and
the National Academy of Sciences, and, in 1869,
was appointed by Governor Palmer on the Com-
mission to lay out the park system of Chicago.
Since 1871 he has resided at Evanston, where he
aided in the erection of the Woman's College in
connection with the Northwestern University.
In 1876 he was appointed by the Governor agent
to prosecute the claims of the State for swamp
lands within its limits, and has given much of
his attention to that business since.
HITT, Robert Roberts, Congressman, was born
at Urbana, Ohio, Jan. 16, 1834. When he was
three years old his parents removed to IlUnois,
settling in Ogle County. His education was
acquired at Rock River Seminary (now Mount
Morris College), and at De Pauw University, Ind.
In 1858 Mr. Hitt was one of the reporters who
reported the celebrated debate of that year
between Lincoln and Douglas. From December,
1874, imtil 3Iarch, '81. he was connected with the
United States embassy at Paris, serving as First
Secretary of Legation and Charge d'Affaires ad
interim. He was Assistant Secretary of State in
1881, but resigned the post in 1883. having been
elected to Congress from the Sixth IlUnois Dis-
trict to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death
of R. M. A. Hawk. By eight successive re-elec-
tions he has represented the District continuously
since, his career being conspicuous for long serv-
ice. In that time he has taken an important
part in the deliberations of the House, serving as
Chairman of many important committees, not-
ably that on Foreign Affairs, of which he has
been Chairman for several terms, and for which
his diplomatic experience well qualifies him. In
1898 he was appointed by President McKinley a
member of the Committee to visit Hawaii and
report upon a form of government for that por-
tion of the newly acquired national domain. ]\Ir.
-Hitt was strongly supported as a candidate for
the United States Senate in 1895, and favorably
considered for the position of Minister to Eng-
land after tlie retirement of Secretary Day in
1898.
HOBART, Horace R., was born in Wisconsin
in 1839 : graduated at Beloit College and, after a
brief experience in newspaper work, enlisted, in
1861, in the First Wisconsin Cavalry and was
assigned to duty as Battalion Quartermaster.
Being wounded at Helena, Ark,, he was com-
pelled to resign, but afterwards served as Deputy
Provost Marshal of the Second Wisconsin Dis-
trict. In 1866 he re-entered newspaper work as
reporter on "The Chicago Tribune," and later
was associated, as city editor, with "The Chicago
Evening Pest" and "Evening Mail"; later was
editor of "The Jacksonville Daily Journal" and
"The Chicago Morning Courier," also being, for
some years from 1869, Western Manager of the
American Press Association. In 1876, Mr. Hobart
became one of the editors of "The Railway Age"
(Chicago), with which he remained until the
close of the year 1898, when he retired to give his
attention to real-estate matters.
HOFFMAN, Francis A., Lieutenant-Governor
(1861-65), was born at Herford. Prussia, in 1833,
and emigrated to America in 1839, reaching Chica-
go the same year. There he became a boot-black in
a leading hotel, but within a month was teaching
a small German school at Dunkley's Grove (now
Addison), Du Page County, and later officiating
as a Lutheran minister. In 1847 he represented
that county in the River and Harbor Convention
at Chicago. In 1853 he removed to Chicago, and,
the following j'ear, entered tlie City Council.
Later, he embarked in the real-estate business,
and, in 1854, opened a banking house, but was
23tj
IIISTOUICAL EXCYCL0PP:DIA or ILLINOIS.
forced to assign in 1861. He early became a
recognized anti-slavery leader and a contributor
to the German press, and, in 1830, was nominated
for Lieutenant-Governor on the first Republican
State ticket with William H. Bissell, but was
found ineligible by reason of his short residence
in the United States, and withdrew, giving place
to John "Wood of Quincy. In 18G0 he was again
nominated, and having in the meantime become
eligible, was elected. In 1804 he was a Repub-
lican candidate for Presidential Elector, and
assisted in Mr. Lincoln's second election. He
was at one time Foreign Land Commissioner for
the Illinois Central Railroad, and acted as Consul
at Chicago for several German States. For a
number of years past Mr. Hoffman has been
editor of an agricultural paper in Southern
Wisconsin.
HOGA>', John, clergyman and early politician,
was born in the city of Mallow, County of Cork,
Ireland, Jan. 2, 180o; brought in childhood to
Baltimore, Md., and having been left an orphan at
eight years of age, learned the trade of a shoe-
maker. In 1826 he became an itinerant Metho-
dist preacher, and, coming west the same year,
preached at various points in Indiana, Illinois
and Missouri. In 1830 lie was married to Miss
Mary Mitchell West, of Belleville, 111. , and soon
after, having retired from the itinerancy, engaged
in mercantile business at Edward'sville and Alton.
In 1836 he was elected Representative in the
Tenth General Assembly from Madison County,
two years later was appointed a Commissioner of
Public Works and, being re-elected in 1840, was
made President of the Board; in 1841 was ap-
pointed by President Harrison Register of the
Land Office at Dixon, where he remained until
1845. During the anti-slavery excitement which
attended the assassination of Elijah P. Lovejoy
in 1837, he was a resident of Alton and was re-
garded by the friends of Lovejoy as favoring the
pro-slavery faction. After retiring from the
Land Office at Dixon, he removed to St. Louis,
where lie engaged in the wholesale grocery busi-
ness. In his early political life he was a Whig,
but later co-operated with the Democratic party ;
in 1857 he was appointed bj- President Buchanan
Postmaster of the city of St. Louis, serving until
the accession of Lincoln in 1861 ; in 1864 was
elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Con-
gress, serving two years. He was also a delegate
to the National Union (Democratic) Convention
at Philadelphia in 1866. After his retirement
from the Methodist itinerancy he continued to
officiate as a "local" preacher and was esteemed
a speaker of ilnusual eloquence and ability. His
death occurred, Feb. 5, 1892. He is author of sev-
eral volumes, including "The Resources of Mis-
.souri," "Commerce and Manufactures of St.
Louis," and a "History of Methodism."
HO(iE, Joseph P., Congressman, was born in
Ohio early in the century and came to Galena,
111. , in 1836, where he attained prominence as a
lawyer. In 1842 he was elected Representative
in Congress, as claimed at the time by the aid of
the Mormon vote at Nauvoo, serving one term.
In 1853 he went to San Francisco, Cal., and be-
came a Judge in that State, dying a few years
since at the age of over 80 years. He is repre-
sented to have been a man of much ability and a
graceful and eloquent orator. Mr. Hoge was a
son-in-law of Thomas C. Browne, one of the Jus-
tices of the first Supreme Court of Illinois who
held office until 1848.
HOLLISTER, (Dr.) John Hamilton, physi-
cian, was born at Riga, N. Y., in 1824; was
brought to Romeo, Mich., by his parents in in-
fancy, but his father having died, at the age of 17
went to Rochester, N. Y., to be educated, finally
graduating in medicine at Berkshire College,
Mass., in 1847, and beginning practice at Otisco,
Mich. Two years later he removed to Grand
Rapids and, in 1855, to Chicago, where he held,
for a time, the position of demonstrator of anat-
omy in Rush Medical College, and, in 1856, be-
came one of the founders of the Chicago Medical
College, in which he has held various chairs. He
also served as Surgeon of Mercy Hospital and
was, for twenty years. Clinical Professor in the
same institution; was President of the State
Medical Society, and, for twenty years, its Treas-
urer. Other positions Jield by him have been
those of Trustee of the American Medical Associ-
ation and editor of its journal. President of the
Young Men's Cliristian Association and of the
Chicago Congregational Club. He has also been
prominent in Sunday School and churcll*work in
connection with the Armour Jlission. with which
he has been associated for many vears.
HOME FOR JUVEMLE OPFEXDERS, (FE-
MALE). The establishment of this institution
was authorized by act of June 22, 1893, which
appropriated 875,000 towards its erection and
maintenance, not more than 815,000 to be ex-
pended for a site. (See also State Guardians for
Gj rh. ) It is designed to receive girls between the
ages of 10 and 16 committed thereto by any court
of record upon conviction of a misdemeanor, the
term of commitment not to be less than one
year, or to exceed minority. Justices of the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
237
Peace, however, may send giris for a term not
less than three months. The act of incorporation
provides for a commutation of sentence to be
earned by good conduct and a prolongation of
the sentence by bad behavior. The Trustees are
empowered, in their discretion, either to appren-
tice the girls or to adopt them out during their
minority. Temporary quarters were furnished
for the Home dm-ing the first two years of its
existence in Chicago, but permanent buildings
for the institution have been erected on tlie
banks of Fox River, near Geneva, in Kane County.
HOMER, a village in Champaign County, on
the Wabash Railway, 20 miles west-southwest
from Danville and about 18 miles east-southeast
from Champaign. It supports a carriage factory ;
also has two banks, several churches, a seminary,
an opera -house, and one weekly paper. The
region is chiefly agricultural. Population (1880),
934; (1890), 917; (1900), 1,080.
HOMESTEAD LAWS. In general such laws
have been defined to be "legislation enacted to
secure, to some extent, the enjoyment of a home
and shelter for a family or individual by exempt-
ing, under certain conditions, the residence occu-
pied by the family or individual, from liability to
be sold for the payment of the debts of its owner,
and by restricting his rights of free alienation."
In Illinois, this exemption extends to the farm
and dwelling thereon of everj^ householder hav-
ing a family, and occupied as a residence,
whether owned or possessed under a lease, to the
value of Si, 000. The exemption continues after
death, for the benefit of decedent's wife or hus-
band occupying the homestead, and also of the
children, if any, until the youngest attain the
age of 21 years. Husband and wife must join in
releasing the exemption, but the property is
always liable for improvements thereon. — In 18G3
Congress passed an act known as the "Homestead
Law" for the protection of the rights of settlers
on public lauds under certain restrictions as to
active occupancy, under which most of that
class of lands since taken for settlement have
been purchased.
HOMEWOOD, a village of Cook County, on tlie
Illinois Central Railway, 23 miles south of Chi-
cago. Population, (1900), 352.
HOOLEY, Richard M., theatrical manager,
was born in Ireland, April 13, 1823 ; at the age of
18 entered the theater as a musician and, four
years later, came to America, soon after forming
an association with E. P. Christy, the originator
of negro minstrelsy entertainments which went
under his name. In 1848 Mr. Hooley conducted
a company of minstrels through the principal
towns of England, Scotland and Ireland, and to
some of the chief cities on the continent ; re-
turned to America five years later, and subse-
quently managed houses in San Francisco,
Philadelphia, Brooklyn and New York, finally
locating in Chicago in 1869, where he remained
the rest of his life, — his theater becoming one of
the most widely known and popular in the city.
Died, Sept. 8, 1893.
HOOPESTON, a prosperous city in Vermilion
County, at the intersection of the Chicago it East-
ern Illinois and the Lake Erie & Western Rail-
roads, 99 miles south of Chicago. It has grain
elevators, a nail factory, brick and tile works,
carriage and machine shops, and two large can-
ning factories, besides two banks and one daily
and three weekly newspapers, several churches,
a high school and a business college. Population
(1S90,\ 1,911; (1900), 3,833; (1904), about 4.. 500.
HOPKINS, Albert J., Congressman, was born
in De Kalb County, 111., August 15, 1846. After
graduating from Hillsdale College, Mich., in 1870,
he studied law and began practice at Aurora.
He rapidly attained prominence at the bar, and,
in 1872, was elected State's Attorney for Kane
County, serving in that capacity for four years.
He is an ardent Republican and high in the
party's councils, having been Chairman of the
State Central Committee from 1878 to 1880, and a
Presidential Elector on the Blaine & Logan
ticket in 1884. The same year he was elected to
the Forty-ninth Congress from the Fifth District
(now the Eighth) and has been continuously re-
elected ever since, receiving a clear majority- in
1898 of more than 18,000 votes over two competi-
tors. At present (1898) he is Chairman of the
Select House Committee on Census and a member
of the Committees on Ways and Means, and Mer-
chant Marine and Fisheries. In 1886 he was
strongly supported for the Republican nomina-
tion for Governor.
HOUGHTON, Horace Hocking, pioneer printer
and journalist, was born at Springfield, Vt., Oct.
26, 1806, spent his youth on a farm, and at eight-
een began learning the printer's trade in the oflice
of "The Woodstock Overseer" ; on arriving at his
majority became a journeyman printer and, in
1828, went to New York, spending some time in
the employment of the Harper Brothers. After
a brief season spent in Boston, he took charge of
"The Statesman" at Castleton, Vt., but, in 1834,
again went to New York, taking with him a
device for throwing the printed sheet off the
press, which was afterwards adopted on the
23S
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Adams and Hoe printing presses. His next
move was to Marietta, Oliio, in 1834, thence by
way of Cincinnati and Louisville to St. Louis,
working for a time in the ofEce of the old "St.
Louis Republican." He soon after went to
Galena and engaged in lead-mining, but later
became associated with Sylvester I\L Bartlett in
the management of "The Northwestern Gazette
and Galena Advertiser," finally becoming sole
proprietor. In 1842 he sold out the paper, but
resumed his connection with it the following
year, remaining until 1803, when he finally sold
out. He afterwards spent some time on the
Pacific slope, was for a time American Consul to
the Sandwich Islands, but finally returned to
Galena and, during the later years of his Ufe,
was Postmaster there, dying April 30, 18T9.
HOVET, Charles Edward, educator, soldier
and laivyer, was born in Orange County, Vt.,
April 26, 1827 ; graduated at Dartmouth College in
1853, and became successively Principal of high
schools at Farmington, Mass., and Peoria, III.
Later, he assisted in organizing the Illinois State
Normal School at Normal, of %vhich he was
President from 18.57 to 1861 — being also President
of the State Teachers' Association (1856), mem-
ber of the State Board of Education, and, for some
years, editor of "The Illinois Teacher." In Au-
gust, 1861, he assisted in organizing, and was com-
missioned Colonel of, the Thirty-third Illinois
Volunteers, known as the "Normal" or "School-
Masters' Regiment," from the fact that it was
composed largely of teachers and young men
from the State colleges. In 1862 he was promoted
to the rank of Brigadier-General and, a few
months later, to brevet Jlajor-General for gallant
and meritorious conduct. Leaving the military
service in May, 1863, he engaged in the practice
of law in "Washington, D. C. Died, in Washing-
ton, Nov. 17, 1897.
HOWLA>'D, George, educator and author, was
born (of Pilgrim ancestry) at Conway, Mass.,
July 30, 1824. After graduating from Amherst
College in 1850, he devoted two years to teacliing
in the public schools, and three years to a tutor-
ship in his Alma Mater, giving instruction in
Latin, Greek and French. He began the study
of law, but, after a year's reading, he abandoned
it, removing to Chicago, where he became Assist-
ant Principal of the city's one high school, in
1858. He became its Principal in 1860, and, in
1880, was elected Superintendent of Chicago City
Schools. This position he filled until August,
1891, when he resigned. He also served as Trus-
tee of Amherst College for several years, and as a
member of the Illinois State Board of Education,
being President of that body in 1883. As an
author he was of some note; his work being
chiefly on educational lines. He published a
translation of the ..rEueid adapted to the use of
schools, besides translations of some of Horace's
Odes and portions of the Iliad and Odyssej'. He
was also the author of an English grammar.
Died, in Chicago, Oct. 21, 1892.
HOY>'E, Philip A., lawyer and United States
Commissioner, was born in New York City, Nov.
20, 1824; came to Chicago in 1841, and, after
spending eleven years alternately in Galena and
Chicago, finally located permanently in Chicago,
in 1852; in 1853 was elected Clerk of the Record-
er's Court of Chicago, retaining the position five
years ; was admitted to the bar in IMarch, 1856,
and appointed United States Commissioner the
same j'ear, remaining in office until his death,
Nov. 3, 1894. Mr. Hoyne was an ofl5cer of the
Chicago Pioneers and one of the founders of the
Union League Club.
Hl'BBARD, Gurdou Saltonstall, pioneer and
Indian trader, was born at Windsor, Vt., August
22, 1802. His early j-outh was passed in Canada,
chiefly in the employ of the American Fur Com-
pany. In 1818 he first visited Fort Dearborn, and
for nine j'ears traveled back and forth in the
interest of his employers. In 1827, having em-
barked in business on his own account, he estab-
lished several trading posts in Illinois, becoming
a resident of Chicago in 1832. From this time
forward he became identified with the history
and development of the State. He served with
distinction dm-ing the Black Hawk and Winne-
bago Wars, was enterprising and public-spirited,
and did much to promote the early development
of Chicago. He was elected to the Legislature
from Vermilion County in 1832, and, in 1835,
was appointed by Governor Duncan one of the
Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal.
Died, at Chicago, Sept. 14, 1886. From the time
he became a citizen of Chicago, for fifty years,
no man was more active or public-spirited
in pronaoting its commercial development and
general prosperity. He was identified with
almost every branch of business upon which its
growth as a commercial city depended, from that
of an early Indian trader to that of a real-estate
operator, being manager of one of the largest pack-
ing houses of his time, as well as promoter of
early railroad enterprises. A zealous Republican,
he was one of the most earnest supporters of
Abraham Lincoln in the campaign of 1860, was
prominently identified with every local measure
lIISTOlilCxVL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
239
for the maintenance of tlie Union cause, and, for
a year, held a commission as Captain in the
Eiglity-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers,
known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment. "
HUGHITT, JlarTin, Railway President, was
born, August, 1837, and, in 1850, began his rail-
road experience on the Chicago & Alton Railway
as Superintendent of Telegraph and Train-de-
spatcher. In 1862 he entered the service of the
Illinois Central Company in a similar capacity,
still later occupying the positions of Assistant
Superintendent and General Superintendent, re-
maining in the latter from 1865 to 1S7U, when he
resigned to become Assistant General Manager
of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. In 1872
he became associated with the Chicago & North-
western Railroad, in connection with which he
has held the positions of Superintendent, General
Manager, Second Vice-President and President —
the last of which (1899) he still occupies.
HL'LETT, Alta M., lawyer, was born near
Eockford, 111., June 4, 1854; early learned teleg-
raphy and became a successful operator, but sub-
sequently engaged in teaching and the study of
law. In 1873, having passed the required exami-
nation, she applied for admission to the bar, but
was rejected on account of sex. She then, in
conjunction with Mrs. Bradwell and others,
interested herself in securing the passage of an
act by the Legislature giving women the right
that had been denied her, which having been
accomplished, she went to Chicago, was admitted
to the bar and began practice. Died, in Cali-
fornia. March 27, 1877.
HUNT, Daniel D., legislator, was born in
"Wyoming County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1835, came to
De Kalb County, 111. , in 1857, and has since been
engaged in hotel, mercantile and farming busi-
ness. He was elected as a Republican Represent-
ative in the Thirty-fifth General Assembly in
1886, and re elected in 1888. Two years later he
was elected to the State Senate, re-elected in
1894, and again in 1898 — giving him a continuous
service in one or the other branch of the General
A.ssembl3- of sixteen years. During the session
of 1895, Senator Hunt was especially active in
the legislation which resulted in the location of
the Northern Illinois Normal Institute at De
Kalb.
HUNT, Georgre, lawyer and ex-Attorney-Gen-
«ral, was born in Knox County, Ohio, in 1841 ;
having lost both parents in childhood, came,
with an uncle, to Edgar County, III., in 1S55. In
July, 1861, at the age of 20, he enlisted in the
Twelfth Illinois Infantry, re-enlisting as a veteran
in 1864, and rising from the ranks to a captaincy.
After the close of the war, he studied law, was
admitted to the bar, and, locating at Paris, Edgar
County, soon acquired a large practice. He was
elected State Senator on the Republican ticket in
1874, and re-elected in 1878 and 'S2. In 1884 he
received his first nomination for Attorney-Gen-
eral, was renominated in 1888, and elected both
times, serving eight years. Among the im-
portant questions with which General Hunt had
to deal during his two terms were the celebrated
"anarchist cases" of 1887 and of 1890-92. In the
former the condemned Chicago anarchists applied
through their counsel to the Supreme Court of
the United States, for a writ of error to the Su-
preme Court of Illinois to compel the latter to
grant them a new trial, which was refused. The
case, on the part of the State, was conducted by
General Hunt, while Gen. B. F. Butler of Massa-
chusetts, John Randolph Tucker of Virginia,
Roger A. Pryor of New York, and Messrs. W. P.
Black and Solomon of Chicago appeared for the
plaintiffs. Again, in 1890, Fielden and Schwab,
who had been condemned to life imprisonment,
attempted to secure their release — the former by
an application similar to that of 1887, and the
latter by appeal from a decision of Judge Gresham
of the United States Circuit Court refusing a
writ of habeas corpus. The final hearing of
tliese cases was had before the Supreme Court of
the United States in January, 1893, General
Butler again appearing as leading counsel for the
plaintiffs— but with the same result as in 1887.
General Hunt's management of these cases won
for him much deserved commendation both at
home and abroad.
HUNTEK, Andrew J., was born in Greencastle,
Ind., Dec. 17, 1831, and removed in infancy by
his parents, to Edgar County, this State. His
early education was received in the common
schools and at Edgar Academy. He commenced
his business life as a civil engineer, but, after
three years spent in that profession, began the
study of law and was admitted to the bar. He
has since been actively engaged in practice at
Paris, Edgar County. From 1804 to 1868 he repre-
sented that county in the State Senate, and, in
1870, led the Democratic forlorn hope in the Fif-
teenth Congressional District against General
Jesse H: Moore, and rendered a like service to his
party in 1882, when Joseph G. Cannon was his
Republican antagonist. In 1886 he was elected
Judge of the Edgar County Court, and, in 1890,
was re-elected, but resigned this office in 1893,
having been elected Congressman for the State-
240
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
at-large on the Democratic ticket. He was a can-
didate for Congress from the Nineteenth District
again in 1896, and was again elected, receiving a
majority of 1,200 over Hon. Benson Wood, his
Republican opponent and immediate predecessor.
HUNTER, (Gen.) David, soldier, was born in
Washington, D. C, July 21, 1802; graduated at
the United States Military Academy in 1822,
and assigned to the Fifth Infantry with the rank
of Second Lieutenant, becoming First Lieutenant
in 1828 and Captain of Dragoons in 1833. During
this period he twice crossed the plains to the
Rocky Mountains, but, in 1836, resigned his com-
mission and engaged in business in Chicago,
Re-entering the service as Paymaster in 1842, he
was Chief Paymaster of General Wool's command
in tlie Mexican War, and was afterwards stationed
at New Orleans, Wasliington, Detroit, St. Louis
and on the frontier. He was a personal friend of
President Lincoln, whom he accompanied when
the latter set out for Washington in February,
18G1, but was disabled at Buffalo, having his
collar-bone dislocated by the crowd. He was
appointed Colonel of the Sixth United States
Cavalry, May 14, 1861, three days later commis-
sioned Brigadier-General and, in August, made
Major-General. In the Manassas campaign he
commanded the main column of McDowell's
army and was severely wounded at Bull Run ;
served under Fremont in Missouri and succeeded
him in command in November, 1861, remaining
until March, 1862. Being transferred to the
Department of the South in May following, he
issued an order declaring the persons held as
slaves in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina
free, which order was revoked by President Lin-
coln ten days later. On account of the steps
taken by him for the organization of colored
troops, Jefferson Davis issued an order declaring
him. in case of capture, subject to execution as
a felon. In May, 1864, he was placed in com-
mand of the Department of the West, and, in
1865, served on various courts-martial, being
President of tlie commission that tried Mr. Lin-
coln's assassins ; was brevetted Major-General in
March, 1S6~). retired from active service July,
1866, and died in Washington, Feb. 2, 1886. Gen-
eral Hunter married a daughter of John Kinzie,
the fir.st permanent citizen of Chicago.
HURI), Harvey B., lawyer, was born in Fair-
field County, Conn., Feb. 24, 1827. At the age of
15 he walked to Bridgeport, where he began life
as ofiBce-boy in "The Bridgeport Standard," a
journal of pronounced Whig proclivities. In
1844 he came to Illinois, entering Jubilee College,
but, after a brief attendance, came to Chicago in
1846. There he found temporary employment
as a compositor, later commencing the study of
law, and being admitted to the bar in 1848. A
portion of the present city of Evanston is built
upon a 248-acre tract owned and subdivided by Mr.
Hurd and his partner. Always in sympathy
with the old school and most radical type of
Abolitionists, he took a deep interest in the Kan-
sas-Missouri troubles of 1856, and became a mem-
ber of the "National Kansas Committee"
appointed by the Buffalo (N. Y. ) Convention, of
which body he was a member. He was chosen
Secretary of the executive committee, and it is
not too much to say that, largely through his
earnest and poorly requited labors, Kansas was
finally admitted into the Union as a free State.
It was mainly through his efforts that seed for
planting was gratuitously distributed among the
free-soil settlers. In 1869 he was appointed a
member of the Commission to revise the statutes
of Illinois, a large part of the work devolving
upon him in consequence of the withdrawal of
his colleagues. The revision was completed in
1874, in conjunction with a Joint Committee of
Revision of both Houses appointed by the Legis-
lature of 1873. AVhile no statutory revision has
been ordered by subsequent Legislatures, Mr.
Hurd has carried on the same character of work
on independent lines, issuing new editions of the
statutes from time to time, which are regarded as
standard works by the bar. In 1875 he was
nominated by the Republican party for a seat on
the Supreme bench, but was defeated by the late
Judge T. Lyle Dickey. For several years he
filled a chair in the faculty of the Union College
of Law. His liome is in Evanston.
Hl'RLBUT, Stephen A., soldier. Congressman
and Foreign Minister, was born at Charleston,
S. C, Nov. 29, 1815, received a thorough liberal
education, and was admitted to the bar in 1837.
Soon afterwards he removed to Illinois, making
his home at Belvidere. He was a member of the
Constitutional Convention of 1847, in 1848 was an
unsuccessful candidate for Presidential Elector
on the Whig ticliet, but, on tlie organization of
the Republican party in 1856, promptly identified
himself with that party and was elected to the
lower branch of the General Assembh' as a
Republican in 18.58 and again in 1860. During
the War of the Rebellion he served with distinc-
tion from May, 1861, to July, 1865. He entered
the service as Brigadier-General, commanding
the Fourth Division of Grant's army at Pittsburg
Landing; was made a Major-General in Septem-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
241
ber. 1862, and later assigned to the command of
the Sixteenth Army Corps, at Memphis, and sub-
sequently to the command of the Department of
the Gulf (1864-65). After the close of the war he
served another term in the General Assembly
(1867), was chosen Presidential Elector for the
State-at-large in 1868, and. in 1869, was appointed
by President Grant Minister Resident to the
United States of Colombia, serving until 1872.
The latter year he was elected Representative to
Congress, and re-elected two years later. In
1876 he was a candidate for re-election as an
independent Republican, but was defeated by
William Lathrop, the regular nominee. In 1881
he was appointed Minister Resident to Peru, and
died at Lima, March 27, 1882.
HUTCHIXS, Thomas, was born in Monmouth,
N. J., in 1730, died in Pittsburg, Pa., April 28,
1789. He was the first Government Surveyor, fre-
quently called the "Geographer"; was also an
officer of the Sixtieth Royal (British) regiment,
and assistant engineer under Bouquet. At the
outbreak of the Revolution, while stationed at
Fort Chartres, be resigned his commission be-
cause of his sympathy with the patriots. Three
years later he was charged with being in treason-
able correspondence with FrankUn, and im-
prisoned in the Tower of London. He is said to
have devised the present system of Government
surveys in this country, and his services in carry-
ing it into effect were certainly of great value.
, He was the author of several valuable works, the
best known being a "Topographical Description
of Virginia,'"
HUTSOXVILLE, a village of Crawford County,
on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St.
Louis Railway, and the Wabash River, 34 miles
south of Paris. The district is agricultural. The
town has a bank and a weekly paper. Population
(1890), 583; (1900), 743.
ILLIXOIS.
(general history.)
Illinois is the twenty-first State of the Federal
Union in the order of its admission, the twentieth
in present area and the third in point of popula-
tion. A concise history of the region, of which it
constituted the central portion at an early period,
will be found in the following pages:
The greater part of the territory now comprised
within the State of Illinois was known and at-
tracted eager attention from the nations of the
old world — especially in France, Germany and
England — before the close of the third quarter of
the seventeenth century. More than one hun-
dred years before the struggle for American Inde-
pendence began, or the geographical division
known as the "Territory of the Northwest" had
an existence: before the names of Kentucky,
Tennessee, Vermont or Ohio had been heard of,
and while the early settlers of New England and
Virginia were still struggling for a foothold
among the Indian tribes on the Atlantic coast,
the "Illinois Country" occupied a place on the
maps of North America as distinct and definite
as New York or Pennsylvania. And from that
time forward, until it assumed its position in the
Union with the rank of a State, no other section
has been the theater of more momentous and
stirring events or has contributed more material,
affording interest and instruction to the archaeol-
ogist, the ethnologist and the historian, than
that portion of the American Continent now
known as the "State of Illinois."
The "Illinois Country." — What was known
to the early French explorers and their followers
and descendants, for the ninety years which
intervened between the discoveries of Joliet and
La Salle, down to the surrender of this region to
the Enghsh, as the "Illinois Country," is de-
scribed with great clearness and definiteness by
Capt. Philip Pittman, an English engineer who
made the first survey of the Mississippi River
soon after the transfer of the French possessions
east of the Mississippi to the British, and who
published the result of his observations in London
in 1770. In this report, which is evidently a
work of the highest authenticity, and is the more
valuable because written at a transition period
when it was of the first importance to preserve
and hand down the facts of early French history
to the new occupants of the soil, the boundaries
of the "Illinois Country" are defined as follows:
"The Country of the Illinois is bounded by the
Mississippi on the west, by the river Illinois on
the north, by the Ouabache and Sliamis on the
east and the Ohio on the south."
From this it would appear that the country lying
between the Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers to
the west and northwest of the former, was not
considered a part of the "Illinois Country," and
24';
IIISTOPJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
this agrees generally -svith the records of tlie
early French explorers, except that they regarded
the region which comprehends the site of the
present city of Chicago— the importance of which
appears to have been appreciated from the first
as a connecting Link between the Lakes and the
upper tributaries of the rivers falling into the
Gulf of Jlexico— as belonging thereto
Origin of the Name. — The •'Country'" appears
to have derived its name from Inini, a word of
Algonquin origin, signifying "the men," eu-
phemized by the French into lUini with the
suffix ois, signifying "tribe." The root of the
term, apphed both to the country and the Indians
occupying it, has been still further defined as "a
perfect man" (Haines on "Indian Names"), and
the derivative has been used by the French
chroniclers in various forms though always with
the same signification — a signification of which
the earliest claimants of the appellation, as well
as their successors of a different race, have not
failed to be duly proud.
Boundaries and Area.— It is this region
which gave the name to the State of which it
constituted so large and important a part. Its
boundaries, so far as the Wabash and the Ohio
Rivers (as well as the Mississippi from the mouth
of the Ohio to the mouth of the Illinois) are con-
cerned, are identical with those given to the
"Illinois Country" by Pittman. The State is
bounded on the north by Wisconsin ; on the east
by Lake Michigan, the State of Indiana and the
Wabash River; southeast by the Ohio, flowing
between it and the State of Kentucky ; and west
and southwest by the Mississippi, which sepa-
rates it from the States of Iowa and Missouri. A
peculiarity of the Act of Congress defining the
boundaries of the State, is the fact that, while
the jurisdiction of Illinois extends to the middle
of Lake Michigan and also of the channels of the
Wabash and the Mississippi, it stops at the north
bank of the Ohio River; this seems to have been
a sort of concession on the part of the framers of
the Act to our proud neighbors of the "Dark and
Bloody Ground." Geographically, the State lies
between the parallels of 30' 59' and 42° 30' north
latitude, and the meridian of 10' 30' and 1-1° of
longitude west from the city of Washington.
From its extreme southern limit at the mouth of
the Ohio to the Wisconsin boundary on the north,
its estimated length is 385 miles, with an extreme
breadth, from the Indiana State line to the Mis-
sissippi River at a point between Quincy and
Warsaw, of 218 miles. Owing to the tortuous
course of its river and lake boundaries, which
compri.se about tliree-fourths of the wliole, its
physical outline is extremely irregular. Between
the limits described, it has an estimated area of
5G,650 square miles, of which 050 square miles is
water — the latter being chiefly in Lake Michigan.
This area is more than one and one-half times
that of all New England (Maine being excepted),
and is greater than that of any other State east
of the Mississippi, except Michigan. Georgia and
Florida — Wisconsin lacking only a few hundred
square nriles of the same.
AVhen these figures are taken into account
some idea may be formed of the magnificence of
the domain comprised within the limits of the
State of Illinois— a domain larger in extent than
that of England, more than one-fourth of that of
all France and nearly half that of the British
Islands, including Scotland and Ireland. The
possibilities of such a country, possessing a soil
unequaled in fertility, in proportion to its area,
by any other State of the Union and with re-
sources in agriculture, manufactures and com-
merce unsurpassed in any country on the face of
the globe, transcend all human conception.
Streams and Navigation.— Lying between
the Mississippi and its chief eastern tributary, the
Ohio, with the Wabash on the east, and inter-
sected from northeast to southwest by the Illinois
and its numerous affluents, and with no moun-
tainous region within its limits. Illinois is at once
one of tlie best watered, as well as one of the most
level States in the Union. Besides the Sanga-
mon, Kankakee, Fox and Des Plaines Rivers,
chief tributaries of the Illinois, and the Kaskaskia
draining the region between the Illinois and the
Wabash, Rock River, in the northwestern portion
of the State, is most important on account of its
valuable water-power. All of these streams were
regarded as navigable for some sort of craft, dur-
ing at least a portion of the year, in the early
history of the country, and with the magnificent
Mississippi along the whole western border, gave
to Illinois a larger extent of navigable waters
than that of any other single State. Although
practical navigation, apart from the lake and by
natural water courses, is now limited to the Mis-
sissippi, Illinois and Ohio — making an aggregate
of about 1,000 miles — the importance of the
smaller streams, when the people were dependent
almost wholly upon some means of water com-
munication for the transportation of heav)- com-
modities as well as for travel, could not be
over-estimated, and it is not without its effect
upon the productiveness of the soil, now that
water transportation has given place to railroads.
HISTOrJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
243
The whole number of streams shown upon the
best maps exceeds 280.
Topography. — In physical conformation the
surface of the State presents the aspect of an
inclined plane with a moderate descent in the
general direction of the streams toward the south
and southwest. Cairo, at the extreme southern
end of the State and the point of lowest depres-
sion, has an elevation above sea-level of about
300 feet, while the altitude of Lake Jlichigan at
Chicago is 583 feet. The greatest elevation is
reached near Scale's Mound in the northwestern
part of the State — 1.2.57 feet — while a spur from
the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, projected across
the southern part of the State, rises in Jackson
and Union Counties to a height of over 900 feet.
The eastern end of this spm-, in the northeast
corner of Pope County, reaches an elevation of
1,046 feet. South of this ridge, the surface of
the country between "the Ohio and Mississippi
Rivers was originally covered with dense forests.
These included some of the most valuable species
of timber for lumber manufacture, such as the
different varieties of oak, walnut, poplar, ash,
sugar-maple and cypress, besides elm, linden,
hickory, honey-locust, pecan, hack-berry, cotton-
wood, sycamore, sassafras, black-gum and beech.
The native fruits included the persimmon, vrild
plum, grape and paw-paw, with various kinds of
berries, sucli as blackberries, raspberries, straw-
berries (in the prairie districts) and some others.
Most of the native growths of woods common to
the south were found along the streams farther
north, except the cypress beech, pecan and a few
others.
Peaieies. — A peculiar feature of the country,
in the middle and northern portion of the State,
which excited the amazement of early explorers,
was the vast extent of the prairies or natural
meadows. The origin of these has been attrib-
uted to various causes, such as some peculiarity of
the soil, absence or excess of moisture, recent
upheaval of the surface from lakes or some other
bodies of water, the action of fires, etc. In many
sections there appears little to distinguish the
soil of the prairies from that of the adjacent
woodlands, that may not be accounted for by the
character of their vegetation and other causes,
for the luxuriant gi-owth of native grasses and
other productions has demonstrated that they do
not lack in fertility, and the readiness with
which trees take root when artificially propa-
gated and protected, has shown that there is
nothing in the soil itself unfavorable to their
growth. Whatever may have been the original
cause of the prairies, however, there is no doubt
that annually recurring fires have had much to
do in perpetuating their existence, and even
extending their limits, as the absence of the same
agent has tended to favor the encroachments of
the forests. While originally regarded as an.
obstacle to the occupation of the country by a
dense population, there is no doubt that their
existence has contributed to its rapid develop-
ment when it was discovered with what ease
these apparent wastes could be subdued, and how
productive they were capable of becoming when
once brought under cultivation.
In spite of the uniformity in altitude of the
State as a whole, many sections present a variety
of siu-face and a mingling of plain and woodland
of the most pleasing character. This is espe-
cially the case in some of the prairie districts
where the undulating landscape covereil with
rich herbage and brilliant flowers must have
presented to the first explorers a scene of ravish-
ing beauty, which has been enhanced rather than
diminished in recent times by the hand of culti-
vation. Along some of the streams also, espe-
cially on the upper Mississippi and Illinois, and
at some points on the Ohio, is foimd scenery of
a most picturesque variety.
AxiMALS, ETC. — From this description of the
country it will be easy to infer what must have
been the varieties of the animal kingdom which
here found a home. These included the buffalo,
various kinds of deer, the bear, panther, fox,
wolf, and wild-cat, while swans, geese and ducks
co%-ered the lakes and streams. It was a veritable
paradise for game, both large and small, as well
as for their native hunters. "One can scarcely
travel," wrote one of the earliest priestly explor-
ers, "without finding a prodigious multitude of
turkeys, that keep together in flocks often to the
number of ten hundred." Beaver, otter, and
mink were found along the streams. Most of
these, especially the larger species of game, have
disappeared before the tide of civilization, but the
smaller, such as quail, prairie chicken, duck and
the different varieties of fish in the streams, pro-
tected by law during certain seasons of the year,
continue to exist in considerable numbers.
Soil and Climate.— The capabilities of the
soil in a region thus situated can be readily under-
stood. In proportion to the extent of its surface,
Illinois has a larger area of cultivable land than
any other State in the Union, with a soil of supe-
rior quality, much of it imsurpassed in natural
fertility. This is especially true of the "American
Bottom," a region extending a distance of ninety
244
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
miles along the east bank of the Mississippi, from
a few miles below Alton nearly to Chester, and
of an average width of five to eight miles. This
was the seat of the first permanent wliite settle-
ment in the Mississippi Valley, and portions of it
have been under cultivation from one hundred to
one hundred and fifty years without exhaustion.
Other smaller areas of scarcely less fertility are
found both upon the bottom-lands and in the
prairies in the central portions of the State.
Extending through five and one-half degrees of
latitude, Illinois has a great variety of climate.
Though subject at times to sudden alternations
of temperature, these occasions have been rare
since the country has been thoroughly settled.
Its mean average for a series of j'ears has been 48°
in the northern part of the State and 56' in the
southern, differing little from other States upon
the same latitude. The mean winter temper-
ature has ranged from 25' in the north to 34' in
the south, and the summer mean from 67' in the
north to 78° in the south. The extreme winter
temperature has seldom fallen below 20' below
zero in the northern portion, wliile the highest
summer temperature ranges from 95° to 102°.
The average difference in temperature between
the northern and southern portions of the State
is about 10°, and the difference in the progress of
the seasons for the same sections, from four to six
weeks. Such a wide variety of climate is favor-
able to tlie production of nearly all the grains
and fruits peculiar to the temperate zone.
Contest for Occupation. — Three powers
early became contestants for the supremacy on
the Xorth American Continent. The first of
these was Spain, claiming possession on the
ground of the discovery by Columbus; England,
basing her claim upon the discoveries of the
Cabots, and France, maintaining her right to a
considerable part of the continent by virtue of
the discovery and exploration by Jacques Cartier
of the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, in 1534-35,
and the settlement of Quebec by Champlain
seventy-four years later. The claim of Spain
was general, extending to both North and South
America; and, while she early established her
colonies in Mexico, the Wes^ Indies and Peru,
the country was too vast and her agents too busy
seeking for gold to interfere materially with her
competitors. The Dutcli, Swedes and Germans
established small, though flourishing colonies, but
they were not colonizers nor were thej' numeric-
ally as strong as their neighbors, and their settle-
ments were ultimately absorbed by the latter.
Both the Spaniards and the French were ;
in proselyting the aborigines, but while the
former did not hesitate to torture their victims
in order to extort their gold while claiming to
save their souls, the latter were more gentle and
beneficent in their policy, and, by their kindness,
succeeded in winning and retaining the friend-
ship of the Indians in a remarkable degree. They
were traders as well as missionaries, and this fact
and the readiness with which they adapted them-
selves to the habits of those whom they foimd in
possession of the soil, enabled them to make the
most extensive explorations in small numbers
and at little cost, and even to remain for un-
limited periods among their aboriginal friends.
On the other hand, the English were artisans and
tillers of the soil with a due proportion engaged
in commerce or upon the sea; and, while they
were later in planting their colonies in Virginia
and New England, and less aggressive in the
work of exploration, they maintained a surer
foothold on the soil when they had once estab-
lished themselves. To this fact is due the per-
manence and steady growth of the English
colonies in the New World, and the virtual domi-
nance of the Anglo-Saxon race over more than
five-sevenths of the North American Continent —
a result which has been illustrated in the history
of every people that has made agriculture, manu-
factures and legitimate commerce the basis of
their prosperity.
Early Explorations. — The French explorers
were the first Europeans to visit the "Country of
the Illinois," and, for nearly a century, they and
their successors and descendants held undisputed
possession of the country, as well as the greater
part of the Mississippi Valley. It is true that
Spain put in a feeble and indefinite claim to this
whole region, but she was kept too busy else-
where to make her claim good, and, in 1763, she
relinquished it entirely as to the Mississippi
Valley and west to the Pacific Ocean, in order to
strengthen herself elsewhere.
There is a peculiar coincidence in the fact that,
while the English colonists who settled about
Massachusetts Bay named that region "New
England," the French gave to their possessions,
from the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mis-
sissippi, tlie name of "New France," and the
Spaniards called all the region claimed by them,
extending from Panama to Puget Sound, "New
Spain." The boundaries of each were very indefi-
nite and often conflicting, but were settled by the
treaty of 1703.
As early as 1634, Jean Nicolet, coming by way
of Canada, discovered Lake Michigan — then
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
245
called by the French, "Lao des Illinois" — entered
Green Bay and visited some of the tribes of
Indians in that region. In 1641 zealous mission-
aries had reached the Falls of St. Mary (called by
the French "Sault Ste. Marie"), and, in 1658, two
French fur-traders are alleged to have penetrated
as far west as "La Pointe"' on Lake Superior,
where they opened up a trade with the Sioux
Indians and wintered in the neighborhood of the
Apostle Islands near where the towns of Ashland
and Bayfield, Wis., now stand. A few years later
(1665), Fathers Allouez and Dablon, French mis-
sionaries, visited the Chippewas on the soutliern
shore of Lake Superior, and missions were estab-
lished at Green Bay, Ste. Marie and La Pointe.
About the same time the mission of St. Ignace
was established on the north shore of the Straits
of Mackinaw (spelled by the French "Michilli-
macinac"). It is also claimed that the French
traveler, Radisson, during the year of 1658-59,
reached the upper Mississippi, antedating the
claims of Joliet and Marquette as its discoverers
by fourteen years. Nicholas Perrot, an intelli-
gent chronicler who left a manuscript account of
his travels, is said to have made extensive explor-
ations about tlie head of the great lakes as far
south as the Fox River of Wisconsin, between
1670 and 1690, and to have held an important
conference with representatives of numerous
tribes of Indians at Sault Ste. Marie in June,
1671. Perrot is also said to have made the first
discovery of lead mines in the West.
Up to this time, however, no white man appears
to have reached the "Illinois Country," though
much had been heard of its beauty and its wealth
in game. On May 17, 1673, Louis Joliet, an enter-
prising explorer who had already visited the Lake
Superior region in search of copper mines, under
a commission from the Governor of Canada, in
company with Father Jacques Marquette and
five voyageurs, with a meager stock of provisions
and a few trinkets for trading with the natives,
set out in two birch-bark canoes from St. Ignace
on a tour of exploration southward. Coasting
along the west shore of Lake Michigan and Green
Bay and through Lake Winnebago, they reached
the country of the Mascoutins on Fox River,
ascended that stream to the portage to the Wis-
consin, then descended the latter to tlie Mis-
sissippi, which they discovered on June 17.
Descending the Mississippi, which they named
"Rio de la Conception," they passed the mouth of
the Des Moines, where they are supposed to have
encountered the first Indians of the Illinois
tribes, by whom they were hospitably enter-
tained. Later they discovered a rude painting
upon the rocks on the east side of the river,
which, from the description, is supposed to have
been the famous "PiasaBird," which was still to
be seen, a short distance above Alton, within the
present generation. (See Piasa Bird, The
Legend of.) Passing the mouth of the Missouri
River and the present site of the city of St.
Louis, and continuing past the mouth of the
Ohio, they finally reached what Marquette called
the village of the Akanseas. which lias been
assumed to be identical with the mouth of the
Arkansas, though it has been questioned whether
they proceeded so far south. Convinced that the
Mississippi "had its mouth in Florida or the Gulf
of Mexico, " ' and fearing capture by the Spaniards,
they started on their return. Reaching the
mouth of the Illinois, they entered that stream
and ascended past the village of the Peorias and
the "Illinois town of the Kaskaskias" — the
latter being about where the town of Utica, La
Salle County, now stands-^at each of which they
made a brief stay. Escorted by guides from the
Kaskaskias, they crossed the portage to Lake
Michigan where Chicago now stands, and re-
turned to Green Bay, wliich they reached in the
latter part of September. (See Joliet and Mar-
quette.)
The next and most important expedition to Illi-
nois— important because it led to the first per-
manent settlements — was undertaken by Robert
Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, in 1679. Tliis eager
and intelligent, but finally unfortunate, discov-
erer had spent several years in exploration in
the lake region and among the streams south of
the lakes and west of the AUeghenies. It has
been claimed that, during this tour, he descended
the Ohio to its junction with the Mississippi;
also that he reached the Illinois by way of the
head of Lake Michigan and the Chicago portage,
and even descended the Mississippi to the 36th
parallel, antedating Marquette's first visit to
that stream by two years. The chief authority
for this claim is La Salle's biographer, Pierre
Margry, who bases his statement on alleged con-
versations with La Salle and letters of his friends.
The absence of any allusion to these discoveries
in La Salle's own papers, of a later date, addressed
to the King, is regarded as fatal to this claim.
However this may have been, there is conclusive
evidence that, during this period, he met with
Joliet while the latter was returning from one of
his trips to the Lake Superior country. With an
imagination fired by what he then learned, he
made a visit to his native country, receiving a
246
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
liberal grant from the Frencli Government which
enabled liim to carry out his plans. With the
aid of Henry de Tonty, an Italian who afterward
accompanied liim in his most important expedi-
tions, and who proved a most valuable and effi-
cient co-laborer, under the auspices of Frontenac,
then Governor of Canada, he constructed a small
vessel at the foot of Lake Erie, in which, with a
company of thirty-four persons, he set sail on
the seventh of August, 1679, for the West. This
vessel (named tlie "Griffon") is believed to have
been the first sailing-vessel that ever navigated
the lakes. His object was to reach the Illinois,
and he carried with him material for a boat
which he intended to put together on tliat
stream. Arriving in Green Bay early in Septem-
ber, by way of Lake Huron and the straits of
Mackinaw, he disembarked his stores, and, load-
ing the Griffon with furs, started it on its return
with instructions, after discharging its cargo at
the starting point, to join him at the head of
Lake Michigan. Witli a force of seventeen men
and tliree missionaries in four canoes, he started
southward, following the %vestern shore of Lake
Michigan past the mouth of the Chicago River,
on Nov. 1, 1CT9, and reached tlie mouth of
the St. Josepli River, at the southeast corner of
the lake, which had been selected as a rendez-
vous. Here he was joined by Tonty, three weeks
later, with a force of twenty Frenchmen who
had come by the eastern shore, but the Griffon
never was heard from again, and is supposed to
have been lost on the return voyage. While
waiting for Tonty he erected a fort, afterward
called Fort Miami. The two parties here united,
and, leaving four men in charge of the fort, with
the remaining thirty-three, he resumed his
journey on the third of December. Ascending
the St. Joseph to about where South Bend, Ind.,
now stands, he made a portage with his canoes
and stores across to the headwaters of tlie Kan-
kakee, which he descended to the Illinois. On
the first of January lie arrived at the great Indian
town of the Kaskaskias, wliich Marquette had
left for the last time nearly five years before, but
found it deserted, the Indians being absent on a
hunting expedition. Proceeding down the Illi-
nois, on Jan. 4, 1680, he passed through Peoria
Lake and the next morning reached the Indian
village of that name at the foot of the lake, and
established friendly relations with its people.
Having determined to set up his vessel here, he
constructed a rude fort on the eastern bank of
the river about four miles south of the village.
With the exception of the cabin built for Mar-
quette on the South Branch of the Chicago River
in the winter of 1674-75, this was probably the
first structure erected by white men in Illinois.
This received the name "Creve-Coeur— "Broken
Heart" — which, from its subsequent history,
proved exceedingly appropriate. Having dis-
patched Father Louis Hennepin with two com-
panions to the Upper Mississippi, by wa}' of the
mouth of the Illinois, on an expedition which
resulted in the discovery of the Falls of St.
Anthony, La Salle started on his return to
Canada for additional assistance and the stores
which he had failed to receive in consequence of
the loss of the Griffon. Soon after his depar-
ture, a majority of the men left with Tonty at
Fort Creve-Coeur mutinied, and, having plundered
the fort, partially destroyed it. This compelled
Tonty and five companions who had remained
true, to retreat to the Indian village of the Illi-
nois near "Starved Rock," between where the
cities of Ottawa and La Salle now stand, where
he spent the summer awaiting the return of La
Salle. In September, Tonty "s Indian allies hav-
ing been attacked and defeated by the Iroquoi3,
he and his companions were again compelled to
flee, reaching Green Bay the next .spring, after
having spent the winter among the Pottawato-
niies in the present State of Wisconsin.
During the next three years (1681-83) La Salle
made two other visits to lUinois, encountering
and partially overcoming formidable obstacles at
each end of the journey. At the last visit, in
company with the faithful Tonty, whom he had
met at Mackinaw in the spring of 1681, after a
separation of more than a year, he extended his
exploration to the mouth of the Mississippi, of
which he took formal possession on April 9, 1683,
in the name of "Louis the Grand, King of France
and Xavarre." This was the first expedition of
white men to pass down the river and determine
the problem of its discharge into the Gulf of
Mexico.
Returning to Mackinaw, and again to Illinois,
in the fall of 1682, Tonty set about carrying into
effect La Salle"s scheme of fortifying "The Rock,"
to which reference has been made under the
name of ' 'Starved Rock. ' ' The buildings are said
to have included store-houses (it was intended as
a trading post), dwellings and a block-house
erected on the summit of the rock, and to which
the name of "Fort St. Louis" was given, while a
village of confederated Indian tribes gathered
about its base on the south which bore the name
of La Vantum. According to the historian,
Parkman, the population of this colony, in the
HENRY DK T(
FT DEA.RB<)R\ FROM THE WEST iV^
\\AK EAGI,E.
FORT DEARBORN. 2D, IN is.^;,. KKO.M THI- SOrTHWKST.
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
247
days of its greatest prosperity, was not less than
20,000. Tonty retained his headquarters at Fort
St. Louis for eighteen years, during which he
made extensive excursions throughout the West.
The proprietorship of the fort was granted to
him in 1690, but, in 1703, it was ordered by the
Governor of Canada to be discontinued on the
plea that the charter had been violated. It con-
tinued to be used as a trading post, however, as
late as 1718, when it was raided by the Indians
and burned. (See La Salle; Tonty; Hennepin,
and Starved Rock. )
Other explorers who were the contemporaries
or early successors of Marquette, Joliet, La Salle,
Tonty, Hennepin and their companions in the
Northwest, and many of whom are known to have
visited the "Illinois Country," and probably all
of whom did so, were Daniel Greysolon du Lhut
(called by La Salle, du Luth), a cousin of Tonty,
who was the first to reach the Mississippi directly
from Lake Superior, and from whom the city of
Duluth has been named ; Henry Joutel. a towns-
man of La Salle, who was one of the survivors of
the ill-fated Matagorda Bay colony, Pierre Le
Sueur, the discoverer of the Minnesota River,
and Baron la Hontan, who made a tour through
Illinois in 1688-89, of which he published an
account in 1703.
Chicago River early became a prominent point
in the estimation of the French explorers and
was a favorite line of travel in reaching the Illi-
nois by way of the Des Plaines, though probably
sometimes confounded witli other streams about
the head of the lake. The Calumet and Grand
Calumet, allowing easy portage to the Des Plaines,
were also used, while the St. Joseph, from which
portage was had into the Kankakee, seems to
have been a part of the route first used by La
Salle.
Aborigines and Early Missions.— "When the
early French explorers arrived in the "Illinois
Country" they found it occupied by a number of
tribes of Indians, the most numerous being the
"Illinois," which consisted of several families or
bands that spread themselves over the country on
both sides of the Illinois River, extending even
west of the Mississippi ; the Piankeshaws on the
east, extending beyond the present western
boundary of Indiana, and tlie Miamis in the
northeast, with whom a weaker tribe called the
Weas were allied. The Illinois confederation
included the Kaskaskias, Peorias, Cahokias,
Tamaroas and Mitchigamies — the last being the
tribe from which Lake Michigan took its name.
.(See Illinois Indians. ) There seems to have been
a general drift of some of the stronger tribes
toward the south and east about this time, as
AUouez represents that he found the Miamis and
tlieir neighbors, the Mascoutins, about Green Bay
when he arrived there in 1670. At the same
time, tliere is evidence that the Pottawatomies
were located along the southern shore of Lake
Superior and about the Sault Ste. Marie (now
known as "The Soo"). though within the next
fifty years they had advanced southward along
tlie western shore of Lake Michigan until they
reached where Chicago now stands. Other tribes
from the north were the Kickapoos, Sacs and
Foxes, and Winnebagoes, while the Shawnees
were a brancli of a stronger tribe from the south-
east Charlevoix, who wrote an account of his
visit to the "Illinois Country" in 1721, says:
"Fifty years ago the Miamis were settled on the
southern extremity of Lake Michigan, in a place
called Chicago from the name of a small river
which runs into the lake, the source of which is
not far distant from that of the River Illinois."
It does not follow necessarily that this was the
Chicago River of to-day, as the name appears to
have been applied somewhat indefinitely, by the
early explorers, both to a region of country
between the head of the lake and the Illinois
River, and to more than one stream emptying
into the lake in that vicinity. It has been con-
jectured that the river meant by Charlevoix
was the Calumet, as his description would apply
as well to that as to the Chicago, and there is
other evidence that the Miamis, who were found
about the mouth of the St. Joseph River during
the eighteenth century, occupied a portion of
Southern Jlichigan and Northern Indiana, ex-
tending as far east as the Scioto River in Ohio.
From the first, the Illinois seem to have con-
ceived a strong liking for the French, and being
pressed by the Iroquois on the east, the Sacs and
Foxes, Pottawatomies and Kickapoos on the
north and the Sioux on the west, by the begin-
ning of the eighteenth century we find them,
much reduced in numbers, gathered about the
French settlements near the mouth of the Kas-
kaskia (or Okaw) River, in the western part of
the present counties of Randolph. Monroe and St.
Clair. In spite of the zealous efforts of the mis-
sionaries, the contact of these tribes with the
whites was attended with the usual results-
demoralization, degradation and gradual extermi-
nation. The latter result was hastened by the
frequent attacks to which they were exposed
from their more warlike enemies, so that by the
latter part of the eighteenth century, they were
24S
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
reduced to a few hundred dissolute and depraved
survivors of a once vigorous and warlike race.
During the early part of the French occupation,
there arose a chief named Chicagou (from whom
the city of Chicago received its name) who ap-
pears, like Red Jacket, Tecumseh and Logan, to
have been a man of unusual intelligence and
vigor of character, and to have exercised great
influence with his people. In 1725 he was sent to
Paris, where he received the attentions due to a
foreign potentate, and, on his return, was given a
command in an expedition against the Chicka-
saws, who had been making incursions from the
south.
Such was the general distribution of the Indians
in the northern and central portions of the State,
within the first fifty years after the arrival of the
French. At a later period the Kickapoos ad-
vanced farther south and occupied a considerable
share of the central portion of the State, and even
extended to the mouth of the Wabash. The
southern part was roamed over by bands from
beyond the Ohio and the Mississippi, including
the Cherokees and Chickasaws, and the Arkansas
tribes, some of whom were very powerful and
ranged over a vast extent of country.
The earliest civilized dwellings in Illinois, after
the forts erected for purposes of defense, were
undoubtedly the posts of the fur-traders and the
missionary stations. Fort Sliami, the first mili-
tary post, established by La Salle in the winter
of 1679-80. was at the mouth of the St. Joseph
River within the boundaries of what is now the
State of Michigan. Fort Creve-Coeur, partially
erected a few months later on the east side of the
Illinois a few miles below where the city of
Peoria now stands, was never occupied. Mr.
Charles Ballance, the historian of Peoria, locates
this fort at the present village of Wesley, in
Tazewell County, nearly opposite Lower Peoria.
Fort St. Louis, built by Tonty on the summit of
"Starved Rock," in the fall and winter of 1682,
was the second erected in the "Illinois Country,"
but the first occupied. It has been claimed that
Marquette established a mission among the Kas-
kaskias, opposite "The Rock," on occasion of bis
first visit, in September, 1673, and that he re-
newed it in the spring of 1675, when he visited
it for the last time. It is doubtful if this mission
was more than a season of preaching to the
natives, celebrating mass, administering baptism,
etc. ; at least the story of an established mission
has been denied. That this devoted and zealous
propagandist regarded it as a mission, however,
is evident from his own journal. He gave to it
the name of the "Mission of the Immaculate
Conception," and, although he was compelled by
failing health to abandon it almost immediately,
it is claimed that it was renewed in 1077 by
Father AUouez, who had been active in founding
missions in the Lake Superior region, and that it
was maintained until the arrival of La Salle in
1080. The hostility of La Salle to the Jesuits led
to AUouez' withdrawal, but he subsequently
returned and was succeeded in 1688 by Father
Gravier, whose labors extended from Mackinaw
to Biloxi on the Gulf of Mexico.
There is evidence that a mission had been
established among the Miamis as early as 1698,
under the name "Chicago," as it is mentioned by
St. Cosme in the report of his visit in 1699-1700.
This, for the reasons already given showing the
indefinite use made of the name Chicago as
applied to streams about the head of Lake Michi-
gan, probably referred to some other locality in
the vicinity, and not to the site of the present
city of Chicago. Even at an earlier date there
appears, from a statement in Tonty's Memoirs, to
have been a fort at Chicago — probably about the
same locality as the mission. Speaking of his
return from Canada to the "Illinois Country" in
1685, he says: "I embarked for the Illinois
Oct. 30, 1685, but being stopped by the ice, I
was obliged to leave my canoe and proceed by
land. After going 120 leagues, I arrived at Fort
Chicagou, where M. de la Durantaye com-
manded."
According to the best authorities it was during
the year 1700 that a mission and permanent settle-
ment was established by Father Jacques Pinet
among the Tamaroas at a village called Cahokia
(or "Sainte Famille de Caoquias"), a few miles
south of the present site of the city of East St.
Louis. This was the first permanent settlement
by Europeans in Illinois, as that at Kaskaskia on
the Illinois was broken up the same year.
A few months after the establisliment of the
mission at Cahokia (which received the name of
"St. Sulpice"), but during the same year, the
Kaskaskias, having abandoned their village on
the upper Illinois, were induced to settle near the
mouth of the river which bears their name, and
the mission and village — the latter afterward
becoming the first capital of the Territory and
State of Illinois — came into being. This identity
of names has led to some confusion in determin-
ing the date and place of the first permanent
settlement in Illinois, the date of Marquette's
first arrival at Kaskaskia on the Illinois being
given by some authors as that of the settlement
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
at Kaskaskia on the Mississippi, twenty-seven
years later.
Period of French Occupation*.— As may be
readily inferred from the metliods of French
colonization, the first permanent settlements
gathered about the missions at Cahokia and Kas-
kaskia, or rather were parts of them. At later
periods, but during the French occupation of the
country, other villages were established, the
most important being St. Philip and Prairie du
Rocher ; all of these being located in the fertile
valley now known as the "American Bottom,"
between the older towns of Cahokia and Kaskas-
kia. There were several Indian villages in the
vicinity of the French settlements, and this
became, for a time, the most populous locality in
the Mississippi Valley and the center of an active
trade carried on with the settlements near the
mouth of the Mississippi. Large quantities of
the products of the country, such as flour, bacon,
pork, tallow, lumber, lead, peltries, and even
wine, were transported in keel-boats or batteaus
to New Orleans; rice, manufactured tobacco,
cotton goods and such other fabrics as the simple
wants of the people required, being brought back
in return. These boats went in convoys of seven
to twelve in number for mutual protection, three
months being required to make a trip, of which
two were made annually — one in the spring and
the other in the autumn.
The French possessions in North America went
under the general name of "New France, " but their
boundaries were never clearly defined, though an
attempt was made to do so through Commission-
ers who met at Paris, in 1752. They were under-
stood by the French to include the valley of the
St. Lawrence, with Labrador and Nova Scotia, to
the northern boundaries of the British colonies ;
the region of the Great Lakes ; and the Valley of
the Mississippi from the headwaters of the Ohio
westward to the Pacific Ocean and south to the
Gulf of Mexico. While these claims were con-
tested by England on the east and Spain on the
southwest, they comprehended the very heart of
the North American continent, a region unsur-
passed in fertility and natural resources and
now the home of more than half of the entire
population of the American Republic. That
the French should have reluctantly yielded
up so magnificent a domain is natural. And
yet they did this by the treaty of 1763, sur-
rendering the region east of the Mississippi
(except a comparatively small district near
the mouth of that stream) to England, and the
remainder to Spain — an evidence of the straits to
which they had been reduced by a long series of
devastating wars. (See French and Indian
Wars. )
In 1712 Antoine Crozat, under royal letters-
patent, obtained from Louis XIV. of France a
monopoly of the commerce, with control of the
country, "from the edge of the sea (Gulf of
Mexico) as far as the Illinois." This grant hav-
ing been surrendered a few years later, was re-
newed in 1717 to the "Company of the West," of
which the celebrated John Law was the head,
and under it jurisdiction was exercised over the
trade of Illinois. On September 27 of the same
year (1717), the "Illinois Coimtry," which had
been a dependency of Canada, was incorporated
with Louisiana and became part of that province.
Law"s company received enlarged powers under
the name of the "East Indies Company," and
although it went out of existence in 1721 with
the opprobrious title of the "South Sea Bubble,"
leaving in its wake hundreds of ruined private
fortunes in France and England, it did much to
stimulate the population and development of the
Mississippi Valley. During its existence (in 1718)
New Orleans was founded and Fort Chartres
erected, being named after the Due de Chartres.
son of the Regent of France. Pierre Duque Bois-
briant was the first commandant of Illinois and
superintended the erection of the fort. (See Fort
Chartres.)
One of the privileges granted to Law's com-
pany was the importation of slaves ; and under
it, in 1721, Philip F. Renault brought to the
country five hundred slaves, besides two hundred
artisans, mechanics and laborers. Two years
later he received a large grant of land, and
founded the village of St. Philip, a few miles
north of Fort Chartres. Thus Illinois became
slave territory before a white settlement of any
sort existed in what afterward became the slave
State of Missouri.
During 1721 the country under control of the
East Indies Company was divided into nine civil
and military districts, each presided over by a
commandant and a judge, with a superior coun-
cil at New Orleans. Of these, Illinois, the largest
and, next to New Orleans, the most populous,
was the seventh. It embraced over one-half the
present State, with the country west of the Mis-
ssisippi, between the Arkansas and the 43d degree
of latitude, to the Rocky Mountains, and included
the present States of Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska,
Kansas and parts of Arkansas and Colorado. In
1732. the Indies Company surrendered its charter,
and Louisiana, including the District of Illinois,
250
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
was afterwards governed by officers appointed
directly by the crown. (See French Goveynwrs.)
As early as September, 1699, an attempt was
made by an expedition fitted out by the English
Government, under command of Captains Barr
and Clements, to take possession of tlie country
about the mouth of the Jlississippi on the ground
of prior discovery; but they found the French
under Bienville already in possession at Biloxi,
and they sailed away without making any further
effort to carry the scheme into effect. Mean-
while, in the early part of the next century, the
English were successful in attaching to their
intere.sts the Iroquois, who were the deadly foes
of the French, and held possession of Western
New York and the region around the headwaters
of the Ohio River, extending their incursions
against the Indian allies of the French as far west
as Illinois. The real struggle for territory be-
tween the English and French began with the
formation of the Ohio Land Company in 1748-49,
and the grant to it by the English Government
of half a million acres of land along the Ohio
River, with the exclusive right of trading with
the Indian tribes in that region. Out of this
grew the establishment, in the next two years, of
trading posts and forts on the Miami and JIaumee
in Western Oliio, followed by the protracted
French and Indian War. which was prosecuted
with varied fortunes until the final defeat of the
French at Quebec, on the thirteenth of Septem-
ber, 1T59, which broke their power on the Ameri-
can continent. Among those who took part in
this struggle, was a contingent from the French
garrison of Fort Chartres. Neyon de Villiers,
commandant of the fort, was one of these, being
the only survivor of seven brothers who partici-
pated in the defense of Canada. Still hopeful of
saving Louisiana and Illinois, he departed with
a few followers for New Orleans, but the treaty
of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, destroyed all hope, for by
its terms Canada, and all other territory east of
the Mississippi as far south as the northern
boundary of Florida, %vas surrendered to Great
Britain, while the remainder, including the vast
territory between the Mississippi and the Rocky
Mountains, was given up to Spain.
Thus the "Illinois Country" fell into the hands
of the British, although the actual transfer of
Fort Chartres and the country dependent upon it
did not take place until Oct. 10, 1763, when its
veteran commandant, St. Ange — who had come
from Vincennes to assume command on the
retirement of Villiers, and who held it faithfully
for the conqueror — surrendered it to Capt.
Thomas Stirling as the representative of the Eng-
lish Government. It is worthy of note that tliis
was the last place on the North American con-
tinent to lower the French fiag.
British Occup.\tiox. — The delay of the British
in taking possession of the "Illinois Country,"
after the defeat of the French at Quebec and the
surrender of their possessions in America by the
treaty of 17G3, was due to its isolated position
and the difficulty of reaching it with sufficient
force to establish the British autliority. The
first attempt was made in the spring of 1764,
when Maj. Arthur Loftus, starting from Pensa-
cola, attempted to ascend the Jlississippi with a
force of four himdred regulars, but. being met
by a superior Indian force, was compelled to
retreat. In August of the same year, Cupt
Thomas Morris was dispatched from Western
Pennsylvania with a small force "to take posses-
sion of the Illinois Country."' This expedition
got as far as Fort Miami on the Maumee, when its
progress was arrested, and its commander nar-
rowly escaped death. The next attempt was
made in 176.5, when Maj. George Croghan, a Dep-
ut}' Superintendent of Indian affairs whose name
has been made historical bj- the celebrated speech
of the Indian Chief Logan, was detailed from
Fort Pitt, to visit Illinois. Croghan being detained,
Lieut. Alexander Frazer, who was to accompan3'
him, proceeded alone. Frazer reached Kaskas-
kia, but met with so rough a reception from
both the French and Indians, that he thought it
advisable to leave in disguise, and escaped by
descending the Mississippi to New Orleans.
Croghan started on his journey on the fifteenth
of May, proceeding down the Ohio, accompanied
by a party of friendly Indians, but having been
captured near the mouth of the Wabash, he
finally returned to Detroit without reaching his
destination. The first British official to reach
Fort Chartres was Capt. Thomas Stirling. De-
scending the Ohio with a force of one hundred
men, he reached Fort Cliartres. Oct. 10, 1765, and
received the surrender of the fort from the faith-
ful and courteous St. Ange. It is estimated that
at least one-third of the French citizens, includ-
ing the more wealthy, left rather than become
British subjects. Those about Fort Chartres left
almost in a body. Some joined the French
colonies on the lower Jlississippi, while others,
crossing the river, settled in St. Genevieve, then
in Spanish territory. Much the larger number
followed St. Ange to St. Louis, which had been
established as a trading post by Pierre La Clede,
during the previous year, and which now received
IIISTOraCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
251
•what, in these later days, would be called a great
"boom."
Captain Stirling was relieved of his command
at Fort Chartres, Dec. 4, by Maj. Robert Farmer.
Other British Commandants at Fort Chartres
were Col. Edward Cole, Col. John Reed, Colonel
Wilkins, Capt. Hugh Lord and Francois de Ras-
tel. Chevalier de Roclieblave. The last had been'
an officer in the French army, and, having resided
at Kaskaskia, transferred his allegiance on occu-
pation of the country by the British. He was the
last official representative of the British Govern-
ment in Illinois.
The total population of the French villages in
Illinois, at the time of their transfer to England,
has been estimated at about 1.600, of which 700
•were about Kaskaskia and 450 in the vicinity of
Cahokia. Captain Pittman estimated the popu-
lation of all the French villages in Illinois and on
the Wabash, at the time of his vi^it in 1770, at
about 2,000. Of St. Louis — or "Paincourt,"' as it
was called — Captain Pittman said: "There are
about forty private houses and as many families."
Most of these, if not all, had emigrated from the
French villages. In fact, although nominally in
Spanish territory, it was essentially a French
town, protected, as Pittman said, by "a French
garrison" consisting of "a Captain-Commandant,
two Lieutenants, a Fort Major, one Sergeant,
one Corporal and twenty men."
Action of Continental Congress.— The first
official notice taken of the "Illinois Country" by
the Continental Congress, was the adoption by
that body, July 13, 1775, of an act creating three
Indian Departments — a Northern, Middle and
Southern. Illinois was assigned to the second,
with Benjamin Franklin and James Wilson, of
Pennsylvania, and Patrick Henry, of Virginia,
as Commissioners. In April, 1776, Col. George
Morgan, who had been a trader at Kaskaskia, was
appointed agent and successor to these Commis-
sioners, with headquarters at Fort Pitt. The
promulgation of the Declaration of Independence,
on the Fourth of July, 1776, and the events im-
mediately preceding and following that event,
directed attention to the colonies on the Atlantic
coast; yet the frontiersmen of Virginia were
watching an opportunity to deliver a blow to the
Government of King George in a quarter where
it was least expected, and where it was destined
to have an immense influence upon the future of
the new nation, as well as that of the American
continent.
CoL. George Rogers Clark's Expedition.
— During the year 1777, Col. George Rogers Clark,
a native of Virginia, then scarcely t-wenty-five
years of age, having conceived a plan of seizing
the settlements in the Mississippi Valley, sent
trusty spies to learn the sentiments of the people
and the condition of affairs at Kaskaskia. The
report brought to him gave him encouragement,
and, in December of the same year, he laid before
Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, his plans for
the reduction of the posts in Illinois. These were
approved, and, on Jan. 2, 1778, Clark received
authority to recruit seven companies of fifty men
each for tliree months" service, and Governor
Henry gave him 86,000 for expenses. Proceeding
to Fort Pitt, he succeeded in recruiting three
companies, who were directed to rendezvous at
Corn Island, opposite the present city of Louis-
ville. It has been claimed that, in order to
deceive the British as to his real destination,
Clark authorized the announcement that the
object of the expedition was to protect the settle-
ments in Kentucky from the Indians. At Corn
Island another compan}- was organized, making
four in all. under the command of Captains Bow-
man, Montgomery, Helm and Harrod, and having
embarked on keel-boats, they passed the Falls of
the Ohio, June 24. Reaching the island at the
mouth of the Tennessee on the 28th, he was met
h}- a party of eight American hunters, who had
left Kaskaskia a few daj'S before, and who. join-
ing his command, rendered good service as
guides. He disembarked his force at the mouth
of a small creek one mile above Fort Massac,
June 29, and, directing his course across the
country, on the evening of the sixth day (July 4,
1778) arrived within three miles of Kaskaskia.
The surprise of the unsuspecting citizens of Kas-
kaskia and its small garrison was complete. His
force having, under cover of darkness, been
ferried across the Kaskaskia River, about a mile
above the town, one detachment surrounded the
town, while the other seized the fort, capturing
Roclieblave and his little command without fir-
ing a gun. The famous Indian fighter and
hunter, Simon Kenton, led the way to the fort.
This is supposed to have been what Captain Pitt-
man called the "Jesuits' house," which had been
sold by the French Government after the country
was ceded to England, the Jesuit order having
been suppressed. A wooden fort, erected in 1736,
and known afterward bj' the British as Fort
Gage, had stood on the bluff opposite the town,
but, according to Pittman, this was burnt in 1766,
and there is no evidence that it was ever rebuilt.
Clark's expedition was thus far a complete suc-
cess. Rocheblave, proving recalcitrant, was
niSTOlilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
placed in irons and sent as a prisoner of war to
Williamsburg, while his slaves were confiscated,
the proceeds of their sale being divided among
Clark's troops. The inhabitants were easily
conciliated, and Cahokia having been captured
without bloodshed, Clark turned his attention to
Vincennes. Through the influence of Pierre
Gibault — the Vicar-General in charge at Kaskas-
kia — the people of Vincennes were induced to
swear allegiance to the United States, and,
although the place was afterward captured by a
British force from Detroit, it was, on Feb.
24, 1779, recaptured by Colonel Clark, together
with a body of prisoners but little smaller than
the attacking force, and 350,000 worth of prop-
erty. (See Clark, Col. George Rogers. )
Under Government of Virginia.— Seldom
in the history of the world have such important
results been achieved by such insignificant instru-
mentalities and with so little sacrifice of life, as
in this almost bloodless campaign of the youthful
conqueror of Illinois. Having been won largely
through Virginia enterprise and valor and by
material aid furnished through Governor Henry,
the Virginia House of Delegates, in October,
1778, proceeded to assert the jurisdiction of that
commonwealth over the settlements of the North-
west, by organizing all the country west and
north of the Ohio River into a county to be called
"Illinois," (see Illinois County), and empowering
the Governor to appoint a "County-Lieutenant or
Commandant-in-Chief" to exercise civil author-
ity during the pleasure of the appointing power.
Thus "Illinois County" was older than the States
of Ohio or Indiana, while Patrick Henry, the elo-
quent orator of the Revolution, became ex-officio
its first Governor. Col. John Todd, a citizen of
Kentucky, was appointed "County-Lieutenant,"
Dec. 12, 1778, entering upon his duties in
May following. The militia was organized,
Deputy-Commandants for Kaskaskia and Cahokia
appointed, and the first election of civil officers
ever had in Illinois, was held under Colonel
Todd's direction. His record-book, now in posses-
sion of the Chicago Historical Society, shows
that he was accustomed to exercise powers
scarcely inferior to those of a State Executive.
(See Todd, Col. John.)
In 1783 one "Thimothe Demunbrunt" sub-
scribed himself as "Lt. comd'g par interim, etc."
— but the origin of his authority is not clearly
understood. He assumed to act as Commandant
imtil the arrival of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, first
Territorial Governor of the Northwest Territory,
in 1790. After the close of the Revolution, courts
ceased to be held and civil affairs fell into great
disorder. "In effect, there was neither law nor
order in the 'Illinois Country" for the seven
years from 1783 to 1790."
During the progress of the Revolution, there
were the usual rumors and alarms in the "Illinois
Country" peculiar to frontier life in time of war.
The country, however, was singularly exempt
from any serious calamity such as a general
massacre. One reason for this was the friendly
relations which had existed between the French
and their Indian neighbors previous to the con-
quest, and which the new masters, after the cap-
ture of Kaskaskia, took pains to perpetuate.
Several movements were projected by the British
and their Indian allies about Detroit and in Can-
ada, but they were kept so busy elsewhere that
they had little time to put their plans into execu-
tion. One of these was a proposed movement
from Pensacola against the Spanish posts on the
lower Mississippi, to punish Spain for having
engaged in the war of 1779, but the promptness
with which the Spanish Governor of New Orleans
proceeded to capture Fort Manchac, Baton Rouge
and Natchez from their British possessors, con-
vinced the latter that this was a "game at which
two could play." In ignorance of these results,
an expedition, 750 strong, composed largely of
Indians, fitted out at Mackinaw under command
of Capt. Patrick St. Clair, started in the early
part of May, 1780, toco-operate with the expedition
on the lower Mississippi, but intending. to deal a
destructive blow to the Illinois villages and the
Spanish towns of St. Louis and St. Genevieve on
the way. This expedition reached St. Louis, May
26, but Col. George Rogers Clark, having arrived
at Cahokia with a small force twenty-four hours
earlier, prepared to co-operate with the Spaniards
on the western shore of the Mississippi, and the
invading force confined their depredations to kill-
ing seven or eight villagers, and then beat a
hasty retreat in the direction they had come.
These were the last expeditions organized to
regain the "Country of the Illinois" or capture
Spanish posts on the Mississippi.
Expeditions Ag.unst Fort St. Joseph.— An
expedition of a different sort is worthy of mention
in this connection, as it originated in Illinois.
This consisted of a company of seventeen men,
led by one Thomas Brady, a citizen of Cahokia,
who, marching across the country, in the month
of October, 1780, after the retreat of Sinclair,
from St. Louis, succeeded in surprising and cap-
turing Fort St. Joseph about where La Salle had
erected Fort Miami, near the mouth of the St.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
•253
Joseph River, a hundred years before. Brady
and his party captured a few British prisoners,
and a large quantity of goods. On their return,
while encamped on the Calumet, they were
attacked by a band of Pottawatomies, and all
were killed, wounded or taken prisoners except
Brady and two others, who escaped. Early in
January, 1781, a party consisting of sixty-five
whites, organized from St. Louis and Cahokia,
with some 200 Indians, and headed by Don
Eugenic Pourre, a Spaniard, started on a second
expedition against Fort St. Joseph. By silencing
the Indians, whom they met on their way, with
promises of plunder, they were able to reach the
fort without discovery, captured it and, raising
the Spanish flag, formally took possession in the
name of the King of Spain. After retaining pos-
session for a few days, the party returned to St.
Louis, but in negotiating the treaty of peace at
Paris, in 1783, this incident was made the basis
of a claim put forth by Spain to ownership of
the "Illinois Country" "by right of conquest."
The Territorial Period.— At the very outset
of its existence, the new Government of the
United States was confronted with an embarrass-
ing question which deeply alTected the interests
of the territory of which Illinois formed a part.
This was the claim of certain States to lands
lying between their western boundaries and the
Mississippi River, then the western boundary of
the Republic. These claims were based either
upon the terms of their original charters or upon
the cession of lands by the Indians, and it was
under a claim of the former character, as well as
by right of conquest, that Virginia assumed to ex-
ercise authority over the "Illinois Countrj'" after
its capture by the Clark expedition. This con-
struction was opposed by the States which, from
their geographical position or other cause, had
no claim to lands beyond their own boundaries,
and the controversy was waged with considerable
bitterness for several years, proving a formidable
obstacle to the ratification of the Articles of Con-
federation. As early as 1779 the subject received
the attention of Congress in the adoption of a
resolution requesting the States having such
claims to "forbear settling or issuing warrants
for unappropriated lands or granting the same
during the continuance of the present (Revolu-
tionary) War." In the following year, New York
authorized her Delegates in Congress to limit its
boundaries in such manner as they might tliink
expedient, and to cede to the Government its
claim to western lands. The case was further com-
plicated by the claims of certain land
which had been previously organized. New York
filed her cession to the General Government of
lands claimed by her in October, 1782, followed
by Virginia nearly a year later, and by Jlassa-
chusetts and Connecticut in 1785 and 1786. Other
States followed somewhat tardily, Georgia being
the last, in 1802. The only claims of this charac-
ter aflfecting lands in Illinois were those of Vir-
ginia covering the southern part of the State, and
Connecticut and Massachusetts applying to the
northern portion. It was from the splendid
domain north and west of the Ohio thus acquired
from Virginia and other States, that the North-
west Territory was finally organized.
Ordinance of 1787.— The first step was taken in
the passage by Congress, in 1784, of a resolution
providing for the temporary government of the
Western Territory, and this was followed three
years later by the enactment of the celebrated
Ordinance of 1787. While this latter document
contained numerous provisions which marked a
new departure in the science of free government
— as. for instance, that declaring that "religion,
morality and knowledge being necessary to good
government and the happiness of mankind,
schools and the means of education shall forever
be encouraged" — its crowning feature was the
sixth article, as follows; "There shall be neither
slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said
Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of
crime, whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted."
Although there has been considerable contro-
versy as to the authorship of the above and other
provisions of this immortal document, it is
worthy of note that substantially the same lan-
guage was introduced in the resolutions of 1784,
by a Delegate from a slave State — Thomas Jeffer-
son, of Virginia —though not, at that time,
adopted. Jefferson was not a member of the
Congress of 1787 (being tlien Minister to France),
and could have had nothing directly to do with
the later Ordinance; yet it is evident that the
principle which he had advocated finallj- received
the approval of eight out of the thirteen States, —
all that were represented in that Congress — includ-
ing the slave States of Virginia, Delaware, North
Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. (See
Ordinance of 17S7.)
Northwest Territory Organized. — Under
the Ordinance of 1787, organizing tlie Northwest
Territory, Gen. Arthur St, Clair, who had been a
soldier of the Revolution, was appointed the
first Governor on Feb. 1, 1788, with Winthrop
Sargent, Secretary, and Samuel Holden Parsons,
25-i
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
James Mitchell Varnum and John Cleres
Synimes, Judges. All these were reappointed by
President Washington in 1789. The new Terri-
torial Government was organized at Marietta, a
settlement on the Ohio, July 1.5, 1788, but it was
nearly two years later before Governor St. Clair
visited Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia, March 5,
1790. The County of St. Clair (named after him)
■was organized at this time, embracing all the
settlements between the Wabash and the Missis-
sippi. (See St. Clair County.) He found the
inhabitants generally in a deplorable condition,
neglected by the Government, the courts of jus-
tice practically abolished and many of the citizens
sadly in need of the obligations due them from
the Government for supplies furnished to Colonel
Clark twelve years before. After a stay of three
months, the Governor returned east. In 1795,
Judge Turner held the first court in St. Clair
County, at Cahokia, as the county-seat, although
both Cahokia and Kaskaskia had been named as
county-seats by Governor St. Clair. Out of the
disposition of the local authorities to retain the
official records at Cahokia, and consequent dis-
agreement over tlie county-seat question, at least
in part, grew the order of 1795 organizing the
second county (Randolph), and Kaskaskia became
its county-seat. In 1796 Governor St. Clair paid
a second visit to Illinois, accompanied by Judge
Symmes, who held court at both county-seats.
On Nov. 4, 1791, occurred the defeat of Gov-
ernor St. Clair, in the western part of the present
State of Ohio, by a force of Indians under com-
mand of Little Turtle, in which the whites sus-
tained a heavy loss of both men and property —
an event which had an unfavorable effect upon
conditions throughout the Northwest Territory
generally. St. Clair, having resigned his com-
mand of the army, was succeeded by Gen.
Anthony Wayne, who, in a vigorous campaign,
overwhelmed the Indians with defeat. This
resulted in the treaty with the Western tribes at
Greenville, August 3, 1795, which was the begin-
ning of a period of comparative peace witli the
Indians all over the Western Country. (See
Wayne, (Gen.) Anthony.)
First Territorial, Legislation. — In 1798, the
Territory having gained the requisite population,
an election of members of a Legislative Council
and House of Representatives was held in accord-
ance with the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787.
This was the fir.st Territorial Legislature organized
in the history of the Republic. It met at Cincin-
nati, Feb. 4, 1799, Shadrach Bond being the
Delegate from St. Clair County and John Edgar
from Randolph. Gen. William Henry Harrison,
wlio had succeeded Sargent as Secretary of the
Territory, June 26, 1798, was elected Delegate to
Congre.ss, receiving a majority of one vote over
Arthur St-. Clair, Jr., son of the Governor.
Ohio and Indiana Territories.— By act of
Congress. May 7, 1800, the Northwest Territory
was divided into Ohio and Indiana Territories;
the latter embracing the region west of the pres-
ent State of Ohio, and having its capital at "Saint
Vincent" (Vincennes). May 13, William Henry
Harrison, who had been the first Delegate in Con-
gress from the Northwest Territory, was ap-
pointed Governor of Indiana Territory, wliich at
first consisted of three counties: Knox, St. Clair
and Randolph — the two latter being within the
boundaries of the present State of Illinois. Their
aggregate population at this time was estimated
at less than 5,000. During his administration
Governor Harrison concluded thirteen treaties
with the Indians, of which six related to the ces-
sion of lands in Illinois. The first treaty relating
to lands in Illinois was that of Greenville, con-
cluded by General Wayne in 1795, By this the
Government acquired six miles square at the
mouth of the Chicago River ; twelve miles square
at the mouth of the Illinois ; six miles square at
the old Peoria fort ; the post of Fort Massac ; and
150.000 acres assigned to General Clark and his
soldiers, besides all other lands "in po.ssession of
the French people and all other white settlers
among them, the Indian title to wliich had been
thus extinguished." (See Indian Treaties; also,
Greenville, Treaty of.)
During the year 1803, the treaty with France
for the purchase of Louisiana and West Florida
was concluded, and on March 26, 1804, an act was
passed by Congress attaching all that portion of
Louisiana lying north of the thirty -third parallel
of latitude and west of the Mississippi to Indiana
Territory for governmental purposes. This in-
cluded the present States of Arkansas, Missouri,
Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, the two
Dakotas and parts of Colorado, Wyoming and Mon-
tana. This arrangement continued only until
the following March, when Louisiana was placed
under a separate Territorial organization.
For four years Indiana Territory was governed
under laws framed by the Governor and Judges,
but, the population having increased to the re-
quired number, an election was held, Sept.
11, 1804. on the proposition to advance the gov-
ernment to the "second grade" by the election of
a Territorial Legislature. The smallness of the
vote indicated the indifference of the people on
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
255
the subject Out of 400 votes cast, the proposition
received a majority of 13S. The two Illinois
counties cast a total of 143 votes, of which St.
Clair furnished 81 and Randolph 61. The former
gave a majority of 37 against the measure and
the latter 19 in its favor, showing a net negative
majority of 18. The adoption of the proposition
was due, therefore, to the affirmative vote in the
other coimties. There were in the Territory at
this time six counties; one of tliese (Wayne) was
in Michigan, which was set off, in 180.5. as a sep-
arate Territory. At the election of Delegates to
a Territorial Legislature, held Jan. 3. 180.5, Shad-
rach Bond, Sr., and William Biggs -were elected
for St. Clair County and George Fisher for Ran-
dolph. Bond having meanwhile become a mem-
ber of the Legislative Council, Shadrach Bond,
Jr., was chosen his successor. The Legislature
convened at Vincennes. Feb. 7, 1805, but only
to recommend a list of persons from whom
it was the duty of Congress to select a Legislative
Council. In addition to Bond, Pierre Menard
vras chosen for Randolph and John Hay for St.
Clair.
Illinois Territory Organized. — The Illinois
counties were represented in two regular and one
special session of the Territorial Legislature dur-
ing the time they were a part of Indiana Terri-
tory. By act of Congress, which became a law
Feb. 3, 1809, the Territory was divided, the west-
ern part being named Illinois.
At this point the history of Ilhnois, as a sepa-
rate political division, begins. While its bounda-
ries in all other directions were as now, on the
north it extended to the Canada line. From
what has alreadj' been said, it appears that the
earliest white settlements were established by
French Canadians, chiefly at Kaskaskia, Cahokia
and the other villages in the southern part of the
American Bottom. At the time of Clark's in-
vasion, there were not known to have been more
than two Americans among these people, except
such hunters and trappers as paid tliem occasional
visits. One of the earliest American settlers in
Southern Illinois was Capt. Nathan Hull, who
came from Massachusetts and settled at an early
day on the Ohio, near where Golconda now
stands, afterward removing to the vicinity of
Kaskaskia, where he died in 180G. In 1781, a
company of immigrants, consisting (with one or
two exceptions) of members of Clark's command
in 1778. arrived with their families from Mary-
land and Virginia and established themselves on
the American Bottom. The "New Design" set-
tlement, on the boundary line between St. Clair
and Monroe Counties, and the first distinctively
American colony in the "lUinois Country," was
established by this party. Some of its members
afterward became prominent in the history of the
Territory and the State. William Biggs, a mem-
ber of tlie first Territorial Legislature, with
others, settled in or near Kaskaskia about 1783,
and William Arundel, the first American mer-
chant at Cahokia, came there from Peoria during
the same year. Gen. John Edgar, for many j-ears
a leading citizen and merchant at the capital,
arrived at Kaskaskia in 1784, and William Mor-
rison, Kaskaskia's principal merchant, came from
Philadelphia as early as 1790, followed some years
afterward by several brothers. James Lemen
came before the beginning of the present cen-
tury, and was the founder of a large and influ-
ential family in the vicinity of Shiloh, St. Clair
County, and Rev. David Badgley headed a colony
of 1.54 from Virginia, who arrived in 1797.
Among other prominent arrivals of this period
were John Rice Jones, Pierre Menard (first
Lieutenant-Governor of the State), Shadrach
Bond, Jr. (first Governor), John Ha.r. John
Messinger, William Kinney, Capt. Joseph Ogle;
and of a later date, Nathaniel Pope (afterward
Secretary of the Territory, Delegate to Congress.
Justice of the United States Court and father of
the late Maj.-Gen. John Pope). Elias Kent Kane
(first Secretary of State and afterward United
States Senator), Daniel P. Cook (first Attorney-
General and second Representative in Congress),
George Forquer (at one time Secretary of State),
and Dr. George Fisher — all prominent in Terri-
torial or State history. (See biographical
sketches of these early settlers under their re-
spective names.)
The government of the new Territory was
organized bj- the appointment of Ninian Ed-
wards, Governor; Nathaniel Pope, Secretary,
and Alexander Stuart, Obadiah Jones and Jesse
B. Thomas, Territorial Judges. (See Edwards,
Ninian.) Stuart having been transferred to
Missouri, Stanley Griswold was appointed in
his stead. Governor Edwards arrived at Kas-
kaskia, the capital, in June, 1809. At that
time the two counties of St. Clair and Randolph
comprised the settled portion of the Territory,
with a white population estimated at about 9,000.
The Governor and Judges immediately proceeded
to formulate a code of laws, and the appoint-
ments made by Secretary Pope, who had preceded
the Governor in his arrival in the Territory, were
confirmed. Benjamin H. Doyle was the first
Attorney-General, but he resigned in a few
256
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
months, when tlie place was offered to Jolm J.
Crittenden — the well-known United States Sen-
ator from Kentucky at the beginning of the
Civil AVar— but bj- him declined. Tliomas T.
Crittenden was then appointed.
An incident of the year 1811 was the battle of
Tippecanoe, resulting in the defeat of Tecuniseh,
the great chief of the Shawnees, by Gen. William
Henry Harrison. Four companies of mounted
rangers were raised in Illinois this year under
direction of Col. William Eussell, of Kentucky,
who built Camp Eussell near Edwardsville the
following year. They were commanded by Cap-
tains Samuel Whiteside, William B. Whiteside,
James B. Jloore and Jacob Short. The memo-
rable earthquake which had its center about New
Madrid, Mo., occurred in December of this
year, and was quite violent in some portions of
Southern Illinois. {See Earthquake of ISll.)
War of 1812. — During the following year the
second war with England began, but no serious
outbreak occurred in Illinois until August, 1812,
when the massacre at Fort Dearborn, where
Chicago now stands, took place. This had long
been a favorite trading post of the Indians, at
first under French occupation and afterward
under the Americans. Sometime during 1803-04,
a fort had been built near the mouth of Chicago
Eiver on the south side, on land acquired from the
Indians by the treaty of Greenville in 179.5. (See
Fort Dearborn.) In the spring of 1812 some
alarm had been caused by outrages committed by
Indians in the vicinity, and in the earl}- part of
August, Capt. Nathan Heald. commanding the
garrison of less than seventy-five men, received
instructions from General Hull, in command at
Detroit, to evacuate the fort, disposing of the
public property as he might see fit. Friendly
Indians advised Heald either to make prepara-
tions for a vigorous defense, or evacuate at once.
Instead of this, he notified the Indians of his in-
tention to retire and divide the stores among
them, with the conditions subsequently agreed
upon in council, tliat his garrison should be
afforded an escort and safe passage to Fort
W^ayne. On the 14tli of August he proceeded to
distribute the bulk of the goods as promised, but
the ammunition, guns and liquors were de-
stroyed. This he justified on the ground that a
bad use would be made of them, while the
Indians construed it as a violation of the agree-
ment. The tragedy which followed, is thus de-
scribed in Moses' "History of Illinois:"
"Black Partridge, a Pottawatomie Chief, who
had been on terms of friendship with the whites.
appeared before Captain Heald and informed
him plainly that his j'oung men intended to
imbrue their hands in the blood of the whites;
that he was no longer able to restrain tliem, and,
surrendering a medal he had worn in token of
amity, closed by saying: 'I will not wear a
token of peace while I am compelled to act as an
enemy." In the meantime tlie Indians were riot-
ing upon the provisions ,ih 1 liiii mini,' so aggres-
sive in their bearing tlia I / : . d to march
out the next day. Tlif : . i' niU arrived.
To each soldier was ui-i i ii.iii- l twenty-five
rounds of reserved ammuniticm. Tlie baggage
and ambulance wagons were laden, and the gar-
rison slowly wended its way outside the protect-
ing walls of the fort — the Indian escort of 500
following in the rear. What next occurred in
this disastrous movement is narrated by Captain
Heald in his report, as follows: 'The situation of
the country rendered it necessary for us to take
the beach, with the lake on our left, and a high
sand bank on our right at about three hundred
yards distance. We had proceeded about a mile
and a half, when it was discovered (by Captain
Wells) that the Indians were prepared to attack
us from behind the bank. I immediately marched
up with the company to the top of the bank,
when the action commenced; after firing one
round, we charged, and the Indians gave way in
front and joined those on our flanks. In about fif-
teen minutes they got possession of all our horses,
provisions and baggage of every description, and
finding the Miamis (who had come from Fort
Wayne with Captain Wells to act as an escort)
did "not assist us, I drew off the few men I had
left and took possession of a small elevation in
the open prairie out of shot of the bank, or any
other cover. The Indians did not follow me but
assembled in a body on top of the bank, and after
some consultation among themselves, made signs
for me to approach them. I advanced toward
them alone, and was met by one of the Potta-
watomie chiefs called Black" Bird, with an inter-
preter. After shaking hands, he requested me to
surrender, promising to spare the lives of all the
prisoners. On a few moments' consideration I
concluded it would be most prudent to comply
with this request, altliough I did not put entire
confidence in his promise. The troops had made
a brave defense, but what could so small a force
do against such overwhelming numbers? It was
evident with over half their number dead upon
the field, or wounded, further resistance would
be hopeless. Twenty-six regulars and twelve
mihtia, with two women and twelve children,
were killed. Among the slain were Captain
Wells, Dr. Van Voorhis and Ensign George
Eonan. (Captain Wells, when young, had been
captured by Indians and liad "married among
them.) He (Wells) was familiar with all the
wiles, stratagems, as well as the vindictiveness
of the Indian character, and when the conflict
began, he said to his niece (Mrs. Heald). by
whose side he was standing, 'We have not the
slighte.st chance for life; we must part to meet
no more in this world. God bless you." With
these words he dashed forward into the thickest
of the fight. He refused to be taken prisoner,
knowing what his fate would be, when a yoimg
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
257
Ted-skin cut him clown with his tomahawk,
jumped upon his body, cut out his lieart and ate
a portion of it with savage delight.
■■The prisoners taken were Captain Heald and
wife, both wounded, Lieutenant Helm, also
wounded, and wife, with twenty-five non-com-
missioned officers and privates, and eleven women
and children. The loss of the Indians was fifteen
killed. Mr. Kinzie's family had been entrusted
to the care of some friendly Indians and were not
with the retiring garrison. The Indians engaged
in this outrage were principally Pottawatomies,
with a few Chippewas. Ottawas, Winnebagoes,
and Kickapoos. Fort Dearborn was plundered
and burned on the nest morning." (See Fort
Dearborn; also War of 1813. )
Thus ended the most bloody tragedy that ever
occurred on the soil of Illinois with Americans as
victims. The place where this affair occurred,
as described by Captain Heald, was on the lake
shore about the foot of Eighteenth Street in
the present city of Chicago. After the destruction
of the fort, the site of the present city of Chicago
remained unoccupied until 1816, when the fort
was rebuilt. At that time the bones of the vic-
tims of the massacre of 1812 still lay bleaching
upon the sands near the lake shore, but they
were gathered up a few years later and buried.
The new fort continued to be occupied somewhat
irregularly until 1837, when it was finally aban-
doned, there being no longer any reason for
maintaining it as a defense against the Indians.
Other Events of the War.— The part played
by Illinois in the War of 1813, consisted chiefly
in looking after the large Indian population
within and near its borders. Two expeditions
were undertaken to Peoria Lake in the Fall of
1813; the first of these, under the direction of
Governor Edwards, burned two Kickapoo vil-
lages, one of them being that of "Black Part-
ridge," who had befriended the whites at Fort
Dearborn. A few weeks later Capt. Thomas E.
Craig, at the head of a company of militia, made a
descent upon the ancient Frencli village of Peoria,
on the pretext that the inhabitants had har-
bored hostile Indians and fired on his boats. He
burned a part of the town and, taking the people
as prisoners down tlie river, put them ashore
below Alton, in the beginning of winter. Both
these affairs were severely censured.
There were expeditions against the Indians on
the Illinois and Upper Mississippi in 1813 and
1814. In the latter year, Illinois troops took part
with credit in two engagements at Rock Island —
the last of these being in co-operation with regu-
lars, imder command of Maj. Zachary Taylor,
afterwards President, against a force of Indians
• supported by the British. Fort Clark at Peoria
was erected in 1813, and Fort Edwards at War-
saw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines, at
the close of the campaign of 1814. A council
with the Indians, conducted by Governors
Edwards of Illinois and Clarke of Missouri, and
Auguste Chouteau, a merchant of St. Louis, as
Government Commissioners, on the Mississippi
just below Alton, in July, 1815, concluded a
treaty of peace with the principal Northwestern
tribes, thus ending the war.
First Territorial Legislature.— By act of
Congress, adopted May 31, 1813, the Territory of
Illinois was raised to the second grade— i. e., em-
powered to elect a Territorial Legislature. In
September, three additional counties— Madison,
Gallatin and Johnson— were organized, making
five in all, and, in October, an election for the
choice of five members of the Council and seven
Representatives was held, resulting as follows:
Councilmen— Pierre Menard of Randolph County ;
William Biggs of St. Clair; Samuel Judy of
Madison; Thomas Ferguson of Johnson, and
Benjamin Talbot of Gallatin. Representatives-
George Fisher of Randolph ; Joshua Oglesby and
Jacob Short of St. Clair; William Jones of Madi-
son; Philip Trammel and Alexander Wilson of
Gallatin, and John Grammar of Johnson. The
Legislature met at Kaskaskia, Nov. 3.5, the Coun-
cil organizing with Pierre Menard as President
and John Thomas, Secretary: and the House,
with George Fisher as Speaker and William C.
Greenup, Clerk. Shadrach Bond was elected the
first Delegate to Congress.
A second Legislature was elected in 1814, con-
vening at Kaskaskia, Nov. 14. Menard was con-
tinued President of the Council during the whole
Territorial period; while George Fisher was
Speaker of each House, except the Second. The
county of Edwards was organized in 1814, and
White in 181.1 Other counties organized under
the Territorial Government were Jackson, Mon-
roe, Crawford and Pope in 1816; Bond in 1817,
and Franklin, Union and Washington in 1818,
making fifteen in all. Of these all but the
three last-named were organized previous to the
passage by Congi-ess of the enabling act author-
izing the Territory of Illinois to organize a State
government. In 1816 the Bank of Illinois was
established at Shawneetown, with branches at
Edwardsville and Kaskaskia.
Early Towns.- Besides the French viUages in
the American Bottom, there is said to have been
a French and Indian village on the west bank of
Peoria Lake, as early as 1711. This site appears
to have been abandoned about 177.5 and a new
258
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Tillage established on the present site of Peoria
soon after, which was maintained until 1812,
when it was broken up by Captain Craig. Other
early towns were Shawneetown, laid out in 1808 ;
Belleville, established as the county -seat of St.
Clair County, in 1814; Edwardsville, founded in
lS\r>; Upper Alton, in 1816, and Alton, in 1818.
Carmi, Fairfield, Waterloo, Golconda, Lawrence-
ville, Mount Carmel and Vienna also belonged to
this period; while Jack.sonville, Springfield and
Galena were settled a few years later. Chicago
is mentioned in "Beck's Gazetteer" of 1823, as "a
village of Pike County."
Admission as a State. — The preliminary steps
for the admission of Illinois as a State, were taken
in the passage of an Enabling Act by Congress,
April 13, 1818. An important incident in this
connection was the amendment of the act, mak-
ing the parallel of 42' 30' from Lake Michigan to
the Mississippi River the northern boundary,
instead of a Line extending from the southern
extremity of the Lake. This was obtained
through the influence of Hon. Nathaniel Pope,
then Delegate from Illinois, and by it the State
secured a strip of country fifty-one miles in
width, from the Lake to the Mississippi, embrac-
ing what have since become fourteen of the most
populous counties of the State, including the city
of Chicago. The political, material and moral
results which have followed this important act,
have been the subject of much interesting dis-
cussion and cannot be easily over-estimated.
(See Northern Boundary Question; also Pojje,
Kafhanicl.)
Another measure of great importance, which Mr.
Pope secured, was a modification of the provision
of the Enabling Act requiring the appropriation of
five per cent of the proceeds from the sale of pub-
lic lands within tlie State, to the con.struction of
roads and canals. The amendment which he
secured authorizes the application of two-fifths
of this fund to the making of roads leading to the
State, but requires "the residue to be appropri-
ated by the Legislature of the State for the
encouragement of learning, of which one-sixth
part shall be exclusively bestowed on a college or
university." This was the beginning of that
sj'Stem of liberal encouragement of education by
the General Government, which has been at-
tended with such beneficent results in the younger
States, and has reflected so much honor upon the
Nation. (See Education; Railroads, and Illinois
& Michigan Canal.)
The Enabling Act required as a precedent con-
dition that a census of the Territory, to be taken
that year, should show a population of 40.000.
Such a result was shown, but it is now confessed
that the number was greatly exaggerated, the
true population, as afterwards given, being 34,020.
According to the decennial census of 1820, the
population of the State at that time was 55,162.
If there was any short-coming in this respect in
1818, the State has fully compensated for it by
its unexampled growth in later years.
An election of Delegates to a Convention to
frame a State Constitution was held July 6 to 8,
1818 (extending through three days), thirt3'-three
Delegates being chosen from the fifteen counties
of the State. The Convention met at Kaskaskia,
August 3, and organized by the election of Jesse
B. Thomas, President, and William C. Greenup,
Secretary, closing its labors, August 26. The
Constitution, which was modeled largely upon
the Constitutions of Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana,
was not submitted to a vote of the people. (See
Constitutional Conrentio)is, especially Conven-
tion of ISIS. ) Objection was made to its accept-
ance by Congress on the ground that the
population of the Territory was insufficient and
that the prohibition of slavery was not as ex-
plicit as required by the Ordinance of 1787; but
these arguments were overcome and the docu-
ment accepted by a vote of 117 yeas to 34 nays.
The only officers whose election was provided for
by popular vote, were the Governor, Lieutenant-
Governor, Sheriffs, Coroners and County Commis-
sioners. The Secretary of State. State Treasurer,
Auditor of Public Accounts, Public Printer and
Supreme and Circuit Judges were all appointive
either by the Governor or General Assembly.
The elective franchise was granted to all white
male inhabitants, above the age of 21 j-ears, who
had resided in the State six months.
The first State election was held Sept. 17,
1818, resulting in the choice of Shadrach Bond
for Governor, and Pierre Menard, Lieutenant-
Governor. The Legislature, chosen at the same
time, consisted of thirteen Senators and twenty-
seven Representatives. It commenced its session
at Kaskaskia, Oct. 5, 1818, and adjourned after a
session of ten daj-s, awaiting the formal admis-
sion of the State, which took place Dec. 3. A
second session of the same Legislature was held,
extending from Jan. 4 to March 31, 1819.
Risdon Moore was Speaker of the first House.
The other State officers elected at the first ses-
sion were Elijah C. Berry. Auditor ; John Thomas,
Treasurer, and Daniel P. Cook, Attorney-General.
Elias Kent Kane, having been appointed Secre-
tary of State by the Governor, was confirmed by
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
259
the Senate. Ex-Governor Edwards and Jesse B.
Thomas were elected United States Senators, the
former drawing the short term and serving one
year, when he was re-elected. Thomas served
two terms, retiring in 1S29. The first Supreme
Court consisted of Joseph Phillips, Chief Justice,
with Thomas C. Browne, William P. Foster and
John Reynolds, Associate Justices. Foster, who
■was a mere adventurer without any legal knowl-
edge, left the State in a few months and was
succeeded by William Wilson. (See State Officers,
United States Senators, and Judiciary.)
Menard, who served as Lieutenant-Governor
four years, was a noteworthy man. A native of
Canada and of French descent, he came to Kas-
kaskia in 1790, at the age of 24 years, and
engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was hos-
pitable, frank, liberal and enterprising. The fol-
lowing story related of him illustrates a pleas-
ant feature of his character : "At one time there
was a scarcity of salt in the country, and Menard
held the only supply outside of St. Louis. A
number of his neighbors called upon him for
what they wanted ; he declined to let them know
whether he could supply them or not, but told
them to come to his store on a certain day, when
he would inform them. They came at the time
appointed, and were seated. Menard passed
around among them and inquired of each, 'You
got money?' Some said they had and some that
they had not, but would pa}- as soon as they
killed their hogs. Those who had money he
directed to range themselves on one side of the
room and those who had none, on the other. Of
course, those who had the means expected to get
the salt and the others looked very much dis-
tressed and crestfallen. Menard then spoke up
in his brusque way, and said, 'You men who got
de money, can go to St. Louis for your salt.
Dese poor men who got no money shall have my
salt, by gar.' Such was the man — noble-hearted
and large-minded, if unpolished and uncouth."
(See Menard, Pierre. )
Removal op the Capital to Vaxdalia.—
At the second ses.sion of the General Assembly,
five Commissioners were appointed to select a
new site for the State Capital. What is now the
city of Vandalia was selected, and, in December,
1820, the entire archives of the State were re-
moved to the new capital, being transported in
one small wagon, at a cost of §25.00, under the
supervision of the late Sidney Breese, who after-
wards became United States Senator and Justice
of the Supreme Court, {fiee State Capitals.)
During the session of the Second General
Assembly, which met at Vandalia, Dec. 4,
1820. a bill was passed establishing a State Bank
at Vandalia. with branches at Sliawneetown,
Edwardsville and Brownsville. John McLean,
who had been the first Representative in Con-
gress, was Speaker of the House at this session.
He was twice elected to the United States Senate,
though he served only about two years, dying in
1830. (See State Bank.)
Introduction of the Slavery Question.—
The second State election, which occurred in
August, 1822, proved the beginning of a turbu-
lent period through the introduction of some
exciting questions into State politics. There
were four candidates for gubernatorial honors in
the field : Chief-Justice Phillips, of the Supreme
Court, supported by the friends of Governor
Bond; Associate- Justice Browne, of the same
court, supported by the friends of Governor
Edwards; Gen. James B. Moore, a noted Indian
fighter and the candidate of the "Old Rangers,"
and Edward Coles. The latter was a native of
Virginia, who had served as private secretary of
President ]\Ionroe, and had been employed as a
special messenger to Russia. He had made two
visits to Illinois, the first in 1815 and the second
in 1818. The Convention to form a State Constit u-
tion being in session at the date of the latter
visit, he took a deep interest in the discussion of
the slavery question and exerted his influence in
securing the adoption of the prohibitory article
in the organic law. On April 1, 1819, he started
from his home in Virginia to remove to Edwards-
ville, 111., taking with him his ten slaves. The
journey from Brownsville, Pa., was made in
two flat-boats to a point below Louisville, where
he disembarked, traveling by land to Edwards-
ville. While descending the Ohio River he sur-
prised his slaves by announcing that they were
free. The scene, as described by himself, was
most dramatic. Having declined to avail them-
selves of the privilege of leaving him, he took
them with him to his destination, where he
eventually gave each head of a family 100 acres
of land. Arrived at Edwardsville, he assumed
the position of Register of the Land Ofiice, to
whicli he had been appointed by President Mon-
roe, before leaving Virginia.
The act of Coles with reference to his slaves
established his reputation as an opponent of
slavery, and it was in this attitude that he stood
as a candidate for Governor — both Phillips and
Browne being friendly to "the institution,"
which had had a virtual existence in the "Illinois
Country" from the time Renault brought 500
260
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
slaves to the vicinity of Kaskaskia. one hun-
dred years before. Although the Constitution
declared that "neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude shall hereafter be introduced into the
State," this had not been effectual in eliminating
it. In fact, while this language was construed,
so long as it remained in the Constitution, as
prohibiting legislation authorizing the admission
of slaves from without, it was not regarded as
inimical to the institution as it already existed ;
and, as the population came largely from the
slave States, there had been a rapidly growing
sentiment in favor of removing the inhibitory
clause. Although the pro-slavery party was
divided between two candidates for Governor,
it had hardly contemplated the possibility of
defeat, and it was consequently a surprise when
the returns showed that Coles was elected, receiv-
ing 2.854 votes to 3,687 for Phillips, 2,443 for
Browne and C22 for Moore — Coles' plurality
being 167 in a total of 8,006. Coles thus became
Governor on less than one-third of the popular
vote. Daniel P. Cook, wlio had made the race
for Congress at the same election against
McLean, as an avowed opponent of slavery, was
successful by a majority of 876. (See Coles,
Edivarcl; also Cook. Daniel Pojx.)
The real struggle was now to occur in the Legis-
lature, which met Dec. 3, 1823. The House
organized with William M. Alexander as Speaker,
while the Senate elected Thomas Lippincott
(afterwards a prominent Presbyterian minister
and the father of the late Gen. Charles E. Lippin-
cott), Secretary, and Henry S. Dodge, Enrolling
and Engrossing Clerk. The other State officers
appointed by the Governor, or elected by the
Legislature, were Samuel D. Lockwood, Secretary
of State; Elijah C. Berry, Auditor; Abner Field,
Treasurer, and James Turney, Attorney-General.
Lockwood had served nearly two years previously
as Attorney-General, but remained in the office
of Secretaiy of State only three months, when he
resigned to accept the position of Receiver for
the Land Oflfice. (See Lockwood, Samuel Drake. )
The slavery question came up in the Legisla-
ture on the reference to a special committee of a
portion of the Governor's message, calling atten-
tion to the continued existence of slavery in spite
of the ordinance of 1787, and recommending that
steps be taken for its extinction. Majority and
minority reports were submitted, the former
claiming the right of the State to amend its Con-
stitution and thereby make such disposition of
the slaves as it saw proper. Out of this grew a
resolution submitting to the electors at the next
election a proposition for a convention to revise
the Constitution. This passed the Senate by the
necessary two-thirds vote, and, having come up
in the House (Feb. 11, 1823), it failed by a single
vote — Nicliolas Hansen, a Representative from
Pike County, whose seat had been unsuccessfully
contested by John Shaw at the beginning of the
session, being one of those voting in tlie negative.
The next day, without further investigation, the
majority proceeded to reconsider its action in
seating Hansen two and a half months previ-
ously, and Shaw was seated in his place ; though,
in order to do this, some crooked work was nec-
essary to evade tlie rules. Shaw being seated,
the submission resolution was then passed. No
more exciting campaign was ever had in Illinois.
Of five papers then published in the State. "The
Edwardsville Spectator," edited by Hooper
Warren, opposed the measure, being finally rein-
forced by "The Illinois Intelligencer," which had
been removed to Vandalia; "The Illinois Gaz-
ette," at Shawneetown, published articles on
both sides of the question, though rather favoring
the anti-slavery cause, while "The Republican
Advocate." at Kaskaskia, the organ of Senator
Elias Kent Kane, and "The Republican," at
Edwardsville, under direction of Judge Theophi-
lus W. Smith, Emanuel J. West and Judge
Samuel McRoberts (afterwards United States
Senator), favored the Convention. The latter
paper was established for the especial purpose of
supporting the Convention scheme and was
promptly discontinued on the defeat of the meas-
ure. (See Newsjjapers, Early.) Among other
supporters of the Convention proposition were
Senator Jesse B. Thomas, John McLean, Richard
M. Young, Judges Phillips, Browne and Reynolds,
of the Supreme Court, and many more ; while
among the leading champions of the opposition,
were Judge Lockwood, George Forquer (after-
ward Secretary of State), Morris Birkbeck, George
Churchill, Thomas Mather and Rev. Thomas Lip-
pincott. Daniel P Cook, then Representative in
Congress, was the leading champion of freedom
on the stump, while Governor Coles contributed
the salary of his entire term ($4,000), as well as
his influence, to tlie support of the cause. Gov-
ernor Edwards (then in the Senate) was the owner
of slaves and occupied a non-committal position.
The election was held August 2, 1824, resulting in
4,972 votes for a Convention, to 6,640 against it,
defeating the proposition by a majority of 1,668.
Considering the size of the aggregate vote
(11,613), the result was a decisive one. By it
Illinois escaped the greatest danger it ever en-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
261
countered previous to the War of the Rebellion.
(See Slavery mid Slave Laics. )
At the same election Cook was re-elected to
Congress by 3,016 majority over Shadrach Bond.
The Tote for President was divided between John
Quincy Adams. Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay
and William H. Crawford — Adams receiving a
plurality, but much below a majority. The Elect-
oral College failing to elect a President, the
decision of the question passed into the hands of
the Congressional House of Representatives,
when Adams was elected, receiving the vote of
Illinois through its only Representative, Mr. Cook.
During the remainder of his term. Governor
Coles was made the victim of much vexatious
litigation at the hands of his enemies, a verdict
being rendered against him in the sum of §2,000
for bringing his emancipated negroes into the
State, in violation of the law of 1819. The Legis-
latxire having passed an act releasing him from
the penalty, it was declared unconstitutional by
a malicious Circuit Judge, though his decision
was promptly reversed by the Supreme Court.
Having lived a few years on his farm near
Edwardsville, in 1833 he removed to Philadelphia,
where he spent the remainder of his days, his
death occurring there, July 7, 1868. In the face
of opprobrium and defamation, and sometimes in
danger of mob violence. Governor Coles per-
formed a service to the State which has scarcely
yet been fully recognized. (See Coles. Edu-ard. )
A ridiculous incident of the closing year of
Coles' administration was the attempt of Lieut. -
Gov. Frederick Adolphus Hubbard, after having
tasted the sweets of executive power during the
Governor's temporary absence from the State, to
usurp the position after the Governor's return.
The ambitious aspirations of the would-be usurper
were suppressed by the Supreme Court.
An interesting event of the year 182.5, was the
visit of General La Fayette to Kaskaskia. He
was welcomed in an address by Governor Coles,
and the event was made the occasion of much
festivity by the French citizens of the ancient
capital. {See La Fayette, Visit of .)
The first State House at Vandalia having been
destroyed by fire, Dec. 9, 1823, a new one was
erected during the following year at a cost of
§12,381.50, toward %vhich the people of Vandalia
contributed S5,000.
Edwards' Administr.\tion. — The State elec-
tion of 1826 resulted in again calling Ninian
Edwards to the gubernatorial chair, which he
had filled during nearly the whole of the exist-
ence of Illinois as a Territory. Elected one of the
first United States Senators, and re-elected for a
second term in 1819, he had resigned this office in
1824 to accept the position of Minister to Mexico,
by appointment of President Monroe. Having
become involved in a controversy with William
H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury, he
resigned the Mexican mission, and, after a period
of retirement to private life for the first time
after he came to Illinois, he appealed to the
people of the State for endorsement, with the
result stated. His administration was unevent-
ful except for the "Winnebago War," which
caused considerable commotion on the frontier,
without resulting in much bloodshed. Governor
Edwards was a fine specimen of the "old school
gentleman" of that period — dignified and polished
in his manners, courtly and precise in his address,
proud and ambitious, with a tendency to the
despotic in his bearing in consequence of having
been reared in a slave State and his long connec-
tion with the executive office. His early educa-
tion had been under the direction of the
celebrated William Wirt, between whom and
himself a close friendship existed. He was
wealthy for the time, being an extensive land-
owner as well as slave-holder and the proprietor of
stores and mills, which were managed by agents,
but he lost heavily by bad debts. He was for
many years a close friend of Hooper Warren, the
pioneer printer, furnishing the material with
which the latter published his papers at Spring-
field and Galena. At the expiration of his term
of ofiice near the close of 1830, he retired to his
home at Belleville, where, after making an un-
successful campaign for Congress in 1832, in
which he was defeated by Charles Slade, he
died of cholera, July 20, 1833. (See Edwards,
Xinian.)
William Kinney, of Belleville, %vho was a can-
didate for Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket
opposed to Edwards, was elected over Samuel M.
Thompson. In 1830, Kinney became a candidate
for Governor but was defeated by John Reynolds,
known as the "Old Ranger." One of the argu-
ments used against Kinney in this campaign was
that, in the Legislature of 1823, he was one of
three members who voted against the Illinois &
Michigan Canal, on the ground that "it (the
canal) would make an opening for the Yankees
to come to the country."
During Edwards' administration the first steps
were taken towards the erection of a State peni-
tentiary at Alton, funds therefor being secvired
by the sale of a portion of the saline lands in Gal-
latin County. (See Alton Penitentiary.) The first
26'-;
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Commissioners having charge of its construction
were Shadrach Bond. William P. MoKee and
Dr. Gershom Jayne — the last-named the father of
Dr. William Jayne of Springfield, and father-in-
law of the late Senator Lyman Trumbull.
Governor Reynolds— Bl.\ck H.\wk W.a.r. —
The election of 1830 resulted in the choice of John
Reynolds for Governor over William Kinney, by
a majority of 3,899, in a total vote of 49,051,
while Zadoc Casey, the candidate on the Kinney
ticket, was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See
Reynolds, John.)
The most important event of Reynolds' admin-
istration was the "Black-Hawk War." Eight
thousand militia were called out during this war
to reinforce 1,500 regular troops, the final result
being the driving of 400 Indians west of the Mis-
sissippi. Rock Island, which had been the favor-
ite rallying point of tlie Indians for generations,
was the central point at the beginning of this
war. It is impossible to give the details of this
complicated struggle, which was protracted
tlirough two campaigns (1831 and 1882), though
there was no figliting worth speaking of except
in the last, and no serious loss to the whites in
that, except the surprise and defeat of Stillman's
command. Beardstown was the base of opera-
tions in each of these campaigns, and that city
has probably never witnessed such scenes of
bustle and excitement since. The Indian village
at Rock Island was destroyed, and the fugitives,
after being pursued through Northern Illinois
and Southwestern Wisconsin without being
allowed to surrender, were driven beyond the
Mississippi in a famishing condition and with
spirits completely broken. Galena, at that time
the emporium of the "Lead Mine Region," and
the largest town in the State north of Springfield,
was the center of great excitement, as the war
was waged in the region surrounding it. (See
Black Hawk War.) Although cool judges have
not regarded this campaign as reflecting honor
upon either the prowess or the magnanimity of
the whites, it was remarkable for the number of
those connected with it whose names afterwards
became famous in the history of the State and
the Nation. Among them were two who after-
wards became Presidents of the United States —
Col. Zachary Taylor of the regular army, and
Abraham Lincoln, a Captain in the State militia
— besides Jefferson Davis, then a Lieutenant in
the regular army and afterwards head of the
Southern Confederacy; three subsequent Gov-
ernors— Duncan, Carlin and Ford — besides Gov-
ernor Reynolds, who at that time occupied the
gubernatorial chair; James Semple, afterwards
United States Senator ; John T. Stuart, Lincoln's
law preceptor and partner, and later a Member
of Congress, tosay nothing of many others, who, in
after years, occupied prominent positions as mem-
bers of Congress, the Legislature or otherwise.
Among the latter were Gen. John J. Hardin;
the late Joseph Gillespie, of Edwardsville; Col.
John Dement; William Thomas of Jackson-
ville; Lieut. -Col. Jacob Fry; Henry Dodge and
others.
Under the census of 1830, Illinois became
entitled to three Representatives in Congress
instead of one, by whom it had been represented
from the date of its admission as a State. Lieu-
tenant-Governor Casey, having been elected to
the Twenty-third Congress for the Second Dis-
trict under the new apportionment, on March 1,
1833, tendered his resignation of the Lieutenant-
Governorship, and was succeeded by William L.
D. Ewing, Temporary President of the Senate.
{SeeAjijiortioimient, Congressional; Casey, Zadoc.
and Representatives in Congress.) Within two
weeks of the close of his term (Nov. 17, 1834),
Governor Reynolds followed the example of his
associate in office by resigning the Governorship
to accept the seat in Congress for the First (or
Southern) District, which had been rendered
vacant by the death of Hon. Charles Slade, the
incumbent in office, in July previous. This
opened the way for a new promotion of acting
Lieutenant-Governor Ewing, who thus had the
distinction of occupying the gubernatorial office
for the brief space of two weeks. (See Reynolds,
John, and Slade, Charles.)
Ewing probably held a greater variety of
offices under the State, than any other man who
ever lived in it. Repeatedly elected to each
branch of the General Assembly, he more than
once filled the chair of Speaker of the House and
President of the Senate; served as Acting Lieu-
tenant-Governor and Governor bj' virtue of the
resignation of his superiors; was United States
Senator from 1835 to 1837; still later became
Clerk of the House where he had presided as
Speaker, finally, in 1843, being elected Auditor of
Public Accounts, and dying in that office three
years later. In less than twenty years, he held
eight or ten different offices, including the high-
est in the State. (See Ewing, William Lee David-
son.)
Duncan's Administration.— Joseph Duncan,
who had served the State as its only Represent-
ative in three Congresses, was elected Governor,
August, 1834, over four competitors — William
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
■263
Kinney, Robert K. JIcLaughlin, James Erans
and W. B. Archer. (See Duncan, Joseph.)
His administration was made memorable by
the large number of distinguished men who
either entered public life at this period or gained
additional prominence by their connection with
public affairs. Among these were Abraham Lin-
coln and Stephen A. Douglas ; Col. E. D. Baker,
■who afterward and at different times represented
Illinois and Oregon in the councils of the Nation,
and who fell at Ball's Bluff in ISO',' ; Orville H.
Browning, a prospective United States Senator
and future cabinet officer; Lieut. -Gov. John
Dougherty; Gen. James Shields, Col. John J.
Hardin, Archibald Williams, Cyrus and Ninian
W. Edwards; Dr. John Logan, father of Gen.
John A. Logan; Stephen T. Logan, and many
more.
During this administration was begun that
gigantic scheme of "internal improvements,"
which proved so disastrous to the financial inter-
ests of the State. The e.stimated cost of the
various works undertaken, was over §11,000,000,
and though little of substantial value was real-
ized, yet, iii t8.j3, the debt (principal and inter-
est) thereby incurred (including that of the
canal), aggregated nearly $17,000,000. The col-
lapse of the scheme was, no doubt, hastened by
the unexpected suspension of specie pa3'ments
by the banks all over the country, which followed
soon after its adoption. (See Internal Improve-
ment Policy; also State Debt.)
Capital Removed to Springfield. — At the
session of the General Assembly of 1836-37, an act
was passed removing the State capital to Spring-
field, and an appropriation of §.50,000 was made to
erect a building ; to this amount the city of Spring-
field added a like sum, besides donating a site. In
securing the passage of these acts, tlie famous
"Long Nine," consisting of A. G. Herndon and
Job Fletcher, in the Senate; and Abraham Lin-
coln, Ninian W. Edwards, John Dawson, Andrew
McCormick, Dan Stone, William F. Elkin and
Eobert L. Wilson, in the House — all Representa-
tives from Sangamon Coimty — played a leading
part.
The Murder of Lovejoy.— An event occurred
near the close of Governor Duncan's term, which
left a stain upon the locality, but for which his
administration had no direct responsibility; to-
wit, the murder of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, by a
pro-slavery mob at Alton. Lovejoy was a native
of Maine, who, coming to St. Louis in 1827, had
been employed upon various papers, the last
being "The St. Louis Observer. " ' The outspoken
hostility of this paper to slavery aroused a bitter
local opposition which led to its removal to
Alton, where the first number of "The Alton
Observer" was issued, Sept. 8, 1836, though not
until one press and a considerable portion of the
material had been destroyed by a mob. On the
night of August 21, 1837, there was a second
destruction of the material, when a third press
having been procured, it was taken from the
warehouse and thrown into the Mississippi. A
fourth press was ordered, and, pending its
arrival, Lovejoy appeared before a public meet-
ing of his opponents and, in an impassioned
address, maintained his right to freedom of
speech, declaring in conclusion; "If the civil
authorities refuse to protect me, I must look to
God ; and if I die, I have determined to make my
grave in Alton. " These words proved prophetic.
The new press was stored in the warehouse of
Godfrey, Gillman & Co., on the night of Nov. 6,
1837. A guard of sixty volunteers remained
about the building the next day, but when night
came all but nineteen retired to their homes.
During the night a mob attacked the building,
when a shot from the inside killed Lyman Bishop.
An attempt was then made by the rioters to fire
the warehouse by sending a man to the roof. To
dislodge the incendiary, Lovejoy, with two
others, emerged from the building, when two or
three men in concealment fired upon him, the
shots taking effect in a vital part of his body,
causing his death almost instantly. He was
buried the following day without an inquest.
Several of the attacking partj' and the defenders
of the building were tried for riot and acquitted
— the former probably on account of popular
sympathy with the crime, and the latter because
they were guiltless of any crime except tliat of
defending private property and attempting to
preserve the law. The act of firing tlie fatal
shots has been charged upon two men — a Dr.
Jennings and his comrade. Dr. Beall. The
former, it is said, was afterwards cut to pieces in
a bar-room fight in Vicksburg, Miss., while the
latter, having been captured by Comanche
Indians in Texas, was burned alive. On the
other hand, Lovejoy has been honored as a
martyr and the sentiments for which he died
have triumphed. (See Lovejoy, Elijah Parish;
also Alton Riots.)
Carlin Succeeds to the Governorship. —
Duncan was succeeded by Gov. Thomas Carlin.
who was chosen at the election of 1838 over
Cyrus Edwards (a younger brother of Gov.
Ninian Edwards), who was the Whig candidate.
2C4
IIISTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
The successful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor
was Stinson H. Anderson of Jefferson County.
(See Carlin.iGov.) Thomas: Andcmon, Stinsun H.)
Among the members of the Legislature chosen
at this time -n-e find the names of Orville H.
Browning, Robert Blackwell, George Churchill,
William G. Gatewood, Ebenezer Peck (of Cook
County), William A. Richardson, Xewton Cloud,
J«sse K. Dubois, O. B. Ficklin, Vital Jarrot,
John Logan, William F. Thornton and Archibald
Williams — all men of prominence in the subse-
quent history of the State. Tliis was the last
Legislature that assembled at Vandalia, Spring-
field becoming the capital, July 4, 1839. The
corner-stone of the first State capitol at Spring-
field was laid with imposing ceremonies, July 4,
1837, Col. E. D. Baker delivering an eloquent
address. Its estimated cost was 8130,000, but
§240,000 was expended upon it before its com-
pletion.
An incident of this campaign was the election
to Congress, after a bitter struggle, of John T.
Stuart over Stephen A. Douglas from the Third
District, by a majority of fourteen votes. Stuart
was re-elected in 1840, but in 1842 he was suc-
ceeded, under a new ajjportionment, by Col. John
J. Hardin, while Douglas, elected from the
Quincy District, then entered the National Coun-
cils for the first time.
Field-McClernand Contest. — An exciting
event connected with Carlin's administration was
the attempt to remove Alexander P. Field from
the oflJce of Secretary of State, which he had
held since 1828. Under the Constitution of 1818,
this office was filled by nomination by the Gov-
ernor "with the advice and consent of the
Senate." Carlin nominated John A. McCler-
nand to supersede Field, but the Senate refused to
confirm the nomination. After adjournment of
the Legislature, McClernand attempted to obtain
possession of the office liy writ of quo warranto.
The Judge of a Circuit Court decided the case in
his favor, but this decision was overruled bj- the
Supreme Court. A special session having been
called, in November, 1840, Stephen A. Douglas,
tlien of IMorgan County, was nominated and con-
firmed Secretary of State, but held the position
only a few months, wlien he resigned to accept a
place on the Supreme bench, being succeeded as
Secretary by Lyman Trumbull.
Supreme Court Revolutionized. — Certain
decisions of some of the lower courts about this
time, bearing upon the suffrage of aliens, excited
the apprehension of the Democrats, who had
heretofore been in political control of the State,
and a movement was started in the Legislature
to reorganize the Supreme Court, a majority of
whom were Whigs. The Democrats were not
unanimous in favor of tlie measure, but, after a
bitter struggle, it was adopted, receiving a bare
majority of one in the House. Under this act
five additional Judges were elected, viz. : Thomas
Ford, Sidney Breese, Walter B. Scates, Samuel
H. Treat and Stephen A. Douglas — all Demo-
crats. Mr. Ford, one of the new Judges, and
afterwards Governor, has characterized this step
as "a confessedly violent and somewhat revolu-
tionary measure, which could never have suc-
ceeded except in times of great party excite-
ment."
The great Whig mass-meeting at Springfield,
in June, 1810, was an incident of the political
campaign of that year. No such popular assem-
blage had ever been seen in the State before. It
is estimated that 20,000 people — nearly five per
cent of the entire population of the State — were
present, including a large delegation from Chi-
cago who marched overland, under command of
the late Maj-Gen. David Hunter, bearing with
them many devices so popular in that memorable
campaign.
Ford Elected Governor. — Judge Thomas
Ford became the Democratic candidate for Gov-
ernor in 1842, taking the place on the ticket of
Col. Adam W. Snyder, who had died after nomi-
nation. Ford was elected by more than 8,000
majority over ex-Governor Duncan, the Whig
candidate. John Moore, of McLean County (who
had been a member of the Legislature for several
terms and was afterwards State Treasurer),
was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See Ford,
Thomas: Syiydei; Adani fV., and Moore. John.)
Embarrassing Questions.— The failure of the
State and the Shawneetown banks, near the close
of Carlin's administration, had produced a condi-
tion of business depression that was felt all over
the State. At the beginning of Ford's adminis-
tration, the State debt was estimated at S1.5. 6.57,-
9.50 — within about one million of the highest
point it ever reached — while the total population
was a little over half a million. In addition to
these drawbacks, the Mormon question became a
source of embarrassment. This people, after
having been driven from Missouri, settled at
Nauvoo, in Hancock County; they increased
rapidly in numbers, and. by the arrogant course
of their leaders and their odious doctrines—
especially with reference to "celestial marriage."
and their assumptions of authority — aroused the
bitter hostility of neighboring communities not
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
265.
of their faith. The popular indignation became
greatly intensified by the coui-se of unscrupulous
politicians and the granting to the Mormons, by
the Legislature, of certain charters and special
privileges. Various charges were made against
the obnoxious sect, including rioting, kidnap-
ing, robbery, counterfeiting, etc., and the Gov-
ernor called out the militia of the neighboring
counties to preserve the peace. Joseph Smith —
the founder of the sect — with his brother Hyrum
and three others, were induced to surrender to
the authorities at Carthage, on the 23d of June,
1844, under promise of protection of their per-
sons. Then the charge was changed to treason
and they were thrown into jail, a guard of eight
men being placed about the building. A con-
siderable portion of the militia had disbanded and
returned home, while others were openly hostile
to the prisoners. On June 27 a band of 150
disguised men attacked the jail, finding little
opposition among those set to guard it. In
the assault which followed both of the Smiths
were killed, while John Taylor, another of
the prisoners, was wounded. The trial of the
murderers was a farce and they were acquitted.
A state of virtual war continued for a year,
in which Governor Ford's authority was openly
defied or treated with contempt by those whom
he had called upon to preserve the peace. In
the fall of 1845 the Mormons agreed to leave
the State, and the following spring the pilgrim-
age to Salt Lake began. Gen. John J. Hardin,
who afterward fell at Buena Vista, was twice
called on by Governor Ford to head parties of
militia to restore order, while Gen. Mason Bray-
man conducted the negotiations which resulted
in the promise of removal. The great body of
the refugees spent the following winter at Coun-
cil Bluffs. Iowa, arriving at Salt Lake in June
following. Another considerable body entered
the service of the Government to obtain safe con-
duct and sustenance across the plains. While
the conduct of the Mormons during their stay
at Nauvoo was, no doubt, very irritating and
often lawless, it is equally true that the dis-
ordered condition of affairs was taken advantage
of by unscrupulous demagogues for dishonest
purposes, and this episode has left a stigma
upon the name of more than one over-zealous anti-
Mormon hero. (See Mormons: Smith, Joseph.)
Though Governor Ford's integrity and ability
in certain directions have not been questioned,
his administration was not a successful one,
largely on account of the conditions which pre-
vailed at the time and the embarrassments which
he met from his own party. (See Foixl, Thomas.}
Mexican War.— A still more tragic chapter
opened during the last year of Ford's administra-
tion, in the beginning of the war with Mexico.
Three regiments of twelve months' volunteers,
called for by the General Government from the
State of Illinois, were furnished with alacrity,
and many more men offered their services than
could be accepted. The names of their respective
commanders — Cols. John J. Hardin, William H.
Bissell and Ferris Forman — have been accorded
a high place in the annals of the State and the
Nation. Hardin was of an honorable Kentucky
family; he had achieved distinction at the bar
and served in the State Legislature and in Con-
gress, and his death on the battlefield of Buena
Vista was universally deplored. (See Hardin,
John J. ) Bissell afterward served with distinc-
tion in Congress and was the first Republican
Governor of Illinois, elected in 1856. Edward D.
Baker, then a Whig member of Congress, re-
ceived authority to raise an additional regiment,
and laid the foundation of a reputation as broad
as the Nation. Two other regiments were raised
in the State "for the war" during the next year,
led respectively by Col. Edward W. B. Newby and
James Collins, beside four independent companies
of mounted volunteers. The whole number of
volunteers furnished by Illinois in this conflict
was 6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 182
wounded, 12 dying of their wounds. Their loss
in killed was greater than that of any other
State, and the number of wounded only exceeded
by those from South Carolina and Pennsylvania.
Among other lUinoisans who participated in this
struggle, were Thomas L. Harris, William A.
Richardson, J. L. D. Morri.son, Murray F. Tuley
and Charles C. P. Holden, while still others,
either in the ranks or in subordinate positions,
received the "baptism of fire" which prepared
them to win distinction as commanders of corps,
divisions, brigades and regiments during the War
of the Rebellion, including such names as John
A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, Benjamin M.
Prentiss. James D. Morgan, W. H. L. AVallace
(who fell at Pittsburg Landing), Stephen G.
Hicks, Michael K. Lawler, Leonard F. Ross,
Isham N. Haynie, Theophilus Lyle Dickey,
Dudley Wickersham, Isaac C. Pugh, Thomas H.
Flynn, J. P. Post, Nathaniel Niles, W. R. Morri-
son, and others. (See Mexican War.)
Fken'ch's Administr.\tion-Massac Rebellion.
— Except for the Mexican War, which was still
in progress, and acts of mob violence in certain
portions of the State— especially by a band of self-
266
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
styled "regulators"' in Pope and Massac Counties
— tlie administration of Augustus C. French,
which began with the close of the year 1846. was
a quiet one. French was elected at the previous
August election by a vote of 58,700 to 36,775 for
Thomas M. Kilpatrick, the Wliig candidate, and
5,112 for Richard Eels, the Free-Soil (or Aboli-
tion) candidate. The Whigs held their first State
Convention this year for the nomination of a
State ticket, meeting at Peoria. At the same
election Abraham Lincoln was elected to Con-
gress, defeating Peter Cartwright, the famous
pioneer Methodist preacher, who was the Demo-
cratic candidate. At the session of the Legisla-
ture which followed, Stephen A. Douglas was
elected to the United States Senate as successor
to James Semple.
New Coxvestion Movement. — Governor
French was a native of New Hampshire, born
August 2, 1808; he had practiced his profession
as a lawyer in Crawford County, had been a
member of the Tenth and Eleventh General
Assemblies and Receiver of the Land Office at
Palestine. The State had now begun to recover
from the depression caused by the reverses of
1837 and subsequent years, and for some time its
growth in population had been satisfactory. The
old Constitution, however, liad been felt to be a
hampering influence, especially in dealing with
the State debt, and, as early as 1842, the question
of a State Convention to frame a new Constitu-
tion had been submitted to popidar vote, but was
defeated by the narrow margin of 1,039 votes.
The Legislature of 1844-45 adopted a resolution
for resubmission, and at the election of 1846 it
was approved by the people by a majority of
35,320 in a total vote of 81,353. The State then
contained ninety-nine counties, with an aggregate
population of 663,150. The assessed valuation of
property one year later was §93,206,493, while
the State debt was §16,661,795 — or more than
eighteen per cent of the entire assessed value of
the property of the State.
Constitutional Convention of 1847. — The
election of members of a State Convention to
form a second Constitution for the State of Illi-
nois, was held April 19, 1847. Of one hundred
and sixty-two members chosen, ninety -two were
Democrats, leaving seventy members to all
shades of the opposition. The Convention
assembled at Springfield, Jime 7, 1847; it was
organized by the election of Newton Cloud, Per-
manent President, and concluded its labors after
a session of nearly three months, adjourning
August 31. The Constitution was submitted to
a vote of the people, March 6, 1848, and was rati-
fied by 59,887 votes in its favor to 15,859 against.
A special article prohibiting free persons of color
from settling in the State was adopted by 49,060
votes for, to 20,883 against it; and another, pro-
viding for a two-mill tax, by 41,017 for, to 30,586
against. The Constitution went into effect April
1, 1848. (See Constitutions: also Constitntional
Convention of 1S47.)
The provision imposing a special two-mill tax,
to be applied to the payment of the State in-
debtedness, was the means of restoring the State
credit, while that prohibiting the immigration
of free persons of color, though in accordance
with the spirit of the times, brought upon the
State much opprobrium and was repudiated
with emphasis during the AVar of the Rebellion.
The demand for retrenchment, caused by the
financial depression following the wild legislation
of 1837, led to the adoption of many radical pro-
visions in the new Constitution, some of which
were afterward found to be serious errors open-
ing the way for grave abuses. Among these
was the practical limitation of the biennial ses-
sions of the General Assembly to forty-two days,
while the per diem of members was fixed at two
dollars. The salaries of State officers were also
fixed at what would now be recognized as an
absm-dly low figure, that of Governor being
Sl,.500; Supreme Court Judges, §1,300 each: Cir-
cuit Judges, 81,000; State Auditor, §1,000; Secre-
taiy of State, and State Treasurer, §800 each.
Among less objectionable provisions were those
restricting the right of suffrage to white male
citizens above the age of 21 years, which excluded
(except as to residents of the State at the time of
the adoption of the Constitution) a class of
unnaturalized foreigners who had exercised the
privilege as "inhabitants" under the Constitu-
tion of 1818; providing for the election of all
State, judicial and county officers by popular
vote; prohibiting the State from incurring in-
debtedness in excess of §50,000 without a special
vote of the people, or granting the credit of the
State in aid of any individual association or cor-
poration; fixing the date of the State election
on the Tuesday after the fii-st Monday in Novem-
ber in every fourth year, instead of the firs*-.
Monday in August, as had been the rule under
the old Constitution. The tenure of office of all
State officers was fixed at four years, except that
of State Treasurer, which was made two years,
and the Governor alone was made ineligible to
immediate re-election. The number of members
of the General Assembly was fixed at twenty-five
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
267
in the Senate and seventy-five in the House,
subject to a certain specified ratio of in-
crease when the population should exceed
1,000,000.
As the Constitution of 1818 had been modeled
upon the form then most popular in the Southern
States — especially with reference to the large '
number of oflScers made appointive by the Gov-
ernor, or elective by the Legislature — so the new
Constitution was, in some of its features, more in
harmony with those of other Northern States,
and indicated the growing influence of New Eng-
land sentiment. This was especially the case
with reference to the section providing for a sys-
tem of township organization in the several
counties of the State at the pleasm-e of a majority
of the voters of each county.
Elections of 1848. — Besides the election for
the ratification of the State Constitution, three
other State elections were held in 1848, viz.: (1)
for the election of State officers in August; (2)
an election of Judges in September, and (3) the
Presidential election in November. At the first
of these. Governor French, whose first term had
been cut short two years by the adoption of the
new Constitution, was re-elected for a second
term, practically without opposition, the vote
against him being divided between Pierre Menard
and Dr. C. V. Dyer. French thus became his
own successor, being the first Illinois Governor
to be re-elected, and, though two years of his
first term had been cut off by the adoption of the
Constitution, he served in the gubernatorial
office sis years. The other State officers elected,
were William McJIurtry. of Knox, Lieutenant-
Governor; Horace S. Cooley, of Adams, Secretary
of State; Thomas H. Campbell, of Randolph,
Auditor; and Milton Carpenter, of Hamilton,
State Treasurer — all Democrats, and all but
McMurtry being their own successors. At tlie
Presidential election in November, the electoral
vote was given to Lewis Cass, the Democratic
candidate, who received 56,300 votes, to 53,047
for Taylor, the Whig candidate, and 15,774 for
Martin Van Buren, the candidate of the Free
Democracy or Free-Soil party. Thus, for the first
time in the history of the State after 1824. the
Democratic candidate for President failed to
receive an absolute majority of the popular vote,
being in a minority of 12,521, while having a
plurality over the Whig candidate of 3,253. The
only noteworthy results in the election of Con-
gressmen this year were the election of Col. E. D.
Baker (Whig), from the Galena District, and
that of Maj. Thomas L. Harris (Democrat), from
the Springfield District. Both Baker and Harris
had been soldiers in the Mexican War, which
probably accounted for their election in Districts
usually opposed to them politically. The other
five Congressmen elected from the State at the
same time — including John Wentworth, then
chosen for a fourth term from the Chicago Dis-
trict— were Democrats. The Judges elected to
the Supreme bench were Lyman Trumbull, from
the Southern Division : Samuel H. Treat, from
the Central, and John Dean Caton, from the
Northern — all Democrats.
A leading event of this session was the election
of a United States Senator in place of Sidney
Breese. Gen. James Shields, who had been
severely wounded on the battle-field of Cerro
Gordo ; Sidney Breese, who had been the United
States Senator for six years, and John A. SIc-
Clernand, then a member of Congress, were
arrayed against each other before the Democratic
caucus. After a bitter contest. Shields was
declared the choice of his party and was finally
elected. He did not immediately obtain his seat,
however. On presentation of his credentials,
after a heated controversy in Congress and out of
it, in which he injudiciously assailed his prede-
cessor in very intemperate language, he was
declared ineligible on the ground that, being of
foreign birth, the nine years of citizenship
required by the Constitution after naturalization
had not elapsed previous to his election. In
October, following, the Legislature was called
together in special session, and, Shields' disabil-
ity having now been removed by the expiration
of the constitutional period, he was re-elected,
though not without a renewal of the bitter con-
test of the regular session. Another noteworthy
event of this special session was the adoption of
a joint resolution favoring the principles of the
"Wilmot Proviso." Although this was rescinded
at the next regular session, on the ground that the
points at issue had been settled in the Compro-
mise measui-es of 1850, it indicated the drift of
sentiment in Illinois toward opposition to the
spread of the institution of slaverj-, and this was
still more strongly emphasized by the election of
Abraham Lincoln in 18(50.
Illinois Central Railro.\d.— Two important
measm-es which passed the General Assembly at
the session of 1851, were the Free-Banking Law,
and the act incorporating the Illinois Central
Railroad Company. The credit of first suggest-
ing this great thoroughfare has been claimed for
William Smith Waite, a citizen of Bond County,
111., as early as 1835, although a special charter
2GS
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS
for a road over a part of this line had been passed
by the Legislature in 1834. W. K. Ackermau. in
his "Historical Sketch" of the Illinois Central
Railroad, awards the credit of originating this
enterprise to Lieut. -Gov. Alexander JI. Jenkins,
in the Legislature of 1833, of which he was a
member, and Speaker of the House at the time.
He afterwards became President of the first Illi-
nois Central Railroad Company, organized under
an act passed at the session of 1830, which pro-
vided for the construction of a line from Cairo to
Peru, 111., but resigned the next year on the sur-
render by the road of its charter. The first step
toward legislation in Congress on this subject
was taken in the introduction, by Senator Breese,
of a bill in March, 1843; but it was not until 18.j0
that the measure took the form of a direct grant
of lands to the State, finally passing the Senate
in May, and the House in September, following.
The act ceded to the State of Illinois, for the pur-
pose of aiding in the construction of a line of
railroad from the junction of the Ohio and Mis-
sissippi, with branches to Chicago and Dubuque,
Iowa, respectively, alternate sections of land on
each side of said railroad, aggregating 2,595,000
acres, the length of the main line and branches
exceeding seven hundred miles. An act incorpo-
rating the Illinois Central Railroad Company
passed the Illinois Legislature in February, 1851.
The company was thereupon promptly organized
with a number of New York capitalists at its
head, including Robert Schuyler, George Gris-
wold and Gouverneur Morris, and the grant was
placed in the liands of trustees to be used for the
purpose designated, under the pledge of the
Company to build the road by Jul}' 4, 1854, and
to pay seven per cent of its gross earnings into
the State Treasury perpetually. A large propor-
tion of the line was constructed through sections
of country either sparsely settled or wholly
unpopulated, but which have since become
among the richest and most populous portions of
the State. The fund already received by the State
from the road exceeds the amount of the State
debt incurred under the internal improvement
scheme of 1837. (See Illinois Central Railroad.)
Election of 1853,— Joel A. Matteson (Demo-
crat) was elected Governor at the November
election, in 1853, receiving 80,645 votes to 04,405
for Edwin B. Webb, Whig, and 8,809 for Dexter
A. Knowlton, Free-Soil. The other State oiEcers
elected, were Gustavus Kcerner, Lieutenant-
Governor ; Alexander Starne, Secretarj- of State ;
Thomas H. Campbell, Auditor ; and John Moore,
Treasurer. The Whig candidates for these
offices, respectively, were James L. D. Morrison,
Buckner S. Morris, Charles A. Betts and Francis
Arenz. John A. Logan appeared among the new
members of the House cliosen at this election as
a Representative from Jackson County; while
Henry W. Blodgett, since United States District
Judge for the Northern District of Illinois, and
late Counsel of the American Arbitrators of the
Behring Sea Commission, was the only Free-Soil
member, being the Representative from Lake
County. John Reynolds, who had been Gov-
ernor, a Justice of the Supreme Court and Mem-
ber of Congress, was a member of the House and
was elected Speaker. (See Webb, Edwin B.;
Knowlton, Dexter A.; Koerner, Gustavus: Starne,
Alexander; Moore. John; Morrison, James L. D.;
2Iorris, Buckner S.; Arenz, Francis A.; Blodgett
Henry W.)
Reduction of State Debt Begins.— The
State debt reached its maximum at the beginning
of Matteson"s administration, amounting to
§16,734,177, of which §7,359,823 was canal debt.
The State had now entered upon a new and pros-
perous period, and, in the next four years, the
debt was reduced by the sum of §4,564,840,
leaving the amount outstanding, Jan. 1, 1857,
§12,834,144. The three State institutions at
Jacksonville — the Asylums for the Deaf and
Dumb, the Blind and Insane — had been in suc-
cessful operation several years, but now internal
dissensions and dissatisfaction with their man-
agement seriously interfered with their prosperity
and finally led to revolutions which, for a time,
impaired their usefulness.
Kansas-Nebraska Excitement.— During Mat-
teson's administration a period of political ex-
citement began, caused by the introduction in
the United States Senate, in January, 1854, by
Senator Douglas, of Illinois, of the bill for the
repeal of the Jlissouri Compromise — otherwise
known as the Kansas- Nebraska Bill. Although
this belongs rather to National history, the
prominent part played in it by an Illinois states-
man who had won applause three or four years
before, by the service he had performed in secur-
ing the passage of the Illinois Central Raih'oad
grant, and the effect which his course had in
revolutionizing the politics of the State, justifies
reference to it here. After a debate, almost
unprecedented in bitterness, it became a law.
May 30, 1854. The agitation in Illinois was
intense. At Chicago, Douglas was practically
denied a hearing. Going to Springfield, where
the State Fair was in progress, during the first
week of October, 1854, he made a speech in the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
269
State Capitol in his defense. This was replied to
by Abraham Lincoln, then a private citizen, to
whom Douglas made a rejoinder. Speeches were
also made in criticism of Douglas' position by
Judges Breese and Trumbull (both of whom had
been prominent Democrats), and other Demo-
cratic leaders were understood to be ready to
assail the champion of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill,
though they afterwards reversed their position
under partisan pressure and became supporters of
the measure. The first State Convention of the
opponents of the Nebraska Bill was held at the
same time, but the attendance was small and the
attempt to effect a permanent organization was
not successful. At the session of the Nineteenth
General Assembly, which met in January, fol-
lowing, Lyman Trumbull was chosen the first
Republican United States Senator from Illinois,
in place of General Shields, whose term was about
to expire. Trumbull was elected on the tenth
ballot, receiving fifty-one votes to forty-seven
for Governor Matteson, though Lincoln had led
on the Republican side at every previous ballot,
and on the first had come within six votes of an
election. Although he was then the choice of a
large majority of the opposition to the Demo-
cratic candidate, when Lincoln saw that the
original supporters of Trumbull would not cast
their votes for himself, he generously insisted
that his friends should support his rival, thus
determining the result. (See Matteson, Joel A.;
Trumbull, Lyman, and Lincoln, Abraham.)
Decatur Editorial Convention.— On Feb.
22, 1856, occurred the convention of Anti-Neb-
raska (Republican) editors at Decatur, which
proved the first effective step in consolidating
the opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill into a
compact political organization. The main busi-
ness of this convention consisted in the adoption
of a series of resolutions defining the position of
their authors on National questions — especially
with reference to the institution of slavery — and
appointing a State Convention to be held at
Bloomington, May 29, following. A State Cen-
tral Committee to represent the new party was
also appointed at this convention. With two or
three exceptions the Committeemen accepted and
joined in the call for the State Convention, which
was held at the time designated, when the first
Republican State ticket was put in the field.
Among the distinguished men who participated
in this Convention were Abraham Lincoln, O. H.
Browning, Richard Yates, Owen Lovejoy, John
M. Palmer, Isaac N. Arnold and John Went
-worth. Palmer presided, while Abraham Lin-
coln, who was one of the chief speakers, was one
of the delegates appointed to the National Con-
vention, held at Philadelphia on the 17th of June.
The candidates put in nomination for State offices
were : William H. Bissell for Governor ; Francis
A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor (afterward
replaced b}' John Wood on account of Hoffman's
ineligibility) ; Ozias M. Hatch for Secretary of
State; Jesse K. Dubois for Auditor; James H.
Miller for State Treasurer, and William H. Powell
for Superintendent of Public Instruction. The
Democratic ticket was composed of William A.
Richardson for Governor; R. J. Hamilton, Lieu-
tenant-Governor; W. H. Snyder, Secretary of
State; S. K. Casey, Auditor; John Moore, Treas-
urer, and J. H. St. Matthew, Superintendent of
Public Instruction. The American organization
also nominated a ticket headed by Buckner S.
Morris for Governor. Although the Democrats
carried the State for Buchanan, their candidate
for President, by a plurality of 9,159, the entire
Republican State ticket was elected by pluralities
ranging from 3,031 to 20,213 — the latter being the
majority for Miller, candidate for State Treas-
urer, whose name was on both the Republican and
American tickets. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial ■
Convention, and Bloomington Convention of
1S56. )
Administration of Governor Bissell. —
With the inauguration of Governor Bissell, the
Republican party entered upon the control of the
State Government, which was maintained with-
out interruption until the close of the administra-
tion of Governor Fifer, in January, 1893— a period
of thirty-six years. On account of physical disa-
bility Bissell's inauguration took place in the
executive mansion, Jan. 12, 1857. He was
immediately made the object of virulent personal
abuse in the House, being charged with perjury
in taking the oath of office in face of the fact
that, while a member of Congress, he had accepted
a challenge to fight a duel with Jefferson Davis.
To this, the reply was made that the offense
charged took place outside of the State and be-
yond the legal jurisdiction of the Constitution of
Illinois. (See Bissell, William H. )
While the State continued to prosper under
Bissell's administration, the most important
events of this period related rather to general
than to State policy. One of these was the deliv-
ery by Abraham Lincoln, in the Hall of Repre-
sentatives, on the evening of June 17, 1858, of the
celebrated speech in which he announced the
doctrine that "a house divided against itself can-
not stand." This was followed during the next
270
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
few months by the series of memorable debates
between those two great champions of their
respective parties — Lincoln and Douglas — which
attracted the attention of the whole land. The
result was the re-election of Douglas to the
United States Senate for a third term, but it
also made Abraham Lincoln President of the
United States. (See Lincoln and Douglas
Debates.)
About the middle of Bissell's term (February,
1859), came the discovery of what has since been
known as tlie celebrated "Canal Scrip Fraud."
This consisted in the fraudulent funding in State
bonds of a large amount of State scrip which had
been issued for temporary purposes during the
construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal,
but which had been subsequently redeemed. A
legislative investigation proved the amount ille-
gally fimded to have been §323, 183, and that the
bulk of the bonds issued therefor — so far as they
could be traced — had been delivered to ex-Gov.
Joel A. Matteson. For this amount, with ac-
crued interest, lie gave to the State an indemnity
bond, secured by real-estate mortgages, from
which tlie State eventually realized §308,000 out
of §255,000 then due. Further investigation
proved additional frauds of like character, aggre-
gating 8165.346, which the State never recovered.
An attempt was made to prosecute Matteson
criminally in the Sangamon County Circuit
Court, but the grand jury failed, by a close vote,
to find an indictment against him. (See Canal
Scrij) Fraud.)
An attempt was made during Bissell's adminis-
tration to secure the refunding (at par and in
violation of an existing law) of one hundred and
fourteen §1,000 bonds hypothecated with Macalis-
ter & Stebbins of New York in 1841, and for
which the State had received an insignificant
consideration. The error was discovered when
new bonds for the principal had been issued, but
the process was immediately stopped and the
new bonds surrendered — the claimants being
limited by law to 38.64 cents on the dollar. This
subject is treated at length elsewhere in this vol-
ume. (See Macalister & Stebbins Bonds. ) Governor
Bissell's administration was otherwise unevent-
ful, altliough the State continued to prosper
under it as it had not done since the "internal
improvement craze" of 1837 had resulted in im-
posing such a burden of debt upon it. At the
time of his election Governor Bissell was an
invalid in consequence of an injury to his spine,
from which he never recovered. He died in
office, March 18, 1860, a little over two months
after having entered upon the last year of his
term of office, and was succeeded by Lieut.-Gov.
John Wood, who served out the unexpired term.
{See Biisell, William H.; also Wood, John.)
Political Campaign of I860.— The political
campaign of 1860 was one of unparalleled excite-
ment throughout the nation, but especially in
Illinois, which became, in a certain sense, the
chief battle-ground, furnishing the successful
candidate for the Presidency, as well as being the
State in which the convention which nominated
him met. The Republican State Convention,
held at Decatur, May 9, put in nomination
Richard Yates of Morgan County, for Governor;
Francis A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor,
O. M. Hatch for Secretary of State, Jesse K.
Dubois for Auditor, William Butler for Treasurer,
and Newton Bateman for Superintendent of Pub-
lic Instruction. If this campaign was memorable
for its excitement, it was also memorable for the
large nmnber of National and State tickets in the
field. The National Republican Convention
assembled at Chicago, May 16, and, on the third
ballot, Abraham Lincoln was nominated for
President amid a whirlwind of enthusiasm unsur-
passed in the history of National Conventions, of
which so many have been held in the "conven-
tion city" of the Northwest. The campaign was
what might have been expected from such a
beginning. Lincoln, though receiving consider-
ably less than one-half the popular vote, had a
plurality over his highest competitor of nearly
half a million votes, and a majorit3' in the elect-
oral colleges of fifty-seven. In Illinois he
received 173.161 votes to 160,315 for Douglas, his
leading opponent. The vote for Governor stood :
Yates (Republican), 172,196; Allen (Douglas-
Democrat), 159.253; Hope (BreckinridgeDemo-
crat), 2,049; Stuart (American), 1,626.
Among the prominent men of different parties
who appeared for the first time in the General
Assembly chosen at this time, were William B.
Ogden, Richard J. Oglesby, Washington Bushnell,
and Henry E. Dummer, of the Senate, and Wil-
liam R. Archer, J. Russell Jones, Robert H.
McClellan, J. Young Scammon, William H.
Brown, Lawrence Weldon, N. M. Broadwell, and
John Scholfield, in the House. Shelby M. Cul-
lom, who had entered the Legislature at the
previous session, was re-elected to this and was
chosen Speaker of the House over J. W. Single-
toni Lyman Trumbull was re-elected to the
United States Senate by the votes of the Repub-
licans over Samuel S. Marshall, the Democratic
candidate.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
271
Beginning of the Rebellion. — Almost simul-
taneously with the accession of the new State
Government, and before the inauguration of the
President at Washington, began that series of
startling events which ultiniatelj- culminated in
the attempted secession of eleven States of the
Union — the first acts in the great drama of war
which occupied the attention of the world for the
next four yeai-s. On Jan. 14, 1861, the new
State adxainistration was inaugurated ; on Feb. 2,
Commissioners to the futile Peace Conven-
tion held at Washington, were appointed from
Illinois, consisting of Stephen T. Logan, John M.
Palmer, ex-Gov. John Wood, B. C. Cook and T. J.
Turner; and on Feb. 11, Abraham Lincoln
took leave of his friends and neighbors at Spring-
field on his departure for Washington, in that
simple, touching speech which has taken a place
beside his inaugural addresses and his Gettysburg
speech, as an American classic. The events
which followed ; the firing on Fort Sumter on the
twelfth of April and its surrender; the call for
75,000 troops and the excitement which prevailed
all over the country, are matters of National his-
tory. lUinoisans responded with promptness and
enthusiasm to the call for six regiments of State
militia for three months' service, and one week
later (April 31), Gen. R. K. Swift, of Chicago, at
the head of seven companies numbering 59.5 men,
was en route for Cairo to execute the order of the
Secretary of War for the occupation of that
place. The offer of military organizations pro-
ceeded rapidly, and by the eighteenth of April,
fifty companies had been tendered, while the
public-spirited and patriotic bankers of the prin-
cipal cities were offering to supply the State with
money to arm and equip the hastily organized
troops. Following in order the six regiments
which Illinois had sent to the Mexican War,
those called out for the three months" service in
1861 were numbered consecutively from seven to
twelve, and were commanded by the following
officers, respectively; Cols. John Cook, Richard
J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, James D. Morgan,
W. H. L. Wallace and John McArthur, with
Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss as brigade com-
mander. The rank and file numbered 4,680 men,
of whom 2,000, at the end of their term of serv-
ice, re-enlisted for three years. (See TT'a?' of the
Rebellion. )
Among the many who visited the State Capitol
in the early montlis of war to offer their services
to the Government in suppressing the Rebellion,
one of the most modest and unassuming was a
gentleman from Galena who brought a letter of
introduction to Governor Yates from Congress-
man E. B. Washburne. Though he had been a
Captain in the regular army and had seen service
in the war with Mexico, he set up no pretension
on that account, but after days of patient wait-
ing, was given temporary employment as a clerk
in the office of the Adjutant-General, Col. T. S.
Mather. Finally, an emergency having arisen
requiring the services of an officer of military
experience as commandant at Camp Yates (a
camp of rendezvous and instruction near Spring-
field), he was assigned to the place, rather as an
experiment and from necessity than from convic-
tion of any peculiar fitness for the position.
Having acquitted himself creditably here, he was
assigned, a few weeks later, to the command of a
regiment (The Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers)
which, from previous bad management, had
manifested a mutinous tendency. And thus
Ulysses S. Grant, the most successful leader of
the war, the organizer of final victory over the
Rebellion, the Lieutenant-General of the armies
of the Union and twice elected President of the
United States, started upon that career which
won for him the plaudits of the Nation and the
title of the grandest soldier of his time. (See
Qrant, Ulysses S.)
The responses of Illinois, under the leadership
of its patriotic "War Governor," Richard Yates,
to the repeated calls for volunteers through the
four years of war, were cheerful and prompt. Illi-
nois troops took part in nearly every important
battle in the Mississippi Valley and in many of
those in the East, besides accompanying Sher-
man in his triumphal "March to the Sea." Illi-
nois blood stained the field at Belmont, at
Wilson's Creek, Lexington, Forts Donelson and
Henry; at Shiloh, Corinth, Nashville, Stone River
and Chickamauga ; at Jackson, during the siege
of Vicksburg, at AUatoona Pass. Kenesaw Moun-
tain, Resaca. Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, in
the South and West; and at Chancellorsville,
Antietam, Gettysburg, Petersburg and in the
battles of "the Wilderness" in Virginia. Of all
the States of the Union, Illinois alone, up to
Feb. 1, 1864, presented the proud record of hav-
ing answered every call upon her for troops
without a draft. The whole number of enlist-
ments from the State under the various calls from
1861 to 1865, according to the records of the War
Department, was 255,057 to meet quotas aggre-
gating 2-14,496. Tlie ratio of troops furnished to
population was 15.1 per cent, which was only
exceeded by the District of Columbia (which
had a large influx from the States), and Kansas
-2:3
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
and Nevada, each of which had a much larger
proportion of adult male population. The whole
number of regimental organizations, according
to the returns in the Adjutant GeneraFs office,
was lol regiments of infantry (numbered con-
secutively from the Sixth to tlie One Hundred
and Fifty-seventh), IT regiments of cavalry and 3
regiments of artillery, besides 9 independent bat-
teries. The total losses of Illinois troops, officially
reported by the "War Department, were 34,834
(13.65 per cent), of which 5,874 were killed in
battle, 4,020 died of wounds, 22,786 died of disease,
and 2,154 from other causes. Besides the great
Commander-in-Chief, Abraham Lincoln, and
Lieut. -Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois furnished
11 full Major-Generals of volunteers, viz.:
Generals John Pope, John A. McClernand, S. A.
Hurlbut, B, M. Prentiss, John M. Palmer, R. J.
Oglesby, John A. Logan, John M. Schofield, Giles
A. Smith, Wesley Merritt and Benjamin H.
Grierson ; 20 Brevet Major-Generals ; 24 Brigadier-
Generals, and over 120 Brevet Brigadier-Generals.
(See sketches of these officers under their respec-
tive names. ) Among the long list of regimental
officers who fell upon the field or died from
wounds, appear the names of Col. J. R. Scott of
the Nineteenth ; Col. Thomas D. Williams of the
Twenty-fifth, and Col. F. A. Harrington of the
Twenty-seventh— all killed at Stone River; Col.
John W. S. Alexander of the Twenty-first; Col.
Daniel Gilmer of tlie Thirty-eighth; Lieut. -Col.
Duncan J. Hall of the Eighty-ninth ; Col. Timothy
O'Meara of the Ninetieth, and Col. Holden Put-
nam, at Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge;
Col. John B. Wyman of the Thirteenth, at
Chickasaw Bayou; Lieut. -Col. Thomas W. Ross,
of the Thirty-second, at Shiloh; Col. John A,
Davis of the Forty -sixth, at Hatchie; Col. Wil-
liam A. Dickerman of the One Hundred and
Third, at Resaca; Col. Oscar Harmon, at Kene-
saw; Col. John A. Bross, at Petersburg, besides
Col. Mihalotzy, Col. Silas Miller, Lieut. -Col.
Melancthon Smith, Maj. Zenas Applington, Col.
John J. Mudd, Col. Matthew H. Starr, Maj. Wm.
H. Medill, Col. Warren Stewart and many more
on other battle-fields. (Biographical sketches of
many of these officers will be found under the
proper heads elsewhere in this volume.) It
would be a grateful task to record here the names
of a ho.st of others, who, after acquitting them-
selves bravely on the field, survived to enjoy the
plaudits of a grateful people, %vere this within
t'ne design and scope of the present work. One
of the most brilliant exploits of the War was the
raid from La Grange, Tenn., to Baton Rouge,
La., in May, 1863. led by Col. B. H. Grierson, of
the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, in co-operation with
the Seventh under command of Col. Edward
Prince.
Constitutional Convention of 1862. — An
incident of a different character was the calling
of a convention to revise the State Constitu-
tion, which met at Springfield. Jan. 7, 1862. A
majority of this body was composed of those
opposed to the war policy of the Government,
and a disposition to interfere with the affairs of
the State administration and the General Gov-
ernment was soon manifested, which was resented
by the executive and many of the soldiers in the
field. The convention adjourned March 24, and
its work was submitted to vote of the people,
June 17, 1862, when it was rejected by a majority
of more than 16,000, not counting the soldiers in
the field, who were permitted, as a matter of
policy, to vote upon it, but who were practically
unanimous in opposition to it.
De.4^th of Douglas.— A few days before this
election (June 3, 1802), United States Senator
Stephen A. Douglas died, at the Tremont House
in Chicago, depriving the Democratic party of
the State of its most sagacious and patriotic
adviser. (See Douglas, Stephen A. )
Legislature of 1863.— Another political inci-
dent of this period grew out of the session of the
General Assembly of 1863. This body having
been elected on the tide of the political revulsion
which followed the issuance of President Lin-
coln's preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation,
was Democratic in both branches. One of its
first acts was the election of William A. Richard-
son United States Senator, in place of O. H.
Browning, who had been appointed by Governor
Yates to the vacancy caused by the death of
Douglas. This Legislature early showed a tend-
ency to follow in the footsteps of the Constitu-
tional Convention of 1862, by attempting to
cripple the State and General Governments in
the prosecution of the war. Resolutions on the
subject of the war, which the friends of the
Union regarded as of a most mischievous charac-
ter, were introduced and passed in the House, but
owing to the death of a member on the majority
side, they failed to pass the Senate. These
denounced the suspension of the writ of habeas
corpus; condemned "the attempted enforcement
of compensated emancipation" and "the transpor-
tation of negroes into the State;" accused the
General Government of "usurpation," of "sub-
verting the Constitution" and attempting to
establish a "consolidated military despotism;"
IILSTOrJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
273
charged that the war had been "diverted from its
first avowed object to that of subjugation and
the abolition of slavery;" declared the belief of
the authors that its "further prosecution ....
cannot result in the restoration of tlie Union
.... unless the President's Emancipation Proc-
lamation be withdrawn;" appealed to Congress
to secure an armistice with the rebel States, and
closed by appointing six Commissioners (who
were named) to confer with Congress, with a
view to the holding of a National Convention to
adjust the differences between the States. These
measures occupied the attention of the Legisla-
ture to the exclusion of subjects of State interest,
so that little legislation was accomplished — not
even the ordinarj' appropriation bills being passed.
Legislature Prokogued.— At this juncture,
the two Houses having disagreed as to the date
of adjournment. Governor Yates exercised the
constitutional prerogative of proroguing them,
which he did in a message on June 10, declaring
them adjourned to the last day of their constitu-
tional term. The Eepublicans accepted the result
and withdrew, but the Democratic majority in
the House and a minority in the Senate continued
in session for some days, without being able to
transact any business except the filing of an
empty protest, when they adjourned to the first
Monday of January, 1864. The excitement pro-
duced by this affair, in the Legislature and
throughout the State, was intense ; but the action
of Governor Yates was sustained by the Supreme
Court and the adjourned session was never held.
The failure of the Legislature to make provision
for the expenses of the State Government and the
relief of the soldiers in the field, made it neces-
sary for Governor Yates to accept that aid from
the public-spirited bankers and capitalists of the
State which was never wanting when needed
during this critical period. (See Twenty-Third
General Assembly.)
Peace Conventions.— Largely attended "peace
conventions" were held during this year, at
Springfield on June 17, and at Peoria in Septem-
ber, at which resolutions opposing the "further
offensive prosecution of the war" were adopted.
An immense Union mass-meeting was also held
at Springfield oh Sept. 3, which was addressed
by distinguislied speakers, including both Re-
publicans and War-Democrats. An important
incident of this meeting was the reading of the
letter from President Lincoln to Hon. James C.
Conkling, in which he defended his war policy,
and especially his Emancipation Proclamation,
in a cliaracteristicallv logical manner.
Political Campaign of 1864.— The year 1864
was full of exciting political and military events.
Among the former was the nomination of George
B. McClellau for President by the Democratic Con-
vention held at Chicago, August 39, on a platform
declaring the wara "failure" as an "experiment"
for re.storing the Union, and demanding a "cessa-
tion of hostilities" with a view to a convention for
the restoration of peace. Mr. Lincoln had been
renominated by the Eepublicans at Philadelphia,
in June previous, with Andrew Johnson as the
candidate for Vice-President. The leaders of the
respective State tickets were Gen. Richard J.
Oglesby, on the part of the Republicans, for Gov-
ernor, with William Bross, for Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor, and James C. Robinson as tlie Democratic
candidate for Governor.
Camp Douglas Coxspiracy. — For months
rumors had been rife concerning a conspiracy of
rebels from the South and their sympathizers in
the North, to release the rebel prisoners confined
in Camp Douglas, Chicago, and at Rook Island,
Springfield and Alton — aggregating over 25,000
men. It was charged that the scheme was to be
put into effect simultaneously witli the Novem-
ber election, but the activity of the military
authorities in arresting the leaders and seizing
their arms, defeated it. The investigations of a
military court before whom a number of the
arrested parties were tried, proved the existence
of an extensive organization, calling itself
"American Knights" or "Sons of Liberty," of
which a number of well-known politicians in
Illinois were members. (See Camp Douglas
Conspiracy.)
At the November election Illinois gave a major-
ity for Lincoln of 30,756, and for Oglesby, for
Governor, of 38,675, with a proportionate major-
ity for the rest of the ticket. Lincoln's total vote
in the electoral college was 212, to 21 forMcClellan.
Legisl.ature of 1865. — The Republicans had a
decided majority in both branches of the Legis-
lature of 1805, and one of its earliest acts was the
election of Governor Yates, United States Sena-
tor, in place of William A. Richardson, who had
been elected two years before to the seat formerly
held by Douglas. This was the last public posi-
tion held by the popular Illinois "War Gov-
ernor. ' ' During his official term no more popular
public servant ever occupied the executive chair
— a fact demonstrated by the promptness with
which, on retiring from it, he was elected to the
LTnited States Senate. His personal and political
integrity was never questioned by his most bitter
political opponents, while those who had known
2n
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
him lonj;est and most intimately, trusted liim
most implicitly. The service whicli he performed
in giving direction to the patriotic sentiment of
the State and in marslialing its heroic soldiers
for the defense of the Union can never be over-
estimated. (See Yates, Richard.)
Oglesby's Administr.^tion. — Governor Ogles-
by and the other State officers were inaugu-
rated Jan. 17, 1865. Entering upon its duties
with a Legislature in full sympathy with it, the
new administration was confronted by no such
difficulties as those with which its predecessor
had to contend. Its head, who had been identi-
fied with the war from its beginning, was one of
the first lUinoisans promoted to the rank of
Major-General, was personally popular and
enjoyed the confidence and respect of the people
of the State. Allen C. Fuller, who had retired
from a position on the Circuit bench to accept
that of Adjutant-General, which he held during
the last three years of the war, was Speaker of
the House. This Legislature was the first among
those of all the States to ratify the Thirteenth
Amendment of the National Constitution, abolish-
ing slavery, which it did in both Houses, on the
evening of Feb. 1, 18G5 — the same day the resolu-
tion had been finally acted on by Congress and
received the sanction of the President. The
odious "black laws," which had disgraced the
State for twelve years, were wiped from the
statute-book at this session. The Legislature
adjourned after a session of forty-six days, leav-
ing a record as creditable in the disposal of busi-
ness as that of its predecessor had been discredit-
able. (See Oglesby, Richard J.)
ASSASSIN.A.TION OF LINCOLN. — The War was now
rapidly approaching a successful termination.
Lee had surrendered to Grant at Appomattox,
April 9, 1865, and the people were celebrating
this event with joyful festivities through all the
loyal States, but nowhere with more enthusiasm
than in Illinois, the home of the two great
leaders — Lincoln and Grant. In the midst of
these jubilations came the assassination of Presi-
dent Lincoln by John "Wilkes Booth, on the
evening of April 14, 1865, in Ford's Theater,
Washington. The appalling news was borne on
the wings of the telegraph to every corner of the
land, and instantly a nation in rejoicing was
changed to a nation in mourning. A pall of
gloom hung over every part of the land. Public
buildings, business houses and dwellings in every
city, village and hamlet throughout the loyal
States were draped with the insignia of a univer-
sal sorrow. Millions of strong men, and tender,
patriotic women who had given their hiisbands,
sons and brothers for the defense of the Union,
wept as if overtaken by a great personal calam-
ity. If the nation mourned, much more did Illi-
nois, at the taking off of its chief citizen, the
grandest character of the age, who had served
both State and Nation with such patriotic fidel-
ity, and perished in the very zenith of his fame
and in the hour of his country's triumph.
The Funer.^l. — Then came the sorrowful
march of the funeral cortege from Washington
to Springfield — the most impressive spectacle
witnessed since the Day of the Crucifixion. In
all this, Illinois bore a conspicuous part, as on the
fourth day of Slay, 1865, amid the most solemn
ceremonies and in the presence of sorrowing
thousands, she received to her bosom, near his
old home at the State Capital, the remains of the
Great Liberator.
The part which Illinois played in the great
struggle has already been dwelt upon as fully as
the scope of this work will permit. It only
remains to be said that the patriotic service of
the men of the State was grandly supplemented
by the equally patriotic service of its women in
"Soldiers' Aid Societies," "Sisters of the Good
Samaritan," "Needle Pickets," and in sanitary
organizations for the purpose of contributing to
the comfort and health of the soldiers in camp
and in hospital, and in giving them generous
receptions on their return to their homes. The
work done by these organizations, and by indi-
vidual nurses in the field, illustrates one of the
brightest pages in the history of the war.
Election of 1866. — The administration of Gov-
ernor Oglesby was as peaceful as it was prosper-
ous. The chief political events of 1866 were the
election of Newton Bateman, State Superintend-
ent of Public Instruction, and Gen. Geo. W.
Smith, Treasurer, while Gen. John A. Logan, as
Representative from the State-at-large. re-entered
Congress, from which he had retired in 1861 to
enter the Union army. His majority was un-
precedented, reaching 55,987. The Legislature
of 1867 reelected Judge Trumbull to the United
States Senate for a third term, his chief competi-
tor in the Republican caucus being Gen. John M.
Palmer. The Fourteenth Amendment to the
National Constitution, conferring citizenship
upon persons of color, was ratified by this Legis-
lature.
Election of 1868.— The Republican State Con-
vention of 1868, held at Peoria, May 6, nominated
the following ticket; For Governor, John M.
Palmer, Lieutenant-Governor, John Dougherty;
HISTOraCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
275
Secretary of State, Edward Rummell; Auditor,
Charles E. Lippincott. State Treasurer, Erastus N.
Bates : Attorney General, Washington Bushnell.
John R. Eden, afterward a member of Congress
for three terms, headed the Democratic ticket as
candidate for Governor, with William H. Van
Epps for Lieutenant-Governor.
The Republican National Convention was held
at Chicago, May 21, nominating Gen. U. S. Grant
for President and Schuyler Colfax for Vice-
President. They were opposed by Horatio
Seymour for President, and F. P. Blair for Vice-
President. The result in November was the
election of Grant and Colfax, who received 214
electoral votes from 26 States, to 80 electoral
votes for Seymour and Blair from 8 States — three
States not voting. Grant's majority in Illinois
was 51,150. Of course the Republican State
ticket was elected. The Legislature elected at
the same time consisted of eighteen Republicans
to nine Democrats in the Senate and fifty-eight
Republicans to twenty-seven Democrats in the
House.
Palmer's Adjiinistratiom.— Governor Palm-
er's administration began auspiciously, at a time
■when the passions aroused by the war were sub-
siding and the State was recovering its normal
prosperity. (See Palmer, John 31.) Leading
events of the next four years were the adoption
of a new State Constitution and the Chicago fire.
The first steps in legislation looking to the con-
trol of railroads were taken at the session of
1869, and although a stringent law on the subject
passed both Houses, it was vetoed by the Gov-
ernor. A milder measure was afterward enacted,
and, although superseded by the Constitution of
1870, it furnished the key-note for nmch of the
legislation since had on the subject. The cele-
brated "Lake Front Bill," conveying to the city
of Chicago and the Illinois Centi-al Railroad the
title of the State to certain lands included in
what was known as the "Lake Front Park," was
passed, and although vetoed by the Governor,
was re-enacted over his veto. This act was
finally repealed by the Legislature of 1873, and
after many years of litigation, the rights claimed
under it by the Illinois Central Railroad Com-
pany have been recently declared void by the
Supreme Court of the United States. The Fif-
teenth Amendment of the National Constitution,
prohibiting the denial of the right of suffrage to
"citizens of the United States .... on accoimt
of race, color or previous condition of servitude."
was ratified by a strictly party vote in each
House, on March 5.
The first step toward the erection of a new
State Capitol at Springfield had been taken in an
appropriation of 84,50,000, at the session of 1867,
the total cost being limited to $3,000,000. A
second appropriation of S650,00U was made at the
session of 1869. The Constitution of 1870 limited
the cost to 93,500,000, but an act passed by the
Legislature of 1883, making a final appropriation
of §531,712 for completing and furnishing the
building, was ratified by the people in 1884. The
original cost of the building and its furniture
exceeded §4,000,000. (See State Houses. )
The State Convention for framing a new Con-
stitution met at Springfield, Dec. 13, 1809.
It consisted of eighty-five members — forty-four
Republicans and forty-one Democrats. A num-
ber classed as Republicans, however, were elected
as "Independents" and co-operated with the
Democrats in the organization. Charles Hitch-
cock was elected President. The Convention
terminated its labors, May 13, 1870; the Constitu-
tion was ratified by vote of the people, July 2,
and went into effect, August 8, 1870. A special
provision establishing the principle of "minority
representation" in the election of Representatives
in the General Assembly, was adopted by a
smaller vote than the main instrument. A lead-
ing feature of the latter was the general restric-
tion upon special legislation and the enumeration
of a large variety of subjects to be provided for
under general laws. It laid the basis of our
present railroad and warehouse laws; declared
the inviolability of the Illinois Central Railroad
tax; prohibited the sale or lease of the Illinois
& Jlichigan Canal without a vote of the people ;
prohibited municipalities from becoming sub-
scribers to the stock of any railroad or private
corporation ; limited the rate of taxation and
amount of indebtedness to be incurred ; required
tlie enactment of laws for the protection of
miners, etc. The restriction in the old Constitu-
tion against the re-election of a Governor as his
own immediate successor was removed, but placed
upon the office of State Treasurer. The Legisla-
ture consLstsof 204 members— 51 Senators and 153
Representatives — one Senator and three Repre-
sentatives being chosen from each district. (See
Constitutional Convention of 1S69-70; also Con-
stitution of 1S70. )
At the election of 1870, General Logan was re-
elected Congressman-at-large by 24,672 majority;
Gen. E. N. Bates, Treasurer, and Newton Bate-
man, State Superintendent of Public Instruction.
Legislature op 1871.— The Twenty-,sevpnth
General Assembly (1871), in its various sessions,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
spent more time in legislation than any other in
the history of the State — a fact to be accounted
for, in part, by the Chicago Fire and the exten-
sive revision of the laws required in consequence
of the adoption of the new Constitution. Besides
the regular session, there were two special, or
called, sessions and an adjourned session, cover-
ing, in all, a period of 293 days. This Legislature
adopted the system of "State control" in the
management of the labor and discipline of the
convicts of the State penitentiary, which was
strongly urged by Governor Palmer in a special
message. General Logan having been elected
United States Senator at this session, Gen. John
L. Beveridge was elected to the vacant position
of Congressman-at-large at a special election held
Oct. 4.
Chicago Fire of 1871. — The calamitous fire
at Chicago, Oct. 8-9, 1871, though belonging
rather to local than to general State history,
excited the profound sympathy, not only of the
people of the State and the Nation, but of the
civilized world. The area burned over, including
streets, covered 2,124 acres, with 13,500 biiildings
out of 18,000, leaving 92,000 persons homeless.
The loss of life is estimated at 250, and of prop-
erty at §187, 927, 000. Governor Palmer called the
Legislature together in special session to act upon
the emergency, Oct. 13, but as the State was pre-
cluded from affording direct aid, the plan was
adopted of reimbursing the city for the amount
it had expended in the enlargement of tlie Illinois
& Michigan Canal, amounting to !;?3, 955, 340.
The unfortunate shooting of a citizen by a cadet
in a regiment of United States troops organized
for guard duty, led to some controversy between
Governor Palmer, on one side, and the Mayor of
Cliicago and the military authorities, including
President Grant, on the other; but the general
verdict was, that, while nice distinctions between
civil and military authority may not have been
observed, the service rendered by the military, in
a great emergency, was of the highest value and
was prompted by the best intentions. (See Fire
o/ Wr7 under title Chicago.)
Political Campaign op 1872.— The political
campaign of 1873 in Illinois resulted in much con-
fusion and a partial reorganization of parties.
Dissatisfied with the administration of President
Grant, a number of the State officers (including
Governor Palmer) and other prominent Repub-
licans of the State, joined in what was called the
"Liberal Republican" movement, and supported
Horace Greeley for the Presidency. Ex-Gov-
ernor Oglesby again became the standard-bearer
of the Republicans for Governor, with Gen. John
L. Beveridge for Lieutenant-Governor. At the
November election, the Grant and Wilson (Repub-
lican) Electors in Illinois received 241,944 votes,
to 184.938 for Greeley, and 3,138 for O'Conor.
The plurality for Oglesby, for Governor, was
40,690.
Governor Oglesby's second administration was
of brief duration. Within a week after his in-
auguration he was nominated by a legislative
caucus of his party for United States Senator to
succeed Judge Trumbull, and was elected, receiv-
ing an aggregate of 117 votes in the two Houses
against 78 for Trumbull, who was supported by
the party whose candidates he had defeated at
three previous elections. (See Oglesby, Richard J. )
Lieutenant-Governor Beveridge thus became
Governor, filling out the unexpired term of his
chief. His administration was high-minded,
clean and honorable. (See Beveridge, John L.)
Republican Reverse op 1874. — The election
of 1874 resulted in the first serious reverse the
Republican party had experienced in Illinois
since 1862. Although Thomas S. Ridgway, the
Republican candidate for State Treasurer, was
elected by a plurality of nearly 35,000, by a com-
bination of the opposition, S. M. Etter (Fusion)
was at the same time elected State Superintend-
ent, while the Fusiouists secured a majority in
each House of the General Assembly. After a
protracted contest, E. M. Haines — who had been
a Democrat, a Republican, and had been elected
to this Legislature as an "Independent" — was
elected Speaker of the House over Shelby M. Cul-
lom, and A. A. Glenn (Democrat) was chosen
President of the Senate, thus becoming ex-officio
Lieutenant-Governor. The session which fol-
lowed— especially in the House— was one of the
most turbulent and disorderly in the history of
the State, coming to a termination, April 15,
after having enacted very few laws of any im-
portance. (See Twenty-ninth General Assembly. )
Campaign of 1876.— Shelby M. Cullom was the
candidate of the Republican party for Governor
in 1876, with Rutherford B. Hayes heading the
National ticket. The excitement which attended
the campaign, the closeness of the vote between
the two Presidential candidates — Hayes and
Tilden — and the determination of the result
through the medium of an Electoral Commission,
are fresh in the memory of the present gener-
ation. In Illinois the Republican plurality for
President was 19,631, but owing to the combina-
tion of the Democratic and Greenback vote on
Lewis Steward for Governor, th'e majority for
lARD OF TRADE BUILDING, CHICAGO.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
277
Cullom was reduced to G,798. The other State
officers elected were: Andrew Shumau, Lieu-
tenant-Governor; George H. Harlow, Secretary
of State; Thomas B. Needles, Auditor; Edward
Rutz, Treasurer, and James K. Edsall, Attorney-
General. Each of these had pluralities exceeding
20,000, except Needles, who, having a single com-
petitor, had a smaller majority than Cullom.
The new State House was occupied for the first
time by the State officers and the Legislature
chosen at this time. Although the Republicans
had a majority in the House, the Independents
held the "balance of power"" in joint session of
the General Assembly. After a stubborn and
protracted struggle in the effort to choose a
United States Senator to succeed Senator John A.
Logan, David Davis, of Bloomington, was
elected on the fortieth ballot. He had been a
Whig and a warm personal friend of Lincoln, by
whom he was appointed Associate Justice of the
Supreme Court of the United States in 1862. His
election to the L'nited States Senate by the Demo-
crats and Independents led to his retirement from
the Supreme bench, thus preventing his appoint-
ment on the Electoral Commission of 1877 — a cir-
cumstance which, in the opinion of many, may
have had an important bearing upon the decision
of that tribunal. In the latter part of his term
he served as President pro tempore of the Senate,
and more frequently acted with the Republicans
than with their opponents. He supported Blaine
and Logan for President and Vice-President, in
1884. (See Davis, David.)
Strike of 1877. — The extensive railroad strike,
in July, 1877, caused widespread demoralization
of business, especially in the railroad centers of
the State and throughout the covmtry generally.
The newly-organized National Guard was called
out and rendered efficient service in restoring
order. Governor CuUom's action in the premises
was prompt, and has been generally commended
as eminently wise and discreet.
Election of 1878. — Four sets of candidates
were in the field for the offices of State Treasurer
and Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1878
— Republican, Democratic, Greenback and Pro-
hibition. The Republicans were successful. Gen.
John C. Smith being elected Treasurer, and
James P. Slade, Superintendent, by pluralities
averaging about 3.5,000. The same party also
elected eleven out of nineteen members of Con-
gress, and, for the first time in six years, secured
a majority in each branch of the General Assem-
bly. At the session of this Legi.slature, in Janu-
ary following, John A. Logan was elected to the
LTnited States Senate as successor to Gen. R. J.
Oglesby, whose term expired in March following.
Col. William A. James, of Lake County, served
as Speaker of the' House at this session. (See
Smith. John Corson: Slade, James P.; also Thirty-
first General Assembly. )
Campaign of 1880.— The political campaign
of 1880 is memorable for the determined struggle
made by the friends of General Grant to secure
his nomination for the Presidency for a third
term. The Republican State Convention, begin-
ning at Springfield, May 19, lasted three days,
ending in instructions in favor of General Grant
by a vote of 399 to 285. These were nullified,
however, by the action of the National Conven-
tion two weeks later. Governor Cullom waa
nominated for re-election ; John M. Hamilton for
Lieutenant-Governor ; Henry D. Dement for Sec-
retary of State ; Charles P. Swigert for Auditor ;
Edward Rutz ( for ^-x third term) for Treasurer,
and James McCartney for Attorney-General.
(See Dement, Henry D.; Sicigert, Charles P.;
Rutz, Edward, and 3IcCartney, James.) Ex-Sena-
tor Trumbull headed the Democratic ticket as its
candidate for Governor, with General L. B. Par-
sons for Lieutenant-Governor.
The Republican National Convention met in
Chicago, June 2. After thirty-six ballots, in
which 806 delegates stood unwaveringly by Gen-
eral Grant, James A. Garfield, of Ohio, was
nominated, with Chester A. Arthur, of New
York, for Vice-President. Gen. Winfield Scott
Hancock was the Democratic candidate and Gen.
James B. Weaver, the Greenback nominee. In
Illinois, 622,156 votes were cast, Garfield receiv-
ing a plurality of 40,716. The entire Republican
State ticket was elected by nearly the same plu-
ralities, and the Republicans again had decisive
majorities in both branches of the Legislature.
No startling events occurred during Governor
Cullom"s second term. The State continued to
increase in wealth, population and prosperity,
and the heavy debt, by which it had been bur-
dened thirty years before, was practically "wiped
out."
Election of 1882.— At the election of 1882,
Gen. John C. Smith, who had been elected State
Treasurer in 1878, was re-elected for a second
term, over Alfred Orendorff, while Charles T.
Strattan, the Republican candidate for State
Superintendent of Public Instruction, was de-
feated by Henry Raab. The Republicans again
had a majority in each House of the General
Assembly, amounting to twelve on joint ballot.
Loren C. Collins was elected Speaker of the
!78
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
House. In the election of United States Senator,
which occurred at this session, Governor Cullora
was chosen as the successor to David Davis, Gen.
Jolin M. Palmer receiving the Democratic vote.
Lieut. -Gov. John M. Hamilton thus became Gov-
ernor, nearly in the middle of his term. (See
Ctillom, Shelby M.; Hamilton, John M.; Coll inn,
Loren C, and liaab, Henri/.)
The "Harper High License Law,"" enacted by
the Thirty-third CJeneral Assembly (1883), has
become one of the permanent features of the Illi-
nois statutes for the control of the liquor "traffic,
and has been more or less closely copied in other
States.
Political Campaign of 1884. — In 1884, Gen.
R. J. Oglesby again became the choice of the
Republican party for Governor, receiving at
Peoria the conspicuous compliment of a nomina-
tion for a third term, by acclamation. Carter H.
Harrison was the candidate of the Democrats.
The Republican National Convention was again
held in Chicago, meeting June 3, 1884; Gen. John
A. Logan was the choice of the Illinois Repub-
licans for President, and was put in nomination
in the Convention by Senator Cullom. The
choice of the Convention, however, fell upon
James G. Blaine, on the fourth ballot, his leading
competitor being President Arthur. Logan was
then nominated for Vice-President by acclama-
tion.
At the election in November the Republican
party met its first reverse on the National battle-
field since 18.56, Grover Cleveland and Tliomas A.
Hendricks, the Democratic candidates, being
elected President and Vice-President by the nar-
row margin of less than 1,200 votes in the State
of New York. The result was in doubt for sev-
eral days, and the excitement throughout the
country was scarcely less intense than it had
been in the close election of 1876. The Green-
back and Prohibition parties both Iiad tickets in
Illinois, polling a total of nearly 33,000 votes.
The plurality in the State for Blaine was 25,118.
The Republican State officers elected were Richard
J. Oglesby, Governor; John C. Smith, Lieuten-
ant-Governor; Henry D. Dement, Secretary of
State; Charles P. Swigert, Auditor; Jacob Gross,
State Treasurer; and George Hunt, Attorney-
General — receiving pluralities ranging from 14,-
000 to 2.5,000. Both Dement and Swigert were
elected for a second time, while Gross and Hunt
were chosen for first terms. (See Gi-oss, Jacob,
and Hunt, George. )
Chicago Election Frauds.— An incident of
this election was the fraudulent attempt to seat
Rudolph Brand (Democrat) as Senator in place of
Henry W. Leman, in the Sixth Senatorial Dis-
trict of Cook County. The fraud was exposed
and Joseph C. Mackin, one of its alleged perpe-
trators, was sentenced to the penitentiary for four
years for perjury growing out of the investiga-
tion. A motive for this attempted fraud was
found in tlie close vote in the Legislature for
United States Senator — Senator Logan being a
candidate for re-election, while the Legislature
stood 102 Republicans to 100 Democrats and two
Greenbackers on joint ballot. A tedious contest
on the election of Speaker of the House finally
resulted in the success of E. M. Haines. Pending
the struggle over the Senatorship, two seats in
the House and one in the Senate were rendered
vacant by death — the deceased Senator and one of
the Representatives being Democrats, and the
other Representative a Republican. The special
election for Senator resulted in filling the vacancy
with a new member of the same political faith as
his predecessor; but both vacancies in the House
were filled by Republicans. The gain of a Repub-
lican member in place of a Democrat in the
House was brought about by the election of
Captain William H. Weaver Representative from
the Thirty-fourth District (composed of Mason,
Menard, Cass and Schuyler Counties) over the
Democratic candidate, to fill the vacancy caused
by the death of Representative J. Henry Shaw,
Democrat. This was accomplished by what is
called a "still hunt'" on the part of the Repub-
licans, in whicli the Democrats, being taken by
surprise, suffered a defeat. It furnished the sen-
sation not only of the session, but of special elec-
tions generally, especially as every county in the
District was strongly Democratic. This gave the
Republicans a majority in each House, and the
re-election of Logan followed, though not until
two months had been consumed in the contest.
(See Logan, John A.)
Oglesby's Third Term. — The only disturbing
events during Governor Oglesby's third term were
strikes among the quarrymen at Joliet and
Lemont, in May, 1885 ; by the railroad switchmen
at East St. Louis, in April, 1886, and among the
employes at the Union Stock-Yards, in November
of the same year. In each case troops were called
out and order finally restored, but not until sev-
eral persons had been killed in the two former,
and both strikers and employers had lost heavily
in the interruption of business.
At the election of 1886, John R. Tanner and
Dr. Richard Edwards (Republicans) were respec-
tively elected State Treasurer and State Superin-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
279
-tendent of Public Instruction, by 34,810 plurality
for the former and 29,928 for the latter. (See
Tanner, John R.; Edwards, Richard.)
In the Thirty-fifth General Assembly, whicli
met January, 1887, the Republicans had a major-
ity in each House, and Charles B. Farwell was
-elected to the United States Senate in place of
-Gen. John A. Logan, deceased. (See Farirell,
Charles B. )
FiFER Elected Governor. — The political
•campaign of 1888 was a spirited one, though less
bitter than the one of four years previous. Ex-
.Senator Joseph W. Fifer, of ^McLean County, and
Ex-Gov. John M. Palmer were pitted against each
•other as opposing candidates for Governor. (See
Fifer, Joseph W. ) Prohibition and Labor tickets
were also in the field The Republican National
'Convention was again held in Chicago, June
20-25, resulting in the nomination of Benjamin
Harrison for President, on the eighth ballot. The
■delegates from Illinois, with two or three excep-
tions, voted steadily for Judge Walter Q.
Gresham. (See Gresham, Walter Q.) Grover
■Cleveland headed the Democratic ticket as a
■candidate for re-election. At the Xovember elec-
tion, 7-17,683 votes were cast in Illinois, giving
"the Republican Electors a plurality of 22,104.
Fifer's plurality over Palmer was 12, .547, and that
■of the remainder of the Republican State ticket,
.still larger. Those elected were Lyman B. Ray,
Lieutenant-Governor; Isaac N. Pearson, Seore-
-tary of State ; Gen. Charles W. Pavey, Auditor ;
■Charles Becker, Treasurer, and George Hunt,
Attorney-General. (See Ray. Lyman B.: Pear-
son, Isaac N.; Pavey, C^iarles IT'; and Becker,
Charles.) The Republicans secured twenty-six
majority on joint ballot in the Legislature — the
largest since 1881. Among the acts of the Legis-
lature of 1889 were the re-election of Senator
Cullom to the United States Senate, practically
w.'thout a contest ; the revision of the compulsory
education law, and the enactment of the Chicago
drainage law. At a special session held in July,
1890, the first steps in the preliminary legislation
looking to the holding of the World's Columbian
Exposition of 1893 in the city of Cliicago, -were
■taken. (See World's Columbian Exposition.)
Republican Defeat of 1890. — The campaign
■ of 1890 resulted in a defeat for the Republicans on
both the State and Legislative tickets. Edward
S. Wilson was elected Treasurer by a plurality of
9,847 and Prof. Henry Raab, who had been Super-
intendent of Public Instruction between 1883 and
1887, was elected for a second term by 34,042.
'.Though lacking two of an absolute majority on
joint ballot in the Legislature, the Democrats
were able, with the aid of two members belonging
to the Farmers' Alliance, after a prolonged and
exciting contest, to elect Ex-Gov. John M.
Palmer United States Senator, as successor to
C. B. Farwell. The election took place on March
11, resulting, on the 154th ballot, in 103 votes for
Palmer to 100 for Cicero J. Lindley (Republican)
andonefor A. J. Streeter. (See Palmer, John M.)
Elections of 1892.— At the elections of 1.892
the Republicans of Illinois sustained their first
defeat on both State and National issues since
1856. The Democratic State Convention was
held at Springfield, April 27, and that of the
Republicans on :\Iay 4. The Democrats put in
nomination John P. Altgeld for Governor;
Joseph B. Gill for Lieutenant-Governor ; William
H. Hiorichsen for Secretary of State; Rufus X.
Ramsay for State Treasurer; David Gore for
Auditor ; Maurice T. Moloney for Attorney-Gen-
eral, with John C. Black and Andrew J. Hunter
for Congressmen-at-large and three candidates for
Trustees of the University of Illinois. The can-
didates on the Republican ticket were: For Gov-
ernor, Joseph W. Fifer; Lieutenant-Governor,
Lyman B. Ray ; Secretary of State, Isaac N. Pear-
son; Auditor, Charles W. Pavey; Attorney-Gen-
eral, George W. Prince; State Treasurer, Henry
L. Hertz ; Congressmen-at-large, George S. Willits
and Richard Yates, with three University Trus-
tees. The first four were all incumbents nomi-
nated to succeed themselves. The Republican
National Convention held its session at Minneapo-
lis June 7-10, nominating President Harrison for
re-election, while that of the Democrats met
in Chicago, on June 21, remaining in session
until June 24, for the third time choosing, as its
standard-bearer, Grover Cleveland, with Adlai T.
Stevenson, of Bloomington, 111., as his running-
mate for Yice-President. The Prohibition and
People's Party also had complete National and
State tickets in the field. The State campaign
was conducted with great vigor on both sides, the
Democrats, under the leadership of Altgeld, mak-
ing an especially bitter contest iipon some features
of the compulsory school law, and gaining many
votes from the ranks of the German-Republicans.
The result in the State showed a plurality for
Cleveland of 26,993 votes out of a total 873,646—
the combined Prohibition and People's Party vote
amounting to 48,077. The votes for the respec-
tive heads of the State tickets were: Altgeld
(Dem.), 425,498; Fifer (Rep.), 402,659; Link
(Pro.), 25,628 :Barnet (Peo.), 20. 108— plurality for
Altgeld, 22,808. The vote for Fifer was the high-
280
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
est given to any Republican candidate on either
the National or the State ticket, leading that of
President Harrison by nearly 3,400, while the
vote for Altgeld, though falling behind that of
Cleveland, led the votes of all his associates on the
Democratic State ticket with the single exception
of Ramsay, the Democratic Candidate for Treas-
urer. Of the twenty-two Representatives in
Congress from the State chosen at tliis time,
eleven were Republicans and eleven Democrats,
including among the latter the two Congressmen
from the State-at-large. The Thirty-eighth Gen-
eral Assembly stood twenty-nine Democrats to
twenty-two Republicans in the Senate, and
seventy-eight Democrats to seventy-five Republic-
ans in the House.
The administration of Governor Fifer — the last
in a long and unbroken line under Republican Gov-
ernors— closed with the financial and industrial
interests of the State in a prosperous condition,
the State out of debt with an ample surplus in its
treasury. Fifer was the first private soldier of
the Civil War to be elected to the Governorship,
though the result of the next two elections have
shown that he %vas not to be the last — both of his
successors belonging to the same class. Governor
Altgeld was the first foreign-born citizen of the
State to be elected Governor, though the State
has had four Lieutenant-Governors of foreign
birth, viz. : Pierre Menard, a French Canadian ;
John Moore, an Englishman, and Gustavus
Koerner and Francis A. Hoffman, both Germans.
Altgeld's AD1IIXISTR.4-TION. — The Thirty-
eighth General Assembly began its session, Jan.
4, 1893, the Democrats having a majority in each
House. (See Thirtij-cighth General Assembly.)
The inauguration of the State officers occurred on
January 10. The most important events con-
nected with Governor Altgeld's administration
were the World's Colvunbiau Exposition of 1893,
and the strike of railway employes in 1894. Both
of these have been treated in detail under their
proper heads. (See World's Columbian ExjMsi-
tion, and Labor Troubles.) A serious disaster
befell the State in the destruction by fire, on the
night of Jan. 3, 189.5, of a portion of the buildings
connected with the Southern Hospital for the
Insane at Anna, involving a loss to the State of
nearly §200,000, and subjecting the inmates and
officers of the institution to great risk and no
small amount of suffering, although no lives were
lost. The Thirty-ninth General Assembly, which
met a few days after the fire, made an appropri-
ation of SI"!. S'i'O for the restoration of the build-
ings destroyed, and work was begun immediately.
The defalcation of Charles W. Spalding, Treas-
urer of the University of Illinois, which came to
light near the close of Governor Altgeld's term,
involved the State in heavy loss (the exact
amount of which is not even j-et fully known),
and operated unfortunately for the credit of' the
retiring administration, in view of the adoption of
a policy which made the Governor more directly
responsible for the management of the State in-
stitutions than that pur-^ued by most of his prede-
cessors. The Governor's course in connection
with the strike of 1894 was also severely criticised
in some quarters, especially as it brought him in
opposition to the policy of the National adminis-
tration, and exposed him to the charge of sympa-
thizing with the strikers at a time when they
were regarded as acting in open violation of law.
Election of 1894.— The election of 1894 showed
as surprising a reaction against the Democratic
party, as that of 1892 had been in an opposite
direction. The two State offices to be vacated
this year — State Treasurer and State Superintend-
ent of Public Instruction — were filled by the elec-
tion of Republicans by unprecedented majorities.
The plurality for Henry Wulff for State Treas-
urer, was 133,427, and that in favor of Samuel M.
IngUs for State Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion, scarcely 10,000 less. Of twenty -two Repre-
sentatives in Congress, all but two returned as
elected were Republicans, and these two were
unseated as the result of contests. The Legisla-
' ture stood thirty-three Republicans to eighteen
Democrats in the Senate, and eighty-eight Repub-
licans to sixty-one Democx-ats in the House.
One of the most important acts of the Thirty-
ninth General Assembly, at the following session,
was the enactment of a law fixing the compensa-
tion of members of the General Assembly at $1,000
for each regular session, with five dollars per day
and mileage for called, or extra, sessions. This
Legislature also passed acts making appropriations
for the erection of buildings for the use of the
State Fair, which had been permanently located
at Springfield ; for the establishment of two ad-
ditional hospitals for the insane, one near Rock
Island and the other (for incurables) near Peoria;
for the Northern and Eastern Illinois Normal
Schools, and for a Soldiers' Widows' Home at
Wilmington.
Perm.ynent Loc.\tion of the State Fair. —
In consequence of the absorption of public atten-
tion— especially among the industrial and manu-
facturing classes — by the World's Columbian
Exposition, the holding of the Annual Fair of the
Illinois State Board of Agriculture for 1893 was
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
281
omitted for the first time since the Civil "War.
The initial steps were taken by the Board at its
annual meeting in Springfield, in January of that
year, looking to the permanent location of the
Fair; and, at a meeting of the Board held in Chi-
cago, in October following, formal specifications
were adopted prescribing the conditions to be met
in securing tlie prize. These were sent to cities
intending to compete for the location as the basis
of proposals to be submitted by them. Responses
were received from the cities of Bloomington,
Decatur, Peoria and Springfield, at tlie annual
meeting in January, 1894, with the result that,
on the eighth ballot, the bid of Springfield was
accepted and the Fair permanently located at
tliat place by a vote of eleven for Springfield to
ten divided between five other points. The
Springfield proposal provided for conveyance to
the State Board of Agriculture of 155 acres of
land — embracing the old Sangamon County Fair
Grounds immediately north of the city — besides
a cash contribution of §50,000 voted by the San-
gamon County Board of Supervisors for the
erection of permanent buildings. Other contri-
butions increased the estimated value of the
donations from Sangamon County (including the
land) to §139,800, not including the pledge of the
city of Springfield to pave two streets to the gates
of the Fair Grounds and furnish water free, be-
sides an agreement on the part of the electric
light company to furnish light for two years free
of charge. The construction of buildings was
begun the same year, and the first Fair held on
the site in September following. Additional
buildings have been erected and other improve-
ments introduced each year, until the grounds
are now regarded as among the best equipped for
exhibition pui-poses in the United States. In the
meantime, the increasing success of the Fair
from year to year has demonstrated the wisdom
of the action taken by the Board of Agriculture
in the matter of location.
Campaign of 1896, — The political campaign
of 1896 was one of almost unprecedented activity
in Illinois, as well as remarkable for the variety
and character of the issues involved and the
number of part}' candidates in the field. As
usual, the Democratic and the Republican parties
were the chief factors in the contest, although
there was a wide diversity of sentiment in each,
which tended to the introduction of new issues
and the organization of parties on new lines.
The Republicans took the lead in organizing for
the canvass, holding their State Convention at
Springfield on April 29 and 30, while the Demo-
crats followed, at Peoria, on June 23. The fo^-mer
put in nomina,tion John R. Tanner for Governor;
William A. Northcott for Lieutenant-Governor;
James A. Rose for Secretary of State ; James S.
McCuUough for Auditor; Henry L. Hertz for
Treasurer, and Edward C. Akin for Attorney-
General, with Mary Turner Carriel, Thomas J.
Smyth and Francis M. JIcKay for University
Trustees. The ticket put in nomination by the
Democracy for State oflBcers embraced John P.
Altgeld for re-election to the Governorship ; for
Lieutenant-Governor, Monroe C. Crawford; Sec-
retary of State, Finis E. Downing; Auditor,
Andrew L. JIaxwell; Attorney -General, George
A. Trude, with three candidates for Trustees.
The National Republican Convention met at St.
Louis on June 16, and, after a three days' session,
put in nomination William McKiuley, of Ohio,
for President, and Garret A. Hobart, of New
Jersey, for Vice-President ; while their Demo-
cratic opponents, following a policy which had
been maintained almost continuously by one or
the other party since 1860, set in motion its party
machinery in Chicago — holding its National Con-
vention in that city, July 7-11, when, for the first
time in the history of the nation, a native of
Illinois was nominated for the Presidency in the
person of William J. Bryan of Nebraska, with
Arthur Sewall, a ship-builder of Maine, for the
second place on the ticket. The main issues, as
enunciated in the platforms of the respective
parties, were industrial and financial, as shown by
the prominence given to the tariff and monetary-
questions in each. This was the natural result of
the business depression which had prevailed since
1893. While the Republican platform adhered to
the traditional position of the party on the tariff
issue, and declared in favor of maintaining the
gold standard as the basis of the monetary system
of the country, that of the Democracy took a new
departure by declaring unreservedly for the "free
and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at
the present legal ratio of 16 to 1;"" and this be-
came the leading issue of the campaign. The
fact that Thomas E. Watson, of Georgia, who
had been favored by the Populists as a candidate
for Vice President, and was afterwards formally
nominated by a convention of that party, with
Mr. Bryan at its head, was ignored by the Chi-
cago Convention, led to much friction between
the Populist and Democratic wings of the party.
At the same time a very considerable body — in
influence and political prestige, if not in numbers
— in the ranks of the old-line Democratic party,
refused to accept the doctrine of the free-silver
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
section on tlie monetary question, and, adopting
the name of "Gold Democrats." put in nomination
a ticket composed of John 51. Palmer, of Illinois,
for President, and Simon B. Buckner, of Ken-
tucky, for Vice-President. Besides these, the Pro-
hibitionists, Nationalists. Socialist-Labor Party
and "Middle-of-the-Road" (or "straight-out'')
Populists, had more or less complete tickets in the
field, making a total of seven sets of candidates
appealing for the votes of the people on issues
assumed to be of National importance.
Tlie fact that the two great parties — Democratic
and Republican — established their principal head-
quarters for the prosecution of the campaign in
Chicago, had the effect to make that city and
the State of Illinois the center of political activ-
ity for the nation. Demonstrations of an impos-
ing character were held by both parties. At the
November election the Republicans carried the
day by a plurality, in Illinois, of 141,517 for their
national ticket out of a total of 1,090,869 votes,
while the leading candidates on the State ticket
received the following pluralities : John R. Tan-
ner (for Governor), 113,381; Northcott (for Lieu-
tenant-Governor), 137,354; Rose (for Secretary of
State), 130,611; McCullough (for Auditor), 138,-
013; Hertz (for Treasurer), 116,064; Akin (for
Attorney-General), 132,650. The Republicans also
elected seventeen Representatives in Congress to
three Democrats and two People's Party men.
The total vote cast, in this campaign, for the "Gold
Democratic" candidate for Governor was 8,100.
Gov. Tanner's Administration — The Fortieth
General Assembly met Jan. 6, 1897, consisting of
eighty-eight Republicans to si.xty-three Demo-
crats and two Populists in the House, and thirty-
nine Republicans to eleven Democrats and one
Populist in the Senate. The Republicans finally
gained one member in each house by contests.
Edward C. Curtis, of Kankakee County, was
chosen Speaker of the House and Hendrick V.
Fisher, of Henry County, President pro tem. of
the Senate, with a full set of Republican officers
in the subordinate positions. The inauguration
of the newly elected State officers took place on
the nth, the inaugural address of Governor
Tanner taking strong ground in favor of main-
taining the issues indorsed by the people at the
late election. On Jan. 20, 'William E. Mason,
of Chicago, was elected United States Senator, as
the successor of Senator Palmer, whose term was
about to expire. Mr. Mason received the full
Republican strength (125 votes) in the two
Houses, to the 77 Democratic votes cast for John
P. Altgeld. (See Fortieth General Assembly. )
Among the principal measures enacted by the
Fortieth General Assembly at its regular session
were: The "Torrens Land Title System," regu-
lating the conveyance and registration of land
titles (which see) ; the consolidation of the three
Supreme Court Districts into one and locating the
Supreme Court at Springfield, and the Allen
Street-Railroad Law, empowering City Councils
and other corporate authorities of cities to grant
street railway franchises for a period of fifty
years. On Dec. 7, 1897, the Legislature met in
special session under a call of the Governor, nam-
ing five subjects upon which legislation was sug-
gested. Of these only two were acted upon
affirmatively, viz. : a law prescribing the manner
of conducting the election of delegates to nomi-
nating political conventions, and a new revenue
law regulating the assessment and collection of
taxes. The main feature of the latter act is the
requirement that property shall be entered upon
tlie books of the assessor at its cash value, subject
to revision by a Board of Review, the basis of
valuation for purposes of taxation being one-fifth
of this amount.
The Spanish-American War. — The most not-
able event in the history of Illinois during the
year 1898 was the Spanish-American War, and
the part Illinois played in it. In this contest
lUinoisans manifested the same eagerness to
serve their country as did their fathers and fel-
low-citizens in the War of tlie Rebellion, a third
of a century ago. The first call for volunteers
was responded to with alacrity by the men com-
posing the Illinois National Guard, seven regi-
ments of infantry, from the First to Seventh
inclusive, besides one regiment of Cavalry and
one Battery of Artillery — in all about 9,000 men
— being mustered in between May 7 and May 21.
Although only one of these — tlie First, under the
command of Col. Henry L. Turner of Chicago —
saw practical service in Cuba before the surrender
at Santiago, others in camps of instruction in the
South stood ready to respond to the demand for
their service in the field. Under the second call
for troops tvro other regiments — the Eighth and
the Ninth — were organized and the former (com-
posed of Afro-Americans officered by men of
their own race) relieved the First Illinois on guard
duty at Santiago after the surrender. A body of
engineers from Company E of the Second United
States Engineers, recruited in Chicago, were
among tlie first to see service in Cuba, while
many lUinoisans belonging to the Naval Reserve
were assigned to duty on United States war
vessels, and rendered most valuable service in the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
283
naval engagements in Cuban waters. The Third
Regiment (Col. Fred. Bennitt) also took part in
the movement for the occupation of Porto Rico.
The several regiments on their return for muster-
out, after the conclusion of terms of peace with
Spain, received most enthusiastic ovations from
their fellow-citizens at home. Besides the regi-
ments mentioned, several Provisional Regiments
were organized and stood ready to respond to the
call of the Government for their services had the
emergency required. (See War, The Spanish
American. )
Labor Disturbances. — The principal labor
disturbances in the State, under Governor Tan-
ner's administration, occurred during the coal-
miners' strike of 1897, and the lock-out at the
Pana and Virden mines in 1898. The attempt to
introduce colored laborers from the South to
operate these mines led to violence between the
a,dherents of the "Miners' Union" and the mine-
owners and operators, and their employes, at
these points, during which it was necessary to
call out the National Guard, and a number of
lives were sacrificed on both sides.
A flood in the Ohio, during the spring of 1898,
caused the breaking of the levee at Shawneetown,
111., on the 3d day of April, in consequence of
which a large proportion of the city was flooded,
many homes and business houses wrecked or
greatly injured, and much other property de-
stroyed. The most serious disaster, however, was
the loss of some twenty-five lives, for the most
part of women and children who, being surprised
in their homes, were unable to escape. Aid was
promptly furnished by the State Government in
the form of tents to shelter the survivors and
rations to feed them ; and contributions of money
and provisions from the citizens of the State, col-
lected by relief organizations during the next two
or three months, were needed to moderate the
suffering. (See Inundations, Remarkable.)
Campaign of 1898. — The political campaign of
1898 was a quiet one, at least nominally conducted
on the same general issues as that of 1896, al-
though the gradual return of business prosperity
had greatly modified the intensity of interest
with which some of the economic questions of
the preceding campaign had been regarded. The
only State officers to be elected were a State-
Treasurer, a Superintendent of Public Instruction,
and three State University Trastees— the total
vote cast for the former being 878,623 against
1,090,869 for President in 1896. Of the former,
Floyd K. Whittemore (Republican candidate for
State Treasurer) received 448,940 to 405,490 for
M. F. Dunlap (Democrat), with 24,193 divided
between three other candidates; while Alfred
Bayliss (Republican) received a plurality of
68,899 over his Democratic competitor, with 23,-
190 votes cast for three others. The Republican
candidates for University Trustees were, of course,
elected. The Republicans lost heavily in their
representation in Congress, though electing thir-
teen out of twenty-two members of the Fifty-
sixth Congress, leaving nine to their Democratic
opponents, who were practically consolidated in
this campaign with the Populists.
Forty-first General Assembly.— The Forty-
first General Assembly met, Jan. 4, 1899, and
adjourned, April 14, after a session of 101 days,
with one exception (that of 1875), the shortest
regular session in the history of the State Gov-
ernment since the adoption of the Constitution of
1870. The House of Representatives consisted of
eighty-one Republicans to seventy -one Democrats
and one Prohibitionist ; and the Senate, of thirty-
four Republicans to sixteen Democrats and one
Populist — giving a Republican majority on joint
ballot of twenty-six. Of 176 bills which passed
both Houses, received the approval of the Gov-
ernor and became laws, some of the more impor-
tant were the following: Amending the State
Arbitration Law by extending its scope and the
general powers of the Board ; creating the office
of State Architect at a salary of §5,000 per annum,
to furnish plans and specifications for public
buildings and supervise the construction and
care of the same ; authorizing the consolidation
of the territory of cities under township organi-
zation, and consisting of five or more Congres-
sional townships, into one township; empowering
each Justice of the Supreme Court to employ a
private secretary at a salary of $3,000 per annum,
to be paid by the State; amending tlie State
Revenue Law of 1898 ; authorizing the establish-
ment and maintenance of parental or truant
schools ; and empowering the State to establish
Free Employment Offices, in the proportion of one
to each city of 50,000 inhabitants, or three in
cities of 1,000,000 and over. An act was also
passed requiring the Secretary of State, when an
amendment of the State Constitution is to be
voted upon by the electors at any general elec-
tion, to prepare a statement setting forth the pro-
visions of the same and furnish copies thereof to
each County Clerk, whose duty it is to have said
copies published and posted at the places of voting
for the information of voters. One of the most
important acts of this I^egislature was the repeal,
by a practically unanimous vote, of the Street-
284
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
railwa}- Franchise Law of the previous session,
tlie provisions of wliioh, empowering City Coun-
cils to grant street-railway francliises extending
over a period of fifty years, had been severely
criticised by a portion of the press and excited
intense hostility, especially in some of the larger
cities of the State. Although in force nearly two
years, not a single corporation had succeeded in
obtaining a franchise under it.
A Retrospect and a Look into The Future.—
The historj' of Illinois has been traced concisely
and in outline from the earliest period to the
present time. Previous to the visit of Joliet and
Marquette, in 1G73, as unknown as Central Africa,
for a century it continued the hunting ground of
savages and the home of wild animals common to
the plains and forests of the Mississippi Valley.
The region brought under the influence of civili-
zation, such as then existed, comprised a small
area, scarcely larger than two ordinarily sized
counties of the present day. Thirteen years of
nominal British control( 1765-78) saw little change,
except the exodus of a part of the old French
population, who preferred Spanish to British rule.
The period of development began with the
occupation of Illinois by Clark in 1778. That
saw the "Illinois County," created for the gov-
ernment of the settlements northwest of the
Ohio, expanded into five States, witli an area of
2.50,000 square miles and a population, in 1890, of
13,500,000. In 1880 the population of the State
equaled that of the Thirteen Colonies at the
close of the Revolution. The eleventh State in
the Union in this respect in 1830, in 1890 it had
advanced to third rank. With its unsurpassed
fertility of soil, its inexhaustible supplies of fuel
for manufacturing purposes, its system of rail-
roads, surpassing in extent that of any other State,
there is little risk in predicting that the next
forty years will see it advanced to second, if not
first rank, in both wealth and population.
But if the development of Illinois on material
lines has been marvelous, its contributions to the
Nation in philanthropists and educators, soldiers
and statesmen, have rendered it conspicuous. A
long list of these might be mentioned, but two
names from the ranks of Illinoisans have been, by
common consent, assigned a higher place than all
others, and have left a deeper impress upon the
history of the Nation than any others since the
days of Washington. These are, Ulysses S. Grant,
the Organizer of Victory for the Union arms
and Conqueror of the Rebellion, and Abraham
Lincoln, the Great Emancipator, the Preserver of
the Republic, r.nd its Martyred President.
CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD.
Important Events in Illinois History.
i.— Joliet and Marquett**
way of Ihe Upper Mis^
1-5.— Marquette make.s u -
(April 9. 1682) in the name of the King of Fn
).— First permanent French settlement in Illin
. Sulpice established at Cahokia,
'rem the Uppp
^*en Bay by
iind spends
possession
-Kaskaskia Indians
town of ICaskaakia and future capital
—The Hrst Fort Chartres. erected near
— Fort St. Louis, on the Upper Illinois
year bfcomes the
.f lilinuis,
:askaskia.
jurned by Indians.
British under t
rrendered by the Frenc
t July 4) Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head of an c
dition organized under authority of Gov. Patrick Hem
Virginia, arrives at Kaskaskia. The occupation of 111
by the American troops I
Northwest Terrii
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois. Michigan and Wisconsin.
-General Arthur St. Clair appointed Governor of North'
west Territory.
-St Clair County organized.
-Randolph Cout '
c>rganized,
-Northwest Territory divided
[111 nois being
Terri tory
braced in the latter.
)ff from Indiana, and N
appointed Governor,
[liinois admitted as aState.
• ]tnl removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia.
Ter-
sful
i visits Kaskaskia.
cted President,
his linal Proclamati
<n to the Presidency.
rOFULATION OF ILLINOIS
At Each Decennial Census from isio to woo.
ioO (11> 861,470 1900 (3) 4,821,550
Note.— Figures in parenthesis indicate the rank of the State
1 order of population.
ILLINOIS CITIES
Having a Prypulation of io,ooo and Over (1900).
Name.
?S°;::;;;;;
Quiiicy
Population.
1,698,755
;:■:::: S
29:353
5J'?!?
Name.
itulvml
Population.
".'...'.'.: 17.481
Danvnie
^^
Joliet
East St. Louis..
Altou
ITokakee
14.210
il^
Bloomington...
gS.v::: ::::
23,286
22,433
Freeport
Cairo*^.
13258
Evauston
19,259
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
INDEX.
This index relat(
ernor. 279-80 : defeated for re-election, 2»1
Anderson, Stinson H.,264.
Anti-Nebrasica Editorial Convention. 2ofi.
Anti-slavery contest of 1822-24; defeat of
Baker, Col. E. D., 263; orator at laying
the corner-stone of State capitol. 264.
Bateman, Newton, State Superintendent
of Public Instruction. 270. 274. 275.
Beveridge, John L., Congressman and
Lieutenant-Governor: becomes Governor
by resignation of Governor Oglesby, 276.
Birlibeck, Morris, 260.
BisseU, William H., Colonel in Mexican
War. 265; Governor, 269; death, 270.
Black Hawk War. 262.
Blodgett, Henry W., Free Soil member of
the Legislature. 268.
Blooming " ""
French villages, populati
Gibault. Pierre. 2.52.
Grant, Ulysses S.. arrival at Springfield;
Colonel of Twenty-first Illinol '• '
teers,271; elected President, 276,
Qresham. WalterQ.. supported by Illinois
" "'■ '' " 3 Presidency. 279.
Hardin, John J., 263; elected i
of Indiana Territory, 254.
Henry, Patrick, Indian Commissioner for
Illinoia Country: assis
Clark's expedition, 251;
Thomas C, 260.
Bloomington
Convention. 269; U.
Cahokia, first French settlement at, 252.
Camp Douglas conspiracy, 273.
Canal Scrip Fraud, 270.
Carlin, Thomas, elected Governor, 263.
Casey, Zadoc, elected to Congress; re-
signs the Lieutenant-Governorship, 262.
Charlevoix visits Illinois, 247
Chicago and Calumet Rivers, importance
of in estimation of early explorers, 247.
Chicago election frauds, 278.
d,248.
Clark, Col. George Rogers, expedition to
lUmois; capture of Kaskaskia. 251.
Coles. Edward, emancipates bis slaves:
candidate for Governor, 259; his election,
260: persecuted by his enemies. 261.
Constitutional Convention of 1818. 258.
Constitutional Convention of 1847, 266.
Constitutional Convention of 1862, 272.
Constitutional Convention of 1870, 275.
Cook, Daniel P.. 255: Attorney-General,
258;elected to Congress, 260-61.
Craig, Capt. Thomas, expedition against
Indians at Peoria. 257.
Cullom, Shelby M., Speaker of General As-
sembly, 270; elected Governor, 276; fea-
re-elected,
277; elected to U. S. Senate, 278.
Davis. David, United States Senal
Douglas, Stephen A.. 263; Justice S
r, 277.
Court. 264, U.S.
with Lincoln. 268-70: re-elected U. S. Sen-
ator, 270: death, 272.
Duncan, Josepn, Governor; character of
his administration, 262-63.
Early towns, 258.
Earthquake of 1811.256.
Edwards. Ninlan, Governor Illinois Terri-
tory. 255. elected U. S. Senator, 259;
elected Governor; administration and
death, 261.
Ewing, William L. D., becc
Governor; occupant of man.
Explorers, early French, 244-5.
Farwell, Charles B.,279.
Field-McClernand contest, 264.
Fifer, Joseph W.. elected
Fisher, Dr. George. Speaker of Territorial
Houaeof Representatives, 257.
Pord, Thomas, Governor: embarrassing
questions of his administration. 264.
Fort Chartres, surrendered to British, 250.
Fort Dearborn massacre, 256-57.
Fort Gage burned, 251 .
Fort Massac, starting point on the Ohio of
xpedition,251
raided and burned 1
Clark ^..
Fort St. Louis,
Indians, 247.
J'ranklin, Benjamin. Indian Commissioner
for Illinois In 1775. 251.
Prench, Augustus C. Governor. 265-7.
French and Indian War, 250.
test for occupation, 244: part of Louisi-
ana in 1721, 249; surrendered to the
British in 1765, 2,51; under government of
Virginia, 2-52: part of Indiana Territory,
254; Territorial Government organized;
Ninian Edwards appointed Governor,
255; admitted as a State. 258
Illinois & Michigan Canal, 261 .
Illinois Central Railroad, 267-68.
"Illinois Country," boundaries defined by
Captain Pittman, 241; Patrick Hemy,
first American Governor. 252.
Illinois County organ!
House of Delegates, 25:
Dlinois Territory organized; first Territo-
rial officers, 255.
Indiana Territory organized. 254; first
Territorial Legislature elected. 255.
Indian tribes; location in Illinois. 247.
Internal improvement scheme. 263.
Joliet, Louis, accompanied by Marquette,
visits Illinois in 1673, 245.
Labor disturbances, 270, 280, 283.
La Fayette, visit of, to Kaskaskia, 26L
La Salle, expedition to Illinois in 1679-80,
245; builds Fort Miami, near mouth of
St. Joseph: disaaterof Fort Creve-Cceur;
erection of Fort St. Louis, 246.
Lincoln, Abraham, Representative in the
General Assembly, 263; elected to Con-
gress, 266; unsuccessful candidate
the United States Senate; "
Bloomington Conventio
'• House-divided-again
sination and funeral, 274.
Lincoln- Douglas debates. 270.
Lockwood, .Samuel D., Attorney-General:
Secretary of State: opponent of pro-
Logan. Gen. John A., prominent Union
soldier, 272; Congress
elected United State
third election as Senator, :i(a.
"LongNine,"263.
Louisiana united with Illinois, 254.
Lovejoy, Elijah P., murdered at Alton, 263.
Macalister and Stebbins bonds. 270.
Marquette. Father Jacques (see Jolietl;
;-large.274-75;
,tor. 276; Re-
Vice-Preaideut;
Morgan. Col. George, Indian Agent at Kas-
Mormon War, 264-65.
New Design Settlement, 255.
New France, 244, 249.
Nicolet, Jean, French explorer. 244-5.
Northwest Territory organized: Gen. Ar-
thur St. Clair appointed Governor, 253;
first Territorial Legislature; separated
into Territories of Ohio and Indiana. 254.
Oglesby, Richard J., soldier in Civil War,
271; elected Governor, 274; second elec-
tion: chosen U. S. Senator, 276; third
election to governorship, 278.
Ordinance of 1787, 253.
" Paincourt " (early name for St, Louis)
settled by French from Illinois, 251.
Palmer, John M., member of Peace Con-
ference of 1861, 271; elected Governor;
prominent events of his administration,
276; unsuccessful Democratic candidate
for Governor; elected U. S. Senator, 279;
candidate for President, 282.
Peace Conference of 1861,271.
Peace conventions of 1863, 273.
Perrot, Nicholas^ explorer, 245.
"p, defines the bounda-
thc'llliii
iCou
' Kiiskaskias
Mason, Willia
McLean. Julin.
tiveinCnu-:-
Menard, Picii
Pope, Nathaniel, Secretary of Illinois
ritory. 2.55; Delegate in Congress: :
ice infixing northern boundary, 258.
Prairies, origin of, 243.
can slaves to Illinois. 249.
Republican State Convention of 1856,259.
Reynolds, John, elected Governor; resigns
to take seat In Congress, 262; Speaker of
Illinois House of Representatives. 268.
Richardson, William A., candidate for
Governor, 270: U. S. Senator, 272.
Rocheblave, Chevalier de, last British
Commandant in Illinois. 251; sent as a
prisoner of war to Will
Shawneetown Bank, 257.
Shields, Gen. James, 263; elected U. S. Sen-
ator, 267; defeated for re-election. 269.
Southern Hospital for Insane burned, 280.
.Spanish-American War. 281.
Springfield, third State capital. 263; erec-
tion of new State cipitol at, authorizeu.
St. Clair County organized, 254.
reaches its maximum. 268.
State Fair permanently located, 2S1.
"gation.242.
i
elected Govern
Thomas. Jesse B.. 265; President of Con-
titutional Convention of 1818, 258;
lected United States Senator, 239.
Todd, Col. John. County-Lieutenant of Illi-
nois County, 252.
runty, Henry de(seeLaSalle).
Treaty with Indians near Alton. 257.
rrurabuU, Lyman, Secretary of State. 264;
elected United States Senator, 269-70;
Democratic candidate for Governor, 277.
Vandalia, the second State cxpital, 259.
U'ar of 1812, 256; expeditions to Peoria
L.ake, 237.
SVar of the Rebellion; some prominent
Illinois actors: number of troops fur-
nished by Illinois: important battles par-
ticipated in, 271-72; some officers who
fell:, Grierson raid. 272.
Warren, Hooper, editor Edwardsville
Spectator, 260.
Wayne. Gen. Anthony.254.
\Vhig mass-meeting at Springfield. 264.
Wilmot Proviso, action of IllinoiB Legisla-
ture of 1863; elected United S
286
niSTOPJCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
ILES, Elijah, pioneer merchant, was horn in
Kentucky, March 28, 1796; received the rudiments
of an education in two winters' schooling, and
began his business career by purchasing 100 head
of yearling cattle upon which, after herding
them three years in the valleys of Eastern Ken-
tucky, he realized a profit of nearly $3,000. In
1818 he went to St. Louis, tlien a French village
of 3,500 inhabitants, and, after spending tliree
years as clerk in a frontier store at "Old Frank-
lin," on the Missouri River, nearly opposite the
present town of Boonville, in 1821 made a horse-
back tour through Central Illinois, finally locating
at Springfield, which had just been selected by
a board of Commissioners as the temporary
coiuity-seat of Sangamon County. Here he soon
brought a stock of goods by keel-boat from St.
Louis and opened the first store in the new town.
Two years later (1823), in conjunction with
Pascal P. Enos, Daniel P. Cook and Thomas Cox,
he entered a section of land comprised within the
present area of the city of Springfield, which
later became tlie permanent county-seat and
finally the State capital. Mr. lies became the
first postmaster of Springfield, and, in 1826, was
elected State Senator, served as Major in the
Winnebago War (1827), enlisted as a private in
the Black Hawk War (1831-32), but was soon
advanced to the rank of Captain. In 1830 he
sold his store to John Williams, who had been
his clerk, and, in 1838-39, built the "American
House," which afterwards became the temporary
stopping-place of many of IlHnois' most famous
statesmen. He invested largely in valuable
farming lands, and, at his death, left a large
estate. Died, Sept. 4, 1883.
ILLINOIS ASYLUM FOR IXCCRABLE IN
SANE, an institution founded under an act of the
General Assembly, passed at the session of 1895,
making an appropriation of §65,000 for the pur-
chase of a site and the erection of buildings with
capacity for the accommodation of 200 patients.
Tlie institution was located by the Trustees at
Bartonville, a suburb of the city of Peoria, and
the erection of buildings begun in 1896. Later
these were found to be located on ground which
had been undermined in excavating for coal, and
their removal to a different location was under-
taken in 1898. The institution is intended to
relieve the other liospitals for the Insane by the
reception of patients deemed incurable.
ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL, a water
way connecting Lake Michigan with the Illinois
River, and forming a connecting link in the
water-route between the St. Lawrence and the
Gulf of Mexico. Its summit level is about 580
feet above tide water. Its point of beginning is
at the South Branch of the Chicago River, about
five miles from the lake. Tlience it flows some
eight miles to the valley of the Des Plaines, fol-
lowing tlie valley to the mouth of the Kankakee
(forty-two miles), thence to its southwestern
terminus at La Salle, the head of navigation on
the Illinois. Between these points the canal has
four feeders — the Calumet, Des Plaines, Du Page
and Kankakee. It passes through Lockport,
Joliet, Morris, and Ottawa, receiving accessions
from the waters of the Fox River at the latter
point. The canal proper is 96 miles long, and it
has five feeders whose aggregate length is
twenty-five miles, forty feet wide and four feet
deep, with four aqueducts and seven dams. The
difference in level between Lake Michigan and
the Illinois River at La Salle is one hundred and
forty-five feet. To permit the ascent of vessels,
there are seventeen locks, ranging from three
and one half to twelve and one-half feet in Uft,
their dimensions being 110x18 feet, and admitting
the passage of boats carrying 150 tons. At Lock-
port, Joliet, Du Page, Ottawa and La Salle are
large basins, three of whicli supply power to fac-
tories. To increase the water supply, rendered
necessary by the high summit level, pumping
works were erected at Bridgeport, having two
thirty-eight foot independent wheels, each capa-
ble of delivering (through buckets of ten feet
length or width) 15,000 cubic feet of water per
minute. These pumping works were erected in
1848, at a cost of $15,000, and were in ahnost con-
tinuous use until 1870. It was soon found that
these machines might be utilized for the benefit
of Chicago, by forcing tlie sewage of the Chicago
River to the summit level of the canal, and allow-
ing its place to be filled by pure water from the
lake. This pmuping, however, cost a large sum,
and to obviate this expense $2,955,340 was ex-
pended by Chicago in deepening the canal be-
tween 1865 and 1871, so that the sewage of the
south division of the city might be carried tlirough
the canal to the Des Plaines. This sum was
returned to the City by the State after the great
fire of 1871. (As to further measures for carry-
ing off Chicago sewage, see Chicago Drainage
Canal.)
In connection with the canal three locks and
dams have been built on the Illinois River, — one
at Henry, about twenty-eight miles below La
Salle ; one at the mouth of Copperas Creek, about
sixty miles below Henry; and another at La
Grange. The object of these works (the first
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
287
two being practically an extension of the canal)
is to furnish slack-water navigation through-
out the year. The cost of that at Henry (.?400, 000)
was defrayed by direct appropriation from the
State treasury. Copperas Creek dam cost §410,831,
of which amount the United States Government
paid 862,360. The General Government also con-
structed a dam at La Grange and appropriated
funds for the building of another at Kampsville
Landing, with a view to making the river thor-
ouglily navigable the year round. The beneficial
results expected from these works have not been
realized and their demolition is advocated.
History. — The early missionaries and fur-
traders first directed attention to the nearness of
the waters of Lake Micliigan and the Illinois.
The project of the construction of a canal was
made the subject of a report by Albert Gallatin,
Secretary of the Treasury in 1808, and, in 1811, a
biU on the subject was introduced in Congress in
connection with the Erie and other canal enter-
prises. In 1823 Congress granted the right of
way across the public lands "for the route of a
canal connecting the Illinois River with the
south bend of Lake Michigan," which was fol-
lowed five years later by a grant of 300,000 acres
of land to aid in its construction, which was to
be undertaken by the State of Illinois. The
earliest surveys contemplated a channel 100 miles
long, and the original estimates of cost varied
between $689,000 and $716,000. Later suri-eys
and estimates (1833) placed the cost of a canal
forty feet wide and four feet deep at 64,040,000.
In 1836 anotlier Board of Commissioners was
created and surveys were made looking to the
construction of a waterway sixty feet wide at the
surface, thirty-six feet at bottom, and six feet in
depth. Work was begun in Jime of that year ;
was suspended in 1841; and renewed in 1846,
when a canal loan of $1,000,000 was negotiated.
The channel was opened for navigation in April,
1848, by which time the total outlay had reached
$6,170,236. By 1871, Illinois had liquidated its
entire indebtedness on account of the canal and
the latter reverted to the State. The total cost
up to 1879— including amount refunded to Chi-
cago— was $9,513,831, while the sum returned to
the State from earnings, sale of canal lands, etc.,
amounted to 88,819,731. In 1883 an offer was
made to cede the canal to the United States upon
condition that it should be enlarged and ex-
tended to the Mississippi, was repeated in 1887,
but has been declined.
ILLINOIS AND MISSISSIPPI CANAL (gener-
ally known as "Hennepin Canal"), a projected
navigable water-way in course of construction
(1899) by the General Government, designed to
connect the Upper Illinois with the Mississippi
River. Its object is to fui-nish a continuous
navigable water-channel from Lake Michigan, at
or near Cliicago, by way of the Illinois & Michi-
gan Canal (or the Sanitary Drainage Canal) and
the IlUnois River, to the Mississippi at the mouth
of Rock River, and finally to the Gulf of Mexico.
The Route. —The canal, at its eastern end,
leaves the Illinois River one and three-fourths
miles above the citj' of Hennepin, where the
river makes the great bend to the south. Ascend-
ing the Bureau Creek valley, the route passes
over the dividing ridge between the Illinois River
and the Mississippi to Rock River at the mouth
of Green River; thence by slack- water down
Rock River, and around the lower rapids in that
stream at Milan, to the Mississippi. The esti-
mated length of the main channel between its
eastern and western termini is seventy-five miles
— the distance having been reduced by changes
in the route after the first survey. To this is to
be added a "feeder" extending from the vicinity
of Sheffield, on the summit-level (twenty-eight
miles west of the starting point on the Illinois),
north to Rock Falls on Rock River opposite the
city of Sterling in Whiteside County, for the
purpose of obtaining an adequate supply of water
for the main canal on its highe.st level. The
length of this feeder is twenty-nine miles and, as
its dimensions are the same as those of the main
channel, it will be navigable for vessels of the
same class as the latter. A dam to be constructed
at Sterling, to turn water into the feeder, will
furnish slack-water navigation on Rock River to
Dixon, practically lengthening the entire route
to that extent.
History. — The subject of such a work began to
be actively agitated as early as 1871, and, under
authority of various acts of Congress, preliminary
surveys began to be made by Government engi-
neers that year. In 1890 detailed plans and esti-
mates, based upon these preliminary surveys,
were submitted to Congress in accordance with
the river and harbor act of August, 1888. This
report became tlio basis of an appropriation in
the river and harbor act of Sept. 19, 1890, for
carrying the work into practical execution.
Actual work was begun on the western end of the
canal in July, 1892, and at the eastern end in the
spring of 1894. Since then it has been prosecuted
as continuously as the appropriations made by
Congress from year to year would permit. Ac-
cording to the report of Major Marshall, Chief of
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Engineers in charge of the work, for the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1898, the construction of the
canal around the lower rapids of Rock River (four
and one-half miles), with three locks, three
swing bridges, two dams, besides various build-
ings, was comjjleted and that portion of the canal
opened to navigation on April 17. 1895. In the
early part of 1899, the bulk of the excavation
and masonry on the eastern section was practi-
cally completed, the feeder line under contract,
and five out of the eighteen bridges required to
be constructed in place; and it was estimated
that the whole line, with locks, bridges, culverts
and aqueducts, will be completed within two
years, at the farthest, by 1903.
Dimensions, Methods of Construction, Cost.
ETC. — As already stated, the length of the main
line is seventy-five miles, of which twenty-eight
miles (the eastern section) is east of the junction
of the feeder, and forty-seven miles (the western
section) west of that point — making, with the
twenty-nine miles of feeder, a total of one hun-
dred and four miles, or seven miles longer than
the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The rise from the
Illinois River datum to the summit-level on the
eastern section is accomplished by twenty-one
locks with a lift of six to fourteen feet each, to
reach an altitude of 196 feet; while the descent
of ninety-three feet to the low-water level of the
Mississippi on the western end is accomplished
through ten locks, varying from six to fourteen
feet each. The width of the canal, at the water
surface, is eighty feet, with a depth below the
surface-line of seven feet. The banks are rip-
rapped with stone the entire length of the canal.
The locks are one hundred and seventy feet long,
between the quoins, by thirty-five feet in width,
admitting the pas.sage of vessels of one hundred
and forty feet in length and thirty -tivo feet beam
and each capable of carrying six hundred tons of
freight.
The bulk of the masonry employed In the con-
struction of locks, as well as abutments for
bridges and aqueducts, is solid concrete manufac-
tured in place, while the lock-gates and aque-
ducts proper are of steel— the use of these
materials resulting in a large saving in the first
cost as to the former, and securing greater solid-
ity and permanence in all. The concrete work,
already completed, is found to have withstood
the effects of ice even more successfully than
natural stone. The smaller culverts are of iron
piping and the framework of all the bridges of
steel.
The earlier estimates placed the entire cost of
construction of the canal, locks, bridges, build-
ings, etc., at §5,008,000 for the main channel and
§1,858,000 for the Rock River feeder— a total of
56,926,000. This lias been reduced, however, by
changes in the route and unexpected saving in
the material employed for masonry work. The
total expenditure, as shown by official reports,
up to June 30, 1898, was §1,748,905.13. The
amount expended up to March 1, 1899, approxi-
mated §2,500,000, while the amount necessary to
complete the work (exclusive of an unexpended
balance) was estimated, in round numbers, at
53,500,000.
The completion of this work, it is estimated,
will result in a saving of over 400 miles in water
transportation between Chicago and the western
terminus of the canal. In order to make the
canal available to its full capacity between lake
points and the Mississippi, the enlargement of
the Illinois & Michigan Canal, both as to width
and depth of channel, will be an indispensable
necessity ; and it is anticipated that an effort will
be made to secure action in this direction by the
Illinois Legislature at its next session. Another
expedient likely to receive strong support will be,
to induce the General Government to accept the
tender of the Illinois & Michigan Canal and, by
the enlargement of the latter through its whole
length — or, from Lockport to the Illinois River
at La Salle, with the utilization of the Chicago
Drainage Canal — furnish a national waterway
between the lakes and the Gulf of Jlexico of
sufficient capacity to accommodate steamers and
other vessels of at least 600 tons burthen.
ILLINOIS BAND, THE, an association consist-
ing of seven young men, then students in Yale
College, who, in the winter of 1828-29, entered
into a mutual compact to devote their lives to the
promotion of Christian education in the West,
especially in Illinois. It was composed of Theron
Baldwin, John F. Brooks, Mason Grosvenor,
Elisha Jenney, William Kirby, Julian M. Sturte-
vant and Asa Turner. All of these came to Illi-
nois at an early day, and one of tlie first results
of their efforts was the founding of Illinois Col-
lege at Jacksonville, in 1829, with which all
became associated as members of the first Board
of Trustees, several of them so remaining to the
close of their lives, while most of them were con-
nected with the institution for a considerable
period, either as members of the faculty or finan-
cial agents — Dr. Sturtevant having been Presi-
dent for thirty-two years and an instructor or
professor fifty -six years. (See Baldicin, Theron;
Brooks, John F.; and Sturtevant, Julian 31.)
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
289
ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD, a corpo
ration controlling the principal line of railroad
extending through the entire length of the State
from north to south, besides numerous side
branches acquired by lease during the past few-
years. The main lines are made up of three gen-
eral divisions, extending from Chicago to Cairo,
111. (364.73 miles); from Centralia to Dubuque,
Iowa, (340.77 miles), and from Cairo to New
Orleans, La. (547.79 miles)— making a total of
1,253.39 miles of main line, of which 705.5 miles
are in Illinois. Besides this the company con-
trols, through lease and stock ownership, a large
number of lateral branches which are operated
by the company, making the total mileage
officially reported up to June 30, 1898, 3,130.21
miles. — ( HiSTOE Y . ) The Illinois Central Rai Iroad
is not only one of the lines earliest projected in
the history of the State, but has been most inti-
mately connected with its development. The
project of a road starting from the mouth of the
Ohio and extending northward through the State
is said to have been suggested by Lieut -Gov.
Alexander M. Jenkins as early as 1832; was
advocated by the late Judge Sidney Breese and
others in 1835 under the name of the Wabash &
Mississippi Railroad, and took the form of a
charter granted by the Dfegislature in January,
1836, to the first '-Illinois Central Railroad Com-
pany," to construct a road from Cairo to a point
near the southern terminus of the Illinois &
Michigan Canal. Nothing was done under this
act, although an organization was effected, with
Governor Jenkins as President of the Company.
The Company surrendered its charter the next
year and the work was undertaken by the State,
under the internal improvement act of 1837, and
considerable money expended without complet-
ing any portion of the line. The State having
abandoned the enterprise, the Legislature, in
1843, incorporated the "Great Western Railway
Company" under what came to be known as the
"Holbrook charter," to be organized under the
auspices of the Cairo City & Canal Company,
the line to connect the termini named in the
charter of 1836, via Vandalia, Shelbyville,
Decatur and Bloomington. Considerable money
was expended under this charter, but the scheme
again failed of completion, and the act wa.s
repealed in 1845. A charter under the same
name, with some modification as to organization,
was renewed in 1849.— In January, 1850, Senator
Douglas introduced a bill in the United States
Senate making a grant to the State of Illinois of
alternate sections of land along the line of a
proposed road extending from Cairo to Duluth in
the northwest corner of the State, with a branch
to Chicago, which bill passed the Senate in May
of the same year and the House in September,
and became the basis of the Illinois Central Rail-
road Company as it exists to-day. Previous to
the passage of this act, however, the Cairo City
& Canal Company had been induced to execute a
full surrender to the State of its rights and privi-
leges under the "Holbrook charter." This was
followed in February, 1851, by the act of the
Legislature incorporating the Illinois Central
Railroad Company, and assigning thereto (under
specified conditions) the grant of lands received
from the General Government. This grant
covered alternate sections witliin six miles of the
line, or the equivalent thereof (when such lands
were not vacant), to be placed on lands within
fifteen miles of the line. The number of acres
thus assigned to the Company was 2,595,000,
(about 3,840 acres per mile), which were con-
veyed to Trustees as security for the performance
of the work. An engineering party, organized
at Chicago, May 21, 1851, began the prelim-
inary survey of the Chicago branch, and
before the end of the year the whole line was
surveyed and staked out The first contract for
grading was let on March 15, 1852, being for that
portion between Chicago and Kensington (then
known as Calumet), 14 miles. This was opened
for traffic. May 34, 1853, and over it the Michigan
Central, which had been in course of construction
from the east, obtained trackage rights to enter
Chicago. Later, contracts were let for other
sections, some of them in June, and the last on
Oct. 14, 1853. In May, 1853, the- section from
La Salle to Bloomington (61 miles) was com-
pleted and opened for business, a temporary
bridge being constructed over the Illinois near
La Salle, and cars hauled to the top of the bluff
with chains and cable by means of a stationary
engine. In July, 1854, the Chicago Division was
put in operation to Urbana, 128 miles; the main
line from Cairo to La Salle (301 miles), completed
Jan. 8, 1855, and the line from La Salle to Duluth
(now East Dubuque), 146.73 miles, on June 12,
1855— the entire road (705.5 miles) being com-
pleted. Sept. 37, 1856.— (Financial Statement.)
The share capital of the road was originally
fixed at .?17. 000,000, but previous to 18G9 it had
been increased to §25,500,000, and during 1873-74
to .529.000.000. The present capitalization (1898)
is 8163,353,593, of which §52,500,000 is in stock,
$.53,080,925 in bonds, and §51,367,000 in miscel-
laneous obligations. The total cost of the road
290
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
in Illinois, as shown by a report made in 1889, was
535,110,609. By the terms of its charter the
corporation is exempt from taxation, but in lieu
thereof is required to pay into the State treasury,
semi-annually, seven per cent upon the gross
earnings of the line in Illinois. The sum thus
paid into the State treasury from Oct. 31, 18.5.5,
when the first payment of 829,751.59 was made,
up to and including Oct. 31, 1898, aggregated
817,315,193.24. The last payment (October, 1898).
amounted to .8334, .527. 01. The largest payment
in the history of the road was that of October,
1893, amounting, for the preceding six months, to
8450,176.34. The net income of the main line in
Illinois, for the year ending June 30, 1898, was
812,299,021, and the total expenditures within the
State 812,831,161.— (Leased Lines ) The first
addition to the Illinois Central System was made
in 1867 in the acquisition, by lease, of the Dubuque
& Sioux City Railroad, extending from Dubuque
to Sioux Falls, Iowa. Since then it has extended
its Iowa connections, by the construction of new
lines and the acquisition or extension of others.
The most important addition to the line outside
of the State of Illinois was an arrangement
effected, in 1872, with the New Orleans. Jackson &
Great Northern, and the Mississippi Central Rail-
roads— with which it preTiously had traffic con-
nections— giving it control of a line from Jackson.
Tenn., to New Orleans, La. At first, connection
was had between the Illinois Central at Cairo and
the Southern Divisions of the system, by means
of transfer steamers, but subsequently the gap
was filled in and the through line opened to traffic
in December, 1873. In 1874 the New Orleans.
Jackson & Great Northern and the Mississippi
Central roads were consolidated under the title
of the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad,
but the new corporation defaulted on its interest
in 1876. The Illinois Central, which was the
owner of a majority of the bonds of the constitu-
ent lines which went to make up the New Orleans,
St Louis & Chicago Railroad, then acquired
ownership of the whole line by foreclosure pro-
ceedings in 1877, and it was reorganized, on Jan.
1, 1878, under the name of the Chicago, St. Louis
& New Orleans Railroad, and placed in charge of
one of the Vice-Presidents of the Illinois Central
Company, — (Illinois Branches.) The more im-
portant branches of the Illinois Central within the
State include : (1) The Springfield Division from
Chicago to Springfield (111.47 miles), chartered
in 1867, and opened in 1871 as the Oilman. Clinton
& Springfield Railroad ; passed into the hands of
a receiver in 1873, sold under foreclosure in 1876,
and leased, in 1878, for fifty years, to the Illinois
Central Railroad; (2) The Rantoul Division from
Leroy to the Indiana State line (66.21 miles in
Illinois), chartered in 1876 as the Havana, Ran-
toul & Eastern Railroad, built as a narrow-gauge
line and operated in 1881 ; afterwards changed to
standard-gauge, and controlled by the Wabash,
St. Louis & Pacific until Jlay, 1884, when it passed
into the hands of a receiver ; in December of the
same year taken in charge by the bondholders ; in
1885 again placed in the hands of a receiver, and,
in October, 1886, sold to the Illinois Central: (3)
The Chicago, Havana & Western Railroad, from
Havana to Champaign, with a branch from White-
heath to Decatur (total, 131.62 miles), constructed
as the western extension of the Indianapolis,
Bloomington & Western, and opened in 1873; sold
under foreclosure in 1879 and organized as the
Champaign, Havana & AVestern; in 1880 pur-
chased by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific; in
1884 taken possession of bj' the mortgage trustees
and, in September, 1886, sold under foreclosure to
the Illinois Central Railroad; (4) The Freeport
Division, from Chicago by way of Freeport to
Madison, Wis. (140 miles in Illinois), constructed
under a charter granted to the Chicago, Madison
& Northern Railroad (which see), opened for
traffic in 1888, and transferred to the Illinois
Central Railroad Company in January, 1889; (5)
The Kankakee & Southwestern (131.26 miles),
constructed from Kankakee to Bloomington
under the charters of the Kankakee & Western
and the Kankakee & Southwestern Railroads;
acquired by the Illinois Central in 1878, begun in
1880, and extended to Bloomington in 1883; and
(6) The St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute (which
see under its old name). Other Illinois branch
lines of less importance embrace the Blue Island ;
the Chicago & Texas ; the Mound City ; the South
Chicago; the St. Louis, Belleville & Southern,
and the St. Charles Air-Line, which furnishes
an entrance to the City of Chicago over an ele-
vated track. The total length of these Illinois
branches in 1898 was 919. 72 miles, with the main
lines making the total mileage of the company
within the State 1,624.22 miles. For several j-ears
up to 1895 the Illinois Central had a connection
with St. Louis over the line of the Terre Haute &
Indianapolis from Effingham, but this is now
secured by way of the Springfield Division and
the main line to Pana, whence its trains pass over
the old Indianapolis & St. Louis — now the Cleve-
land, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway.
Between June 30, 1897 and April 30, 1898, branch
lines in the Southern States (chiefly in Kentucky
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
291
and Tennessee), to the extent of 670 miles, were
added to the Illinois Central System. The Cairo
Bridge, constructed across the Ohio River near
its mouth, at a cost of 83,000,000, for the purpose of
connecting the Northern and Southern Divisions
of the Illinois Central System, and one of the
most stupendous structures of its kind in the
world, belongs wholly to the Illinois Central
Railroad Company. (See Cairo Bridge.)
ILLIJTOIS COLLEGE, an institution of learn-
ing at Jacksonville, 111., which was the first to
graduate a collegiate class in the history of the
State. It had its origin in a movement inaugu-
rated about 1827 or 1828 to secure the location, at
some point in Illinois, of a seminary or college
which would give the youth of the State the
opportunity of acquiring a higher education.
Some of the most influential factors in this move-
ment were already citizens of Jacks(mville, or
contemplated becoming such. In January, 1828,
the outline of a plan for such an institution was
drawn up by Rev. John M. Ellis, a home missionary
of the Presbyterian Church, and Hon. Samuel D.
Lockwood, then a Justice of the Supreme Court
of the State, as a basis for soliciting subscriptions
for the organization of a stock-company to carry
the enterprise into execution. The plan, as then
proposed, contemplated provision for a depart-
ment of female education, at least until a separate
institution could be fiu-nished— which, if not a
forerunner of the co-educational system now so
much in vogue, at least foreshadowed the estab-
lishment of the Jacksonville Female Seminary,
which soon followed the founding of the college.
A few months after these preliminary steps were
taken, Mr. Ellis was brought into communication
with a group of young men at Yale College (see
"Illinois Band") who had entered into a com-
pact to devote their lives to the cause of educa-
tional and missionary work in the West, and out
of the union of these two forces, soon afterwards
effected, grew Illinois College. The organization
of the "Illinois" or "Yale Band," was formally
consummated in February. 1829, and before the
close of the year a fund of §10,000 for the purpose
of laying the foundation of the proposed institu-
tion in Illinois had been pledged by friends of
education in the East, a beginning had been made
In the erection of buildings on the present site of
Illinois College at Jacksonville, and, in Decem-
ber of the same year, the work of instruction of
a preparatory class had been begun by Rev. Julian
M. Sturtevant, who had taken the place of "a%'ant-
courier" of the movement. A year later (1831)
Rev. Edward Beecher, the oldest son of the inde-
fatigable Lyman Beecher, and brother of Henry
Ward — already then well known as a leader in
the ranks of those opposed to slavery — had be-
come identified with the new enterprise and
assumed the position of its first President. Such
was the prejudice against "Yankees" in Illinois
at that time, and the jealousy of theological influ-
ence in education, that it was not until 1835 that
the friends of the institution were able to secure
a charter from the Legislature. An ineffectual
attempt had been made in 1830, and when it was
finally granted, it was in the form of an "omni-
bus bill" including three other institutions, but
with restrictions as to the amount of real estate
that might be held, and prohibiting the organiza-
tion of theological departments, both of which
were subsequently repealed. (See Early Col-
leges. ) The same year the college graduated its
first class, consisting of two members — Richard
Yates, afterwards War Governor and United
States Senator, and Rev. Jonathan Spillman, the
composer of ' 'Sweet Af ton. " " Limited as was this
first output of alumni, it was politically and
morally strong. In 1843 a medical department
was established, but it was abandoned five years
later for want of adequate support. Dr. Beecher
retired from the Presidency in 1844, when he was
succeeded by Dr. Sturtevant, who continued in
that capacity until 1876 (thirty-two years), when
he became Professor Emeritus, remaining until
188.5 — his connection with the institution cover-
ing a period of fifty-six years. Others who have
occupied the position of President include Rufus
C. Crampton (acting), 1876-82; Rev. Edward A.
Tanner, 1882-92; and Dr. John E. Bradley, the
incumbent from 1892 to 1899. Among the earli-
est and influential friends of the institution,
besides Judge Lockwood already mentioned, may
be enumerated such names as Gov. Joseph Dun-
can, Thomas Mather, Winthrop S. Oilman,
Frederick Collins and William H. Brown (of
Chicago) , all of whom were members of the early
Board of Trustees. It was found necessary to
maintain a preparatory department for many
years to fit pupils for the college classes proper,
and, in 1866, Whipple Academy was established
and provided with a separate building for this
purpose. The standard of admission to the col-
lege course has been gradually advanced, keeping
abreast, in this respect, of other American col-
leges. At present the institution has a faculty of
15 members and an endowment of some §150,000,
with a library (1898) numbering over 15,000 vol-
umes and property valued at §360,000. Degrees
are conferred in both classical and scientific
292
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
courses in tlie college proper. The list of alumni
embraces some 750 names, including many who
have been prominent in State and National
affairs.
ILIIXOIS COUNTY, the name given to the
first civil organization of tlie territory northwest
of the Oliio River, after its conquest by Col. George
Rogers Clark in 1778. This was done by act of
the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in
October of the same year, which, among other
things, provided as follows: "The citizens of the
commonwealth of Virginia, who are already set-
tled, or shall hereafter settle, on the western side of
the Ohio, shall be included in a distinct county
which shall be called Illinois County; and the
Governor of this commonwealth, with the advice
of the Council, may appoint a County- Lieutenant
or Commandantin-chief of the county during
pleasure, who shall take the oath of fidelity to
this commonwealth and the oath of office accord-
ing to the form of their own religion. And all
civil offices to which the inhabitants have been
accustomed, necessary for the preservation of the
peace and the administration of justice, shall be
chosen by a majority of the citizens of their re-
spective districts, to be convened for that purpose
by the County-Lieutenant or Commandant, or his
deputy, and shall be commissioned by said
County-Lieutenant." As the Commonwealth of
Virginia, by virtue of Colonel Clark's conquest,
then claimed jurisdiction over the entire region
west of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi,
Illinois County nominally embraced the territc«-y
comprised within the limits of the present States
of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon-
sin, though the settlements were limited to the
vicinity of Kaskaskia, Vincennes (in the present
State of Indiana) and Detroit. Col. John Todd,
of Kentucky, was appointed by Gov. Patrick
Henry, the first Lieutenant-Commandant under
this act, holding office two years. Out of Illinois
County were subsequently organized the follow-
ing counties by "order" of Gov. Arthur St. Clair,
after his assumption of the duties of Governor,
following the passage, by Congress, of the Ordi-
nance of 1787, creating the Northwest Territory,
•-Seat
D.\T
April 27, 1790
Oct. 5, 1795
Washington, originalh" comprising the State of
Ohio, was reduced, on the organization of Hamil-
ton County, to the eastern portion, Hamilton
County embracing the west, with Cincinnati
(originally called "Losantiville," near old Fort
Wasliington) as the county-seat. St. Clair, the
third county organized out of this territory, at
first had virtually three county-seats, but divi-
sions and jealousies among the people and officials
in reference to the place of deposit for the records,
resulted in the issue, five years later, of an order
creating the new county of Randolph, the second
in the "Illinois Country" — these (St. Clair and
Randolph) constituting the two counties into
which it was divided at the date of organization
of Illinois Territory. Out of these events grew
the title of "Mother of Counties" given to Illinois
County as the original of all the counties in the
five States northwest of the Ohio, while St. Clair
County inherited the title as to the State of
Illinois. (See Illinois: also St. Clair, Arthur,
and Todd, (Cot) John.)
ILLINOIS FARMERS' R.ilLROAD. (See
Jacksoni-ilh- d- St. Loui.'i nailwinj.)
ILLINOIS FEMALE COLLEOE, a flourishing
institution for the education of women, located
at Jacksonville and incorporated in 1847. While
essentially unsectarian in teaching, it is con-
trolled by the Methodist Episcopal denomination.
Its first charter was granted to the "Illinois Con-
ference Female Academy" in 1847, but four years
later the charter was amended and the name
changed to the present cognomen. The cost of
building and meager support in early years
brought on bankruptcy. The friends of the insti-
tution rallied to its support, however, and the
purcliasers at the foreclosure sale (all of whom
were friends of Methodist education) donated the
property to what was technically a new institu-
tion. A second charter was obtained from the
State in 1803, and the restrictions imposed upon
the grant were such as to prevent alienation of
title, by either conveyance or mortgage. While
the college has only a small endowment fund
(53,000) it owns $60,000 worth of real property,
besides §9,000 invested in apparatus and library.
Preparatory and collegiate departments are main-
tained, both classical and scientific courses being
established in the latter. Instruction is also
given in fine arts, elocution and music. The
faculty (1898) numbers 15, and there are about 170
students.
ILLINOIS FEMALE REFORM SCHOOL. (See
Homcfnr F.inair ( ltr,mJn:-<.)
ILLINOIS INDIANS, a confederation belong-
ing to the Algonquin family and embracing five
tribes, viz. : the Cahokias, Kaskaskias, Mitcha-
gamies, Peorias and Tamaroas. They early oocu-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
293
pied Illinois, with adjacent portions of Iowa,
Wisconsin and IMissouri. Tlie name is derived
from mini, "man," the Indian plural "ek" being
changed b}' the French to "ois." They were
intensely warlike, being almost constantly in
conflict with the Winnebagoes, the Iroquois,
Sioux and other tribes. They were migratory
and depended for subsistence largely on the sum-
mer and winter hunts. They dwelt in rudely
constructed cabins, each accommodating about
eight families. They were always faithful allies
of the French, whom they heartily welcomed in
1673. French missionaries labored earnestly
among them — notably Fathers Marquette, Allouez
and Gravier — who reduced their language to
grammatical rules. Their most distinguished
Chief was Chicagou, who was sent to France,
where he was welcomed with the honors accorded
to a foreign prince. In their wars with the
Foxes, from 1713 to 1719, they suffered severely,
their numbers being reduced to 3,000 souls. The
assassination of Pontiac by a Kaskaskian in 1765,
was avenged by the lake tribes in a war of ex-
termination. After taking part with the Miamis
in a war against the United States, they partici-
pated in the treaties of Greenville and Vincennes,
and were gradually removed farther and farther
toward the West, the small remnant of about 175
being at present (1896) on the Quapaw reservation
in Indian Territory. (See also Cahokias; Foxes;
Iroquois; Kaskaskias; 3Iitchag amies; Peorias;
Tamaroas: and Winnebagoes.)
ILLINOIS INSTITl TIOX FOR THE EDU-
CATION OF THE BLIXD, located at Jackson-
ville. The institution had its inception in a school
for the blind, opened in that town in 1847, by
Samuel Bacon, who was himself blind. The
State Institution was created by act of the Legis-
lature, passed Jan. 13, 1849, which was introduced
by Richard Yates, then a Representative, and
was first opened in a rented house, early in 1850,
under the temporary supervision of Sir. Bacon.
Soon afterward twenty -two acres of ground were
purchased in the eastern part of the city and the
erection of permanent buildings commenced. By
January, 1854, they were ready for use, but fif-
teen years later were destroyed by fire. Work on
a new building was begun without unnecessary
delay and the same was completed by 1874.
Numerous additions of wings and shops have
since been made, and the institution, in its build-
ings and appointments, is now one of tlie most
complete in the country. Instruction (as far as
practicable) is given in rudimentary English
branches, and in such mechanical trades and
avocations as may best qualify the inmates to be-
come self-supporting upon their return to active
life.
ILLINOIS MASONIC ORPHANS' HOME, an
institution established in the city of Chicago
under the auspices of the Masonic Fraternity of
Illinois, for the purpose of furnishing a home for
the destitute children of deceased members of the
Order. The total receipts of the institution, dur-
ing the year 1895, were §29,204.98, and the
expenditures, §27,258.70. The number of bene-
ficiaries in the Home, Deo. 31, 1895, was 61. The
Institution owns real estate valued at §75,000.
ILLINOIS MIDLAND RAILROAD, (See Terre
Haute <t- rr,,ri.i Railroad.)
ILLINOIS KIVEK, the most important stream
within the State ; has a length of about 500 miles,
of which about 245 are navigable. It is formed
by the junction of the Kankakee and Des Plaines
Rivers at a point in Grundy County, some 45
miles soutliwest of Chicago. Its course is west,
then southwest, and finally south, until it
empties into the Mississippi about 20 miles north
of the mouth of the Missouri. The Illinois &
Michigan Canal connects its waters with Lake
Michigan. IMarquette and Joliet ascended the
stream in 1673 and were probably its first white
visitants. Later (1679-82) it was explored by
La Salle, Tonty, Hennepin and others.
ILLINOIS RIVER RAILROAD. (See Chicago.
Peoria & St. Louis Railroad of Illinois.)
ILLINOIS SANITARY COMMISSION, a vol
untary organization formed pursuant to a sug-
gestion of Governor Yates-, shortly after the
battle of Fort Donelson (1862). Its object was
the relief of soldiers in actual service, whether on
the march, in camp, or in hospitals. State Agents
were appointed for the distribution of relief, for
which purpose large sums were collected and dis-
tributed. The work of the Commission was later
formally recognized by the Legislature in the
enactment of a law authorizing the Governor to
appoint "Military State Agents," who should
receive compensation from the State treasury.
Many of these "agents" were selected from the
ranks of the workers in the Sanitary Commission,
and a great impetus was thereby imparted to its
voluntary work. Auxiliary associations were
formed all over the State, and funds were readily
obtained, a considerable proportion of which was
derived from "Sanitary Fairs."
ILLINOIS SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND
MANUAL TRAINING FOR BOYS, an institution
for the training of dependent boys, organized
under the act of March 28, 1895, which was in
294
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
effect a re-enactment of the statute approved in
1883 and amended in 1885. Its legally defined
object is to provide a home and proper training
for such boys as maj' be committed to its charge.
Commitments are made by the County Courts of
Cook and contiguous counties. The school is
located at Glenwood, in the county of Cook, and
was first opened for the reception of inmates in
1888. Its revenues are derived, in part, from
voluntary contributions, and in part from pay-
ments by the counties sending boys to the institu-
tion, which payments are fixed by law at ten
dollars per mouth for each boy, during the time
he is actually an inmate. In 1898 nearly one-half
of the entire income came from the former
source, but the surplus remaining in the treasury
at the end of any fiscal year is never large. The
school is under the inspectional control of the
State Commissioners of Public Charities, as
though it were an institution founded and main-
tained by the State. The educational curriculum
closely follows that of the ordinary grammar
schools, pupils being trained in eight grades, sub-
stantially along the lines established in the public
schools. In addition, a military drill is taught,
with a view to developing physical strength,
command of limbs, and a graceful, manly car-
riage. Since the Home was organized there have
been received (down to 1899), 2,333 boys. The
industrial training given the inmates is both
agriciiltural and mechanical, — the institution
owning a good, fairly-sized farm, and operating
well equipped industrial shops for the education
of pupils. A fair proportion of the boys devote
themselves to learning trades, and not a
few develop into excellent workmen. One of the
purposes of the school is to secure homes for those
thought Likely to prove creditable members of
respectable households. During the eleven years
of its existence nearly 2,200 boys have been placed
in homes, and usually with the most satisfactory
results. The legal safeguards thrown around
the ward are of a comprehensive and binding
sort, so far as regards the parties who take the
children for either adoption or apprenticeship—
the welfare of the ward always being the object
primarily aimed at. Adoption is preferred to
institutional life by the administration, and the
result usually justifies their judgment. Many of
the pupils are returned to their families or
friends, after a mild course of correctional treat-
ment. The system of government adopted is
analogous to that of the "cottage plan" emploj'ed
in many reformatory institutions throughout the
country. An "administration building" stands
in the center of a group of structures, each of
which has its own individual name: — Clancy
Hall, Wallace, Plymouth, Beecher, Pope, Windsor,
Lincoln, Sunnyside and Sheridan. While never
a suppliant for benefactions, the Home has always
attracted the attention of philantliropists who
are interested in the care of society's waifs. The
average annual number of inmates is about 27.5.
ILLINOIS WESLEYAX UMVERSITT, the
leading educational institution of the Methodist
Church in Illinois, south of Chicago; incorpo-
rated in 1853 and located at Bloomington. It is
co-educational, has a faculty of 34 instructors,
and reports 1,106 students in 1896 — 158 male and
648 female. Besides the usual literary and scien-
tific departments, instruction is given in theology,
music and oratory. It also has preparatory and
business ooiu-ses. It has a library of 6,000 vol-
umes and reports funds and endowment aggre-
gating §187,999, and property to the value of
§380,999.
ILLINOIS & INDIANA RAILROAD. (See
Indiana, Decatur & ]]'cst,rn liailirtii/.)
ILLINOIS & SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD.
(See Baltimore & Ohio Snuthurstern Railnnid.)
ILLINOIS A; SOUTHERN IOWA RAILROAD.
(See ir„/.„.s/, U,n]rn,„l)
ILLINOIS k ST. LOUIS RAILROAD & COAL
COMPANY. (See L<niisri!Ie, Ecansville & St.
Louis (consolidated) Railroad.)
ILLINOIS Si WISCONSIN RAILROAD. (See
Chicago ct Norfhwesfern Railway.)
ILLIOPOLIS, a village in Sangamon County,
on the Wabash Railway, 20 miles east of Spring-
field. It occupies a position nearly in the geo-
graphical center of the State and is in the heart
of what is generally termed the corn belt of Cen-
tral Illinois. It has banks, several churches, a
graded school and three newspapers. Population
(1880), 686; (1S90), 689; (1900), 744.
INDIAN MOUNDS. (See Mound-Builders,
Works of The.)
INDIAN TREATIES. The various treaties
made by the General Government with the
Indians, which affected Illinois, may be summa-
rized as follows: Treaty of Greenville, August 3,
1795_ceded 11,808,409 acres of land for the sum
of §210,000; negotiated by Gen. Anthony Wayne
with the Delawares, Ottawas, Miamis, Wyandots,
Shawnees, Pottawatomies, Chippewas, Kaskas-
kias, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws and Eel River
Indians: First Treaty of Fort Wayne, June 7,
1803— ceded 2,038,400 acres in consideration of
§4,000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with
the Delawares, Kickapoos, Miamis, Pottawato-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
295
mies, and Shawnees : First Treaty of Vincennes,
August 13, 1803— ceded 8, 91 1,850 acres for §12,000;
negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Caho-
kias, Kaskaskias and Mitchagamies . First Treaty
of St. Louis, Nov. 3, 1804— ceded 14,803,530 acres
in consideration of $23,234; negotiated by Gov-
ernor Harrison with the Sacs and Foxes: Second
Treatyof Vincennes, Dec. 30, 180.5— ceded 2,676,150
acres for 64, 100; negotiated by Governor Harrison
with the Piankeshaws: Second Treaty of Fort
Wayne, Sept. 30, 1809 — ceded 3,900,000 acres;
negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Dela-
wares. Eel River, Miamis, Pottawatomies and
Weas: Third Treaty of Vincennes, Dec. 9, 1809
— ceded 138,340 acres for §27,000; negotiated by
Governor Harrison with the Kickapoos : Second
Treaty of St. Louis, Aug. 24, 1816— ceded 1,418,400
acres in consideration of 812,000; negotiated bj-
Governor Edwards, William Clark and A. Chou-
teau with the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawato-
mies: Treaty of Edwardsville, Sept. 30, 1818—
ceded 6,865,380 acres for 86,400; negotiated by
Governor Edwards and A. Chouteau with the
Illinois and Peorias; Treaty of St. Mary's. Oct.
2, 1818— ceded 11,000,000 acres for §33,000; nego-
tiated by Gen. Lewis Cass and others with the
Weas: Treaty of Fort Harrison, Aug. 30, 1819—
negotiated by Benjamin Parke with the Kicka-
poos of the Vermilion, ceding 3,173,120 acres for
$23,000: Treaty of St. Joseph, Sept. 20. 1828—
ceded 990,720 acres in consideration of $189,795;
negotiated by Lewis Cass and Pierre Menard with
the Pottawatomies : Treaty of Prairie du Chien,
Jan. 2, 1830— ceded 4,160,000 acres for $390,601;
negotiated by Pierre Menard and others with
the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawatomies:
First Treaty of Chicago, Oct. 20, 1832— ceded
1,536,000 acres for $460,348; negotiated with
the Pottawatomies of the Prairie: Treaty of
Tippecanoe, Oct. 27, 1832 — by it the Pottawato-
mies of Indiana ceded 737,000 acres, in consider-
ation of 8406,121 : Second Treaty of Chicago, Sept.
26, 1833— by it the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pot-
tawatomies ceded 5,104,960 acres for $7,624,389:
Treaties of Fort Armstrong and Prairie du Chien,
negotiated 1829 and "32— by which the Winne-
bagoes ceded 10,346,000 acres in exchange for
85,195,252: Second Treaty of St. Louis, Oct. 27,
1832— the Kaskaskias and Peorias ceding 1,900
acres in consideration of $155,780. (See also
Greenville, 7^-eaty of.)
INDIAN TRIBES. (See Algonquins: Illinois
Indians; Kaskaskias: Eickajyoos; Miasms; Outa-
gamies; Piankeshaws: Pottawatomies; Sacs and
Foxes; Weas; Winnebagoes.)
INDIANA, BLOOMINliTON & WESTERN
RAILWAY. (See Peoria & Eastern liailroad.)
INDIANA, DECATUR Ac WESTERN RAIL-
WAT. The entire length of line is 152.5 miles, of
which 75.75 miles (with yard-tracks and sidings
amounting to 8 86 miles) lie within Illinois. It
extends from Decatur almost due east to the
Indiana State line, and has a single track of
standard gauge, with a right of way of 100 feet
The rails are of steel, -well adapted to the traffic,
and the ballasting is of gravel, earth and cinders.
The bridges (chiefly of wood) are of standard
design and well maintained. The amount of
capital stock outstanding (1898) is $1,824,000, or
11,998 per mile; total capitalization (including
stock and all indebtedness) 3,733,983. The total
earnings and income in Illinois, $240,850. (His-
tory.) The first organization of this road em-
braced two companies — the Indiana & Illinois and
the Illinois & Indiana — which were consolidated,
in 1853. under the name of the Indiana & Illinois
Central Railroad Company. In 1875 the latter
was sold under foreclosure and organized as the
Indianapolis, Decatur & Springfield Railway
Company, at which time the section from Decatur
to Montezuma, Ind., was opened. It was com-
pleted to Indianapolis in 1880. In 1882 it was
leased to the Indiana, Bloomington & Western
Railroad Company, and operated to 1885, when
it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold
under foreclosure in 1887 and reorganized under
the name of the Indianapolis, Decatur & West-
ern. Again, in 1889, default was made and the
property, after being operated by trustees, was
sold in 1894 to two companies called the Indiana,
Decatur & Western Railway Company (in Indi-
ana) and the Decatur & Eastern Railway Com-
pany (in Illinois). These were consolidated in
July, 1895, under the present name (Indiana,
Decatur & Western Railway Company). In
December, 1895, the entire capital stock was
purchased by the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton
Railway Company, and the line is now operated
as a part of that system.
INDIANA, ILLINOIS & IOWA RAILROAD.
This line extends from Streator Junction 1.8
miles south of Streator, on the line of the Streator
Division of the Wabash Railroad, easterly to the
Indiana State Line. The total length of the line
is 151.78 miles, of which 69.61 miles are in Illi-
nois. Between Streator Junction and Streator,
the line is owned by the Wabash Company, but
this company pays rental for trackage facilities.
About 75 per cent of the ties are of white-oak,
the remainder being of cedar ; the rails are 56-lb.
290
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS
steel, and the ballasting is of broken stone, gravel,
sand, cinders and earth. A policy of permanent
improvements has been adopted, and is being
carried forward. The principal traffic is the
transportation of freight. The outstanding capi-
tal stock (Jime 30, 1898) was §3.597,800; bonded
debt, §1,800,000; total capitalization, .35, .517,739;
total earnings and income in Illinois for 1898,
§413.967; total expenditures in the State, §303,-
344. — (History.) This road was chartered Dec.
27, 1881, and organized by the consolidation of
three roads of the same name (Indiana, Illinois &
Iowa, respectively), opened to Momence, 111., in
1882. and through its entire length. Sept. 15, 1883.
INDIANA & ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAIL-
ROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur &• Western Rail-
way. )
INDIANA & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See
Indiana. Decatur d- Western Railway.)
INDIANA k ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL-
ROAD. (See St. Louis, Indianajiolis & Eastern
Railroad.)
INDIANAPOLIS, BLOOMINOTON & WEST-
ERN RAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Rail-
road: also Peoria d' Ea!<teni Railroad.)
INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & SPRING-
FIELD RAILROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur <fc
We.'^ten, Railway.)
INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & WESTERN
RAILWAY. (See Indiana, Decatur d: Western
Railway.)
INDIANAPOLIS k ST. LOUIS RAILWAY.
(See .SY. Loui:^. Alton d- Terre Haute Railroad.)
INDUSTRIAL HOME FOR THE BLIND, a
State Institution designed to furnish the means
of employment to dependent blind persons of
both sexes, established imder authority of an act
of the I,egislature passed at the session of 1893.
The institution is located at Douglas Park Boule-
vard and West Nineteenth Street, in the city of
Chicago. It includes a four-story factory with
steam-plant attached, besides a four-story build-
ing for residence purposes. It was opened in
1894. and. in December, 1897, had 63 inmates, of
whom 12 were females. The Fortieth General
Assembly appropriated -§13.900 for repairs, appli-
ances, library, etc., and §8,000 per annum for
ordinary e.xpenses
INGERSOLL, Ebon C, Congressman, was born
in Oneida County. X. Y., Dec. 12, 1831. His first
remove was to Paducah, Ky., where he com-
pleted his education. He studied law and was
admitted to the bar ; removing this time to Illi-
nois and settling in Gallatin County, in 1842. In
1856 he was elected to represent Gallatin County
in the lower house of the General Assembly; in
1862 was the Republican candidate for Congress
for the State-at-large, but defeated by J. C.
Allen; and, in 1864, was chosen to fill the unex-
pired term of Owen Lovejo}', deceased, as Repre-
sentative in the Thirty-eighth Congress. He was
re-elected to the Thirty-ninth. Fortieth and
Forty-first Congresses, his term expiring, March
4. 1871. He was a brother of Col. Robert G.
IngersoU, and was, for some years, associated with
him in the practice of law at Peoria, his home.
Died, in "Washington, May 31, 1879.
INGERSOLL, Robert Green, lawyer and sol-
dier, was born at Dresden, Oneida County, N. Y.,
August 11, 1838. His father, a Congregational
clergyman of pronounced liberal tendencies,
removed to the West in 1843. and Robert's boy-
hood was spent in Wisconsin and Illinois. After
being admitted to the bar, he opened an ofiSce at
Shawneetown, in partnership with liis brother
Ebon, afterwards a Congressman from Illinois.
In 1857 they removed to Peoria, and, in 1860,
Robert G. was an unsuccessful Democratic can-
didate for Congress. In 1862 he was commis-
sioned Colonel of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry,
which had been mustered in in December, 1861,
and, in 1864, identified himself with the Repub-
lican party. In February, 1867, he was appointed
by Governor Oglesby the first Attorney-General
of the State under the new law enacted that year.
As a lawyer and orator he won great distinction.
He nominated James G. Blaine for the Presidency
in the Republican Convention of 1876. at Cincin-
nati, in a speech that attracted wide attention b_v
its eloquence. Other oratorical efforts which
added greatly to his fame include "The Dream of
the Union Soldier,'' delivered at a Soldiers'
Reunion at Indianapolis, his eulogy at his brother
Ebon's grave, and his memorial address on occa-
sion of the death of Roscoe Conkling. For some
twenty years he was the most popular stump
orator in the West, and his services in political
campaigns were in constant request throughout
the Union. To the country at large, in his later
years, he was known as an uncompromising
assailant of revealed religion, by both voice and
pen. Among his best-known publications are
"The Gods" (Washington. 1878); "Ghosts"
(1879); "Mistakes of Moses" (1879); "Prose
Poems and Selections" (1884); "The Brain and
the Bible" (Cincinnati, 1882). Colonel Ingersoll's
home for some twenty years, in the later part of
his life, was in the city of New Y'ork. Died,
suddenly, from heart disease, at his summer
home at Dobb's Ferry, Long Island, July 21, 1899.
HISTOrJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
•297
IXGLIS, Samuel M., Superintendent of Public
Instruction, born at Marietta, Pa., August 15,
1838; received his early education in Oliio and,
in 1850, came to Illinois, graduating with first
honors from the Jlendota Collegiate Institute in
1861. The following year he enlisted in the One
Hundred and Fom-th Ilhnois Infantry, but, hav-
ing been discharged for disability, Ids place was
filled by a brother, who was killed at KnoxviUe,
Tenn. In 1865 he took charge of an Academy at
nillsboro, meanwhile studying law with the late
Judge E. Y. Rice ; in 1868 he assumed the super-
intendeucy of the public schools at Greenville,
Bond County, remaining until 1883, when he
became Professor of Mathematics in the Southern
Normal University at Carbondale, being trans-
ferred, three years later, to the chair of Literature,
Rhetoric and Elocution. In \89i he was nomi-
nated as the Republican candidate for State
Superintendent of Public Instruction, receiving
a plurality at the November election of 128,593
votes over his Democratic opponent. Died, sud-
denly, at Kenosha, Wis., June 1, 1898.
I>TER1VAL IMPROTEMEM POLICY, a
name given to a scheme or plan of internal im-
provement .adopted by the Tenth General Assem-
bly (1887), in compliance with a general wish of
the people voiced at many public gatherings. It
contemplated the construction of an extensive
system of public works, chiefly in Lines of rail-
road which were not demanded by the commerce
or business of the State at the time, but which, it
was believed, would induce immigration and
materially aid in the development of the State's
latent resources. The plan adopted provided for
the construction of such works by the State, and
contemplated State ownership and management
of all the lines of traffic thus constructed. The
bill passed the Legislature in February, 1837,
but was disapproved by the Executive and the
Council of Revision, on the ground that such
enterprises might be more successfully under-
taken and conducted by individuals or private
corporations. It was, however, subsequently
passed over the veto and became a law, the dis-
astrous effects of whose enactment were felt for
many years. The total amount appropriated by
the act was §10,200,000, of which §400,000 was
devoted to the improvement of waterways ; 8250, -
000 to the improvement of the "Great Western
Mail Route"; 89,350,000 to the construction of
railroads, and 8200,000 was given outright to
covmties not favored by the location of railroads
or other improvements within their borders. In
addition, the sale of 81,000,000 worth of canal
lands and the issuance of §500,000 in canal bonds
were authorized, the proceeds to be used in the
construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal,
§500,000 of this amount to be expended in 1838.
Work began at once. Routes were surveyed and
contracts for construction let, and an era of reck-
less speculation began. Large sums were rapidly
expended and nearly §6,500,000 quickly added to
the State debt. The system was soon demon-
strated to be -a failure and was abandoned for
lack of funds, some of the "improvements"
already made being sold to private parties at a
heavy loss. Tliis scheme furnished the basis of
the State debt under which Illinois labored for
many years, and which, at its maximum, reached
nearly §17,000,000. (See Macallister & Stebbins
Bonds; State Debt; Tenth General Assembly;
Eleventh General Assembly.)
INUNDATIOXS, REMARKABLE. The most
remarkable freshets (or floods) in Illinois history
have been those occurring in the Mississippi
River ; though, of course, the smaller tributaries
of that stream have been subject to similar con-
ditions. Probably the best account of early
floods has been furnished by Gov. John Reynolds
in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," — he having
been a witness of a number of them. The first
of which any historical record has been pre-
served, occurred in 1770. At that time the only
white settlements within the present limits of
the State were in the American Bottom in the
vicinity of Kaskaskia, and there the most serious
results were produced. Governor Rej'uolds says
the flood of that year (1770) made considerable
encroachments on the east bank of the river
adjacent to Fort Chartres, which had originally
been erected by the French in 1718 at a distance
of three-quarters of a naile from the main
channel. The stream continued to advance in
this direction mitil 1772, when the whole bottom
was again inundated, and the west wall of the
fort, having been undermined, fell into the river.
The next extraordinary freshet was in 1784, when,
the American Bottom was again submerged and
the residents of Kaskaskia and the neighboring
villages were forced to seek a refuge on the bluffs
— some of the people of Cahokia being driven to
St. Louis, then a small French village on Spanish
soil. The most remarkable flood of the present
century occurred in May and June, 1844, as the
result of extraordinary rains preceded by heavy
winter snows in the Rooky Mountains and rapid
spring thaws. At this time the American Bot-
tom, opposite St. Louis, was inundated from bluff
to bluff, and large steamers passed over the sub-
298
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
merged lands, gathering up cattle and other kinds
of property and rescuing the imperiled owners.
Some of the villages affected by this flood— as
Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskaskia — have
never fully recovered from the disaster. Another
considerable flood occurred in 1826, but it was
inferior to those of 1784 and 1844. A notable
flood occurred in 1851, when the Mississippi,
though not so high opposite St. Louis as in 1844,
is said to have been several feet higher at Quincy
than in the previous year — the difference being
due to the fact that the larger portion of the
flood of 1844 came from the ilissouri River, its
effects being most noticeable below the mouth of
that stream. Again, in 1868, a flood did con-
siderable damage on the Upper Mississippi, reach-
ing the highest point since 1851. Floods of a more
or less serious character also occurred in 18T6,
1880 and again in 1893. Although not so high as
some of those previously named, the loss was pro-
portionately greater owing to the larger area of
improved lands. The flood of 1893 did a great
deal of damage at East St. Louis to buildings and
railroads, and in the destruction of other classes
of propert}'. — Floods in the Ohio River have been
frequent and very disastrous, especially in the
upper portions of that stream — usually resulting
from sudden thaws and ice-gorges in the early
spring. With one exception, the highest flood in
the Ohio, during the present century, was that of
February, 1833, when the water at Cincinnati
reached an altitude of sixty-four feet three
inches. The recorded altitudes of others of more
recent occurrence have been as follows: Dec.
17, 1847 — sixty -three feet seven inches;
1862— fifty -seven feet four inches; 1882— fifty-
eight feet seven inches. The highest point
reached at New Albany, Ind., in 1883, was
seventy-three feet — or four feet higher than the
flood of 1832. The greatest altitude reached in
historic times, at Cincinnati, was in 1884— the re-
corded height being three-quarters of an inch in
excess of seventy-one feet. Owing to the smaller
area of cultivated lands and other improvements
in the Ohio River bottoms within the State of
Illinois, the loss has been comparatively smaller
than on the Mississippi, although Cairo has suf-
fered from both streams. The most serious dis-
asters in Illinois territory from overflow of the
Ohio, occurred in connection with the flood of
1883, at Shawneetown, when, out of six hundred
houses, all but twenty-eight were flooded to the
second story and water ran to a depth of fifteen
feet in the main street. A levee, which had been
constructed for the protection of the city at great
expense, was almost entirely destroyed, and an
appropriation of §60,000 was made by the Legis-
lature to indemnify the corporation. On April
3, 1898, the Ohio River broke through the levee
at Shawneetown, inundating the whole city and
causing the loss of twenty-five lives. Much
suffering was caused among the people driven
from their homes and deprived of the means of
subsistence, and it was found necessary to send
them tents from Springfield and supplies of food
by the State Government and by private contri-
butions from the various cities of the State. The
inundation continued for some two or three
weeks. — Some destructive floods have occurred
in the Chicago River — the most remarkable, since
the settlement of the city of Chicago, being that
of March 12, 1849. This was the result of an ice-
gorge in the Des Plaines River, turning the
waters of that .stream across "the divide" into
Slud Lake, and thence, hy way of the South
Branch, into the Chicago River. The accumula-
tion of waters in the latter broke up the ice,
which, forming into packs and gorges, deluged
the region between the two rivers. TVlien the
superabundant mass of waters and ice in the Chi-
cago River began to flow towards the lake, it bore
before it not only the accumulated pack-ice, but
the vessels which liad been tied up at the wharves
and other points along the banks for the winter.
A contemporaneous history of the event says that
there were scattered along the stream at tlie time,
four steamers, six propellers, two sloops, twenty-
four brigs and fifty-seven canal boats. Those in
the upper part of the stream, being hemmed in
by surrounding ice, soon became a part of the
moving mass; chains and hawsers were snapped
as if they had been whip-cord, and the whole
borne lakeward in indescribable confusion. The
bridges at Madison, Randolph and Wells Streets
gave way in succession before the immense
mass, adding, as it moved along, to the general
wreck by falling spars, crushed keels and crashing
bridge timbers. "Opposite Kinzie wharf," says
the record, "the river was choked with sailing-
craft of every description, piled together in inex-
tricable confusion." While those vessels near
the mouth of the river escaped into the lake with
comparatively little damage, a large number of
those higher up the stxeam were caught in the
gorge and either badly injured or totally wrecked.
The loss to the city, from the destruction of
bridges, was estimated at .$20,000, and to vessels at
$88,000— a large sum for that time. The wreck
of bridges compelled a return to the primitive
system of ferries or extemporized bridges made
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
20 'J
of boats, to furnish means of communication
between the several divisions of the city — a con-
dition of affairs which lasted for several months.
— Floods about the same time did considerable
damage on the Illinois, Fox and Rock Rivers,
their waters being higher than in 1838 or 1833,
which were memorable flood years on these in-
terior streams. On the former, the village of
Peru was partially destroyed, while the bridges
on Rock River were all swept away. A flood in
the Illinois River, in the spring of 18.55, resulted in
serious damage to bridges and other property in
the vicinity of Ottawa, and there were extensive
inundations of the bottom lands along that
stream in 18.59 and subsequent years. — In Febru-
ary, 1857, a second flood in the Chicago River,
similar to that of 1849, caused considerable dam-
age, but was less destructive than that of the
earlier date, as the bridges were more substan-
tially constructed. — One of the most extensive
floods, in recent times, occurred in tlie Mississippi
River during the latter part of the month of
April and early in May, 1897. The value of prop-
erty destroyed on the lower Mississippi was
estimated at many millions of dollars, and many
lives were lost. At Warsaw, 111., the water
reached a height of nineteen feet four inches
above low-water mark on April 24, and, at Quincy,
nearly nineteen feet on the 28th, while the river,
at points between these two cities, was from ten
to fifteen miles wide. Some 25,000 acres of farm-
ing lands between Quincy and Warsaw were
flooded and the growing crops destroyed. At
Alton the height reached by the water was
twenty-two feet, but in consequence of the
strength of the levees protecting the American
Bottom, the farmers in that region suffered less-
than on some previous years.
IP ATA, a town in Fulton County, on one of the
branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroad, 10 miles west-soutliwest of Lewistown,
and some 44 miles north of Jacksonville. Tlie
county abounds in coal, and coal-mining, as well
as agriculture, is a leading industry in the sur-
rounding country. Other industries are the
manufacture of flour and woolen goods; two
banks, four churches, a sanitarium, and a weekly
newspaper are also located here. Population
(1880), 675; (1890), 667; (1900), 749.
IRON MANUFACTURES. The manufacture
of iron, both pig and castings, direct from the
furnace, has steadily increased in this State. In
1880, Illinois ranked seventh in the list of States
producing manufactured iron, while, in 1890, it
had risen to fourth place, Pennsylvania (which
produces nearly fifty per cent of the total product
of the country) retaining the lead, with Oliio and
Alabama following. In 1890 Illinois had fifteen
complete furnace stacks (as against ten in 1880),
turning out 674,506 tons, or seven per cent of the
entire output. Since then four additional fur-
naces have been completed, but no figures are at
hand to show the increase in production. During
the decade between 1880 and 1890, the percentage
of increase in output was 616.53. The fuel used
is chiefly the native bituminous coal, which is
abundant and cheap. Of this, 674,506 tons were
used; of anthracite coal, only 38,618 tons. Of
the total output of pig-iron in the State, during
1890, 016,659 tons were of Bessemer. Charcoal
pig is not made in Illinois.
IROX MOUNTAIN, CHESTER & EASTERN
RAILROAD. (See Wabash, Chester & Western
Railroad.)
IROQUOIS COUNTY, a large county on the
eastern border of the State; area, 1,120 square
miles; population (1900), 38.014. In 1830 two
pioneer settlements mere made almost simultane-
ously,— one at Bunkum (now Concord) and tlie
other at Milford. Among tliose taking up homes
at the former were Gurdon S. Hubbard, Benja-
min Fry, and Messrs. Cartwright, Thomas, New-
comb, and Miller. At Milford located Robert
Hill, Samuel Rush, Messrs. Miles, Pickell and
Parker, besides the Cox, Jloore and Stanlej-
families. Iroquois County was set off from Ver-
milion and organized in 1833, — named from the
Iroquois Indians, or Iroquois River, which flows
througli it. The Kickapoos and Pottawatomies
did not remove west of tlie Mississippi until
1836-37, but were always friendlj'. The seat of
government was first located at ilontgomer}-,
whence it was removed to Middleport, and finally
to Watseka. The comity is well timbered and
the soil underlaid by both coal and building
stone. Clay suitable for brick making and the
manufacture of crockery is also found. The
Iroquois River and the Sugar, Spring and Beaver
Creeks thoroughly drain the county. An abun-
dance of pure, cold water may be found anywhere
by boring to the depth of from thirty to eighty
feet, a fact which encourages grazing and the
manufacture of dairy products. The soil is rich,
and well adapted to fruit growing. The prin-
cipal towns are Oilman (population 1,112), Wat-
seka (2,017), and Milford (957).
IROQUOIS RIVER, (sometimes called Picka-
mink), rises in Western Indiana and runs
westward to Watseka, 111. ; thence it flows north-
ward through Iroquois and part of Kankakee
30(»
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Counties, entering the Kanl;akee River some live
miles southeast of Kankakee. It is nearly 120
miles long.
IRVINU, a village in Montgomery County, on
the line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad,
54 miles east-northeast of Alton, and 17 miles
east by north of Litchfield; has five churches,
flouring and saw mills, creamery, and a weekly
newspaper. Population (1890), 630; (1900), 6T5.
ISHAM, Edward S., lawyer, was born at
Bennington, Yt., Jan. L"), 1836; educated at
Lawrence Academy and Williams College, Mass.,
taking his de.:,'ree at the latter in 1857; was
admitted to the bar at Rutland, Vt., in 1858,
coming to Chicago the same year. Mr. Isham
was a Representative in the Twenty-fourth
General Assembly (1864-66) and, in 1881, his
name was prominently considered for a position
on the Supreme bench of the United States. He
is the senior member of the firm of Isham, Lin-
coln & Beale, which has had the management of
some of the most important cases coming before
the Chicago courts.
JACKSON, Hiintingrton Wolcott, lawyer, born
in Newark, N. J., Jan. 28, 1841, being descended
on the maternal side from Oliver Wolcott, one of
the signers of the Declaration of Independence ;
received his education at Phillips Academy,
Andover, Mass., and at Princeton College, leav-
ing the latter at the close of his junior year to
enter the army, and taking part in the battles of
Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg,
a part of the time being on the stall of Maj.-Gen.
John Newton, and, later, with Sherman from
Chattanooga to Atlanta, finally receiving the
rank of Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel for gallant and
meritorious service. Returning to civil life in
1805, he entered Harvard Law School for one
term, then spent a year in Europe, on his return
resuming his legal studies at Newark, N. J. ;
came to Chicago in 1867, and the following year
was admitted to the bar ; has served as Supervisor
of South Chicago, as President of the Chicago
Bar Association, and (by appointment of the
Comptroller of the Currency) as receiver and
attorney of the Third National Bank of Chicago.
Under the will of the late John Crerar he became
an executor of the e.state, and a trustee of the
Crerar Library. Died at Newark, N. J., Jan 3, 1901.
JACKSON COUNTY, organized in 181G, and
named in honor of Andrew Jackson; area, 580
square miles; population (1900), 33,871. It lies
in the southwest portion of the State, the Mis-
sissippi River forming its principal western
boundary. The bottom lands along the river are
wonderfully fertile, but liable to overflow. It is
crossed by a range of hills regarded as a branch
of the Ozark range. Toward the east the soil is
warm, and well adapted to fruit-growing. One
of the richest beds of bituminous coal in the State
crops out at various points, varying in depth from
a few inches to four or five hundred feet below the
surface. Valuable timber and good building
stone are found and there are numerous saline
springs. Wheat, tobacco and fruit are principal
crops. Early pioneers, with the date of their
arrival, were as follows: 1814, \V. Boon; 1815,
Joseph Duncan (afterwards Governor) ; 1817,
Oliver Cross, Mrs. William Kimmel, S. Lewis, E.
Harrold, George Butcher and W. Eakin; 1818,
the Bysleys, Mark Bradley, James Hughes and
John Barron. Brownsville was the first county-
seat and an important town, but owing to a dis-
astrous fire in 1843, the government was removed
to Murphysboro, where Dr. Logan (father of Gen.
John A. Logan) donated a tract of land for
county-buildings. John A. Logan was born here.
The principal towns (with their respective popu-
lation, as shown by the United States Census of
1890), were: Murphysboro, 3,880; Carbondale,
2,382; and Grand Tower, 634.
JACKSONVILLE, the county-seat of Morgan
County, and an important railroad center; popu-
lation (1890) about 13,000. The town was laid
out in 1825, and named in honor of Gen. Andrew
Jackson. The first court house was erected in
1836, and among early lawj'ers were Josiah Lam-
born, John J. Hardin, Stephen A. Douglas, and
later Richard Yates, afterwards the "War Gov-
ernor" of Illinois. It is the seat of several im-
portant State institutions, notably the Central
Hospital for the Insane, and Institutions for the
Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind —
besides private educational institutions, including
Illinois College, Illinois Conference Female Col-
lege (Methodist), Jacksonville Female Academy,
a Business College and others. The city ha3
several banks, a large woolen mill, carriage fac-
tories, brick yards, planing mills, and two news-
paper establishments, each publishing daily and
weekly editions. It justly ranks as one of the
most attractive and interesting cities of the State,
noted for the hospitality and intelligence of its
citizens. Although immigrants from Kentucky
and other Southern States predominated in its
early settlement, the location there of Illinois
College and the Jacksonville Female Academy,
about 1830, brought to it many settlers of New
England birth, so that it early came to be
INSTITUTION FOR FOR DEAF AND DI'MB, JACKSONVILLE.
Main Buil.ling and Girls' Cottage.
INSTITUTION FOR THE BUND, JACKSONVILLE.
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
301
regarded as more distinctively Xew England in
the character of its population than any other
town in Southern Illinois. Pop. (1900), 15,078.
JACKSONVILLE FEMALE ACADEMY, an
institution for the education of young ladies, at
Jacksonville, the oldest of its class in the State.
The initial steps for its organization were taken
in 1830, the year after the establishment of Illinois
College. It may be said to have been an offshoot
of the latter, these two constituting the originals
of that remarkable group of educational and
State Institutions which now exist in that city.
Instruction began to be given in the Academy in
May, 1833, under the principalship of Miss Sarah
C. Crocker, and, in 1835, it was formally incorpo-
rated by act of the Legislature, being the first
educational institution to receive a charter from
that bod}- ; though Illinois, ilcKendree and
Shurtleff Colleges were incorporated at a later
period of the same session. Among its founders
appear the names of Gov. Joseph Duncan, Judge
Samuel D. Lockwood, Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant
(for fifty years the President or a Professor of Illi-
nois College), John P. Wilkinson, Rev. John M.
Ellis, David B. Ayers and Dr. Ero Chandler, all
of whom, except the last, were prominently
identified with the early history of Illinois Col-
lege. The list of the alumnas embraces over five
hundred names. The Illinois Conservatory of
Music (founded in 1871) and a School of Fine Arts
are attached to the Academy, all being under the
management of Prof. E. F. BuUard, A.il.
JACKSOXVILLE, LOUISVILLE & ST. LOUIS
RAILWAY. (See Jacksonville & St. Louis Rail-
icay. )
JA(!KS0>'VILLE, NORTHWESTERN &
SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. (See Jackson-
ville & St. Louis Railway.)
JACKSONVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY.
Originally chartered as the Illinois Farmers" Rail-
road, and constructed from Jacksonville to
Waverly in 1870 ; later changed to the Jackson ville,
Northwestern & Southeastern and track extended
to Virden (31 miles) ; in 1879 passed into the
hands of a new company under the title of the
Jacksonville Southeastern, and was extended as
follows: to Litchfield (1880), 23 miles; to Smith-
boro (1882), 29 miles; to Centralia (1883), 2!) miles
— total, 112 miles. In 1887 a section between
Centralia and Driver's (I61/2 miles) was con-
structed by the Jacksonville Southeastern, and
operated imder lease by the successor to that
line, but, in 1893, was separated from it under
the name of the Louisville & St. Louis Railway.
By the use of five miles of trackage on the Louis-
ville & Nashville Railroad, connection was
obtained between Driver's and Mount Vernon.
The same year (1887) the Jacksonville Southeast-
ern obtained control of the Litchfield. CarroUton
& Western Railroad, from Litchfield to Columbi-
ana on the Illinois River, and the Chicago, Peoria
& St. Louis, embracing lines from Peoria to St.
Louis, via Springfield and Jacksonville. The
Jacksonville Southeastern was reorganized in 1890
under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville
& St. Louis Railwaj-, and, in 1893, %vas placed in
the hands of a receiver. The Chicago, Peoria &
St. Louis Divisions were subsequently separated
from the Jacksonville line and placed in charge
of a separate receiver. Foreclosure proceedings
began in 1894 and, during 1896, the road was sold
under foreclosure and reorganized under its pres-
ent title. (See Cliicago, Peoria & St. Louis Rail-
road of Illinois.) The capital stock of the
Jacksonville & St. Louis Railway (June 30, 1897)
was $1,. 500,000; funded debt, §2,300,000— total,
$3,800,000.
JAMES, Colin D., clergyman, was born in Ran-
dolph County, now in West Virginia, Jan. 15,
1808 ; died at Bonita, Kan. , Jan. 30, 1888. He was
the son of Rev. Dr. William B. James, a pioneer
preacher in the Ohio Valley, who removed to
Ohio in 1812, settling first in Jefferson County in
that State, and later (1814) at Mansfield. Subse-
quently the family took up its residence at Belt's
Prairie in Vigo (now Vermilion) County, Ind.
Before 1830 Colin D. James came to Illinois, and,
in 1834, became a minister of the Methodist Epis-
copal Church, remaining in active ministerial
work imtil 1871, after which he accepted a super-
annuated relation. During liis connection with
the church in Illinois he served as station preacher
or Presiding Elder at the following points : Rock
Island (1834); Platteville (1836); Apple River
(1837) ; Paris (1838, '42 and '43) ; Eugene (1839) ;
Georgetown (1S40); Shelbyville (1841); Grafton
(1844 and '45) ; Sparta District (184.5-47) ; Lebanon
District (1848-49) ; Alton District (1850); Bloom-
ington District (1851-52); and later at Jackson-
ville, Winchester, Greenfield, Island Grove,
Oldtown, Heyworth, Normal, Atlanta, McLean
and Shirley. During 1861-62 he acted as agent
for the Illinois Female College at Jacksonville,
and, in 1871, for the erection of a Metho-
dist church at Normal. He was twice married.
His first wife (Eliza A. Plasters of Living-
ston) died in 1849. The following year he mar-
ried Amanda K. Casad, daughter of Dr. Anthony
W. Casad. He removed from Normal to Evans-
ton in 1876, and from the latter place to
302
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
Kansas in 1879. Of his surviving cliildren,
Edmund J. is (1898) Professor in the University
of Chicago; John N. is in cha^rge of the mag-
netic laboratory in the National Observatory
at Washington, D. C. ; Benjamin B. is Professor
in the State Normal Scliool at St. Cloud, Minn.,
and George F. is instructor in the Cambridge
Preparatory School of Chicago.
JAMES, Edmund Janes, was born. May 21,
1855, at Jacksonville, Jlorgan County, 111., the
fourtli sou of Rev. Colin Dew James of the Illi-
nois Conference, grandson on his mother's side
of Rev. Dr. Anthony Wayne Casad and great-
grandson of Samuel Stites (all of whose sketches
appear elsewhere in this volume) ; was educated
in the :M(.)del Department of the Illinois State
Normal School at Bloomington (Normal), from
which he graduated in June, 1873, and entered
the Northwestern University, at Evanston, 111.,
in November of the same year. On May 1, 1874,
he was appointed Recorder on the United States
Lake Survey, where he continued during one
season engaged in work on the lower part of Lake
Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence. He entered
Harvard College, Nov. 2, 1874, but went to
Europe in August, 1875, entering the University
of Halle, Oct. 16, 1875, where he graduated,
August 4, 1877, with the degrees of A.M. and
Ph.D. On his return to the United States he was
elected Principal of the Public High School in
Evanston, 111., Jan. 1, 1878, but resigned in June,
1879, to accept a position in the Illinois State
Normal School at Bloomington as Professor of
Latin and Greek, and Principal of the High
School Department in connection with the Model
School. Resigning this position at Christmas
time, 1882, he went to Europe for stud}' ; accepted
a position in the University of Pennsylvania as
Professor of Public Administration, in Septem-
ber, 1883, where he remained for over thirteen
years. While here he was, for a time. Secretary
of the Graduate Faculty and organized the in-
struction in this Department. He was also
Director of the Wharton School of Finance and
Economy, the first attempt to organize a college
course in the field of commerce and industry.
During this time he officiated as editor of "The
Political Economy and Public Law Series" i.ssued
by the LTniversity of Pennsylvania. Resigning
his position in the University of Pennsylvania on
Feb. 1, 1896, he accepted that of Professor of Pub-
lic Administration and Director of the University
Extension Division in the University of Chicago,
where he has since continued. Professor James
has been identified with the progress of economic
studies in the United States since the early
eighties. He was one of the organizers and one
of the first Vice-Presidents of the American
Economic Association. On Deo. 14, 1889, he
founded the American Academy of Political and
Social Science with headquarters at Philadelphia,
became its first President, and has continued such
to the present time. He was also, for some years,
editor of its publications. The Academy has
now become the largest Association in the world
devoted to the cultivation of economic and social
subjects. He was one of the originators of, and
one of the most frequent contributors to, "Lalor's
Cyclopaedia of Political Science"; was also the
pioneer in the movement to introduce into the
United States the scheme of public instruction
known as University Extension; was the first
President of the American Society for the Exten-
sion of University Teaching, under whose auspices
the first effective extension work was done in this
country, and has been Director of the Extension
Division in the University of Chicago since Febru-
ary, 1896. He has been especially identified with
the development of higher commercial education
in the United States. From his position as
Director of the Wharton School of Finance and
Economy he has affected the course of instruc-
tion in this Department in a most marked way.
He was invited by the American Bankers'
Association, in the year 1892, to make a careful
study of the subject of Commercial Education in
Europe, and his report to this association on the
Education of Business Men in Europe, republished
by the University of Chicago in the year 1898,
has become a standard authority on this subject.
Owing largely to his efforts, departments similar
to the Wharton School of Finance and Economy
have been established under the title of College
of Commerce, College of Commerce and Politics,
and Collegiate Course in Commerce, in the Uni-
versities of California and Chicago, and Columbia
University. He lias been identified with the
progress of college education in general, espe-
cially in its relation to secondary and elementary
education, and was one of the early advocates of
the establishment of departments of education in
our colleges and universities, the policy of which
is now adopted by nearly all the leading institu-
tions. He was, for a time. State Examiner of
High Schools in Illinois, and %vas founder of "The
Illinois School Journal," long one of the most
influential educational periodicals in the State,
now changed in name to "School and Home."
He has been especially active in the establish-
ment of public kindergartens in different cities.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
303
and has been repeatedly offered the headship of
important institutions, among them being the
University of Iowa, the University of Illinois,
and the University of Cincinnati. He has served
as Vice-President of the National JIunicipal
League; of the American Association for tlie
Advancement of Science, and the American
Economic Association, and of the Board of Trus-
tees of the Illinois State Historical Library ; is a
member of the American Philosophical Society,
of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, of the
National Council of Education, and of the Briti!?h
Association for the Advancement of Science. He
■was a member of the Committee of Thirteen of
the National Teachers' Association on college
entrance requirements; is a member of various
patriotic and historical societies, including the
Sons of the American Revolution, the Society of
the Colonial Wars, the Holland and the Huguenot
Society. He is the author of more than one hun-
dred papers and monograplis on various economic,
educational, legal and administrative sulijects.
Professor James was married, August 22, 1879, to
Anna Margarethe Lange, of Halle, Prussia,
daughter of the Eev. Wilhelm Roderich Lange,
and granddaughter of the famous Professor Ger-
lach of the University of Halle.
JAMESON, John Alexander, lawyer and jur-
ist, was born at Irasburgh, Vt., Jan. 2.5, 1824;
graduated from the University of Vermont in
1846. After several years spent in teaching, he
began the study of law, and graduated from the
Dane Law School (of Harvard College) in 18.j3.
Coming west the same year he located at Free-
port, 111., but removed to Chicago in 18.56. In
1865 he was elected to the bench of the Superior
Court of Chicago, remaining in office until 1883.
During a portion of this period he acted as lec-
turer in the Union College of Law at Chicago,
and as editor of "The American Law Register."
His literary labors were unceasing, his most
notable work being entitled "Constitutional Con-
ventions; their History, Power and Modes of
Proceeding." He was also a fine classical
scholar, speaking and reading German, French,
Spanish and Italian, and was deeply interested
in charitable and reformatory work. Died, sud-
denly, in Chicago, June 16, 1890.
JARROT, Nicholas, early French settler of St.
Clair County, was born in France, received a
liberal education and, on account of the disturbed
condition there in the latter part of the last cen-
tury, left his native country about 1T90. After
spending some time at Baltimore and New
Orleans, he arrived at Cahokia, 111., in 1794, and
became a permanent settler there. He early be-
came a Major of militia and engaged in trade
with the Indians, frequently visiting Prairie du
Chieu, St. Anthony's Falls (now Minneapolis) and
the Illinois River in his trading expeditions, and,
on one or two occasions, incurring great risk of
life from hostile savages. He' acquired a large
property, especially in lands, built mills and
erected one of the earliest and finest brick houses
in that part of tlie country. He also served as
Justice of the Peace and Judge of the County
Court of St. Clair County. Died, in 1823.— Vital
(Jarrot), son of the preceding, inherited a large
landed fortune from his father, and was an
enterprising and public-spirited citizen of St.
Clair County during the last generation. He
served as Representative from St. Clair County
in the Eleventh, Twentieth, Twenty-first and
Twenty-second General Assemblies, in the first
being an associate of Abraham Lincoln and
always his firm friend and admirer. At the
organization of the Twenty-second General
Assembly (18.57), he received the support of the
Republican members for Speaker of the House in
opposition to Col. "VV. R. Morrison, who was
elected. He sacrificed a large share of his prop-
erty in a public-spirited effort to build up a
rolling mill at East St. Louis, being reduced
thereby from affluence to povert}-. President
Lincoln appointed him an Indian Agent, which
took him to the Black Hills region, where he
died, some years after, from toil and exposure, at
the age of 73 years.
JASPER COUNTY, in the eastern part of
Southern Illinois, having an area of 506 square
miles, and a population (in 1900) of 20, 160. It was
organized in 1831 and named for Sergeant Jasper
of Revolutionary fame. The county was placed un-
der township organization in 1860. The first Board
of County Commissioners consisted of B. Rey-
nolds, W Richards and George Mattingley. The
Embarras River crosses the county. The general
surface is level, although gently undulating in
some portions. Manufacturing is carried on in a
small way; but the people are principally inter-
ested in agriculture, the chief products consisting
of wheat, potatoes, sorghum, fruit and tobacco.
"'A'ool-growing is an important industry. Newton
is the county-seat, with a population (in 1890) of
1,428.
JATNE, (Dr.) Gershom, early physician, was
born in Orange County, N.Y., October, 1791; served
as Surgeon in the War of 1812, and came to Illinois
in 1819, settling in Springfield in 1821 ; was one
of the Commissioners appointed to construct the
304
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
first State Penitentiary (1827), and one of tlie first
Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal.
His oldest daughter (Julia Maria) became the
wife of Senator Trumbull. Dr. Jayne died at
Springfield, in 18G7.— Dr. William (Jayne), son of
the preceding, was born in Springfield, 111., Oct. 8,
182G; educated by private tutors and at Illinois
College, being a member of tlie class of 1847, later
receiving the degree of A.M. lie was one of the
founders of the Phi Alpha Society while in that
institution; graduated from the Medical Depart-
ment of Missouri State University; in 1860 was
elected State Senator for Sangamon County, and,
the following year, was appointed by President
Lincoln Governor of the Territory of Dakota,
later serving as Delegate in Congress from that
Territory. In 1869 he was appointed Pension
Agent for Illinois, also served for four terms as
Mayor of his native city, and is now Vice-Presi-
dent of the First National Bank, Springfield.
JEFFERSON COUNTY, a south-central covinty,
cut off from Edwards and White Counties, in
1819, when it was separately organized, being
named in honor of Thomas Jefferson. Its area is
580 square miles, and its population (1900), 28,133.
The Big Muddy River, with one or two tributa-
ries, flows through the county in a southerly direc-
tion. Along the banks of streams a variety of
hardwood timber is found. The railroad facilities
are advantageous. The surface is level and the
soil rich Cereals and fruit are easily produced.
A fine bed of limestone (seven' to fifteen feet
thick) crosses the middle of the county. It has
been quarried and found well adapted to building
purposes. The county possesses an abundance of
running water, much of wliich is slightly im-
pregnated with salt. The upper coal measure
underlies the entire county, but the seam is
scarcely more than two feet thick at any point.
The chief industry is agriculture, though lumber
is manufactured to some extent. Mount Vernon,
the county-seat, was incorporated as a city in 1873,
Its population in 1890 was 3,233. It has several
manufactories and is the seat of the Appellate
Court for the Southern Judicial District of the
State.
JEFFERY, EdYvard Turner, Railway President
and Manager, born in Liverpool, Eng., April 6,
1843, his father lieing an engineer in the British
navy ; about IS.IO came with his widowed mother
to Wheeling, Va . and, in 18.j6, to Chicago, where
he secured employment as office-boy in the
machinery department of the Illinois Central
Railroad. Here he finally became an apprentice
and, passing through various grades of the me-
chanical department, in May, 1877, became General
Superintendent of tlie Road, and, in 1885, General
Manager of the entire line. In 1889 he withdrew
from the Illinois Central and, for several years
past, has been President and General Manager of
the Denver & Rio Grande Railway, with head-
quarters .at Denver, Colo. Mr. Jeffery's career as
a railway man has been one of the most conspicu-
ous and successful in the history of American
railroads.
JENKINS, Alexander M., Lieutenant-Governor
(1834-36), came to Illinois in his j'outh and located
in Jackson County, being for a time a resident of
Brownsville, the first county-seat of Jackson
County, where he was engaged in trade. Later
he studied law and became eminent in his pro-
fession in Southern Illinois. In 1830 Mr. Jenkins
was elected Representative in the Seventh General
Assembly, was re-elected in 1832, serving during
his second term as Speaker of the House, and took
part the latter year in the Black Hawk War as
Captain of a compan}-. In 1834 Mr. Jenkins was
elected Lieutenant-Governor at the same time
with Governor Duncan, though on an opposing
ticket, but resigned, in 1836, to become President
of the first Illinois Central Railroad Company,
which was chartered that year. The charter of
the road was surrendered in 1837, when the State
had in contemplation the policy of building a
system of roads at its own cost- For a time he
was Receiver of Public Moneys in tlie Land Office
at Edwardsville, and, in 1847, was elected to the
State Constitutional Convention of that year.
Other positions held by him included that of Jus-
tice of the Circuit Court for the Third Judicial
Circuit, to which he was elected in 18.59, and
re-elected in 1861, but died in office, February 13,
1864. Mr. Jenkins was an uncle of Gen. John A.
Logan, who read law with him after his return
from the Mexican War.
JENXEY', William Le Baron, engineer and
architect, born at Fairhaven, Mass.. Sept. 25,
1833; was educated at Phillips Academy, An-
dover, graduating in 1849; at 17 took a trip
around the world, and, after a year spent in the
Scientific Department of Harvard College, took a
course in the Ecole Centrale des Artes et Manu-
factures in Paris, graduating in 18.56. He then
served for a year as engineer on the Tehuantepec
Railroad, and, in 1861, was made an Aid on the
staff of General Grant, being transferred the next
year to the staff of General Sherman, with whom
he remained three years, participating in many
of the most important battles of the war in the
West. Later, he was engaged in the preparation
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
305
Df maps of General Sherman's campaigns, wliich
were published in the "Memoirs"' of the latter.
In 1868 he located in Chicago, and has since given
his attention almost solely to architecture, the
result being seen in some of Chicago's most
noteworthy buildings.
JERSEY COUXTY, situated in the western
portion of the middle division of the State,
bordering on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers.
Originally a part of Greene County, it was sepa-
rately organized in 1839, with an area of 360 square
miles. There were a few settlers in the county
as early as 1816-17. Jerseyville, the county-seat,
was platted in 1834, a majority of the early resi-
dents being natives of, or at least emigrants from,
New Jersey. The mild climate, added to the
character of the soil, is especially adapted to
fruit-growing and stock-raising. The census of
1900 gave the population of the county as 14,613
and of Jerseyville, 3.517. Grafton, near the
junction of the Mississippi with the Illinois, had
a population of 927. The last mentioned town is
noted for its stone quarries, which employ a
number of men.
JERSEYVILLE, a city and county -seat of Jer-
sey County, the point of junction of the Chicago
& Alton and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis
Railways, 19 miles north of Alton and 4.5 miles
north of St. Louis, Mo. The city is in an agri
cultural district, but has manufactories of flour,
plows, carriages and wagons, slioe factory and
watch-making machinery. It contains a hand-
some courthouse, completed in 1894, nine
churches, a graded public school, besides a sep-
arate school for colored children, a convent,
library, telephone system, electric lights, artesian
wells, and three papers. Population (1890J, 3,207;
(1900), 3,517; (1903. est.), 4,117.
JO DAVIESS COUNTY, situated in the north-
west corner of the State ; has an area of 663 square
miles; population (1900), 24,533. It was first
explored by Le Seuer, who reported the discovery
of lead in 1700. Another Frenchman (Bouthil-
lier) was the first permanent white settler, locat-
ing on the site of the present city of Galena in
1820. About the same time came several Ameri-
can families ; a trading post was established, and
the hamlet was known as Fredericks' Point, so
called after one of the pioneers. In 1822 the
Government reserved from settlement a tract 10
miles square along the Mississippi, with a view of
controlling the mining interest. In 1823 mining
privileges were granted upon a royalty of one-
sixth, and the first smelting furnace was erected
the same year. Immigration increased rapidly
and, inside of three years, the "Point" had a popu-
lation of 150, and a post-office was established
with a fortnightly mail to and from Vandalia,
then the State capital. In 1827 county organiza-
tion was effected, the county being named in
honor of Gen. Joseph Hamilton Daviess, who was
killed in the Battle of Tippecanoe. Tlie original
tract, liowever, has been subdivided until it now
constitutes nine counties. The settlers took an
active part in both the Winnebago and Black
Hawk Wars. In 1846-47 the mineral lands were
placed on the market bj' the Government, and
quickly taken by corporations and individuals.
The scenery is varied, and the soil (particularly
in the east) well suited to the cultivation of
grain. The county is well wooded and well
watered, and thoroughly drained by the Fever
and Apple Rivers. The name Galena was given
to the county-seat (originally, as has been said,
Fredericks' Point) by Lieutenant Thomas, Gov-
ernment Surveyor, in 1827, in which year it was
platted. Its general appearance is picturesque.
Its early growth was extraordinary, but later
(particularly after the growth of Chicago) it
received a set-back. In 1841 it claimed 2,000
population and was incorporated ; in 1870 it had
about 7,000 population, and, in 1900, 5,005. The
names of Grant, Rawlins and E. B. Washburne
are associated with its history. Other important
towns in the county are Warren (population
1,327), East Dubuque (1,146) and Elizabeth (659).
JOHNSON, Caleb C, lawyer and legislator,
was born in Whiteside County, 111. , May 23, 1844,
educated in the common schools and at the
Military Academy at Fulton, 111. ; served during
the Civil War in the Sixty-ninth and One Hun-
dred and Fortieth Regiments Illinois Volunteers ;
in 1877 was admitted to the bar and, two years
later, began practice. He has served upon the
Board of Township Super-\'isors of W^hiteside
County; in 1884 was elected to the House of
Representatives of the Thirty-fourth General
Assembly, was re-elected in 1880, and again in
1896. He also held the position of Deputy Col-
lector of Internal Revenue for his District during
the first Cleveland administration, and was a
delegate to the Democratic National Convention
of 1888.
JOHNSON, (Rev.) Herrlck, clergyman and
educator, was born near Fonda, N. Y., Sept. 21,
1832; graduated at Hamilton College, 1857, and
at Auburn Theological Seminary, 1860 ; held Pres-
byterian pastorates in Troy, Pittsburg and Phila-
delphia; in 1874 became Professor of Homiletics
and Pastoral Theology in Auburn Theological
300
niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Seminary, and, in 1880, accepted a pastorate in
Cliicago. also becoming Lecturer on Sacred Rhet-
oric in MoCormick Tlieological Seminary. In
1883 he resigned his pastorate, devoting his atten-
tion thereafter to the duties of his professorship.
He was Moderator of tlie Presbyterian General
Assembly at Springfield, in 1882, and has served
as President, for many years, of the Presbyterian
Church Board of Aid for Colleges, and of the
Board of Trustees of Lake Forest University.
Besides many periodical articles, he has published
several volumes on religious subjects.
JOHNSON, Hosmer A., M.D., LL.D., physi
cian, was born near Buffalo, N. Y., Oct. 6, 1822;
at twelve removed to a farm in Lapeer County,
Mich. In spite of limited school privileges, at
eighteen he secured a teachers' certificate, and,
by teaching in the winter and attending an
academy in the summer, prepared for college,
entering the University of Michigan in 1846 and
graduating in 1849. In 1850 he became a student
of medicine at Rush Medical College in Chicago,
graduating in 1852, and the same year becoming
Secretary of the Cook County Medical Society,
and, the year following, associate editor of "The
Illinois Medical and Surgical Journal." For
three years he was a member of the faculty of
Rush, but, in 18.58, resigned to become one of the
founders of a new medical school, which has now
become a part of Northwestern University.
During the Civil War, Dr. Johnson was Chair-
man of the State Board of Medical Examiners ;
later serving upon the Board of Health of Chi-
cago, and upon the National Board of Health. He
was also attending physician of Cook County
Hospital and consulting physician of the Chicago
Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. At the time
of the great fire of 1871, he was one of the Direct-
ors of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society. His
connections with local. State and National Soci-
eties and organizations (medical, scientific, social
and otherwise) were very numerous. He trav-
eled " extensively, both in this country and in
Europe, during his visits to the latter devoting
much time to the study of foreign sanitary con-
ditions, and making further attainments in medi-
cine and surgery. In 1883 the degree of LL.D.
was conferred upon him by Northwestern Uni-
versity. During his later years. Dr. Jolmson was
engaged almost wholly in consultations. Died,
Feb. 2G, 1891.
JOHNSON COUNTY, lies in the southern por-
tion of the State, and is one of the smallest
counties, having an area of only 340 square miles,
and a population (1900) of 15,667— named for Col.
Richard M, Johnson. Its organization dates back
to 1812. A dividing ridge (forming a sort of
water shed) extends from east to west, the
waters of the Cache and Bay Rivers running
south, and those of the Big Muddy and Saline
toward the north. A minor coal seam of variable
thickness (perhaps a spur from the regular coal-
measures) crops out here and there. Sandstone
and limestone are abundant, and, under cliffs
along the bluff's, saltpeter has been obtained in
small quantities. Weak copperas springs are
numerous. The soil is rich, the principal crops
being wheat, corn and tobacco. Cotton is raised
for home consumption and fruit-culture receives
some attention. Vienna is the county-seat, with
a population, in 1890, of 828.
JOHNSTON, Noah, pioneer and banker, was
born in Hardy County, Va., Dec. 20, 1799, and,
at the age of 12 years, emigrated witli his father
to Woodford County, Ky. In 1824 he removed
to Indiana, and, a few years later, to Jefferson
County, 111. , where he began farming. He sub-
sequently engaged in merchandising, but proving
unfortunate, turned his attention to politics,
serving first as County Commissioner and then as
County Clerk. In 1838 he was elected to the
State Senate for the counties of Hamilton and
Jefferson, serving four years ; was Enrolling and
Engrossing Clerk of the Senate during the session
of 1844-45, and, in 1846, elected Representative in
the Fifteenth General Assemblj-. The following
year he was made Paymaster in the United States
Army, serving through the Mexican War; in
1852 served with Abraham Lincoln and Judge
Hugh T. Dickey of Chicago, on a Commission
appointed to investigate claims against the State
for the construction of the Illinois & Michigan
Canal, and, in 1854, was appointed Clerk of the
Supreme Court for the Third Division, being
elected to the same position in 1861. Other posi-
tions held by him included those of Deputy United
States Marshal under the administration of Presi-
dent Polk, Commissioner to superintend the con-
struction of the Supreme Court Building at Mount
Vernon, and Postmaster of that city. He was
also elected Representative again in 1866. The
later years of his life were spent as President of
the Jlount Vernon National Bank. Died, No-
vember, 1891, in his 92d year.
JOLIET, the county-seat of Will County, situ-
ated in the Des Plaines River Valley, 36 miles
southwest of Chicago, on the Illinois efe Michigan
Canal, and the intersecting point of five lines of
railway. A good quality of calcareous building
stone underlies the entire region, and ;s exten-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
307
sively quarried. Hiavel, sami. and clay are also
easily obtained in considerable quantities.
Within twenty miles are productive coal mines.
The Northern Illinois Penitentiary and a female
penal institute stand just outside the city limits
on the north. Joliet is an important manufac-
turing center, the census of 1900 crediting the
city with 405 establishments, having $15,452,186
capital, employing 6.523 hands, paying §3,957,529
wages and §17,891,836 for raw material, turning
out an annual product valued at §27,705.104. The
leading industries are the manufacture of foundry
and machine-shop products, engines, agricultural
implements, pig-iron. Bessemer steel, steel
bridges, rods, tin cans, wallpaper, matches, beer,
saddles, paint, furniture, pianos, and stoves,
besides quarrying and stone cutting. The Clii-
cago Drainage Canal supplies valuable water
power. The city has many handsome public
buildings and private residences, among the
former being four high schools. Government
postoffice building, two public libraries, and two
public hospitals. It also has two public and two
school parks. Population (1880), 11,657; (1890),
33,2.54, (including suburbs), 34,473; (1900), 29,353.
JOLIET, AURORA & NORTHERN RAIL-
WAY. (See Elgi7i, Joliet & Eastern Eaitu-ai/.)
JOLIET, Louis, a French explorer, born at
Quebec, Canada, Sept. 21, 1645, educated at the
Jesuits' College, and early engaged in the fur-
trade. In 1669 he was sent to investigate the
copper mines on Lake Superior, but his most
important service began in 1673, when Frontenac
commissioned him to explore. Starting from the
missionary station of St. Ignace, with Father
Marquette, he went up the Fox River within the
present State of Wisconsin and down the Wis-
consin to the Mississippi, which he descended as
far as the mouth of the Arkansas. He was the
first to discover that the Mississippi flows to the
Gulf rather than to the Pacific. He returned to
Green Bay via the Illinois River, and (as believed)
the sites of the present cities of Joliet and Chicago.
Although later appointed royal hydrographer
and given the island of Anticosti, he never
revisited the Mississippi. Some historians assert
that this was largely due to the influential jeal-
ousy of La Salle. Died, in Canada, in May, 1700.
JOLIET & BLUE ISLAND RAILWAY, con
stituting a part of and operated by the Calumet
& Blue Island— a belt line, 21 miles in length, of
standard gauge and laid with 60-lb. steel rails.
The company provides terminal facilities at Joliet,
although originally projected to merely run from
that city to a connection with the Calumet &
Blue Island Railway. The capital stock author-
ized and paid in is §100,000. The company's
general offices are in Chicago.
JOLIET & NORTHERN INDIANA RAIL-
ROAD, a road running from Lake, Ind., to Joliet,
III., 45 miles (of which 29 miles are in Illinois),
and leased in perpetuity, from Sept. 7, 1854 (the
date of completion), to the Michigan Central Rail-
road Company, which owns nearly all its stock.
Its capital stock is §300,000, and its funded debt,
$80,000. Other forms of indebtedness swell the
total amount of capital invested (1895) to §1,-
143,201. Total earnings and income in Illinois in
1894, §89,017; total expenditures, §62,370. (See
Michigan Central Railroad.)
JONES, Alfred M., politician and legislator,
was born in New Hampshire, Feb. 5, 1837, brought
to MoHenry County, HI., at 10 years of age, and,
at 16, began life in the pineries and engaged in
rafting on the Mississippi. Then, after two
winters in school at Rockford, and a short season
in teaching, he spent a year in the book and
jewelry business at Warren, Jo Daviess County.
The following year (1858) he made a trip to Pike's
Peak, but meeting disappointment in his expec-
tations in regard to mining, returned almost
immediately. The next few years were spent in
various occupations, including law and real
estate business, until 1872, when he was elected
to the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, ?,nd
re-elected two years later. Other positions
successively held by him were those of Commis-
sioner of the Joliet Penitentiary, Collector of
Internal Revenue for the Sterling District, and
United States Marshal for the Northern District
of Illinois. He was, for fourteen years, a member
of the Republican State Central Committee, dur-
ing twelve years of that period being its chair-
man. Since 1885, Mr. Jones has been manager
of the Bethesda Jlineral Springs at Waukesha,
Wis., but has found time to make his mark in
Wisconsin politics also.
JONES, John Rice, first English lawyer in Illi-
nois, was born in Wales, Feb. 11, 1759; educated
at Oxford in medicine and law, and, after prac-
ticing the latter in London for a short time, came
to America in 1784, spending two years in Phila-
delphia, where he made the acquaintance of
Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin; in
1786, having reached the Falls of the Ohio, he
joined Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition
against the Indians on the Wabash. This having
partially failed through the discontent and
desertion of the troops, he remained at Vincennes
four years, part of the time as Commissary-
308
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
General of tlie garrison there. In 1790 he went to
Kaskaskia, but eleven years later returned to Vin-
cennes, being commissioned the same year by
Gov. William Henry Harrison, Attorney-General
of Indiana Territory, and, in 1805, becoming a
member of the first Legislative Council. He was
Secretary of the convention at Vincennes, in
December, 1802, which memorialized Congress to
suspend, for ten years, tlie article in the Ordi-
nance of 1787 forbidding slavery in the Northwest
Territory. In 1808 he removed a second time to
Kaskaskia, remaining two years, when he located
within the present limits of the State of Missouri
(then the Territory of Louisiana), residing suc-
cessively at St. Genevieve, St. Louis and Potosi,
at the latter place acquiring large interests in
mineral lands. He became prominent in Mis-
souri politics, served as a member of the Conven-
tion which framed the first State Constitution,
was a prominent candidate for United States
Senator before the first Legislature, and finally
elected by the same a Justice of tlie Supreme
Court, dying in office at St. Louis, Feb. 1, 1824.
He appears to have enjoyed an extensive practice
among the early residents, as shown by the fact
that, the year of his return to Kaskaskia, he paid
taxes on more than 16,000 acres of land in Monroe
County, to say nothing of his possessions about
Vincennes and his subsequent acquisitions in
Missouri. He also prepared the first revision of
laws for Indiana Territory when Illinois com-
posed a part of it. — Rice (Jones), sou of the pre-
ceding by a first marriage, was born in Wales,
Sept. 28, 1781; came to America with his par-
ents, and was educated at Transylvania University
and the University of Pennsylvania, taking a
medical degree at the latter, but later studying
law at Litchfield, Conn., and locating at Kaskas-
kia in 1806. Described as a young man of brilliant
talents, he took a prominent part in politics and,
at a special election held in September, 1808, was
elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, by
the party known as "Divisiouists'' — i. e., in favor
of the division of the Territory — which proved
successful in the organization of Illinois Territory
the following year. Bitterness engendered in
this contest led to a challenge from Shadrach
Bond (afterwards first Governor of the State)^
which Jones accepted; but the affair was ami-
cably adjusted on the field without an exchange of
shots. One Dr. James Dunlap, who had been
Bond's second, expressed dissatisfaction with the
settlement; a bitter factional fight was main-
tained between the friends of the respective
parties, ending in the assassination of Jones, who
was shot by Dunlap on the street in Kaskaskia,
Dec. 7, 1808 — Jones dying in a few minutes,
while Dunlap fled, ending his days in Texas. —
tien. John Rice (Jones), Jr., another son, was
born at Kaskaskia, Jan. 8, 1792, served under
Capt. Henry Dodge in the War of 1812, and, in
1831, went to Texas, where he bore a conspicuous
part in securing the independence of that State
from Mexico, dying there in 1845 — tlie year of its
annexation to the United States. — George
Wallace (Jones), fourth son of John Rice Junes
(1st), was born at Vincennes, Indiana Territor\%
April 12, 1804; graduated at Transylvania Uni-
versity, in 1825; served as Clerk of the United
States District Court in Missouri in 1826, and as
Aid to Gen. Dodge in the Black Hawk War ; in
1834 was elected Delegate in Congress from
Michigan Territory (then including the present
States of Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa), later
serving two terms as Delegate from Iowa Terri-
tory, and, on its admission as a State, being elected
one of the first United States Senators and re-
elected in 1852 ; in 1859, was appointed by Presi-
dent Buchanan Minister to Bogota, Colombia^
but recalled in 1861 on account of a letter to
Jefferson Davis expressing sympathy with the
cause of the South, and was imprisoned for two
months in Fort Lafayette. In 1838 he was the sec-
ond of Senator Cilley in the famous Cilley-Graves
duel near Washington, which resulted in the
death of the former. After his retirement from
office, General Jones" residence was at Dubuque,
Iowa, where he died, July 22, 1806, in the 93d
}-ear of his age.
JOXES, Michae'', early politician, was a Penn-
sylvanian by birth, who came to Illinois in Terri-
torial days, and, as early as 1809, was Register of
the Land Office at Kaskaskia; afterwards
removed to Shawneetown and represented
Gallatin County as a Delegate to the Constitu-
tional Convention of 1818 and as Senator in the
first four General A.ssemblies, and also as Repre-
sentative in the Eighth. He was a candidate for
United States Senator in 1819, but was defeated
by Governor Edwards, and was a Presidential
Elector in 1820. He is represented to have been a
man of considerable ability but of bitter passions,
a supporter of the scheme for a pro-slavery con-
stitution and a bitter opponent of Governor
Edwards.
JONES, J. Russell, capitalist, was born at
Conneaut, Ashtabula County, Ohio, Feb. 17, 1823;
after spending two years as clerk in a store in liis
native town, came to Chicago in 1838; spent the
next two years at Rocktcn, when he accepted a
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
309
clerkship in a leading mercantile establishment
at Galena, finally being advanced to a partner-
ship, which was dissolved in 1850. In 1860 he
was elected, as a Republican, Representative in
the Twenty-second General Assembly, and, in
March following, was appointed by President
Lincoln United States Marshal for the Northern
District of Illinois. In 1869, by appointment of
President Grant, he became Minister to Belgium,
remaining in office until 1875, when he resigned
and returned to Chicago. Subsequently he
declined the position of Secretary of the Interior,
but was appointed Collector of the Port of Chi-
cago, from which he retired in 1888. Mr. Jones
served as member of the National Republican
Committee for Illinois in 1868. In 186.3 he organ-
ized the West Division Street Railway, laying
the foundation of an ample fortune.
JONES, William, pioneer merchant, was born
at Charlemont, Mass., Oct. 22, 1789, but spent his
boyhood and early manhood in New York State,
ultimately locating at Buffalo, where he engaged
in business as a grocer, and also held various
public positions. In 1831 he made a tour of
observation westward by way of Detroit, finally
reaching Fort Dearborn, which he again visited
in 1832 and in '33, making small investments each
time in real estate, which afterwards appreciated
immensely in value. In 1834, in partnership
with Byram King of Buffalo, Mr. Jones engaged
in the stove and hardware business, founding in
Chicago the firm of Jones & King, and the next
year brought his family. While he never held
any important public office, he was one of the
most prominent of those earlj- residents of Chicago
through whose enterprise and public spirit the
city was made to prosper. He held the office of
Justice of the Peace, served in the City Council,
was one of the founders of the city fire depart-
ment, served for twelve years (1840-52) on the
Board of School Inspectors (for a considerable
time as its President), and contributed liberally
to the cause of education, including gifts of
S50,000 to the old Chicago University, of which
he was a Trustee and, for some time, President of
its Executive Committee. Died, Jan. 18, 1808.—
Fernando (Jones), son of the preceding, was born
at Forestville, Chautauqua County, N. Y., May
26, 1820, having, for some time in his boyhood,
Millard Fillmore (afterwards President) as his
teacher at Buffalo, and, still later, Reuben E. Fen-
ton (afterwards Governor and a United States
Senator) as classmate. After coming to Chicago,
in 1835, he was employed for some time as a clerk
in Government offices and by the Trustees of the
Illinois & Michigan Canal; spent a season at
Canandaigua Academy, N. Y. ; edited a periodical
at Jackson, Mich., for a year or two, but finally
coming to Chicago, opened an abstract and title
office, in which he was engaged at the time of the
fire of 1871, and which, by consolidation with two
other firms, became the foundation of the Title
Guarantee and Trust Company, which still plays
an important part in the real-estate business of
Chicago. Mr. Jones has held various public posi-
tions, including that of Trustee of the Hospital
for the Insane at Jacksonville, and has for years
been a Trustee of the University of Chicago. -Kiler
Kent (Jones), another son, was one of the found-
ers of "The Gem of the Prairies" newspaper, out
of which grew "The Chicago Tribune"; was for
many years a citizen of Quincy, 111. , and promi-
nent member of the Republican State Central
Committee, and, for a time, one of the publishers
of "The Prairie Farmer." Died, in Quincy,
August 20, 1886.
JONESBORO, the county-seat of Union County,
situated about a mile west of the line of the Illi-
nois Central Railroad. It is some 30 miles north
of Cairo, with which it is connected by the Mobile
& Ohio R. R. It stands in the center of a fertile
territory, largely devoted to fruit-growing, and is
an important shipping-point for fruit and early
vegetables; has a silica mill, pickle factory and a
bank. There are also four churches, and one
weekly newspaper, as well as a graded school.
Population (1900), 1,130.
JOSLTN, Merritt L., lawyer, was born in
Livingston County, N. Y., in 1827, came to Illi-
nois m 1839, his father settling in McHenry
County, where the son, on arriving at manhood,
engaged in the practice of the law. The latter
became prominent in political circles and, in
1856, was a Buchanan Presidential Elector. On
the breaking out of the war he allied himself
with the Republican party ; served as a Captain
in the Thirty-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry,
and, in 1864, was elected to the Twenty-fourth
General Assembly from JIcHenry County, later
serving as Senator during the sessions of the
Thirtieth and Thirty-first Assemblies (1876-80).
After the death of President Garfield, he was
appointed by President Arthur Assistant Secre-
tarj- of the Interior, serving to the close of the
administration. Returning to his home at Wood-
stock, 111., he resumed the practice of his profes-
sion, and, since 1889, has discharged the duties of
JIaster in Chancery for McHenry County.
JOUETT, Charles, Chicago's first lawyer, was
born in Virginia in 1773, studied law at Charlottes-
310
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ville in that State; in 1802 was appointed by
President Jefferson Indian Agent at Detroit and,
in 1805. acted as Commissioner in conducting a
treaty with the Wyandottes, Ottawas and other
Indians of Northwestern Ohio and Michigan at
Maujuee City, Ohio. In the fall of the latter year
he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn,
serving there until the year before the Fort Dear-
bom Massacre. Removing to Mercer County,
Ky., in 1811, he was elected to a Judgeship there,
but, in 1815, was reappointed by President Madi-
son Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, remaining
lintil 1818, when he again returned to Kentucky.
In 1819 he was appointed to a United States
Judgeship in the newly organized Territory of
Arkansas, but remained only a few months, when
he resumed his residence in Kentucky, dying
there. May 28, 1834.
JOURNALISM. {See Netcspapers, Early.)
JUDD, >'orman Buel, lawyer, legislator, For-
eign Minister, was born at Rome, X. Y., Jan. 10,
1815, where he read law and was admitted to the
bar. In 1836 he removed to Chicago and com-
menced practice in the (then) frontier settle-
ment. He early rose to a position of prominence
and influence in public affairs, holding various
municipal offices and being a member of the
State Senate from 1844 to 1860 continuously. In
1860 he was a Delegate-at-large to the Republican
National Convention, and, in 1861, President Lin-
coln appointed him Minister Plenipotentiary to
Prussia, where he represented this country for
four years. He was a warm personal friend of
Lincoln, and accompanied him on his memorable
journey from Springfield to Washington in 1801.
In 1870 he was elected to the Forty-first Congress.
Died, at Chicago, Nov. 10, 1878.
JUDD, S. Corning, lawyer and politician, born
in Onondaga County, N. Y., July 21, 1827; was
educated at Aurora Academy, taught for a time in
Canada and was admitted to the bar in New York
in 1848; edited "The Syracuse Daily Star" in 1849,
and, in 1850, accepted a position in the Interior
Department in Washington. Later, he resumed
bis place upon "The Star," but, in 1854, removed
to Lewistown, Fulton County, 111., and began
practice with his brother-in-law, the late W. C.
Goudy. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, entering
into partnership with AVilliam Fitzhugh White-
house, son of Bishop Whitehouse, and became
prominent in connection with some ecclesiastical
trials which followed. In 1800 he was a Demo-
cratic candidate for Presidential Elector and,
during the war, was a determined opponent of
the war policy of the Government, as such mak-
ing an unsuccessful campaign for Lieutenant-
Governor in 1864. In 1885 he was appointed
Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving until
1889. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 22, 1895.
JUDICIAL SYSTEM, THE. The Constitution
of 1818 vested the judicial power of the State in
one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as
the Legislature might establish. The former
consisted of one Chief Justice and three Associ-
ates, appointed by joint ballot of the Legislature;
but, until 1825, when a new act went into effect,
they were required to perform circuit duties in
the several counties, while exercising appellate
jurisdiction in their united capacity. In 1824 the
Legislature divided the State into five circuits,
appointing one Circuit Judge for each, but, two
years later, these were legislated out of office, and
circuit court duty again devolved upon the
Supreme Judges, the State being divided into
four circuits. In 1829 a new act authorized the
appointment of one Circuit Judge, who was
assigned to duty in the territory northwest of the
Illinois River, the Supreme Justices continuing
to perform circuit duty in the four other circuits.
This arrangement continued until 1835, when the
State was divided into six judicial circuits, and,
five additional Circuit Judges having been
elected, the Supreme Judges were again relieved
from circuit court service. After this no mate-
rial changes occurred except in the increase of the
number of circuits until 1841, the whole number
then being nine. At this time political reasons
led to an entire reorganization of the courts. An
act passed Feb. 10, 1841, repealed all laws author-
izing the election of Circuit Judges, and provided
for the appointment of five additional Associate
Judges of the Supreme Court, making nine in
all; and, for a third time, circuit duties devolved
upon the Supreme Court Judges, the State being
divided at the same time into nine circuits.
By the adoption of the Constitution of 1848 the
judiciary system underwent an entire change, all
judicial officers being made elective by the
people. The Constitution provided for a Supreme
Court, consisting of three judges. Circuit Courts,
County Courts, and courts to be held by Justices
of the Peace. In addition to these, the Legisla-
ture had the power to create inferior civil and
criminal courts in cities, but only upon a uniform
plan. For the election of Supreme Judges, the
State was divided into three Grand Judicial Divi-
sions. The Legislature might, however, if it saw
fit, provide for the election of all three Judges on
a general ticket, to be voted throughout the
State-at-large ; but this power was never exer-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
311
cised. Appeals lay from the Circuit Courts to the
Supreme Court for the particular division in
which the county might be located, although, by
unanimous consent of all parties in interest, an
appeal might be transferred to another district.
Nine Circuit Courts were established, but the
number might be increased at the discretion of
the General Assembly. Availing itself of its
constitutional power and providing for the needs
of a rapidly growing community, the Legislature
gradually increased the number of circuits to
thirty. The term of office for Supreme Court
Judges was nine, and, for Circuit Judges, six
years. Vacancies were to be filled by popular
election, unless the unexpired term of the
deceased or retiring incumbent was less than one
year, in which case the Governor was authorized
to appoint. Circuit Courts were vested with
appellate jurisdiction from inferior tribunals, and
each was required to hold at least two terms
annually in each county, as might be fixed by
statute.
The Constitution of 1870, without changing the
mode of election or term of office, made several
changes adapted to altered conditions. As
regards the Supreme Court, the three Grand
Divisions were retained, but the number of
Judges was increased to seven, chosen from a like
number of districts, but sitting together to con-
stitute a full court, of which four members con-
stitute a quorum. A Chief Justice is chosen by
the Court, and is usually one of the Judges
nearing the expiration of his term. The minor
officers include a Reporter of Decisions, and one
Clerk in each Division. By an act passed in 1897,
the three Supreme Court Divisions were consoli-
dated in one, the Court being required to hold its
sittings in Springfield, and hereafter only one
Clerk will be elected instead of three as hereto-
fore. The salaries of Justices of the Supreme
Court are fixed by law at §5,000 each.
The State was divided in 1873 into twenty-seven
circuits (Cook County being a circuit by itself),
and one or more terms of the circuit court are
required to be held each year in each county in
the State. The jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts
is both original and appellate, and includes mat-
ters civil and criminal, in law and in equity.
The Judges are elected by districts, and hold office
for six years. In 1877 the State was divided into
thirteen judicial circuits (exclusive of Cook
County), but without reducing the number of
Judges (twenty-six) already in office, and the
election of one additional Judge (to serve two
years) was ordered in each district, thus increas-
ing the number of Judges to thirty -nine. Again
in 1897 the Legislature passed an act increasing
the number of judicial circuits, exclusive of Cook
County, to seventeen, while the number of
Judges in each circuit remained the same, so
that the whole number of Judges elected that
year outside of Cook County was fifty-one. The
salaries of Circuit Judges are §3,500 per year,
except in Cook Coimty, where they are §7,000.
The Constitution also provided for the organiza-
tion of Appellate Courts after the year 1874, hav-
ing uniform jurisdiction in districts created for
that purpose. These courts are a connecting
link between the Circuit and the Supreme Courts,
and greatly relieve the crowded calendar of the
latter. In 1877 the Legislature established four
of these tribunals: one for the County of Cook;
one to include all the Northern Grand Division
except Cook County; the third to embrace the
Central Grand Division, and the fourth the South-
ern. Each Appellate Court is held by three Cir-
cuit Court Judges, named by the Judges of the
Supreme Court, each assignment covering three
years, and no Judge either allowed to receive
extra compensation or sit in review of his own
rulings or decisions. Two terms are held in each
District every year, and these courts have no
original jurisdiction.
Cook Cocxty. — The judicial system of Cook
County is different from that of the rest of the
State. The Constitution of 1870 made the county
an independent district, and exempted it from
being subject to any subsequent redistricting.
The bench of the Circuit Court in Cook County,
at first fixed at five Judges, has been increased
under the Constitution to fourteen, who receive
additional compensation from the county treas-
ury. The Legislature has the constitutional
right to increase the number of Judges according
to population. In 1849 the Legislature estab-
lished the Cook County Court of Common Pleas.
Later, this became the Superior Court of Cook
County, which now (1898) consists of thirteen
Judges. For this court there exists the same
constitutional provision relative to an increase of
Judges as in the case of the Circuit Court of Cook
County.
JUDY, Jacob, pioneer, a native of Switzer-
land, who, having come to the United States at
an early day, remained some years in Maryland,
when, in 1786, he started west, spending two
years near Louisville, Ky., finally arriving at
Kaskaskia, 111., in 1788. In 1792 he removed to
New Design, in Monroe County, and, in 1800,
located within the present limits of Madison
313
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
County, wliere he died in 1807. — .Samuel (Judy),
son of tlie preceding, born August 19, 1TT3, was
brought by his father to Illinois in 1788, and after-
wards became prominent in political aflfairs and
famous as an Indian fighter. On the organization
of Jladison County he became one of the first
County Commissioners, serving many years. He
also commanded a body of ''Rangers" in the
Indian campaigns during the "War of 1812, gain-
ing the title of Colonel, and served as a member
from Madison County in the Second Territorial
Council (1814-15). Previous to 1811 he built the
first brick house within the limits of Madison
County, which still stood, not many years since,
a few miles from Edwardsville. Colonel Judy
died in 1838. — Jacob (Judy), eldest son of Samuel,
was Register of the Land Office at Edwardsville,
1845-49.— Thomas (Judy), younger son of Samuel,
was born, Dec. 19, 1804, and represented Madison
County in the Eighteenth General Assembly
(1852-54). His death occurred Oct. 4, 1880.
JUDY, James TVilUam, soldier, was born in
Clark County, Ky., May 8, 1822 — his ancestors
on his father's side being from Switzerland, and
those on his mother's from Scotland ; grew up on
a farm and. in 1852, removed to Jlenard County,
111., where he has since resided. In August, 1862,
he enlisted as a private soldier, was elected Cap-
tain of his company, and, on its incorporation as
part of the One Hundred and Fourteenth Regi-
ment Illinois Volunteers at Camj) Butler, was
chosen Colonel by acclamation. The One Ilim-
dred and Fourteenth, as part of the Fifteenth
Army Corps under command of that brilliant
soldier. Gen. Wm. T. Sherman, was attached to
the Army of the Tennessee, and took part in the
entire siege of Vicksbiirg, from Jlay, 18G3, to the
surrender on the 3d of July following. It also
participated in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and
numerous other engagements. After one year's
service. Colonel Judy was compelled to resign by
domestic affiiction, having lost two children by
death within eight days of each other, while
others of his family were dangerously ill. On
liis retirement from the army, he became deeply
interested in thorough-bred cattle, and is now the
most noted stock auctioneer in the United States
— having, in the past thirty years, sold more
thorough -bred cattle than any other man living
— his operations extending from Canada to Cali-
fornia, and from Minnesota to Texas. Colonel
Judy was elected a member of the State Board of
Agriculture in 1874, and so remained continu-
ously until 1890 — except two years — also serving
as President of the Board from 1894 to 1896. He
l:)ore a conspicuous part in securing the location
of the State Fair at Springfield in 1894, and the
improvements there made under his administra-
tion have not been paralleled in any other State.
Originally, and up to 18.")G, an old-line Whig,
Colonel Judy has since been an ardent Repub-
lican ; and though active in political campaigns,
has never held a political office nor desired one,
being content with the discharge of his duty as a
patriotic private citizen.
KANAN, Michael F., soldier and legislator, was
born in Essex County, N. Y., in November, 1837,
at twenty years of age removed to Macon County,
111. , and engaged in farming. Dm-ing the Civil
"War he enlisted in the Forty-first Illinois Volun-
teers (Col. I. C. Pugh's regiment), serving nearly
four years and retiring with the rank of Captain.
After the war he served six years as Mayor of the
city of Decatur. In 1894 he was elected State
Senator, serving in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth
General Assemblies. Captain Kanan was one of
the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic,
and a member of the first Post of the order ever
established — that at Decatur.
KAXE, a village of Greene County, on the
Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton
Railway, 40 miles south of Jacksonville. It has
a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880),
408; (1890), .551; (1900), 588.
KANE, Elias Kent, early United States Sena-
tor, is said by Lanman's "Dictionary of Congress"'
to have been born in New York, June 7, 1796.
The late Gen. Geo. W. Smith, of Chicago, a rela-
tive of Senator Kane's bj- marriage, in a paper
read before the Illinois State Bar Associatior
(1895), rejecting other statements assigning the
date of the Illinois Senator's birth to various
years from 1786 to 1796, expresses the opinion,
based on family letters, that he was really born
in 1794. He was educated at Yale College, gradu-
ating in 1812, read law in New York, and emi-
grated to Tennessee in 1813 or early in 1814, but,
before the close of the latter year, removed to Illi-
nois, settling at Kaskaskia. His abilities were
recognized by his appointment, early in 1818, as
Judge of the eastern circuit under the Territorial
Government. Before the close of the same year
he served as a member of the first State Consti-
tutional Convention, and was appointed by Gov-
ernor Bond the first Secretary of State under the
new State Government, but resigned on the
accession of Governor Coles in 1822. Two years
later he was elected to the General Assembly as
Representative from Randolph County, but
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
313
resigned before the close of the year to accept a
seat in the United States Senate, to which he was
elected in 1824, and re-elected in 1830. Before
the expiration of his second term (Dec. 12, 18-35),
having reached the age of a little more than 40
years, he died in Washington, deeply mourned
by bis fellow-members of Congress and by his
constituents. Senator Kane was a cousin of the
distinguished Chancellor Kent of New York,
through his mother's family, while, on his
father's side, he was a relative of the celebrated
Arctic explorer, Elisha Kent Kane.
KAXE COUXTT, one of the wealthiest and
most progressive counties in the State, situated in
the northeastern quarter. It has an area of 540
square miles, and population (1900) of 78,792;
was named for Senator Elias Kent Kane. Tim-
ber and water are abundant. Fox River flowing
through the county from north to south. Immi-
gration began in 183-3, and received a new impetus
in 1835, when the Pottawatomies were removed
west of the Mississippi. A school was established
in 1834, and a church organized in 1835. County
organization was effected in Jtme, 1886, and the
public lands came on the market in 1842. Tlie
Civil War record of the cotmty is more than
creditable, the number of volunteers exceeding
the assessed quota. Farming, grazing, manufac-
turing and dairy industries chiefly engage the
attention of the people. The county has many
flourishing cities and towns. Geneva is the county-
seat. {See Aurora, Dundee, Eldora, Elgin, Geneva
andSf. Charles.)
KAjVGLEY, a village of La Salle County, on
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, three
miles northwest of Streator. There are several
coal shafts here. Population (1900), 1,004.
KAXK.VKEE, a city and county-seat of Kanka-
kee County, on Kankakee Ri\er and 111. Cent.
Railroad, at intersection of the "Big Four"" with
the Indiana, 111. & Iowa Railroad, 56 miles south of
Chicago. It is an agricultural and stock-raising
region, near extensive coal fields and bog iron
ore ; has water-power, flour and paper mills, agri-
cultural implement, furniture, and piano fac-
tories, knitting and novelty works, besides two
quarries of valuable building stone. The East-
ern Hospital for the Insane is located here.
There are four papers, four banks, five schools,
water-works, gas and electric light, electric car
lines, and Government postoffice building. Popu-
lation (1890), 9,025: (1900), 13,.595.
KANKAKEE COUNTY, a wealthy and popu-
lous county in the northeast section of the State,
having an area of 680 square miles — receiving its
name from its principal river. It was set apart
from Will and Iroquois Counties under the act
passed in 1851, the owners of the site of the
present city of Kankakee contributing §5,000
toward the erection of county buildings. Agri-
culture, manufacturing and coal-mining are the
principal pursuits. The first white settler was
one Noah Yasseur, a Frenchman, and the first
American, Thomas Durham. Population (1880),
25.047; (1890), 28,732; (1900), 37,154.
KANKAKEE RITER, a sluggish stream, rising
in St. Joseph County, Ind., and flowing west-
southwest through English Lake and a flat marshy
region, into Illinois. In Kankakee County it
unites with the Iroquois from the south and the
Des Plaines from the north, after the junction
with the latter, taking the name of the Illinois.
KANKAKEE & SENECA RAILROAD, a line
l3'ing wholly in Illinois, 42.08 miles in length. It
has a capital stock of $10,000, bonded debt of
8650,000 and other forms of indebtedness (1895)
reaching .5557, 629; total capitalization, $1,217,629.
This road was chartered in 1881, and opened in
1882. It connects with the Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and the Chicago,
Rock Island & Pacific, and is owned jointly by
these two lines, but operated bj- the former. (See
Cleveland, Cineinnati, Chicago d: St. Louis Rail-
road.)
KANSAS, a village in Edgar County, on the
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and
the Chicago & Ohio River Railways, 156 miles
northeast of St. Louis, 104 miles west of Indian-
apolis, 13 miles east of Charleston and 11 miles
west-southwest of Paris. The surrounding region
is agricultural and stock-raising. Kansas has tile
works, two grain elevators, a canning factory,
and railway machine shops, beside four churches,
a collegiate institute, a National bank and a
weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 723 ; (1890),
1.037; (1900), 1,049.
K.^SK.-ISKIA, a village of the Illinois Indians,
and later a French trading post, first occupied in
1700. It passed into the hands of the British
after the French-Indian War in 1765, and was
captured by Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head
of a force of Yirginia troops, in 1778. (See Clark,
George Rogers.) At that time the white inhab-
itants were almost entirely of French descent.
The first exercise of the elective franchise in Illi-
nois occurred here in the year last named, and. in
1804. the United States Government opened a
land oflSce there. I'or many j-ears the most
important commercial town in tlie Territory, it
remained the Territorial and State capital down
314
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
to 1819, when the seat of government was re-
moved to Vandalia. Originally situated on the
west side of the Kaskaskia River, some six miles
from the Mississippi, early in 1899 its site had
been swept away by the encroachments of tlie
latter stream, so that all that is Veft pf the princi-
pal town of Illinois, in Territorial days, is simply
its name.
KASKASKIA INDIANS, one of the five tribes
constituting the Illinois confederation of Algon
quin Indians. About the year 1700 they removed
from what is now La Salle County, to Southern
Illinois, where they established themselves along
the banks of the river which bears their name.
They were finally removed, with their h-ethren
of the Illinois, west of the Mississippi, and, as a
distinct tribe, have become extinct.
KASKASKIA RIVER, rises in Champaign
County, and flows southwest through the coun-
ties of Douglas, Coles, Moultrie, Shelby, Fayette,
Clinton and St. Clair, thence southward through
Randolph, and empties into the Mississippi River
near Chester. It is nearly 300 miles long, and
flows through a fertile, undulating country, which
forms part of the great coal field of the State.
KEITH, Edson, Sr., merchant and manufac-
turer, born at Barre, Vt., Jan. 28, 1833, was edu-
cated at home and in the district schools ; spent
18.50-54 in Montpelier, coming to Chicago the
latter year and obtaining employment in a retail
dry-goods store. In 1860 he assisted in establish-
ing the firm of Keith, Faxon & Co. , now Edson
Keith & Co. ; is also President of the corporation
of Keith Brothers & Co. , a Director of the Metro-
politan National Bank, and the Edison Electric
Light Company.— Elbridge G. (Keith), banker,
brother of the preceding, was born at Barre, Vt.,
July 16, 1840; attended local schools and Barre
Academy ; came to Chicago in 1857, the next year
taking a position as clerk in the house of Keith,
Faxon & Co., in 1865 becoming a partner and, in
1884, being chosen President of the Metropolitan
National Bank, where he still remains. Mr.
Keith was a member of tlie Republican National
Convention of 1880, and belongs to several local
literary, political and social clubs ; was also one
of the Directors of the World's Columbian Expo-
sition of 1802-93.
KEITHS15UK(J, a town in Mercer County on
the Mississippi River, at the intersection of the
Chicago, Burlington & (.^uincy and the Iowa Cen-
tral Railways; 100 miles vvest-northwest of
Peoria. Principal industries are fisheries, ship-
ping, manufacture of pearl buttons and oilers ; has
one paper. Pop. (1900), 1,566; (1903, est.), 2,000.
KELLOGG, Hiram Huntington, clergyman
and educator, was born at Clinton (then Whites-
town), N. Y., in February, 1803, graduated at
Hamilton College and Auburn Seminary, after
which he served for some years as pastor at
various places in Central New York. Later, he
established the Young Ladies" Domestic Seminary
at Clinton, claimed to be the first ladies' semi-
nary in the State, and the first experiment in the
country uniting manual training of girls with
scholastic instruction, antedating Mount Hoi
yoke, Oberlin and other institutions which adopted
this system. Color was no bar to admission to
the institution, though the daughters of some of
the wealthiest families of the State were among
its pupils. Mr. Kellogg was a co-laborer with
Gerritt Smith, Beriah Green, the Tappans, Garri-
son and others, in the effort to arouse public senti-
ment in opposition to slavery. In 1836 he united
with Prof. George W. Gale and others in the
movement for the establishment of a colony and
the building up of a Christian and anti-slavery
institution in the West, which resulted in the
location of the town of Galesburg and the found,
ing there of Knox College. Mr. Kellogg was
chosen the first President of the institution and,
in 1841, left his thriving school at Clinton to
identify himself with the new enterprise, which,
in its infancy, was a manual-labor school. In the
West he soon became the ally and co-laborer of
such men as Owen Lovejoy, Ichabod Codding,
Dr. C. Y. Dyer and others, in the work of extirpat-
ing slavery. In 1843 he vi.sited England as a
member of the World's Peace Convention, re-
maining abroad about a year, during which time
he made the acquaintance of Jacob Bright and
others of the most prominent men of that day in
England and Scotland. Resigning the Presidency
of Knox College in 1847, he returned to Clinton
Seminary, and was later engaged in various busi-
ness enterprises uutil 1861, when he again re-
moved to Illinois, and was engaged in preaching
and teaching at various points during the
remainder of his life, dying suddenly, at his
home school at Mount Forest, 111., Jan. 1, 1881.
KELLOGG, William Pitt, was born at Orwell,
Vt., Dec. 8, 1831, removed to Illinois in 1848,
studied law at Peoria, was admitted to the bar in
1854, and began practice in Fulton County. He
was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the
Republican ticket in 18.56 and 1860, being elected
the latter year. Appointed Chief Justice of
Nebraska in 1861, he resigned to accept the
colonelcy of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry Fail-
ing health caused his retirement from the army
wm
^^^'
Si
/
I.— Old Kaskaskia from Garrison Hill (1S93). 2.— Kaskaskia Hotel where LaFayettt- was teterl in 1S25.
3.— First Illinois State House, 1S18. 4.— Interior of Room (1S93) where LaFayette banquet was
held. 5.— Pierre Menard Mansion. 6.— House of Chief Ducoign, last of the Cascasquias (Kaskaskias).
I -Remnant of Old Kaskaskia ( iSgS) 2 -View o
House (1891). 4.-House of Gov Bond U^9l) 5
tained as it appeared in 189S. 6.-01d State House (1900)
Prnicpal Street ( ibgD 3 -Gen John Edgar's
-•• Chenu 'Mansion \Nhere LaFayette was enter-
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
315
after the battle of Corinth. In lS6o he was
appointed Collector of the Port at New Orleans.
Thereafter he became a conspicuous figure in
both Louisiana and National politics, serving as
United States Senator from Louisiana from 1868
to 1871. and as Governor from 1873 to 1870, during
the stormiest period of reconstruction, and mak-
ing hosts of bitter personal and political enemies
as well as warm friends. An unsuccessful attempt
was made to impeach him in 1876. In 1877 he was
elected a second time to the United States Senate
by one of two ri%-al Legislatures, being awarded
his seat after a bitter contest. At the close of his
term (1883) he took his seat in the lower house to
which he was elected in 1882, serving until 1885.
While retaining his residence in Louisiana, Mr.
Kellogg has spent much of his time of late years
in Washington City.
KE>'D,^LL COUMY, a northeastern county,
with an area of 330 square miles and a population
(1900) of 11,467. The surface is rolling and the
soil fertile, although generally a light, sandy
loam. The county was organized in 1841, out of
parts of Kane and La Salle, and was named in
honor of President Jackson's Postmaster General.
The Fox River (running southwestwardly
through the county), with its tributaries, affords
ample drainage and considerable water power;
the railroad facilities are admirable; timber is
abundant. Yorkville and Oswego have been
rivals for the county-seat, the distinction finally
resting with the former. Among the pioneers
may be mentioned Messrs. John Wilson, Ed-
ward Anient, David Carpenter, Samuel Smith,
the Wormley and Pierce brothers, and E.
Morgan.
KEXDRICK, Adin A., educator, was born at
Ticonderoga, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1836; educated at
Granville Academy, N. Y., and Middlebury Col-
lege; removed to Janesville, Wis., in 1857, studied
law and began practice at Monroe, in that State,
a year later removing to St. Louis, where he con-
tinued practice for a short time. Then, having
abandoned the law, after a course in the Theolog-
ical Seminar_v at Rochester, N. Y., in 1861 he
became pastor of the North Saptist Church in
Chicago, but, in 1865, removed to St. Louis,
where he remained in pastoral work until 1873,
when he assumed the Presidency of Shurtleff
College at Upper Alton, 111.
KEJi'NET, a village and railway station in
Dewitt County, at the intersection of the Spring-
field Division of the Illinois Central and the
Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroads, 36 miles
-northeast of Springfield. Tlie town has two banks
and two newspapers ; the district is agricultural.
Population (1880), 418; (1890). 497; (1900), 584.
KENT, (Rev.) Aratus, pioneer and Congrega-
tional missionary, was born in Suffield, Conn, in
1794, educated at Yale and Princeton and, in 1829,
as a Congregational missionary, came to the
Galena lead mines — then esteemed "a place so
hard no one else would take it." In less tlian two
years he had a Sunday-school with ten teachers
and sixty to ninety scholars, and had also estab-
lished a day-school, which he conducted himself.
In 1831 he organized the First Presbyterian
Church of Galena, of which he remained pastor
until 1848, when he became Agent of the Home
Missionary Society. He was prominent in laying
the foundations of Beloit College and Rockford
Female Seminary, meanwhile contributing freely
from his meager salary to charitable purposes.
Died at Galena, Nov. 8, 1869.
KEOKUK, (interpretation, "The Watchful
Fox"), a Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, born on
Rock River, about 1780. He had the credit of
shrewdness and bravery, which enabled him
finally to displace his rival. Black Hawk. He
always professed ardent friendship for the whites,
altliough this was not infrequently attributed to
a far-seeing policy. He earnestly dissuaded
Black Hawk from the formation of his confeder-
acy, and when the latter was forced to surrender
himself to the United States authorities, he was
formally delivered to the custody of Keokuk. By
the Rock Island treaty, of September, 1833, Keo-
kuk was formally recognized as the principal
Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, and granted a reser-
vation on the Iowa River, 40 miles square. Here
he lived until 1845, when he removed to Kansas,
where, in June, 1848, he fell a victim to poison,
supposedly administered by some partisan of
Black Hawk. (See Black Hawk and Black Hawk
War.)
KERFOOT, Samuel H., real-estate operator,
was born in Lancaster, Pa., Deo. 18, 1823, and
educated under the tutorship of Rev. Dr. Muh-
lenburg at St. Paul's College, Flushing, Long
Island, graduating at the age of 19. He was
then associated with a brother in founding St.
James College, in Washington County, Md. , but,
in 1848, removed to Chicago and engaged in the
real-estate business, in which he was one of the
oldest operators at the time of his death, Dec. 38,
1896. He was one of the founders and a life
member of the Chicago Historical Society and of
the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and associated
with other learned and social organizations. He
was also a member of the original Real Estate
31t
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
and Stock Board of Chicago and its first Presi-
dent.
KEWANEE, a city in Henry County, on the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 131
miles southwest of Chicago. Agriculture and
coal-mining are chief industries of the surround-
ing country. The city contains eighteen churches,
six graded schools, a public library of 10,000
volumes, three national banks, one weekly and
two daily papers. It has extensive manufactories
employing four to five thousand hands, the out-
put including tubing and soil-pipe, boilers, pumps
and heating apparatus, agricultural implements,
etc. Population (1890), 4,.569 ; (1900), 8,382 ; (1903,
est.), 10,000.
KETES, Willard, pioneer, was born at New-
fane, Windsor County, Vt., Oct. 28, 1792; spent
his early life on a farm, enjoying only such edu-
cational advantages as could be secured by a few
months" attendance on school in winter; in 1817
started west by way of Mackinaw and, crossing
Wisconsin (then an unbroken wilderness), finally
reached Prairie du Chien, after which he spent a
year in the "pineries." In 1819 he descended the
Mississippi with a raft, his attention en route
being attracted by the present site of the city of
Quincy, to which, after two years spent in exten-
sive exploration of the "Military Tract" in the
interest of certain owners of bounty lands, he
again returned, finding it still unoccupied.
Then, after two years spent in farming in Pike
County, in 1824 he joined his friend, the late
Gov. John Wood, who had built the first house in
Quincy two years previous. Mr. Keyes thus
became one of the three earliest settlers of
Quincy, the other two being John Wood and a
Major Rose. On the organization of Adams
Coimty, in January, 182.5. he was appointed a
member of the first Board of County Commission-
ers, which held its first meeting in his house.
Mr. Keyes acquired considerable landed property
about Quincy, a portion of which he donated to
the Chicago Theological Seminary, thereby fur-
nishing means for the erection of "Willard Hall"
in connection with that institution. His death
occurred in Quincy, Feb. 7, 1872.
KICKAPOOS, a tribe of Indians whose eth-
nology is closely related to that of the ^Mascou-
tins. The French orthography of the word was
various, the early explorers designating them as
"Kic-a-pous, " "Kick-a-poux," "Kiok-a-bou," and
"Quick-a-pous." The significance of the name is
uncertain, different authorities construing it to
mean "the otter's foot" and the "rabbit's ghost,"
according to dialect. From 1602, when the tribe
was first visited by Samuel Champlain. the Kieka-
Iinos were noted as a nation of warriors. They
fought against Christianization, and were, for
some time, hostile to the French, although they
proved efficient allies of the latter during the
French and Indian War. Their first formal
recognition of the authority of the United States
was in the treaty of Edwardsville (1819). in which
reference was made to the treaties executed at
Vincennes (1805 and 1809). Nearly a century
before, they had left their seats in Wisconsin and
established villages along the Rock River and
near Chicago (171215). At the time of the
Edwardsville treaty they had settlements in the
valleys of the Wabash, Embarras, Kaskaskia,
Sangamon and Illinois Rivers. While they
fought bravelj' at the battle of Tippecanoe, their
chief military skill lay in predator}- warfare. As
compared with other tribes, they were indvistri-
ous, intelligent and cleanly. In 1832-33 they
were removed to a reservation in Kansas. Thence
many of them drifted to the southwest, join-
ing roving, plundering bands. In language,
manners and customs, the Kickapoos closely
resembled the Sacs and Foxes, with whom some
ethnologists believe them to have been more or
less closely connected.
KILPATRICK, Thomas M., legislator and
soldier, was born in Crawford County, Pa., June
1, 1807. He learned the potter's trade, and, at
the age of 27, removed to Scott County, 111. He
was a deep thinker, an apt and reflective student
of public afl'airs. and naturally eloquent. He
was twice elected to the State Senate (1840 and
'44), and, in 1846, was the Whig candidate for
Governor, but was defeated by Augustus C.
French, Democrat. In 1850 he emigrated to
California, but, after a few years, returned to
Illinois and took an active part in the campaigns
of 1858 and 1860. On the outbreak of the Civil
War he was commissioned Colonel of the Twenty-
eighth Illinois "Volunteers, for which regiment he
had recruited a company. He was killed at the
battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, while leading a
charge.
KIXDERHOOK, a village and railway station
in Pike County, on the Hannibal Division of the
Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Hannibal.
Population (1890), 473; (1900), 370.
KING, John Lyle, lawyer, was born in Madison,
Ind., in 1825 — the son of a pioneer settler who
was one of the founders of Hanover College
and of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary
tiicre, which afterwards became the "Presby-
terian Theological Seminary of the Northwest, "
IIISTOKIL'AL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
3i:
now the McCormick Theological Seminary of
Chicago. After graduating at Hanover, Mr. King
began the stud}- of law with an uncle at JMadison,
and the following year was admitted to the bar.
In 1852 be was elected to the Indiana Legislature
and, while a member of that body, acted as Chair-
man of the Committee to present Louis Kossuth,
the Hungarian patriot and exile, to the Legisla-
ture ; also took a prominent part, during the next
few years, in the organization of the Republican
party. Removing to Chicago in 18.j6, he soon
became prominent in his profession there, and, in
1860, was elected City Attorney over Col. James A.
Mulligan, who became eminent a year or two later,
in connection with the war for the Union. Hav-
ing a fondness for literature, Mr. King wrote much
for the press and, in 1878, published a volume of
sporting experiences with a part}^ of professional
friends in the woods and waters of Northern Wis-
consin and Michigan, under the title, "Trouting
on the Brule River, or Summer Wayfaring in the
Northern Wilderness." Died in Chicago, April 17,
KING, William H., lawyer, was born at Clifton
Park, Saratoga County, N.Y., Oct. 23, 1817; gradu-
ated from Union College in 1840, studied law at
Waterford and, having been admitted to the bar
the following year, began practice at the same
place. In 1853 he removed to Chicago, where he
held a number of important positions, including
the Presidency of the Chicago Law Institute, the
Chicago Bar Association, the Chicago Board of
Education, and the Union College Alumni
Association of the Northwest. In 1870 he was
elected to the lower branch of the Twenty-
seventh General Assembly, and, during the ses-
sions following the fire of 1871 prepared the act
for the protection of titles to real estate, made
necessary by the destruction of the records in the
Recorder's office. Mr. King received the degree
of LL.D from his Alma Mater in 1879. Died, in
Chicago, Feb. G, 1892.
KIXGMA>', Martin, was born at Deer Creek,
Tazewell County, 111., April 1, 1844; attended
school at Washington, 111., then taught two or
three years, and, in June, 1863, enlisted in the
Eighty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serv-
ing three years without the loss of a day — a part
of the time on detached service in charge of an
ambulance corps and, later, as Assistant Quarter-
master. Returning from the war with the rank
of First Lieutenant, in August, 1865, he went to
Peoria, where he engaged in business and has re-
mained ever since. He is now connected with the
following bu.siness concerns: Kingman & Co.,
manvifacturers and dealers in farm machinery,
buggies, wagons, etc. ; The Kingman Plow Com-
pany, Bank of Illinois, Peoria Cordage Companj-,
Peoria General Electric Company, and National
Hotel Company, besides various outside enter-
prises— all large concerns in each of which he is a
large stockholder and a Director. Mr. Kingman
was Canal Commissioner for six years — this being
his only connection with politics. During 1898 he
was also chosen Lieutenant-Colonel of the Peoria
Provisional Regiment organized for the Spanish-
American War. His career in connection with
the industrial development of Peoria has been
especially conspicuous and successful.
KINKADE (or Kiniead), William, a native of
Tennessee, settled in what is now Lawrence
County, in 1817, and was elected to the State
Senate in 1823, but appears to have served only
one session, as he was succeeded in the Fourth
General Assembly by James Bird. Although a
Tennesseean by birth, he was one of the most
aggressive opponents of the scheme for making
Illinois a slave State, being the only man who
made a speech against the pro-slavery convention
resolution, though this was cut short by the
determination of the pro-conventionists to permit
no debate. Mr. Kinkade was appointed Post-
master at Lawrenceville by President John
Quincy Adams, and held the position for many
years. He died in 1846.
KINMUXDY, a city in Marion County, on the
Illinois Central Railroad, 229 miles south of
Chicago and 24 miles northeast of Centralia.
Agriculture, stock-raising, fruit-growing and
coal-mining are the principal industries of the
surrounding country. Kinmundy has flouring
mills and brick-making plants, with other
manufacturing establishments of minor impor-
tance. There are five churches, a bank and a
weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,096;
(1890), 1,045; (1900), 1,221.
KINNEY, William, Lieutenant-Governor of
Illinois from 1826 to 1830 ; was born in Kentucky in
1781 and came to Illinois earlj-- in life, finally
settling in St. Clair County. Of limited educa-
tional advantages, he was taught to read bj' his
wife after marriage. He became a Baptist
preacher, was a good stump-orator; served two
sessions in the State Senate (the First and Third),
was a candidate for Governor in 1834, but was
defeated by Joseph Duncan ; in 1838 was elected
by the Legislature a member of the Board of
Public Works, becoming its President. Died
in 1843.— William C. (Kinney), son of the pre('ed-
ing, was born in Illinois, served as a member of
318
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
the Constitutional Convention of 1847 and as
Kepresentative in the Nineteenth General Assem-
bly (1805), and, in 1857, was appointed by Gov-
ernor Bissell Adjutant-General of the State,
dying in office the following year.
KINZIE, John, Indian-trader and earliest citi-
zen of Chicago, was born in Quebec, Canada, in
1763. His father was a Scotchman named
McKenzie, but tlie son dropped the prefix "Mc,"
and the name soon came to be spelled "Kinzie"
— an orthography recognized by the family. Dur-
ing his early childhood his father died, and his
mother gave him a stepfather by the name of
William Forsythe. When ten years old lie left
home and, for three years, devoteil himself to
learning the jeweler's trade at Quebec. Fasci-
nated by stories of adventure in the West, he
removed thither and became an Indian-trader.
In 1804 he established a trading post at what is
now the site of Chicago, being the first solitary
white settler. Later he established other posts
on the Rock, Illinois and Kankakee Rivers. He
was twice married, and the father of a numerous
family. Hi3 daughter Maria married Gen.
David Hunter, and his daughter-in-law, Mrs.
John H. Kinzie, achieved literary distinction as
the authoress of "Wau Bun," etc. (N. Y. 1850.)
Died in Chicago, Jan. 6, 1828.— John Harris
(Kinzie), son of the preceding, was born at Sand-
wich, Canada, July 7, 1803, brought by his par-
ents to Chicago, and taken to Detroit after the
massacre of 1812, but returned to Chicago in
1816. Two years later his father placed him at
Mackinac Agency of the American Fur Com-
pany, and, in 1824, he was transferred to Prairie
du Chien. The following year lie was Sub- Agent
of Indian affairs at Fort Winnebago, where he
witnessed several important Indian treaties. In
1830 he went to Connecticut, where he was
married, and, in 1833, took up his permanent resi-
dence in Chicago, forming a partnership with
Gen. David Hunter, his brother-in-law, in the
forwarding business. In 1841 lie was appointed
Registrar of Public Lands by President Harrison,
but was removed by Tyler. In 1848 lie was
appointed Canal Collector, and, in 1849, President
Taylor commissioned him Receiver of Public
Moneys. In 1861 he was commissioned Pay-
master in the army by President Lincoln, which
office he held until his death, which occurred on
a railroad train near Pittsburg, Pa., June 21, 1865.
KIRBY, Edward P., lawyer and legislator,
was born in Putnam County, 111., Oct. 28, 1834—
the son of Rev. William Kirby, one of the found-
ers and early professors of Illinois College at
Jacksonville; graduated at Illinois College in
1854, then taught several years at St. Louis and
Jacksonville; was admitted to the bar in 1864,
and, in 1873, was elected County Judge of Morgan
County as a Republican ; was Representative in
the General Assembly from Morgan County
(1891-93) ; also served for several years as Trustee
of the Central Hospital for the Insane and. for a
long period, as Trustee and Treasurer of Illinois
College.
KIRK, (Oen.) Edward N,, soldier, was born of
Quaker parentage in Jefferson County, Ohio, Feb.
29, 1828; graduated at the Friends' Academy, at
Mount Pleasant in the same State, and, after
teaching for a time, began the study of law,
completing it at Baltimore, Md., where he was
admitted to the bar in 1853. A year later he
removed to Sterling, 111., where he continued in
his profession until after the battle of the first
Bull Run, when he raised a regiment. The quota
of the State being already full, this was not im-
mediately accepted; but, after some delay, was
mustered in in September, 1861, as the Thirty-
fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, with the
subject of this sketch as Colonel. In the field he
soon proved himself a brave and dashing officer;
at the battle of Sliiloh, though wounded through
the shoulder, he refused to leave the field. After
remaining with the army several days, inflam-
matory fever set in, necessitating his removal to
the hospital at Louisville, where he lay between
life and death for some time. Having partially
recovered, in August, 1862, he set out to rejoin
his regiment, but was stopped en route by an
order assigning him to command at Louisville.
In November following he was commissioned
Brigadier-General for "heroic action, gallantry
and ability" displayed on the field. In the last
days of December, 1802, lie had sufficiently re-
covered to take part in the series of engagements
at Stone River, where he was again wounded,
this time fatally. He was taken to his home in
Illinois, and, although he survived several
months, the career of one of the most brilliant
and promising soldiers of the war was cut short
by his death, July 21, 1863.
KIRKLAND, Joseph, journalist and author,
was born at Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1830 — the son
of Prof. William Kirkland of Hamilton College :
was brought by his parents to Michigan in 1835,
where he remained until 1856, when he came to
the city of Chicago. In 1861 he enlisted as a
private in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry (three-
months' men), was elected Second Lieutenant,
but later became Aid-de-Camp on the staff of
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
319
General McClellan. serving tliere and on the staff
of General Fitz-John Porter until the retirement
of the latter, meanwhile taking part in the Pen-
insular campaign and in the battle of Autietam.
Returning to Chicago he gave attention to some
coal-mining property near Danville, but later
studied lau- and was admitted to the bar in 1880.
A few years later he produced his first novel,
and, from 1890, devoted his attention solely to
literary pursuits, for several years being liter-
ary editor of "The Chicago Tr-bune." His works
— several of which first appeared as serials in the
magazines — include "Zury, the ^leanest Man in
Spring County" (1885) ; "The JlcVeys" (1887);
"The Captain of Co. K." (1889), besides the "His-
tory of the Chicago Massacre of 1812," and "The
Story of Chicago" — the latter in two volumes. At
the time of his death he had just concluded, in
collaboration with Hon. Jolm Jloses, the work of
editing a two-volume "History of Chicago," pub-
lished by Messrs. Munsell & Co. (1895). Died, in
Chicago, April 29, 1894.— Elizabeth Stansbury
(Kirkland), sister of the preceding — teacher and
author — was born at Geneva, N. Y. , came to Chicago
in 1867 and, five years later, established a select
school for young ladies, out of which grew what
is known as the "Kirkland Social Settlement,"
which was continued until her death, July 30,
1896. She was the author of a number of vol-
umes of decided merit, written with the e.special
object of giving entertainment and instruction to
the young — including "Six Little Cooks. " "Dora's
Housekeeping," "Speech and Manners." a Child's
"History of France," a "History of England,"
"History of English Literature," etc. At her
death she left a "History of Italy" read}' for the
hands of the publishers.
KIRKPATRICK, John, pioneer Methodist
preacher, was born in Georgia, whence he emi-
grated in 1802 ; located at Springfield, 111. , at an
early day, wliere he built the first horse-mill in
that vicinity ; in 1829 removed to Adams County,
and finally to Ottumwa, Iowa, where he died in
1845. Mr. Kirkpatrick is believed to have been the
first local Methodist preacher licensed in Illinois.
Having inherited three slaves (a woman and two
boys) while in Adams County, he brought them
to Illinois and gave them their freedom. The
boys were bound to a man in Quincy to learn a
trade, but mysteriously disappeared — presumably
having been kidnaped with the connivance of
the man in whose charge they liad been placed.
KIRKWOOD, a city in Warren County, once
known as "Young America," situated about six
miles southwest of Monmouth, on the Chicago,
Burlington tt Quincy Railroad ; is a stock-.ship-
ping point and in an agricultural region. Tlie
town has two banks, five churches, and two
weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 949; (1900), 1,008.
KISHWAUKEE RIVER, rises in McHenry
Count3% runs west through Boone, and enters
Rock River in Winnebago County, eight miles
below Rockford. It is 75 miles long. An afflu-
ent called the South Kishwaukee River runs
north-northeast and northwest through De Kalb
County, and enters the Kiskwaukee in Winne-
bago County, about eight miles southeast of
Rockford.
KITCHELL, Wickliff, lawyer and Attorney-
General of Illinois, was born in New Jersey,
May 21, 1789. Feb. 29, 1812, he was married,
at Newark, N. J., to Miss Elizabeth Ross,
and the same year emigrated west, passing
down the Ohio on a flat-boat from Pittsburg,
Pa., and settled near Cincinnati In 1814
he became a resident of Southern Indiana,
where he was elected sheriff, studied law
and was admitted to the bar, finally becom-
ing a successful practitioner. In 1817 he removed
to Palestine, Crawford County, III, where, in
1820, he was elected Representative in the Second
General Assembly, and was also a member of the
State Senate from 1828 to 1832. In 1838 he re-
moved to Hillsboro, Montgomery County, was
appointed Attorney-General in 1889, serving until
near the close of the following year, when he
resigned to take his seat as Representative in
the Twelfth General Assembly. Between 1846
and 1854 he was a resident of Fort Madison, Iowa,
but the latter year returned to Hillsboro. During
his early political career Mr. Kitchell had been 'a
Democrat ; but, on the passage of the Kansas-Neb-
raska act, became an earnest Republican. Pub-
lic-spirited and progressive, he was in advance of
!iis time on many public questions. Died, Jan.
2, 1869.— Alfred (Kitchell), son of the preceding,
lawyer and Judge, born at Palestine, 111. , March
29, 1820 ; was educated at Indiana State Univer-
sity and Hillsboro Academy, admitted to the bar
in 1841, and, the following year, commenced
practice at Olney ; was elected State's Attorney
in 1843, through repeated re-elections holding the
office ten years ; was a member of tlie Constitu-
tional Convention of 1847 and, in 1849, was
elected Judge of Richland County : later assisted
in establishing the first newspaper published in
Olney. and in organizing the Republican party
there in 1856 ; in 1859 was elected Judge of the
Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit, serving one term.
He was also influential in procuring a charter for
320
HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, and in the con-
struction of the line, being an original corporator
and subsequently a Director of the Compan}-.
Later he removed to Galesburg, where he died,
Nov. 11, 1870.— Edward (Kitchell), another son,
was born at Palestine, 111., Deo. 21, 1829; was
educated at Hillsboro Academy until 1846, when
he removed with his father's family to Fort
Madison, Iowa, but later returned to Hillsboro to
continue his studies ; in 1853 made the trip across
the plains to California to engage in gold mining,
but the following year went to Walla Walla,
Washington Territory, where he opened a law
oflBce; in 1854 returned to Illinois, locating at
Olney, Ricliland County, forming a partnership
with Horace Hayward, a relative, in the practice
of law. Here, having taken position against the
repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became,
in 1856, the editor of the first Republican news-
paper published in that part of Illinois known as
"Egypt," with his brother. Judge Alfred Kitchell,
being one of the original thirty-nine Republicans
in Richland County. In 1862 he assisted in
organizing the Ninety-eighth Regiment Illinois
Volunteers at Centralia, which, in the following
year having been mounted, became a part of the
famous "Wilder Brigade." At first he was com-
missioned Lieutenant-Colonel, but succeeded to
the command of the regiment after the wounding
of Colonel Funkhouser at Chickamauga in Sep-
tember, 1863; was finally promoted to the colo-
nelcy in July, 1865, and mustered out with the
rank of Brigadier-General by brevet. Resuming
the practice of his profession at Olney, he was,
in 1866, the Republican candidate for Congress in
a district strongly Democratic ; also served as
Collector of Internal Revenue for a short time
and, in 1868, was Presidential Elector for the
same District. Died, at Olney, July 11, 1869.—
John Wickliflf (Kitchell), youngest son of Wick-
liff Kitchell, was born at Palestine, Crawford
County, 111., May 30, 1835, educated at Hillsboro,
read law at Fort Madison, Iowa, and admitted to
the bar in that State. At the age of 19 years be
served as Assistant Clerk of the House of Repre-
sentatives at Springfield, and was Reading Clerk
of the same body at the session of 1861. Previous
to the latter date he had edited "The Montgomery
County Herald," and later, "The Charleston
Courier." Resigning his position as Reading
Clerk in 1861, he enlisted under the first call of
President Lincoln in the Ninth Illinois Volun-
teers, serve<:l as Adjutant of the regiment and
afterwards as Captain of his company. At the
expiration of his term of enlistment he established
"The Union Monitor" at Hillsboro, which he con-
ducted until drafted into the service in 1864,
serving until the close of the war. In 1866 he
removed to Pana (his present residence), resum-
ing practice there ; was a candidate for the State
Senate the same year, and, in 1870, was the
Republican nominee for Congress in that District.
KNICKERBOCKER, Joshua C, lawyer, was
born in Gallatin, Columbia County, N. Y., Sept.
26, 1827; brought by his father to Alden, McHenry
County, 111., in 1844, and educated in the com-
mon schools of that place; removed to Chicago in
1860, studied law and was admitted to practice in
1862; served on the Bo.ard of Supervisors and in
the City Council and, in 1868, was elected Repre-
sentative in the General Assembly, serving one
term. He was also a member of the State Board
of Education from 1875 to '77, and the latter
year was elected Probate Judge for Cook County,
serving until his death, Jan. 5, 1890.
KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS, a secret semi-mili-
tary and benevolent association founded in the
City of Washington, D. C, Feb. 19, 1864, Justus
H. Rathbone (who died Dec. 9, 1889) being its
recognized founder. The order was established
in Illinois, May 4, 1869, by the organization of
"Welcome Lodge, No. 1," in the city of Chicago.
On July 1, 1869, this Lodge had nineteen mem-
bers. At the close of the year four additional
Lodges had been instituted, having an aggregate
membership of 245. Early in the following year,
on petition of these five Lodges, approved by the
Grand Chancellor, a Grand Lodge of the Order
for the State of Illinois was instituted in Chicago,
with a membership of twenty-nine Past Chancel-
lors as representatives of the five subordinate
Lodges — the total membership of these Lodges at
that date being 382. December 31, 1870, the
total membership in Illinois bad increased to 850.
June 30, 1895, the total number of Lodges in the
State was 525, and the membership 38.441. The
assets belonging to the Lodges in Illinois, on
Jan. 1. 1894, amounted to §418,151.77.
KNOWLTON, Dexter A., pioneer and banker,
was born in Fairfield, Herkimer County, N. Y.,
March 3, 1812, taken to Chautauqua County in
infancy and passed his childhood and youth on a
farm. Having determined on a mercantile ca-
reer, he entered an academy at Fredonia, paying
his own way ; in 1838 started on a peddling tour
for the West, and, in the following year, settled
at Freeport, 111., where he opened a general store;
in 1843 began investments in real estate, finally
laying off sundry additions to the city of Free-
port, from which he realized large profits. He
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
321
-was also prominently connected with the Galena
-& Chicago Union Railroad and, in 1850, became
a Director of the Company, remaining in office
some twelve years. In 1852 he was the Free-Soil
candidate for Governor of Illinois, but a few years
later became extensively interested in the Con-
gress & Empire Spring Company at Saratoga,
N. Y. ; then, after a four years' residence in
Brooklyn, returned to Freex)ort in 1870, wliere he
engaged in banking business, dying in that city,
March 10, i87G.
KJiOX, Joseph, lawyer, was born at Elanford,
Mass., Jan. 11, 1805; studied law with his
brother. Gen. Alanson Knox, in his native town,
was admitted to the bar in 1828, subsequently
.removing to Worcester, in the same State, where
he began the practice of his profession. In 1837
he removed west, locating at Stephenson, now
Eock Island, 111. , wliere he continued in practice
for twenty-three years. During the greater part
of that time he was associated with Hon. Jolm
"W. Drury, under the firm name of Knox & Drury,
gaining a wide reputation as a lawyer throughout
Northern Illinois. Among the important cases in
which he took part during his residence in Rock
Island was tlie prosecution of the murderers of
Colonel Davenport in 1845. In 1852 he served as a
Democratic Presidential Elector, but in the next
campaign identified himself with the Republican
party as a supporter of John C. Fremont for the
Presidency. In 1860 he removed to Chicago and,
two years later, was appointed State's Attorney
by Governor Yates, remaining in office until suc-
ceeded by his jjartner, Charles H. Reed. After
coming to Chicago he was identified with a num-
ber of notable cases. His death occurred, August
6, 1881.
KNOX COLLEGE, a non-sectarian institution
for the higher education of the youth of both
sexes, Iqcated at Galesburg, Knox Count}-. It
was founded in 1837, fully organized in 1841, and
graduated its first class in 1846. The number of
graduates from that date until 1894, aggregated
867. In 1893 it had 663 students in attendance,
and a faculty of 20 professors. Its library con-
tains about 6,000 volumes. Its endowment
amounts to .$300,000 and its buildings are valued
at §150,000. Dr. Newton Bateman was at its
head for more than twenty years, and, on his res-
ignation (1893), John H. Finley, Ph.D., became
its President, but resigned in 1899.
KNOX COUNTY, a wealthy interior county
west of the Illinois River, having an area of 720
square milesand a population (1900) of 43,612. It
was named in honor of Gen. Henry Knox. Its
territorial limits were defined by legislative
enactment in 1825, but the actual organization
dates from ISoO, when Riggs Pennington, Philip
Hash and Charles Hansford were named the first
Commissioners. Knoxville was the first couutj'-
seat selected, and here (in the winter of 1830-31)
was erected the first court house, constructed
of logs, two stories in height, at a cost of
§192. The soil is rich, and agriculture flour-
ishes. The present county-seat (1899) is Gales-
burg, well known for its educational institutions,
the best known of which are Knox College,
founded in 1837, and Lombard University,
founded in 1851. A flourishing Episcopal Semi-
nary is located at Knoxville, and Hedding Col-
lege at Abingdon.
KXOXVILLE, a city in Knox County, on the
Galesburg-Peoria Division of the Chicago, Bur-
lington iSr Quincy Raih-oad, 50 miles west of
Peoria, and 5 miles east of Galesburg; was
formerly the county-seat, and still contains the
fair grounds and almshouse. The municipal gov-
ernment is composed of a mayor, six aldermen,
with seven Iieads of departments. It has electric
lighting and street-car service, good water-works,
banks, numerous churches, three public schools,
and is the seat of St. Mary's school for girls, and
St. Alban's, for boys. Population (1890), 1,728;
(1900), 1,857.
KOERNEE, Gustavus, lawyer and Lieutenant-
Governor, was born in Germany in 1809, and
received a university education. He was a law-
yer by profession, and emigrated to Illinois in
1833, settling finally at Belleville. He at once
affiliated with the Democratic party, and soon
became prominent in politics. In 1842 he was
elected to the General Assembly, and three years
later was appointed to the bench of the State
Supreme Court. In 1852 he was elected Lieuten-
ant-Governor on the ticket headed by Joel A.
Matteson; but, at the close of his term, became
identified with the Republican part}' and was a
staunch Union man during the Civil War, serving
for a time as Colonel on General Fremont's and
General Halleck's staffs. In 1862 President Lin-
coln made him Minister to Spain, a post which he
resigned in January, 1865. He was a member of
tlie Chicago Convention of 1860 that nominated
Lincoln for the Presidency; was a Republican
Presidential Elector in 1868, and a delegate to the
Cincinnati Convention of 1872 that named Hoi-ace
Greeley for the Presidency. In 1867 he served as
President of the first Board of Trustees of the
Soldiers' Orphans' Home, and. in 1870, was
elected to the Legislature a second time. The
322
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
following year he was appointed a member of the
first Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commis-
sioners, and served as its President. He is tlie
author of "Collection of the Important General
Laws of Illinois, with Comments" (in German,
St. Louis, 1838); "From Spain" (Frankfort on-
the-Main, 1866); "Das Deutsche Element in den
Vereiningten Staaten" (Cincinnati, 1880; second
edition. New York, 1885) ; and a number of mono-
graphs. Died, at Belleville, April 9, 1896.
KOHLSAAT, Christian C, Judge of United
States Court, was born in Edwards County, 111.,
Jan. 8, 1844 — his father being a native of Germany
who settled in Edwards County in 1825, while his
mother was born in England. The family
removed to Galena in 1854, wliere young Kohlsaat
attended the public schools, later taking a course
in Chicago University, after which he began the
study of law. In 1867 he became a reporter on
"The Chicago Evening Journal," was admitted
to the bar in the same year, and, in 1868, accepted
a position in the office of the County Clerk, where
he kept the records of the County Court under
Judge Bradwell's administration. During the
sessions of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly
(1871-72) , he served as First Assistant Enrolling
and Engrossing Clerk of the House, after which
he began practice; in 1881 was the Republican
nominee for County Judge, but was defeated by
Judge Prendergast; served as member of the
Board of West Side Park Commissioners, 1884-90 ;
in 1890 was appointed Probate Judge of Cook
County (as successor to Judge Knickerbocker,
who died in January of that year), and was
elected to the office in November following, and
re-elected in 1894, as he was again in 1898. Early
in 1899 he was appointed, by President McKinley,
Judge of the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, as successor to Judge
Grosscup, who had been appointed United States
Circuit Judge in place of Judge Showalter,
deceased.
KOHLSAAT, Herman H., editor and news-
paper publisher, was born in Edwards Comity,
111., March 22, 1853, and taken the following year
to Galena, where he remained until 13 years of
age, when the family removed to Chicago. Here,
after attending the public schools some three
years, he became a cash-boy in the store of Car-
son, Pirie & Co., a year later rising to the position
of cashier, remaining two years. Then, after
having been connected with various business
concerns, he became the junior member of the
firm of Blake, Shaw & Co., for whom he had been
a traveling salesman some five years. In 1880 he
became associated with the Dake Bakery, in con-
nection with which he laid the foundation of an
extensive business by establishing a system of
restaurants and lunch counters in the business
portions of the city. In 1891, after a somewhat pro-
tracted visit to Europe, Mr. Kohlsaat bought a con-
trolling interest in "The Chicago Inter Ocean,"
but witlidrew early in 1894. In April, 1895, he be-
came principal proprietor of ' 'The Chicago Times-
Herald," as the successor of the late James W.
Scott, who died suddenly in New York, soon after
effecting a consolidation of Chicago's two Demo-
cratic papers, "The Times" and "Herald," in one
concern. Althougli changing the political status
of the paper from Democratic to Independent,
Mr. Kohlsaat's liberal enterprise has won for it
an assured success. He is also owner and pub-
lisher of "The Chicago Evening Post." His
whole business career has been one of almost
phenomenal success attained by vigorous enter-
prise and high-minded, honorable methods. Mr.
Kohlsaat is one of the original incorporators of
the University of Chicago, of which he continues
to be one of the Trustees.
KROME, WilUam Henry, lawyer, born of Ger-
man parentage, in Louisville, Ky., July 1, 1842;
in 1851 was brought by his father to Madison
County, 111., where he lived and worked for some
years on a farm. He acquired his education in
the common schools and at McKendree College,
graduating from the latter in 1863. After spend-
ing his smumer months in farm labor and teach-
ing school during the winter, for a year or two,
he read law for a time with Judge M, G. Dale of
Edwardsville, and, in 1866, entered the law
department of Michigan University, gradu-
ating in 1809, though admitted the year previous
to practice by the Supreme Court of Illinois. Mr.
Krome has been successively the partner of
Judge John G. Irwin, Hon. W. F. L. Hadley (late
Congressman from the Eighteenth District) and
C. W. Terry. He has held the office of Mayor of
Edwardsville (1873), State Senator (1874-78), and,
in 1893, was a prominent candidate before the
Democratic judicial convention for the nomina-
tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed
Justice Schoffield, deceased. He is also President
of the Madison County State Bank.
KUEFFNER, William C, lawyer and soldier,
was born in Germany and came to St. Clair
County, 111., in 1861. Early in 1865 he was com-
missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Forty-
ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, one of the
latest regiments organized for the Civil War, and
was soon after promoted to the rank of Brevet
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
323
Brigadier-General, serving until January, 1866.
Later, General Kueffner studied law at St. Louis,
and having graduated in 18T1, established himself
in practice at Belleville, where he has since
resided. He was a successful contestant for a
seat in the Republican National Convention of
1880 from the Seventeenth District.
KUTKENDALL, Andrew J., lawyer and legis-
lator, was born of pioneer parents in Gallatin
(now Hardin) County, 111., March 3, 181.5; was
self-educated chiefly, but in his early manhood
adopted the law as a profession, locating at
Vienna in Johnson County, where he continued
to reside to the end of his life. In 1842 he was
elected a Representative in the Thirteenth Gen-
eral Assembly, and re-elected two years later; in
1850 became State Senator, serving continuoush'
in the same body for twelve years ; in 1861 en-
listed, and was commissioned JIajor, in the
Thirty-first Illinois Volunteers (Gen. John A.
Logan's regiment), but was compelled to resign,
in May following, on acount of impaired health.
Two years later (1864) he was elected Represent-
ative in the Thirty-ninth Congress, serving one
term; and, after several years in private life, was
again returned to the State Senate in 1878, serving
in the Thirty-first and Thirty-second General
Assemblies. In all. Major Kuykendall saw
twenty years" service in the State Legislature, of
which sixteen were spent in the Senate and four
in the House, besides two years in Congress. A
zealous Democrat previous to the war, he was an
ardent supporter.of the war policy of the Govern-
ment, and, in 1864, presided over the "Union"
(Republican) State Convention of that year. He
was also a member of the Senate Finance Com-
mittee in the session of 1859, which had the duty
of investigating the Matteson "canal scrip fraud."
Died, at Vienna, III, May 11, 1891.
LABOR TROrBLES. 1. The Railroad
Strike of 18T7. — By this name is generally char-
acterized the labor disturbances of 1877, which,
beginning at Pittsbiu-g in July, spread over the
entire country, interrupting transportation, and,
for a time, threatening to paralyze trade. Illi-
nois suffered severely. The primary cause of the
troubles was the general prostration of business
resulting from the depression of values, which
afEected manufacturers and merchants alike. A
reduction of expenses became necessary, and the
wages of employes were lowered. Dissatisfaction
and restlessness on the part of the latter ensued,
which found expression in the ordering of a strike
among railroad operatives on a larger scale than
had ever been witnessed in this country. In Illi-
nois, Peoria, Decatur, Braidwood, East St. Louis,
Galesburg, La Salle and Chicago were the prin-
cipal points affected. In all these cities angry,
excited men formed themselves into mobs, which
tore up tracks, took possession of machine shops,
in some cases destroyed romidhouses, applied the
torch to warehouses, and, for a time, held com-
merce by the throat, not only defying the law,
but even contending in arms against the military
sent to disperse them. The entire force of the
State militia was called into service, Major-
General Arthur C. Ducat being in command.
The State troops were divided into three brigades,
commanded respectively by Brigadier-Generals
Torrence, Bates and Pavey. General Ducat
assumed personal command at Braidwood, where
were sent the Third Regiment and the Tenth
Battalion, who suppressed the riots at that point
with ease. Col. Joseph W. Stambaugh and
Lieut. -Col. J. B. Parsons were the respective
regimental commanders. Generals Bates and
Pavey were in command at East St. Louis,
where the excitement was at fever heat, the
mobs terrorizing peaceable citizens and destroy-
ing much property. Governor CuUom went to
this point in person. Chicago, however, was the
chief railroad center of the State, and only
prompt and severely repressive measures held in
check one of the most dangerous mobs which
ever threatened property and life in that city.
The local police force was inadequate to control
the rioters, and Mayor Heath felt himself forced
to call for aid from the State. Brig. -Gen. Joseph
T. Torrence then commanded the First Brigade,
I. N. G., with headquarters at Chicago. Under
instructions from Governor Cullom, he promptly
and effectively co-operated with the municipal
authorities in quelling the uprising. He received
valuable support from volunteer companies, some
of which were largely composed of Union veter-
ans. The latter were commanded by such ex-
perienced commanders as Generals Reynolds,
Martin Beem, and O. L. Mann, and Colonel Owen
Stuart. General Lieb also led a company of
veterans enlisted by himself, and General Shaff-
ner and Major James H. D. Daly organized a
cavalry force of 150 old soldiers, who rendered
efficient service. The disturbance was promptly-
subdued, transportation resumed, and trade once
more began to move in its accustomed channels.
3. The Strike of 1894.— This was an uprising
which originated in Chicago and was incited by a
comparatively young labor organization called
the American Railway Union. In its inception it
324
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
was sympathetic, its ostensible motive, at the
outset, being tlie rigliting of wrongs alleged to
have been suffered by emjjloyes of the Pullman
Palace Car Company. The latter quit work on
May 11, and, on June 22, the American Railway
Union ordered a general boycott against all rail-
road companies hauling Pullman cars after June
26. The General Managers of the lines entering
Chicago took prompt action (June 2.j) looking
toward mutual protection, protesting against the
proposed boycott, and afRrniing their resolution
to adhere to existing contracts, any action on the
part of the strikers to the contrary notwithstand-
ing. Trouble began on the 26th. The hauling of
freight was necessarily soon discontinued; sub-
urban traffic was interrupted ; switching had to
be done by inexperienced hands under police or
military protection (officials and clerks some-
times throwing the levers), and in the presence of
large crowds of law-defying hoodlums gathered
along the tracks, avowedly through sympathy
with the strikers, but actually in the hope of
plunder. Trains were sidetracked, derailed, and,
in not a few instances, valuable freight was
burned. Passengers were forced to undergo the
inconvenience of being cooped up for hours in
crowded cars, in transit, without food or water,
sometimes almost within sight of their destina-
tion, and sometimes threatened with death should
they attempt to leave their prison houses. The
mobs, intoxicated by seeming success, finallj' ven-
tured to interfere with the passage of trains
carrying the United States mails, and, at this
juncture, the Federal authorities interfered.
President Cleveland at once ordered the protec-
tion of all mail trains by armed guards, to be
appointed by the United States Marshal. An
additional force of Deputy Sheriffs was also sworn
in by the Sheriff of Cook County, and the city
police force was augmented. The United States
District Court also issued a restraining order,
directed against the officers and members of the
American Railway Union, as well as against all
other persons interfering with the business of
railroads carrying the mails. Service was readily
accepted by the officers of the Union, but the
copies distributed among the insurgent mob were
torn and trampled upon. Thereupon the Presi-
dent ordered Federal troops to Chicago, both to
protect Government property (notably the Sub-
treasury) and to guard mail trains. The Gov-
ernor (John P. Altgeld) protested, but without
avail. A few days later, the Mayor of Chicago
requested the State Executive to place a force of
State militia at his control for the protection of
property and the prevention of bloodshed. Gen-
eral Wheeler, with the entire second division of
the I. N. G., at once received orders to report to
the municipal authorities. The presence of the
militia greatly incensed the turbulent crowds,
yet it proved most salutary. The troops displayed
exemplary firmness under most trying circum-
stances, dispersing jeering and threatening
cro%vds by physical force or bayonet charges, the
rioters being fired upon only twice. Gradually
order was restored. The disreputable element
subsided, and wiser and more conservative coun-
sels prevailed among the ranks of the strikers.
Impediments to traffic were removed and trains
were soon rimning as though no interruption had
occurred. The troops were withdrawn (first the
Federal and afterwards those of the State), and
the courts were left to deal with the subject in
accordance with the statutes. The entire execu-
tive board of the American Railway Union were
indicted for conspiracy, but the indictments were
never pressed. The officers, however, were all
found guilty of contempt of court in having dis-
obeyed the restraining order of the Federal
court, and sentenced to terms ia the county jail.
Eugene V. Debs, the President of the Union, was
convicted on two charges and given a sentence
of six months on each, but the two sentences were
afterward made concurrent. The other members
of the Board received a similar sentence for three
months each. All but the Vice-President, George
W. Howard, served their terms at Woodstock,
McHenry Coimty. Howard was sent to the Will
County jail at Joliet.
LACEY, Lyman, lawyer and jurist, was born in
Tompkins County, N. Y., May 6, 1833. In 1837
his parents settled in Fulton County, 111. He
graduated from Illinois College in 18.55 and was
admitted to the bar in 1856, commencing practice
at Havana, Mason County, the same year. In
1862 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent
the counties of Mason and Menard in the lower
house of the Legislature ; was elected to the Cir-
cuit Court bench in 1873, and re-elected in 1879,
'85 and '91 ; also served for several years upon
the bench of the Appellate Court.
LACON, a city and county-seat of Marshall
County, situated on the Illinois River, and on the
Dwight and Lacon branch of the Chicago &
Alton Railroad, 130 miles southwest of Chicago.
A pontoon bridge connects it with Sparland on
the opposite bank of the Illinois. The surround-
ing country raises large quantities of grain, for
which Lacon is a shipping point. The river is
navigable by steamboats to this point. The city
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
325
has grain elevators, woolen mills, marble works,
a cari'iage factory and a national bank. It also has
water works, an excellent telephone sj'Stem, good
drainage, and is lighted liy electricity. Tliere
are seven churches, a graded school and two
weekly newspapers. Population (1S80), 1,814;
(1890), 1,649; (1900). 1,601.
LA FAYETTE (Marquis de), VISIT OF. An
event of profound interest in the history of Illi-
nois, during the year 1825, was the visit to the
State by the JIarquis de La Fayette, who had
been the allj- of the American people during
their struggle for independence. The distin-
guished Frencluuan having arrived in the coun-
try during the latter part of 1S24, the General
Assembly in session at VandaUa, in December of
that year, adopted an address inviting him to
visit Illinois. This was communicated to La
Fayette by Gov. Edward Coles, who had met the
General in Europe seven years before. Governor
Coles' letter and the address of the General
Assembl}' were answered with an acceptance by
La Fayette from Washington, under date of Jan.
16, 1825. The approach of the latter was made by
way of Xew Orleans, the steamer Natchez (by
which General La Fayette ascended the Mis-
sissippi) arriving at the old French village of
Carondelet, below St. Louis, on the 28th of April.
Col. William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander
Hamilton, and at that time a Representative in
the General Assembly from Sangamon County,
as well as an Aid-de-Camp on tlie staff of Gov-
ernor Coles, was dispatched from the home of the
latter at Edwardsville, to meet the distingmsheJ
visitor, which he did at St. Louis. On Saturday,
April 30, the boat bearing: General La Fayette,
with a large delegation of prominent citizens of
Missouri, left St. Louis, arriving at Kaskaskia,
where a reception awaited him at the elegant
residence of Gen. John Edgar, Governor Coles
delivering an address of welcome. The presence
of a number of old soldiers, who had fought under
La Fajette at Brandywine and Yorktown, consti-
tuted an interesting feature of the occasion. This
was followed by a banquet at the tavern kept by
Colonel Sweet, and a closing reception at the house
of William Morrison, Sr., a member of the cele-
brated family of that name, and one of the lead-
ing merchants of Kaskaskia. Among those
participating in the reception ceremonies, who
were then, or afterwards became, prominent
factors in State history, appear the names of Gen.
John Edgar, ex-Governor Bond, Judge Nathaniel
Pope, Elias Kent Kane, ex-Lieutenant-Governor
Menard, Col. Thomas Mather and Sidney Breese,
a future United States Senator and Justice of the
Supreme Court. The boat left Kaskaskia at
midnight for Nashville, Teun., Governor Coles
accompanying the party and returning with it to
Shawneetown, where an imposing reception was
given and an address of welcome delivered by
Judge James Hall, on May 14, 1835. A few
liours later General La Faj-ette left on his way up
the Ohio.
LAFAYETTE, BLOOMINCTON & MISSIS-
SIPPI RAILROAD. (See Lake Erie <& Western
Railroad.)
LAFLIX, Matthew, manufacturer, was born
at Southwick, Hampden County, Mass., Deo. 16,
1803; in his youth was clerk for a time in the
store of Laflin & Loomis. powder manufacturers,
at Lee, Mass., later becoming a partner in the
Canton Powder Mills. About 1833 he engaged in
the manufacture of axes at Saugerties, N. Y.,
which proving a failure, he again engaged in
powder manufacture, and, in 1837, came to Chi-
cago, where he finally established a factory— his
firm, in 1840, becoming Laflin & Smith, and,
later, Laflin, Smith & Co. Becoming largely
interested in real estate, he devoted his atten-
tion chiefly to that business after 1849, with
great success, not only in Cliicago but else-
where, having done much for the develop-
ment of Waukesha, Wis., where he erected one
of the principal hotels — the "Fountain Spring
House"' — also being one of the original stock-
holders of the Elgin Watch Company. Mr.
Laflin was a zealous supporter of the Government
during the war for the preservation of the Union,
and, before his death, made a donation of $75,-
000 for a building for the Chicago Academ}' of
Sciences, which was erected in the western part
of Lincoln Park. Died, in Chicago, May 20. 1897.
LA GRANGE, a village in Cook County, and
one of the handsomest suburbs of Chicago, from
which it is distant 15 miles, south-southwest, on
the Chicago, Burlington & Qulncy Railroad. The
streets are broad and shaded and there are many
handsome residences. The village is lighted by
electricity, and has public water-works, seven
churches, a high school and a weekly paper.
Population (1880), 531; (1890), 2,314; (1900), 3,969.
LA HARPE, a city in Hancock County, on the
Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, 70 miles west
by south from Peoria and 20 miles south-south-
east of Burlington, Iowa. Brick, tile and cigars
constitute the manufactured output. La Harpe
has two banks, five churches, a graded and a
high school, a seminary, and two newspapei's.
Population (1880), 9.58; (1890), 1,113; (1900), 1,591.
326
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
LAKE COUNTY, in the extreme northeast
corner of the State, having an area of 490 square
miles, and a population (1900) of 34,504. It was
cut off from JIcHenry County and separately
organized in 1839. Pioneer settlers began to
arrive in 1839, locating chiefly along the Des
Plaines River. The Indians vacated the region
the foUovring year. The first County Commission-
ers (E. E. Hunter, William Bro\\-n and E. C.
Berrey) located the county-seat at Libertj'ville,
but, in 1841, it was removed to Little Fort, now
Wautegan. The county derives its name from
the fact that some forty small lakes are found
within its limits. The surface is undulating and
about equally divided between sand, prairie and
second-gro^vth timber. At Waukegan there are
several maufacturing establishments, and the
Glen Flora medicinal spring attracts many in-
valids. Highland Park and Lake Forest are resi-
dence towns of great beauty situated on the lake
bluff, populated largely by the families of Chicago
business men.
LAKE ERIE Sc MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD.
(See Lake Erie & Wetitern Railnnul )
LAKE ERIE & WESTERN RAILRO.iD. Of
the 710,61 miles which constitute the entire
length of this line, only 118.6 are within Illinois.
This portion extends from the junction of the
Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, on the east side
of the Illinois River opposite Peoria, to the Indi-
ana State line. It is a single-track road of
standard gauge. About one-sixth of the line in
Illinois is level, the grade nowhere exceeding 40
feet to the mile. The track is of 56 and 60-pouud
steel rails, and lightly ballasted. The total
capital of the road (1898)— including 823,680,000
capital stock, .SIO.87.5,000 bonded debt and a float-
ing debt of §1,479,809— was §36,034,809, or §50,-
708 per mile. The total earnings and income in
Illinois for 1898 were §559,743, and the total
expenditures for the same period, §457,713. —
(History.) The main line of the Illinois Division
of the Lake Erie & Western Railroad was acquired
by consolidation, in 1880, of the Lafayette, Bloom-
ington & Mississippi Railroad (81 miles in length),
which had been opened in 1871, with certain Ohio
and Indiana lines. In May, 1885, the line thus
formed was consolidated, without change of name,
with the Lake Erie & Mississippi Railroad, organ-
ized to build an extension of the Lake Erie &
Western from Bloomington to Peoria (43 miles).
The road was sold under foreclosure in 1886, and
the present company organized, Feb. 9, 1887.
LAKE FOREST, a city in Lake County, on
Lake Michigan and Chicago & Northwestern Rail-
way, 28 miles north by west from Chicago. It is
the seat of Lake Forest University; has four
schools, five churches, one bank, gas and electric
light system, electric car line, water system, fire
department and hospital. Population (1890),
1,203; (1900), 2,215; (1904, est.), 2,800.
LAKE FOREST UXH^ERSITT, an institution
of learning comprising six djstinct schools, viz. :
Lake Forest Academy, Ferr}- Hall Seminary,
Lake Forest College, Rush Medical College, Chi-
cago College of Dental Surgery, and the Chicago
College of Law. The three first named are
located at Lake Forest, while the three profes-
sional schools are in the city of Chicago. The
college charter was granted in 1857, but the
institution was not opened until nineteen years
later, and the professional schools, which were
originally independent, were not associated until
1887. In 1894 there were 316 undergraduates at
Lake Forest, in charge of forty instructors. Dur-
ing the same year there were in attendance at the
professional schools, 1,557 students, making a
total enrollment in the University of 1,873.
While the institution is affiliated with the Pres-
byterian denomination, the Board of Trustees is
self-perpetuating. The Academy and Seminary
are preparatory schools for the two sexes, re-
spectively. Lake Forest College is co-educational
and organized upon the elective plan, having
seventeen departments, a certain number of
studies being required for graduation, and work
upon a major subject being required for three
years. The schools at Lake Forest occupy fifteen
buildings, standing wdthin a campus of sixty-five
acres.
LAKE MICHIGAN, one of the chain of five
great northern lakes, and the largest lake lying
wholly within the United States. It lies between
the parallels of 41° 35' and 46' North latitude, its
length being about 335 miles. Its width varies
from 50 to 88 miles, its greatest breadth being
opposite Milwaukee. Its surface is nearly 600
feet above the sea-level and its maximum depth
is estimated at 840 feet. It has an area of about
20,000 square miles. It forms the eastern bound-
ary of Wisconsin, the western boundary of the
lower peninsula of Jlichigan and a part of the
northern boundary of Illinois and Indiana. Its
waters find their outlet into Lake Huron through
the straits of Mackinaw, at its northeast extrem-
ity, and are connected with Lake Superior by the
Sault Ste. Marie River. It contains few islands,
and these mainly in its northern part, the largest
being some fifteen miles long. The principal
rivers which empty into this lake are the Fox,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Menominee, Manistee, IMuskegon, Kalamazoo,
Grand and St. Joseph, Chicago, Milwaukee,
Racine and Manitowoc are the chief cities on its
banks.
L.iKE SHORE & MICHIGAN SOUTHERN
RAILWAY. The main line extends from Buffalo,
N. Y., to Chicago, III, a distance of 539 miles,
■with various brandies of leased and proprietary
lines located in the States of Michigan, New
York and Ohio, making the mileage of lines
operated 1.415.63 miles, of which 862. 15 are owned
by the company — only 14 miles being in Illinois.
The total earnings and income in Illinois, in 1898,
were 8453,946, and the expenditures for the same
period, 8360,971.— (History.) The company was
formed in 1869. from the consolidation of the
Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana, the
Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula, and tlie
Buffalo & Erie Railroad Companies. The propri-
etary roads have been acquired since the consoli-
dation.
LAMB, James L., pioneer merchant, was born
in Connellsville, Pa., Nov. 7, 1800; at 12 j-ears of
age went to Cincinnati to serve as clerk in the
store of a distant relative, came to Kaskaskia, 111.,
in 1820, and soon after engaged in mercantile
business with Thomas Mather, who had come to
Illinois two years earlier. Later, the firm estab-
Usbed a store at Chester and shipped the first
barrels of pork from Illinois to the New Orleans
market. In 1881 Mr. Lamb located in Springfield,
afterwards carrying on merchandising and pork-
packing extensively, also established an iron
foundry, which continued in operation until a few
years ago. Died, Dec. 3, 1873.
LAMB, Martha J. R. X., magazine editor and
historian, was born (Martha Joan Reade Nash) at
Plainfield, Mass., August 13, 1829, received a
thorough education and, after her marriage in
1852 to Charles A. Lamb, resided for eight years
in Chicago, 111. , where she was one of the prin-
cipal founders of the Home for the Friendless and
Half Orphan Asylum, and Secretary of the
Sanitary Fair of 1863. In 1866 she removed to
New York and gave her after life to literary work,
from 1883 until her death being editor of "The
Magazine of American History." besides furnish-
ing numerous papers on historical and other sub-
jects; also publishing some sixteen volumes, one
of her most important works being a "History of
New York City," in two volumes. She was a
member of nearly thirty historical and other
learned societies. Died, Jan. 2, 1893.
LAMBORN, Josiah, early lawyer and Attor-
ney-General; born in "Washington County, Ky.,
and educated at Transylvania University; was
Attorney-General of the State by appointment of
Governor Carlin, 1840-43, at that time being a
resident of Jacksonville. He is described by his
contemporaries as an able and brilliant man, but
of convivial habits and unscrupulous to such a
degree that his name was mixed up with a num-
ber of official scandals. Separated from his
family, he died of delirium tremens, at White-
hall, Greene County.
LAMOILLE, a village of Bureau County, on the
Mendota-Fulton branch of the Chicago, Burling-
ton & Quincy Railway, 9 miles northwest of Men-
dota; in rich farming and stock-rai.sing region;
has a bank, three churches, fine school-building,
and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 516; (1900), 576.
LAMOX, Ward Hill, lawyer, was born at
Mill Creek, Frederick County, W. Va., Jan. 6,
1828; received a common school education and
was engaged in teaching for a time ; also began
the study of medicine, but relinquished it for the
law. About 1847-48 he located at Danville, 111.,
subsequently read law with the late Judge Oliver
L. Davis, attending lectures at the Louisville
Law School, where he had Gen. John A. Logan
for a class-mate. On admission to the bar, he
became the Danville partner of Abraham Lincoln
— the partnership being in existence as early as
1853. In 1859 he removed to Bloomington, and,
in the Presidential campaign of 1860, was a zeal-
ous supporter of Mr. Lincoln. In February, 1861,
he was chosen by Mr. Lincoln to accompany him
to "Washington, making the perilous night jour-
ney through Baltimore in Mr. Lincoln's company.
Being a man of undoubted courage, as well as
almost giant stature, he soon received the ap-
pointment of Marshal of the District of Columbia,
and, in the first weeks of the new administration,
made a confidential visit to Colonel Anderson,
then in command at Fort Sumter, to secure
accurate information as to the situation there.
In May, 1861, he obtained authority to raise a
regiment, of which he was commissioned Colonel,
remaining in the field to December, when he
returned to the discharge of his duties as Marshal
at Washington, but was absent from Washington
on the night of the assassination — April 14, 1865.
Resigning his olfice after this event, he entered
into partnership for the practice of law with the
late Jeremiah S. Black of Pennsylvania. Some
years later he published tlie first volume of a pro-
posed Life of Lincoln, using material which he
obtained from Mr. Lincoln's Springfield partner.
William H. Herndon, but the second volume was
never issued. His death occurred at ilartins-
328
mSTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOI;-
burg, W Va., not far from liis birthplace, May
7, IS'JS. Cul(.mel Lainun married a daughter of
Judge Stejihen T. Logan, of Springfield.
LANARK, a city in Carroll County. 19 miles by
rail southwest of Freeport, and 7 miles east of
Mount Carroll The surrounding country is
largely devoted to grain-growing, and Lanark
has two elevators and is an important shipping-
point. Manufacturing of various descriptions is
carried on. The city has two bank.s (one Na-
tional and one State), eight churches, a graded
and high school, and a weekly newspaper. Popu-
lation (ISSO), 1,198: (1890), 1,295; (1900), 1,306.
LANDES, Silas Z., ex-Congressman, was born
in Augusta County, Va., May 15, 1843. In early
youth he removed to Illinois, and was admitted
to the bar of this State in August, 1863, and has
been in active practice at Mount Carmel since
1864. In 1873 he was elected State's Attorney
for Wabash County, was re-elected in 1876, and
again in 1880. He represented tlie Sixteenth Illi-
nois District in Congress from 1885 to 1889, being
elected on the Democratic ticket.
LANDRIGAN, John, farmer and legislator, was
born in County Tipperarj-, Ireland, in 1833, and
brought to America at one year of age, his
parents stopping for a time in New Jersey. His
early Life was spent at Lafayette, Ind. After
completing his education in the seminary there,
he engaged in railroad and canal contracting.
Coming to Illinois in 1858, he purchased a farm
near Albion, Edwards County, where he has
since resided. He has been twice elected as a
Democrat to the House of Representatives (1868
and "74) and twice to the State Senate (1870
and "96), and has been, for over twenty years,
a member of the State Agricultural Society —
for four years of that time being President
of the Board, and some sixteen j'ears Vice-Presi-
dent.
LANE, Albert Grannis, educator, was born in
Cook County, 111., March 15, 1841, and educated
in the public schools, graduating with the iirst
class from the Chicago High School in 1858. lie
immediately entered upon the business of teach-
ing as Principal, but, in 1869, was elected Super-
intendent of Schools for Cook County. After
three years' service as cashier of a bank, he was
elected County Superintendent, a second time, in
1877, and regularly every four years thereafter
until 1890. In 1891 he was chosen Superintend-
ent of Schools for the city of Chicago, to fill the
vacancy caused by the resignation of Superin-
tendent Hciwlaud — a ixisitiou which he continued
to fill iiiitil the appointment of E. B. Andrews,
Superintendent, when he became First Assistant
Superintendent.
LANE, Ednard, ex-Congressman, was born in
Cleveland, Ohio, March 27, 1842, and became a
resident of Illinois at the age of 16. After receiv-
ing an academic education he studied law and
was admitted to the IlUnois bar in February,
1865. Since then he has been a successful prac-
titioner at Hillsboro. From 1869 to 1873 he served
as County Judge. In 1886 he was the successful
Democratic candidate for Congress from the
Seventeenth Ilhnois District and re-elected for
three successive terms, but was defeated by
Frederick Remann (Republican) in 1894, and
again by W. F. L. Hadley, at a special election, in
1895, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of
Mr. Remann.
LANPHIER, Charles H., journalist, was born
at Alexandria, Va., April 14, 1820; from 4 years
of age lived in "Washington City ; in 1836 entered
the office as an apprentice of "The State Regis-
ter" at Vandalia, 111., (then owned by his brother-
in-law. William Walters). Later, the paper was
removed to Springfield, and Walters, having
enlisted for the Slexican war in 1846, died at St.
Louis, en route to the field. Lanphier, having
thus succeeded to the management, and, finally,
to the proprietorship of the paper, was elected
pubUo printer at the next session of the Legisla-
ture, and, in 1847, took into partnership George
Walker, who acted as editor until 1858. Mr. Lan-
phier continued the publication of the paper until
1863, and then sold out. During the war he
was one of the State Board of Army Auditors
appointed by Governor Yates; was elected
Circuit Clerk in 1864 and re-elected in 1868,
and, in 1872, was Democratic candidate for
County Treasurer but defeated with the rest of
his party.
LARCOM, Lucy, author and teacher, born at
Beverly, Mass., in 1836; attended a grammar
school and worked in a cotton mill at Lowell,
becoming one of the most popular contributors to
"The Lowell Offering,"" a magazine conducted by
the factory girls, thereby winning the acquaint-
ance and friendship of the poet Whittier. In
1846 she came to Illinois and, for three years, was
a student at Monticello Female Seminary, near
Alton, meanwhile teaching at intervals in the
vicinity. Returning to Massachusetts she taught
for six years; in 1865 established "Our Young
Folks," of which she was editor until 1874. Her
books, both poetical and prose, have taken a,
high rank for their elevated literary and moral
tone. Died, in Boston, April 17, 1893.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
329
LARXED, Edward Channing, lawyer, was born
iu Providence, R. I., Jul}- 14, 1820; graduated at
Brown University in 1840 ; was Professor of Mathe-
matics one year in Kemper College, Wis., then
studied law and, in 1847, came to Chicago. He
was an earnest opponent of slavery and gained
considerable deserved- celebritj- by a speech
which he delivered in 1851, iu opposition to the
fugitive slave law. He was a warm friend of
Abraham Lincoln and, in 1860, made speeches in
his support ; was an active member of the Union
Defense Committee of Chicago during the war,
and, in 1861, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln
United States District Attorney of the Northern
District of Illinois, but compelled to resign by
failing health. Being absent in Europe at the
time of the fire of 1871, he returned immediately
and devoted his attention to the work of the
Relief and Aid Society. Making a second visit to
Europe in 1872-73, he wrote many letters for the
press, also doing much other literary work in
spite of declining health. Died at Lake Forest,
111., September, 1884.
LA SALLE, a city in La Salle County, 99 miles
southwest of Chicago, situated on the Illinois
River at southern terminus of the Illinois &
Michigan Canal, and at intersection of three
trunk lines of railroads. Bituminous coal
abounds and is extensively mined; zinc smelting
and the manufacture of glass and hj-draulic and
Portland cement are leading industries; also has
a large ice trade with the South annually. It is
connected with adjacent towns by electric rail-
ways, and with Peoria by daily river packets.
Population (1890), 9,855; (1900), 10,446.
LA SALLE, Rent Robert Cavelier, Sieur de,
a famous explorer, born at Rouen. France, in
1643; entered the Jesuit order, but conceiving
that he had mistaken his vocation, came to
America in 1606. He obtained a grant of land
about the Lachine Rapids of the St. Lawrence,
above Montreal. It was probably his intention
to settle there as a grand seigneur ; but, becoming
interested in stories told him by some Seneca
Indians, he started two years later in quest of a
great waterway, which he believed led to the
South Sea (Pacific Ocean) and afforded a short
route to China. He passed through Lake Ontario,
and is believed to have discovered the Ohio. The
claim that he reached the Illinois River at this
time has been que.stioued. Having re-visited
France in 1677 he was given a patent of nobility
and extensive land-grants in Canada. In 1679 he
visited the Northwest and explored the great
lakes, finally reaching the head of Lake Michi-
gan and erecting a fort near the mouth of the St.
Joseph River. From there he made a portage to
the Illinois, which he descended early in 1680 to
Lake Peoria, where he began the erection of a
fort to which, in consequence of the misfortunes
attending the expedition, was given the name of
Creve-Cceur. Returning from here to Canada for
supplies, in the following fall he again appeared
in Illinois, but found his fort at Lake Peoria a
ruin and his followers, whom he had left there,
gone. Compelled again to return to Canada, in
the latter part of 1681 be set out on his third
expedition to Illinois, and making the portage by
way of the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers,
reached "Starved Rock," near the present city of
Ottawa, where his lieutenant, Tonty, had already
begun the erection of a fort. la 1682, accom-
panied by Tonty, he descended the Illinois and
Mississippi Rivers, reaching the Gulf of Mexico on
April 9. He gave the region the name of Louisi-
ana. In 1688 he again returned to France and
was commissioned to found a colony at the mouth
of the Mississippi, which he unsuccessfully
attempted to do in 1684, the expedition finally
landing about Matagorda Bay in Texas. After
other fruitless attempts (death and desertions
having seriously reduced the number of his colo-
nists), while attempting to reach Canada, he was
murdered by his companions near Trinity River
in the present State of Texas, March 19, 1687.
Another theory regarding La Salle's ill-starred
Texas expedition is, that he intended to establish
a colony west of the Mississippi, with a view to
contesting with the Spaniards for the possession
of that region, but that the French government
failed to give him the support wliich had been
promised, leaving him to his fate.
LA SALLE COU^'TY, one of the wealthiest
counties in the northeastern section, being second
in size and iu population in the State It was
organized in 1831, and has an area of 1,153 square
miles; population (1900), 87,776. The history of
this region dates back to 1675, when Marquette
established a mission at an Indian village on the
Illinois River about where Utica now stands,
eight miles west of Ottawa. ' La Salle (for whom
the county is named) erected a fort here in 1682,
which was, for many years, the headquarters for
French missionaries and traders. Later, the
Illinois Indians were well-nigh exterminated
by starvation, at the same point, which has be-
come famous in Western history as "Starved
Rock."' The surface of the county is undulat-
ing and slopes toward the Illinois River. The
soil is rich, and timber abounds on the bluffs and
330
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
along the streams. Water is easily procured.
Four beds of coal underlie the entire county, and
good building stone is quarried at a depth of 150
to 200 feet. Excellent hydraulic cement is made
from the calciferous deposit, Utica being espe-
cially noted for this industry. The First Ameri-
can settlers came about the time of Captain Long's
survey of a canal route (1816). The Illinois &
Michigan Canal was located by a joint corps of
State and National engineers in 1830. (See Illi-
nois & Michigan Canal.) During the Black
Hawk War, La Salle County was a prominent
base of military operations.
LATHROP, William, lawyer and Congress-
man, was born in Genesee County, N. Y., April
17, 1825. His early education was acquired in
the common schools. Later he read law and was
admitted to the bar, commencing practice in
1851, making his home in Central New York until
his removal to Illinois. In 1856 he represented
the Rockford District in the lower house of the
General Assembly, and, in 1876, was elected, as a
Republican, to represent the (then) Fourth Illi-
nois District in Congress.
LA VANTUM, the name given, in the latter
part of the seventeenth century, to the principal
village of the Illinois Indians, situated on the
Illinois River, near the present town of Utica, in
La Salle County. (See Starved Rock.)
LAWLER, Frank, was born at Rochester,
N. Y., June 25, 1842. His first active occupation
■was as a news-agent on railroads, which business
he followed for three years. He learned the
trade of a ship-calker, and was elected to the
Presidency of the Ship-Carpenters' and Ship-
Calkers" Association. While yet a young man he
settled in Chicago and, in 1869, was appointed to
a clerical position in the postoffice in that city ;
later, served as a letter-carrier, and as a member
of the City Council (1876-84). In 1884 he was
elected to Congress from the Second District,
which he represented in that body for three suc-
cessive terms. While serving his last year in
Congress (1890) he was an unsuccessful candidate
on the Democratic ticket for Slieriff of Cook
County; in 1893 was an unsuccessful applicant
for the Chicago postmastership, was defeated as
an Independent-Democrat for Congress in 1894,
but, in 1895; was elected Alderman for the Nine-
teenth Ward of the city of Chicago. Died, Jan.
17, 1896.
LAWLER, (Gen.) Michael K., soldier, was
born m County Kildare, Ireland, Nov. 16, 1814,
brought to the United States in 1816, and, in 1819,
to Gallatin County, lU., where his father began
farming. The j-ounger Lawler early evinced a
military taste by organizing a military company
in 1842, of which he served as Captain three or
four years. In 1846 he organized a company for the
Mexican War, which was attached to the Third
Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel Forman"s),
and. at the end of its term of enlistment, raised
a company of cavalry, with which he served
to the end of the war — in all, seeing two and
a half years' service. He then resumed the
peaceful life of a farmer ; but, on the breaking
out of the rebellion, again gave proof of his patri-
otism by recruiting the Eighteenth Illinois Volun-
teer Infantry — the first regiment organized in
the Eigliteenth Congressional District — of which
he was comniissioned Colonel, entering into the
three years' service in May, 1861. His regiment
took part in mo.st of the early engagements in
Western Kentucky and Tennessee, including the
capture of Fort Donelson, where it lost heavily,
Colonel Lawler himself being severely wounded.
Later, he was in command, for some time, at
Jackson, Tenn., and, in November, 1862, was com-
missioned Brigadier-General "for gallant and
meritorious service." He was also an active
participant in the operations against Vicksburg,
and was thanked on the field by General Grant
for Ills service at the battle of Big Black, pro-
nounced by Charles A. Dana (then Assistant
Secretary of War) "one of the most splendid
exploits of the war. ' ' After the fall of Vicksburg
he took part in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and
in the campaigns on the Teche and Red River, and
in Texas, also being in command, for six months,
at Baton Rouge, La. In March, 1865, he was
brevetted Major-General, and mustered out,
January, 1866, after a service of four years and
seven months. He then returned to his Gallatin
County farm, where he died, July 26, 1882.
LAWLER, Thomas G., soldier and Com-
mander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the
Republic, was born -in Liverpool, Eng., April
7, 1844; was brought to Illinois by his parents
in childhood, and, at 17 years of age, enlisted
in the Nineteenth Illinois Volunteers, serv-
ing first as a private, then as Sergeant, later
being elected First Lieutenant, and (although
not mustered in, for two months) during the
Atlanta campaign being in command of his com-
pany, and placed on the roll of honor by order of
General Rosecrans. He participated in every
battle in which his regiment was engaged, and,
at the battle of Missionary Ridge, was the first
man of his command over the enemy's works.
After the war he became prominent as an oflScer
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
331
of the Illinois National Guard, organizing the
Rockford Rifles, in 1876, and serving as Colonel of
the Third Regiment for seven years; was ap-
pointed Postmaster at Rockford by President
Hayes, but removed by Cleveland in 1885; re-
appointed by Harrison and again displaced on the
accession of Cleveland. He was one of the
organizers of G. L. Nevius Post, G. A. R., of
which he served as Commander twenty -six years ;
in 1883 was elected Department Commander for
the State of Illinois and, in 1894, Commander-in-
Chief, serving one j'ear.
LAWRENCE, Charles B., jm-ist, was born at
Vergennes, Vt., Dec. 17, 18'30. After two years
spent at Middlebury College, he entered tlie
junior class at Union College, graduating from
the latter in 1841. He devoted two years to
teaching in Alabama, and began reading law at
Cincinnati in 1843, completing his studies at St.
Louis, where he was admitted to the bar and
began practice in 1844. The following year he
removed to Quincy, 111., where he was a promi-
nent practitioner for ten years. The years
1856-58 he spent in foreign travel, with the pri-
mary object of restoring his impaired health. On
his return home he began farming in Warren
County, with the same end in view. In 1861 he
accepted a nomination to the Circuit Court bench
and was elected without opposition. Before t!ie
expiration of his term, in 1864, he was elected a
Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court for the
Northern Grand Division, and, in 1870, became
Chief Justice. At this time his home was at
Galesburg. Failing of a re-election in 1873, he
removed to Chicago, and at once became one of
the leaders of the Cook County bar. Although
persistently urged by personal and political
friends, to permit his name to be used in connec-
tion with a vacancy on the bench of the United
States Supreme Court, he steadfastly declined.
In 1877 he received the votes of the Republicans
in the State Legislature for United States Senator
against David Davis, who was elected. Died, at
Decatur, Ala. , April 9. 1883.
LAWRENCE COUNTY, one of the eastern
counties in the "southern tier," originally a part
of Edwards, but separated from the latter in
1821, and named for Commodore Lawrence. In
1900 its area was 360 square miles, and its popu-
lation, 16,523. The first English speaking settlers
seem to have emigrated from the colony at Vin-
cennes, Ind. St. Francisville, in the southeast-
em portion, and Allison prairie, in the nortlieast,
were favored by the American pioneers. Settle-
tnent was more or less desultory until after the
War of 1812. Game was abundant and the soil
productive. About a dozen negro families found
homes, in 1819, near Lawrenceville, and a Shaker
colony was established about Charlottesville the
same year. Among the best remembered pio-
neers are the families of Lautermann, Chubb,
Kincaid, Buchanan and Laus — the latter having
come from South Carolina. Toussaint Dubois,
a Frenchman and father of Jesse K. Dubois. State
Auditor (1857-64), was a large land proprietor at
an early day, and his house was first utilized as a
com-t house. The county is richer in historic
associations than in populous towns. Lawrence-
ville, the county-seat, was credited with 865
inhabitants by the census of 1890. St. Francis-
ville and Sumner are flourishing towns.
LAWRENCEVILLE, the county-seat of Law-
rence County, is situated on the Embarras River,
at the intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio
Southwestern and the Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 9 miles west of
Vincennes, Ind., and 139 miles east of St. Louis.
It has a courthouse, four churches, a graded
school and two weekly newspapers. Population
(1890), 865; (1900), 1,300; (1903, est.), 1,600.
LAWSON, Victor F., journalist and newspaper
proprietor, was born in Chicago, of Scandinavian
parentage. Sept. 9, 1850. After graduating at the
Chicago High School, he prosecuted his studies
at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at
Harvard University. In August, 1876. he pur-
chased an interest in "The Chicago Daily News,"
being for some time a partner of Melville E.
Stone, but became sole proprietor in 1888, pub-
lishing morning and evening editions. He
reduced the price of the morning edition to one
cent, and changed its name to "The Chicago
Record." He has always taken a deep interest
in the cause of popular education, and, in 1888,
established a fund to provide for the distribution
of medals among public school children of Chi-
cago, the award to be made upon the basis of
comparative excellence in the preparation of
essays upon topics connected with American
history.
LEBANON, a city in St. Clair County, situated
on Silver Creek, and on the Baltimore & Ohio
Southwestern Railroad, 11 miles northeast of
Belleville and 24 miles east of St. Louis; is lo-
cated in an agricultural and coal-mining region.
Its manufacturing interests are limited, a flour-
ing miU being the chief industry of this charac-
ter. The city has electric lights and electric
trolley line connecting with Belleville and St.
Louis; also has a bank, eight churches, two
333
niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
newspapers and is an ini[iortant edueational cen-
ter, being the seat of McKendree College, founded
in isis. Population (1«)0), 1,086: (1900). 1,812.
LEE COUNTY, one of the third tier of counties
south of the Wisconsin State line; named for
Richard Henry Lee of Revolutionary fame ; area,
740 square miles; population (1900), 29,894. It
was cut off from Ogle County, and separately
organized in 1839. In 1840 the population was
but little over 2,000. Charles F. Ingals, Natlian
R. Whitney and James P. Dixon were the first
County-Commissioners. Agriculture is the prin-
cipal pursuit, although stone quarries are found
here and there, notably at Ashton. The county-
seat is Dixon, where, in 1828, one Ogee, a half-
breed, built a cabin and established a ferry across
the Rock River In 1830, John Dixon, of New
York, purchased Ogee's interest for .51,800. Set-
tlement and progress were greatly retarded by
the Black Hawk War, but immigration fairly set
in in 1838. The first court house was built in
1840, and the same year the United States Land
OfBce was removed from Galena to Dixon, Colo.,
John Dement, an early pioneer, being appointed
Receiver. Dixon was incorporated as a city in
1859, and, in 1900, had a population of 7,917.
LEGISL.iTIVE APPORTIONMENT. (See
A2:>l}ortionment, Lcgislathv. )
LEGISLATURE. (See General Axsemblies.)
LELAND, a village of La Salle County, on the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 29 miles
southwest of Aurora. Population (1900), 634.
LELAND, Edwin S., lawyer and Judge, was
born at Dennysville, Me., August 28, 1812, and
admitted to the bar at Dedham, Mass., in 1834.
In 1835 he removed to Ottawa, 111., and, in 1839,
to Oregon, Ogle County, where he practiced for
four years. Returning to Ottawa in 1843, he
rapidly rose in his profession, until, in 18.52, he
was elected to the Circuit Court bench to fill the
unexpired term of Judge T. Lyle Dickey, who
liad resigned. In 1866 Governor Oglesby ap-
pointed him Circuit Judge to fill the imexpired
term of Judge Hollister. He was elected by
popular vote in 1867, and re-elected in 1873, being
assigned to the Appellate Court of the Second
District in 1877. He was prominently identified
with the genesis of the Republican part_v. whose
tenets he zealously championed. He was also
prominent in local affairs, having been elected
the first Republican Mayor of Ottawa (1856),
President of the Board of Education and County
Treasurer. Died. June. 24. 1889.
LEMEN, James, )Sr.. pioneer, was born in Berk-
eley County, Va., Nov. 20, 1760; served as a solilier
in tlie War of the Revolution, being present at
the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781 ;
in 1786 came to Illinois, settling at the village of
New Design, near the present site of Waterloo, in
Monroe County. He was a man of enterprise
and sterling integrity, and ultimately became the
head of one of the most prominent and influential
families in Southern Illinois. He is said to have
been the first person admitted to the Baptist
Church by immersion in Illinois, finally becoming
a minister of that denomination. Of a family of
eight children, four of his sons became ministers.
Mr. Lemen's prominence was indicated by the
fact that he was approached by Aaron Burr, with
offers of large rewards for his influence in found-
ing that ambitious schemer's projected South-
western Empire, but the proposals were
indignantly rejected and the scheme denounced.
Died, at Waterloo, Jan. 8. 1822.— Robert (Lenien),
oldest son of the preceding, was born in Berkeley
County, Va., Sept. 25, 1783; came with his father
to Illinois, and, after his marriage, settled in St.
Clair County. He held a commission as magis-
trate and, for a time, was United States Marshal
for Illinois under the administration of John
Quincy Adams. Died in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair
County, August 24, I860.— Rev. Joseph (Lemen),
the second son, was born in Berkeley County,
Va., Sept. 8, 1785, brought to Illinois in 1786, and,
on reaching manhood, married Mary Kinney, a
daughter of Rev. William Kinney, who after-
wards became Lieutenant-Governor of the State.
Joseph Lemen settled in Ridge Prairie, in the
northern part of St. Clair County, and for many
years supplied the pulpit of the Bethel Baptist
chm-ch, which had been founded in 1809 on the
principle of opposition to human slavery. His
death occurred at his home, June 29, 1861.— Rev.
James (Lemen), Jr., the third son, was born in
Monroe County, III, Oct. 8, 1787; early united
with the Baptist Church and became a minister
— assisting in the ordination of his father, whose
sketch stands at the head of this article. He
served as a Delegate from St. Clair County in the
first State Constitutional Convention (1818). and as
Senator in the Second, Fourth and Fifth General
Assemblies. He also preached extensively in
Illinois, Missouri, and Kentucky, and assisted in
the organization of many churches, although his
labors were chiefly within his own. Mr. Lemen
was the second child of American parents born in
Illinois — Enoch Moore being the first. Died,
Feb. 8, 1870.— William (Lemen), the fourth son,
born in Monroe County, III, in 1791; .served as a
soldier in the Black Hawk War. Died in Monroe
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
County, in 1857. — Rer. Josiah (Lemen), the
fifth son, born in Monroe County, 111., August 15,
1794; was a Baptist preacher. Died near Du-
quoin, July 11, 1867.— ReT. Moses (Lemen), the
sixth son, born in Monroe County, 111., in 1797;
became a Baptist minister early in life, served as
Eepresentative in the Sixth General Assembly
(IS-^S-SO) for Monroe County. Died, in Montgom-
ery County, 111., March 5, 1859.
LEMOXT, a city in Cook County, 2.i miles
southwest of Cliicago, on the Des Plaines Rirer
and the Chicago & Alton Railroad. A thick
vein of Silurian limestone (Athens marble) is
extensively quarried here, constituting the chief
industry. Owing to the number of industrial
enterprises, Lemont is at times the temporary
home of a large number of workmen. The city
has a bank, electric lights, six churche.s, two
papers, five public and four private schools, one
business college, aluminum and concrete works.
Population of the townsliip (1890), 5,.539: (1900),
4,441.
LE MOYXE, John V., ex-Congressman, was
born in Washington County, Pa., in 18'38. and
graduated from Washington College, Pa., in
1847. He studied law at Pittsburg, where he was
admitted to the bar in 1852. He at once removed
to Chicago, where he continued a permanent
resident and active practitioner. In 1873 he was
a candidate for Congress on the Liberal Repub-
lican ticket, but was defeated by Charles B. Far-
well, Republican. In 1874 he was again a
candidate against Mr. Farwell. Both claimed
the election, and a contest ensued which was
decided by the House in favor of Mr. Le Moyne.
LENA, a village in Stephenson County, on the
Illinois Central Railroad, 13 miles northwest of
Freeport and 38 miles east of Galena. It is in a
farming and dairying district, but has some
manufactures, the making of caskets being the
principal industry in this line. There are six
churches, two hanks, and two newspapers. Pop-
ulation (1890), 1,270; (1900). 1,252.
LEOJfARD, Edward F., Railway President,
was born in Connecticut in 1836 ; graduated from
Union College, N. Y., was admitted to the bar
and came to Springfield, 111., in 1858; served for
several years as clerk in the office of the State
Auditor, was afterwards connected with the con-
struction of the "St. Louis Short Line" (now a
part of the Illinois Central Railway), and was
private secretary of Governor Cullom during his
first term. For several years he has been Presi-
dent of the Toledo, Peoria & AVestern Railroad,
•with headquarters at Peoria.
LEROT, a city in McLean County, 15 miles
southwest of Bloomington; has two banks, sev-
eral churches, a graded school and a plow factory.
Two weekly papers are publislied there. Popu-
lation (1880), 1,068; (1890), 1.258; (1900), 1,629.
LEVER F.TT, Washington and Warren, edu-
cators and twin-brothers, whose careers were
strikingly similar ; born at Brookline, Mass. , Dec.
19, 1805, and passed their boyhood on a farm; in
1827 began a preparatory course of study under
an elder brother at Roxbury, Mass., entered
Brown L^niversity as freshmen, the next year, and
graduated in 1833. Warren, being in bad health,
spent the following winter in South Carolina,
afterwards engaging in teaching, for a time, and
in study in Newton Theological Seminary, while
Washington served as tutor two years in his
Alma Mater and in Columbian College in Wash-
ington, D. C, then took a course at Newton,
graduating there in 1836. The same year he
accepted the chair of Mathematics in Shurtleff
College at Upper Alton, remaining, with slight
interruption, until 1868. Warren, after suffering
from hemorrhage of the lungs, tame west in the
fall of 1837, and. after teaching for a few months
at Greenville, Bond County, in 1839 joined his
brother at Shurtleff College as Principal of the
preparatory department, subsequently being
advanced to the chair of Ancient Languages,
which he continued to occupy until June, 1868,
when he retired in the same year with his brother.
After resigning he established himself in the book
business, which was continued until his death,
Nov. 8. 1872. Washington, the surviving brother,
continued to be a member of the Board of Trus-
tees of Shurtleff College, and to discharge the
duties of Librarian and Treasurer of the institu-
tion. Died, Dec. 13, 1889.
LEWIS IJfSTITUTE, an educational institu-
tion based upon a bequest of Allen C. Lewis, in
the city of Chicago, established in 1895. It main-
tains departments in law, the classics, prepara-
tory studies and manual training, and owns
property valued at $1,600,000, with funds and
endowment amounting to §1,100,000. No report
is made of the number of pupils.
LEWIS, John H., ex-Congressman, was born
in Tompkins County, N. Y., July 21, 1830.
When six years old he accompanied his parents
to Knox County, 111., where he attended the
public schools, read law, and was admitted to the
bar in 1860. The same year he was elected Clerk
of the Circuit Court of Knox County. In 1874 he
was elected to the lower house of the General
Assembly, and, in 1880, was the successful Repub-
334
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
lican candidate for Congress from the old Ninth
District. In 1882, he was a candidate for re-
election from the same district (then the Tenth),
but was defeated by Nicholas E. Worthington,
his Democratic opponent.
LEWISTOWX, the county-seat of Fulton
County, located on two lines of railway, fifty
miles southwest of Peoria and sixty miles north-
west of Springfield. It contains flour and saw-
mills, carriage and wagon, can-making,
duplex-.scales and evener factories, six churches
and four newspapers, one issuing a daily edition ;
also excellent public schools. Population (1880),
1.771; (1890), 2,166; (1900), 2,504,
LEXIXGTOX, a city in McLean County, on the
Chicago & Alton Railroad, 110 miles south gf
Chicago and 16 miles northeast of Bloomington.
The surrounding region is agricultural and stock-
raising, and the town has a flourishing trade in
horses and other live-stock. Tile is manufac-
tured here, and the town has two banks, five
churches, a high school and two weekly news-
papers. Population (1890), 1,187; (1900), 1,415.
LIBERTYVILLE, a village of Lake County, on
the main line of the Chicago & Madison Division
of tlie Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway,
35 miles north-northwest of Chicago. The region
is agricultural. The town has some manufac-
tures, two banks and a weekly paper. Popula-
tion (1890), 5.50; (1900). 864.
LIBRARIES. (Statistical. )— A report of the
Commissioner of Education for 1895-96, on the
subject of "Public, Society and School Libraries
in the United States," presents some approximate
statistics of libraries in the several States, based
upon the reports of librarians, so far as they
could be obtained in reply to inquiries sent out
from the Bureau of Education in Washington.
As shown by the statistical tables embodied in
this report, there were 348 libraries in Illinois
reporting 300 volumes and over, of which 134
belonged to the smallest class noted, or those con-
taining less than 1,000 volumes. The remaining
214 were divided into the following classes:
Containing 300,000 and less than 500,000 volumes 1
lUU.OOO " " 300,000 " 2
50,000 " " 100,000 " 1
25,000 " " ,50,000 " 5
" 10,000 " " 25,000 " 27
" 5,000 " " 10,000 " 34
1.000 " " 5,000 " 144
A general classification of libraries of 1,000
volumes and over, as to character, divides them
into. General, 91; School, 36; College, 42; College
Society, 7; Law, 3; Theological, 7; State, 2; Asy-
lum and Reformatory, 4; Young Men's Christian
A.ssociation, 2; Scientific, 6; Historical, 3; Soci-
ety, 8; Medical, Odd Fellows and Social, 1 each. '
The total number of volumes belonging to the
class of 1,000 volumes and over was 1,822,580 with
447,168 pamphlets; and. of the class between 300
and 1,000 volumes, 66,992 — making a grand total of
1,889,572 volumes. The library belonging to tlie
largest (or 300,000) class, is that of the University
of Chicago, reporting 305,000 volumes, with
180,000 pamphlets, while the Chicago Public
Library and the Newberry Library belong to the
second class, reporting, respectively, 217,065 vol-
umes with 42,000 pamphlets, and 135,244 volumes
and 35,6.54 pamphlets. (The report of the Chi-
cago Public Library for 1898 shows a total, for
that year, of 235,385 volumes and 44,069 pam-
phlets. )
As to sources of support or method of adminis-
tration, 43 of tlie class reporting 1.000 volumes
and over, are supported by taxation ; 27, by appro-
priations by State, County or City; 20, from
endowment funds ; 54, from membership fees and
dues; 16, from book-rents; 26, from donations,
leaving 53 to be supported from sources not
stated. The total income of 131 reporting on tliis
subject is §787,263; the aggregate endowment
of 17 of this class is 83,383,197, and the value of
buildings belonging to 36 is estimated at §2,981,-
575. Of the 214 libraries reporting 1,000 volumes
and over, 88 are free, 28 are reference, and 158
are both circulating and reference.
The free public libraries in the State containing
3,000 volumes and over, in 1896, amounted to 39.
The following list includes those of this class con-
taining 10,000 volumes and over:
Chicago, Public Library . . (1896) 217,065
Peoria, " " 57,604
Springfield, " " 28,639
Rockford, " " 28,000
Quincv, " " and Reading Room 19,400
Galesburg " " 18,469
Elgin, Gail Borden Public Library . . 17,000
Bloomington, Withers " " ... 16.068
Evanston, Free " " ... 15,515
Decatur, " " " ... 14.766
BelleviUe, " " ... 14,511
Aurora, " " ... 14,350
Rock Island, " " ... 12,634
Joliet, " " ... 23,325
The John Crerar Library (a scientific reference
library) — established in the City of Chicago in
1894, on the basis of a bequest of the late John
Crerar, estimated as amounting to fully S3, 000,-
000 — is rapidly adding to its resources, having,
in the four years of its history, acquired over
40,000 volumes. With its princely endowment,
BH^^HK
i" 'W ^^^^^^F
5
>
r
c
z
c
y
tn
?3
O
'illrllB
ft
''■P
p^
tiling
SL
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
335
it is destined, in the course of a few jears. to be
reckoned one of the leading libraries of its class
in the United States, as it is one of the most
modern and carefully selected.
The Newberry and Chicago Historical Society
Libraries fill an important place for reference pur-
poses, especially on historical subjects. A tardy
beginning has been made in building up a State
Historical Library in Springfield ; but, owing to
the indifference of the Legislature and the meager
support it has received, the State which was, for
nearly a hundred years, the theater of the most
important events in the development of the Mis-
sissippi Valley, has, as yet, scarcely accomplished
anything worthy of its name in collecting and
preserving the records of its own history.
In point of historical origin, next to the Illinois
State Library, which dates from the admission
of the State into the Union in 1818, the oldest
library in the State is that of the McCormick
Theological Seminary, which is set down as hav-
ing had its origin in 1825, though this occurred
in another State. The early State College Li-
braries follow next in chronological order: Shurt-
lefif College, at Upper Alton, 1837 ; Illinois College,
at Jacksonville, 1829; McKendree College, at
Lebanon, 1834; Rockford College, 1849; Lombard
University, at Galesburg, 1852. In most cases,
however, these are simply the dates of the estab-
lishment of the institution, or the period at which
instruction began to be given in the school which
finally developed into the college.
The school library is constantly becoming a
more important factor in the liberal education of
the youth of the State. Adding to this the "Illi-
nois Pupils' Reading Circle," organized by the
State Teachers" Association some ten years ago,
but still in the experimental stage, and the sys-
tem of "traveling libraries," set on foot at a later
period, there is a constant tendency to enlarge
the range of popular reading and bring the public
library, in some of its various forms, within the
reach of a larger class.
The Free Public Library Law of Ilunois.
— The following history and analysis of the Free
Public Library Law of Illinois is contributed, for
the "Historical Encyclopedia," by E. S. Willcox,
Librarian of the Peoria Public Library :
The Library Law passed by the Legislature
of lUinois in 1873 was tlie first broadly planned,
comprehensive and complete Free Public Li-
brary Law placed on the statute book of any
State in the Union. It is true. New Hamp-
shire, in 1849, and Massachusetts, in 1851,
had taken steps in this direction, with three or
four brief sections of laws, permissive in their
character rather than directive, but lacking the
vitalizing qualities of our Illinois law, in that
they provided no sufficiently .specific working
method — no sailing directions — for starting and
administering such free public libraries. They
seem to have had no influence on subsequent
library legislation, while, to quote the language
of Mr. Fletcher in his "Public Libraries in
America," "the wisdom of the Illinois law, in this
regard, is probably the reason why it has been so
widely copied in other States."
By this law of 1873 Illinois placed herself at the
head of her sister States in encouraging the
spread of general intelligence among the people;
but it is also a record to be equall}' proud of, that,
within less than five years after "her admission to
the Union, Dec. 3, 1818 — that is, at the first ses-
sion of her Third General Assembly — a general
Act was passed and approved, Jan. 31, 1823,
entitled: "An act to incorporate such persons as
may associate for the purpose of procuring and
erecting public libraries in this State," with the
following preamble-
"Wherea.s, a disposition for improvement in useful
linowlediie has manifested itself in various parts of this
.State, by associating for procuring and erecting public
libraries: and, whereas, it is of the utmost importance to
the public that the sources of information should be multi-
plied, and institutions for that purpose encouraged and pro-
moted: Seel. Beit enacted," etc.
Then follow ten sections, covering five and a
half pages of the published laws of that session,
giving explicit directions as to the organizing
and maintaining of such Associations, with pro-
visions as enUghtened and liberal as we could ask
for to-day. The libraries contemplated in this act
are, of course, subscription libraries, the only
kind known at that time, free pubhc libraries
supported by taxation not having come into
vogue in that early day.
It is tlie one vivifj'ing quality of the Illinois
law of 1872, that it showed how to start a free
public library, how to manage it when started
and how to provide it with the necessary funds.
It furnished a full and minute set of sailing
directions for the ship it launched, and, moreover,
was not loaded down with useless Umitations.
With a few exceptions — notably the Boston
Public Library, working imder a special charter,
and an occasional endowed library, like the Astor
Library — all public libraries in those days were
subscription Ubraries, like the great Mercantile
Libraries of New York, St. Louis and Cincinnati,
with dues of from S3 to §10 from each member
per year. With dues at 84 a year, our Peoria
Mercantile Library, at its best, never had over
286 members in any one year. Compare this with
our present public membership of 6,500, and it
will be seen that some kind of a free public
library law was needed. That was the conclu-
sion I, as one of the Directors of the Peoria Mer-
cantile Library, came to in 1869. We had tried
every expedient for years, in the way of lecture
courses, concerts, spelling matches, "Drummer
Boy of Shiloh," and begging, to increase our
membership and revenue. So far, and no farther,
seemed to be the rule with all subscription
libraries. They did not reach the masses who
needed them most. And, for this manifest rea-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
son : the necessary cost of cannual dues stood in
the way; the women and young people who
wanted something to read, who thirsted for
knowledge, and who are the principal patrons of
the free public library to-day, did not hold the
family purse-strings; while the men, who did
hold the purse-strings, did not particularly care
for books.
It was my experience, derived as a Director in
the Peoria Mercantile Library when it was still a
small, struggling subscription library, that sug-
gested the need of a State law authorizing cities
and towns to tax themselves for the support of
public libraries, as the)' already did for the sup-
port of public schools. When, in 18T0, I
submitted tlie plan to some of my friends, they
pronounced it Quixotic — the people would never
consent to pay taxes for libraries. To which I
replied, that, until sometime in the 'SO's, we
had no free public schools in this State.
I then drew up the form of a law, substantially
as it now stands; and, after submitting it to
Justin Winsor, then of the Boston Public Li-
brary ; William F. Poole, then in Cincinnati, and
William T. Harris, then in St. Louis, I placed it
in the hands of my friend, Mr. Samuel Caldwell,
in December, 1870, who took it with him to
Springfield, promising to do what he could to get
it through the Legislature, of which he was a
member from Peoria. The bill was introduced
by Mr. Caldwell, March 23, 1871, as House bill
No. 563, and as House bill No. 503 it finally
received the Governor's signature and became a
law, March 7, 1873.
The essential features of our Illinois law are :
I. Tlie power of initiative in starting a free
public library lies in the City Council, and not in
an appeal to the voters of the city at a general
election.
It is a weak point in the English public libra-
ries act that this initiative is left to the electors or
voters of a city, and, in several London and pro-
vincial districts, the proposed law has been
repeatedly voted down by the very people it was
most calculated to benefit, from fear of a little
extra taxation.
II. The amount of tax to be levied is jxrmissive,
not mandatory.
We can trust to the public spirit of our city
authorities, supported by an intelligent public
sentiment, to provide for the library needs. A
mandatory law, requiring the levying of a certain
fixed percentage of the city's total assessment,
plight invite extravagance, as it has in several
instances where a mamhitory law is in force.
III. Tin' T.ihnir)/ Uminl Ikix exclusive control of
lihrarll ni,i,n.in-i„'li,nis
This IS t.) l.f mfiprfted that Public Library
Boards are sejiarate ami distinct departments of
the city administration; and experience has
shown t'nat they are as capable and honest in
handling money as School Boards or City
Councils.
IV. Library Boards consist of nine members to
serve for th ree yea rs.
V. The members of the Board are appointed by
the Mayor, subject 'to the approval of the City
Council, from the citizens at large with reference
to their fitness for such office.
VI. An annual report is to be made by the
Board to the City Council, stating the condition
of their triist on the first day of June of each
year.
This, with slight modifications adapting it to
villages, towns and townships, is, in substance,
the Free Public Library Law of Illinois. Under
its beneficent operation flourishing free public
libraries have been established in the principal
cities and towns of our State — slowly, at first,
but, of late years, more rapidly as their usefulness
has become apparent.
No argument is now needed to show the im-
portance— the imperative necessity — of the widest
possible diffusion of intelligence among the people
of a free State. Knowledge and ignorance — the
one means civilization, the other, barbarism.
Give a man the taste for good books and the
means of gratifying it, and you can hardly fail of
making him a better, happier man and a wiser
citizen. You place him in contact with the best
society in every period of history ; you set before
him nobler examples to imitate and safer paths
to follow.
We have no way of foretelling how many and
how great benefits will accrue to society and the
State, in the future, from the comparatively
modern introduction of the free public library
into our educational system ; but when some
youthful Abraham Lincoln, poring over ^^sop's
Fables, Weems' Life of Washington and a United
States History, by the flickering light of a pine-
knot in a log-cabin, rises at length to be the hope
and bulwark of a nation, then we learn what the
world may owe to a taste for books. In the gen-
eral spread of intelligence through our free
schools, our free press and our free libraries, lies
our only hope that our free American institutions
shall not decay and perish from the earth.
LIEUTEXAXT-GOTERNORS OF ILLINOIS.
The office of Lieutenant-Governor, created by the
Constitution of 1818, has been retained in each of
the subsequent Constitutions, being elective by
the people at the same time with that of Gov-
ernor. The following is a list of the Lieutenant
Governors of the State, from the date of its
admission into the Union to the present time
(1899), with the date and length of each incum
bent's term: Pierre Menard, 1818-23; Adolphus
Frederick Hubbard, 1822-26; William Kinney
1826-30; Zadoc Casey, 1830-33; William Lee D
Ewing (succeeded to the office as President of the
Senate), 1833-84; Alexander M. Jenkins, 1834
William H. Davidson (as President of the
Senate), 1836-38; Stinson H. Anderson, 1838-42;
John Moore, 1842-46; Joseph B. Wells, 1846-49;
W^illiam McMurtry, 1849-53; Gustavus Koerner,
18.53-57; John Wood, 1857-60; Thomas A. Mar
shall (as President of the Senate), Jan. 7-14, 1861
Francis A. Hoffman, 1861-65; William Bross,
1865-69; John Dougherty, 1869-73; John L.
IIISTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
337
Beveridge, Jan. 13-23, 1ST3; John Early (as
President of the Senate), 1S73-T5; Archibald A.
Glenn (as President of the Senate), 1875-77;
Andrew Shuman, 1877-81 ; John 11. Hamilton.
1881-83; William J. Campbell (as President of
the Senate), 1883-85; John C. Smith, 1885-89;
Lyman B. Ray, 1889-93; Joseph B. Gill. 1893-97;
■William A. Northcott. 1897 — .
LIMESTONE. Illinois ranks next to Pennsyl-
vania in its output of limestone, the United
States Census Report for 1890 giving the number
of quarries as 104, and the total value of the
product as $3,190,604. In the value of stone used
for building purposes Illinois far exceeds any
other State, the greater proportion of the output
in Pennsylvania being suitable only for flux.
Next to its employment as building stone, Illinois
limestone is chiefly used for street-work, a small
percentage being used for flux, and still less for
bridge-work, and but little for burning into lime.
The quarries in this State emplo}' 3,388 hands, and
represent a capital of 83,316,616, in the latter par-
ticular also ranking next to Pennsylvania. The
quarries are found in various parts of the State,
but the most productive and most valuable are in
the northern section.
LINCOLN, an incorporated city, and county-
seat of Logan County, at the intersection of the
Chicago & Alton, the Champaign and Havana
and the Peoria, Decatur and Evansville Divi-
sions of the Illinois Central Railroad; is 28 miles
northeast of Springfield, and 157 miles southwest
of Chicago. The surrounding country is devoted
to agriculture, stock-raising and coal-mining.
Considerable manufacturing is carried on, among
the products being flour, brick and drain tile.
The city has water-works, fire department, gas
and electric ligliting plant, telephone system,
machine shops, eigliteen churches, good schools,
three national banks, a public library, electric
street railways, and several newspapers. Besides
possessing good schools, it is the seat of Lincoln
University (a Cumberland Presbyterian institu-
tion, founded in 1865) The Odd Fellows'
Orphans' Home and the Illinois (State) Asylum
for Feeble-Minded Children are also located here.
Population (1890), 6,735; (1900), 8,963; (1903, est.),
12,000.
LINCOLN, Abraham, sixteenth President of the
United States, was born in Hardin County, Ky. ,
Feb. 13, 1809, of Quaker-English descent, his
grandfather having emigrated from Virginia to
Kentucky about 1780, where he was killed by the
Indians in 1784. Thomas Lincoln, the father of
Abraham, settled in Indiana in 1816, and removed
to Macon County in 1830. Abraham was the
issue of his father's first marriage, his mother's
maiden name being Nancy Hanks. The early
occupations of the future President were varied.
He served at difiierent times as farm-laborer, flat-
boatman, country salesman, merchant, surveyor,
lawyer, State legislator, Congressman and Presi-
dent. In 1833 he enlisted for the Black Hawk
War, and was chosen Captain of his company;
was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature
the same year, but elected two years later.
About this time he turned his attention to the
study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1836,
and, one year later, began practice at Springfield.
By successive re-elections he served in the House
until 1843, when he declined a re-election. In
1838, and again in 1840, he was the Whig candi-
date for Speaker of the House, on both occasions
being defeated by William L. D. Ewing. In 1841
he was an applicant to President William Henry
Harrison for the position of Commissioner of the
General Land Office, the appointment going to
Justin Butterfield. His next official position was
that of Representative in the Thirtieth Congress
(1847-49). From that time he gave his attention
to his profession until 1855, when he was a lead-
ing candidate for the United States Senate in
opposition to the principles of the Nebraska Bill,
but failed of election, Lyman Trumbull being
chosen. In 1856, he took a leading part in the
organization of the Republican party at Bloom-
ington, and, in 1858, was formally nominated by
the Republican State Convention for the United
States Senate, later engaging in a joint debate
with Senator Douglas on party issues, during
which they delivered speeches at seven diff'erent
cities of the State. Although he again failed to
secure the prize of an election, owing to the char-
acter of the legislative apportionment then in
force, which gave a majority of the Senators and
Representatives to a Democratic minority of the
voters, his burning, incisive utterances on the
subject of slavery attracted the attention of the
whole country, and prepared the way for the
future triumph of the Republican party. Previ-
ous to this he had been four times (1840, '44, '53,
and '56) on the ticket of his party as candidate
for Presidential Elector. In 1860, he was the
nominee of the Republican party for the Presi-
dency and was chosen by a decisive majority in
the Electoral College, though receiving a minor-
. ity of the aggregate popular vote. Unquestion-
ably his candidacy was aided by internal
dissensions in the Democratic party. His election
and his inauguration (on March 4, 1861) were
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
made a pretext for secession, and he met the
issue with promptitude and firmness, tempered
with kindness and moderation towards the se-
cessionists. He was re-elected to the Presidency
in 1864, the vote in the Electoral College standing
213 for Lincoln to 21 for his opponent, Gen.
George B. McClellan. The history of Mr. Lin-
coln's life in the Presidential chair is the history
of the whole country during its most dramatic
period. Next to his success in restoring the
authority of the Government over the whole
Union, history Will, no doubt, record his issuance
of the Emancipation Proclamation of January,
1863, as the most important and far-reaching act
of his administration. And yet to this act, which
has embalmed his memory in the hearts of the
lovers of freedom and human justice in all ages
and in all lands, the world over, is due his death
at the hands of the assassin, J. Wilkes Booth, in
Washington City, April 15, 1865, as the result of
an assault made upon him in Ford's Theater the
evening previous — his death occurring one week
after the fall of Richmond and the surrender of
Lee's army — just as peace, with the restoration of
the Union, was assured. A period of National
mourning ensued, and he was accorded the honor
of a National funeral, his remains being finally
laid to rest in a mausoleum in Springfield. His
profound sympathy with every class of sufferers
during the War of the Rebellion ; his forbearance
in the treatment of enemies; his sagacity in
giving direction to public sentiment at home and
in dealing with international questions abroad;
his courage in preparing the way for the removal
of slavery — the bone of contention between the
warring sections — have given him a place in the
affections of the people beside that of Washington
himself, and won for him the respect and admi-
ration of all civilized nations.
LI>'COLJf, Robert Todd, lawyer, member of
the Cabinet and Foreign Minister, the son of
Abraham Lincoln, was born in Springfield, 111.,
August 1, 1843, and educated in the home schools
and at Harvard University, graduating from the
latter in 1864. During the last few months of
the Civil War, he served on the staff of General
Grant with the rank of Captain. After the war
he studied law and, on his admission to the bar,
settled in Chicago, finally becoming a member of
the firm of Lincoln & Isham. In 1880, he was
chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican
ticket, and, in March following, appointed Secre-
tary of War by President Garfield, serving to the
close of the term. In 1889 he became Minister to
England by appointment of President Harrison,
gaining high distinction as a diplomatist. This
was the last public office held by him. After the
death of George M. Pullman he became Acting
President of the Pullman Palace Car Company,
later being formally elected to that office, which
(1899) he still holds. Mr. Lincoln's name has
been frequently mentioned in connection with
the Republican nomination for the Presidency,
but its use has not been encouraged bv him.
LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS DEBATE, a name
popularly given to a series of joint discussions
between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Doug-
las, held at different points in the State during the
summer and autumn of 1858, while both were
candidates for the position of United States Sena-
tor. The places and dates of holding these
discussions were as follows: At Ottawa, August
21; at Freeport, August 27; at Jonesboro, Sept.
15; at Charleston, Sept. 18; at Galesburg, Oct. 7;
at Quincy, Oct. 13; at Alton, Oct. 15. Immense
audiences gathered to hear these debates, which
have become famous in the political history of
the Nation, and the campaign was the most noted
in the history of any State. It resulted in the
securing by Douglas of a re-election to the Senate ;
but his answers to the shrewdly-couched interrog-
atories of Lincoln kd to the alienation of his
Southern following, the disruption of the Demo-
cratic party in 1860, and the defeat of his Presi-
dential aspirations, with the placing of Mr.
Lincoln prominently before the Nation as a
sagacious political leader, and his final election
to the Presidency.
LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, an institution located
at Lincoln, Logan County, 111., incorporated in
1865. It is co-educational, has a faculty of eleven
instructors and, for 1896-8, reports 209 pupils —
ninety-one male and 118 female. Instruction
is given in the classics, the sciences, music, fine
arts and preparatory studies. The institution
has a library of 3,000 volumes, and reports funds
and endowment amounting to §60,000, with
property valued at §55,000.
LINDER, Usher F., lawyer and politician, was
born in Elizabethtown, Hardin Coimty, Ky. (ten
miles from the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln),
March 20, 1809; came to Illinois in 1835, finally
locating at Charleston, Coles County ; after travel-
ing the circuit a few months was elected Repre-
sentative in the Tenth General Assembly (1836),
but resigned before the close of the session to
accept the office of Attorney-General, which he
held less than a year and a half, when he resigned
that also. Again, in 1846, he was elected txD the
Fifteenth General Assembly and re-elected to the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
339
Sisteenth and Seventeenth, afterwards giving his
attention to the practice of his profession. Mr.
Linder, in his best days, was a fluent speaker with
some elements of eloquence which gave him a
wide popularity as a campaign orator. Originally
a "Whig, on the dissolution of that party he
became a Democrat, and, in 1860, was a delegate
to the Democratic National Convention at
Charleston, S. C. , and at Baltimore. During the
last four years of his life he wrote a series of
articles under the title of "Reminiscences of the
Early Bench and Bar of Illinois," which was pub-
lished in book form in 1876. Died in Chicago,
June 5, 1876.
lUTEGAR, David T., legislator, was born in
Ohio, Feb. 13, 1830; came to Spencer County,
Ind., in 1840, and to Wayne County, 111., in 1858,
afterward locating at Cairo, where he served as
Postmaster during the Civil War; was a Repub-
lican Presidential Elector in 1872, but afterwards
became a Democrat, and served as such in the
lower branch of the General Assembly (1880-86).
Died at Cairo, Feb. 2, 1886.
LIPPI>'COTT, Charles E., State Auditor, was
born at Edwardsville, 111., Jan. 26, IBi'i; attended
Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not
graduate; in 1849 graduated from the St. Louis
Medical College, and began the practice of medi-
cine at Chandlerville, Cass County. In 1852 he
went to California, remaining there five years,
taking an active part in the anti-slavery contest,
and serving as State Senator (1853-55). In 1857,
having returned to Illinois, he resumed practice
at Chandlerville, and, in 1861, under authority of
Governor Yates, recruited a company which was
attached to the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry as
Company K, and of which he was commissioned
Captain, having declined the lieutenant-colo-
nelcy. Within twelve months he became Colonel,
and, on Sept. 16, 1865, was mustered out as brevet
Brigadier-General. In 1866 he reluctantly con-
sented to lead the Republican forlorn hope as a
candidate for Congress in the (then) Ninth Con-
gressional District, largely reducing the Demo-
cratic majority. In 1867 he was elected Secretary
of the State Senate, and the same year chosen
Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives at
Washington. In 1868 he was elected State Audi-
tor, and re-elected in 1872 ; also served as Perma-
nent President of the Republican State Conven-
tion of 1878. On the establishment of the Illinois
Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, he became
its first Superintendent, assuming his duties in
March, 1887, but died Sept. 13, following, as a
result of injuries received from a runaway team
while driving through the grounds of the institu-
tion a few days previous. — Emily Webster
Chandler (Lippincott), wife of the jireceding,
was born March 13, 1833, at Chandlerville, Cass
County, 111., the daughter of Dr. Charles Chand-
ler, a prominent physician widely known in that
section of the State ; was educated at Jacksonville
Female Academy, and married, Dec. 25, 1851, to
Dr. (afterwards General) Charles E. Lippincott.
Soon after the death of her husband, in Septem-
ber, 1887, Mrs. Lippincott, who had already
endeared herself by her acts of kindness to the
veterans in the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, was
appointed Matron of the institution, serving until
her death. May 21, 1895. The respect in which
she was held by the old soldiers, to whose com-
fort and necessities she had ministered in hos-
pital and elsewhere, was shown in a most touching
manner at the time of her death, and on the
removal of her remains to be laid by the side of
her husband, in Oak Ridge Cemetery at Spring-
field.
LIPPIXCOTT, (Rev.) Thomas, early clergy-
man, was born in Salem, N. J., in 1791; in 1817
started west, arriving in St. Louis in February,
1818 ; the same year established himself in mer-
cantile business at Milton, then a place of some
importance near Alton. This place proving
unhealthy, he subsequently removed to Edwards-
ville, where he was for a time employed as clerk
in the Land Office. He afterwards served as
Secretary of the Senate (1822-28). That he was a
man of education and high intelligence, as well
as a strong opponent of slavery, is shown by his
writings, in conjunction with Judge Samuel D.
Lockwood. George Churchill and others, in oppo-
sition to the scheme for secviring the adoption of
a pro-slavery Constitution in Illinois in 1824. In
1825 he purchased from Hooper Warren "The
Edwardsville Spectator," which he edited for a
year or more, but soon after entered the ministry
of the Presbyterian Church and became an influ-
ential factor in building up that denomination in
Illinois. He was also partly instrumental in
securing the location of Illinois College at Jack-
sonville. He died at Pana, 111., April 13, 1869.
Gen. Charles E. Lippincott, State Auditor
(1869-77), was a son of the subject of this sketch.
LIQUOR LAWS. In the early history of the
State, the question of the regulation of the sale of
intoxicants was virtually relegated to the control
of the local authorities, who granted license, col-
lected fees, and fixed the tariff of charges. As
early as 1851, however, the General Assembly,
with a view to mitigating what it was felt had
340
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
become a growing evil, enacted a law popularly
known as the "quart law," which, it was hoped,
would do away with the indiscriminate sale of
liquor by the glass. The law failed to meet the
expectation of its framers and supporters, and, in
1855, a prohibitory law was submitted to the elect-
ors, which was rejected at the polls. Since that
date a general license system has prevailed, except
in certain towns and cities where prohibitorj-
ordinances were adopted. The regulations gov-
erning the traffic, therefore, have been widely
variant in different localities. The Legislature,
however, has always possessed the same constitu-
tional power to regulate the sale of intoxicants,
as aconite, henbane, strychnine, or other poisons.
In 1S79 the Woman's Christian Temperance
Union began the agitation of the license question
from a new standpoint. In JIarch of that year, a
delegation of Illinois women, headed by Miss
Frances E. Willard, presented to the Legislature
a monster petition, signed by 80,000 voters and
100,000 women, praying for the amendment of
the State Constitution, so as to give females above
the age of 21 the right to vote upon the granting
of licenses in the localities of their residences.
Miss Willard and ilrs. J. Ellen Foster, of Iowa,
addressed the House in its favor, and Miss
Willard spoke to the Senate on the same lines.
The measure was defeated in the House by a vote
of fifty-five to fifty-three, and the Senate took no
action. In 1881 the same bill was introduced
anew, but again failed of passage. Nevertheless,
persistent agitation was not without its results.
In 1883 the Legislature enacted what is generally
termed the "High License Law," by the provi-
sions of which a minimum license of §500 per
annum was imposed for the sale of alcoholic
drinks, and 6150 for malt liquors, with the
authority on the part of municipalities to impose
a still higher rate by ordinance. This measure
was made largely a partisan issue, the Repub-
licans voting almost solidly for it, and the Demo-
crats almost solidly opposing it. The bill was
promptly signed by Governor Hamilton. The
liquor laws of Illinois, therefore, at the present
time are based upon local option, high license and
local suiiervision. The criminal code of the State
contains the customary provisions respecting the
sale of stimulants to minors and other prohibited
parties, or at forbidden times, but, in the larger
cities, many of the provisions of the State law
are rendered practically inoperative by the
municipal ordinances, or absolutely nullified by
the indifference or studied neglect of the local
officials.
LITCHFIELD, tlie principal city of Jlontgom-
ery County, at the intersection of Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis, the Wabash and the Illinois
Central, with three other short-line railways, 43
miles south of Springfield and 47 miles northeast
of St. Louis. The surrounding country is fer-
tile, undulating prairie, in which are found coal,
oil and natural gas. A coal mine is operated
within the corporate limits. Grain is extensively
raised, and Litchfield has several elevators, flour-
ing mills, a can factory, briquette works, etc.
The output of the manufacturing establishments
also includes foundry and machine shop prod-
ucts, brick and tile, brooms, ginger ale and cider.
The city is lighted by both gas and electricity,
and has a Holly water-works system, a public
library and public parks, two banks, twelve
churches, high and graded schools, and an Ursu-
line convent, a Catholic hospital, and two
monthly, two weekly, and two daily periodicals.
Population (IS'JD). 5,811; (1900), 5,918; (1903,
est ). T,000.
LITCHFIELD, CARROLLTOX & WESTERN
RAILROAD, a line which extends from Colum-
biana, on the Illinois River, to Barnett, 111., 51.5
miles ; is of standard gauge, the track being laid
with fifty -six pound steel rails. It was opened
for business, in three different sections, from 1883
to 1887, and for three years was operated in con-
nection with the Jacksonville Southeastern
Railway. In May, 1890, the latter was sold under
foreclosure, and, in November, 1893, the Litch-
field, Carrollton & Western reverted to the
former owners. Six months later it passed into
the hands of a receiver, by whom (iqi to 1898) it
has since been operated. The general offices
are at Carlinville
LITTLE, George, merchant and banker, was
born in Columbia, Pa., in 1808; came to Rush-
ville. 111., in 1836, embarking in the mercantile
business, which he prosecuted sixty years. In
1865 he established the Bank of Rushville, of
which he was President, in these two branches of
business amassing a large fortune. Died, March
5, 1896.
LITTLE TERMILIOX RIVER rises in Ver-
milion Count}', 111., and flows eastwardly into
Indiana, emptying into the Wabash in Vermilion
County, Ind.
LITTLE WABASH RIVER, rises in Effingham
and Cumberland Counties, flows east and south
through Clay, Wayne and White, and enters the
Wabash River about 8 miles above the mouth of
the latter. Its estimated length is about 180
miles.
niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
341
LITTLER, David T., lawyer and State Senator,
was born at Clifton, Greene County, Ohio, Feb.
7, 1836; was educated in the common schools in
his native State and, at twentj^-one, removed to
Lincoln, 111., where he worked at the carpenter's
trade for two years, meanwhile studying law. He
was admitted to the bar in 18G0, soon after was
elected a Justice of the Peace, and later appointed
Master in Chancery. In 1866 he was appointed
by President Johnson Collector of Internal
Revenue for the Eiglith District, but resigned in
1868, removing to Springfield the same year,
where he entered into partnership with the late
Henry S. Greene, Milton Hay being admitted to
the firm soon after, the partnership continuing
until 1881. In 1882 Mr. Littler was elected
Representative in the Thirty-fourth General
Assembly from Sangamon County, was re-elected
in 1886, and returned to the Senate in 1894, serv-
ing in the latter body four years. In both Houses
Mr. Littler took a specially prominent part in
legislation on tlie revenue question.
LITERMORE, Mary Ashton, reformer and phi-
lanthropist, was born (Mary Ashton Rice) in
Boston, Mass., Dec. 19, 1831; taught for a time in
a female seminary in Charlestown, and spent two
years as a governess in Southern Virginia ; later
married Rev. Daniel P. Livermore, a Universalist
minister, who held pa.storates at various places in
Massachusetts and at Quincy, 111., becoming
editor of "The New Covenant" at Chicago, in
1857. Dm-ing this time Mrs. Livermore wrote
much for denominational papers and in assisting
her husband; in 1863 was appointed an agent,
and traveled extensively in the interest of the
United States Sanitary Commission, visiting
hospitals and camps in the Mississipi^i Valley;
also took a prominent part in the great North-
western Sanitary Fair at Chicago in 1863. Of
late years she has labored and lectured exten-
sively in the interest of woman sufl'rage and tem-
perance, besides being the author of several
volumes, one of these being "Pen Pictures of
Chicago" (186.j). Her home is in Boston.
LIYINGSTOX COUXTT, situated about mid-
way between Chicago and Springfield. Tlie sur-
face is rolling toward the east, but is level in the
west; area, 1,036 square miles; population (1900),
42,035, named for Edward Livingston. It was
organized in 1837, the first Commissioners being
Robert Breckenridge, Jonathan Moon and Daniel
Rockwood. Pontiac was selected as the county-
seat, the proprietors donating ample lands and
S3, 000 in cash for the erection of public buildings.
Vermilion River and Indian Creek are the prin-
cipal streams. Coal underlies the entire county,
and shafts are in successful operation at various
points. It is one of the chief agricultural coun-
ties of the State, the yield of oats and corn being
large. Stock-raising is also extensively carried
on. The development of the count}' really dates
from the opening of the Chicago & Alton Rail-
road in 1854, since which date it has been crossed
by numerous other lines. Pontiac, the county-
seat, is situated on the Vermilion, is a railroad
center and the site of the State Reform School.
Its population in 1890 was 2,784. Dwight has
attained a wide reputation as the seat of the
parent "Keeley" Institute for the cure of the
liquor habit.
LOCKPORT, a village in Will County, laid out
in 1837 and incorporated in 1853- situated 33
miles southwest of Chicago, on the Des Plaines
River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal, the Atchi-
son, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Chicago & Alton
Railroads. Tlie surrounding region is agricul-
tural; limestone is extensively quarried. Manu-
factures are flour, oatmeal, brass goods, paper
and strawboard. It has ten churches, a public
and high school, pai-ochial schools, a bank, gas
plant, electric car lines, and one weekly paper.
The controlling works of the Chicago Drainage
Canal and offices of the Illinois & Michigan Canal
are located here. Population (1890), 3,449;
(1900), 3,659.
LOCKWOOD, Samuel Brake, jurist, was born
at Poundridge, Westchester County, N. Y.,
August 2, 1789, left fatherless at the age of ten,
after a few months at a private school in New
Jersey, he went to live with an uncle (Francis
Drake) at Waterford, N. Y., with whom he
studied law, being admitted to the bar at Batavia,
N. Y., in 1811. In 1813 he removed to Auburn,
and later became Master in Chancery. In 1818
he descended the Ohio River upon a flat-boat in
company with William H. Brown, afterwards of
Chicago, and walking across the country from
Shawneetown, arrived at Kaskaskia in Decem-
ber, but finally settled at Carmi, where he
remained a year. In 1831 he was elected Attor-
ney-General of the State, but resigned the fol-
lowing year to accept the position of Secretary of
State, to which he was appointed by Governor
Coles, and which he filled only three months,
when President Monroe made him Receiver of
Public Moneys at Edwardsville. About the same
time he was also appointed agent of the First
Board of Canal Commissioners. The Legislature
of 1824-35 elected him Judge of the Supreme
Court, his service extending until the adoption
348
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
of the Constitution of 1848, which he assisted in
framing as a Delegate from Morgan County. In
1851 he was made State Trustee of the Illinois
Central Railroad, which office he held until his
death. He was always an uncompromising
antagonist of slavery and a leading supporter of
Governor Coles in opposition to the plan to secure
a pro-slavery Constitution in 1824. His personal
and political integrity was recognized by all
parties. From 1828 to 1853 Judge Lockwood was
a citizen of Jacksonville, where he proved him-
self an elficient friend and patron of Illinois Col-
lege, serving for over a quarter of a century as
one of its Trustees, and was also influential in
securing several of the State charitable institu-
tions there. His later years were spent at
Batavia, where he died, April 23, 1874, in the 85th
year of his age.
LODA, a village of Iroquois County, on the
Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railway,
4 miles north of Paxton. The region is agricul-
tural, and the town has considerable local trade.
It also has a bank and one weekly paper.
Population (1880), 635; (1890), 598; (1900), 668.
LOGAN, Cornelius Ambrose, physician and
diplomatist, born at Deerfield, Mass., August 6,
1836, the son of a dramatist of the same name ;
was educated at Auburn Academy and served as
Medical Superintendent of St. John's Hospital,
Cincinnati, and, later, as Professor in the Hos-
pital at Leavenworth, Kan. In 1873 he was
appointed United States Minister to Chili, after-
wards served as Minister to Guatemala, and again
(1881) as Minister to Chili, remaining until 1883.
He was for twelve years editor of "The Medical
Herald," Leaven wortli, Kan., and edited the
works of his relative. Gen. John A. Logan (1886),
besides contributing to foreign medical publi-
cations and publishing two or three volumes on
medical and sanitary questions. Resides in
Chicago.
LOttAN, John, physician and soldier, was born
in Hamilton County, Ohio, Dec. 30, 1809; at six
years of age was taken to Missouri, his family
settling near the Grand Tower among tlie Shaw-
nee and Delaware Indians. He began business
as clerk in a New Orleans commission house, but
returning to Illinois in 1830, engaged in the
blacksmith trade for two years; in 1831 enlisted
in the Ninth Regiment Illinois Militia and took
part in the Indian troubles of that year and the
Black Hawk War of 1832, later being Colonel of
the Forty-fourth Regiment State Militia. At the
close of the Black Hawk War he settled in
Carlinville, and having graduated in medicine,
engaged in practice in that place until 1861. At
the beginning of the war he raised a company
for the Seventh Illinois Volunteers, but the quota
being already full, it was not accepted. He was
finally commissioned Colonel of the Thirty-
second Illinois Volunteers, and reported to Gen-
eral Grant at Cairo, in January, 1862, a few weeks
later taking part in the battles of Forts Henry
and Donelson. Subsequently he had command
of the Fourth Division of the Army of the Ten-
nessee under General Hurlbut. His regiment
lost heavily at the battle of Shiloh, he himself
being severely wounded and compelled to leave
the field. In December, 1864, he was discharged
with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. In
1866 Colonel Logan was appointed by President
Johnson United States Marshal for the Southern
District of Illinois, serving until 1870, when he
resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin-
ville. Originally a Democrat, he became a
Republican on the organization of that party,
serving as a delegate to the first Republican State
Convention at Bloomington in 1856. He was a
man of strong personal characteristics and an
earnest patriot. Died at his home at Carlinville,
August 24, 1885.
LOGAN, John Alexander, soldier and states-
man, was born at old Brownsville, the original
county-seat of Jackson County, 111., Feb. 9, 1826,
the son of Dr. John Logan, a native of Ireland
and an early immigrant into Illinois, where he
attained prominence as a public man. Young
Logan volunteered as a private in the Mexican
War, but was soon promoted to a lieutenancy,
and afterwards became Quartermaster of his
regiment. He was elected Clerk of Jackson
County in 1849, but resigned the office to prose-
cute his law studies. Having graduated from
Louisville University in 1851, he entered into
partnership with his uncle, Alexander M. Jenk-
ins ; was elected to the Legislature as a Democrat
in 1852, and again in 1856, having been Prosecut-
ing Attorney in the interim. He was chosen a
Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket in
1856, was elected to Congress in 1858, and again
in 1860, as a Douglas Democrat. During the
special session of Congress in 1861, he left his
seat, and fought in the ranks at Bull Run. In
September, 1861, he organized the Thirty-first
Regiment Illinois Infantry, and was commis-
sioned by Governor Yates its Colonel. His mili-
tary career was brilliant, and he rapidly rose to
be Major-General. President Johnson tendered
him the mission to Mexico, which he declined.
In 1866 he was elected as a Republican to Con-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
343
gress for the State-at-large, and acted as one of
the managers in the impeachment trial of tlie
President; was twice re-elected and, in 1871, was
chosen United States Senator, as he was again in
1879. In 1884 he was an unsuccessful candidate
for the Presidential nomination at the Republican
Convention in Chicago, but was finally placed on
the ticket for the Vice-Presidency with James G.
Blaine, the ticket being defeated in November
following. In 1885 he was again elected Senator,
but died during his term at Washington, Dec. 26,
1886. General Logan was the author of "The
Great Conspiracy" and of "The Volunteer Soldier
of America." In 1897 an equestrian statue was
erected to his memory on the Lake Front Park in
Chicago.
LOGAN, Stephen Trigg, eminent Illinois jurist,
was born in Franklin County, Ky., Feb. 2-1, 1800;
studied law at Glasgow, Ky., and was admitted
to the bar before attaining his majority. After
practicing in his native State some ten years, in
1832 he emigrated to Illinois, settling in Sanga-
mon County, one year later opening an oflice at
Springfield. In 183.5 he was elevated to the
bench of the First Judicial Circuit ; resigned two
years later, was re-commissioned in 1839, but
again resigned. In 1842, and again in 1844
and 1846, he was elected to the General Assem-
bly; also served as a member of the Consti-
tutional Convention of 1847. Between 1841
and 1844 he was a partner of Abraham Lin-
coln. In 1854 he was again chosen a member
of the lower house of the Legislature, was
a delegate to the Republican National Conven-
tion in 1860, and, in 1861, was commLssioned
by Governor Yates to represent Illinois in the
Peace Conference, which assembled in Wash-
ington. Soon afterward he retired to private
Ufe. As an advocate his ability was widely
recognized. Died at Springfield, July 17, 1880.
LOGAN COUNTY, situated in the central part
of the State, and having an area of about 620
square miles. Its surface is cliiefly a level or
moderately undulating prairie, with some high
ridges, as at Elkhart. Its soil is extremely fertile
and well drained by numerous creeks. Coal-
mining is successfully carried on. The other
staple products are corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle
and pork. Settlers began to locate in 1819-22,
and the county was organized in 1839, being
originally cut off from Sangamon. In 1840 a
portion of Tazewell was added and, in 1845, a
part of De Witt County. It was named in honor
of Dr. John Logan, father of Senator John A.
Logan. Postville was the first county-seat, but,
in 1847, a chjjnge was made to Mount Pulaski,
and, later, to Lincoln, which is the present capi-
tal. Population (1890), 25,489; (1900), 28,680.
LOMBARD, a village of Dupage County, on the
Chicago & Great Western and the Chicago &
Northwestern Railways. Population (1880), 378;
(1890), .515; (1900), 590.
LOMBARD UNIVERSITY, an institution at
Galesburg under control of the Universalist
denomination, founded in 1851. It has prepara-
tory, collegiate and theological departments.
The collegiate department includes both classical
and scientific courses, with a specially arranged
course of three years for young women, who con-
stitute nearly half the number of students. The
University has an endowment of .$200,000, and
owns additional property, real and personal, of
the value of $100,000. In 1898 it reported a fac-
ulty of thirteen professors, with an attendance of
191 students.
LONDON MILLS, a village and railway station
of Fulton County, on the Fulton Narrow Gauge
and Iowa Central Railroads, 19 miles southeast
of Galesburg. The district is agricultural; the
town has two banks and a weekly newspaper;
fine brick clay is mined. Pop. (1900), .528.
LONG, Stephen Harriman, civil engineer, was
born in Hopkinton, N. H., Dec. 30, 1784; gradu-
ated at Dartmouth College in 1809, and, after
teaching some years, entered the United States
Army in December, 1814, as a Lieutenant in the
Corps of Engineers, acting as Assistant Professor
of Mathematics at West Point; in 1816 was trans-
ferred to the Topographical Engineers with the
brevet rank of Major. From 1818 to 1823 he had
charge of explorations between the Mississippi
River and the Rocky Mountains, and, in 1823-24,
to the sources of the Mississippi. One of the
highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains was named
in his honor. Between 1827 and 1830 he was
employed as a civil engineer on the Baltimore &
Ohio Railroad, and from 1837 to 1840, as Engineer-
in-Chief of the Western & Atlantic Railroad, in
Georgia, where he introduced a system of curves
and a new kind of truss bridge afterwards gener-
ally adopted. On the organization of the Topo-
graphical Engineers as a separate corps in 1838,
he became Major of that body, and, in 1861, chief,
with the rank of Colonel. An account of his
first expedition to the Rocky Mountains (1819-20)
by Dr. Edwin James, was published in 1823, and
the following year appeared "Long's Expedition
to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake of the
Wood.s, Etc." He was a member of the Ameri-
can Philosophical Society and the author of the
344
niSTOEICxVL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
first original treatise on railroad building ever
publislied in this country, under the title of
"Railroad Manual" (1829). During the latter
days of his life his home was at Alton, 111. , where
he died, Sept. 4, 1864. Though retired from
active service in June, 1863, he continued in the
discharge of important duties up to his death.
LONGENECKER, Joel M., lawyer, %vas born in
Crawford County, 111., June 12, 1847; before
reaching his eighteenth year he enlisted in the
Fifth Illinois Cavalry, servinguntil the close of the
war. After attending the high school at Robinson
and teaching for some time, he began the study
of law and was admitted to the bar at Olney in
1870; served two years as City Attorney and four
(1877-81) as Prosecuting Attorney, in the latter
year removing to Chicago. Here, in 1884, he be-
came the assistant of Luther Laflin Mills in the
office of Prosecuting Attorney of Cook County,
retaining that position with Mr. Jlills' successor,
Judge Grinnell. On the promotion of the latter
to the bench, in 1886, Mr. Longenecker succeeded
to the office of Prosecuting Attorney, continuing
in that position until 1892. "While in this office
he conducted a large number of important crimi-
nal cases, the most important, perliaps, being the
trial of the murderers of Dr. Cronin, in which he
gained a wide reputation for skill and ability as
a prosecutor in criminal cases.
LOOMIS, (Bev.) Hubbell, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born in Colchester, Conn., May 31.
1775; prepared for college in the common scliools
and at Plainfield Academy, in his native State,
finally graduating at Union College, N. Y., in
1799 — having supported himself during a con-
siderable part of his educational course by
manual labor and teaching. He subsequently
studied theology, and, for twenty-four j-ears,
served as pastor of a Congregational chiu-ch at
Willington, Conn., meanwhile fitting a number
of young men for college, including among them
Dr. Jared Sparks, afterwards President of Har-
vard College and author of numerous historical
works. About 1829 his views on the subject of
baptism underwent a change, resulting in his
uniting himself with the Baptist Church. Com-
ing to Illinois soon after, he spent some time at
Kaska.skia and Edwardsville, and, in 1832, located
at Upper Alton, where he became a prominent
factor in laying the foundation of Shurtleff Col-
lege, first by the establishment of the Baptist
Seminary, of which he was the Principal for
several years, and later by assisting, in 1835, to
secure the charter of the college in which the
seminary was merged. His name stood first on
the list of Trustees of the new institution, and,
in proportion to his means, he was a liberal con-
tributor to its support in the period of its infancy.
The latter years of his life were sjient among his
books in literary and scientific pursuits. Died at
Upper Alton, Dec. 15, 1872, at the advanced age
of nearly 98 years. — A son of his — Prof. Elias
Loomis — an eminent mathematician and natural-
ist, was the author of "Loomis" Algebra" and
other scientific text-books, in extensive use in the
colleges of the country. He held professorships
in various institutions at different times, the last
being that of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy
in Yale College, from 1860 up to his death in 1889.
LORIMER, William, Member of Congress, was
born in Manchester, England, of Scotch parent-
age, April 27, 1861 ; came with his parents to
America at five years of age, and, after spending
some years in Michigan and Ohio, came to Chi-
cago in 1870, where he entered a private school.
Having lost his father bj- death at twelve years
of age, he became an apprentice in the sign-paint-
ing business; was afterwards an employe on a
street-railroad, finally engaging in the real-estate
business and serving as an appointee of ilayor
Roche and Maj-or AVashburne in the city water
department. In 1892 he was the Republican
nominee for Clerk of the Superior Court, but was
defeated. Two years later he was elected to the
Fifty- fourth Congress from the Second Illinois
District, and re-elected in 1896, as he was again
in 1898. His plurality in 1896 amounted to 26,736
votes.
LOUISVILLE, The county-seat of Clay County ;
situated on the Little Waba.sh River and on the
Springfield Division of the Baltimore & Oliio
Southwestern Railroad. It is 100 miles south-
southeast of Springfield and 7 miles north of
Flora; has a courthouse, three churches, a high
school, a savings bank and t«-o weekly news-
papers. Population (l8;-)0) 637; (1900) 646.
LOUISVILLE, EVANSVILLE & NEW AL-
BAXT RAILROAD. (See LoitisviUe. EvansriUe
A- St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.)
LOUISVILLE, EVAXSVILLE & ST. LOUIS
(Consolidated) RAILROAD. The length of this
entire line is 858.55 miles, of which nearly 150
miles are operated in Illinois. It crosses the State
from East St. Louis to Mount Carmel, on the
Wabash River. "Within Illinois the system uses
a single track of standard gauge, laid with steel
rails on white-oak ties. The grades are usually
light, although, as the line leaves the Mississippi
bottom, the gradient is about two per cent or
105.6 feet per mile. The total capitalization
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
345
(1898) was §18,236,246, of which .$4,247,909 was in
stock and §10,568,350 in bonds. — (History.) The
original corporation was organized in both Indi-
ana and Illinois in 1869, and the Illinois section of
i,he line opened from Mount Carniel to Albion (18
miles) in January, 1873. The Indiana division
was sold under foreclosure in 1876 to the Louis-
ville, New Albany & St. Louis Railway Com-
pany, while the Illinois division was reorganized
in 1878 under the name of the St. Louis, Mount
Carmel & New Albany Railroad. A few months
later the two divisions were consolidated under
the name of the former. In 1881 this line was
again consolidated with the Evansville, Rockport
& Eastern Railroad (of Indiana), taking the name
of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railroad.
In 1889, by a still further consolidation, it
absorbed several short lines in Indiana and Illi-
nois— those in the latter State being the Illinois
& St. Louis Railroad and Coal Company, the
Belleville, Centralia & Eastern (projected from
Belleville to Mount Vernon) and the Venice &
Carondelet — the new organization assuming the
present name — Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis
(Consolidated) Railroad.
LOUISVILLE & NASHVILLE RAILROAD, a
corporation operating an extensive system of
railroads, chiefly south of the Ohio River and
extending through Kentucky and Tennessee
into Indiana. The portion of the line in Illinois
(known as the St. Louis, Evansville & Nashville
line) extends from East St. Louis to the Wabash
River, in White County (133.64 miles), with
branches from Belleville to O'Fallon (6.07 miles),
and from McLeansboro to Shawneetown (40.7
miles)— total, 180.41 miles. The Illinois Divi-
sion, though virtually owned by the operating
line, is formally leased frona the Southeast & St.
Louis Railway Company, whose corporate exist-
ence is merely nominal. The latter company
acquired title to the property after foreclosure
in November, 1880, and leased it in perpetuity to
the Louisville & Nashville Company. The total
earnings and income of the leased line in Illinois,
for 1898, were 81,052,789, and the total expendi-
tures (including 647,198 taxes) were 8057,12.").
LOUISVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See
Jacksonville & St. Louis Railii-ay.)
LOVE JOY, Elijah Parish, minister and anti-
slavery journalist, was born at Albion, Maine,
Nov. 9, 1802 — the son of a Congregational minis-
ter. He graduated at Waterville College in 1826,
came west and taught school in St. Louis in
1827, and became editor of a AVhig paper there in
1829. Later, he studied theology at Princeton
and was licensed as a Presbyterian minister in
1833. Returning to St. Louis, he started "The
Observer" — a religious weekly, which condemned
slave-holding. Threats of violence from the
pro-slavery party induced him to remove his
paper, presses, etc., to Alton, in July, 1836. Three
times within twelve months his plant was de-
stroyed by a mob. A fourth press having been
procured, a number of his friends agreed to pro-
tect it from destruction in the warehouse where
it was stored. On the evening of Nov. 7, 1837, a
mob, liaving assembled about the building, sent
one of their number to the roof to set it on fire.
Lovejoy, with two of his friends, stepped outside
to reconnoiter, when he was shot down by parties
in ambush, breathing his last a few minutes
later. His death did much to strengthen the
anti-slavery sentiment north of Mason and
Dixon's line. His party regarded him as a
martyr, and his death was made the text for
many impassioned and eflfective appeals in oppo-
sition to an institution which employed moboc-
racy and murder in its efforts to suppress free
discussion. (See Alton Riots.)
LOVEJOY, Owen, clergj-man and Congressman,
was born at Albion, Maine, Jan. 6, 1811. Being
the son of a clergyman of small means, he was
thrown upon his own resources, but secured a
collegiate education, graduating at Bowdoin
College. In 1836 he removed to Alton, 111., join-
ing his brother, Elijah Parish Lovejoy, who was
conducting an anti-slavery and religious joui-nal
there, and whose assassination by a pro-slaveiy
mob he witnessed the following year. (See Alton
Riots and Elijah P. Lovejoy.) This tragedy
induced him to devote his life to a crusade
against slavery. Having previously begun the
study of theology, he was ordained to the minis-
try and officiated for several years as pastor of a
Congregational church at Princeton. In 1847 he
was an unsuccessful candidate for the Constitu-
tional Convention on the '"Liberty" ticket, but, in
1854, was elected to the Legislature upon that
issue, and earnestl}' supported Abraham Lincoln
for United States Senator. Upon his election to
the Legislature he resigned his pastorate at
Princeton, his congregation presenting him with
a solid silver service in token of their esteem. In
1856 he was elected a Representative in Congress
by a majority of 7,000, and was re-elected for
three successive terms. As an orator he had few
equals in the State, while his courage in the
support of his principles was indomitable. In
the campaigns of 1856, "58 and "60 he rendered
valuable service to the Republican party, as he
346
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
did later in upholding the cause of the Union in
Congress. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 25,
1864.
LOVINGTOX, a village of Moultrie County, on
the Terre Haute-Peoria branch of the Vandalia
Line and the Bement & Altamont Division of the
Wabash Railway, 33 miles southeast of Decatur.
The town has two banks, a newspaper, water-
works, electric lights, telephones and volunteer
fire department. Pop. (1890), 767; (1900), 815.
LTJDLAM, (Dr.) Reuben, physician and author,
was born at Camden. N. J., Oct. 11, 1831, the son
of Dr. Jacob Watson Ludlam, an eminent phy-
sician who, in his later years, became a resident
■of Evanston, 111. The younger Ludlam, having
taken a course in an academy at Bridgeton,
N. J. , at sixteen years of age entered upon the
study of medicine with his father, followed by a
course of lectures at the University of Pennsyl-
vania, where he graduated, in 1852. Having
removed to Chicago the following year, he soon
after began an investigation of the homoeopathic
system of medicine, which resulted in its adop-
tion, and, a few years later, had acquired such
prominence that, in 1859, he was appointed Pro-
fessor of Physiolog)' and Pathology in the newly
estabUshed Hahnemann Medical College in the
city of Chicago, with which he continued to be
connected for nearly forty years. Besides serving
as Secretary of the institution at its inception, he
had, as early as 1854, taken a position as one of the
editors of "The Chicago Homoeopath,'' later
being editorially associated with "The North
American Journal of Homceopathy, " published in
New York City, and "The United States Medical
and Surgical Journal" of Chicago. He also
served as President of numerous medical associ-
ations, and, in 1877, was appointed by Governor
Cullom a member of the State Board of Health,
serving, by two subsequent reappointments, for a
period of fifteen years. In addition to his labors
as a lecturer and practitioner. Dr. Ludlam was
one of the most prolific authors on professional
lines in the city of Chicago, besides numerous
monographs on special topics, having produced a
"Course of Clinical Lectures on Diphtheria"
(1863); "Clinical and Didactic Lectures on the
Diseases of Women" (1871), and a translation
from the French of "Lectures on Clinical Medi-
cine" (1880). The second work mentioned is
recognized as a valuable text-book, and has
passed through seven or eiglit editions. A few
years after his first connection with the Hahne-
mann Medical College, Dr. Ludlam became Pro-
cessor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and, on the
death of President C. S. Smith, was chosen
President of the institution. Died suddenly from
Zieart disease, while preparing to perform a surgi-
cal operation on a patient in the Hahnemann
Medical College, April 29, 1899.
LUNDY, Beujamiii, early anti-slavery journal-
ist, was born in New Jersey of Quaker par-
entage; at 19 worked as a saddler at Wheeling,
Va. . where he first gained a practical knowle<lge
of the institution of slavery; later carried on
business at Mount Pleasant and St. Clairsville, O.,
where, in 1815, he organized an anti-slavery
association under the name of the "Union
Humane Society," also contributing anti-slavery
articles to "The Philanthropist," a paper pub-
lished at Mount Pleasant. Removing to St.
Louis, in 1819, he took a deep interest in the con-
test over the admission of Missouri as a slave State.
Again at Moimt Pleasant, in 1821, he began the
issue of "The Genius of Universal Emancipation,"
a monthly, which lie soon removed to Jonesbor-
ough, Tenn., and finally to Baltimore in 1824,
when it became a weekly. Mr. Lundy's trend
towards colonization is shown in the fact that he
made two visits (1825 and 1829) to Hayti, with a
view to promoting the colonization of emanci-
pated slaves in that island. Visiting the East in
1828, he made the acquaintance of William Lloyd
Garrison, who became a convert to his views and
a firm ally. The following winter he was as-
saulted by a slave-dealer in Baltimore and nearly
killed ; soon after removed liis paper to Washing-
ton and, later, to Philadelphia, where it took the
name of "The National Enquirer," being finally
merged into "The Pennsylvania Freeman." In
1838 his property was burned by the pro-slavery
mob which fired Pennsylvania Hall, and, in the
following winter, he removed to Lowell, La Salle
Co. , 111. , with a view to reviving his paper there,
but the design was frustrated by his early death,
which occurred August 22, 1839. The paper,
however, was revived by Zebina Eastman under
the nameof "The Geniusof Liberty, " but was re-
moved to Chicago, in 1842, and issued under the
name of "The Western Citizen.'' (See Eastman,
Zebina.)
LUNT, Orring'ton, capitalist and philanthro-
pist, was born in Bowdoinham, Maine, Dec. 24,
1815; came to Chicago in 1842, and engaged in
the grain commission business, becoming a mem-
ber of the Board of Trade at its organization.
Later, he became interested in real estate oper-
ations, fire and life insurance and in railway
enterprises, being one of the early promoters of
the Chicago & Galena Union, now a part of the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
347
■Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. He also took
an active part in municipal affairs, and. during
the War, was an efficient member of the "War
Finance Committee." A liberal patron of all
moral and benevolent enterprises, as shown by
his cooperation with the "Relief and Aid Soci-
ety" after the fire of 18T1. and his generous bene-
factions to the Young Men's Cliristian Association
and feeble churches, his most efficient service
was rendered to the cause of education as repre-
sented in the Northwestern University, of which
he was a Trustee from its organization, and much
of the time an executive officer. To his noble
benefaction the institution owes its splendid
library building, erected some years ago at a
cost of §100,000. In the future history of Chi-
cago, Mr. Limt's name will stand beside that of
J. Young Scammon, Walter L. Newberry, John
Crerar, and others of its most liberal benefactors.
Died, at his home in Evanston, April 5, 1S97.
LUSK, John T., pioneer, was born in South
Carolina, Nov. 7, 1784; brought to Kentucky in
1791 by his father (James Lusk), who established
a ferry across the Ohio, opposite the present town
of Golconda, in Pope County, 111. Lusk's Creek,
which empties into the Ohio in that vicinity,
took its name from this family. In 180.5 the sub-
ject of this sketch came to Madison County, 111.,
and settled near Edwardsville. During the War
of 1812-14 he was engaged in the service as a
"Ranger." When Edwardsville began its
growth, he moved into the town and erected a
house of hewn logs, a story and a half high and
containing three rooms, which became the first
iotel in the town and a place of considerable
historical note. Mr. Lusk held, at different
periods, the positions of Deputy Circuit Clerk,
€oimty Clerk, Recorder and Postmaster, dying,
Dec. 22, 1857,
LUTHERANS, The. While this sect in Illi-
nois, as elsewhere, is divided into many brandies,
it is a unit in accepting the Bible as the only in-
falhble rule of faith, in the use of Lutlier's small
Catechism in instruction of the young, in the
practice of infant baptism and confirmation at
an early age, and in acceptance of the Augsburg
Confession. Services are conducted, in various
sections of the country, in not less than twelve
different languages. The number of Lutheran
ministers in Illinois exceeds 400, who preach
in the English, German, Danish, Swedisli, Fin-
nish and Hungarian tongues. The churches
over which they preside recognize allegiance
to eight distinct ecclesiastical bodies, denomi-
nated synods, as follows : The Northern, South-
ern, Central and Wartburg Synods of the
General Synod; the Illinois-Missouri District of
the Synodical Conference; the Synod for the
Norwegian Evangelical Church; the Swedish-
Augustana, and the Indiana Synod of the General
Council. To illustrate the large proportion of the
foreign element in this denomination, reference
may be made to the fact that, of sixty-three
Lutheran chm-ches in Chicago, only four use the
English language. Of the remainder, thirty-
seven make use of the German, ten Swedish, nine
Norwegian and three Danish. The whole num-
ber of communicants in the State, in 1892, was
estimated at 90,000. The General Synod sustains
a German Theological Seminary in Chicago.
(See also Religious Denominations.
LYONS, a village of Cook County, 12 miles
southwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 486;
(1890), 732; (1900), 951
MACALISTER & STEBBIXS BONDS, the
name given to a class of State indebtedness
incurred in the year 1841, through the hypothe-
cation, by John D.Whiteside (then Fund Com-
missioner of the State of Illinois), with Messrs.
Macalister & Stebbins, brokers of New York
City, of 804 interest-bearing bonds of §1,000 each,
payable in 1865, upon which the said Macalister
& Stebbins advanced to the State §261,560.83.
This was done with the understanding that the
firm would make further advances sufficient to
increase the aggregate to forty per cent of the
face value of the bonds, but upon which no
further advances were actually made. In addi-
tion to these, there were deposited with the same
firm, within the next few months, with a like
understanding, internal improvement bonds and
State scrip amounting to §109,215.44 — making the
aggregate of State securities in their hands §913,-
215.44, upon which the State had received only
the amount already named — being 28.64 per cent
of the face value of such indebtedness. Attempts
having been made by the holders of these bonds
(with whom they had been hypothecated by
Macalister & Stebbins), to secure settlement on
their par face value, the matter became the sub-
ject of repeated legislative acts, the most impor-
tant of which were passed in 1847 and 1849 — both
reciting, in their respective preambles, the history
of the transaction. The last of these provided
for the issue to Macalister & Stebbins of new
bonds, payable in 1865, for the amount of princi-
pal and interest of the sum actually advanced
and foimd to be due, conditioned upon the sur-
render, by them, of the original bonds and other
348
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
evidences of indebtedness received by them in
1841. This the actual iiolders refused to accept,
and brought the case before the Supreme Court
in an effort to compel the Governor (who was
then ex-officio Fund Commissioner) to recognize
the full face of their claim. This the Supreme
Court refused to do, on the ground that, the
executive being a co-ordinate brancli of tlie Gov-
ernment, they had no authority over liis official
acts. In 18.59 a partial refunding of these bonds,
to the amount of .?114,000, was obtained from
Governor Bissell, who, being an invalid, was
probably but imperfectly acquainted with their
history and previous legislation on the subject.
Representations made to him led to a suspension
of the proceeding, and, as the bonds were not
transferable except on the books of the Funding
Agency in the office of the State Auditor, they
were treated as illegal and void, and were ulti-
mately surrendered by the holders on the basis
originally fixed, without loss to the State. In
1865 an additional act was passed requiring the
presentation, for payment, of the portion of the
original bonds still outstanding, on pain of for-
feiture, and this was finally done.
MACK, Alonzo W., legislator, was born at More-
town, Vt., in 1823; at 16 years of age settled at
Kalamazoo, Jlich, , later began the study of medi-
cine and graduated at Laporte, Ind., in 1844.
Then, having removed to Kankakee, 111., he
adopted the practice of law ; in 1858 was elected
Representative, and, in 1860 and '64, to the
Senate, serving tlirough five continuous sessions
(1858-68), In 1862 he assisted in organizing the
Seventy-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of
which he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned,
in January following, to take his seat in the
Senate. Colonel Mack, who was a zealous friend
of Governor Yates, was one of the leading spirits
in the establishment of "The Chicago Repub-
lican, " in May, 1865, and was its business mana-
ger the first year of its publication, but disagreeing
with the editor, Charles A. Dana, both finally
retired. Colonel Mack then resumed the practice
of law in Chicago, dying there, Jan. 4, 1871.
MACKINAW, the fir.st county -seat of Tazewell
County, at intersection of two railroad lines, 18
miles southeast of Peoria. The district is agri-
cultural and stock-raising. There are manufacto-
ries of farm implements, pressed brick, harness,
wagons and carriages, also a State bank and a
weekly paper. Population (1890), .545; (1900), 859.
MAC MILLAX, Thomas C, Clerk of United
States District Court, was born at Stranraer,
Scotland, Oct. 4, 18.50; came with his parents, in
1857, to Chicago, where he graduated from the
High School and spent some time in the Chicago
University; in 1873 became a reporter on "The
Chicago Inter Ocean;" two years later accom-
panied an exploring expedition to the Black HiUs
and, in 1875-70, represented that paper with
General Crook in the campaign against the Sioux.
After an extended tour in Europe, he assumed
charge of the "Curiosity Shop" department of
"The Inter Ocean," served on the Cook County
Board of Education and as a Director of the Chi
cago Public Library, besides eight years in the
General Assembly— 1885-89 in the House and 1889-
93in the Senate. In January, 1896, Mr. MacMillan
was appointed Clerk of the United States District
Court at Chicago. He has been a Trustee of Illi-
nois College since 1880, and, in 1885, received tlie
honorary degree of A.M. from that institution.
MACOMB, the county-seat of McDonough
County, situated on the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroad, 59 miles northeast of Quincy,
39 miles southwest of Galesburg. The principal
manufactures are sewer-pipes, drain-tile, pot-
tery, and school-desk castings. The city has
interurbau electric car line, banks, nine churches,
high school and four new.spapers; is the seat of
Western Illinois State Normal School, and West-
ern Preparatory School and Basiness College.
Population (18'.)0). 4.0.52; (1900), .5,37.5.
MACOX, a village in Macon County, on the Illi-
nois Central Railroad, 10 miles south by west of
Decatur. Macon County is one of the most fer-
tile in the corn belt, and the city is an important
shipping-point for corn. It has wagon and cigar
factories, four churches, a graded school, and a
weekly paper. Population (1890), 819; (1900), 705,
MACON COUNTY, situated near the geograph-
ical center of the State. The census of 1900 gave
its area as 580 square miles, and its population,
44,003. It was organized in 1829, and named for
Nathaniel Macon, a revolutionary soldier and
statesman. Tlie surface is chiefly level prairie,
although in parts there is a fair growth of timber.
The county is well drained by the Sangamon
River and its tributaries. The soil is that high
grade of fertility which one miglit e.xpect in the
corn belt of the central portion of the State.
Besides corn, oats, rye and barley are extensively
cultivated, while potatoes, sorghum and wool are
among the products. Decatur is the county-seat
and principal city in the heart of a rich agricul-
tural region. Maroa, in the northern part of the
county, enjoys considerable local trade.
MACOUPIN COUNTY, a south-central county,
with an area of 864 square miles and a population
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
349
of 42,256 in 1900. The word Macoupin is of
Indian derivation, signifying '•white potato."
The count}-, originally a part of Madison, and
later of Greene, was separately organized in 1829,
under the supervision of Setli Hodges, William
Wilcox and Theodorus Davis. The first court
house (of logs) was erected in 1830. It contained
but two rooms, and in pleasant weather juries
were wont to retire to a convenient grove to
deliberate upon their findings. The surface of
the county is level, with narrow belts of timber
following the course of the streams. The soil is
fertile, and both corn and wheat are extensively
raised. While agriculture is the chief industry
in the south, stock-raising is successfully carried
on in the north. Carlinville is the county-seat
and Bunker Hill, Stanton, Virden and Girard the
other principal towns.
MAC VEAGH, Franklin, merchant, lawyer
and politician, was born on a, farm in Chester
County, Pa., graduated from Yale University in
1862, and, two years later, from Columbia Law
School, New York. He was soon compelled to
abandon practice on account of ill-health, and
removed to Chicago, in September. 186.5, where he
embarked in business as a wholesale grocer. In
1874 he was chosen President of the Volunteer
Citizens' Association, which inaugurated many
important municipal reforms. He was thereafter
repeatedly urged to accept other offices, among
them the mayoraUty, but persistently refused
imtil 1894, when he accepted a nomination for
United States Senator b_v a State Convention of
the Democratic Party. He made a thorough can-
vass of the State, but the Republicans having
gained control of the Legislature, he was
defeated. He is the head of one of the most
extensive wholesale grocery establishments in
the city of Chicago.
MADISON COUNTY, situated in the southwest
division of the State, and bordering on the Mis-
sissippi River. Its area is about 740 square miles.
The surface of the county is hilly along the Mis-
sissippi bluffs, but generally either level or only
slightly undulating in the interior. The "Ameri-
can Bottom" occupies a strip of country along
the western border, four to six miles wide, as far
north as Alton, and is exceptionally fertile. The
county was organized in 1812, being the first
county set off from St. Clair County after the
organization of Illinois Territory, in 1809, and the
third within the Territory. It was named in
honor of James JNIadison, then President of the
United States. At that time it embraced sul>-
stantiaHy the whole of the northern part of tlie
State, but its limits were steadily reduced by
excisions iintil 1843. The soil is fertile, corn,
wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes being raised and
exported in large quantities. Coal seams under-
lie the soil, and carboniferous limestone crops out
in tlie neighborhood of Alton. American settlers
began first to arrive about 1800, the Judj-s, Gill-
hams and Whitesides being among the first, gen-
erally locating in the American Bottom, and
laying the foundation for the present county.
In the early history of the State, Madison County
was the home of a large number of prominent
men who exerted a large influence in sha^jing its
destiny. Among these were Governor Edwards,
Governor Coles, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood. and
many more whose names are intimately inter-
woven with State history. The county-seat is at
Edwardsville. and Alton is the principal city.
Population (1890), 51,585; (1900), 64,694.
MAGRUDER, Benjamin D., Justice of the
Supreme Court, was born near Natchez, Miss.,
Sept. 27, 1838; graduated from Yale College in
1856, and, for three years thereafter, engaged in
teaching in his father's private academy at
Baton Rouge, La. , and in reading law. In 1859
he graduated from the law department of the
University of Louisiana, and the same year
opened an office at Memphis, Tenn. At the out-
Ijreak of the Civil War, his sympathies being
strongly in favor of the Union, he came North,
and, after visiting relatives at New Haven,
Conn., settled at Chicago, in June, 1861. While
ever radically loyal, he refrained from enlisting
or taking part in political discussions during the
war, many members of his immediate family
being in the Confederate service. He soon
achieved and easily maintained a high standing
at the Chicago bar ; in 1868 was appointed Master
in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook
County, and, in 1885, was elected to succeed
Judge T. Lyle Dickey on the bench of the
Supreme Court, being re-elected for a full term
of nine years in 1888, and again in 1897. He was
Chief Justice in 1891-92.
MAKANDA, a village of Jackson County, on
the Illinois Central Railway, 49 miles north of
Cairo, in South Pass, in spur of Ozark Mountains.
It is in the midst of a rich fruit-growing region,
large amounts of this product being shipped there
and at Cobden. The place has a bank and a
weekly paper. Population (1900), 528.
MALTBY, Jasper A., soldier, was born in Ash-
tabula Covmty, Ohio, Nov. 3, 1826, served as a
private in the Jlexican War and was severely
wounded at Chapultepec. After his discharge he
350
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
established himself in the mercantile business at
Galena, 111. ; in 1861 entered the volunteer service
as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois
Infantry, was wounded at Fort Douelson, pro-
moted Colonel in November, 1863, and wounded
a second time at Vioksburg; commissioned
Brigadier-General in August. 1863; served
through the subsequent campaigns of the Army
of the Tennessee, and was mustered out, January,
1866. Later, he was appointed by the commander
of the district Mayor of Vicksburg, dying in that
office, Dec. 12, 1867.
MANCHESTER, a town of Scott County, on
the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton
Railway, 16 miles south of Jacksonville; has
some manufactures of pottery. Population
(1890), 408; (.1900), 430.
MANIERE, (ieorg'e, early Chicago lawyer and
jurist, born of Huguenot descent, at New Lon-
don, Conn., in 1817. Bereft of his father in 1831,
his mother removed to New York City, where he
began the study of law, occasionally contributing
to "The New York Mirror," then one of the
leading literary periodicals of the country. In
1835 he removed to Chicago, where he completed
his professional studies and was admitted to the
bar in 1839. His first office was a deputyship in
the Circuit Clerk's office; later, he was appointed
Master in Chancery, and served one term as
Alderman and two terms as City Attorney.
While filling the latter office he codified the
municipal ordinances. In 18.55 he was elected
Judge of the Circuit Court and re-elected in 1861
without opposition. Before the expiration of his
second term he died. May 21, 1863. He held the
office of School Commissioner from 1844 to 1852,
during which time, largely through his efforts,
the school system was remodeled and the im-
paired school fund placed in a satisfactory con-
dition. He was one of the organizers of the
Union Defense Committee in 1861, a member of
the first Board of Regents of the (old) Chicago
University, and prominently connected with
several societies of a semi-public character. He
was a polished writer and was, for a time, in edi-
torial control of "The Chicago Democrat."
MANN, James R., lawyer and Congressman, was
born on a farm near Bloomington, 111., Oct. 20,
1856, whence his father moved to Iroquois County
in 1867 ; graduated at the University of Illinois
in 1876 and at the Union College of Law in Chi-
cago, in 1881, after which he established himself
in practice in Chicago, finally becoming the head
of the law firm of Mann, Hayes & Miller ; in 1888
was elected Attorney of the village of Hyde Park
and, after the annexation of that municipality to-
the city of Chicago, in 1892 was elected Alderman
of the Thirty-second Ward, and reelected in
1894, while in the City Council becoming one of
its most prominent members; in 1894, served as
Temporary Chairman of the Republican State
Convention at Peoria, and, in 1895, as Chairman
of the Cook County Republican Convention. In
1896 he was elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty-
fifth Congress, receiving a plurality of 28,459
over the Free Silver Democratic candidate, and
26,907 majority over all. In 1898 he was a can-
didate for re-election, and was again successful, by
over 17,000 plurality, on a largely reduced vote.
Other positions held by Mr. Mann, previous to his
election to Congress, include those of Master in
Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook Covmty
and General Attorney of the South Park Com-
missioners of the city of Chicago.
MANN, Orrin L., lawyer and soldier, was born
in Geauga County, Ohio., and, in his youth,
removed to the vicinity of Ann Arbor, Mich.,
where he learned the blacksmith trade, but,
being compelled to abandon it on account of an
injury, in 1851 began study with the late Dr.
Hinman, then in charge of the Wesleyan Female
College, at Albion, Mich. Dr. Hinman having,
two years later, become President of the North-
western University, at Evanston, Mr. Mann
accompanied his preceptor to Chicago, continuing
his studies for a time, but later engaging in
teaching; in 1856 entered the University of
Michigan, but left in his junior year. In 1860 he
took part in the campaign which resulted in the
election of Lincoln ; early in the following spring
had made arrangements to engage in the lumber-
trade in Chicago, but abandoned this purpose at
the firing on Fort Sumter ; then assisted in
organizing the Thirty-ninth Regiment Illinois
Volunteers (the "Yates Phalanx"), which having
been accepted after considerable delay, he
was chosen Major. The regiment was first
assigned to duty in guarding the Baltimore &
Ohio Railroad, but afterwards took part in the-
first battle of Winchester and in operations in
North and South Carolina. Having previously
been commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel, Major
Mann was now assigned to court-martial duty at
Newbern and Hilton Head. Later, he partici-
pated in the siege of Forts Wagner and Gregg,
winning a brevet Brigadier-Generalship for
meritorious service. The Thirty-ninth, having
"veteranized" in 1864, was again sent east, and
being assigned to the command of Gen B. F.
Butler, took part in the battle of Bermuda.
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
35L
Hundreds, where Colonel Mann was seriously
wounded, necessitating a stay of several months
in hospital. Returning to duty, he was assigned
to the staff of General Ord, and later served as
Provost Marshal of the District of Virginia, with
headquarters at Norfolk, being finally mustered
out in December, 1865. After the war he
engaged in the real estate and loan business,
but, in 1866, was appointed Collector of Internal
Revenue for the Chicago District, serving until
1868, when he was succeeded by General Corse.
Other positions held by him have been : Represent-
ative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly
(1874-76), Coroner of Cook County (1878-80), and
Sheriff (1880-82). General Mann was injured by
a fall, some years since, inducing partial paraly-
sis.
MANNING, Joel, first Secretary of the Illinois
& Michigan Canal Commissioners, was born in
1793, graduated at Union College, N. Y., in 1818,
and came to Southern Illinois at an early day,
residing for a time at Brownsville, Jackson
County, where he held the office of County-
Clerk. In 1836 he was practicing law, when he
■was appointed Secretary of the first Board of
Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal,
remaining in office until 1845. He continued to
reside at Lockport, Will County, until near the
close of his life, when he removed to Joliet. dying
there, Jan. 8, 1869.
MAJi'NIXdJ, Jnlins, lawyer, was born in Can-
ada, near Chateaugay, N. Y., but passed his
earlier years chiefly in the State of New York,
completing his education at Middlebury College,
Vt. ; in 1839 came to Knoxville, 111. , where he
served one term as County Judge and two terms
(1842-46) as Representative in the General Assem-
bly. He was also a Democratic Presidential
Elector in 1848. In 1853 he removed to Peoria,
where he was elected, in 1861, a Delegate to the
State Constitutional Convention of the following
year. Died, at Knoxville, July 4, 1862.
MANSFIELD, a village of Piatt County, at
the intersection of the Peoria Division of the
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and
the Chicago Division of the Wabash Railways,
32 miles southeast of Bloomington. It is in the
heart of a rich agricultural region ; has one news-
paper. Population (1890), 533; (1900), 708.
MANTEXO, a village of Kankakee County.
on the Illinois Central Railroad, 47 miles south
of Chicago; a shipping point for grain, live-
stock, small fruits and dairy products; has
one newspaper. Population (1880), 633; (1890),
627; (1900), 932.
MA(JUOX, a village of Knox County, on the.
Peoria Division of the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railway, 16 miles southeast of Gales-
burg. The region is agricultural. The town has
banks and a weekly paper. Population (1880),
548; (1890), 501; (1900), 475.
MARCY, (Dr.) Oliver, educator, was born in
Coleraine, Mass., Feb. 13, 1820; received his early
education in the grammar schools of his native
town, graduating, in 1842, from the Wesleyan
University at Middletown, Conn. He early mani-
fested a deep interest in the natural sciences and
became a teacher in an academy at Wilbraham,
Mass., where he remained until 1862, meanwhile
making numeroxis trips for geologic investigation
One of these was made in 1849, overland, ta
Puget Sound, for the purpose of securing data
for maps of the Pacific Coast, and settling dis-
puted questions as to the geologic formation of
the Rocky Mountains. During this trip he visited
San Francisco, making maps of the mountain
regions for the use of the Government. In 1862-
he was called to the professorship of Natural
History in the Northwestern University, at
Evanston, remaining there until his death. The
institution was then in its infancy, and he taught
mathematics in connection with liis other duties.
From 1890 he was Dean of the faculty. He
received the degee of LL.D. from the University
of Chicago in 1876. Died, at Evanston, March.
19, 189B.
MAREDOSIA (MARAIS de OGEE), a peculiar
depression (or slough) in the southwestern part of
Whiteside County, connecting the Mississippi
and Rock Rivers, through which, in times of
freshets, the former sometimes discharges a part
of its waters into the latter. On the other hand,
when Rock River is relatively higher, it some-
times discharges through the same channel into-
the Mississippi. Its general course is north and
south.— Cat-Tail Slougrh, a similar depression,
runs nearly parallel with the Maredosia, at a dis-
tance of five or six miles from the latter. The
highest point in the Maredosia above low water
in the Mississippi is thirteen feet, and that in the
Cat-Tail Slough is twenty-six feet. Each is
believed, at some time, to have served as a
channel for the Mississippi.
MAREJfGO, a city of McHenry County, settled
in 1835, incorporated as a town in 1857 and, as a
city, in 1893 ; lies 68 miles northwest of Chicago,
on the Cliicago & Northwestern Railroad. It is
in the heart of a dairying and fruit-growing dis-
trict; has a foundry, stove works, condensed
milk plant, canning factory, water-works, eleo-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
trie liglits, has six churches, good schools and
two weelvly newspapers. Population (1880) , 1 , 264 ;
(1890), 1, 445; (1900), 2,005.
MARINE, a village of Madison County, on the
Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles northeast of
St. Louis. Several of its earliest settlers were
sea captains from the East, from whom the
"Marine Settlement" obtained its name. Popu-
lation (1880) 774; (1890), 637; (1900), 666.
M.4.RI0N, tlie county-.seat of Williamson
County, 172 miles southeast of Springfielil, on the
Illinois Central and Chicago & Eastern Illinois
Railroads: in agricultural and coal region; has
cotton and woolen mills, electric cars, water-
works, ice and cold-storage plant, dry pressed
brick factory, six churclies, a graded school, and
three newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,338; (1900), 2,510.
MARION COUXTT, located near the center of
the southern half of the State, with an area of
580 square miles; was organized in 1823, and, by
the census of 1900, had a population of 30,446.
About half the county is prairie, the chief prod-
ucts being tobacco, wool and fruit. The
remainder is timbered land. It is watered by the
tributaries of the Kaskaskia and Little Wabash
Rivers. The bottom lands have a heavy growth
of choice timber, and a deep, rich soil. A large
portion of the county is underlaid with a thin
vein of coal, and the rocks all belong to the upper
coal measures. Sandstone and building sand are
also abundant. Ample shipping facilities are
afforded by the Illinois Central and theBaltimore &
Ohio (S.W.) Railroads. Salem is the county -seat,
but Centralia is the largest and most important
town, being a railroad junction and center of an
extensive fruit-trade. Sandoval is a thriving
town at the junction of the Illinois Central and
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroads.
MARISSA, a village of St. Clair County, on the
St. Louis & Cairo Short Line Railroad. 39 miles
southeast of St. Louis. It is in a farming and
mining district; has two banks, a newspaper and
a magazine. Population (1890). 876; (1900), 1,086.
MAROA, a city in Macon County, on the Illi-
nois Central Railroad, 13 miles north of Decatur
and 31 miles south of Bloomington. The city has
tliree elevators, an agricultural implement fac-
tory, water-works system, electric light plant,
telephone service, two banks, one newspaper,
three churches and a graded school. Population
(1880), 870; (1890), 1,164; (1900), 1,213.
MARQUETTE, (Father) Jaoques, a French
missionary and e.xplorer, born at Laou, France,
in 1637. He became a .Jesuit at the age of 17, and,
twelve years later (1666), was ordained a priest.
The same year he sailed for Canada, landing at
Quebec. For eighteen months he devoted him-
self chiefly to the study of Indian dialects, and,
in 1068, accompanied a party of Nez-Perces to
Lake Superior, where he founded the mission of
Sault Ste. Marie. Later, after various vicissi-
tudes, he went to Mackinac, and, in that vicinity,
founded the Mission of St. Ignace and built a
rude church. In 1673 he accompanied Joliet on
his voyage of discovery down the Mississippi, the
two setting out from Green Bay on May 17, and
reaching the Mississippi, by way of the Fox and
Wisconsin Rivers, June 17. (For an interesting
translation of Marquette's quaint narrative of the
expedition, see Shea's "Discovery and Explo-
ration of the Mississippi,'- N. Y., 1852.) In Sep-
tember, 1673, after leaving the Illinois and stop-
ping for some time among the Indians near
"Starved Rock," he returned to Green Bay much
broken in health. In October, 1674, under orders
from his superior, he set out to establish a mis-
sion at Kaskaskia on the Upper Illinois. In
December he reached the present site of Chicago,
where he was compelled to halt because of
exhaustion. On March 29, 1675, he resumed his
journe}', and reached Kaskaskia, after much
suffering, on April 8. After laboring indefati-
gably and making many converts, failing health
compelled him to start on his return to Macki-
nac. Before the voyage was completed he died.
May 18, 1675, at the mouth of a stream which
long bore his name — but is not the present Mar-
quette River — on the eastern shore of Lake Michi-
gan. His remains were subsequently removed to
Point St. Ignace. He was the first to attempt to
explain the lake tides, and modern science has
not improved his theory.
MARSEILLES, a city on the Illinois River, in
La Salle County, 8 miles east of Ottawa, and 77
miles southwest of Chicago, orf tlie line of the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. Ex-
cellent water power is furnished by a dam across
the river. The city lias several factories, among
the leading products being flour, paper and
a,gricultural implements. Coal is mined in the
vicinity. Tlie grain trade is large, sufficient to
support three elevators. There are three papers
(one daily). Population (1890), 2,210; (1900),
2, .559; (1903, est.), 3,100.
MARSH, Benjamin F., Congres.sman, born in
AVy the Township, Hancock County, 111., was edu-
cated at private schools and at Jubilee College,
leaving the latter institution one year before
graduation. He read law under the tutelage of his
brother. Judge J. W. Marsh, of Warsaw, and was
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
■admitted to the bar in 1860. The same year he was
an unsuccessful candidate for State's Attorney.
Immediately upon the first call for troops in 1861,
he raised a company of cavalry, and, going to
Springfield, tendered it to Governor Yates. No
cavalry having been called for, tlie Governor felt
constrained to decline it. On his way home Mr.
Marsh stopped at Quiucy and enlisted as a private
in the Sixteenth Illinois Infantry, in which regi-
ment he served until July 4, 1861, when Gov-
ernor Yates advised him by telegraph of his
readiness to accept his cavalry company.
Returning to Warsaw he recruited another com-
pan}' within a few days, of which he was com-
missioned Captain, and which was attached to
the Second Illinois Cavalry. lie served in the
army until January, 1866, being four times
wounded, and rising to the rank of Colonel. On
liis return home he interested himself in politics.
In 1869 he was a Republican candidate for tlie
State Constitutional Convention, and. in 1876,
was elected to represent the Tenth Illinois Dis-
trict in Congress, and re-elected in 18T8 and 1880.
In 1885 he was appointed a member of the Rail-
road and Warehouse Commission, serving until
1889. In 1894 he was again elected to Congress
from his old district, which, under tlie new
apportionment, had become the Fifteenth, was
re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In the
Fifty-fifth Congress he was a member of the
House Committee on Military Affairs and Chair-
man of the Committee on 5Iilitia.
MARSH, William, jurist, was born at Moravia,
N. Y., May 11, 1822; was educated at Groton
Academy and Union College, graduating from
the latter in 1842. He studied law, in part, in
the office of Millard Fillmore, at Buffalo, and was
admitted to the bar in 1845, practicing at Ithaca
until 1854, when he removed to Quincy, 111. Here
he continued in practice, in partnership, at differ-
ent periods, with prominent lawyers of that city,
until elected to the Circuit bench in 1883, serv-
ing until 1891. Died, April 14, 1894.
MARSHALL, the county -seat of Clark County,
and an incorporated city, 16K miles southwest of
Terre Haute, Ind. , and a point of intersection of
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
and the "Vandalia Railroads. The surrounding
coimtry is devoted to farming and stock-raising.
The city has woolen, flour, saw and planing mills,
and milk condensing plant. It has two banks,
eight churches and a good public school system,
which includes city and township high .schools,
and three newspapers. Population (1890), 1,900;
(1900), 2,077.
MARSHALL, Samuel S., lawyer and Con-
gressman, was born in Gallatin County, 111., in
1824; studied law and soon after located at
McLeansboro. In 1846 he was chosen a member
of the lower house of the Fifteenth General
Assembly, but resigned, early in the following
year, to become State's Attorney, serving until
1848; was Judge of the Circuit Court from 1851
to 1854, and again from 1861 to 1865 ; was delegate
from the State-at-large to the Charleston and
Baltimore Conventions of 1860, and to the
National Union Convention at Philadelphia in
1866. In 1861 he received the complimentary
vote of his party in the Legislature for United
States Senator, and was similarly honored in the
Fortieth Congress (1867) by receiving the Demo-
cratic support for Speaker of the House. He
was first elected to Congress in 1854, re-elected in
1856, and, later, served continuously from 1865 to
1875, wlien he returned to the practice of his
profession. Died, July 26, 1890.
MARSHALL COUNTY, situated in the north-
central part of the State, with an area of 400
square miles — named for Chief Justice John Mar-
shall. Settlers began to arrive in 1827, and
county organization was effected in 1839. The
Illinois River bisects the count}-, which is also
drained by Sugar Creek. The surface is gener-
ally level prairie, except along the river, although
occasionally undulating. The soil is fertile,
corn, wheat, hay and oats forming the staple
agricultural products. Hogs are raised in great
number, and coal is extensively mined. Lacon
is the county-seat. Population (1880), 15,053;
(1.S90), 13,6.53; (1900), 16,370.
MARTIN, (Gen.) James S., ex- Congressman
and soldier, was born in Scott County, Va.,
August 19, 1826, educated in the common
schools, and, at the age of 20, accompanied his
parents to Southern Illinois, settling in Slarion
County. He served as a non-commissioned
officer in the war with Mexico. In 1849, he was
elected Clerk of the Mai-ion County Court, which
office he filled for twelve years. By profession he
is a lawyer, and has been in active practice when
not in public or military life. For a number of
years he was a member of tlie Republican State
Central Committee. In 1862 he was commis-
sioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Eleventh
Illinois Volunteers, and, at the close of the war,
brevetted Brigadier-General. On his return home
he was elected Coimty Judge of Marion County,
and, in 1868, appointed United States Pension
Agent. The latter post he resigned in 1872, hav-
ing been elected, as a Repulilican. to represent
354
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
the Sixteenth District in the Forty-third Con-
gress. He was Commander of the Grand Army
for the Department of Illinois in 1889-90.
MARTI>'SVILLE, a village of Clark County,
on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis (Vandalia)
Railroad. 11 miles southwest of Marshall; has
twobanksand one newspaper. Population (1880),
668; (1S90). 779; (1900). l.UOO.
MASCOUTAH, a city in St. Clair County, 25
miles from St. Louis and 11 miles east of Belle-
ville, on the Line of the Louisville & Xashville
Railroad. Coal-mining and agriculture are the
principal industries of the surrounding country.
The city has flour mills, a brickyard, dairy,
school, churches, and electric line. Population
(1880), 2,558; (1890), 2,033; (1900), 2,171.
MASON, Rosirell B., civil engineer, was born
in Oneida County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1805; in his
boyhood was employed as a teamster on the Erie
Canal, a year later (i822) accepting a position as
rodman under Edward F. Gay, assistant-engineer
in charge of construction. Subsequently he was
employed on the Schuylkill and Morris Canals,
on the latter becoming assistant -engineer and,
finalh", chief and superintendent. Other works
with which Mr. Mason was connected in a similar
capacity were the Pennsylvania Canal and the
Housatonic, New York & New Haven and the
Vermont Valley Railroads. In 1851 he came
west and took charge of the construction of the
Illinois Central Railroad, a work which required
five years for its completion. The next four
years were spent as contractor in the construction
of roads in Iowa and Wisconsin, until 18G0, when
he became Superintendent of the Chicago &
Alton Railroad, but remained onl}' one year, in
1861 accepting the position of Controller of the
land department of the Illinois Central Railroad,
which he retained until 1867. The next two
years were occupied in the service of the State in
lowering the summit of the Illinois & Michigan
Canal. In 1869 he was elected Mayor of the city
of Chicago, and it was in the closing days of
his term that the great fire of 1871 occiirred,
testing his executive ability to the utmost. From
1873 to 1883 he served as one of the Trustees of
the Illinois Industrial University, and was one of
the incorporators, and a life-long Director, of the
Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the North-
west. Died, Jan. 1, 1892.— Edward Gay (Mason),
son of the preceding, was born at Bridgeport,
Conn., August 23, 1839; came with his father's
family, in 1852, to Chicago, where he attended
school for several years, after which he entered
Yale College, graduating there in 1860. He then
studied law, and, later, became a member of the
law firm of Mattocks & Mason, but subsequently,
in conjunction with two brothers, organized the
firm of Mason Brothers, for the prosecution of a
real-estate and law business. In 1881 Mr. Mason
was one of the organizers of the Chicago Musical
Festival, which was instrumental in bringing
Theodore Thomas to Chicago. In 1887 he became
President of the Chicago Historical Society, as the
successor of Ehhu B. AVashburne, retaining the
position until his death, Dec. 18, 1898. During
his incumbency, the commodious building, now
occupied by the Historical Society Library, was
erected, and he added largely to the resources of
the Society by the collection of rare manuscripts
and other historical records. He was the author
of several historical works, including "Illinois in
the Eighteenth Ceutury," "Kaskaskia and Its
Parish Records," besides papers on La Salle and
the first settlers of Illinois, and "The Story of
James Willing — An Episode of the American
Revolution." He also edited a volmue entitled
"Early Chicago and Illinois," which was pub-
lished under the auspices of the Chicago Histor-
ical Society. Mr. Mason was, for several years, a
Trustee of Yale University and, about the time of
his death, was prominently talked of for President
of that institution, as successor to President
Timothy Dwight.
MASON, William E., United States Senator,
was born at Fra.nklinville, Cattaraugus Coimty,
N. Y., July 7, 18.50, and accompanied his parents
to Bentonsport, Iowa, in 1858. He was educated
at the Bentonsport Academy and at Birmingham
College. From 1866 to 1870 he taught school, the
last two years at Des Moines. In that city he
studied law with Hon. Thomas F. "Withrow, who
afterward admitted him to partnership. In 1873
he removed to Chicago, where he has since prac-
ticed his profession. He soon embarked in poli-
tics, and, in 1878, was elected to the lower house
of the General Assembly, and, in 1882, to the
State Senate. In 1884 he was the regular Repub-
lican candidate for Congress in the Third Illinois
District (then strongly Republican), but, owing
to party dissensions, was defeated by James H.
Ward, a Democrat. In 1886, and again in 1888,
he was elected to Congress, but, in 1890, was
defeated for re-election by Allan C. Durborow.
He is a vigorous and effective campaign speaker.
In 1897 he was elected United States Senator,
receiving in the Legislature 125 votes to 77 for
John P. Altgeld, the Democratic candidate.
MASON CITY, a prosperous city in Mason
County, at the intersection of the Chicago &
IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
355
Alton and the Havana branch of the Illinois
Central Railroads, 18 miles west by north of
Lincoln, and about 30 miles nortli of Springfield.
Being in the heart of a I'ich corn-growing district,
it is an important shipping point for that com-
modity. It has fom- chm-ches, two banks, two
newspapers, brick works, flour-mills, grain-ele-
vators and a carriage factory. Population (1S80),
1,714; (1890), 1,869; (1900), 1,890.
MASON COUNTY, organized in 1841, with a
population of about 2,000; population (1900),
17,491, and area of 560 square miles, — named for a
county in Kentucky. It lies a little northwest
of the center of the Staite, the Illinois and Sanga-
mon Rivers forming its west and its south bound-
aries. The soil, while sandy, is fertile. The
chief staple is corn, and the covmty offers excel-
lent opportunities for viticultiu'e. The American
pioneer of Mason County was probably Maj.
Ossian B. Ross, who settled at Havana in 1833.
Not imtil 1837, however, can immigration be said -
to have set in rapidly. Havana was first chosen
as the coimtyseat, but Bath enjoyed the honor
for a few years, the county offices being per-
manently removed to the former point in 1851.
Mason City is an important shipping point on the
Chicago & Alton Railroad
MASONS, ANCIENT ORDER OF FREE AND
ACCEPTED. (See Free-Masons.)
MASSAC COUNTY, an extreme southern
county of the State and one of the smallest, its
area, being but little more than 340 square miles,
with a population (1900) of 13,110 — named for
Fort Massac, within its borders. The surface is
hilly toward the north, but the bottom lands
along the Ohio River are swampy and liable to
frequent overflows. A considerable portion of the
natm-al resources consists of timber — oak, wal
nut, poplar, hickory, cj'press and cottonwood
aboimding. Saw-mills are foimd in nearly every
town, and considerable grain and tobacco are
raised. The original settlers were largely from
Ohio, Kentucky and North Carolina, and hosj^i-
tality is traditional. Metropolis, on the Ohio
River, is the county-seat. It was laid off in 1839,
although Massac County was not separately
organized until 1843. At Massac City may be
seen the ruins of the early French fort of that
name.
MASSAC COUNTY REBELLION, the name
commonly given to an outbreak of mob violence
wliich occurred in Massac Comity, in 1843-46. An
arrested criminal having asserted that an organ-
ized band of thieves and robbers existed, and
having given the names of a large number of the
alleged members, popular excitement rose to
fever heat. A company of self-appointed "regu-
lators"' was formed, whose acts were so arbitrary
that, at the August election of 1846, a Sheriff and
County Clerk were elected on the avowed issue
of opposition to these irregular tactics. This
served to stimulate the "regulators" to renewed
activity. Many persons were forced to leave the
county on suspicion, and others tortured into
making confession. In consequence, some leading
"regulators" were thrown into jail, only to be soon
released by their friends, who ordered the Sheriff
and County Clerk to leave the county. The feud
rapidly grew, both in proportions and in inten-
sity. Governor French made two futile efl'orts to
restore order through mediation, and the ordinary
processes of law were also found unavailing.
Judge Scates was threatened with lynching.
Only 60 men dared to serve in the Sheriff's posse,
and these siu-rendered upon promise of personal
immunity from violence. This pledge was not
regarded, several members of the posse being led
away as prisoners, some of whom, it was believed,
were drowned in the Ohio River. All the incarcer-
ated "regulators" were again released, the Sheriff
and his supporters were once more ordered to
leave, and fresh seizures and outrages followed
each other in quick succession. To remedy this
condition of affairs, the Legislature of 1847 enacted
a law creating district courts, under the provi-
sions of which a Judge naight hold court in any
county in his circuit. This virtually conferred
upon the Judge the right to change the venue at
his own discretion, and thus secm-e juries unbiased
by local or jiartisan feeling. The effect of this
legislation was highly beneficial in restoring
quiet, although the embers of the feud still
smoldered and intermittently leaped into flame
for several years thereafter.
MATHENY, Charles R., pioneer, was born in
Loudoun County, Va., March 6, 1786, licensed as a
Methodist preacher, in Kentucky, and, in 1805,
came to St. Clair County (then in Indiana Terri-
tory), as a missionary. Later, he studied law and
was admitted to the bar; served in the Third
Territorial (1817) and the Second State Legisla-
tures ("1830-23) ; removed, in 1831, to the newly
organized county of Sangamon, where he was
appointed the first County Clerk, remaining in
office eighteen years, also for some years holding,
at the same time, the offices of Circuit Clerk,
Recorder and Probate Judge. Died, while
County Clerk, in 1839.— Noah W. (Matheny), son
of the preceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111. ,
July 31, 1815; was assistant of his father in the
356
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
County Clerk's office in Sangamon County, and,
on the death of the latter, (November, 1839), was
elected his successor, and re-elected for eight con-
secutive terms, serving until 18T3. Died, April
30, 1877. — James H. (Matheny), another son,
born Oct. 30, 1818, in St. Clair County; served in
his youth as Clerk in various local oflSces ; was a
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847,
elected Circuit Clerk in 1852, at the close of his
term beginning the practice of law; was com-
missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the One Hundred
and Fourteenth Illinois Volunteers, in October.
1862, and, after the siege of Vicksburg, served as
Judge Advocate until July, 1864, when he
resigned. He then returned to his profession,
but, in 1873, was elected County Judge of Sanga-
mon County, holding the office by repeated re-
elections until his death, Sept. 7, 1890, — having
resided in Springfield 68 years.
MATHER, Thomas, pioneer merchant, was
born, April 24, 1795, at Simsbury. Hartford
County, Conn. ; in early manhood was engaged
for a time in business in New York City, but, in
the spring of 1818, came to Kaskaskia, 111., where
he soon after became associated in business with
James L. Lamb and others. This firm was
afterwards quite extensively engaged in trade
with New Orleans. Later he became one of the
founders of the town of Chester. In 1820 Mr.
Mather was elected to the lower branch of the
Second General Assembly from Randolph
County, was re-elected to the Third (serving for
a part of the session as Speaker), and again to the
Fourth, but, before the expiration of his last term,
resigned to accept an appointment from Presi-
dent John Quincy Adams as Commissioner to
locate the military road from Independence to
Santa Fe, and to conclude treaties with the
Indians along the line. In the Legislature of
1822 he was one of the most determined oppo-
nents of the scheme for securing a pro-slavery
Constitution. In 1828 he was again elected to
the House and, in 1832, to the Senate for a term
of four years. He also served as Colonel on the
staff of Governor Coles, and was supported for the
United States Senate, to fill the vacancy caused
by the death of John McLean, in 1830. Having
removed to Springfield in 1835, he became promi-
nent in business affairs there in connection with
his former partner, Mr. James L. Lamb; in 1837
was appointed a member of the first Board of
Fund Commissioners for the State under the
internal improvement system; also served seven
years as President of the Springfield branch of
the State Bank; was connected, as a stock-
holder, with the construction of the Sangamon &
Morgan (now Wabash) Railroad, extending from
Springfield to the Illinois river at Naples, and
was also identified, financially, with the old Chi-
cago & Galena Union Railroad. From 1835 until
his death. Colonel Mather served as one of the
Trustees of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and
was a liberal contributor to the endowment of
that institution. His death occurred during a
visit to Philadelphia, March 28, 1853.
MATTESOiX, Joel Aldrieh, ninth regularly
elected Governor of Illinois (1853-57), was born
in AVatertown, N. Y., August 8, 1808; after some
experience in business and as a teacher, in 1831
he went to South Carolina, where he was foreman
in the construction of the first railroad in that
State. In 1834 he removed to Illinois, where he
became a contractor on the Illinois & Michigan
Canal, and also engaged in manufacturing at
Joliet. After serving three terms in the State
Senate, he was elected Governor in 1852, and, in
1855, was defeated by Lyman Trumbull for the
United States Senatorship. At the close of his
gubernatorial term he was complimented by the
Legislature, and retired to private life a popular
man. Later, there were developed grave scandals
in connection with the refunding of certain
canal scrip, with which his name — unfortunately
— was connected. He turned over property to
the State of the value of nearly 8250,000, for its
indemnification. He finally took up his resi-
dence in Chicago, and later spent considerable
time in travel in Europe. He was for many
years the lessee and President of the Chicago &
Alton Railroad. Died in Chicago, Jan. 31, 1873.
MATTHEWS, Asa C, ex-Comptroller of the
United States Treasury, was born in Pike County,
111. , March 22, 1833 ; graduated from Illinois Col-
lege in 1855, and was admitted to the bar three
years later. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War,
he abandoned a remunerative practice at Pitts-
field to enlist in the army, and was elected and
commissioned a Captain in the Ninety-ninth Illi-
nois Volunteers. He rose to the rank of Colonel,
being mustered out of the service in August,
1865. He was appointed Collector of Internal
Revenue in 1869, and Supervisor for the District
composed of Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan, in
1875. Being elected to the Thirtieth General
Assembly in 1876, he resigned his office, and was
re-elected to the Legislature in 1878. On the
death of Judge Higbee, Governor Hamilton
appointed Mr. Matthews to fill the vacancy thus
created on the bench of the Sixth Circuit, his
term expiring in 1885. In 1888 he was elected to
HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
357
the Thirty-sixth General Assembly and was
chosen Speaker of the House. In May, 1889,
President Harrison named him First Comp-
troller of the United States Treasury, and the
House, by a unanimous vote, expressed its grati-
fication at his selection. Since retiring from
office. Colonel Matthews has devoted his attention
to the practice of his profession at Pittsfield.
MATTHEWS, Milton W., lawyer and journal-
ist, was born in Clark County, 111., March 1, 1846,
educated in the common schools, and, near the
close of the war, served in a 100-days' regiment ;
began teaching in Champaign County in I860,
studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1867 ;
in 1873 was appointed Master in Chancery, served
two terms as Prosecuting Attorney, and, in 1888,
was elected to the State Senate, meanwhile, from
1879, discharging the duties of editor of "The
Champaign County Herald," of which he was
also proprietor. During his last session in the
State Senate (1891-93) he served as President pro
tern, of that body; was also President of the
State Press Association and served on the staff of
Governor Fifer, with the rank of Colonel of the
Illinois National Guard. Died, at Urbana, May
10, 1892.
MATTOOJf, an important city in Coles County,
172 miles west of south from Chicago and 56 miles
west of Terre Haute, Ind. ; a point of junction for
three lines of railway, and an important shipping
point for corn and broom corn, which are both
extensively grown in the surrounding region. It
has several banks, foundries, machine shops,
brick and tile-works, flour-mills, grain-elevators,
with two daily and four weekly newspapers ; also
has good graded schools and a high school. The
repair shops of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi-
cago & St. Louis Railroad are located here.
Population (1890), 6,833; (1900), 9,622.
MAXWELL, Philip, M.D., pioneer physician,
was born at Guilford, Vt., April 3, 1799, graduated
in medicine and practiced for a time at Sacketfs
Harbor, also serving in the New York Legisla-
ture; was appointed Assistant Surgeon at Fort
Dearborn, in 1833, remaining intil the abandon-
ment of the fort at the end of 1836. In 1838 he
was promoted Surgeon, and served with Gen.
Zachary Taylor in the campaign against the Semi-
noles in Florida, but resumed private practice in
Chicago in 1844 ; served two terms as Represent-
ative in the General Assembly (1848-52) and, in
1855, settled on the shores of Lake Geneva, Wis. ,
where he died, Nov. 5, 18.59.
MAT, William L., early lawyer and Congress-
man, was born in Kentucky, came at an early day
to Edwardsville, 111. . and afterwards to Jackson-
ville; was elected from Morgan County to the
Sixth General Assembly (1828), and the next year
removed to Springfield, liaving been appointed by
President Jackson Receiver of Public Moneys for
the Land Office there. He was twice elected to
Congress (1834 and '36), the first year defeating
Benjamin Mills, a brilliant lawyer of Galena.
Later, May became a resident of Peoria, but
finally removed to California, where he died.
MAYO, Walter L., legislator, was born in Albe-
marle County Va., March 7, 1810; came to
Edwards County, 111., in 1828, and began teach-
ing. He took part in the Black Hawk War
(1831-32), being appointed by Governor Reynolds
Quartermaster of a battalion organized in that
section of the State. He had previously been
appointed County Clerk of Edwards County to fill
a vacancy, and continued, by successive re-elec-
tions, to occupy the position for thirty-seven
years— also acting, for a portion of the time, as
Circuit Clerk, Judge of Probate and County Treas-
urer. In 1870 he was elected Representative in
the Twenty-seventh General Assembly for the
Edwards County District. On the evening of Jan.
18, 1878, he mysteriously disappeared, having
been last seen at the Union Depot at East St.
Louis, when about to take the train for his home
at Albion, and is supposed to have been secretly
murdered. No trace of his body or of the crime
was ever discovered, and the affair has remained
one of the mysteries of the criminal history of
Illinois.
MAYWOOD, a village of Cook County, and
suburb of Chicago, 10 miles west of that city, on
the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago
Great Western Railways; has churches, two
weekly newspapers, public schools and some
manufactures. Population (1900), 4,583.
McAllister, WJUiam K., jurist, was born in
Washington County, N. Y., in 1818. After
admission to the bar he commenced practice at
Albion, N. Y., and, in 1854, removed to Chicago.
In 1866 he was a candidate for the bench of the
Superior Court of that city, but was defeated by
Judge Jameson. Two years later he was chosen
Judge of the Recorder's Court, and, in 1870, was
elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, which
position he resigned in 1875, having been elected
a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County to
fill a vacancy. He was re-elected for a full term
and assigned to Appellate Court duty in 1879.
He was elected for a third time in 1885, but,
before the expiration of his term, he died, Oct.
29, 1888.
358
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
MeARTHrR, John, soldier, was born in Ers-
kiue. Scotland, Xov. 17, 1826; worked at his
father's trade of blacksmith until 23 years old.
when, coming to the United States, he settled in
Chicago. Here he became foreman of a boiler-
making establishment, later acquiring an estab-
lishment of his own. Having joined the Twelfth
Illinois Volunteers at the beginning of the war,
with a company of which he was Captain, he
was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, still later Colonel,
and, in March, 1SC2, promoted to Brigadier-Gen-
eral for gallantry in the assault on Fort Donelson.
where he commanded a brigade. At Shiloh lie
was wounded, but after having his wound dressed,
returned to the fight and succeeded to the com-
mand of the Second Division when Gen. W. H. L.
"Wallace fell mortally wounded. He commanded
a division of McPherson's corps in the operations
against Vicksburg, and bore a conspicuous part in
the battle of Nashville, where he commanded a
division under Gen. A. J. Smith, winning a brevet
Major-Generalship by his gallantry. General
McArthiu- was Postmaster of Chicago from 1873
to 1877.
McCACKJ, Ezra Butler, lawyer, was born at
Kinderhook, N Y., Nov. 22, 1825; studied law at
Hudson, and, coming to Chicago in 1847, entered
the law office of J. Young Scammon, soon after-
wards becoming a member of the firm of Scam-
mon & McCagg. During the war Mr. McCagg
was an active member of the United States Sani-
tary Commission, and (for some years after the
fire of 1871) of the Relief and Aid Society; is also
a life-member and officer of the Chicago Histori-
cal Society, besides being identified with several
State and municipal boards. His standing in his
profession is shown by the fact that he has been
more than once ofi'ered a non-partisan nomina-
tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, but has de-
clined. He occupies a high rank in literarj- cii'cles,
as well as a connoisseur in art, and is the owner of a
large private library collected since the destruction
of one of the best in the West by the fire of 1871.
McCartney, James, lawyer and ex- Attorney
General, was born of Scotch parentage in the
north of Ireland, Feb. 14, 1835; at two years of
age was brought to the United States and, until
1845, resided in Pennsylvania, when his parents
removed to Trumbull County, Ohio. Here he
spent his youth in general farm work, meanwhile
attending a high school and finally engaging in
teaching. In 185G he began the study of law at
Warren, Ohio, which he continued a year later in
the office of Harding & Reed, at Monmouth, 111. ;
was admitted to the bar in Januarv, 1858, and
began practice at Monmouth, retnoving the fol-
lowing year to Galva. In April, 1801, he enlisted
in what afterwards became the Seventeenth
Regiment Illinois Volunteers, was commissioned
a First Lieutenant, but, a year later, was com-
pelled to resign on .account of ill-health. A few
months later he re-enlisted in the One Hundred
and Twelfth Illinois, being soon promoted to a
captaincy, although serving much of the time as
Judge Advocate on courts-martial, and, for one
year, as Acting Assistant Adjutant-General in the
Army of the Ohio. At the conclusion of his term
of service in the army, he resumed the practice
of his profession at Fairfield, 111. ; in 1880 was
nominated and elected, as a Republican, Attorney-
General of the State, and, during his last year in
oiSce, began the celebrated "Lake Front suits""
which finally terminated successfully for the
city of Chicago. Since retiring from office. Gen-
eral McCartney has been engaged in the practice
of his profession, chiefly in Springfield and Chi-
cago, having been a resident of the latter city
since 1890.
McCartney, Robert Wilson, lawyer and
jurist, was born in Trumbull County. Ohio,
March 19, 1843, spent a portion of his boyhood in
Pennsylvania, afterwards returning to Y'oungs-
town, Ohio, where he enlisted as a private in the
Sixth Ohio Cavalry. He was severely wounded
at the battle of Gettysburg, lying two days and
nights on the field and endm-ing untold suffering.
As soon as able to take the field he was commis-
sioned, by Governor Curtin, a Captain in the
Eighty-third Pennsylvania Volunteers, serving in
the arm}- of the Potomac to the close of the war,
and taking part in the grand review at Washing-
ton, in May, 1805. After the war he took a course
in a business college at Pittsburg, removed to
Cleveland and began the study of law, but soon
came to Illinois, and, having completed his law
studies with his brother, J. T. McCartney, at
Metropolis, was admitted to the bar in 1808 ; also
edited a Republican paper there, became inter-
ested in lumber manufacture and was one of the
founders of the First National Bank of that city.
In 1873 he was elected County Judge of Massac
County, serving nine years, when (1882) he was
elected Representative in the Thirty-third Gen-
eral Assembly. At the close of his term in the
Legislatui-e he was elected Judge of the Circuit
Court for the first Circuit, serving from 1885 to
1891. Died, Oct. 27. 1893. Judge McCartney
was able, public-spirited and patriotic. The city
of Metropolis owes to him the Free Public Library-
bearing his name.
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
359
McCLAUGHRY, Robert Wilson, penologist,
was born at Fountain Green, Hancock Count}-,
111., Julj' 22, 1839, being descended from Scotch-
Irish ancestry— his grandfather, who was a native
of the North of Ireland, having come to America
in his youth and served in the War of the Revolu-
tion. The subject of this sketch grew up on a
farm, attending school in the winter until 1854,
then spent the next two winters at an academy,
and, in 1856, began a course in Monmouth Col-
lege, where he graduated in 1860. The following
year he spent as instructor in Latin in the same
institution, but, in 1861, became editor of "The
Carthage Republican,'' a Democratic paper,
which he made a strong advocate of the cause of
the Union, meanwhile, both by his pen and on
the stump, encouraging enlistments in the arm)".
About the first of July, 1862, having disposed of
his interest in the paper, he enlisted in a company
of which he was unanimously chosen Captain,
and which, with four other companies organized
in the same section, became the nucleus of the
One Hundred and Eighteenth Illinois Volunteers.
The regiment having been completed at Camp
Butler, he was elected Major, and going to the
field in the following fall, took part in General
Sherman's first movement against Vicksburg by
way of Chickasaw Bayou, in December, 1862.
Later, as a member of Osterhaus' Division of Gen-
eral McClernand's corps, he participated with his
regiment in the capture of Arkansas Post, and in
the operations against Vicksburg which resulted
in the capture of that stronghold, in July, 1863.
He then joined the Department of the Gulf under
command of General Banks, but was compelled
by sickness to return north. Having sufficiently
recovered, he spent a few months in the recruit-
ing service (1864), but, in May of 'that year, was
transferred, by order of President Lincoln, to the
Pay Department, as Additional-Paymaster, with
the rank of Major, being finally assigned to duty
at Springfield, where he remained, paying off Illi-
nois regiments as mustered out of the service,
until Oct. 13, 186.5, when he was honorably dis-
charged. A few weeks later he was elected
County Clerk of Hancock County, serving four
years. In the meantime he engaged in the stone
business, as head of the firm of R. W. McClaughry
& Co., furnishing stone for the basement of the
State Capitol at Springfield and for bridges across
the Mississippi at Quincy and Keokuk — later
being engaged in the same business at St. Gene-
vieve, Mo., with headquarters at St. Louis. Com-
pelled to retire by failing health, he took up his
Tesidence at Monmouth in 1873, but, in 1874, was
called to the warden.ship of the State Peniten-
tiary at Joliet. Here he remained until December,
1888, when he resigned to accept the superin-
tendency of the Industrial Reformatory at
Huntingdon, Pa., but, in May, 1891, accepted
from JIayor Washburne the position of Chief of
Police in Chicago, continuing in service, under
Mayor Harrison, until August, 1893, when he
became Superintendent of the Illinois State
Refoi'matory at Pontiac. Early in 1897 he was
again offered and accepted the position of Warden
of the State Penitentiary at Joliet. Here he re-
mained until 1899, when he received from Presi-
dent McKinley the appointment of Warden of the
Military Prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kan.,
which position he now (1899) occupies. Major Mc-
Claughry's administration of penal and reforma-
tory institutions has been eminently satisfactoiy,
and he has taken rank as one of the most success-
ful penologists in the country.
McCLELLAX, Robert H., lawyer and banker,
was born in Washington County. N. Y., Jan. 3,
1823; graduated at Union College, Schenectady,
in 1847, and then studied law with Hon. Martin I.
Townsend, of Troy, being admitted to the bar in
18.50. The same year he removed to Galena, 111. ;
during his first winter there, edited "The Galena
Gazette," and the following .sjiring formed a
partnership with John M. Douglas, afterwards
General Solicitor and President of the Illinois
Central Railroad, which ended with the removal
of the latter to Chicago, when Mr. McClellan
succeeded him as local attorney of the road at
Galena. In 1864 Mr. McClellan became President
of the Bank of Galena — later the "National Bank
of Galena" — remaining for over twenty years.
He is also largely interested in local manufac-
tories and financial institutions elewhere. He
served as a Republican Representative in the
Twenty-second General Assembly (1861-62). and
as Senator (1876-80), and maintained a high rank
as a sagacious and judicious legislator. Liberal,
public-spirited and patriotic, his name has been
prominently connected with all movements for
the improvement of his locality and the advance-
ment of the interests of the State.
McCLERNAND, John Alexander, a volunteer
officer in the Civil War and prominent Demo-
cratic politician, was born in Breckenridge
County, Ky., May 30, 1812, brought to Shawnee-
town in 1816, was admitted to the bar in 1832,
and engaged in journalism for a time. He served
in the Black Hawk War, and was elected to the
Legislature in 1836, and again in 1840 and '42.
The latter year he was elected to Congress, serv-
3G0
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
ing four consecutive terms, but declining a
renomination. being about to remove to Jackson-
ville, where he resided from 1S51 to 1S56. Twice
(1S40 and '52) he was a Presidential Elector on
the Democratic ticket. In 1806 he removed to
Springfield, and, in 1839, re-entered Congress as
Representative of the Springfield District; was
re-elected in 1860, but resigned in 18G1 to accept
a commission as Brigadier-General of Volunteers
from President Lincoln, being promoted Major-
General early in 1863. He participated in the
battles of Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh and
before Vicksburg, and was in command at the
capture of Arkansas Post, but was severely criti-
cised for some of his acts during the Vicksburg
campaign and relieved of his command by Gen-
eral Grant. Having finally been restored by
order of President Lincoln, he participated in the
campaign in Louisiana and Texas, but resigned
his commission in 1864. General McClernand
presided over the Democratic National Conven-
tion of 1876, and, in 1886, was appointed by Presi-
dent Cleveland one of the members of the Utah
Commission, serving through President Harri-
son's administration. He was also elected
Circuit Judge in 1870. as successor to Hon. B. S.
Edwards, who had resigned. Died Sept. 20, 1900.
MeCLURti, Alexander C, soldier and pub-
lisher, was born in Philadelphia but grew up in
Pittsburg, where his father was an iron manu-
facturer. He graduated at Miami University.
Oxford, Ohio. , and, after studying law for a time
with Chief Justice Lowrie of Pennsylvania, came
to Chicago in 18.59, and entered the bookstore of
S. C. Griggs & Co. , as a junior clerk. Early in
1861 he enlisted as a private in the "War of the
Rebellion, but the quota of three-months' men
being already full, his services were not accepted.
In August. 1862, he became a member of the
"Crosby Guards," afterwards incorporated in the
Eighty -eighth Illinois Infantry (Second Board of
Trade Regiment), and was unanimously elected
Captain of Company H. After the battle of
Perryville, he was detailed as Judge Advocate at
Xashville, and, in the following year, offered the
position of Assistant Adjutant-General on the
staff of General McCook. afterwards serving in a
similar capacity on the staffs of Generals Thomas.
Sheridan and Baird. He took part in the defense
of Chattanooga and. at the battle of Missionary
Ridge, had two horses shot under him; was also
with the Fourteenth Army Corps in the Atlanta
campaign, and, at the request of Gen. Jeff. C.
Davis, was promoted to the rank of Colonel and
brevetted Brigadier-General — later, being pre-
sented with a sword bearing the names of the
principal battles in which he was engaged,
besides being especially complimented in letters
by Generals Sherman, Thomas, Baird, Mitchell,
Davis and others. He was invited to enter the
regular army at the close of the war, but pre-
ferred to return to private life, and resumed his
former position with S. C. Griggs & Co., soon
after becoming a junior partner in the concern,
of which he has since become the chief. In the
various mutations through which this extensive
firm has gone. General McClurg has been a lead-
ing factor until now (and since 1887) he stands
at the head of the most extensive publishing firm
west of Xew York.
McCOXXEL, Murray, pioneer and lawyer, was
born in Orange County, X. Y., Sept. 5, 1798, and
educated in the common schools; left home at
14 years of age and, after a year at Louisville,
spent several years flat-boating, trading and
hunting in the West, during this period visiting
Arkansas, Texas and Kansas, finally settling on a
farm near Herculaneum, Mo. In 1823 he located
in Scott (then a part of Morgan) County, 111., but
when the town of Jacksonville was laid out,
became a citizen of that place. During the Black
Hawk War (July and August, 1832), he served on
the .staff of Gen. J. D. Henry with the rank of
Major; in 1837 was appointed by Governor Dun-
can a member of the Board of Public Works for
the First Judicial District, in this capacity having
charge of the construction of the railroad between
Meredosia and Springfield (then known as the
Northern Cross Railroad) — the first public rail-
road built in the State, and the only one con-
structed during the "internal improvement" era
following 1837. He also held a commission from
Governor French as Major-General of State Mi-
litia, in 1.85.5 was appointed by President Pierce
Fifth Auditor of the Treasurv' Department, but
retired in 1839. In 1832, on his return from
the Black Hawk War. he was elected a Repre-
sentative in the State Legislature from Morgan
County, and, in 1864. was elected to the State
Senate for the District composed of Morgan,
Menard, Cass, Schuyler and Brown Counties,
serving rmtil 1868. Though previously a Demo-
crat and a delegate to the Democratic National
Convention of 1860, he was an earnest supporter
of the war policy of the Government, and was
one of four Democratic Senators, in the General
Assembly of 1>S65, who voted for the ratification
of the Thirteenth Amendment of the National
Constitution, prohibiting slavery in the United
States. His death occurred by assassination, by
niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
361
some unknown person, in his office at Jackson-
ville, Feb. 9, 1809.— John Ludlum (MoConnel),
son of the preceding. %vas born in Jacksonville,
III., Nov. 11, 1826, studied law and graduated at
Transylvania Law School ; in 1846 enlisted as a
private in the Mexican War, became First Lieu-
tenant and was promoted Captain after the battle
of Buena Vista, where he was twice wounded.
After the war he returned to Jacksonville and
wrote several books illustrative of Western life
and character, which were published between
1850 and 1853. At the time of his death— Jan.
17, 1862 — he was engaged in the preparation of a
"History of Early Explorations in America, " hav-
ing special reference to the labors of the early
Roman Catholic missionaries.
McCOXNELL, (trcn). John, soldier, was born
in Madison County, N. Y. . Dec. 5, 1824, and came
with his parents to Illinois when about sixteen
years of age. His father (James McConnell) was
a native of Ireland, who came to the United
States shortly before the War of 1812, and, after
remaining in New York until 1840, came to San-
gamon County. 111. , locating a few miles south of
Springfield, where he engaged extensively in
sheep-raising. He was an enterprising and pro-
gressive agriculturist, and was one of the founders
of the State Agricultural Society, being President
of the Convention of 1852 which resulted in its
organization. His death took place, Jan. 7, 1807.
The subject of this sketch was engaged with his
father and brothers in the farming and stock
business until 1861, when he raised a company
for the Third Illinois Cavalry, of which he was
elected Captain, was later promoted Major, serv-
ing imtil March, 1863, during that time taking
part in some of the important battles of the war
in Southwest Missouri, including Pea Ridge, and
was highly complimented by his commander,
Gen. G. M. Dodge, for bravery. Some three
months after leaving the Third Cavalry, he was
commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the
Fifth Illinois Cavalry, and, in March, 1805, was
commissioned Brevet Brigadier-General, his com-
mission being signed by President Lincoln on
April 14, 1865, the morning preceding the night
of his assassination. During the latter part of
his service. General McConnell was on duty in
Texas, being finall)' mustered out in October,
1865. After the death of his father, and until
1879, he continued in the business of sheep-raising
and farming, being for a time the owner of
several extensive farms in Sangamon County,
but, in 1879, engaged in the insurance business
in Springfield, where he died, March 14, 1898.
McCOXXELL, Samuel P., son of the preceding,
was born at Springfield, 111., on July 5, 1849.
After completing his literary studies he read law
at Springfield in the office of Stuart, Edwards &
Brown, and was admitted to the bar in 1872, soon
after establishing himself in practice in Chicago.
After various partnerships, in which he was asso-
ciated with leading lawyers of Chicago, he was
elected Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court,
in 1889, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of
Judge W. K. McAllister, serving until 1894, when
he resigned to give his attention to private prac-
tice. Although one of the youngest Judges upon
the bench. Judge McConnell was called upon,
soon after his election, to preside at the trial of
the conspirators in the celebrated Cronin murder
case, in which he displayed great ability. He has
also had charge, as presiding Judge, of a number
of civil suits of great importance affecting cor-
porations.
Mccormick, Cyms Hall, inventor and manu-
facturer, born in Rockbridge County. Va., Feb. 15,
1809. In youth he manifested unusual mechani-
cal ingenuity, and early began attempts at the
manufacture of some device for cutting grain, his
first finished machine being produced in 1831.
Though he had been manufacturing for years
in a small way, it was not until 1844 that his
first machine was shipped to the West, and,
in 1847, he came to Chicago with a view to
establishing its manufacture in tbe heart of the
region where its use would be most in demand.
One of his early partners in the business was
WiUiam B. Ogden, afterwards so widely known
in connection with Chicago's railroad history.
The business grew on his hands until it became
one of the largest manufacturing interests in the
United States. Mr. McCormick was a Democrat,
and, in 1860, he bought "The Chicago Times."
and having united it with "The Herald," which
he already owned, a few months later sold the
consoUdated concern to Wilbur F. Storey. "The
Interior," the Northwestern mouthpiece of the
Presbyterian faith, had been founded by a joint
stock-company in 1870, but was burned out in
1871 and removed to Cincinnati. In January,
1872, it was returned to Chicago, and, at the
beginning of the following year, it became the
property of Mr. McCormick in conjunction with
Dr. Gray, who has been its editor and manager
ever since. Mr. McCormick's most liberal work
was undoubtedly the endowment of the Presby-
terian Theological Seminary in Chicago, which
goes by his name. His death occurred, May 13,
1884, after a business life of almost unprece-
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
dented success, and after conferring upon the
agriculturists of the country a boon of inestimable
value.
McCOKMICK THEOLOGICAL SEMI.VART, a
Presbyterian school of theology in Chicago, be-
ing the outgrowtli of an institution originally con-
nected with Hanover College, Ind.. in 1830. In
1S.")9 the late Cyrus H. McCormick donated §100,-
000 to the school, and it was removed to Chicago,
where it was opened in September, with a class
of fifteen students. Since then nearly §300,000
have been contributed toward a building fund by
;Mr. }iIcCormick and his heii-s, besides nimierous
donations to the same end made by others. The
number of buildings is nine, four being for the
general purposes of the institution (including
dormitories), and five being houses for the pro-
fessors. The course of instruction covers three
annual terms of seven months each, and includes
didactic and polemic theology, biblical and
ecclesiastical history, sacred rhetoric and pastoral
theology, church government and the sacra-
ments, Xew Testament literature and exegesis,
apologetics and missions, and homiletics. The
faculty consists of eight professors, one adjimct
professor, and one instructor in elocution and
vocal culture. Between 200 and 300 students are
enrolled, including post-graduates.
McCULLOCH, David, lawyer and jurist, was
born in Cumberland County, Pa., Jan. '2.5. 1832;
received his academic education at Marshall Col-
lege. Mercersbtirg, Pa. , graduating in the class of
18-52. Then, after spending some six months as
a teacher in his native village, he came west,
arriving at Peoria early in 18.53. Here he con-
ducted a private school for two years, when, in
1S5.5. he began the study of law in the office of
Manning & Merriman, being admitted to the bar
in 18-57. Soon after entering upon his law studies
he was elected School Commissioner for Peoria
County, serving, by successive re-elections, three
terms (18-55-61). At the close of this period he
was taken into partnership with his old precep-
tor. Julius llanning, who died, Jtily 4, 1862. In
ISTT he was elected Circuit Judge for the Eighth
Circuit, tmderthelaw authorizing the increase of
Judges in each circuit to three, and was re-
elected in 1879. serving until 1895. Six years of
this period were spent as a Justice of the Appellate
Court for the Third Appellate District. On
retiring from the bench, Judge ilcCulloch entered
into partnership with his son, E. D. McCuUoch,
which is still maintained. Politically, Judge
McCuUoch was reared as a Democrat, but during
the Civil War became a Republican. Since 1886
he has been identified with the Prohibition Party,
although, as the result of questions arising during
the Spanish-American "War, giving a cordial
support to the policy of President McKinley. In
reUgious views he is a Presbyterian, and is a mem-
ber of the Board of Directors of the McCormick
Theological Seminary at Cliicago.
SIcCTLLOrGH, jaines Skiles, Auditor of
Public Accounts, was bom in Mercersburg,
Franklin Cotmty, Pa., May 4, 1843; in 18o4 came
with his father to Urbana, 111., and grew up on a
farm in that vicinity, receiving such education as
could be obtained in the public schools. In 1862,
at the age of 19 years, he enlisted as a private in
Company G, Seventy -sixth Illinois Volunteer
Infantry, and served during the next tliree years
in the Departments of the Mississippi and the Gulf,
meanwhile participating in the campaign against
Vicksburg, and, near the close of the war, in the
operations alx)ut Mobile. On the 9th of April,
1865, while taking part in the assault on Fort
Blakely, near Mobile, his left arm was torn to
pieces by a grape-shot, compelling its amputation
near the shoulder. His final discharge occurred
in July. 1865. Returning home he spent a year in
school at Urbana. after which he was a student in
the Soldiers" College at Fulton, 111., for two years.
He then (1868) entered the ofiice of the Cotmty
Clerk of Champaign County as a deputy, remain-
ing until 1873, when he was chosen Coimty Clerk,
serving by successive re-elections until 1896. The
latter year he received the nomination of the
Republican Party for Auditor of Public Accounts,
and, at the November election, was elected by a
plurality of 138.000 votes over his Democratic
opponent. He was serving his sixth term as
County Clerk when chosen Auditor, having
received the nomination of his party on each
occasion without opposition.
McDA>'>"OLD, John J., lawyer and ex-Con-
gressman, was bom in Brown County, 111., August
29, 1851. acquired his early education m the com-
mon schools of his native county and in a private
school; graduated from the Law Department of
the Iowa State University in 1874. and was
admitted to the bar in Illinois the same year,
commencing practice at Mount Sterling. In 1885
he was made Master in Chanceiy, in 1886. elected
County Judge, and re-elected in 1890. resigning
his seat in October. 1892. to accept an election by
the Democrats of the Twelfth Illinois District as
Representative in the Fifty-third Congress.
After retiring from Congress (March 4. 1895). Mr.
McDannold removed to Chicago, where he
engaged in the practice of his profession.
iil1^,
•-^,:-^i
^^ L
^.
HISTOEICAL EIS^CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
363
McDONOrOH COUNTY, organized under an
act passed, Jan. 35, 1826, and attached, for judicial
purposes, to Schuyler County until 1830. Its
present area is 580 square miles — named in honor
of Commodore McDonougli. The first settlement
in the county was at Industry, on the site of
which William Carter (the pioneer of the
county) built a cabin in 1826. James and John
Vance and William Job settled in the vicinity in
the following year. Out of this settlement grew
BlandinsTille. William Pennington located on
Spring Creek in 1828, and, in 1831, James M.
Campbell erected the first frame house on the
site of the present city of Macomb. The first
sermon, preached by a Protestant minister in the
count}', was delivered in the Job settlement by
Eev. Jolin Logan, a Baptist. Among the early
officers were John Huston, County Treasurer;
William Southward. Sheriff; Peter Hale, Coro-
ner, and Jesse Bartlett, Surveyor. The first
term of the Circuit Court was held in 1830, and
presided over by Hon. Richard M. Young. The
first railway to cross the county was the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy (1857). Since then other
lines have penetrated it, and there are numerous
railroad centers and shipping points of consider-
able importance. Population (1880), 2.5, 087;
(1890), 27,467; (1900), 28,413.
McDOUGALL, James Alexander, lawyer and
United States Senator, was born in Bethlehem,
Albany County, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1817; educated
at the Albany grammar school, studied law and
settled in Pike County, 111., in 1837; was Attor-
ney-General of Illinois four years (1843-47) ; then
engaged in engineering and, in 1849, organized
and led an exploring expedition to the Rio del
Norte. Gila and Colorado Rivers, finally settling
at San Francisco and engaging in the practice of
law. In 1850 be was elected Attorney-General of
California, served several terms in the State
Legislatm-e, and, in 1853, was chosen, as a Demo-
crat, to Congress, but declined a re-election ; in
1860 was elected United States Senator from Cali-
fornia, serving as a War Democrat until 1867.
At the expiration of his senatorial term he retired
to Albany, N. Y., where he died, Sept. 3, 1867.
Though somewhat irregular in habits, he was, at
times, a brilliant and effective speaker, and, dur-
ing the War of the Rebellion, rendered valuable
aid to the Union cause.
McFARLAND, Andrew, 3I.D., alienist, was
born in Concord, N. H., July 14, 1817, graduated
at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in
1841, and, after being engaged in general practice
for a few years, was invited to assume the man-
agement of the New Hampshire Asylum for the
Insane at Concord. Here he remained some
eight years, dui-ing which he acquired consider-
able reputation in the treatment of nervous and
mental disorders. In 1854 he was offered and
accepted the position of Medical Superintendent
of the Illinois State (now Central) Hospital for
the Insane at Jacksonville, entering upon his
duties in June of that year, and continuing his
connection with that institution for a period of
more than sixteen years. Having resigned his
position in the State Hospital in June, 1870, he
soon after established the Oaklawn Retreat, at
Jacksonville, a private institution for the treat-
ment of insane patients, which he conducted
with a great degree of success, and with which
he was associated during the remainder of bis
life, dying, Nov. 23, 1891. Dr. JlcFarland's serv-
ices were in frequent request as a medical expert
in cases before the courts, invariably, however,
on the side of the defense. The last case in which
he appeared as a witness was at the trial of Charles
F. Guiteau, the assassin of President Garfield,
whom he believed to be insane.
McGAHEY, David, settled in Crawford County,
111., in 1817, and served as Representative from
that County in the Third and Fourth General
Assemblies (1832-26), and as Senator in the
Eighth and Ninth (1883-36). Although a native
of Tennessee, Mr. McGahey was a strong opponent
of slavery, and, at the session of 1822, was one of
those who voted against the pro-slavery Constitu-
tion resolution. He continued to reside in Law-
rence County until his death in 1851. — James D.
(McGahey), a sou of the preceding, was elected
to the Ninth General Assembly from Crawford
County, in 1834, but died during his term of
service.
McGANX, Lairrence Edward, ex-Congressman,
was born in Ireland, Feb. 2, 1852. His father
having died in 1884, the following year his
mother emigrated to the United States, settling
at Milford, Mass., where he attended the public
schools. In 1865 he came to Chicago, and, for
fourteen years, found employment as a shoe-
maker. In 1879 he entered the municipal service
as a clerk, and, on Jan. 1, 1885, was appointed
City Superintendent of Streets, resigning in May,
1891. He was elected in 1892, as a Democrat, to
represent the Second Illinois District in the
Fifty-second Congress, and re-elected to the Fifty-
third. In 1894 he was a candidate for re-election
and received a certificate of election by a small
majority over Hugh R. Belknap (Republican).
An investigation having shown his defeat, he
364
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
magnanimously surrendered his seat to his com-
petitor without a contest. He has large business
interests in Chicago, especially in street railroad
property, being President of an important elec-
tric line.
MeHENRT, a village in McHenry County, situ-
ated on the Fox River and tlie Chicago & North-
western Railway. The river is here navigable for
steamboats of light draft, which ply between the
town and Fox Lake, a favorite resort for sports-
men. The town has bottling works, a creamerv,
marble and granite works, cigar factory, flour
mills, brewery, bank, four churches, and one
weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 979; (1900), 1,013.
McHEXRY, William, legislator and soldier of
the Black Hawk "War, came from Kentucky to
Illinois in 1809, locating in "White County, and
afterwards became prominent as a legislator and
soldier in the War of 1812, and in the Black Hawk
War of 1833, serving in the latter as Major of
the "Spy Battalion" and participating in the
battle of Bad Axe. He also served as Represent-
ative in the First. Fourth, Fifth and Ninth Gen-
eral Assemblies, and as Senator in the Sixth and
Seventh. While serving his last term in the
House (1835), he died and was buried at "Vandalia,
then the State capital. McHenry County— organ-
ized by act of the Legislature, passed at a second
session during the winter of 183.5-36 — was named
in his honor
McHENEY COUNTY, lies in the northern por-
tion of the State, bounded on the north by Wis-
consin— named for Gen. William McHenry. Its
area is 624 square miles. With what is now the
County of Lake, it was erected into a county in
1836, the county-seat being at McHenry. Three
years later the eastern part was set off as the
County of Lake, and the county -seat of McHenry
County removed to Woodstock, the geograph-
ical center. The soil is well watered by living
springs and is highly productive. Hardwood
groves are numerous. Fruits and berries are
extensively cultivated, but the herbage is espe-
cially adapted to dairying, Kentucky blue grass
being indigenous. Large quantities of milk are
daily shipped to Chicago, and the annual pro-
duction of butter and cheese reaches into the
millions of pounds. The geological formations
comprise the drift and the Cincinnati and Niagara
groups of rocks. Near Fox River are found
gravel ridges. "\'egetable remains and logs of
wood have been found at various depths in the
drift deposits ; in one instance a cedar log, seven
inches in diameter, having been discovered forty-
two feet below the surface. Peat is found every-
where, although the most extensive deposits are
in the northern half of the county, where they
exist in sloughs covering several thousands of
acres. Several lines of railroad cross the county,
and every important village is a railway station.
Woodstock, Marengo, and Harvard are the prin-
cipal towns. Population (1880), 24.908; (1890),
26,114; (1900), 29,759.
MelXTOSH; (Capt.) Alexander, was born in
Fulton County, N. Y., in 1822; at 19 years of
age entered an academy at Galway Center,
remaining three years : in 1845 removed to Joliet,
111., and, two years later, started "The Joliet
True Democrat," but sold out the next year, and,
in 1849, went to California. Returning in 1852, he
bought back "The True Democrat," which he
edited until 1857, meanwhile (1856) having been
elected Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder
of Will County. In 1863 he %vas appointed by
President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quarter-
master, serving under General Sherman in 1864
and in the "March to the Sea," and, after the
war, being for a time Post Quartermaster at
Mobile. Having resigned in 1866, he engaged in
mercantile business at Wilmington, Will Coimty ;
but, in 1869, bought "The Wilmington Independ-
ent," which he published until 1873. The next
year he returned to Joliet, and, a few months
after, became political editor of "The Joliet
Republican," and was subsequent^ connected, in
a similar capacity, with other papers, including
"The Phoenix" and "The Sun" of the same city.
Died, in Joliet, Feb. 2. 1899.
McKEXDREE, William, Methodist Episcopal
Bishop, was born in Virginia, in 1757, enlisted as
a private in the War of the Revolution, but later
served as Adjutant and in the commissary depart-
ment. He was converted at 30 years of age, and
the next year began preaching in his native
State, being advanced to the position of Presiding
Elder; in 1800 was transferred to the West, IIU-
nois falling within his District. Here he remained
until his elevation to the episcopacy in 1808.
McKendree College, at Lebanon, received its
name from him, together with a donation of 480
acres of land. Died, near Nashville, Tenn. , March
5, 1835.
McKEXDREE COLLEGE, one of the earliest of
Illinois colleges, located at Lebanon and incorpo-
rated in 1835. Its founding was suggested by
Rev. Peter Cartwright, and it may be said to
have had its inception at the Methodist Episcopal
Conference held at Mount Carmel, in September,
1827. The first funds for its establishment were
subscribed by citizens of Lebanon, who contrib-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
365
uted from their scanty means, SI. 385. Instruc-
tion began, Nov. 24, 1828, under Rev. Edward
Ames, afterwards a Bishop of the Methodist Epis-
copal Church. In 1830 Bishop McKendree made
a donation of land to the infant institution, and
the school was named in his honor. It cannot be
said to have become really a college until 1836,
and its first class graduated in 1841. University
powers were granted it by an amendment to its
charter in 1839. At present the departments are
as follows: Preparatory, business, classical,
scientific, law, music and oratory. The institu-
tion owns property to the value of 890,000, includ-
ing an endowment of .525,000, and has about 200
students, of both sexes, and a faculty of ten
instructors. (See Colleges, Early.)
McLAKEX, William Edward, Episcopal Bishop,
was born at Geneva, N. Y. , Dec. 13, 1831 : gradu-
ated at Washington and Jefferson College (Wash-
ington, Pa.) in 1851, and, after six years spent in
teaching and in jom-nahstic work, entered Alle-
gheny Theological Seminary, graduating and
entering the Presbyterian ministry in 18C0. For
three years he was a missionary at Bogota. South
America, and later in charge of churches at
Peoria, III, and Detroit, Mich. Having entered
the Protestant Episcopal Church, he was made a
deacon in July, 1872, and ordained priest the fol-
lowing October, immediately thereafter assuming
the pastorate of Trinity Church, Cleveland, Ohio.
In July, 1875, he was elected Bishop of the Prot-
estant Episcopal Diocese of Illinois, which then
included the whole State. Subsequently, the
dioceses of Quincy and Springfield were erected
therefrom. Bishop McLaren remaining at the
head of the Chicago See. Puring his episcopate,
church work has been active and effective, and
the Western Theological Seminary in Chicago
has been founded. His published works include
numerous sermons, addresses and poems, besides
a volume entitled "Catholic Dogma the Antidote
to Doubt" (New York, 1884).
McLAUGHLIX, Robert K., early lawyer and
State Treasurer, was born in Virginia, Oct. 25,
1779 ; before attaining his majority went to Ken-
tucky, and, about 1815, removed to Illinois, set-
tling finally at Belleville, where he entered upon
the practice of law. The first public position
held by him seems to have been that of Enrolling
and Engrossing Clerk of both Houses of the Third
(or last) Territorial Legislature (1816-18). In
August, 1819, he entered upon the duties of State
Treasurer, as successor to John Thomas, who had
been Treasurer during the whole Territorial
period, serving until January, 1823. Becoming a
citizen of Vandalia, by the removal thither of the
State capital a few months later, he continued to
reside there the remainder of his life. He subse-
quently represented the Fayette District as
Representative in the Fifth General Assembly,
and as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh and Tenth,
and, in 1887, became Register of the Land OfBce
at Vandalia, serving until 1845. Although an
uncle of Gen. Joseph Duncan, he became a can-
didate for Governor against the latter, in 1834,
standing third on the hst. He married a Miss
Bond, a niece of Gov. Shadrach Bond, under
whose administration he served as State Treasurer.
Died, at Vandalia, May 29, 1862.
McLEAX, a village of McLean County, on the
Chicago & Alton Railway, 14 miles southwest of
Bloomington, in a farming, dairying and stock-
growing district; has one weekly paper. Pop\i-
lation (1890), 500; (1900), 532.
McLean, John, early United States Senator,
was born in North Carolina in 1791, brought by
bis fatlier to Kentucky when four years old, and.
at 23, was admitted to the bar and removed to
Illinois, settling at Shawneetown in 1815. Pos.
sessing oratorical gifts of a high order and an
almost magnetic power over men, coupled with
strong common sense, a keen sense of humor and,
great command of language, he soon attained
prominence at the bar and as a popular speaker.
In 1818 he was elected the first Representative in
Congress from the new State, defeating Daniel P.
Cook, but served only a few months, being de-
feated by Cook at the next election. He was
three times elected to the Legislature, serving
once as Speaker. In 1824 he was chosen United
States Senator to succeed Governor Edwards (who
had resigned), serving one year. In 1828 he was
elected for a second time by a unanimous vote,
but lived to serve only one session, dying at
Sliawneetown, Oct. 4, 1830. In testimony of the
public appreciation of the loss which the State
liad sustained by his death, McLean County was
named in his honor.
McLEAJf COrXTY, the largest county of the
State, having an area of 1166 square miles, is
central as to the region north of the latitude of
St. Louis and about midway between that city
and Chicago — was named for John McLean, an
early United States Senator. The early immi-
grants were largely from Ohio, although Ken-
tucky and New York were well represented. The
county was organized in 1830, the population at
that time being about 1.200. The greater portion
of the surface is high, undulating prairie, with
occasional groves and belts of timber. On the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
creek bottoms are found black walnut.
bucke3'e, black ash and elm, while the sandy
ridges are covered with scrub oak and black-jack.
The soil is extremely fertile (generally a rich,
brown loam), and the entire county is underlaid
with coal. The chief occupations are stock-rais-
ing, coal-mining, agriculture and manufactures.
Sugar and Mackinaw Creeks, with their tribu-
taries, afford thorough drainage. Sand and
gravel beds are numerous, but vary greatly in
depth. At Chenoa one has been found, in boring
for coal, thirty feet thick, overlaid by forty-five
feet of the clay common to this formation. The
upper seam of coal in the Bloomington shafts is
No. 6 of the general section, and the lower. No. 4 ;
the latter averaging four feet in thickness. The
principal towns are Bloomington (the county-
seat). Normal, Lexington, LeRoy and Chenoa.
Population (1890), 03,036; (1900), 67,843.
McLEANSBORO, a city and the county-seat of
Hamilton County, upon a brancli of the Louis-
ville & Nashville Railroad, 102 miles east south-
east of St. Louis and about 48 miles southeast of
Centralia. The people are enterprising and pro-
gressive, the city is up-to-date and prosperous,
supporting three banks and six churches. Two
weekly newspapers are published here. Popula-
tion (1880), 1.341; (1890), 1,3.55; (1900), 1,758.
McMULLIN, James C, Railway Manager, was
born at Watertown, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1830; began
work as Freight and Ticket Agent of the Great
Western Railroad (now Wabash), at Decatur, 111.,
May, 1857, remaining until 1800, when he
accepted the position of Freight Agent of the
Chicago & Alton at Springfield. Here he re-
mained until Jan. 1, 1803, when he was trans-
ferred in a similar capacity to Chicago; in
September, 1864. became Superintendent of the
Northern Division of the Chicago & Alton, after-
wards successively filling the positions of Assist-
ant General Superintendent (18G7), General
Superintendent (1868-78) and General Manager
(1878-88). The latter year he was elected Vice-
President, remaining in office some ten years,
when ill-health compelled his retirement. Died,
in Chicago, Dec. 30. 1896.
McJIURTRY, William, Lieutenant-Governor,
was born in Mercer County, Ky., Feb. 20, 1801 ;
removed from Kentucky to Crawford Coimty,
Ind., and, in 1829, came to Knox County, III.,
settling in Henderson Township. He was elected
Representative in the Tenth General Assembly
(1886), and to the Senate in 1843, serving in the
Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies.
In 1848 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on
the same ticket with Gov. A. C. French, being
the first to hold the office under the Constitution
adopted that year. In 1862 he assisted in raising
the One Hundred and Second Regiment Illinois
Volunteers, and, although advanced in years,
was elected Colonel, but a few weeks later was
compelled to accept a discharge on account of
failing health. Died, April 10, 1875.
SIcNEELET, Tliompson W., lawyer and ex-Con-
gressman, was born in Jacksonville, 111., Oct. 5,
1835, and graduated at Lombard University,
Galesburg, at the age of 21. The following year
he was licensed to practice, but continued to pur-
sue his professional studies, attending the Law
University at LouisviUe, Ky., from which insti-
tution he gi-aduated in 1859. He was a member
of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and
chairman of the Democratic State Central Com-
mittee in 1878. From 1869 to 1873 he represented
his District in Congress, resuming his practice
at Petersburg, Menard County, after his retire-
ment.
McNULTA, John, soldier and ex-Congressman,
was born in New York City, Nov. 9, 1887, received
an academic education, was admitted to the bar,
and settled at Bloomington, in this State, while
yet a young man. On May 3, 1861, he enlisted as
a private in the Union army, and served until
August 9, 1865, rising, successively, to the rank
of Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel and
Brevet Brigadier-General. From 1869 to 1873 he
was a member of the lower house of the General
Assembly from JIcLean County, and, in 1872, was
elected to the Forty-third Congress, as a Repub-
lican. General McNulta has been prominent in
the councils of the Republican party, standing
second on the ballot for a candidate for Governor,
in the State Convention of 1888, and serving as
Permanent President of the State Convention of
1890. In 1896 he was one of the most earnest
advocates of the nomination of Mr. McKinley for
President. Some of his most important work,
within the past few years, has been performed in
connection with receiverships of certain railway
und other corporations, especially that of the
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad, from 1884
to 1890. He is now (1898) Receiver of the National
Bank of Illinois, Chicago. Died Feb. 22. 1900.
Mcpherson, Slmeon J., clergyman, de-
scended from the Clan McPherson of Scotland,
was born at Mumford, Monroe County, N. Y., Jan.
19, 1850 ; prepared for college at Leroy and Fulton,
and graduated at Princeton, N. J. , in 1874. Then,
after a 3-ear's service as teacher of mathematics
at his Alma Mater, he entered the Theological
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
367
Seminary there, and graduated from that depart-
ment in 1879, having in the meantime traveled
through Europe, Egypt and Palestine. He was
licensed to preach by the Rochester Presbytery
in 1877, and spent three years (1879-82) in pas-
toral labor at East Orange, N. J. ; when he ac-
cepted a call to the Second Presbyterian Church
of Chicago, remaining until the early part of 1899,
when he tendered his resignation to accept the
position of Director of the Lawrenceville Prepar-
atory Academy of Princeton College, N. J.
McROBERTS, Josiah, jurist, was bom in
Monroe County, 111.. June 13, 1830; graduated
from St. Mary's College (Mo.) in 1839; studied
law at Danville, 111., with his brother Samuel,
and, in 1843, entered the law department of
Transylvania University, graduating in 1844,
after which he at once began practice. In 1846
he was elected to the State Senate for the Cham-
paign and Vermilion District, at the expiration of
his term removing to Joliet. In 18.52 he was
appointed by Governor Matteson Trustee of the
Illinois & Michigan Canal, which office he held
for four years. In 1866 he was appointed Circuit
Court Judge by Governor Oglesby, to fill a va-
cancy, and was re-elected in 1867, '73, "79, and '8.5,
but died a few months after his last election.
McROBERTS, Samuel, United States Sena-
tor, was born in Monroe County, 111., Feb. 20,
1799; graduated from Transylvania University in
1819; in 1821, was elected the fii-st Circuit Clerk
of his native county, and, in 1825, appointed
Circuit Judge, which office he held for three
years. In 1838 he was elected State Senator,
representing the district comprising Mom-oe,
Clinton and Washington Counties. Later he was
appointed United States District Attorney by
President Jackson, but soon resigned to become
Receiver of Public Jloneys at Danville, by
appointment of President Van Buren, and, in
1839, Solicitor of the General Land Office at
Washington. Resigning the latter office in the
fall of 1841, at the next session of the Illinois
Legislature he was elected United States Senator
to succeed John M. Robinson, deceased. Died, at
Cincinnati, Ohio, March 23, 1843, being suc-
ceeded by James Semple.
McVICKER, James Hubert, actor and theat-
rical manager, was born in New York City, Feb.
14, 1822; thi'own upon his own resources by the
death of his father in infancy and the necessity
of assisting to support his widowed mother, he
early engaged in various occupations, until, at
the age of 15, he became an apprentice in the
office of "The St. Louis Republican," three years
later becoming a journeyman printer. He first
appeared on the stage in the St. Charles Theater,
New Orleans, in 1843; two years later was prin-
cipal comedian in Rice's Theater, Chicago, re-
maining until 1852, when he made a tour of the
country, appearing in Yankee characters. About
1855 he made a tour of England and, on his
return, commenced building his first Chicago
theater, which was opened, Nov. 3. 1857, and was
conducted with varied fortune until burned down
in the great fire of 1871. Rebuilt and remodeled
from time to time, it burned down a second time
in August, 1890, the losses from these several fires
having imposed upon Mr. McVicker a heavy
burden. Although an excellent comedian, Mr.
McVicker did not appear on the stage after 1882,
from that date giving his attention entirely to
management. He enjoyed in an eminent degree
the re-spect and confidence, not only of the
profession, but of the general public. Died in
Chicago, March 7, 1896.
Mc'WILLIAMS, David, banker, D wight. 111.,
was born in Belmont County. Ohio, Jan. 14, 1834;
was brought to Illinois in infancy and grew up on
a farm until 14 years of age, when he entered the
office of the Pittsfield (Pike County) "Free Press"
as an apprentice. In 1849 he engaged in the
lumber trade with his father, the management of
which devolved upon him a few yeai's later. In
the early oO's he was, for a time, a student in
Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not
graduate ; in 1855 removed to Dwight, Livingston
County, then a new town on the line of the Chi-
cago & Alton Railroad, which had been completed
to that point a few months previous. Here he
erected the first store building in the town, and
put in a 82,000 stock of goods on borrowed capi-
tal, remaining in the mercantile business for
eighteen years, and retaining an interest in the
establishment seven years longer. In the mean-
time, while engaged in merchandising, he began
a banking business, which was enlarged on his
retii'ement from the former, receiving his entire
attention. The profits derived from his banking
business were invested in farm lands until he
became one of the largest land-owners in Living-
ston County. Mr. McWilliams is one of the
original members of the first Methodist Episcopal
Church organized at Dwight, and has served as a
lay delegate to several General Conferences of
that denomination, as well as a delegate to the
Ecumenical Council in London in 1881 ; has also
been a liberal contributor to the support of vari-
ous literary and theological institutions of the
church, and has served for many years as a Trus-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
tee of the Northwestern University at Evanston.
In politics he is a zealoiis Republican, and has
repeatedly served as a delegate to the State Con-
ventions of that party, including the Bloomington
Convention of 1856, and was a candidate for
Presidential Elector for the Ninth District on the
Blaine ticket in 1884. He has made several ex-
tended tours to Europe and other foreign coun-
tries, the last including a trip to Egypt and the
Holy Land, during 1898-99.
MECHAJiICSBURG, a village of Sangamon
County, near the Wabash Railway, 13 miles east
of Springfield. Population (1880), 396; (1890),
406; (1900), 476.
MEDILL, Joseph, editor and newspaper pub-
lisher, was born, April 6, 1833, in the vicinity (now
a part of the city) of St. John, N. B., of Scotch-
Irish parentage, but remotely of Huguenot
descent. At nine years of age he accompanied
his parents to Stark County, Ohio, where lie
enjoyed such educational advantages as belonged
to that region and period. He entered an acad-
emy with a view to preparing for college, but his
family having suffered from a fire, he was com-
pelled to turn his attention to business; studied
law, was admitted to the bar in 1840. and began
practice at New Philadelphia, in Tuscarawas
County. Here he caught the spirit of journalism
by frequent visits to the ofliice of a local paper,
learned to set type and to work a hand-press. In
1849 he bought a paper at Coshocton, of which he
assumed editorial charge, employing his brothers
as assistants in various capacities. The name of
this paper was "The Coshocton Whig," which
he soon changed to "The Republican," in which
he dealt vigorous blows at political and other
abuses, which several times brought upon him
assaults from his political opponents — that being
the style of political argument in those days.
Two years later, having sold out "The Repub-
lican," he established "The Daily Forest City" at
Cleveland — a Whig paper with free-soil proclivi-
ties. The following year "The Forest City" was
consolidated with "Tlie Free-Democrat," a Free-
Soil paper under the editorship of John C.
Vaughan, a South Carolina Abolitionist, the new
paper taking the name of "The Cleveland
Leader." Mr. Medill, with the co-operation of
Mr. VaUghan, then went to work to secure the
consolidation of the elements opposed to slavery
in one compact organization. In this he was
aided by the introduction of the Kansas-Nebraska
Bill in Congress, in December, 18.53, and, before
its passage in May following, Mr. :Medill had
begun to agitate tlie question of a union of all
opposed to that measure in a new party under the
name "Republican." During the winter of
1854-55 he received a call from Gen. J. D. Web-
ster, at that time part owner of "The Chicago
Tribune," which resulted in his visiting Chicago
a few months later, and his purchase of an inter-
est in the paper, his connection with the concern
dating from June 18, 1855. He was almost
immediately joined by Dr. Charles H. Ray, who
had been editor of "The Galena Jefiiersonian, "
and, still later, by J. C. Vaughan and Alfred
Cowles, who had been associated with him on
"The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill assumed
the position of managing editor, and, on the
retirement of Dr. Ray, in 1803, became editor-in-
chief until 1806, when he gave place to Horace
White, now of "The New York Evening Post."
During the Civil War period he was a zealous
supporter of President Lincoln's emancipation
policy, and served, for a time, as President of the
"Loyal League," which proved such an infiu-
eutial factor in upholding the hands of the Gov-
ernment during the darkest period of the
rebellion. In 1869 Mr. Medill was elected to the
State Constitutional Convention, and, in that
body, was the leading advocate of the principle
of "minority representation" in the election of
Representatives, as it was finally incorporated
in the Constitution. In 1871 he was appointed
by President Grant a member of the first Civil
Service Commission, representing a principle to
which he ever remained thoroughly committed.
A few weeks after the great fire of the same
year, he was elected Mayor of the city of Chicago.
The financial condition of the city at the time,
and other questions in issue, involved great difH-
culties and responsibilities, which he met in a
way to command general approval. During his
administration the Chicago Public Library was
established, Mr. Medill delivering the address at
its opening, Jan. 1, 1873. Near the close of his
term as JIayor, he resigned the office and spent
the following year in Europe. Almost simultane-
ously with his return from his European trip, he
secured a controlling interest in "The Tribune,"
re.suming control of the paper. Nov. 9, 1874,
which, as editor-in-chief, he retained for the
remainder of his life of nearly twenty-five years.
The growth of the paper in business and infiuence,
from the beginning of his connection with it, was
one of the marvels of journalism, making it easily
one of the most successful newspaper ventures
in the United States, if not in the world. Early
in December, 1898. Mr. Medill went to San
Antonio, Te.xas, hoping to receive relief in that
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
3G9
mild climate from a chronic disease which had
been troubling him for years, but died iu that
city, March 16, 1899, within three weeks of hav-
ing reached his 76th birthday. The conspicuous
features of his character were a strong individu-
ality and indomitable perseverance, which led
him never to accept defeat. A few weeks previ-
ous to his death, facts were developed going to
show that, in 1881, he was offered, bj' President
Garfield, the position of Postmaster-General,
which was declined, when he wa.? tendered the
choice of any position in the Cabinet except two
which had been previously promised; also, that
he was offered a position in President Harrison's
Cabinet, in 1889.
MEDILL, (Maj.) William H., soldier, was
born at Massillon, Ohio, Nov. 5, 183.5; in 18.5.5,
came to Chicago and was associated with "The
Prairie Farmer." Subsequently he was editor of
"The Stark County (Ohio) Republican," but
again returning to Chicago, at the beginning of
the war, was employed on "The Tribune," of
which his brother (Hon. Joseph Medill) was
editor. After a few months' service in Barker's
Dragoons (a short-time organization), in Septem-
ber, 1861, he joined the Eighth Illinois Cavalry
(Colonel Farnsworth's), and, declining an election
as Major, was chosen Senior Captain. The regi-
ment soon joined the Army of the Potomac. By
the promotion of his superior officers Captain
Medill was finally advanced to the command,
and, during the Peninsular campaign of 1862, led
his troops on a reconnoissance within twelve miles
of Richmond. At the battle of Gettysburg he
had command of a portion of his regiment, acquit-
ting himself with great credit. A few days after,
while attacking a party of rebels who were
attempting to build a bridge across the Potomac
at Williamsburg, he received a fatal wound
through the lungs, dying at Frederick City, July
16, 1863.
MEEKER, Moses, pioneer, was born in New-
ark, N. J., June 17, 1790; removed to Cincinnati,
Ohio, in 1817, engaging in the manufacture of
white lead until 1822, when he headed a pioneer
expedition to the frontier settlement at Galena,
111., to enter upon the business of smelting lead-
ore. He served as Captain of a company in the
Black Hawk War, later removing to Iowa
County, Wis., where he built the first smelting
works in that Territory, served in the Territorial
Legislature (1840-43) and in the first Constitu-
tional Convention (1846). A "History of the
Early Lead Regions," by him, appears in the
sixth volume of "The Wisconsin Historical Soci-
ety Collections." Died, at ShuUsburg, Wis.,
July 7, 186.5.
MELROSE, a suburb of Chicago, 11 miles west
of the initial station of the Chicago & North-
western Railroad, upon which it is located. It
has two or three churches, some manufacturing
establishments and one weekly paper. Popula-
tion (1890), 1,0.50; (1900), 2,.592.
MEMBRE, Zenobius, French missionary, was
born in France in 1645 ; accompanied La Salle on
his expedition to Illinois in 1679, and remained at
Fort Creve-Cojur with Henry de Tonty ; descended
the Mississippi with La Salle in 1682; returned to
France and wrote a history of the expedition,
and, in 1684, accompanied La Salle on his final
expedition ; is supposed to have landed with La
Salle in Texas, and there to have been massacred
by the natives in 1687. (See La Salle and Tonty.)
MEXARD, Pierre, French pioneer and first
Lieutenant-Governor, was born at St. Antoine,
Can., Oct. 7, 1766; settled at Kaskaskia, in 1790,
and engaged in trade. Becoming interested in
politics, he was elected to the Territorial Council
of Indiana, and later to the Legislative Council of
Illinois Territory, being presiding officer of the
latter until the admission of Illinois as a State.
He was, for several years. Government Agent,
and in this capacity negotiated several important
treaties with the Indians, of whose characteris-
tics he seemed to have an intuitive perception. He
Avas of a nervous temperament, impulsive and
generous. In 1818 he was elected the first Lieu-
tenant-Governor of the new State. His term of
office having expired, he retired to private life
and the care of his extensive business. He died
at Kaskaskia, in June, 1844, leaving what was
then considered a large estate. Among his assets,
however, were found a large number of promis-
sory notes, which he had endorsed for personal
friends, besides many uncoUectable accounts
from poor people, to whom he had sold goods
through pure generosity. Menard County was
named for him, and a statue in his honor stands
in the capitol grounds at Springfield, erected by
the son of his old partner — Charles Pierre Chou-
teau, of St. Louis.
MENARD COUNTY, near the geographical
center of the State, and originally a part of
Sangamon, but separately organized in 1839, the
Provisional Commissioners being Joseph Wat-
kins, William Engle and George W. Simpson.
The county was named in honor of Pierre Menard,
who settled at Kaskaskia prior to the Territorial
organization of Illinois. (See Menard, Pierre.)
Cotton was an important crop until 1830, when
370
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
agriculture uuderwent a change. Stock-raising
is now extensively carried on. Three fine veins
of bituminous coal underlie the county. Among
early American settlers may be mentioned the
Clarys, Matthew Rogers, Amor Batterton, Solo-
mon Pruitt and William Gideon. The names of
Meadows, Montgomery, Green. Boyer and Grant
are also familiar to early settlers. The county
furnished a company of eighty -six volunteers for
the Mexican War. The county-seat is at Peters-
burg. The area of the county is 320 square miles,
and its population, under the last census, 14,336.
In 1829 was laid out the town of Salem, now
extinct, but for some years the home of Abraham
Lincoln, who was once its Postmaster, and who
marched thence to the Black Hawk War as
Captain of a company.
MENDON, a town of Adams County, on the
Burlington & Quincy Division of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railway, 15 miles northeast
of Quincy ; has a bank and a newspaper ; is sur-
rounded by a farming and stock-raising district.
Population (1880). (io2; (1890)^ 640; (1900), 627.
MENDOTA, a city in La Salle County founded
in 1853, at the junction of the Chicago. Burlington
& Quincy with its Rochelle and Fulton branches
and the Illinois Central Railway, 80 miles south-
west of Chicago. It has eight churches, three
graded and two high schools, and a public li-
brary- Wartburg Seminary (Lutheran, opened
in 18-53) is located here. The chief industrial
plants are two iron foundries, machine shops,
plow works and a brewery. The city has three
banks and four weekly newspapers. The sur-
rounding country is agricultural and the city has
considerable local trade. Population (1890),
3,542; (1900), 3,736.
MERCER COUNTY, a western county, with an
area of 555 square miles and a population (1900)
of 20,945— named for Gen. Hugh Mercer. The
Mississippi forms the western boundary, and
along this river the earliest American settlements
were made. William Dennison, a Pennsylvanian,
settled in New Boston Township in 1828, and,
before the expiration of a half dozen years, the
Vannattas. Keith, Jackson, Wilson, Farlow,
Bridges, Perry and Fleharty had arrived. Mer-
cer County was separated from Warren, and
specially organized in 1825. The soil is a rich,
black loam, admirably adapted to the cultivation
of cereals. A good quality of building stone is
found at various points. Aledo is the county-
seat. The county lies on the outskirts of the
Illinois coal fields and mining was commenced
in 1845.
MERCY HOSPITAL, located in Chicago, and
the first permanent hospital in the State — char-
tered in 1847 or 1848 as the "Illinois General
Hospital of the Lakes."' No steps were taken
toward organization until 1850, when, with a
scanty fund scarcely exceeding §1.50, twelve beds
were secm-ed and placed on one floor of a board-
ing house, whose proprietress was engaged as
nurse and stewardess. Drs. N. S. Davis and
Daniel Brainard were, respectively, the first
physician and surgeon in charge. In 1851 the
hospital was given in charge of the Sisters ov
Mercy, who at once enlarged and improved the
accommodations, and, in 1852, changed its name
to Mercy Hospital. Three or four years later, a
removal was made to a building previously occu-
pied as an orphan asylum. Being the only pub-
lic hospital in the city, its wards were constantly
overcrowded, and, in 1869, a more capacious and
better arranged building was erected. This
'edifice it has continued to occupy, although many
additions and improvements have been, and are
still being, made. The Sisters of Mercy own the
grounds and buildings, and manage the nursing
and all the domestic and financial affairs of the
institution. The present medical staff (1896)
consists of thirteen physicians and surgeons,
besides three internes, or resident practitioners.
MERED0SI4,a town in Morgan County, on
the east bank of the Illinois River and on the
Wabash Railway, some .58 miles west of Spring-
field ; is a grain shipping point and fishing and
hunting resort It was the first Illinois River
point to be connected with the State capital by
railroad in 1838. Population (1890), 621; (1900), 700.
MERRIAM, (Col.) Jonathan, soldier, legisla-
tor and farmer, was born in Vermont, Nov. 1,
1834; was brought to Springfield, 111., when two
years old, living afterwards at Alton, his parents
finally locating, in 1841, in Tazewell County,
where he now resides — when not oflScially em-
ployed— pursuing the occupation of a farmer. He
was educated at Wesleyan University, Blooming-
ton, and at McKendree College; entered the
Union army in 1862. being commissioned Lieu-
tenant-Colonel of the One Hundred and Seven-
teenth Illinois Infantr}-, and serving to the close
of the war. During the Civil War period he was
one of the founders of the "Union League of
America," which proved so influential a factor
in sustaining the war policy of the Government.
He was also a member of the State Constitutional
Convention of 1869-70; an unsuccessful Repub-
lican nominee for Congress in 1870; served as
Collector of Internal Revenue for the Springfield
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
371
District from 1873 to '83, was a Representative in
the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assem-
blies, and, in 189T, was appointed, bj- President
McKinley, Pension Agent for the State of Illinois,
with headquarters in Chicago. Thoi'oughly pa-
triotic and of incorruptible integrity, he has won
the respect and confidence of all in every public
position he has been called to fill.
MERRILL, Stephen Mason, Methodist Episco-
pal Bishop, was born in Jefferson County, Ohio,
Sept. 16, 182.5, entered the Ohio Conference of tlie
Methodist Episcopal Church, in 186-1, as a travel-
ing preacher, and, four years later, became editor
of "The Western Christian Advocate," at Cin-
cinnati. He was ordained Bishop at Brooklyn in
1872, and, after two years spent in Minnesota,
removed to Chicago, where he still resides. The
degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Ohio
Wesleyan University, in 1868, and that of LL.D.
by the Northwestern University, in 1886. He has
published "Christian Baptism" (Cincinnati,
1876); "New Testament Idea of HeU" (1878);
"Second Coming of Christ" (1879); "Aspects of
Christian Experience" (1882); "Digest of Metho-
dist Law" (1885); and "Outlines of Thought on
Probation" (1886).
MERRITT, John W., journalist, was born in
New York City, July 4, 1806; studied law and
practiced, for a time, with the celebrated James
T. Brady as a partner. In 1841 he removed to
St. Clair County, 111., purchased and, from 1848
to '51, conducted "The Belleville Advocate";
later, removed to Salem, 111. , where he established
"The Salem Advocate" ; served as Assistant Sec-
retary of the State Constitutional Convention of
1862, and as Representative in the Twenty -third
General Assembly. In 1864 he purchased "The
State Register" at Springfield, and was its editor
for several years. Died, Nov. 16, 1878.— Thomas
E. (Merritt), son of the preceding, lawyer and
politician, was born in New York City, April 29,
1834; at six years of age was brought by his
father to Illinois, where he attended the common
schools and later learned the trade of carriage-
painting. Subsequently he read law, and was
admitted to the bar, at Springfield, in 1862. In
1868 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the lower
house of the General Assembly from the Salem
District, and was re-elected to the same body in
1870, '74, '76, '86 and "88. He also served two
terms in the Senate (1878-"86), making an almost
continuous service in the General Assembly of
eighteen years. He has repeatedly been a mem-
ber of State conventions of his party, and stands
as one of its trusted representatives. — Maj.-Gen.
Wesley (Merritt), another son, was born in New
York, June 16, 1836, came with his father to Illi-
nois in childhood, and was appointed a cadet at
West Point Military Academy from this State,
graduating in 1860 ; became a Second Lieutenant
in the regular army, the same year, and was pro-
moted to the rank of First Lieutenant, a year
later. After the beginning of the Civil War, he
was rapidly promoted, reaching the rank of
Brigadier-General of Volunteers in 1863, and
being mustered out, in 186G, with the brevet rank
of Major-General. He re-entered the regular
army as Lieutenant-Colonel, was promoted to a
colonelcy in 1876, and, in 1887, received a com-
mission as Brigadier-General, in 1897 becoming
Major-General. He was in command, for a time,
of the Department of the Missom-i, but, on his
last promotion, was transferred to the Depart-
ment of the East, with headquarters at Gov-
ernor's Island, N. Y. Soon after the beginning
of the war with Spain, he was assigned to the
command of the land forces destined for the
Philippines, and appointed Military Governor of
the Islands. Towards the close of the year he
returned to the United States and resumed his old
command at New York.
MESSINGER, John, pioneer surveyor and car-
tographer, was born at West Stockbridge, Mass. ,
in 1771, grew up on a farm, but secured a good
education, especially in mathematics. Going to
Vermont in 1783, lie learned the trade of a car-
penter and mill-wright ; removed to Kentucky in
1799, and, in 1802, to Illinois (then a part of Indi-
ana Territory), locating first in the American
Bottom and, later, at New Design within the
present limits of Monroe County. Two years
later he became the proprietor of a mill, and,
between 1804 and 1806, taught one of the earliest
schools in St. Clair County. The latter year he
took up the vocation of a surveyor, which he fol-
lowed for many years as a sub-contractor imder
William Rector, surveying much of the land in
St. Clair and Randolph Counties, and, still later,
assisting in determining the northern boundary
of the State. He also served for a time as a
teacher of mathematics in Rock Spring Seminary ;
in 1821 published "A Manual, or Hand-Book,
intended for Convenience in Practical Survey-
ing," and prepared some of the earlier State and
county maps. In 1808 he was elected to the
Indiana Territorial Legislature, to fill a vacancy,
and took part in the steps which resulted in set-
ting up a separate Territorial Government for
Illinois, the following year. He also received an
appointment as the first Surveyor of St. Clair
HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Count}' under the new Territorial GoTernment;
was cliosen a Delegate from St. Clair County to
tlie Convention of 1818, which framed the first
State Constitution, and, the same year, was
elected a Representative in the First General
Assembly, serving as Speaker of that body.
After leaving New Design, the later years of his
life were spent on a farm two and a half miles
north of Belleville, where he died in 1846.
METAMORA, a town of Woodford County, on
a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 19
miles east-northeast of Peoria and some thirty
miles northwest of Bloomington; is center of a
fine farming district. The town has a creamery,
soda factory, one bank, three churches, two
newspapers, schools and a park. Population
(1880) 828; (1900), 758. Metamora was the
county -seat of Woodford County until 1899, when
the seat of justice was removed to Eureka.
METCALF, Andrew W., lawyer, was born in
Guernsey County, Ohio, August 6, 1828 ; educated
at Madison College in his native State, graduating
in 18-tG, and, after studying law at Cambridge,
Ohio, three years, was admitted to the bar in
1850. The following year he went to Appleton,
Wis. , but remained or^ly a year, when he removed
to St. Louis, then to Edwardsville, and shortly
after to Alton, to take charge of the legal busi-
ness of George T. Brown, then publisher of "The
Alton Courier." In 1853 he returned to Edwards-
ville to reside permanently, and, in 1859, was
appointed by Governor Bissell State's Attorney
for Madison County, serving one year. In 1864
he was elected State Senator for a term of four
years ; was a delegate to the Republican National
Convention of 1872, and, in 1876, a lay delegate
from the Southern Illinois Conference of the
Methodist Episcopal Church to the General Con-
ference at Baltimore; has also been a Trustee of
McKendree College, at Lebanon, 111., for more
than twenty-five vears.
METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, one of
the most numerous Protestant church organiza-
tions in the United States and in Illinois. Rev.
Joseph Lillard was the first preacher of this sect
to settle in the Northwest Territory, and Capt.
Joseph Ogle was tlie first class-leader (1795). It
is stated that the first American preacher in the
American Bottom was Rev. Hosea Riggs (1796).
Rev. Benjamin Young took charge of the first
Methodist mission in 1803, and, in 1804, this mis-
sion was attached to the Cumberland (Tenn.)
circuit. Revs. Joseph Oglesby and Charles R.
Matheny were among the early circuit riders. In
1820 there were seven circuits in Illinois, and, in
1830, twenty-eight, the actual membership
exceeding 10,000. The first Methodist service in
Chicago was held by Rev. Jesse W^alker, in 1826.
The first Methodist society in that city was
organized by Rev. Stephen R. Beggs, in June,
1831. By 1835 the number of circuits had in-
creased to 61, with 370 ministers and 15,000 mem-
bers. Rev. Peter Cartwright was among the
early revivalists. The growth of this denomi-
nation in the State has been extraordinary. By
1890, it had nearly 2,000 churches, 937 ministers,
and 151,000 members — the total number of Metho-
dists in the United States, by the same census,
being 4.980.240. The church property owned in
1890 (including parsonages) approached $111,000,-
000, and the total contributions were estimated
at 82,073,923. The denomination in Illinois sup-
ports two theological seminaries and the Garrett
Biblical Institute at Evanston. "The North-
western Christian Advocate," with a circulation
of some 30,000, is its official organ in Illinois.
(See also Religious Denominations.)
METROPOLIS CITY, the county-seat of Massac
County, 156 miles southeast of St. Louis, situated
on the Ohio River and on the St. Louis and
Paducah Division of the Illinois Central Rail-
road. The city was founded in 1839, on the site
of old Fort Massac, which was erected by tlie
French, aided by the Indians, about 1711. Its
industries consist largely of various forms of
wood-working. Saw and planing mills are a
commercial factor; other establishments turn
out wlieel. buggy and wagon material, barrel
staves and heads, boxes and baskets, and veneers.
There are also flouring mills and potteries. The
city has a public library, two banks, water-
works, electric liglits. numerous churches, high
school and graded schools, and three papers.
Population (1880), 2,668; (1890). 3,573; (1900), 4.069.
MEXICAN WAR. Briefly stated, this war
originated in the annexation of Texas to the
United States, early in 1846. There was a dis-
agreement as to the western boundary of Texas.
Mexico complained of encroachment upon her
territory, and hostilities began with the battle of
Palo Alto, May 8, and ended with the treaty of
peace, concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, near the
City of Mexico. Feb. 2, 1848. Among the most
prominent figures were President Polk, under
whose administration annexation was effected,
and Gen. Zachary Taylor, who was chief in com-
mand in the field at the beginning of the war, and
was elected Polk's successor. Illinois furnished
more than her full quota of troops for the strug-
gle. May 13, 1846, war was declared. On May
niSTOEICxVL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
35, Governor Ford issued his proclamation calling
for the enlistment of three regiments of infantry,
the assessed quota of the State. The response
was prompt and general. Alton was named as
the rendezvous, and Col. (afterwards General)
Sylvester Churchill was the mustering officer.
The regiments mustered in were commanded,
respectively, by Col. John J. Hardin, Col. Wm. H.
Bissell (afterwards Governor) and Col. Ferris
Forman. An additional twelve months' regiment
(the Fourth) was accepted, under command of
Col. E. D. Baker, who later became United States
Senator from Oregon, and fell at the battle of
Ball's Bluff, in October, 1861. A second call was
made in April, 1847, under which Illinois sent
two more regiments, for the war, towards the
Mexican frontier. These were commanded by
Col. Edward W. B. Newby and Col. James
Collins. Independent companies were also
tendered and accepted. Besides, there were
some 150 volunteers who joined the regiments
already in the field. Commanders of the inde-
pendent companies were Capts. Adam Dunlap, '
of Schuyler County; Wyatt B. Stapp, of War-
ren ; Michael K. Lawler, of Shawneetown, and
Josiah Little. Col. John J. Hardin, of the First,
was killed at Buena 'Vista, and the official mor-
tuary list includes many names of Illinois' best
and bravest sons. After participating in the
battle of Buena "Vista, the IlUnois troops shared
in the triumphal entry into the City of Mexico,
on Sept. 16, 1847, and (in connection with those
from Kentucky) were especially complimented in
General Taylor's official report. The Third and
Fourth regiments won distinction at Vera Cruz,
Cerro Gordo and the City of Mexico. At the
second of these battles. General Shields fell
severely (and, as supposed for a time, mortally)
wounded. Colonel Baker succeeded Shields, led
a gallant charge, and really turned the day at
Cerro Gordo. Among the officers honorably
named by General Scott, in his official report, were
Colonel Forman, Major Harris, Adjutant Fondey,
Capt. J. S. Post, and Lieutenants Hammond and
Davis. All the Illinois troops were mustered out
between May 25, 1847 and Nov. 7, 1848, the inde-
pendent companies being the last to quit the
service. The total number of volimteers was
6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 160 wounded,
1'3 of the latter dying of their wounds. Gallant
service in the Mexican War soon became a pass-
port to political preferment, and some of the
brave soldiers of 1846-47 subsequently achieved
merited distinction in civil life. Many also be-
came distinguished soldiers in the War of the
Rebellion, including such names as John A.
Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, M. K. Lawler, James
D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace, B. M. Prentiss,
W. R. Morrison, L. F. Ross, and others. The
cost of the war, with §15,000,000 paid for territory
annexed, is estimated at §166,500,000 and the
extent of territory acquired, nearly 1,000,000
square miles — considerably more than the
whole of the present territory of the Republic of
Mexico.
MEYER, John, lawyer and legislator, was born
in Holland, Feb. 27, 1852 ; came to Chicago at the
age of 12 years; entered the Northwestern Uni-
versity, supporting himself by labor during vaca-
tions and by teaching in a night school, until his
third year iu the universitj', when he became a
student in the Union College of Law, being
admitted to the bar in 1879; was elected from
Cook County to the Thirty-fifth General Assembly
(1884), and re-elected to the Thirty-sixth, Thirty-
eighth and Thirty -ninth, being chosen Speaker of
the latter (Jan. 18, 1895). Died in office, at Free-
port, 111., July 3, 1895, during a special session of
the General Assembly.
MIAMIS, The. The preponderance of author-
ity favors the belief that this tribe of Indians was
originally a part of the Ill-i-ni or Illinois, but the
date of their separation from the parent stock
cannot be told. It is likely, however, that it
occurred before the French pushed their explo-
rations from Canada westward and southward,
into and along the Mississippi Valley. Father
Dablon alludes to the presence of Miamis (whom
he calls Ou-mi-a-mi) in a mixed Indian village,
near the mouth of Fox River of Wisconsin, in
1670. The orthography of their name is varied.
The Iroquois and the British generally knew
them as the "Tvvightwees, " and so they were
commonly called by the American colonists.
The Weas and Piankeshaws were of the same
tribe. When La Salle founded his colony at
Starved Rock, the Miamis had villages which
could muster some 1,950 warriors, of which the
Weas had 500 and the Piankeshaws 150, the re-
maining 1,300 being Miamis proper. In 1671
(according to a written statement by Charlevoix
in 1721), the Miamis occupied three villages:
— one on the St. Joseph River, one on the Mau-
mee and one on the "Ouabache" (Wabash).
They were friendly toward the French until
1694, when a large number of them were
massacred by a party of Sioux, who carried
firearms which had been furnished them by
the Frenchmen. The breach thus caused was
never closed. Having become possessed of guns
374
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
themselves, the Jliamis were able, not only to
hold their own, but also to extend their hunting
grounds as far eastward as the Scioto, alternately
warring with the French, British and Americans.
General Harrison says of them that, ten years
before the treaty of Greenville, they could have
brought upon the field a body of 3,000 "of the
finest light troops in the world," but lacking in
discipline and enterprise. Border warfare and
smallpo.x, however, had, by that date (1T95),
greatly reduced their numerical strength. The
main seat of the Miamis was at Fort Wayne,
whose residents, because of their superior num-
bers and intelligence, dominated all other bands
except the Piankeshaws. The physical and
moral deterioration of the tribe began immedi-
ately after the treaty of Greenville. Little by
little, they ceded their lands to the United States,
the money received therefor being chiefly squan-
dered in debauchery. Decimated by vice and
disease, the remnants of this once powerful abo-
riginal nation gradually drifted westward across
the Mississippi, whence their valorous sires had
emigrated two centuries before. The small rem-
nant of the band finally settled in Indian Terri-
tory, but they have made comparatively little
progress toward civilization. (See also Pianke-
shaws; Tl'en.s.)
MICHAEL REESE HOSPITAL, located in
Chicago, under care of the association known as
the United Hebrew Charities. Previous to 1871
this association maintained a small hospital for
the care of some of its beneficiaries, but it was
destroyed in the conflagration of that year, and no
immediate effort to rebuild was made. In 1880,
however, Michael Reese, a Jewish gentleman
who had accumulated a large fortune in Cali-
fornia, bequeathed S9T,000 to the organization.
With this sum, considerably increased by addi-
tions from other sources, an imposing building
was erected, well arranged and thoroughly
equipped for hospital purposes. The institution
thus founded was named after its principal bene-
factor. Patients are received without discrimi-
nation as to race or religion, and more than half
those admitted are charity patients. The present
medical staff consists of thirteen surgeons and
physicians, several of whom are eminent
specialists.
MICHIGA]V CENTRAL RAILRO.ID. The
main line of this road extends from Chicago
to Detroit, 270 miles, with trackage facilities
from Kensington, 14 miles, over the line of the
Illinois Central, to its terminus in Chicago.
Branch lines (leased, proprietary and operated) in
Canada, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois swell the
total mileage to 1,643.56 miles.— (History.) The
company was chartered in 1846, and purchased
from the State of Michigan the line from Detroit
to Kalamazoo, 144 miles, of which construction had
been begun in 1836. The road was completed to
Michigan City in 18.i0, and, in May, 18.52, reached
Kensington, 111. As at present constituted, the
road (with its auxiliaries) forms an integral part
of what is popularly known as the "Vanderbilt
System." Only 35 miles of the entire line are
operated in Illinois, of which 29 belong to the
Joliet & Northern Indiana branch (which see).
The outstanding capital stock (1898) was SIS,-
738,000 and the funded debt, §19,101,000. Earn-
ings in Illinois the same year, §484,002; total
operating expenses, 6540,905; taxes, §24,250.
MICHIOAX, LAKE. (See Lake Mich igmi.)
MIHALOTZY, Geza, soldier, a native of Hun-
gary and compatriot of Kossuth in the Magyar
struggle; came to Chicago in 1848, in 1861 enlisted
in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois
Volunteers (first "Hecker regiment"), and, on
the resignation of Colonel Hecker, a few weeks
later, was promoted to the Colonelcy. A trained
soldier, he served with gallantry and distinction,
but was fatally wounded at Buzzard's Roost, Feb.
24, 1864, dying at Chattanooga, March 11, 1864.
MILAN, a town of Rock Island Count}',. on the
Rock Island & Peoria Railway, six miles south of
Rock Island. It is located on Rock River, has
several mills, a bank and a newspaper. Popula-
tion (1880), 845; (1890), 692; (1900), 719.
MILBLRN, (Rev.) William Henry, clergy-
man, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 26, 1826.
At the age of five years he almost totally lost
sight in both eyes, as the result of an accident,
and subsequent malpractice in their treatment.
For a time he was able to decipher letters «-ith
difficulty, and thus learned to read. In the face
of such obstacles he carried on his studies until
12 years of age, when he accompanied his father's
family to Jacksonville, 111., and, five years later,
became an itinerant Methodist preacher. For a
time he rode a circuit covering 200 miles, preach-
ing, on an average, ten times a week, for §100 per
year. In 1845, while on a Mississippi steamboat,
he publicly rebuked a number of Congressmen,
who were his fellow passengers, for intemperance
and gaming. This resulted in his being made
Chaplain of the House of Representatives. From
1848 to 1850 he was pastor of a church at Mont-
gomery, Ala., during which time he was tried
for heresy, and later became pastor of a "Free
Church." Again, in 1853, he was chosen Chap-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
375
lain of Congress. While in Europe, in 18.59, lie
took orders in the Episcopal Churcli, but returned
to Methodism in 1871. He has since been twice
Chaplain of the House (1885 and "87) and three
times (1893, "9.5 and '97) elected to the same posi-
tion in the Senate He is generally known as
"the bUnd preacher'' and achieved considerable
prominence by his eloquence as a lecturer on
"What a Blind Man Saw in Eui-ope." Among
his published writings are, "Rifle, Axe and Sad-
dlebags" (1856), "Ten Years of Preacher Life''
(1858) and "Pioneers, Preachers and People of the
Mississippi Valley'' (18(50).
MILCHRIST, Thomas E., lawyer, was born in
the Isle of Man in 1839, and, at the age of eight
years, came to America with his parents, who
settled in Peoria, 111. Here he attended school
and worked on a farm until the beginning of the
Civil War, when he enlisted in the One Hundred
and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, serving until
1865, and being discharged with the rank of Cap-
tain. After the war he read law with John I.
Bennett — then of Galena, but later Master in
Chancery of the United States Court at Chicago
—was admitted to the bar in 1867, and, for a
number of years, served as State's Attorney in
Henry County. In 1888 he was a delegate from
Illinois to the Republican National Convention,
and the following year was appointed by Presi-
dent Harrison United States District Attorney
for the Northern District of Illinois. Since
retiring from office in 1893, Mr. Milchrist has been
engaged in private practice in Cliicago. In 1898
he was elected a State Senator for the Fifth Dis-
trict (city of Chicago) in the Forty-first General
Assembly.
MILES, Nelson A., Major-General, was born
at Westminster, Mass., August 8, 1839, and, at
the breaking out of the Civil War, was engaged
in mercantile pursuits in the city of Bcston. In
October, 1861, he entered the service as a Second
Lieutenant in a Massachusetts regiment, dis-
tinguished himself at the battles of Fair Oaks,
Charles City Cross Roads and Malvern Hill,
in one of which he was wounded. In Sep-
tember, 1862, he was Colonel of the Sixty-
first New York, which he led at Fredericksburg
and at ChanceUorsville, where he was again
severely wounded. He commanded the First
Brigade of the First Division of the Second Army
Corps in the Richmond campaign, and was made
Brigadier-General, May 13, 1864, and Major-
General, by brevet, for gallantry shown at Ream's
Station, in December of the same year. At the
• close of the war he was commissioned Colonel of
the Fortieth United States Infantry, and distin-
guished himself in campaigns against the Indians ;
became a Brigadier-General in 1880, and Major-
General in 1890, in the interim being in command
of the Department of the Columbia, and, after
1890, of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chi-
cago. Here he did much to give efficiency and
importance to the post at Fort Sheridan, and, in
1894, rendered valuable service in checking the
strike riots about Chicago. Near the close of the
year he was transferred to the Department of the
East, and, on the retirement of General Schofield
in 1895, was placed in command of the army,
with headquarters in Washington. During the
Spanish- American war (1898) General Miles gave
attention to the fitting out of troops for the Cuban
and Porto Rican campaigns, and visited Santiago
during the siege conducted by General Shatter,
but took no active command in the field until the
occupation of Porto Rico, which was conducted
with rare discrimination and good judgment, and
with comparatively little loss of life or suffering
to the troops.
MILFORD, a prosperous village of Iroquois
County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Rail-
road, 88 miles south of Chicago; is in a rich farm-
ing region; lias water and sewerage systems,
electric lights, two brick and tile works, three
large grain elevators, flour mill, three churches,
good schools, a public library and a weekly news-
paper. It is an important shipping point for
grain and live-stock. Population (1890), 957;
(1900), 1,077.
MILITARY BOUNTY LANDS. (See MiUtai-y
Tract.)
MILITARY TRACT, a popular name given to
a section of the State, set apart under an act of
Congress, passed. May 6, 1812, as bounty-lands for
soldiers in the war %vith Great Britain commenc-
ing the same year. Similar reservations in the
Territories of Michigan and Louisiana (now
Arkansas) were provided for in the same act.
The lands in Illinois embraced in this act were
situated between the Illinois and Mississippi
Rivers, and extended from the junction of these
streams due north, by tlie Fourth Principal Merid-
ian, to the northern boundary of Township 15
north of the "Base Line." This "base line"
started about opposite the present site of Beards-
town, and extended to a point on the Mississippi
about seven miles north of Quiucy. The north-
ern border of the "Tract" was identical with
the northern boundary of Mercer County, which,
extended eastward, reached the Illinois about
the present village of De Pue, in the southeastern
376
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
part of Bureau County, where the Illinois makes
a great bend towards the south, a few miles west
of the city of Peru. The distance between the
Illinois and the Mississippi, by this line, was about
90 miles, and the entire length of the "Tract,"
from its northern boundary to the junction of
the two rivers, was computed at 169 miles, — con-
sisting of 90 miles north of the "base line" and 79
miles south of it, to the junction of the rivers.
The "Tract" was surveyed in 1815-16. It com-
prised 307 entire townships of six miles square,
each, and 61 fractional townships, containing an
area of 5.360,000 acres, of which 3. .500, 000 acres—
a little less than two-thirds — were appropriated to
military bounties. The residue consisted partly
of fractional sections bordering on rivers, partly of
fractional quarter-sections bordering on township
lines, and containing more or less than 160 acres,
and partly of lands that were returned by the sur-
veyors as unfit for cultivation. In addition to
this, there were large reservations not coming
within the above exceptions, being the overplus
of lands after satisfying the military claims, and
subject to entry and purchase on tlie same con-
ditions as other Government lands. The "Tract"
thus embraced the present counties of Calhoun,
Pike, Adams, Brown, Schuyler, Hancock, Mc-
Donough, Fulton, Peoria, Stark, Knox, Warren,
Henderson and Mercer, with parts of Henry,
Bureau, Putnam and Marshall— or so much of
them as was necessary to meet the demand for
bounties. Immigration to this region set in quite
actively about 1823, and the development of some
portions, for a time, was very rapid ; but later, its
growth was retarded by the conflict of "tax-
titles" and bounty -titles derived by purchase
from the original holders. This led to a great
deal of litigation, and called for considerable
legislation; but since the adjustment of these
questions, this region has kept pace with the most
favored sections of the State, and it now includes
some of the most important and prosperous towns
and cities and many of the finest farms in
Illinois.
MILITI,\. Illinois, taught by the experiences
of the War of 1813 and the necessity of providing
for protection of its citizens against the incur-
sions of Indians on its borders, began the adop-
tion, at an early date, of such measures as were
then common in the several States for the main-
tenance of a State militia. The Constitution of
1818 made the Governor "Commander-in-Chief
of the army and navy of this State, " and declared
that the miUtia of the State should "consist of
all free male able-bodied persons (negroes, mu-
lattoes and Indians excepted) resident in the
State, oetween the ages of IS and -15 years," and
this classification was continued in the later con-
stitutions, except that of 1870, which omits all
reference to the subject of color. In each there
is the same general provision exempting persona
entertaining "conscientious scruples against
bearing arms," although subject to payment of
an equivalent for such exemption. The first law
on the subject, enacted by the first General
Assembly (1819), provided for the e.stablishment
of a general militia system for the State ; and the
fact that this was modified, amended or wholly
changed by acts passed at the sessions of 1821,
'23, '25, '26, "27, '29, "33, '37 and '39, shows the
estimation in which the subject was held. While
many of these acts were of a special character,
providing for a particular class of organization,
the general law did little except to require per-
sons subject to military duty, at stated periods, to
attend county musters, which were often con-
ducted in a very informal manner, or made the
occasion of a sort of periodical frolic. The act of
July, 1833 (following the Black' Hawk War),
required an enrollment of "all free, white, male
inhabitants of military age (except such as might
be exempt under the Constitution or laws)";
divided the State into five divisions by counties,
each division to be organized into a certain speci-
fied number of brigades. This act was quite
elaborate, covering some twenty-four pages, and
provided fur regimental, battalion and company
musters, defined the duties of officers, manner of
election, etc. The act of 1837 encouraged the
organization of volunteer companies. The Mexi-
can War (1845-47) gave a new impetus to this
class of legislation, as also did the War of the
Rebellion (1861-65). While the office of Adju-
tant-General had existed from the first, its duties
— except during the Black Hawk and Mexican
Wars — were rather nominal, and were discharged
without stated compensation, the incumbent
being merely Chief -of-staff to the Governor as
Commauder-in-Chief. The War of the Rebellion
at once brought it into prominence, as an impor-
tant part of the State Government, which it has
since maintained. The various measures passed,
during this period, belong rather to the history of
the late war than to the subject of this chapter.
In 1865, however, the office was put on a different
footing, and the important part it had played,
during the preceding four years, was recognized
by the passage of "an act to provide for the ap-
pointment, and designate the work, fix the pay
and prescribe the duties, of the Adjutant-General
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
of Illinois." During the next four years, its
most important work was the publication of
eight volumes of war records, containing a com-
plete roster of the officers and men of the various
regiments and other military organizations from
Illinois, with an outline of their movements and
a list of the battles in which they were engaged.
To the Adjutant-General's office, as now adminis-
tered, is entrusted the custody of the war-
records, battle-flags and trophies of the late war.
A further step was taken, in 1877, in the passage
of an act formulating a military code and provid-
ing for more thorough organization. Jlodifying
amendments to this act were adopted in 1S79 and
1885. While, under these laws, "all able-bodied
male citizens of this State, between the ages of 18
and 45" (with certain specified e.xceptions), are
declared "subject to military duty, and desig-
nated as the Illinois State Militia," provision is
made for the organization of a body of "active
militia," designated as the "Illinois National
Guard," to consist of "not more than eighty-four
companies of infantry, two batteries of artillery
and two troops of cavalry," recruited by volun-
tary enlistments for a period of three j'ears. with
right to re-enUst for one or more years. The
National Guard, as at present constituted, con-
sists of three brigades, with a total force of about
9,000 men. organized into nine regiments, besides
the batteries and cavalry already mentioned.
Gatling guns are used by the artillery and breech-
loading rifles by the infantry. Camps of instruc-
tion are held for the regiments, respectively— one
or more regiments participating — each year,
usually at "Camp Lincoln" near Springfield,
when regimental and brigade drills, competitive
rifle practice and mock battles are had. An act
establishing the "Naval Militia of Illinois," to
consist of "not more than eight divisions or com-
panies," divided into two battalions of four divi-
sions each, was passed by the General Assembly
of 1893 — the whole to be under the command of
an officer with the rank of Commander. The
commanding officer of each battalion is styled a
"Lieutenant-Commander," and both the Com-
mander and Lieutenant-Commanders have their
respective staffs — their organization, in other
respects, being conformable to the laws of the
United States. A set of "Regulations," based
upon these several laws, has been prepared by the
Adjutant-General for the government of the
various organizations. The Governor is author-
ized, by law, to call out the militia to resist inva-
sion, or to suppress violence and enforce execution
of the laws, when called upon by the civil author-
ities of any city, town or county. This authority,
however, is exercised with great discretion, and
only when the local authorities are deemed unable
to cope with threatened resistance to law. The
officers of the National Guard, when called into
actual service for the suppression of riot or the
enforcement of the laws, receive the same com-
pensation paid to officers of the LTnited States
army of like grade, while the enlisted men receive
$2 per day. During the time they are at any
encampment, the officers and men alike receive
$1 per day. with necessary subsistence and cost
of transportation to and from the encampment.
(For list of incumbents in Adjutant-General's
office, see Adjutants-Oeneral; see, also, Spanish-
American fVai-.)
MILLER, James H., Speaker of the House of
Representatives, was born in Ohio, May 29, 184.3 ;
in early life came to Toulon, Stark County, 111.,
where he finally engaged in the practice of law.
At the beginning of the Rebellion he enlisted in
the Union army, but before being mustered into
the service, received an injury which rendered
him a cripple for life. Though of feeble physical
organization and a sufferer from ill-health, he
was a man of decided ability and much influence.
He served as State's Attorney of Stark Coimty
^1872-76) and, in 1884, was elected Representative
in the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, at the
following session being one of the most zealous
supporters of Gen. John A. Logan, in the cele-
brated contest which resulted in the election of
the latter, for the third time, to the United States
Senate. By successive re-elections he also served
in the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth General
Assemblies, during the session of the latter being
chosen Speaker of the House, as successor to
A. C. Matthews, who had been appointed, during
the session. First Comptroller of the Treasurj' at
Washington. In the early part of the summer
of 1890, Mr. Miller visited Colorado for the bene-
fit of his health, but, a week after his arrival at
Manitou Springs, died suddenly, June 27, 1890.
MILLS, Benjamin, lawyer and early poli-
tician, was a native of Western Massachusetts,
and described by his contemporaries as a highly
educated and accomplished lawyer, as well as a
brilliant orator. The exact date of his arrival in
Illinois cannot be determined with certainty, but
he appears to have been in the "Lead Mine
Region" about Galena, as early as 1826 or "27, and
was notable as one of the first "Yankees" to
locate in that section of the State. He was
elected a Representative in the Eighth General
Assembly (1832), his district embracing the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
counties of Peoria, Jo Daviess, Putnam, La Salle
and Cook, Including all the State north of Sanga-
mon (as it then stood), and extending from the
Mississippi River to the Indiana State line. At
this session occurred the impeacliment trial of
Theophilus W. Smith, of the Supreme Com't. Mr.
Mills acting as Chairman of the Impeachment
Committee, and delivering a speech of great
power and brilliancy, which lasted two or three
daj-s. In 1834 he was a candidate for Congress
from the Northern District, but was defeated by
William L. May (Democrat), as claimed by Mr.
Mill's friends, unfairly. He early fell a victim
to consumption and, returning to Massachusetts,
died in Berkshire County, in that State, in 1841.
Hon. R. H. McClellan, of Galena, says of him:
"He was a man of remarkable ability, learning
and eloquence," while Governor Ford, in his
"History of Illinois," testifies that, "by common
consent of all his contemporaries, Mr. Mills ^^■as
regarded as the most popular and brilliant lawyer
of his day at the Galena bar."
MILLS, Henry A., State Senator, was born at
New Hartford, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1827;
located at Mount Carroll, Carroll County, 111., in
18,5G, finally engaging in the banking business at
that place. Having served in various local
offices, he was, in 1874, chosen State Senator for
the Eleventh District, but died at Galesburg
before the expiration of his term, July 7, 1877.
MILLS, Luther Lafliu, lawyer, was born at
North Adams, Mass., Sept. 3, 1848; brought to
Chicago in infancy, and educated in the public
schools of that city and at Michigan State Uni-
versity. In 1868 he began the study of law, was
admitted to practice three years later, and, in
1876, was elected State's Attorney, being re-
elected in 1880. While in this office he was con-
nected with some of the most important cases
ever brought before the Chicago courts.
Although he has held no official position except
that already mentioned, his abilities at the bar
and on the rostrum are widely recognized, and
his services, as an attorney and an orator, have
been in frequent demand.
MILLSTADT, a town in St. Clair County, on
branch of Mobile it Ohio Railroad, 14 miles south-
southeast of St. Louis; has electric lights,
churches, schools, bank, newspaper, coal mines,
and manufactures flour, beer and butter. Popu-
lation (1890), 1,186; (1900), 1,172.
MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAILWAY. (See
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway.)
MINER, Orlin H., State Auditor, was born in
Vermont, May 13, 1825 ; from 1834 to '51 he lived
in Ohio, the latter year coming to Chicago, where
he worked at his trade of watch-maker. In 1855
he went to Central America and was with Gen-
eral William Walker at Grey town. Returning to
Illinois, he resumed his trade at Springfield; in
1857 lie was appointed, by Auditor Dubois, chief
clerk in the Auditor's office, serving until 1864,
when he was elected State Auditor as successor
to his chief. Retiring from oflSce in 1869, he
gave attention to his private business. He was
one of the founders and a Director of the Spring-
field Iron Company. Died in 1879.
MINIER, a village of Tazewell County, at the
intersection of the Jacksonville Division of the
Chicago & Alton and the Terre Haute & Peoria
Railroads, 26 miles southeast of Peoria; is in fine
farming district and has several grain elevators,
some manufactures, two banks and a newspaper.
Population (1S90), 664; (1900), 746.
MIJfONK, a city in Woodford County, 29 miles
north of Bloomington and 53 miles northeast of
Peoria, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and
the Illinois Central Railways. The surrounding
region is agricultural, though much coal is
mined in the vicinity. The city has brick yards,
tile factories, steam flouring-mills, several grain
elevators, two private banks and two weekly
newspapers. Population (1880), 1,913; (1890),
2,316; (1900), 2,-546.
MINORITY REPRESENTATION, a method of
choosing members of the General Assembly and
other deliberative bodies, designed to secure rep-
resentation, in such bodies, to minority parties.
In Illinois, this method is limited to the election
of members of the lower branch of the General
Assembly — except as to private corporations,
which may, at their option, apply it in the election
of Trustees or Directors. In the apportionment
of members of the General Assembly (see Legis-
lative Apportionment), the State Constitution
requires that the Senatorial and Representative
Districts shall be identical in territory, each of
such Districts being entitled to choose one Sena-
tor and three Representatives. The provisions of
the Constitution, making specific application of
the principle of "minority representation" (or
"cumulative voting, " as it is sometimes called),
declares that, in the election of Representatives,
"each qualified voter may cast as many votes for
one candidate as there are Representatives, or
(lie) may distribute the same, or equal parts
thereof, among the candidates as he shall see
fit." (State Constitution, Art. TV, sections 7 and
8.) In practice, this provision gives the voter
power to cast three votes for one candidate ; two
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
votes for one candidate and one for another, or
one and a half votes to each of two candidates,
or he may distribute his vote equally among
three candidates (giving one to each) ; but no
other division is admissible without invalidating
his ballot as to this office. Other forms of minor-
ity representation have been proposed by various
writers, among whom Mr. Thomas Hare, John
Stuart Mill, and Sir. Craig, of England, are most
prominent ; but that adopted in Illinois seems to
be the simplest and most easy of application.
MIXSHALL, William A., legislator and jurist,
a native of Ohio who came to Rushville, 111., at
an early day, and entered upon the practice of
law; served as Representative in the Eighth,
Tenth and Twelfth General Assemblies, and as
Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention
of 1847. He was elected Judge of the Circuit
Court for the Fifth Circuit, under the new Con-
stitution, in 1848, and died in office, early in 1853,
being succeeded by the late Judge Pinkney H.
Walker.
MISSIONARIES, EARLY. The earliest Chris-
tian missionaries in Illinois were of the Roman
Catholic faith. As a rule, these accompanied the
French explorers and did not a little toward the
extension of French dominion. They were usually
members of one of two orders — the "Recollects,"
founded by St. Francis, or the "Jesuits," founded
by Loyola. Between these two bodies of ecclesi-
astics existed, at times, a strong rivalry; the
former having been earlier in the field, but hav-
ing been virtually subordinated to the latter by
Cardinal Richelieu. The controversy between
the two orders gradually involved the civil
authorities, and continued until the suppression
of the Jesuits, in France, in 1764. The most noted
of the Jesuit missionaries were Fathers Allouez,
Gravier, Marquette, Dablon, Pinet, Rasle, Lamo-
ges, Binneteau and Marest. Of the Recollects,
the most conspicuous were Fathers Membre,
Douay, Le Clerq, Hennepin and Ribourde.
Besides these, there were also Father Bergier and
Montigny, who, belonging to no religious order,
were called secular priests. The first Catholic
mission, founded in Illinois, was probably that at
the original Kaskaskia. on the Illinois, in the
present county of La Salle, where Father Mar-
quette did missionary work in 1673, followed by
Allouez in 1677. (See Allo2iez, Claude Jean. )
The latter was succeeded, in 1688, by Father Grav-
ier, who was followed, in 1692, by Father Sebas-
tian Rasle, but who, returning in 1694, remained
until 1695, when he was succeeded by Pinet
and Binneteau. In 1700 Father Marest was
in charge of the mission, and the number of
Indians among whom he labored was, that year,
considerably diminished by the emigration of the
Kaskaskias to the south. Father Gravier, about
this time, labored among the Peorias, but was
incapacitated by a wound received from the
medicine man of the tribe, which finally resulted
in his death, at Mobile, in 1706. The Peoria station
remained vacant for a time, but was finally filled
by Father Deville. Another early Catholic mis-
sion in Illinois was that at Cahokia. While the
precise date of its establishment cannot be fixed
with certainty, there is evidence that it was in
existence in 1700, being the earliest in that region.
Among the early Fathers, who ministered to the
savages there, were Pinet, St. Cosme, Bergier and
Lamoges. This mission was at first called the
Tamaroa, and, later, the mission of St. Sulpice.
It was probably the first permanent mission in the
Illinois Country. Among those in charge, down
to 1718, were Fathers de Montigny, Damon (prob-
ably), Varlet, de la Source, and le Mercier. In
1707, Father Mermet assisted Father Marest at
Kaskaskia, and, in 1720, that mission became a
regularly constituted parish, the incumbent being
Father de Beaubois. Rev. Philip Boucher
preached and administered the sacraments at
Fort St. Louis, where he died in 1719, having
been preceded by Fathers Membre and Ribourde
in 1680, and by Fathers Douay and Le Clerq in
1687-88. The persecution and banisliment of the
early Jesuit missionaries, by the Superior Coimcil
of Louisiana (of which Illinois had formerly been
a part), in 1763, is a curious chapter in State his-
tory. That bod}', following the example of some
provincial legislative bodies in France, officially
declared the order a dangerous nuisance, and
decreed the confiscation of all its property, in-
cluding plate and vestments, and the razing of
its churches, as well as the banishment of its
members. This decree the Loviisiana Council
undertook to enforce in Illinois, disregarding tlie
fact that that territory had passed under the
jurisdiction of Great Britain. The Jesuits seem
to have offered no resistance, either physical or
legal, and all members of the order in Illinois
were ruthlessly, and without a shadow of author-
ity, carried to New Orleans and thence deported
to France. Only one— Father Sebastian Louis
Meurin — was allowed to return to Illinois ; and he,
only after promising to recognize the ecclesiastical
authority of the Superior Council as supreme,
and to hold no communication with Quebec or
Rome. The labors of the missionaries, apart
from spiritual results, were of great value. They
380
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
perpetuated tlie records of early discoveries,
reduced the language, and even dialects, of the
aborigines, to grammatical rules, and preserved
the original traditions and described the customs
of the savages. (Authorities: Shea and Kip's
"Catholic Missions," "Magazine of Western His-
tory," Winsor's "America," and Shea's "Catholic
Church in Colonial Days.")
MISSISSIPPI KIVEK. (Indian name, "Missi
Sipi," the "Great Water.") Its head waters are
in the northern part of Slinnesota, 1,680 feet
above tide-water. Its chief source is Itasca
Lake, which is 1,575 feet higher than the sea,
and which is fed by a stream having its source
within one mile of the head waters of the Red
River of the North. From this sheet of water to
the mouth of the river, the distance is variously
estimated at from 3.000 to 3,160 miles. Lake
Itasca is in lat. 47° 10' north and Ion. 95' 20' west
from Greenwich. The river at first runs north-
ward, but soon turns toward the east and expands
into a series of small lakes. Its course, as far as
Crow Wing, is extremely sinuous, below which
point it runs southward to St. Cloud, thence south-
eastward to Minneapolis, where occur the Falls of
St. Anthony, establishing a complete barrier to
navigation for the lower Mississippi. In less than
a mile the river descends 66 feet, including a per-
pendicular fall of 17 feet, furnishing an immense
water-power, which is utilized in operating flour-
ing-mills and other manufacturing establish-
ments. A few miles below St. Paul it reaches
the western boundary of Wisconsin, where it
expands into the long and beautiful Lake Pepin,
bordered by picturesque limestone bluffs, some
400 feet high. Below Dubuque its general direc-
tion is southward, and it forms the boundary
between the States ot Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas
and the northern part of Louisiana, on the
west, and Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee and Mis-
sissippi, on the east. After many sinuous turn-
ings in its southern course, it enters the Gulf of
Mexico by three principal passes, or mouths, at
the southeastern extremity of Plaquemines
Parish, La., in lat. 39" north and Ion. 89° 12'
west. Its principal affluents on the right are the
Minnesota, Iowa, Des Moines, Missouri, Arkansas
and Red Rivers, and, on the left, the Wisconsin,
Illinois and Ohio. The Missouri River is longer
than that part of the Jlississippi above the point
of junction, the distance from its source to the
delta of the latter being about 4,300 miles, which
exceeds that of any other river in the world.
The width of the stream at St. Louis is about
3,500 feet, at the mouth of the Ohio nearly 4,500
feet, and at New Orleans about 2,500 feet. The
mean velocity of the current between St. Louis
and the Gulf of Mexico is about five to five and
one-half miles per hour. The average depth
below Red River is said to be 121 feet, though, in
the vicinity of New Orleans, the maximum is said
to reach 150 feet. The principal rapids below the
Falls of St. Anthony are at Rock Island and the
Des Moines Rapids above Keokuk, the former
having twenty-two feet fall and the latter
twenty-four feet. A canal around the Des
Moines Rapids, along the west bank of the river,
aids navigation. The alluvial banks which pre-
vail on one or both shores of the lower Mississippi,
often spread out into extensive "bottoms" which
are of inexhaustible fertility. The most impor-
tant of these above the mouth of the Ohio, is the
"American Bottom," extending along the east
bank from Alton to Chester. Immense sums
have been spent in the construction of levees for
the protection of the lauds along the lower river
from overflow, as also in the construction of a
system of jetties at the mouth, to improve navi-
gation by deepening the channel.
MISSISSIPPI RIYER BRIDGE, THE, one of
tlie best constructed railroad bridges in the West,
spanning the Mississippi from Pike, 111., to Loui-
siana, Mo. The construction company was char-
tered, April 25, 1873, and the bridge was ready for
the passage of trains on Dec. 24, 1873. On Dec.
3, 1877, it was leased in perpetuity by the Chicago
& Alton Railway Compan)', which holds all its
stock and §150,000 of its bonds as an investment,
imy ing a rental of 860, 000 per annum , to be applied
in the payment of 7 per cent interest on stock and
G per cent on bonds. In 1894, §71,000 was jjaid for
rental, §16,000 going toward a sinking fund.
MOBILE & OHIO RAILROAD. This company
operates 160.6 miles of road in Illinois, of which
151.6 are leased from the St. Louis & Cairo Rail-
road. (See St. Louis & Cairo Railroad.)
MOLINE, a flourishing manufacturing city in
Rock Island County, incorporated in 1873, on the
Mississippi above Rock Island and opposite
Davenport, Iowa; is 168 miles south of west from
Chicago, and the intersecting point of three
trunk lines of railway. Moline, Rock Island and
Davenport are connected by steam and street
railways, bridges and ferries. All three obtain
water-power from the Mississippi. The region
around Moline is rich in coal, and several pro-
ductive mines are operated in the vicinity. It is
an important manufacturing point, its chief out-
puts being agricultural implements, filters, malle-
able iron, steam engines, vehicles, lumber, organs
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
381
(pipe and reed), paper, lead-roofing, wind-mills,
milling machinery, and furniture. The city has
admirable water-works, several churches, good
schools, gas and electric light plants, a public
library, five banks, tiiree daily and weekly
papers. It also has an extensive electric power
plant; electric street cars and interm-ban line.
Population (1890), 13,000; (1900), 17,248.
MOLOXET, Maurice T., ex- Attorney-General, .
was born in Ireland, in 1849 ; came to America in
1867, and, after a course in the Seminary of "Our
Lady of the Angels" at Niagara Falls, studied
theology ; then taught for a time in Virginia and
studied law at the University of that State,
graduating in 1871, finally locating at Ottawa,
111., where he served three years as State's Attor-
ney of La Salle County, and, in 1892, was nomi-
nated and elected Attorney-General on the
Democratic State ticket, serving until January,
1897.
MOMENCE, a town in Kankakee County, situ-
ated on the Kankakee River and at the intersec-
tion of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the
Indiana, Illinois & Iowa Railroads, 54 miles south
of Chicago; has water power, a flouring miU,
enameled brick factory, railway repair shops, two
banks, two newspapers, five churches and two
schools. Population (1890), 1,635; (1900), 2,036.
MOXMOUTH, the county-seat of AVarren
County, 26 miles east of the Mississippi River; at
point of intersection of two lines of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Central Rail-
ways. The Santa Fe enters Monmouth on the
Iowa Central lines. The surrounding country is
agricultural and coal yielding. The city has
manufactories of agricultural implements, sewer-
pipe, pottery, paving brick, and cigars. Mon-
mouth College (United Presbyterian) was
chartered in 1857, and the library of this institu-
tion, with that of Warren County (also located
at Monmouth) aggregates 30,000 volumes. There
are three national banks, two daily, three weekly
and two other periodical publications. An ap-
propriation was made by the Fifty-fifth Congress
for the erection of a Government building at
Monmouth. Population (1890), 5,936; (1900), 7,460.
MONMOUTH COLLEGE, an educational insti-
tution, controlled by the United Presbj'terian
denomination, but non-sectarian : located at Jlon-
mouth. It was founded in 1856, its first class
graduating in 1858. Its Presidents have been
Drs. D. A. Wallace (1856-78) and J. B. McMichael,
the latter occupying the position from 1878 until
1897. In 1896 the faculty con,sisted of fifteen
instructors and the number of students was 289.
The college campus covers ten acres, tastefully
laid out. The institution confers four degrees —
A.B., B.S., M.B., and B.L. For the conferring
of the first three, four years' study is required;
for the degree of B.L., three years.
MONROE, George D., State Senator, was born
in Jefferson County, N. Y. , Sept. 24, 1844, and
came with his parents to Illinois in 1849. His
father having been elected Sheriff of Will County
in 1864, he became a resident of Joliet, serving
as a deputy in his father's office. In 1865 he
engaged in merchandising as tlie partner of his
father, which was exchanged, some fifteen years
later, for the wholesale grocery trade, and, finally,
for the real-estate and mortgage-loan business, in
wliich he is still employed. He has also been
extensively engaged in the stone business some
twenty years, being a large stockholder in the
Western Stone Company and Vice-President of
the concern. In 1894 Mr. Monroe was elected, as
a Republican, to the State Senate from the
Twenty-fifth District, serving in the Thirty-ninth
and Fortieth General Assemblies, and proving
himself one of the most influential members of
that body.
MONROE COUNTY, situated in the southwest
part of the State, bordering on the Missi.ssippi —
named for President Monroe. Its area is about
380 square miles. It was organized in 1816 and
included within its boundaries several of the
French villages which constituted, for many
years, a center of civilization in the West.
American settlers, however, began to locate in
the district as early as 1781. The county has a
diversified surface and is heavily timbered. The
soil is fertile, embracing both upland and river
bottom. Agricultui-e and the manufacture and
shipping of lumber constitute leading occupations
of the citizens. Waterloo is the county-seat.
Population (1890). 12,948; (1900). 13,847.
MONTGOMERY COUNTY, an interior county,
situated northeast of St. Louis and south of
Springfield; area 702 square miles, population
(1900) , 30,836— derives its name from Gen. Richard
Montgomery. ' The earliest settlements by Ameri-
cans were toward the close of 1816, county organi-
zation being effected five years later. The entire
population, at that time, scarcely exceeded 100
families. The surface is undulating, well watered
and timbered. The seat of county government is
located at Hillsboro. Litchfield is an important
town. Here are situated car-shops and some
manufacturing establishments. Conspicuous in
the county's history as pioneers were Harris
Reavis, Henry Pyatt, John Levi, Aaron Casey
382
niSTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
John Tillson, Hiram Rountree, the Wrights
(Joseph and Charles), the Hills (John and
Hemy), William McDavid and John Russell.
MOXTICELLO, a city and the county-seat of
Piatt County, on the Sangamon River, midway
between Chicago and St. Louis, on the Kankakee
and Bloomington Division of the Illinois Central,
and the Chicago and St. Louis Division of the
Wabash Railways. It lies within the ' 'corn belt, "
and stock-raising is extensively carried on in the
surrounding country. Among the city industries
are a foundry and machine shops, steam fiom- and
planing mills, broom, cigar and harness-making,
and patent fence and tile works. The city is
lighted by electricity, has several elevators, an
excellent water system, numerous churches and
good schools, with banks and three weekly
papers. Population (189U), 1,043; (lilOO). 1,983.
MOXTICELLO FEMALE SEMINARY, the
second institution estaliUshed in Illinois for the
higher education of women — Jacksonville Female
Seminary being the first. It was founded
through the munificence of Capt. Benjamin
Godfrey, who donated fifteen acres for a site, at
Godfrey, Madison County, and gave §53,000
toward erecting and equipping the buildings.
The institution was opened on April 11, 1838,
with sixteen young lady pupils. Rev. Theron
Baldwin, one of the celebrated "Yale Band,"
being the first Principal. In 1843 he was suc-
ceeded by Miss Philena Fobes, and she, in turn,
by Miss Harriet N. Haskell, in 1866, who still
remains in charge. In November, 1883, the
seminary building, with its contents, was burned ;
but the institution continued its sessions in tem-
porary quarters until the erection of a new build-
ing, which was soon accomplished through the
generosity of alumna; and friends of female edu-
cation tliroughout the country. The new struc-
ture is of stone, three stories in height, and
thoroughly modern. The average number of
pupils is 150, with fourteen instructors, and the
standard of the institution is of a high character.
MOORE, Clifton H., lawyer and financier, was
born at Kirtland, Lake County, Ohio, Oct. 26,
1817; after a brief season spent in two academies
and one term in the Western Reserve Teachers'
Seminary, at Kirtland, iu 1839 he came west
and engaged in teaching at Pekin, 111., while
giving his leisure to the study of law. He spent
the next year at Tremont as Deputy County and
Circuit Clerk, was admitted to the bar at Spring-
field in 1841, and located soon after at Clinton,
DeWitt County, which has since been his home.
In partnership with the late Judge David Davis,
of Bloomington, Mr. Moore, a few years later,
began operating extensively iu Illinois lands, and
is now one of the largest land proprietors in
the State, besides being interested iu a number
of manufacturing ventures and a local bank.
The only ofiicial position of importance he has
held is that of Delegate to the State Constitu-
tional Convention of 1869-70. He is an enthusi-
astic collector of State historical and art treasures,
of which he possesses one of the most valuable
private collections in Illinois.
MOORE, Henry, pioneer lawyer, came to Chi-
cago from Concord, Mass., in 1834, and was
almost immediately admitted to the bar, also
acting for a time as a clerk in the office of Col.
Richard J. Hamilton, who held pretty much all
the county offices on the organization of Cook
County. Mr. Moore was one of the original
Trustees of Rush Medical College, and obtained
from the Legislature the first charter for a gas
company in Chicago. In 1838 he went to Ha-
vana, Cuba, for the benefit of his failing health,
but subsecjuently returned to Concord, Mass.,
where he died some years afterward.
MOORE, James, pioneer, was born in the State
of Maryland in 1750; was married in his native
State, about 1773, to Miss Catherine Biggs, later
removing to Virginia. In 1777 he came to the
Illinois Country as a spy, preliminary to the con-
templated expedition of Col. George Rogers
Clark, which captured Kaskaskia in July, 1778.
After the Clark expedition (in which he served
as Captain, by appointment of Gov. Patrick
Henry), he returned to Virginia, where he
remained until 1781, when he organized a party
of emigrants, which he accompanied to Illinois,
spending the winter at Kaskaskia. The following
year they located at a point iu the northern part
of Monroe County, which afterwards received
the name of Bellefontaine. After his arrival in
Illinois, he organized a company of "Minute
Men," of which he was chosen Captain. He was
a man of prominence and influence among the
early settlers, but died in 1788. A numerous and
influential family of his descendants have grown
up in Southern Illinois. — John (Moore), son of
the preceding, was born in Maryland in 1773, and
brought by his father to Illinois eight years later.
He married a sister of Gen. John D. Whiteside,
who afterwards became State Treasurer, and also
served as Fund Commissioner of the State of Illi-
nois under the internal improvement system.
Moore was an officer of the State Militia, and
served in a company of rangers during the War
of 1812; was also the first County Treasurer of
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
38a
Monroe County. Died, Juh- 4, 1833. — James B.
(Moore), the third son of Capt. James Moore, was
born in 1780, and brought to Illinois by his par-
ents; in his early manhood he followed the
business of keel-boating on the Mississippi and
Ohio Rivers, visiting New Orleans. Pittsburg and
other points; became a prominent Indian fighter
during the War of 1813. and was commissioned
Captain by Governor Edwards and authorized to
raise a company of mounted rangers; also
served as Sheriff of Monroe County, by appoint-
ment of Governor Edwards, in Territorial days;
was Presidential Elector in 1820, and State Sena-
tor for Madison County in 1836-40, dying in the
latter year. — Enoch (Moore), fourth son of Capt.
James Moore, the pioneer, was born in the old
block-house at Belief on taine in 1782, being the
first child born of American parents in Illinois ;
served as a "ranger" in the company of his
brother, James B. ; occupied the office of Clerk of
the Circuit Court, and afterwards that of Judge
of Probate of Monroe County during the Terri-
torial period ; was Delegate to the Constitutional
Convention of 1818, and served as Representative
from Monroe County in the Second General
Assembly, later filling various county offices for
some twenty years. He died in 1848.
MOORE, Jesse H., clergj-man, soldier and Con-
gressman, born near Lebanon, St. Clair County,
lU., April 22, 1817, and graduated from McKen-
dree College in 1842. For thirteen years he was
a teacher, dirring portions of this period being
successively at the head of three literary insti-
tutions in the West. In 1849 he was ordained a
minister of the Jlethodist Episcopal Church, but
resigned pastorate duties in 1862, to take part in
the War for the Union, organizing the One Hun-
dred and Fifteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers,
of which he was commissioned Colonel, also serving
as brigade commander during the last year of the
war, and being brevetted Brigadier-General at its
close. After the war he re-entered the ministry,
but, in 1868, while Presiding Elder of the Decatur
District, he was elected to the Forty-first Con-
gress as a Republican, being re-elected in 1870 ;
afterwards served as Pension Agent at Spring-
field, and, in 1881, was appointed United States
Consul at Callao, Peru, dying in office, in that
city, July 11, 1883.
MOORE, John, Lieutenant-Governor (1842-46) ;
was born in Lincolnshire, Eng.. Sept. 8, 1793;
came to America and settled in Illinois in 1830,
spending most of his life as a resident of Bloom-
ington. In 1838 he was elected to the lower
branch of the Eleventh General Assembly from
the McLean District, and, in 1840, to the Senate,
but before the close of his term, in 1842, was
elected Lieutenant-Governor with Gov. Thomas
Ford. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he
took a conspicuous part in recruiting the Fourth
Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's),
of which he was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel,
serving gallantly throughout the struggle. In
1848 he was appointed State Treasurer, as succes-
sor of Milton Carpenter, who died in office. In
1850 he was elected to the same office, and con-
tinued to discharge its duties until 1857, when he
was succeeded by James Miller. Died, Sept. 23,
1863.
MOORE, Risdon, pioneer, was born in Dela-
ware in 1760; removed to North Carolina in 1789,
and, a few years later, to Hancock County, Ga. ,
where he served two terms in the Legislature.
He emigrated from Georgia in 1812, and settled
in St. Clair County, 111.— besides a family of fif-
teen white persons, bringing with him eighteen
colored people — the object of his removal being
to get rid of slavery. He pm-chased a farm in
what was known as the "Turkey Hill Settle-
ment," about four miles east of Belleville, where
he resided until his death in 1828. Mr. Moore
became a prominent citizen, was elected to the
Second Territorial House of Representatives, and
was chosen Speaker, serving as such for two ses-
sions (1814-15). He was also Representative from
St. Clair County in the First. Second and Third
General Assemblies after the admission of Illinois
into the Union. In the last of these he was one
of the most zealous opponents of the pro-slavery
Convention scheme of 1822-24. He left a numer-
ous and highly respected family of descendants,
who were afterwards prominent in public affairs. —
William (Moore), his son, served as a Captain in
the War of 1812, and also commanded a company
in the Black Hawk War. He represented St.
Clair County in the lower branch of the Ninth
and Tenth General Assemblies; was a local
preacher of the Methodist Church, and was Presi-
dent of the Board of Trustees of McKendree Col-
lege at the time of his death in 1849. — Risdon
(Moore), Jr., a cousin of the first named Risdon
Moore, was a Representative from St. Clair County
in the Fourth General Assembly and Senator in
the Sixth, but died before the expiration of his
term, being succeeded at the next session by
Adam W. Snyder.
MOORE, Stephen Richey, lawyer, was born of
Scotch ancestry, in Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 22.
1832; in 1851, entered Farmers' College near Cin-
cinnati, graduating in 1856, and, having qualified
384
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS
himself for the practice of law, located the fol-
lowing year at Kankakee, 111., which has since
been his home. In 1858 he was employed in
defense of the late Father Chiniquy. who recently
died in Montreal, in one of the celebrated suits
begun against him by dignitaries of the Roman
Catholic Church. Mr. Moore is a man of strik-
ing appearance and great independence of char-
acter, a Methodist in religious belief and has
generally acted politically in co-oi^eration with
the Democratic party, though strongly anti-
slavery in his views. In 1873 he was a delegate
to the Liberal Republican Convention at Cin-
cinnati which nominated Mr. Greeley for the
Presidency, and, in 1896, participated in the same
way in the Indianapolis Convention which nomi-
nated Gen. John M. Palmer for the same ofSce, in
the following campaign giving the "Gold Democ-
racy" a vigorous support.
MORAN, Thomas A., lawyer and jurist, was
born at Bridgeport, Conn., Oct. 7, 1839; receiv'ed
his preliminary education in the district schools
of Wisconsin (to which State his father's family
had removed in 1846), and at an academy at
Salem, Wis. ; began reading law at Kenosha in
1859, meanwhile supporting himself by teaching.
In May, 1865, he graduated from the Albany
(N. Y.) Law School, and the same year com-
menced practice in Chicago, rapidly rising to the
front rank of his profession. In 1879 he was
elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court,
and re-elected in 1885. At the expiration of his
second term he resumed private practice. While
on the bench he at first heard only common law
cases, but later divided the business of the equity
side of the court with Judge Tuley. In June,
1886, he was assigned to the bench of the Appel-
late Court, of which tribunal he was, for a year,
Chief Justice.
MORGAN, James Dady, soldier, was born in
Boston, Mass., August 1, 1810, and, at 16 years of
age, went for a three years' trading voyage on
the ship "Beverly." When thirty days out a
mutiny arose, and shortly afterward the vessel
was burned. Jlorgan escaped to South America,
and. after man}- hardships, returned to Bo.ston.
In 183-t he removed to Quincy, 111. , and engaged
in mercantile pursuits; aided in raising the
"Quincy Grays" during the Jlormon difficulties
(1844-45) ; during the Jlexioan War commanded a
company in the First Regiment Illinois Volun-
teers ; in 1861 became Lieutenant-Colonel of the
Tenth Regiment in the three months' service,
and Colonel on reorganization of the regiment
for three years; was promoted Brigadier-General
in July. 186'.3, for meritorious service ; commanded
a brigade at Nashville, and, in March, 1865, was
brevetted Major-General for gallantry at Benton-
ville, N. C, being mustered out, August 24, 1865.
After the war he resumed business at Quincy,
111., being President of the Quincy Gas Company
and Vice-President of a bank; was also Presi-
dent, for some time, of the Society of the Army
of the Cumberland. Died, at Quincy, Sept. 12, 1896.
MORGAN COUNTY, a central county of the
State, lying west of Sangamon, and bordering on
the Illinois River — named for Gen. Daniel Mor-
gan; area, 580 square miles; population (1900),
35,006. The earliest American settlers were
probably Elisha and Seymoiu; Kellogg, who
located on Mauvaisterre Creek in 1818. Dr. George
Caldwell came in 1820, and was the first phy-
sician, and Dr. Ero Chandler settled on the pres-
ent site of the city of Jacksonville in 1821.
Immigrants began to arrive in large numbers
about 1822, and, Jan. 31, 1823. the county was
organized, the first election being held at the
house of James G. Swinerton, six miles south-
west of the present city of Jacksonville. Olni-
stead's Mound was the first county-seat, but this
choice was only temporary. Two years later,
Jacksonville was selected, and has ever since so
continued. (See Jacksonville.) Cass Coimty
was cut off from Morgan in 1837, and Scott
County in 1839. About 1837 Jlorgan was the
most populous coimty in the State. The county
is nearlj- equally divided between woodland and
prairie, and is well watered. Besides the Illinois
River on its western border, there are several
smaller streams, among them Indian, Apple,
Sandy and Mauvaisterre Creeks. Bituminous
coal underlies the eastern part of the county, and
thin veins crop out along the Illinois River
bluffs. Sandstone has also been quarried.
MORGAN PARK, a suburban village of Cook
County, 13 miles south of Chicago, on the Chi-
cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway ; is the seat
of the Academy (a preparator}- branch) of the
University of Chicago and the Scandinavian De-
partment of the Divinity School connected with
the same institution. Population (1880), 187;
(1890), 1,027; (1900), 2,329.
MORMONS, a religious sect, foimded by Joseph
Smith, Jr., at Fayette, Seneca County, X. Y.,
August 6, 1830, styling themselves the "Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter- Day Saints. " Membership
in 1892 was estimated at 230,000, of whom some
20,000 were outside of the United States. Their
religious teachings are peculiar. They avow faith
in the Trinity and in the Bible (as by them
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
385
interpreted). They believe, however, that the
"Book of Mormon'' — assumed to be of divine
origin and a direct revelation to Smith — is of
equal authority with the Scriptm-es, if not supe-
rior to them. Among their ordinances are
baptism and the laying-on of hands, and, in their
church organization, they recognize various orders
— apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, evangel-
ists, etc. They also believe in the restoration of
the Ten Tribes and the literal re assembhng of
Israel, the return and rule of Christ in person,
and the rebuilding of Zion in America. Polyg-
amy is encouraged and made an article of faith,
though professedly not practiced under existing
laws in the United States. The supreme power
is vested in a President, who has authority in
temporal and spiritual affairs alike; although
there is less effort now than formerly, on the part
of the priesthood, to interfere in temporalities.
Driven from New York in 1831, Smith and his
followers first settled at Kirtland, Ohio. There,
for a time, the sect flourished and built a temple ;
but, within seven years, their doctrines and prac-
tices excited so much hostility that they were
forced to make another removal. Their next
settlement was at Far West, Mo. ; but here the
hatred toward them became so intense as to
result in open war. From Missouri they
recrossed the Mississippi and founded the city
of Nauvoo, near Commerce, in Hancock County,
111. The charter granted by the Legislature was
an extraordinary instrument, and well-nigh made
the city independent of the State. Nauvoo soon
obtained commercial importance, in two years
becoming a city of some 16,000 inhabitants. The
Mormons rapidly became a powerful factor in
State politics, when there broke out a more
bitter public enmity than the sect had yet en-
countered. Internal dissensions also sprang up,
• and, in 1844, a discontented Mormon founded a
newspaper at Nauvoo, in which he violently
assailed the prophet and threatened him with
exposure. Smith's answer to this was the de-
struction of the printing office, and the editor
promptly secured a warrant for his arrest, return-
able at Carthage. Smith went before a friendly
justice at Nauvoo, who promptly discharged him,
but he positively refused to appear before the
Carthage magistrate. Thereupon the latter
issued a second warrant, charging Smith with
treason. This also was treated with contempt.
The militia was called out to make the arrest, and
the Mormons, who had formed a strong military
organization, armed to defend their leader.
After a few trifling clashes between the soldiers
and the "Saints," Smith was per.suaded to sur-
render and go to Carthage, the county-seat, where
he was incarcerated in the county jail. Within
twenty-four hours (on Sunday, June 37, 1844), a
mob attacked the prison. Joseph Smith and his
brother Hyrum were killed, and some of their
adherents, who had accompanied them to jail,
were wounded. Brigham Young (then an
apostle) at once assumed the leadership and,
after several months of intense popular excite-
ment, in the following year led his followers
across the Mississippi, finally locating (184T) in
Utah. (See also Nauvoo.) There their history
has not been free from charges of crime; but,
whatever may be the character of the leaders,
they have succeeded in building up a prosperous
community in a region which they found a vir-
tual desert, a little more than forty years ago.
The polity of the Church has been greatly modi-
fied in consequence of restrictions placed upon it
by Congressional legislation, especially in refer-
ence to polygamy, and by contact with other
communities. (See Smith, Joseph.)
MORRIS, a city and the county-seat of Grundy
County, on the Illinois River, the Illinois &
Michigan Canal, and the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific Railroad, 61 miles southwest of Chicago.
It is an extensive grain market, and the center of
a region rich in bituminous coal. There is valu-
able water-power here, and much manufacturing
is done, including builders" hardware, plows, iron
specialties, paper car-wheels, brick and tile, flour
and planing-mills, oatmeal and tanned leather.
There are also a normal and scientific school, two
national banks and three daily and weekly news-
papers. Population (1880), 3,486; (1890), 3,653;
(1900), 4,273.
MORRIS, Buckner Smith, early lawyer born
at Augusta, Ky., August 19, 1800; was admitted
to the bar in 1837, and, for seven years thereafter,
continued to reside in Kentucky, serving two
terras in the Legislatvire of that State. In 1834
he removed to Chicago, took an active part in
the incorporation of the city, and was elected its
second Mayor in 1838. In 1840 he was a Whig
candidate for Presidential Elector, Abraham
Lincoln running on the same ticket, and, in
1853, was defeated as the Whig candidate for
Secretary of State. He was elected a Judge of
the Seventh Circuit in 1851, but declined a re-
nomination in 1855. In 1856 he accepted the
American (or Know-Nothing) nomination for
Governor, and, in 1860, that of the Bell-Everett
party for the same office. He was vehemently
opposed to the election of either Lincoln or
386
IIISTOltlCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLIXOLS.
BreckenridKe to the Presidenoy, believing that
civil war would result in either event. A shadow
was thrown across his life, in 1864, by his arrest
and trial for alleged complicity in a rebel plot to
burn and pillage Chicago and liberate the
prisoners of war held at Camp Douglas. The
trial, however, which was held at Cincinnati,
resulted in his acquittal. Died, in Kentucky,
Dec. 18, 1879. Those who knew Judge Morris, in
his early life in the city of Chicago, describe him
as a man of genial and kindly disposition, in spite
of his opposition to the abolition of slavery — a
fact which, no doubt, had much to do with his
acquittal of the charge of complicity w4th the
Camp Douglas conspiracy, as the evidence of his
being in commimication with the leading con-
spirators appears to have been conclusive. (See
Camp Douglas Conspiracy.)
MORRIS, Freeman P., lawyer and politician,
was born in Cook County, III, March 19. 1854,
labored on a farm and attended the district
school in his youth, but completed his education
in Chicago, graduating from the Union College
of Law, and was admitted to practice in 1874,
when he located at Watseka, Iroquois County.
In 1884 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the
House of Representatives from the Iroquois Dis-
trict, and has since been re-elected in 1888, "94,
"96, being one of the most influential members of
his party in that body. In 1893 he was appointed
by Governor Altgeld Aid-de-Camp, with the rank
of Colonel, on his personal staff, but resigned in
1896.
MORRIS, Isaac Newton, lawyer and Congress-
man, was born at Bethel, Clermont County,
Ohio, Jan. 23, 1812; educated at Miami Univer-
sity, admitted to the bar in 183.5, and the next
year removed to Quincy, 111. ; was a member and
President of the Board of Canal Commissioners
(1842-43), served in the Fifteenth General Assem-
bly (1846-48) ; was elected to Congress as a Demo-
crat in 1856, and again in 1858, but opposed the
admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Con-
stitution ; in 1868 supported General Grant— who
had been his friend in boyhood — for President,
and, in 1870, was appointed a member of the
Union Pacific Railroad Commission. Died, Oct.
29, 1879.
MORRISON, a city, the county-seat of White-
side County, founded in 1855; is a station on the
Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 124 miles
west of Chicago. Agriculture, dairying and
stock-raising are the principal pursuits in the
surrounding region. The city has good water-
works, sewerage, electric lighting and several
manufactories, including carriage and refriger-
ator works; also has numerous churches, a large
graded school, a public library and adequate
banking facilities, and two weekly papers.
Greenhouses for cultivation of vegetables for
winter market are carried on. Pop. (1900), 2,308.
MORRISON, Isaac L., lawyer and legislator,
born in Barren County, Ky., in 1826; was edu-
cated in the common schools and the Masonic
Seminary of his native State; admitted to the
bar, and came to Illinois in 1851, locating at
Jacksonville, where he has become a leader of
the bar and of the Republican party, which he
assisted to organize as a member of its first State
Convention at Bloomington, in 1856. He was also
a delegate to the Republican National Convention
of 1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for
the Presidency a second time. Mr. Morrison was
three times elected to the lower house of the
General Assembly (1876, "78 and "82), and, by his
clear judgment and incisive powers as a public
speaker, took a high rank as a leader in that
body. Of late years, he has given his attention
solely to the practice of his profession in
Jacksonville.
MORRISON, James Lowery Donaldson, poll
tician, lawyer and Congressman, was born at Kas-
kaskia. 111., April 12, 1816; at the age of 16 was
appointed a midshipman in the United States
Navy, but leaving the service in 1836, read law
with Judge Nathaniel Pope, and was admitted to
the bar, practicing at Belleville. He was elected
to the lower house of the General Assembly from
St. Clair County, in 1844, and to the State Senate
in 1848, and again in '54. In 1852 he was an
unsuccessful candidate for the Lieutenant-Gov-
ernorship on the Whig ticket, but, on the disso-
lution of that party, allied himself with the
Democracy, and was, for many years, its leader in
Southern Illinois. In 1855 he was elected to Con-
gress to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna-
tion of Lyman Trumbull, who had been elected to
the United States Senate. In 1860 he was a can-
didate before the Democratic State Convention
for the nomination for Governor, but was defeated
by James C. Allen. After that year he took no
prominent part in public affairs. At the outbreak
of the Mexican War he was among the first to
raise a company of volunteers, and was coiimiis-
sioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Second Regiment
(Colonel Bissell's). For gallant services at Buena
Vista, the Legislature presented him with a
sword. He took a prominent part in the incor-
poration of railroads, and, it is claimed, drafted
and introduced in the Legislature the charter of
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
387
the Illinois Central Railroad in 1851. Died, at
St. Louis, Mo., August 14, 1888.
MORRISOX, William, pioneer merchant, came
from Philadelphia, Pa., toKaskaskia, 111., in 1790,
as representative of the mercantile house of
Bryant & Morrison, of Philadelphia, and finally
established an extensive trade throughout the
Mississippi Valley, supplying merchants at St.
Louis, St. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau and New
Madrid. He is also said to have sent an agent
with a stock of goods across the plains, with a
view to opening up trade with the Jlexicans at
Santa Fe, about 1804, but was defrauded by the
agent, who appropriated the goods to his own
benefit without accounting to his emploj'er.
He became the principal merchant in the Terri-
tory, doing a thriving business in early days,
when Kaskaskia was the principal supply point
for merchants throughout the valley. He is de-
scribed as a public-spirited, enterprising man, to
whom was due the chief part of the credit for
securing construction of a bridge across the Kas-
kaskia River at the town of that name. He died
at Kaskaskia in 1837, and was buried in the ceme-
tery there. — Robert (Morrison), a brother of the
preceding, came to Kaskaskia in 1793, was
appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court in
1801, retaining the position for many years,
besides holding other local offices. He was the
father of Col. James L. D. Morrison, politician
and soldier of the Mexican War, whose sketch is
given elsewhere. — Joseph (Morrison), the oldest
son of "William Morrison, went to Ohio, residing
there several years, but finally returned to Prairie
du Rocher, where he died in 184.5. —James,
another son, went to Wisconsin; William located
at Belleville, dying there in 1843; while Lewis?
another son, settled at Covington, AVashington
County, 111., where he practiced medicine up to
18.51 ; then engaged in mercantile business at
Chester, dying there in 1856.
MORRISON, William Ralls, ex-Congressman.
Inter-State Commerce Commissioner, was born,
Sept. 14, 1825, in Monroe County, 111., and edu-
cated at McKendree College ; served as a private
in the Mexican War, at its close studied law, and
was admitted to the bar in 1855; in 1852 was
elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Monroe
County, but resigned before the close of his term,
accepting the ofiice of Representative in the State
Legislature, to which he was elected in 1854; was
re-elected in 1856, and again in 1858, serving as
Speaker of the House during the session of 1859.
In 1861 he assisted in oi:ganizing the Forty-ninth
Regiment Illinois Volunteers and was commis-
sioned Colonel. The regiment was mustered in,
Dec. 31, 1861, and took part in the battle of Fort
Donelson in February following, where he was
severely wounded. While yet in the service, in
1862, he was elected to Congress as a Democrat,
when he resigned his commission, but was de-
feated for re-election, in 1864, by Jehu Baker, as
he was again in 1866, In 1870 he was again
elected to the General Assembly, and, two years
later (1872), returned to Congress from the Belle-
ville District, after which he served in that body,
by successive re-elections, nine terms and until
1887, being for several terms Chairman of the
House Ways and Means Committee and promi-
nent in the tariff legislation of that period. In
March, 1887, President Cleveland appointed him
a member of the first Inter-State Commerce Com-
mission for a period of five years; at the close of
his term he was reappointed, by President Harri-
son, for a full term of six years, serving a part of
the time as President of the Board, and retiring
from oflSce in 1898.
JIORRISONVILLE, a town in Christian
County, situated on the Wabash Railway, 40
miles soutliwest of Decatur and 20 miles north-
northef..st of Litchfield Grain is extensively
raised in the surrounding region, and Morrison-
ville, with its elevators and mill, is an important
shipping-point. It has brick and tile works,
electric lights, two banks, five churches, graded
and high schools, and a weekly paper. Popula-
tion (1890). 844; ^1900), 934; (1903, est.), 1,200.
MORTOX, a village of Tazewell County, at the
intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads, 10 miles
southeast of Peoria; has factories, a bank and a
newspaper. Population (1890), 657; (1900), 894.
MORTON, Joseph, pioneer "farmer and legisla-
tor, was born in Virginia, August 1, 1801 ; came
to Madison County, 111., in 1819, and the follow-
ing year to Morgan County, when he engaged in
farming in the vicinity of Jacksonville. He
served as a member of the House in the Tenth
and Fifteentli General Assemblies, and as Senator
in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth. He was a
Democrat in politics, but. on questions of State
and local policy, was non-partisan, faithfully
representing the interests of his constituents.
Died, at his liome near Jacksonville, March 2, 1881.
MOSES, Adolph, lawyer, was born in Speyer,
Germany, Feb. 27, 1837, and, until fifteen years
of age, was educated in the public and Latin
schools of his native country ; in the latter part
of 1852, came to America, locating in New
Orleans, and, for some years, being a law student
38f
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
in Louisiana University, under the preoeptorsliip
of Randall Hunt and otlier eminent lawyers of
tliat State. In tlie early days of the Civil War
he espoused the cau.se of the Confederacy, serving
some two years as an officer of the Twenty-first
Louisiana Regiment. Coming north at the expi-
ration of this period, he resided for a time in
Quincy, III, but, in 1809, removed to Chicago,
where he took a place in the front rank at the
bar, and where he has resided ever since.
Although in sj'mpatliy with the general princi-
ples of the Democratic party. Judge Moses is an
independent voter, as shown by the fact that he
voted for General Grant for President in 1868,
and supported the leading measures of the Repub-
lican party in 1896. He is the editor and pub
lisher of "The National Corporation Reporter,"
established in 1890, and which is devoted to the
interests of business corporations.
MOSES, John, lawyer and author, was born at
Niagara Falls, Canada, Sept. 18, 1825; came to
Illinois in 1837, his family locating first at Naples,
Scott County. He pursued the vocation of a
teacher for a time, studied law, was elected Clerk
of the Circuit Court for Scott County in 1856, and
served as County Judge from 1857 to 1861. The
latter year he became the private secretary of
Governor Yates, serving until 1863, during that
period assisting in the organization of seventy-
seven regiments of Illinois Volunteers. While
serving in this capacity, in company with Gov-
ernor Yates, he attended the famous conference
of loyal Governors, held at Altoona, Pa., in Sep-
tember, 1862, and afterwards accompanied the
Governors in their call upon President Lincoln, a
few days after the issue of the preliminary proc-
lamation of emancipation. Having received the
appointment, from President Lincoln, of Assessor
of Internal Revenue for the Tenth Illinois Dis-
trict, he resigned the position of private secretary
to Governor Yates. In 1874 he was chosen
Representative in the Twenty-ninth General
Assembly for the District composed of Scott,
Pike and Calhoun Counties ; served as a delegate
to the National Republican Convention at Phila-
delphia, in 1872, and as Secretary of the Board of
Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners for
three years (1880-83). He was then appointed
Special Agent of the Treasury Department, and
assigned to duty in connection with the customs
revenue at Chicago. In 1887 he was chosen Sec-
retary of the Chicago Historical Society, serving
until 1893. While connected with the Chicago
Historical Library he brought out the most com-
plete History of Illinois yet published, in two
volumes, and also, in connection with tlie late
Major Kirkland, edited a History of Chicago in
two large volumes. Other literary work done by
Judge Moses, includes "Personal Recollections of
Abraham Lincoln" and "Richard Yates, the
War Governor of Illinois," in the form of lectures
or addre.sses. Died in Chicago, July 3, 1898.
MOULTON, Samuel W., lawyer and Congress-
man, was born at Wenham, Mass., Jan. 20, 1822,
where he was educated in the public schools.
After spending some years in the South, he
removed to Illinois (1845), where he studied law,
and was admitted to the bar, commencing prac-
tice at Shelbyville. From 1852 to 1859 he was a
member of the lower house of the General Assem-
bh-; in 1857, was a Presidential Elector on the
Buchanan ticket, and was President of the State
Board of Education from 1859 to 1876. In 1864
he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in
Congress for the State-at-large, being elected
again, as a Democrat, from the Shelbyville Dis-
trict, in 1880 and '82. During the past few years
(including the campaign of 1896) Mr. Moulton
has acted in cooperation with the Republican
party.
MOULTRIE COUNTY, a comparatively small
county in the eastern section of the middle tier of
the State — named for a revolutionary hero. Area,
340 square miles, and population (by the census
of 1900), 15.224. Moultrie was one of the early
"stamping grounds" of the Kickapoos, who were
always friendly to English-speaking settlers. The
earliest immigrants were from the Southwest,
but arrivals from Northern States soon followed.
County organization was effected in 1843, both
Shelby and Macon Coimties surrendering a portion
of territory. A vein of good bituminous coal
underlies the count}', but agriculture is tlie more
important industry. Sullivan is the county-seat,
selected in 1845. In 1890 its population was about
1,700. Hon. Richard J. Oglesby (former Gover-
nor, Senator and a Major-General in the Civil
War) began the practice of law here.
MOUND-BUILDERS, WORKS OF THE. One
of the most conclusive evidences that the Mis-
sissippi Valley was once occupied by a people
different in customs, character and civilization
from the Indians found occupying the soil when
the first white explorers visited it, is the exist-
ence of certain artificial mounds and earthworks,
of the origin and purposes of which the Indians
seemed to have no knowledge or tradition. These
works extend throughout the valley from the
Allegheny to the Rocky Mountains, being much
more numerous, however, in some portions than
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
389
in others, and also varying greatly in form. This
fact, with the remains found in some of them, has
been regarded as evidence that the pm-poses of
their construction were widely variant. They
have consequently been classified by archaeolo-
gists as sepulchral, religious, or defensive, while
some seem to have had a purpose of which
writers on the subject are unable to form any
satisfactory conception, and which are, therefore,
still regarded as an vmsolved mystery. Some of
the most elaborate of these works are found along
the eastern border of the Mississippi Valley,
especially in Ohio ; and the fact that they appear
to belong to the defensive class, has led to the
conclusion that this region was occupied by a race
practically homogeneous, and that these works
were designed to prevent the encroachment of
hostile races from beyond the AUeghenies. Illi-
nois being in the center of the valley, compara-
tively few of these defensive works are found
here, those of this character which do exist being
referred to a different era and race. (See Forti-
fications. Prehistoric.) While these works are
numerous in some portions of Illinois, their form
and structure gh-e evidence that they were
erected by a peaceful people, however bloody
may have been some of the rites performed on
those designed for a religious purpose. Their
numbers also imply a dense population. This is
especially true of that portion of the American
Bottom opposite the city of St. Louis, which is
the seat of the most remarkable group of earth
works of this character on the continent. The
central, or principal structui'e of this group, is
known, locally, as the great "Cahokia Mound,"
being situated near the creek of that name which
empties into the Mississippi just below the city
of East St. Louis. It is also called "Monks'
Mound," from the fact that it was occupied early
in the present century bj' a community of Slonks
of La Trappe. a portion of whom succumbed to
the malarial influences of the climate, while the
survivors returned to the original seat of their
order. This mound, from its form and com-
manding size, has been supposed to belong to the
class called "temple mounds." and has been de-
scribed as "the monarch of all similar structui'es"
and the "best representative of its class in North
America." The late William Mc Adams, of
Alton, who surveyed this group some years since,
in his "Records of Ancient Races," gives the fol-
lowing description of this principal structure :
"In the center of a great mass of mounds and
earthworks there stands a mighty pyramid
whose base covers nearly sixteen acres of ground.
It is not exactly square, being a parallelogram a
little longer north and south than east and west.
Some thirty feet above the base, on the south side,
is an apron or terrace, on which now grows an
orchard of considerable size. This terrace is
approached from the plain by a graded roadway.
Thirty feet above this terrace, and on the west
side, is another much smaller, on which are now
growing some forest trees. The top. which con-
tains an acre and a half, is divided into two
nearly equal parts, the northern part being four
or five feet the higher. . . . On the north,
east and south, the structure still retains its
straight side, that probably has changed but little
since the settlement of the country by white
men, but remains in appearance to-day the same
as centuries ago. The west side of the pyramid,
however, has its base somewhat serrated and
seamed by ravines, evidently made by rainstorms
and the elements. From' the second terrace a
well, eighty feet in depth, penetrates the base of
the structure, which is plainly seen to be ahnost
wholly composed of the black, stick}' soil of the
surrounding plain. It is not an oval or conical
mound or hill, but a pyramid with straight
sides." The approximate height of this mound
is ninety feet. When first seen by white men,
this was surmounted by a small conical mound
some ten feet in height, from which human
remains and various relics were taken while
being leveled for the site of a house. Messrs.
Squier and Davis, in their report on "Ancient
Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," published
by the Smithsonian Institute (1848), estimate the
contents of the structure at 20,000,000 cubic feet.
A Mr. Breckenridge, who visited these mounds
in 1811 and published a description of them, esti-
mates that the construction of this principal
mound must have required the work of thousands
of laborers and years of time. The upper terrace,
at the time of his visit, was occupied b}' the
Trappists as a kitchen garden, and the top of the
structure was sown in wheat. He also found
nmnerous fragments of flint and earthern ves-
sels, and concludes that "a populous city once
existed here, similar to those of Mexico described
by the first conquerors. The mounds were sites
of temples or monuments to great men." Accord-
ing to Mr. McAdams. there are seventy-two
mounds of considerable size within two miles of
the main structvu-e, the group extending to the
mouth of the Cahokia and embracing over one
hundred in all. Most of these are square, rang-
ing from twenty to fifty feet in height, a few are
oval and one or two conical. Scattered among
390
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
the mounds are also a number of small lakes,
evidently of artificial origin. From the fact
that there were a number of conspicuous
mounds on the Missouri side of the river,
on the present site of the city of St. Louis
and its environs, it is believed that they all
belonged to the same system and had a common
purpose; the Cahokia Mound, from its superior
size, being the center of the group — and probably
used for sacrificial purposes. The whole number
of these structures in the American Bottom,
whose outlines were still visible a few years ago,
was estimated by Dr. J. W. Foster at nearly two
hundred, and the presence of so large a number
in close proximit)', has been accepted as evidence
of a large population in the immediate vicinitj-.
Mr. McAdams reports the finding of numerous
specimens of pottery and artificial ornaments and
implements in the Cahokia mounds and in caves
and mounds between Alton and the mouth of the
Illinois River, as well as on the latter some
twenty-five miles from its mouth. Among the
relics found in the Illinois River mounds was a
burial vase, and Mr. McAdams says that, in
thirty years, he has imearthed more than a
thousand of these, many of which closely
resemble those found in the mounds of Europe.
Dr. Foster also makes mention of an ancient
cemetery near Chester, in which "each grave,
when explored, is found to contain a cist enclos-
ing a skeleton, for the most part far gone in
decay. These cists are built up and covered with
slabs of limestone, which here abound." — Another
noteworthy group of mounds — though far inferior
to the Cahokia group — exists near Hutsonville in
Crawford County. As described in the State
Geological Survey, this group consists of fifty-
five elevations, irregularly dispersed over an area
of 1,000 by 1,400 to 1,.500 feet, and varying from
fourteen to fifty feet in diameter, the larger ones
having a height of five to eight feet. From their
form and arrangement these are believed to have
been mounds of habitation. In the southern por-
tion of this group are four mounds of peculiar
construction and larger size, each surrounded
by a low ridge or earthwork, with openings facing
towards each other, indicating that they were
defense-works. The location of this group — a
few miles from a prehistoric fortification at
Merom, on the Indiana side of the Wabash, to
which the name of "Fort Azatlan" has been
given — induces the belief that the two groups,
like those in the American Bottom and at St.
Louis, were parts of the same system. — Professor
Engelman, in the part of the State Geological
Survey devoted to Massac County, alludes to a
remarkable group of earthworks in the Black
Bend of the Ohio, as an "extensive"' system of
"fortifications and mounds which probably
belong to the same class as those in the Missis-
sippi Bottom opposite St. Louis and at other
points farther up the Ohio." In the report of
Government survey by Dan W. Beckwith, in 1834,
mention is made of a very large mound on the
Kankakee River, near the mouth of Rock Creek,
now a part of Kankakee County. This had a
base diameter of about 100 feet, with a height of
twenty feet, and contained the remains of a
large number of Indians killed in a celebrated
battle, in which the Illinois and Chippewas, and
the Delawares and Shawnees took part. Near
by were two other mounds, said to contain the
remains of the chiefs of the two parties. In this
case, mounds of prehistoric origin had probably
been utilized as burial places by the aborigines at
a comparatively recent period. Related to the
Kankakee mounds, in location if not in period of
construction, is a group of nineteen in number on
the site of the present city of Morris, in Grundy
County. Within a circuit of three miles of
Ottawa it has been estimated that there were
3,000 mounds — though many of these are believed
to have been of Indian origin. Indeed, the whole
Illinois Valley is full of these silent monuments
of a prehistoric age, but they are not generally of
the conspicuous character of those found in the
vicinity of St. Louis and attributed to the ilound
Builders. — A very large and numerous group of
these monuments exists along the bluffs of the
Slississippi River, in the western part of Rock
Island and Mercer Counties, chiefly between
Drury's Landing and New Boston. Mr. J. E.
Stevenson, in "The American Antiquarian." a
few years ago, estimated that there were 2. .500 of
these within a circuit of fifty miles, located in
groups of two or three to 100, varying in diameter
from fifteen to 150 feet, with an elevation of two
to fifteen feet. There are also numerous burial
and sacrificial mounds in the vicinity of Chilli-
cothe, on the Illinois River, in the northeastern
part of Peoria County. — There are but few speci-
mens of the animal or effigy mounds, of which so
many exist in Wisconsin, to be found in Illinois;
and the fact that these are found chiefiy on Rock
River, leaves no doubt of a common origin vrith
the Wisconsin groups. The most remarkable of
these is the celebrated "Turtle Mound," within
the present limits of the city of Rockford — though
some regard it as having more resemblance to an
alligator. This figure, which is maintained in a
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
391
good state of preservation by the citizens, lias an
extreme length of about 150 feet, by fifty in
width at the front legs and thirty-nine at the
hind legs, and an elevation equal to the height
of a man. There are some smaller mounds in
the vicinity, and some bird effigies on Rock River
some six miles below Rockford. There is also an
animal efBgy near the village of Hanover, in Jo
Daviess County, with a considerable group of
round mounds and embankments in the immedi-
ate vicinity, besides a smaller effig}' of a similar
character on the north side of the Pecatonica in
Stephenson County, some ten miles east of Free-
port. The Rook River region seems to have been
a favorite field for the operations of the mound-
builders, as shown by the number and variety of
these structures, extending from Sterling, in
Whiteside County, to the Wisconsin State line. A
large number of these were to be found in the
vicinity of the Kishwaukee River in the south-
eastern part of Winnebago County. The famous
prehistoric fortification on Rock River, just
beyond the Wisconsin boundary — which seems to
have been a sort of counterpart of the ancient
Fort Azatlan on the Indiana side of the Wabash
— appears to have had a close relation to the
works of the mound-builders on tlie same stream
in Illinois.
MOUND CITT, the county-seat of Pulaski
County, on the Ohio River, seven miles north of
Cairo; is on a branch line of the Illinois Central
and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St.
Louis Railroad. The chief industries are lumber-
ing and ship-building; also has furniture, canning
and other factories. One of the United States
National Cemeteries is located here. The town
has a bank and two weekly papers. Pojuilation
(1890), 3,550; (1900), 2,705; (1903, est.), 3,.500.
MOUNT CARMEL, a city and the county-seat
of Wabash County; is the point of junction of
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
and the Southern Railroads, 133 miles northeast
of Cairo, and 24 miles southwest of Vincennes,
Ind. ; situated on the Wabash River, which sup-
plies good water-power for saw mills, flouring
mills, and some other manufactures. The town
has railroad shops and two daily newspapers.
Agriculture and lumbering are the principal
pursuits of the people of the surrounding district.
Population (1890), 8,376; (1900), 4,311.
MOUNT CARROLL, the county-seat of Carroll
County, an incorporated city, founded in 1843;
is 138 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Chi-
cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Farming,
stock-raising and mining are the principal indus-
tries. It has five churches, excellent schools,
good libraries, two daily and two semi-weekly
newspapers Pop. (1890), 1,836; (1900), 1,965.
MOUNT CARROLL SEMINARY, a young
ladies' seminary, located at Mount Carroll, Carroll
County; incorporated in 1853; had a faculty of
thirteen members in 1896, with 126 pupils, prop-
erty valued at 8100,000, and a library of 5,000
volumes.
MOUNT MORRIS, a town in Ogle County, situ-
ated on the Chicago & Iowa Division of the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Raih-oad, 108 miles
west by north from Chicago, and 34 miles south-
west of Rockford; is the seat of Mount Morris
College and flourishing public school ; has hand-
some stone and brick buildings, three churches
and two newspapers. Population (1900), 1,048.
MOUNT OLIVE, a village of Macoupin County,
on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the
Wabash Railways, 68 miles southwest of Decatur;
in a rich agricultural and coal-mining region.
Population (1880), 709; (1890), 1,986 ;(1900), 3,935.
MOUNT PULASKI, a village and railroad junc-
tion in Logan County, 31 miles northwest of
Decatur and 24 miles northeast of Springfield.
Agriculture, coal-mining and stock-raising are
leading industries. It is also an important ship-
ping point for grain, and contains several
elevators and flouring mills. Population (1880),
1,135; (1890), 1,3.57; (1900), 1,643.
MOUNT STERLING, a city, the county -seat of
Brown County, midway betvpeen Quincy and
Jacksonville, on the Wabash Railway. It is sur-
rounded by a rich farming country, and has ex-
tensive deposits of clay and coal. It contains six
churches and four schools (two large public, and
two parochial). The town is lighted by elec-
tricity and has public water-works. Wagons,
brick, tile and earthenware are manufactured
iiere. and three weekly newspapers are pub-
lished. Population (1880), 1,445; (1890), 1,655;
(,1900), 1,960.
MOUNT TERNON, a city and county-seat of
Jeffer.son County, on three trunk lines of railroad,
77 miles east-southeast of St. Louis ; is the center
of a rich agricultural and coal region; has many
flourishing manufactories, including car-works, a
plow factory, flouring mills, pressed brick fac-
tory, canning factory, and is an important ship-
ping-point for grain, vegetables and fruits. The
Appellate Com-t for the Southern Grand Division
is held here, and the city has nine churches, fine
school buildings, a Carnegie library, two banks,
heating plant, two daily and three weekly papers.
Population (1890), 3,233; (1900), 5.216.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
MOUNT VERNON & (IRAYVILLE RAILROAD.
(See Peoria. Decatur & Evansville Railway.)
MOWEAqUA, a village of Shelby County, on
the Illinois Central Railroad, 1(3 miles south of
Decatur; is in rich agricultural and stock-raising
section; has coal mine, three banks and two
newspapers. Population (1890), 848; (1900). 1,478.
MUDD, (Col.) John J., soldier, was born in
St. Charles County, Mo., Jan. 9, 1820; his father
having died in 1833, his mother removed to Pike
County, 111. , to free her children from the influ-
ence of slavery. In 1849, and again in 1850, he
made the overland journey to California, each
time returning by the Isthmus, his last visit ex-
tending into 1851. In 1854 he engaged in the
commission business in St. Louis, as head of the
firm of Mudd & Hughes, but failed in the crash
of 1857; then removed to Chicago, and, in 18(jl,
was again in prosperous business. While on a
business visit in New Orleans, in December, 1860,
he had an opportunity of learning the growing
spirit of secession, being advised by friends to
leave the St. Charles Hotel in order to escape a
mob. In September, 1861, he entered the army
as Major of the Second Illinois Cavalry (Col.
Silas Noble), and, in the next few months, was
stationed successively at Cairo, Bird's Point and
Paducah, Ky., and, in February, 1862, led the
advance of General McClernand's division in the
attack on Fort Donelson. Here he was severely
wounded ; but, after a few weeks in hospital at St.
Louis, was suflSciently recovered to rejoin his
regiment soon after the battle of Shiloh. Unable
to perform cavalry duty, he was attached to the
staff of General McClernand during the advance
on Corinth, but. in October following, at the head
of 400 men of his regiment, was transferred to
the command of General McPherson. Early in
1863 he was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel, and
soon after to a colonelcy, taking part in the
movement against Vicksburg. June 13. he was
again severely wounded, but, a few weeks later,
was on duty at New Orleans, and subsequently
participated in the operations in Southwestern
Louisiana and Texas. On May 1, 1864, he left
Baton Rouge for Alexandria, as Chief of Staff to
General McClernand, but two days later, while
approaching Alexandria on board the steamer,
was shot through tlie head and instantly killed.
He was a gallant soldier and greatly beloved by
his troops.
MULBERRY GROVE, a village of Bond County,
on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis (Vandalia)
Railroad, 8 miles northeast of Greenville; has a
local newspaper. Pop, (1890). 750; (1900). 632.
MULLIGAN, James A., soldier, was born of
Irish parentage at Utica, N. Y., June 25, 1830; in
1836 accompanied his parents to Chicago, and,
after graduating from the University of St.
Mary's of the Lake, in 1850, began the study of
law. In 1851 he accompanied John Lloyd Ste-
phens on his expedition to Panama, and on liis
return resumed his professional studies, at the
same time editing "The Western Tablet," a
weekly Catholic paper. At the outbreak of the
Rebellion he recruited, and was made Colonel of
the Twenty-third Illinois Regiment, known as
the Irish Brigade. He served with great gallan-
try, first in the West and later in the East, being
severely wounded and twice captured. He
declined a Brigadier-Generalship, preferring to
remain with his regiment. He was fatally
wounded during a charge at the battle of Win-
chester. While being carried off the field he
noticed that the colors of his brigade were en-
dangered. "Lay me down and save the flag," he
ordered. His men hesitated, but he repeated the
command until it was obeyed. Before they
returned he had been borne away by the enemy,
and died a prisoner, at Winchester, Va., July 26,
1864.
MUNN, Daniel W., lawyer and soldier, was
born in Orange County, Vt., in 1834; graduated
at Thetford Academy in 1852, when he taught
two 3'ears, meanwhile beginning the study of
law. Removing to Coles County, III, in 1855, he
resumed his law studies, was admitted to the bar
in 1858, and began practice at Hillsboro, Mont-
gomery County. In 1862 he joined the One
Hundred and Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois
Volunteers, with the rank of Adjutant, but the
following year was appointed Colonel of the First
Alabama Cavalry. Compelled to retire from the
service on account of declining health, he re-
turned to Cairo, 111., where he became editor of
"The Daily News"; in 1866 was elected to the
State Senate, serving four years ; served as Presi-
dential Elector in 1868 ; was the Republican nomi-
nee for Congress in 1870, and the following year
was appointed by President Grant Supervisor of
Internal Revenue for the District including the
States of Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin.
Removing to Chicago, he began practice there in
1875, in which he has since been engaged. He
has been prominently connected with a number
of important cases before the Chicago courts.
MUNN, Sylvester W., lawyer, soldier and legis-
lator, was born about 1818, and came from Ohio
at thirty years of age, settling at Wilmington,
Will County, afterwards removing to Joliet,
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
393
where he practiced law. During the War he
served as Major of the Yates Phalanx (Thirty-
ninth Illinois Volunteers) ; later, was State's
Attorney for Will County and State Senator in
the Thirty-first and Thirty-second General
Assemblies. Died, at Joliet, Sept. 11, 1888. He
was a member of the Illinois State Bar Associ-
ation from its organization.
MURPHY, Everett J., ex-Member of Con-
gress, was born in Nashville, 111., July 24, 1852;
in early youth removed to Sparta, where he was
educated in the high schools of that place ; at the
age of fourteen he became clerk in a store; in
1877 was elected City Clerk of Sparta, but the
next year resigned to become Deputy Circuit
Clerk at Chester, remaining until 1882, when he
was elected Sheriff of Randolph County. In
1886 he was chosen a Representative in the Gen-
eral Assembly, and, in 1889, was appointed, by
Governor Fifer, Warden of the Southern Illinois
Penitentiary at Chester, but retired from this
position in 1892, and removed to East St. Louis.
Two years later he was elected as a Republican
to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Twenty-first
District, but was defeated for re-election by a
small majority in 1896, by Jehu Baker, Democrat
and Populist. In 1899 Jlr. Murphy was appointed
Warden of the State Penitentiary at Joliet, to
succeed Col. R. W. McClaughry.
MURPHYSBORO, the county-seat of Jackson
County, situated on the Big Muddy River and on
main line of the Mobile & Ohio, the St. Louis
Division of the- Illinois Central, and a branch of
the St. Louis "Valley Railroaas, 52 miles north of
Cairo and 90 miles south-southeast of St. Louis.
Coal of a superior quality is extensively mined in
the vicinity. ' The city has a foundr}-, machine
shops, skewer factory, furniture factory, floirr
and saw mills, thirteen churches, four schools,
three banks, two daily and three weekly news-
papers, city aod rural free mail delivery. Popu-
lation (1890), 3,380; (1900). 6,463; (1903, est), 7,500.
MURPHYSBORO & SH.VWNEETOWN RAIL.
ROAD. (See Carbondale & Shawiiectoicn. St.
Louis Southern and St. Louis. Alton & Terre
Haute Railroads.)
NAPERVILLE, a city of Du Page County, on
the west branch of the Du Page River and on the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. 30 miles
west-southwest of Chicago, and 9 miles east of
Aurora. It has three banks, a weekly newspaper,
stone quarries, couch factory, and nine churches;
is also the seat of the Northwestern College, an
institution founded in 1861 by the Evangelical
Association ; the college now has a normal school
department. Population (1890), 3,216; (1900), 2,629
NAPLES, a town of Scott County, on the IIU-
nois River and the Hannibal and Naples branch
of the Wabash Railway, 31 miles west of Jackson-
ville. Population (1890), 453; (1900), 398.
N.4.SHVILLE, an incorporated city, the county-
seat of Washington County, on the Centralia &
Chester and the Louisville & Nashville Railways;
is 120 miles south of Springfield and 50 miles east
by south from St. Louis. It stands in a coal-
producing and rich agricultural region. There
are two coal mines within the corporate limits,
and two large flouring mills do a considerable
business. There are numerous churches, public
schools, including a high school, a State bank,
and four weekly papers. Population (1880),
2,333; (1890), 2,084; (1900), 2,184.
JfAUVOO, a city in Hancock County, at the
head of the Lower Rapids on the Mississippi,
between Fort Madison and Keokuk, Iowa. It
was founded by the Mormons in 1840, and its
early growth was rapid. After the expulsion of
the "Saints'" in 1846, it was settled by a colony of
French Icarians, who introduced the culture of
grapes on a large scale. They were a sort of
communistic order, but their experiment did not
prove a success, and in a few years they gave
place to another class, the majority of the popu-
lation now being of . German extraction. The
chief industries are agriculture and horticulture.
Large quantities of grapes and strawberries are
raised and shipped, and considerable native wine
is produced. Population (1880), 1,402; (1890),
1,308; (per census 1900), 1,321. (See also Mor-
mons.)
NAVIGABLE STREAMS (by Statute). Fol-
lowing the example of the French explorers, who
chiefly followed the water-ways in their early
explorations, the early permanent settlers of Illi-
nois, not only settled, to a great extent, on the
principal streams, but later took especial pains to
maintain their navigable character by statute.
This was, of course, partly due to the absence of
improved highways, but also to the belief that,
as the country developed, the streams would
become extremely valuable, if not indispensable,
especially in the transportation of heavy commod-
ities. Accordingly, for the first quarter century
after the organization of the State Government,
one of the questions receiving the attention of
the Legislature, at almost every session, was the
enactment of laws affirming the navigability of
certain streams now regarded as of little impor-
tance, or utterly insignificant, as channels of
394
IIISTOrjCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
transportation. Legislation of this character
began with the first General Assembly (1819),
and continued, at intervals, with reference to
one or two of the more Important interior rivers
of the State, as late as 18(37. Besides the Illinois
and Wabash, still recognized as navigable
streams, the following were made the subject of
legislation of this character ; Beaucoup Creek, a
branch of the Big Sluddy, in Perry and Jackson
Counties (law of 1819); Big Bay, a tributary of
the Ohio in Pope County (Acts of 1833); Big
Muddy, to the junction of the East and "West
Forks in Jefferson County (1835), with various
subsequent amendments ; Big Vermilion, declared
navigable (1831) ; Bon Pas, a branch of the
Wabash, between Wabash and Edwards Coun-
ties (1831) ; Cache River, to main fork in Johnson
County (1819); Des Plaines, declared navigable
(1839); Embarras (1831), with various subsequent
acts in reference to improvement; Fox River,
declared navigable to the Wisconsin line (1840),
and Fox River Navigation Company, incorpo-
rated (1855); Kankakee and Iroquois Navigation
& Manufacturing Company, incorporated (1847),
with various changes and amendments (1851-65) ;
Kaskaskia (or Okaw), declared navigable to a
point in Fayette County north of Vandalia (1819),
with various modifying acts (1823-67) ; Macoupin
Creek, to Carrollton and Alton road (1837);
Piasa, declared navigable in Jersey and Madison
Counties (18G1); Rock River Navigation Com-
pany, incorporated (1841), %vith subsequent acts
(1845-67) ; Sangamon River, declared navigable
to Third Principal Meridian — east line of Sanga-
mon County — (1823), and the North Fork of same
to Champaign County (1845) ; Sny-Carty (a bayou
of the Mississippi), declared navigable in Pike
and Adams Counties (1859): Spoon River, navi-
gable to Cameron's mill in Fulton County (1835),
with various modifying acts (1845-53); Little
Wabash Navigation Company, incorporated
and river declared navigable to McCawley's
bridge — probably in Clay County^(1826), with
various subsequent acts making appropriations
for its improvement; Skillet Fork (a branch
of the Little Wabash), declared navigable
to Slocmn's Mill in Marion County (1837), and
to Ridgway Mills (1846). Other acts passed at
various times declared a number of unim-
portant streams navigable, including Big Creek
in Fulton County, Crooked Creek in Schuyler
County, Lusk's Creek in Pope County, McKee's
Creek in Pike County, Seven Jlile Creek in Ogle
County, besides a number of others' of similar
cliiiracter.
XEALE, THOMAS M., pioneer lawyer, was
born in Fauquier County, Va., 1T9G; while yet a
child removed with his parents to Bowling Green,
Ky., and became a common soldier in the War of
1812; came to Springfield, 111., in 1824, and began
the practice of law ; served as Colonel of a regi-
ment raised in Sangamon and Morgan Counties
for the Winnebago War (1827). and afterwards as
Surveyor of Sangamon Count}', appointing
Abraham Lincoln as his deputy. He also served
as a Justice of the Peace, for a number of years,
at Springfield. Died, August 7, 1840.
NEECE, William H., ex-Congressman, was
born, Feb. 26, 1831, in what is now a part of
Logan County. 111. , but which was then within the
limits of Sangamon ; was reared on a farm and
attended the public schools in McDonough
County; studied law and was admitted to the
bar in 1858, and has been ever since engaged in
practice. His political career began in 1861,
when he was chosen a member of the City Coun.
cil of 5Iacomb. In 1864 he was elected to the
Legislature, and, in 1869, a member of the Con-
stitutional Convention. In 1871 he was again
elected to the lower house of the General Assem-
bly, and. in 1878, to the State Senate. From 1883
to 1887 he represented the Eleventh IlUuois Dis- '
trict in Congress, as a Democrat, but was defeated
for re-election in 1890 by William H. Gest,
Republican.
JfEGROES. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.)
>'EO(i!A, a village of Cumberland County, at the
intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo,
St. Louis ct Western Railways, 20 miles southwest
of Charleston ; has a bank, two newspapers, some
manufactories, and ships grain, hay, fruit and
live-stock. Pop. (1890), 829; (1900), 1,126
NEPOXSET, a village and station on the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, in Bureau
County, 4 miles southwest of Mendota. Popula-
tion (1880), r,o2; (1890), 542; (1900), 516.
NEW ALBA\T & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY.
(See Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (Consoli-
dated) Railroad.)
NEW ATHEXS, a village of St. Clair County,
on the St. Louis & Cairo "Short Line" (now Illi-
nois Central) Railroad, at the crossing of the Kas-
kaskia River, 31 miles southeast of St. Louis ; has
one newspaper and considerable gi-ain trade.
Population (1880), 603; (1890), 624; (1900), 856.
NEW BERLIN, a village of Sangamon County,
on the Wabash Railway, 17 miles west of Spring-
field. Population (1880), 403; (1900), 533.
NEWBERRT LIBRARY, a large reference li-
brary, located in Chicago, endowed by AValter L.
. I .
Art Institute.
Public Library.
Armour Institute.
PtBLIC BUILDINGS.
Court House.
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Newberry, an early business man of Chicago, who
left half of his estate (aggregating over $3,000,000)
for the purpose. The property bequeathed was
largely in real estate, which lias since greatly in-
creased in Talue. The library was established in
temporary quarters in 1887, and the first section
of a permanent building was opened in the
autumn of 1893. By that time there had been
accumulated about 160.000 books and pamplilets.
A collection of nearly fifty portraits — chiefly of
eminent Americans, including many citizens of
Chicago — was presented to the library by G. P. A.
Healy, a distinguished artist, since deceased.
The site of the building occupies an entire block,
and the original design contemplates a handsome
front on each of the four streets, with a large
rectangular court in the center. The section
already completed is massive and imposing, and
its interior is admirably adapted to the purposes
of a library, and at the same time rich and
beautiful. When completed, the building will
have a capacity for four to six million volsumes.
NEWBERRr, Walter C, ex-Congressman, was
born at Sangerfield, Oneida County, N. Y., Dec.
23, 1835. Early in the Civil War he enlisted as a
private, and rose, step by step, to a colonelcy, and
was mustered out as Brevet Brigadier-General.
In 1890 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent
the Fourth Illinois District in the Fifty-second
Congi'ess (1891-93). His home is in Chica.go.
NEWBERRY, Walter L., merchant, banker and
philanthropist, was born at East Windsor, Conn. ,
Sept. 18, 1804, descended from English ancestry.
He was President Jackson's personal appointee
to the United States Military Academy at West
Point, but was prevented from taking the exami-
nation by sickness. Subsequently he embarked in
business at Buffalo, N. Y., going to Detroit in
1828, and settling at Chicago in 1833. After
engaging in general merchandising for several
years, he turned his attention to banking, in
which he accumulated a large fortime. He was
a prominent and influential citizen, serving
several terms as President of the Board of Edu-
cation, and being, for six years, the President of
the Chicago Historical Society. He died at sea,
Nov. 6, 1868, leaving a large estate, one-half of
which he devoted, by will, to the founding of a
free reference library in Chicago. (See Newberry
Library. )
jVEW boston, a city of Mercer County, on
the Mississippi River, at the western terminus of
the Galva and New Boston Division of the Chi-
cago. Burlington & Quincy Railway. Population
(1890), 44.5; (1900), T03.
NEW BRIGHTON, a village of St. Clair County
and suburb of East St. Louis. Population (1890),
NEW BURNSIDE, a village of Johnson County,
on the Cairo Division of the Cleveland, Cincin-
nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 53 miles
northeast of Cairo. Population (1880), 650;
(1890), ,596; (1900), 468.
NEW DOUGLAS, a village in Madison County,
on the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroad ; in
farming and fruit-growing region ; has coal mine,
flour mill and newspaper. Population (1900), 469.
NEWELL, John, Railway President, was born
at West Newburj', Mass., March 31, 1830, being
directly descended from "Pilgrim" stock. At
the age of 16 he entered the employment of the
Cheshire Railroad in New Hampshire. Eighteen
mouths later he was appointed an assistant engi-
neer on the Vermont Central Railroad, and placed
in charge of the construction of a 10-mile section
of the line. His promotion was rapid, and, in
1850, he accepted a responsible position on the
Champlain & St. Lawrence Railroad. From 18.50
to 1856 he was engaged in making surveys for
roads in Kentucky and New York, and, during
the latter year, held the position of engineer of
the Cairo City Company, of Cairo, 111. In 1857 he
entered the service of the Illinois Central Rail-
road Company, as Division Engineer, where his
remarkable success attracted the attention of the
owners of the old Winona & St. Peter Railroad
(now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern
system), who tendered him the presidency. This
he accepted, but, in 1864, was made President of
the Cleveland & Toledo Railroad. Four years
later, he accepted the position of General Superin-
tendent and Chief Engineer of the New York
Central Railroad, but resigned, in 1869, to become
Vice-President of the Illinois Central Railroad.
In 1871 he was elevated to the presidency, but
retired in September, 1874, to accept the position
of General Manager of the Lake Shore & Jliohigan
Southern Railroad, of which he was elected
President, in May, 1883, and continued in oflSce
until the time of his death, which occurred at
Young.stown, Ohio, August 25, 1894.
NEWHALL, (Dr.) Horatio, early physician
and newspaper publisher, came from St. Louis,
Mo., to Galena, 111., in 1827, and engaged in min-
ing and smelting, but abandoned this business,
the following year, for the practice of his profes-
sion; soon afterward became interested in the
publication of "The Miners" Journal," and still
later in "The Galena Advertiser," with which
Hooper Warren and Dr. Philleo were as.sociated.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
In 1830 he became a Surgeon in the United States
Army, and was stationed at Fort Winnebago,
but retired from the service, in 1833, and returned
to tialena. Wlieu the Black Hawk War broke
out he volunteered his services, and, by order of
General Scott, was placed in charge of a military
hospital at Galena, of which he had control until
the close of the war. The difficulties of the posi-
tion were increased by the appearance of the
Asiatic cholera among the troops, but he seems
to liave discliarged his duties with satisfaction
to the military authorities. He enjoyed a wide
reputation for professional ability, and had an
extensive practice. Died, Sept. 19, 1870.
SEWMAX, a village of Douglas County, on the
Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway, 52 miles
east of Decatur; has a bank, a newspaper, can-
ning factory, broom factory, electric lights, and
large trade in agricultural products and live-
stock. Population (1890), 990; (1900), 1,166.
NEWSPAPERS, EARLY. The first newspaper
published in the Northwest Territory, of which
the present State of Illinois, at the time, com-
posed a part, was "TheCentinel of the Northwest
Territory," established at Cincinnati by W^illiam
Maxwell, the first issue appearing in November,
1793. This was also the first newspaper published
west of the Allegheny Mountains. In 1796 it was
sold to Edmund Freeman and assumed the name
of "Freeman's Journal." Nathaniel Willis
(grandfather of N. P. Willis, the poet) estab-
lished "The Scioto Gazette," at Chillicothe, in
1796. "The Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette"
was the third paper in Northwest Territory (also
within the limits of Ohio), founded in 1799.
Willis's paper became the organ of the Terri-
torial Government on the removal of the capital
to Chillicothe, in 1800.
The first newspaper in Indiana Territory (then
including Illinois) was established by Elihu Stout
at Vincennes, beginning publication, July 4, 1804.
It took the name of "The Western Sun and Gen-
eral Advertiser," but is now known as "The
Western Sun," having had a continuous exist-
ence for ninet.v-five years.
The first newspaper published in Illinois Terri-
tory was "The Illinois Herald," but, owing to the
absence of early files and other specific records,
the date of its establishment has been involved
in some doubt. Its founder was Matthew Dun-
can (a brother of Joseph Duncan, who was after-
wards a member of Congress and Governor of the
State from 1834 to 1838), and its place of pub-
lication Kaskaskia, at that time the Territorial
capital. Duncan, who was a native of Kentucky,
brought a press and a primitive printer's outfit
with him from that State. Gov. John Eej-nolds,
who came as a boy to the "Illinois Country" in
1800, while it was still a part of the "Northwest
Territory," in his "Pioneer History of Illinois,"
has fixed the date of the first issue of this
paper in 1809, the same year in which Illinois
was severed from Indiana Territory and placed
under a separate Territorial Government. There
is good reason, however, for believing that the
Governor was mistaken in this statement. If
Duncan brought his press to Illinois in 1809 —
which is probable— it does not seem to have been
employed at once in the publication of a news-
paper, as Hooper W^arren (the founder of the
third paper established in Illinois) says it "was
for years only used for the public printing."
The earliest issue of "The Illinois Herald" known
to be in existence, is No. 83 of Vol. II, and bears
date, April 18, 1816. Calculating from these
data, if the paper was issued continuously from
its establishment, the date of the first issue would
have been Sept. 6, 1814. Corroborative evidence
of this is found in the fact that "The Missouri
Gazette,'' the original of the old "Missouri Repub-
lican" (now "The St. Louis Republic"), %vhich
was established in 1808, makes no mention of the
Kaskaskia paper before 1814, although communi-
cation between Kaskaskia and St. Louis was
most intimate, and these two were, for several
years, the only papers published west of Vin-
cennes, Ind.
In August, 1817, "The Herald" was sold to
Daniel P. Cook and Robert Blackwell, and the
name of the paper was changed to "The Illinois
Intelligencer.'' Cook — who had previously been
Auditor of Public Accounts for the Territory, and
afterwards became a Territorial Circuit Judge,
the first Attorney-General under the new State
Government, and, for eight years, served as the
only Representative in Congress from Illinois—
for a time officiated as editor of "The Intelli-
gencer," while Blackwell (who had succeeded
to the Auditorship) had charge of the publication.
The size of the paper, which had been four pages
of three wide columns to the page, was increased,
by the new publishers, to four columns to the
page. On the removal of the State capital to
Vandalia, in 1830, "The Intelligencer" was
removed thither also, and continued under its
later name, afterwards becoming, after a change
of management, an opponent of the scheme for
the calling of a State Convention to revise the
State Constitution with a view to making Illinois
a slave State. (See Slavery and Slave Laivs.)
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
397
The second paper establisheil on Illinois soil
was "The Shawnee Chief," which began publica-
tion at Shawneetown, Sept. 5, 1818, with Henry
Eddy — who afterwards became a prominent law-
yer of Southern Illinois — as its editor. The name
of "The Chief" was soon afterwards changed to
"The Illinois Emigrant," and some years later,
became "The Shawneetown Gazette." Among
others who were associated with the Shawnee-
town paper, in early days, was James Hall, after-'
wards a Circuit Judge and State Treasurer, and,
without doubt, the most prolific and popular
writer of his day in Illinois. Later, he estab-
lished "The IlUnois Magazine" at Vandalia, sub-
sequently removed to Cincinnati, and issued under
the name of "The Western Monthly Magazine. "
He was also a frequent contributor to other maga-
zines of that period, and author of several vol-
umes, including "Legends of the West" and
"Border Tales." During the contest over the
slavery question, in 1823-24, "The Gazette"
rendered valuable service to the anti-slavery
party by the publication of articles in opposition
to the Convention scheme, from the pen of Jlorris
Birkbeck and others.
The third Illinois paper— and, in 1823-34, the
strongest and most influential opponent of tlie
-scheme for establishing slavery in Illinois — was
"The Edwardsville Spectator, " which began pub-
lication at Edwardsville, Madison County, May
'23, 1819. Hooper Warren was the publisher and
responsible editor, though he received valuable
aid from the pens of Governor Coles, George
Churchill, Rev, Thomas Lippincott, Judge
Samuel D. Lockwood, Morris Birkbeck and
others. (See Warren, Hooper.) Warren sold
"The Spectator" to Rev. Thomas Lippincott in
1825, and was afterwards associated with papers
at Springfield, Galena, Chicago and elsewhere.
The agitation of the slavery question (in part,
at least) led to the establishment of two new
papers in 1823. The first of these was "The
Republican Advocate," which began publication
at Kaskaskia, in April of that year, under the
management of Elias Kent Kane, then an aspir-
ant to the United States Senatorship. After his
election to that oflSce in 1824, "Tlie Advocate"
passed into the hands of Robert K. Fleming, who,
after a period of suspension, established "The
Kaskaskia Recorder," but, a year or two later,
removed to Vandalia. "The Star of the We.st"
was established at Edwardsville. as an opponent
of Warren's "Spectator," the first issue making
its appearance, Sept. 14, 1822, with Theophilus W.
Smith, afterwards a Justice of the Supreme
Court, as its reputed editor. A few months later
it passed into new hands, and, in August, 1833,
assumed the name of "The Illinois Republican."
Both "The Republican Advocate" and "The
Illinois Republican" were zealous organs of the
pro-slavery party.
With the settlement of the slavery question in
Illinois, by the election of 1824, Illinois journal-
ism may be said to Iiave entered upon a new era.
At the close of this first period there were only
five papers published in the State— all established
within a period of ten years; and one of tliese
("The Illinois Republican," at Edwardsville)
promptly ceased publication on the settlement of
the slavery question in opposition to the views
which it had advocated. The ne-\t period of fif-
teen years (1823-40) was prolific in the establish-
ment of new newspaper ventures, as might be
expected from the rapid increase of the State in
population, and the development in the art of
printing during the same period. "The Western
Sun," established at Belleville (according to one
report, in December, 1835, and according to
another, in the winter of 1827-28) by Dr. Joseph
Green, appears to have been the first paper pub-
lished in St. Clair County. This was followed
by "The Pioneer," begun, April 25, 1839, at Rock
Spring, St. Clair County, with the indomitable
Dr. John M. Peck, author of "Peck's Gazetteer,"
as its editor. It was removed in 1836 to Upper
Alton, when it took the name of "The Western
Pioneer and Baptist Banner." Previous to this,
however. Hooper Warren, having come into pos-
session of the material upon which he had printed
"The Edwardsville Spectator," removed it to
Springfield, and, in the winter of 1836-27, began
the publication of the first paper at the present
State capital, which he named "The Sangamo
Gazette." It had but a brief existence. During
1830, George Forquer, then Attorney-General of
the State, in conjunction with his half-brother,
Thomas Ford (afterwards Governor) , was engaged
in the publication of a paper called "Tlie Cour-
ier," at Springfield, which was continued only a
short time. The earliest paper north of Spring-
field appears to have been "Tlie Hennepin Jour-
nal," which began publication, Sept. 15, 1827.
"The Sangamo Journal" — now "The Illinois
State Journal," and the oldest paper of continu-
ous existence in the State — was established at
Springfield by Simeon and Josiah Francis (cous-
ins from Connecticut), the first issue bearing
date, Nov. 10, 1831. Before the close of the same
year James G. Edwards, afterwards the founder
of "The Burlington (lo'wa) Hawkeye," began the
39S
lISTOrJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
publication of "The Illinois Patriot'" at Jackson-
ville. Another paper, established the same year,
was "The Gazette" at Vandalia, then the State
capital. (See Forquer, George; Ford, Thomas:
Francis. Simeon.)
At this early date the development of the lead
mines about Galena had made that place a center
of great business activity. On July 8, 1828,
James Jones commenced the issue of "The
Miners' Journal, ' ' the first paper at Galena. Jones
died of cholera in 183.3, and his paper passed into
other hands. July 20, 1829, "The Galena Adver-
tiser and Upper Mississippi Herald" began pub-
lication, with Drs. Horatio Newhall and Addison
Philleo as editors, and Hooper Warren as pub-
lisher, but appears to liave been discontinued
before the expiration of its first year. "The
Galenian" was established as a Democratic paper
by Philleo. in May, 1832, but ceased publication in
September. 183G. "The Northwestern Gazette
and Galena Advertiser," founded in November,
1834, by Loring and Bartlett (the last named
afterwards one of the founders of "The Quincy
Whig"), has had a continuous existence, being
now known as "The Galena Advertiser." Benja-
min Mills, one of the most brilliant lawyers of
his time, was editor of this paper during a part
of the first year of its publication.
Robert K. Fleming, who has already been
mentioned as the successor of Elias Kent Kane
in the publication of "The Republican Advocate,"
at Kaskaskia, later published a paper for a short
time at Vandalia, but, in 1827, removed his
establishment to Edwardsville, where he began
the publication of "The Corrector." The latter
was continued a little over a year, when it was
suspended. He then resumed the publication of
"The Recorder" at Kaskaskia. In December,
1833, he removed to Belleville and began the pub-
lication of "The St. Clair Gazette," which after-
wards passed, through various changes of owners,
under the names of "The St. Clair Mercury" and
"Representative and Gazette.'' This was suc-
ceeded, in 1839, by "The Belleville Advocate,"
which has been published continuously to the
present time.
Samuel S. Brooks (the father of Austin Brooks,
afterwards of "The Quincy Herald") at differ-
ent times published papers at varioxis points
in the State. His first enterprise was "The
Crisis" at Edwardsville, which he changed
to "The Illinois Advocate," and, at the close
of his first year, sold out to Judge John
York Sawyer, who united it with "The Western
Plowbov," which he had established a few
months previous. "The Advocate" was removed
to Vandalia, and, on the death of the owner (who
had been appointed State Printer), was consoli-
dated with "The Illinois Register," which had
been established in 1836. The new paper took the
name of "The Illinois Register and People's
Advocate," in 1839 was removed to Springfield,
and is now known as "The Illinois State Regis-
ter."
Other papers established between 1830 and 1840
include: "The Vandalia Whig" (1831); "The
Alton Spectator,'' the first paper published in
Alton (January, 1834); "The Chicago Demo-
crat," by John Calhoun (Nov. 26, 1833); "The
Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land
Advertiser," by Francis A. Arenz (July 29, 1833) ;
"The Alton American" (1833); "The White
County News," at Carmi (1833); "The Danville
Enquirer" (1833); "The Illinois Champion," at
Peoria (1834); "The Mount Carmel Sentinel and
Wabash Advocate'' (1834); "The Illinois State
Gazette and Jacksonville News," at Jacksonville
(183.5); "The Illinois Argus and Boimty Land
Register," at Quincy (1835); "The Rushville
Journal and Military Tract Advertiser" (1835);
"The Alton Telegraph" (1836); "The Alton
Observer" (1836); "The Carthaginian," at Car-
thage (1836) ; "The Bloomington Observer" (1837);
"The Backwoodsman," founded by Prof. John
Russell, at Grafton, and the first paper published
in Greene County (1837); "The Quincy Whig"'
(1838) ; "The Illinois Statesman," at Paris, Edgar
County (1838); "The Peoria Register" (1838).
The second paper to be established in Chicago
was "The Chicago American," whose initial
number was issued. June 8, 1835, with Thomas O.
Davis as proprietor and editor. In July, 1837, it
passed into the hands of William Stuart & Co.,
and, on April 9, 1839, its publishers began the
issue of the first daily ever published in Chicago.
"The Chicago Express" succeeded "The Ameri-
can" in 1842, and, in 1844, became the forerimner
of "The Chicago Journal." The third Chicago
paper was "The Commercial Advertiser,"
founded by Hooper Warren, in 1836. It lived
only about a year. Zebina Eastman, who was
afterwards associated with Warren, and became
one of the most influential journalistic opponents
of slavery, arrived in the State in 1839, and, in
the latter part of that year, was associated with
the celebrated AboUtionist, Benjamin Lundy, in
the preliminary steps for the issue of "The
Genius of Universal Emancipation," projected
by lAmdy at Lowell, in La Salle County. Lundy 's
untimely death, in August, 1839, however, pre-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
399
-vented him from seeing the consummation of his
plan, although Eastman lived to carry it out in
part. A paper whose career, although extending
only a little over one year, marked an era in Illi-
nois journalism, was "The Alton Observer," its
history closing with the assassination of its
editor, Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, on the night of
Nov. 8, 1S3T, while unsuccessfully attempting to
protect his press from destruction, for the fourth
time, by a pro-slavery mob. Humiliating as was
this crime to every law-abiding Illinoisan, it
undoubtedly strengthened the cause of free
speech and assisted in hastening the downfall of
the institution in whose behalf it was committed.
That the development in the field of journal-
ism, within the past sixty years, has more than
kept pace with the growth in population, is
shown by the fact that there is not a county in
the State without its newspaper, while every
town of a few hundred population has either one
or more. According to statistics for 1898, there
were 605 cities and towns in the State having
periodical publications of some sort, making a
total of 1,709, of which 174 were issued daily, 34
semi-weekly, 1,205 weekly, 28 semi-monthly, 238
monthly, and the remainder at various periods
ranging from tri-weekly to eight times a year.
NEWTOX, the county-seat of Jasper County,
situated on the Embarras River, at the intersec-
tion of subsidiary lines of the Illinois Central
Railroad from Peoria and Effingham; is an in-
corporated city, was settled in 1828, and made the
county-seat in 1836. Agriculture, coal-mining
and dairy farming are the principal pursuits in
the surrounding region. The city has water-
power, which is utilized to some extent in manu-
facturing, but most of its factories are operated
by steam. Among these establishments are flour
and saw mills, and grain elevators. There are a
half-dozen churches, a good public school system,
including parochial school and high school,
besides two banks and tliree weekly papers.
Population (1890), 1,428; (1900), 1,630.
NEW YORK, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAIL-
WAY (>'lckel Plate), a line 522.47 miles in length,
of which (1898) only 9.96 miles are operated in
Illinois. It owns no track in Illinois, but uses
the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad
(9.96 miles in length), of which it has financial
control, to enter the city of Chicago. The total
capitalization of the New York, Chicago & St.
Louis, in 1898, is §50,223,568, of which §19,425,000
is in bonds.— (History.) The New York, Chi-
cago & St. Louis Railroad was incorporated under
the laws of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Indiana and Illinois in 1881, construction begun
immediately, and the road put in operation in
1882. In 1885 it passed into the hands of a
receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1887, and
reorganized by the consolidation of various east-
ern lines with the Fort Wayne & Illinois Railroad,
forming the line under its pre.sent name. The
road between Buffalo, N. Y., and the west line of
Indiana is owned by the Company, but, for its
line in Illinois, it uses the track of the Chicago &
State Line Railroad, of which it is the lessee, as
well as the owner of its capital stock. The main
line of the "Nickel Plate" is controlled by the
Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway, which
owns more than half of both the preferred and
common stock.
KIANTIC, a town in Macon County, on the
Wabash Railway, 27 miles east of Springfield.
Agriculture is the leading industry. The town
has three elevators, three churches, school, coal
mine, a newspaper and a bank. Pop. (1900), 654.
JilCOLAY, John George, author, was born in
Essingen, Bavaria, Feb. 26, 1882; at 6 years of age
was brought to the United States, lived for a
time in Cincinnati, attending the public schools
there, and then came to Illinois; at 16 entered the
office of "The Pike County Free Press" at Pitts-
field, and, while still in his minority, became
editor and proprietor of the pajoer. In 1857 he
became Assistant Secretary of State under O. M.
Hatch, the first Republican Secretarj', but during
Mr. Lincoln's candidacy for President, in 1860,
aided him as private secretary, also acting as a
correspondent of "The St. Louis Democrat."
After the election he was formally selected by
Mr. Lincoln as his private secretary, accompany-
ing him to Washington and remaining imtil Mr.
Lincoln's assassination. In 1865 he was appointed
United States Consul at Paris, remaining until
1869; on his return for some time edited "The
Chicago Republican"; was also Marshal of the
United States Supreme Court in Washington
from 1872 to 1887. Mr. Nicolay is author, in col-
laboration with John Hay, of "Abraham Lincoln:
A History," first published serially in "The Cen-
tury Magazine," and later issued in ten volumes;
of "The Outbreak of the Rebellion" in "Cam-
paigns of the Civil War," besides numerous maga-
zine articles. He lives in Washington, D. C.
NICOLET, Jean, early French explorer, came
from Cherbourg, France, in 1618, and, for several
years, lived among the Algonquins, whose lan-
guage he learned and for whom he acted as
interpreter. On July 4, 1634, he discovered Lake
Michigan, then called the "Lake of the Illinois,"
400
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
and visited the Cliippewas. Menominees and
Winnebagoes, in the region about Green Bay,
among whom he was,received kindlj-. From the
Mascoutins, on the Fox River (of Wisconsin), he
learned of the Illinois Indians, some of whose
northern villages he also visited. He subse-
quently returned to Quebec, where he was
drowned, in October, 1642. He was probably the
first Caucasian to visit Wisconsin and Illinois.
NILES, Nathaniel, lawyer, editor and soldier,
born at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y., Feb. 4,
1817; attended an academy at Albany, from 1830
to '34. was licensed to practice law and removed
west in 1837, residing successively at Delphi and
Frankfort, Ind.. and at Owensburg, Ky., until
1842, when he settled in Belleville. 111. In 1840
he was commissioned a First Lieutenant in the
Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel
Bissell's) for the Mexican War, but, after the
battle of Buena Vista, was promoted by General
Wool to the captaincy of an independent com-
pany of Texas foot. He was elected Chief Clerk
of the House of Representatives at the session of
1849, and the same year was chosen County
Judge of St. Clair County, serving until 1861.
With the exception of brief periods from 1851 to
'59, he was editor and part owner of "The Belle-
ville Advocate," a paper originally Democratic,
but which became Republican on the organiza-
tion of the Republican party. In 1861 he was
appointed Colonel of the Fifty-fourth Illinois
Volunteer Infantry, but the completion of its
organization having been delayed, he resigned,
and, the following year, was commissioned Colo-
nel of the One Hundred and Thirtieth, serving
until May, 1864, when he resigned — in March,
1865, receiving the compliment of a brevet Briga-
dier-Generalship. During the winter of 1862-63
he ^yas in command at Memphis, but later took
part in the Vicksburg campaign, and in the cam-
paigns on Red River and Bayou Teche. After
the war he served as Repre.sentative in the
General Assembly from St. Clair County (1865-66) ;
as Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and
Dumb at Jacksonville; on the Commission for
building the State Penitentiary at Joliet, and as
Commissioner (by appointment of Governor
Oglesby) for locating the Soldiers" Orphans'
Home. His later years have been spent chiefly
in the practice of his profession, with occasional
excursions into journalism. Originally an anti-
slavery Democrat, he became one of the founders
of the Republican party in Southern Illinois.
NIXON, William Penn, journalist, Collector of
Customs, was born in AVayne County, Ind., of
North Carolina and Quaker ancestry, early in'
18o2. In is.j:? he graduated from Farmers' (now
Belmont) College, near Cincinnati, Ohio. After
devoting two years to teaching, h° entered the
law department of the University bi Pennsyl-
vania (1855), graduating in 1859. For nine years
thereafter he practiced law at Cincinnati, during
which period he was thrice elected to the Ohio
Legislature. In 1868 he embarked in journalism,
he and his older brother. Dr. O. W. Nixon, with
a few friends, founding "The Cincinnati Chron-
icle." A few years later "The Times" was pur-
chased, and the two papers were consolidated
under the name of "The Times-Chronicle." In
May, 1872, having disposed of his interests in
Cincinnati, he assumed the business manage-
ment of "The Chicago Inter Ocean," then a new
venture and struggling for a foothold. In 1875
he and his brother. Dr. O. W. Nixon, secured a
controlling interest in the paper, when the
former assumed the position of editor-in-chief,
which he continued to occupy until 1897, when
he was appointed Collector of Customs for the
City of Chicago — a position which' he now holds.
JiOKOMIS, a city of Montgomery County, on
the "Big Four" main line and " 'Frisco" Rail-
roads. 81 miles east by north from St. Louis and
52 miles west of Mattoon; in important grain-
growing and hay -producing section; has water-
works, electric lights, three flour mills, two
machine shops, wagon factory, creamery, seven
churclies, high school, two banks and three
papei>; is noted foi shipments of poultry, butter
and eggs. Population (1890), 1,305; (1900), 1,371.
NORMAL, a city in McLean County, 2 miles
north of Bloomington and 124 southwest of Chi-
cago; at intersecting point of the Chicago &
Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads. It lies
in a rich coal and agricultural region, and has
extensive fruit-tree nurseries, two canning fac-
tories, one bank, hospital, and four periodicals.
It is the seat of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home,
founded in 1869. and the Illinois State Normal
University, founded in 1857; has city and rural
mail delivery. Pop. (1890), 3,4.59; (1900), 3,795.
NORMAL UNIVERSITIES. (See Southern
Illinois Normal University; State Normal Uni-
versittj. )
NORTH ALTON, a village of Madison County
and suburb of the city of Alton. Population
(1880), 838; (1890), 762; (1900), 904.
NORTHCOTT, William A., Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor, was born in Murfreesboro, Tenn., Jan. 28,
1854— the son of Gen. R. S. Northcott, whose
loyalty to the Union, at the beginning of the
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
401
Rebellion, compelled him to leave his Southern
home and seek safety for himself and family in
the North. He -went to West Virginia, was com-
missioned Colonel of a regiment and served
through the war, being for some nine months a
prisoner in Libby Prison. After acquiring his
literary education in the public schools, the
younger Northcott spent some time in the Xaval
Academy at Annapolis. Md., after which he was
engaged in teaching. Meanwhile, he was prepar-
ing for the practice of law and was admitted to
the bar in 1877, two years later coming to Green-
ville, Bond County, 111. , which has since been his
home. In 1880. by appointment of President
Hayes, he served as Sujjervisor of the Census for
the Seventh District; in 1883 was elected State's
Attorney for Bond County and re-elected suc-
cessively in '8-1 and "88 ; in 1890 was appointed on
the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval
Academy, and, by selection of the Board,
delivered the annual address to the graduating
class of that year. In 1892 he was the Repub-
lican nominee for Congress for the Eighteenth Dis-
trict, but was defeated in the general landslide of
that year. In 1896 he was more fortunate, being
elected Lieutenant-Governor by the vote of the
State, receiving a plurality of over 137,000 over
his Democratic opponent.
NORTH PEORIA, formerly a suburban village
in Peoria County. 2 miles north of the city of
Peoria; annexed to the city of Peoria in 1900.
NORTHERN BOUNDARY QUESTION, THE,
The Ordinance of 1787, making the first specific
provision, by Congress, for the government of the
country lying northwest of the Ohio River and
east of the Mississippi (known as the Northwest
Territory), provided, among other things (Art.
v.. Ordinance 1787), that "there shall be formed
in the said Territory not less than three nor more
than five States." It then proceeds to fix the
boundaries o'f the proposed States, on the assump-
tion that there shall be three in number, adding
thereto the following proviso; "Provided, how-
ever, and it is further understood and declared,
that the boundaries of these three States shall be
subject so far to be altered that, if Congress shall
hereafter find it expedient, they shall have
authority to form one or two States in that part
of the said Territory which lies north of an east
and west line drawn through the southerly bend
or extreme of Lake Michigan." On tlie basis of
this provision it has been claimed that the north-
ern boundaries of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio
should have been on the exact latitude of the
southern limit of Lake Michigan, and that the
failure to establish this boundary was a violation
of the Ordinance, inasmuch as the fourteenth sec-
tion of the preamble thereto declares that "the
following articles shall be considered as articles
of compact between the original States and the
people and States in the said Territory, and for-
ever remain unalterable, unless by common con-
sent."—In the limited state of geographical
knowledge, existing at the time of the adoption of
the Ordinance, there seems to have been con-
siderable difference of opinion as to the latitude
of the southern limit of Lake Michigan. The
map of Mitchell (17.5.5) had placed it on the paral-
lel of 42° 20', while that of Thomas Hutchins
(1778) fixed it at 41° 37'. It was officially estab-
lished by Government survey, in 1835, at 41' 37'
07.9". As a matter of fact, the northern bound-
ary of neither of the three States named was finally
fixed on the line mentioned in the proviso above
quoted from the Ordinance— that of Ohio, where
it meets the shore of Lake Erie, being a little
north of 41° 44'; that of Indiana at 41° 46' (some
10 miles north of the southern bend of the lake),
and that of Illinois at 42° 30'— about 61 miles
north of the same line. The boundary line
between Ohio and Michigan was settled after a
Viitter controversy, on the admission of the latter
State into the Union, in 1837, in the acceptance
by her of certain conditions proposed by Congress.
These included the annexation to Michigan of
what is known as the "tapper Peninsula,"
lying between Lakes Michigan and Superior,
in lieu of a strip averaging six miles on her
southern border, which she demanded from
Ohio. — The establishment of the northern bound-
ary of Illinois, in 1818, upon the line which now
exists, is universally conceded to have been due
to the action of Judge Nathaniel Pope, then the
Delegate in Congress from Illinois Territory.
While it was then acquiesced in without ques-
tion, it has since been tl-o subject of considerable
controversy and has been followed by almost
incalculable results. The •■enabling act," as
originally introduced early in IS'iS. empov%-ering
the people of Illinois Territoi-y to form a State
Government, fixed the northern boundary of the
proposed State at 41° 39'. then the supposed lati-
tude of the southern extremity of Liike Michigan.
While the act was under consideration in Com-
mittee of the Whole, Mr. Pope oHercd an amend-
ment advancing the northern boundary to 42°
30'. The object of his amendment (as he ex-
plained) was to gain for tlie new State a coast
line on Lake Michigan, bringing it into political
and commercial relations with the States east of
iO-i
IIISTOMCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
it — Indiana, Oliio, Pennsylvania and Xew Yorli —
thus •'affording additional security to the per-
petuity of the Unjon." He argued that the
location of the State between the Mississippi,
Wabash and Ohio Rivers— all flowing to the
south — would bring it in intimate communica-
tion with the Southern States, and that, in the
event of an attempted disruption of the Union, it
was important that it should be identified with
the commerce of the Lakes, instead of being left
entirely to the waters of the south-flowing
rivers. "Thus," said he, "a rival interest would be
created to check the wish for a Western or South-
ern Confederacy. Her interests would thus be
balanced and her inclinations turned to the
North." He recognized Illinois as already "the
key to the West," and he evidently foresaw that
the time might come when it would be the Key-
stone of the Union. While this evinced wonder-
ful foresight, scarcely less convincing was his
argument that, in time, a commercial emporium
would grow up upon Lake Michigan, which would
demand an outlet by means of a canal to the Illi-
nois River— a work which was realized in the
completion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal
thirty years later, but which would scarcely have
been accomplished had the State been practically
cut off from the Lake and its chief emporium
left to grow up in another commonwealth, or not
at all. Judge Pope's amendment was accepted
without division, and, in this form, a few days
later, the bill became a law. — The almost super-
human sagacity exhibited in Judge Pope's argu-
ment, has been repeatedly illustrated in the
commercial and political history of the State
since, but never more significantly than in the
commanding position which Illinois occupied
during the late Civil War, with one of its citi-
zens in the Presidential chair and another leading
its 2.'50,.000 citizen soldiery and the armies of the
Union in battling for the perpetuity of the
Republic— a position which more than fulfilled
every prediction made for it. — The territory
affected by this settlement of the northern
boundary, includes all that part of the State
north of the northern line of La Salle County,
and embraces the greater portion of the fourteen
counties of Cook, Dupage, Kane, Lake, McHenry,
Boone, DeKalb, Lee, Ogle, Winnebago, Stephen-
son, Jo Daviess, Carroll and Whiteside, with por-
tions of Kendall, Will and Rook Island— estimated
at 8,500 square miles, or more than one-seventh
of the present area of the State. It has been
argued that this territory belonged to the State
of Wisconsin under the provisions of the Ordi-
nance of 1787, and there were repeated attempts
made, on the part of the Wisconsin Legislature
and its Territorial Governor (Doty), between 1839
and 1813, to induce the people of these counties to
recognize this claim. These were, in a few
Instances, partially successful, although no official
notice was taken of them by the authorities of Illi-
nois. The reply made to the Wisconsin claim by
Governor Ford — who wrote his "History of Illi-
nois"' when the subject was fresh in the public
mind— was that, while the Ordinance of 1787
gave Congress power to organize a .State north of
the parallel running through the southern bend
of Lake Michigan, "there is nothing in the Ordi-
nance requiring such additional State to be
organized of the territory north of that line. ' ' In
other words, that, when Congress, in 1818,
authorized the organization of an additional
State north of and in (i. e., within) the line
named, it did not violate the Ordinance of 1787,
but acted in accordance with it — in practically
assuming that the new State "need not neces-
sarily include the whole of the region north of
that line." The question was set at rest by Wis-
consin herself in the action of her Constitutional
Convention of 1847-48, in framing her first con-
stitution, in form recognizing the northern
boundary of Illinois as fixed by the enabling act
of 1818.
XORTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE I>SA\E,
an institution for the treatment of the insane,
created by Act of the Legislature, approved, April
16, 1869. The Commissioners appointed by Gov-
ernor Palmer to fix its location consisted of
August Adams, B. F. Shaw, W. R. Brown, M. L.
Joslyn, D. S. Hammond and William Adams.
After considering many offers and examining
numerous sites, the Commissioners finally selected
the Chisholm farm, consisting of about 155 acres,
IM miles from Elgin, on the west side of Fox
River, and overlooking that stream, as a site —
this having been tendered as a donation by the
citizens of Elgin. Plans were adopted in the
latter part of 1869, the system of construction
chosen conforming, in the main, to that of the
United States Hospital for the Insane at Wash-
ington, D. C. By January, 1873, the north wing
and rear building were so far advanced as to per-
mit the reception of sixty patients. The center
building was ready for occupancy in April, 1873,
and the south wing before the end of the follow-
ing year. The total expenditures previous to
1876 had exceeded 8637,000, and since that date
liberal appropriations have been made for addi-
tions, repairs and improvements, including the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
403
addition of between 300 and 400 acres to tlie lauds
connected with the institution The first Board
of Trustees consisted of Charles X. Holden,
Oliver Everett and Henry W. Sherman, with Dr.
E. A. Kilbourne as the first Superintendent, and
D.r. Richard A. Dewey (afterwards Superintend-
ent of the Eastern Ho-spital at Kankakee) as his
Assistant. Dr. Kilbourne remained at the head
of the institution until Iiis death, Feb. 27, 1890,
covering a period of nineteen years. Dr. Kil-
bourne was succeeded by Dr. Henry J. Brooks,
and he. by Dr. Loewy, in June, 1893, and the
latter by Dr. John B. Hamilton (former Super-
vising Surgeon of the United States Jlarine Hos-
pital Service) in 1897. Dr. Hamilton died in
December, 1898. (See Hamilton, John B.) The
total value of State property, June 30, 1894, was
$882,745. 66, of which §701,330 was in land and
buildings. Under the terms of the law estab-
lishing the hospital, provision is made for the
care therein of the incurably insane, so that it is
both a hospital and an asylum. The whole num-
ber of patients under treatment, for the two years
preceding June 30, 1894, was 1,797, the number
of inmates, on Dec. 1, 1897, 1,054, and the average
daily attendance for treatment, for the year 1896,
1,296. The following counties comprise the dis-
trict dependent upon the Elgin Hospital: Boone,
Carroll. Cook, DeKalb, Jo Daviess, Kane, Ken-
dall, Lake, Stephenson, Whi;,eside and Winne-
bago.
NORTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL,
an institution, incorporated in 1884, at Dixon, Lee
County, 111., for the purpo.se of giving instruction
in branches related to the art of teaching. Its
last report claims a total of 1,639 pupils, of whom
885 were men and 744 women, receiving instruc-
tion from thirty-six teachers. The total value of
property was estimated at more than §200,000, of
which .$160,000 was in real estate and 545,000 in
apparatus. Attendance on the institution has
been affected by the establishment, under act of
the Legislature of 1895, of the Northern State
Normal School at DeKalb (which see).
NORTHERN PENITENTIARY, T!IE, an insti-
tution for the confinement of criminals of the
State, located at Joliet, Will County. The site
was purchased by the State in 1837, and com-
prises some seventy-two acres. Its erection was
found necessary because of the inadequacy of the
first penitentiary, at Alton. (See Alton Pent-
tentiary.) The original plan contemplated a
cell-house containing 1,000 cells, which, it was
thought, would meet the public necessities for
many years to come. Its estimated cost was
§550,000; but, within ten years, there had been
expended upon the institution the sum of §934,-
000, and its capacity was taxed to the utmost.
Subsequent enlargements have increased the
cost to over 81,600,000, but by 1877, the institution
had become so overcrowded that the erection of
another State penal institution became positively
necessary. (See Southern Penitentiary.) The
prison has always been conducted on "the
Auburn system," which contemplates associate
labor in silence, silent meals in a common refec-
tory, and (as nearly as practicable) isolation at
night. The system of labor has varied at differ-
ent times, the "lessee system," the "contract
s3-stem'' and the "State accoimt plan" being
successively in force. {See Convict Labor.) The
whole number of convicts in the institution, at
the date of the official report of 1895, was 1,566.
The total assets of the institution, Sept. 30, 1894,
were reported at .§2,121,308.86, of which §1,644,-
601.11 was in real estate.
NORTH & SOUTH RAILROAD. (See St.
Lonis. Peoria <£• Northern Raiheay.)
NORTHERN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, an
institution for the education of teachers of the
common schools, authorized to be established by
act of the Legislature passed at tlie session of
1895. The act made an appropriation of §50,000
for the erection of buildings and other improve-
ments. The institution was located at DeKalb,
DeKalb County, in the spring of 1896, and the
erection of buildings commenced soon after —
Isaac F. Ell wood, of DeKalb, contributing §20,-
000 in cash, and J. F. Glidden, a site of sixty-
seven acres of land. Up to Dec. 1, 1897, the
appropriations and contributions, in land and
money, aggregated §175,000. The school was
expected to be ready for the reception of pupils
in the latter part of 1899, and, it is estimated, will
accommodate 1,000 students.
NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The name
formerly applied to that portion of the United
States north and west of the Ohio River and east
of the I^Iississippi, comprising the present States
of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon-
sin. The claim of the Government to the land
had been acquired partly through conquest, by
the expedition of Col. George Rogers Clark
(which see), under the auspices of the State of
Virginia in 1778; partly through treaties with the
Indians, and partly through cessions from those
of the original States laying claim thereto. The
first plan for the government of this vast region
was devised and formulated by Thomas Jefferson,
in his proposed Ordinance of 1784, which failed
404
HISTORICAL EXC'YCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOI>
of ultimate passage. But three years later a
broader scheme was evolved, and the famous
Ordinance of 1T87, with its clause prohibiting the
extension of slavery beyond the Ohio River,
passed the Continental Congress. This act has
been sometimes termed "The American Magna
Charta," because of its engrafting upon the
organic law the principles of human freedom and
equal rights. The plan for the establishment of
a distinctive territorial civil government in a
new Territory — the first of its kind in the new
republic — was felt to be a tentative step, and too
much power was not granted to the residents.
All the officers were appointive, and each official
was required to be a land-owner. The elective
franchise (but only for members of the General
Assembly) could first be exercised only after the
population had reached 5,000. Even then, every
elector must own fifty acres of land, and every
Representative, 200 acres. More liberal provisions,
however, were subsequently incorporated by
amendment, in 1809. The first civil government
in the Northwest Territory was established by act
of the Vii-ginia Legislature, in the organization
of all the country west of the Ohio under the
name "Illinois County." of which the Governor
was authorized to appoint a "County Lieuten-
ant" or "Commandant-in-Cliief." The first
"Commandant" appointed was Col. John Todd,
of Kentucky, though he continued to discharge
the duties for only a short period, being killed in
the battle of Blue Licks, in 1TS3. After that the
Illinois Country was almost without the semblance
of an organized civil government, until 1788,
■when Gen. Arthur St. Clair was appointed the
first Governor of Northwest Territory, under the
Ordinance of 1787, serving until tlie separation of
this region into the Territories of Ohio and Indi-
ana in 1800, when William Henry Harrison
became the Governor of the latter, embracing all
that portion of the original Northwest Territory
except the State of Ohio. During St. Clair's
administration (1790) that part of the present State
of Illinois between the Mississippi and Illinois
Rivers on the west, and a line extending north
from about the site of old Fort Massac, on the
Ohio, to the mouth of the Mackinaw River, in the
present county of Tazewell, on the east, . was
erected into a county under the name of St.
Clair, with three county-seats, viz. : Cahokia,
Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher. (See St. Clair
County. ) Between 1830 and 1834 the name North-
west Territory was applied to an unorganized
region, embracing the present State of Wisconsin,
attached to Michigan Territory for governmental
purposes. {See IlUnois County; St Clair, Arthur;
and Todd, John.)
XOKTHWESTERJf COLLEGE, located at
Naperville, Du Page County, and founded in
18G5, under the auspices of the Evangelical Asso-
ciation. It maintains business, preparatory and
collegiate departments, besides a theological
school. In 1898 it had a faculty of nineteen profes-
sors and assistants, with some 360 students, less
than one-third of the latter being females, though
both sexes are admitted to the college on an equal
footing. The institution owns property to the
value of §207,000, including an endowment of
S8o,000.
>ORTHWESTER> GRAXD TRUXK RAIL-
WAY. (See Chicago & Grand Trunk Puiiltcay.)
XORTHWESTERX XORMAL, located at Gen'e-
seo, Henry County, lU., incorporated in 1884; in
1894 had a faculty of twelve teachers with 171
pupils, of whom ninety were male and eighty-one
female.
NORTHWESTERN UMYERSITY, an impor-
tant educational institution, established at
Evanston. in Cook County, in 1851. In 1898 it
reported 2,599 students (1,980 male and 619
female), and a faculty of 234 instructors.
It embraces the following departments, all of
which confer degrees; A College of Liberal
Arts; two Medical Schools (one for women
exclusively) ; a Law School ; a School of Phar-
macy and a Dental College. The Garrett Bibli-
cal Institute, at which no degrees are con-
ferred, constitutes the theological department of
the University. The charter of the institution
requires a majority of the Trustees to be mem-
bers of the ilethodist Episcopal Church, and the
University is the largest and wealthiest of the
schools controlled by that denomination. The
College of Liberal Arts and the Garrett Biblical
Institute are at Evanston ; the other departments
(all professional) are located in Chicago. In the
academic department (Liberal Arts School), pro-
vision is made for both graduate and post-gradu-
ate courses. The Medical School was formerly
known as the Chicago Medical College, and its
Law Department was originallj- the Union Col-
lege of Law, both of which have been absorbed
bj- the University, as have also its schools of
dentistry and pharmacy, which were formerly
independent institutions. The property owned by
the University is valued at §4,870.000, of which
§1,100,000 is real estate, and §2,250,000 in endow-
ment funds. Its income from fees paid by students
in 1898 was §215,288, and total receipts from all
§482,389. Co-education of the sexes pre-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
405
vails in the College of Liberal Arts. Dr. Henry
Wade Rogers is President.
NORTHWESTERN UMVERSITY MEDICAL
SCHOOL, located in Chicago ; was organized in
1859 as Medical School of the Lind (now Lake
Forest) University. Three annual terms, of five
months each, at first constituted a course,
although attendance at two only was compul-
sory. The institution first opened in temporary
quarters,- Oct. 9, 1859, with thirteen professors
and thirty-three students. By 1863 more ample
accommodations were needed, and the Trustees
of the Lind University being unable to provide a
building, one was erected by the faculty. In
1864 the University relinquished all claim to the
institution, which was thereupon incorporated as
the Chicago Jledical College. In 1868 the length
of the annual terms was increased to six months,
and additional requirements were imposed on
candidates for both matriculation and gradu-
ation. The same year, the college building was
sold, and the erection of a new and more commo-
dious edifice, on the grounds of the Mercy Hos-
pital, was commenced. This was completed in
1870, and the college became the medical depart-
ment of the Northwestern University. The
number of professorships had been increased to
eighteen, and that of undergraduates to 107.
Since that date new laboratory and clinical build-
ings have been erected, and the growth of the
institution has been steady and substantial.
Mercy and St. Luke's Hospital, and the South
Side Free Dispensar\' afford. resources for clinical
instruction. The teaching faculty, as constituted
in 1898, consists of about fifty instructors, in-
cluding professors, lecturers, demonstrators, and
assistants.
NORTHWESTERX UXIVERSITT WOMAN'S
MEDICAL SCHOOL, an institution for the pro
fessional education of women, located in
Chicago. Its first corporate name was the
"Woman's Hospital Medical College of Chicago,"
and it was in close connection with the Chicago
Hospital for Women and Children. Later, it
severed its connection with the hospital and took
the name of the '"Woman's Medical College of
Chicago." Co-education of the sexes, in medicine
and surgery, was experimentally tried from 1868
.to 1870, but the experiment proved rejiugnant to
the male students, wlio unanimously signed a
protest against the continuance of the system.
The result was the establishment of a separate
school for women in 1870, with a faculty of six-
teen profe.ssors. The requirements for graduation
were fixed mt four years of medical study, includ-
ing three annual graded college terms of six
months each. The first term opened in the
autumn of 1870, with an attendance of twenty
students. The original location of tlie school
was in the "North Division" of Chicago, in tem-
porary quarters. After the fire of 1871 a removal
was effected to the "West Division," where (in
1878-79) a modest, but well arranged building was
erected. A larger structure was built in 1884,
and, in 1891, the institution became a part of the
Northwestern University. The college, in all its
departments, is organized along tlie lines of the
best medical schools of the country. In 1896
there were twenty-four professorships, all capably
filled, and among the faculty are some of the
best known specialists in the country.
NORTON, Jesse 0., lawyer. Congressman and
Judge, was born at Bennington, Vt., April 25,
1813, and graduated from Williams College in
1835. He settled at JoUet in 1839, and soon
became prominent in the affairs of Will County.
His first public ofBce was that of City Attorney,
after which he served as County Judge (1846-50).
Meanwhile, he was chosen a Delegate to the Con-
stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1850 he was
elected to the Legislature, and, in 1853, to Con-
gress, as a Whig. His vigorous opposition to the
repeal of the Missouri Compromise resulted in
his re-election as a Representative in 1854. At
the expiration of his second term (1857) he was
chosen Judge of the eleventh circuit, to fill the
unexpired term of Judge Randall, resigned. He
was once more elected to Congress in 1862, but
disagreed with his party as to the legal status of
the States lately in rebellion. President Johnson
appointed him United States Attorney for the
Northern District of Illinois, which ofRce he filled
until 1869. Immediately upon his retirement he
began private jsractice at Chicago, where he died,
Au.gust 3, 1875.
NORWOOD PARK, a village of Cook County,
on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad (Wis-
con.sin Division), 11 miles northwest of Chicago.
Incorporated in City of Chicago, 1893.
NOTES, George Clement, clergyman, was born
at Landaff, N. H., August 4, 1833, brought by
his parents to Pike County, 111., in 1844, and, at
the age of 16, determined to devote his life to the
ministry ; in 1851, entered Illinois College at Jack-
sonville, graduating with first honors in the class
of 1855. In the following autumn he entered
Union Theological Seminary in New York, and,
having graduated in 1858, was ordained the same
year, and installed pastor of the First Presby-
terian Church at Laporte, Ind. Here he remained
40 1 ;
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ten years, when he accepted a call to the First
Presbyterian Church of Evaustoii, 111., then a
small organization which developed, during the
twenty years of his pastorate, into one of the
strongest and most influential churches in Evans-
ton. For a number of years Dr. Noyes was an
editorial writer and weekly correspondent of
"The New York Evangelist,'" over the signature
of "Clement." He was also, for several years, an
active and very efficient member of the Board of
Trustees of Knox College. The liberal bent of
his mind was illustrated in the fact that he acted
as counsel for Prof. David Swing, during the cele-
brated trial of the latter for heresy before the
Chicago Presbytery — his argument on that
occasion winning encomiums from all classes of
people. His death took place at Evanston, Jan.
14, 1889, as the result of an attack of pneumonia,
and was deeply deplored, not only by his own
church and denomination, but by the whole com-
munity. Some two weeks after it occurred a
union meeting was held in one of the churches at
Evanston, at which addresses in commemoration
of his services were delivered by some dozen
ministers of that village and of Chicago, %vhile
various social and literary organizations and the
press bore testimony to his high character. He
was a member of the Literary Society of Chicago,
and, during the last year of his life, served as its
President. Dr. Noyes was married, in 18.58, to a
daughter of David A. Smith, Esq., an honored
citizen and able lawyer of Jacksonville.
OAKLAND, a city of Coles County on the Van-
dalia Line and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western
Railroad, 15 miles northeast of Charleston; is in
grain center and broom-corn belt ; the town has
two banks and one daily and two weekly papers.
Pop. (1890), 905 ;(1900), 1,198.
OAK PARK, a village of Cook County, and
popular residence suburb of Chicago, 9 miles
west of the initial station of the Chicago &
Northwestern Railroad, on which it is located ; is
also upon the line of the Wisconsin Central Rail-
road. The place has numerous churches, pros-
perous schools, a public library, telegraph and
express offices, banks and two local papers.
Population (1880), 1,888; (1890), 4,771.
OBERLT, John H., journalist and Civil Serv-
ice Commissioner, was born in Cincinnati,
Ohio, Dec. 6, 1837; spent part of his boyhood in
Allegheny County, Pa., but, in 1853, began learn-
ing the printer's trade in the office of "The Woos-
ter (Ohio) Republican," completing it at Memphis,
Tenn , and becoming a journeyman printer in
1857. He worked in various offices, including
the Wooster paper, where he also began the study
of law, but, in 18G0, became part proprietor of
"The Bulletin'' job office at Memphis, in which
he had been employed as an apprentice, and.
later, as foreman. Having been notified to leave
Memphis on account of his LTnion principles
after the beginning of the Civil War. he returned
to Wooster, Ohio, and conducted various papers
there during the next four years, but, in 1865,
came to Cairo, 111., where he served for a time as
foreman of "The Cairo Democrat," three years
later establishing "The Cairo Bulletin." Although
the latter paper was burned out a few months later,
it was immediately re-established. In 1872 he
was elected Representative in the Twenty-eighth
General Assembly, and, in 1877, was appointed
by Governor Cullom the Democratic member of
the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, serving
four years, meanwhile (in 1880) being the Demo-
cratic candidate for Secretary of State. Other
positions held by liim included Jlayor of the city
of Cairo (1869); President of the National Typo-
graphical Union at Chicago (1865), and at Mem-
phis (1866); delegate to the Democratic National
Convention at Baltimore (1872), and Chairman of
the Democratic State Central Committee
(1883-84). After retiring from the Railroad and
Warehouse Commission, he united in founding
"The Bloomington (111.) Bulletin," of which he
was editor some three years. During President
Cleveland's administration he was appointed a
member of the Civil Service Commission, being
later transferred to the Commissionership of
Indian Affairs. He was subsequently connected
in an editorial capacity with "The Washington
Post," "The Richmond (Va.) State," "The Con-
cord (N. H.) People and Patriot" and "The Wash-
ington Times." While engaged in an attempt to
reorganize "The People and Patriot," he died at
Concord, N. H., April 15, 1S99.
ODD FELLO'O'S. "Western Star" Lodge, No.
1, I. 0. O. F., was instituted at Alton, June 11,
1836. In 1838 the Grand Lodge of Illinois was
instituted at the same place, and reorganized, at
Springfield, in 1842. S. C. Pierce was the first
Grand Master, and Samuel L. Miller, Grand Sec-
retary. AVildey Encampment. No. 1, was organ-
ized at Alton in 1838, and the Grand Encampment,
at Peoria, in 1850, with Charles II. Constable
Grand Patriarch. In 1850 the subordinate branches
of the Order numbered seventy-six, with 3, 291
members, and §25,392.87 revenue. In 1895 the
Lodges numbered 838, the membership 50.544.
with $475,252.18 revenue, of which $135,018.40
IIISTOIUCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
407
was expended for relief. The Encampment
branch, in 1895, embraced 179 organizations witli
a membership of 6,812 and §23,865.2.5 revenue, of
which $6,781.40 was paid out for relief. The
Eebekah branch, for the same year, comprised 423
Lodges, with 22,000 members and 843.215.65
revenue, of which 83,133.79 was for relief. The
total sum distributed for relief b}- the several
organizations (1895) was §144, 972.. 59. The Order
was especially liberal in its benefactions to the
sufferers by the Chicago fire of 1871, an appeal to
its members calling forth a generous response
throughout the United States. (See Odd Fellows'
Oi-jjhan^' Home.)
ODD FELLOWS' ORPHANS' HOME, a benevo
lent institution, incorporated in 1889, erected at
Lincoln, 111. , under the auspices of the Daughters
of Rebekah (see Odd Fellows), and dedicated
August 19, 1892. The building is four stories in
height, has a capacity for the accommodation of
fifty children, and cost 836,524.76, exclusive of
forty acres of land valued at .88,000.
ODELL, a village of Livingston County, and
station on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 83
miles south-southwest of Chicago. It is in a
grain and stock-raising region. Population (1880),
908; (1890), 800; (1900), 1,000.
ODIN, a village of Marion County, at the cross-
ing of the Chicago branch of the Illinois Central
and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail-
ways, 2-14 miles south by west from Chicago; in
fruit belt; has coal-mine, two fruit evaporators,
bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,180.
O'FALLOX, a village of St. Clair County, on
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18
miles east of St. Louis; has interurbau raihvay,
electric lights, water-works, factories, coal-mine,
bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,367.
OGDEX, William Butler, capitalist and Rail-
way President, born at AValton, N. Y. , June 15,
1805. He was a member of the New York Legis-
lature in 1834, and, the following j'ear, removed
to Chicago, wliere he established a land and trust
agency. He took an active part in the various
entei-prises centering around Chicago, and, on
the incorporation of the city,, was elected its first
Mayor. He was prominently ideati.leJ with tlie
construction of the Galena & Cliica^o Union
Railroad, and, in 1S47, bocanio its President.
While visiting Em-ope in 1G53, he made a careful
study of the canals of Holland, wliich convinced
him of the desirability of widening and deepen-
ing the Illinois & Michigan Canal and of con-
structing a ship canal across the southern
I of Michigan. In 1855 he became Presi-
dent of the Chicago. St. Paul & Fond du Lao
Railroad, and effected its consolidation with the
Galena & Chicago Union. Out of this consoli-
dation sprang the Chicago & Northwestern Rail-
way Company, of which he was elected President.
In 1850 he presided over the National Pacific
Railroad Convention, and, upon the formation of
the Union Pacific Railroad Company, he became
its President. He was largely connected with
the inception of the Northern Pacific line, in the
success of which he was a firm believer. He
also controlled various other interests of public
importance, among them the great lumbering
establishments at Peshtigo, Wis., and, at the time
of his death, was the owner of what was probably
the largest plant of that description in the world.
His benefactions were numeroas, among the
recipients being the Rush Medical College, of
which he was President; the Theological Semi-
nary of the Northwest, the Chicago Historical
Society, the Academy of Sciences, the Universit^-
of Chicago, the Astronomical Society, and many
other educational and benevolent institutioi;s
and organizations in the Northwest. Died, in
New York City, August 3, 1877. (See Chicago cc
North western Ra ilroad. )
OGLE, Joseph, pioneer, was born in Virginia
in 1741, came to Illinois in 1785. settling in the
American Bottom within the present County of
Monroe, but afterwards removed to St. Clair
County, about the site of the present town of
O'Fallon, 8 miles north of Belleville; was selected
by his neighbors to serve as Captain in their
skirmishes with the Indians. Died, at his home
in St. Clair County, in February, 1831. Captain
Ogle had the reputation of being the earliest con-
vert to Methodism in Illinois. Ogle County, in
Northern Illinois, was named in his honor. —
Jacob (Ogle), son of the preceding, also a native
of Virginia, was born about 1773, came to Illinois
with his fatlier in 1785, and was a "Ranger" in
the War of 1813. He served as a Representative
from St. Clair County in the Third General
Assembly (1822), and again in the Seventh
(1830), in the former being an opponent of the
pro-slavery convention scheme. Beyond two
terms in the Legislature he seems to have held
no public office except that of Justice of the
Peace. Like his father, he was a zealous .uetlio-
dist and highly respected. Died, in 1844, aged 70
OGLE COlTJfTY, next to the "northern tier" ot
counties of the State and originally a part of Jo
Daviess. It was separately organized in 1837,
and Lee County was carved from its territory in
40S
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
1839. In lOOn its area was 7yu square miles, and
its population 29,139. Before the Black Hawk
War immigration was slow, and life primitive.
Peoria was the nearest food market. New grain
was "ground" on a grater, and old pounded
with an extemporized pestle in a wooden mortar.
Rock River flows across tlie county from north-
east to southwest. A little oak timber grows
along its banks, but, generally speaking, the sur-
face is undulating prairie, with soil of a rich
loam. Sandstone is in ample supply, and all the
limestones aboimd. An extensive peat-bed has
been discovered on the Killbuck Creek. Oregon,
the coimty-seat, has fine water-power. Tlie other
principal towns are Rochelle, Polo, Forreston and
Mount Morris.
OGLESBY, Richard James, Governor and
United States Senator, was born in Oldham
County, Ky., July 25, 1824; left an orphan at the
age of 8 years ; in 1836 accompanied an uncle to
Decatur, 111., where, until 1844, he worked at
farming, carpentering and rope-making, devoting
his leisure hours to the study of law. In 1845 he
was admitted to the bar and began practice at
Sullivan, in Moultrie County. In 1846 he was
commissioned a Lieutenant in the Fourth Regi-
ment, Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's regi-
ment), and served through the Mexican War,
taking part in the siege of Vera Cruz and the
battle of Cerro Gordo. In 1847 he pursued a
course of study at the Louisville Law School,
graduating in 1848. He was a "forty-niner" in
California, but returned to Decatur in 1851. In
1858 he made an unsuccessful campaign for Con-
gress in the Decatur District. In 1860 he was
elected to the State Senate, but early in 1861
resigned his seat to accept the colonelcy of the
Eighth Illinois Volunteers. Through gallantry
(notably at Forts Henry and Donelson and at
Corinth) he rose to be Major-General, being se-
verely wounded in the last-named battle. He
resigned his commission on account of disability,
in May, 1864, and the following November was
elected Governor, as a Republican. In 1872 he
was re-elected Governor, but, two weeks after
his inauguration, resigned to accept a seat in the
United States Senate, to which he was elected
by the Legislature of 1873. In 1884 he was
elected Governor for the third time — being the
only man in the history of the State who (up to
the present time— 1899) has been thus honored.
After the expiration of his last term as Governor,
he devoted his attention to his private affairs at
his home at Elkhart, in Logan County, where he
died, April 24, 1899, deeply mourned by personal
and political friends in all parts of the Union,
who admired his strict integrity and sterling
patriotism.
OHIO, INDIANA & WESTERN RAILWAY.
(See Peoria & Eastern Railroad.)
OHIO RIVER, an affluent of the Mississippi,
formed by the union of the Monongahela and
Allegheny Rivers, at Pittsburg, Pa. At this point
it becomes a navigable stream about 400 yards
wide, with an elevation of about 700 feet above
sea-level. The beauty of the scenery along its
banks secured for it, from the early French
explorers (of whom La Salle was one), the name
of "La Belle Riviere." Its general course is to
the southwest, but with many sinuosities, form-
ing the southern boundary of the States of Ohio,
Indiana and Illinois, and the western and north-
ern boundary of West Virginia and Kentucky,
until it enters the Mississippi at Cairo, in latitude
37° N., and about 1.200 miles above the mouth of
the latter stream. The area which it drains is
computed to be 214,000 square miles. Its mouth
is 268 feet above the level of the sea. The current
is remarkably gentle and uniform, except near
Louisville, where there is a descent of twenty-
two feet within two miles, which is evaded by
means of a canal around the falls. Large steam-
boats can navigate its whole lengtli, except in low
stages of water and when closed bj' ice in winter.
Its largest affluents are the Tennessee, the Cum-
berland, the Kentucky, the Great Kanawha and
the Green Rivers, from the south, and the Wa-
bash, the Miami, Scioto and Muskingum from the
north. The principal cities on its banks are Pitts-
burg, Wheeling, Cincinnati, Louisville, Evans-
ville, New Albany, Madison and Cairo. It is
crossed by bridges at Wheeling, Cincinnati and
Cairo. The surface of the Ohio is subject to a
variation of forty-two to fifty -one feet between
high and low water. Its length is 975 miles, and
its width varies from 400 to 1,000 yards. (See
Inundations, Remarkable.)
OHIO & MISSISSIPPI RAILWAY. (See Bal-
timore & Ohio Sonthirestern Railroad.)
OLNEY, an incorporated city and the county-
seat of Richland County, 31 miles west of Vin-
cennes, Ind., and 117 miles east of St. Louis, Mo.,
at the junction of the Baltimore & Ohio South-
western and the Peoria Division of the Illinois
Central and the Ohio River Division of the Cin-
cinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad; is in the
center of the fruit belt and an important shipping
point for farm produce and live-stock; has flour
mills, a furniture factory and railroad repair
shops, banks, a public library, churches and live
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
409
newspapers, one issuing daily and anotlier senii-
weekl.v editions. Population (1890). 3,831 ; (1900),
4,260.
OMELTESY, John, pioneer and head of a
numerous family which became prominent In
Southern Illinois; was a native of Ireland who
came to America about 1798 or 1799. After resid-
ing in Kentucky a few years, he removed to Illi-
nois, locating in what afterwards became Pope
County, whither his oldest son, Samuel, had
preceded him about 1797 or 1798. The latter for
a time followed the occupation of flat-boating,
carrying produce to New Orleans. He was a
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818
from Pope County, being the colleague of Hamlet
Ferguson. A year later he removed to Randolph
County, where he served as a member of the
County Court, but, in 1820-22, we find him a
member of the Second General Assembly from
Union County, having successfully contested the
seat of Samuel Alexander, who had received the
certificate of election. He died in 1828.— Edward
(Omelveny), another member of this family, and
grandson of the elder John Omelveny, represented
Monroe County in the Fifteenth General Assem-
bly (1846-48), and was Presidential Elector in
1852, but died sometime during the Civil "War. —
Harvey K. S. (Omelveny), the fifth son of Wil-
liam Omelveny and grandson of John, was born
in Todd County, Ky., in 1823, came to Southern
IlHnois, in 1852, and engaged in the practice of
law, being for a time the partner of Senator
Thomas E. Merritt, at Salem. Early in 185S lie
was elected a Justice of the Circuit Court to
succeed Judge Breese, who had been promoted to
the Supreme Court, but resigned in 1801. He
gained considerable notoriety by his intense
hostility to the policy of the Government during
the Civil War, was a Delegate to the Constitu-
tional Convention of 1862, and was named as a
member of the Peace Commission pi'oposed to be
appointed by the General Assembly, in 1863, to
secure terms of peace with the Southern Con-
federacy. He was also a leading spirit in the
peace meeting held at Peoria, in August, 1863.
In 1869 Mr. Omelveny removed to Los Angeles,
Cal., which has since been his home, and where
he has carried on a lucrative law practice.
OXAEGA, a town in Ii-oquois County, on the
Illinois Central Railroad, 85 miles south by west
from Cliicago, and 43 miles north by east from
Champaign. It is a manufacturing town, flour,
wagons, wire-fencing, stoves and tile being
among the products. It has a bank, eight
churches, a graded school, a commercial college,
and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880),
1,061; (1890), 994; (1900), 1,270.
ONEIDA, a city in Knox County, on the Chi-
cago, Burlington <Sr Quincy Railroad, 12 miles
nortlieast of Galesburg; has wagon, pump and
furniture factories, two banks, electric lights,
several churches, a graded school, and a weekly
paper. The surrounding country is rich prairie,
where coal is mined about twent}' feet below the
surface. Pop. (1890), 699; (1900), 785.
OQUAWKA, the county-seat of Henderson
County, situated on the Mississippi River, about
15 miles above Burlington. Iowa, and 32 miles
west of Galesburg. It is in a farming region,
but has some manufactories. The town has
five chm-ches, a graded school, a bank and three
newspapers. Population (1900), 1,010.
ORDINANCE OF 1787. This is the name
given to the first organic act, passed by Congress,
for the government of the territory northwest of
tlie Ohio River, comprising the present States of
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin.
The first step in this direction was taken in the
appointment, by Congress, on March 1, 1784, of a
committee, of which Thomas Jefferson was Chair-
man, to prepare a plan for the temporary govern-
ment of the region which had been acquired, by
the capture of Kaskaskia, by Col. George Rogers
Clark, nearly six 3-ears previous. The necessity
for some step of this sort had grown all the more
urgent, in consequence of the recognition of the
right of the United States to this region by the
Treaty of Paris of 1783, and the surrender, by Vir-
ginia, of the title she liad maintained thereto on
account of Clark's conquest under her auspices —
a right which she had exercised by furnishing
whatever semblance of government so far existed
northwest of the Ohio. The report submitted
from Jefferson's committee proposed the division
of the Territory into seven States, to which was
added the proviso that, after the year 1800, "there
shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude
in any of said States, otherwise than in punish-
ment of crime whereof the party shall have been
duly convicted." This report failed of adoption,
however. Congress contenting itself with the
passage of a resolution providing for future
organization of this territory into States by the
people — the measures necessary for temporary
government being left to future Congressional
action. Wliile the postponement, in the reso-
lution as introduced by Jefferson, of the inhi-
bition of slavery to the year 1800, has been
criticised, its introduction was significant, as
coming from a representative from a slave State,
410
IIISTOIilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
and being the first proposition in Congress look-
ing to restriction, of any character, on the subject
of slavery. Congress having taken no further
step under the resolution adopted in 1784, the
condition of the country (thus left practically
without a responsible government, while increas-
ing in population) became constantly more
deplorable. An appeal from the people about
Kaskaskia for some better form of government,
in 1780, aided by the influence of the newly
organized "Ohio Company," who desired to en-
courage emigration to the lands which they were
planning to secure from the General Government,
at last brought about the desired result, in the
passage of the famous "Ordinance," on the 13th
day of July, 1787. While making provision for a
mode of temporary self-government by the
people, its most striking features are to be found
in the six "articles" — a sort of "Bill of Rights" —
with which the document closes. These assert:
(1) the right of freedom of worship and religious
opinion; (2) the right to the benefit of habeas
corjjus and trial by jury; to proportionate repre-
sentation, and to protection in liberty and prop-
erty; (3) that "religion, morality and knowledge,
being necessary to good government and the
happiness of mankind, schools and the means of
education shall forever be encouraged"; (4) that
the States, formed within the territory referred
to, "shall forever remain a part of this confeder-
acy of the United States of America, subject to
the Articles of Confederation and to such alter-
ations therein as shall be constitutionally made" ;
(5) prescribe the boundaries of the States to be
formed therein and the conditions of their admis-
sion into the Union ; and (6 — and most significant
of all) repeat the prohibition regarding the
introduction of slaveiy into the Northwest Terri-
tory, as proposed by Jefferson, but without any
qualification as to time. There has been consider-
able controversy regarding the authorship of this
portion of the Ordinance, into which it is not
necessary to enter here. While it has been char-
acterized as a second and advanced Declaration
of Independence — and probably no single act of
Congress was ever fraught with more importa"t
and far-reaching results — it seems remarkable
that a majority of the States supporting it and
secviring its adoption, were then, and long con-
tinued to be, slave States.
01{K(iOX, tlie county-seat of Ogle County,
situated on Rock River and the Minneapolis
Urancli of the Chicago, Burlington ct Quincy RaU-
roal. 100 miles west froni Chicago. The sur-
rounding region is agricultural; the town has
water power and manufactures flour, pianos, steel
tanks, street sprinklers, and iron castings. It has
two banks, water-works supplied by flowing
artesian weUs, cereal mill, and two weekly news-
papers; has also obtained some repute as a summer
resort. Pop. (1880), 1,088; (1800), 1,506; (li)00),1..577.
ORION, a village of Henry County, at the inter-
■section of the Rock Island Division of the Chicago
Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock
Island it Pacific Railways, 19 miles southeast of
Rock Island. Pop. (1890), 624; (1900), 584.
OSBORN, AVilUam Henry, Railway President,
was born at Salem, Mass., Dec. 21, 1820. After
receiving a high school education in his native
town, he entered the counting room of the East
India house of Peele, Hubbell & Co. ; was subse-
quently sent to represent the firm at Manila,
finally engaging in business on liis own account,
during which he traveled extensively in Europe.
Returning to the United States in 1853, he took
up his residence in New York, and, having mar-
ried the daughter of Jonathan Sturges, one of the
original incorporators and promoters of the Illi-
nois Central Railroad, he soon after became asso-
ciated with that enterprise. In August, 1854, he
was chosen a Director of the Company, and, on
Dec. 1, 1855, became its third President, serving
in the latter position nearly ten years (until July
11, 1805), and, as a Director, until 1877 — in all,
twenty-two years. After retiring from his con-
nection with the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr.
Osborn gave his attention largely to enterprises
of an educational and benevolent character in aid
of the unfortunate classes in the State of New
York.
OSBORN,' Thomas 0., soldier and diplomatist,
was born in Licking County, Ohio, August 11,
1832; graduated from the Ohio University at
Athens, in 1854; studied law at Crawfordsville,
Ind., with Gen. Lew Wallace, was admitted to
the bar and began practice in Chicago. Early in
the war for the Union he joined the "Yates
Phalanx," which, after some delay on account of
the quota being full, was r.iustcrcJ izto ilie serv-
ice, in August, ISCl, as the TLirty-nintli Illinois
Volunteers, the subject of this slietch being com-
missioned its Lieutenant-Colonel. His promotion
to the colonelcy soon foUovs-ed, the regiment
being sent east to guard the Ealtimore & Ohio
Railroad, where it met the celebrated Stonewall
Jackson, and took part in many important en-
gagements, including the battles of Winchester,
Bermuda Hundreds, and Drury's Bluff, besides
the sieges of Charleston and Petersburg. At
Bermuda Hundreds Colonel Osborn was severely
niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
411
wounded, losing the use of his riglit arm. He
bore a conspicuous part in the operations about
Eichmond which resulted in the capture of the
rebel capital, his services being recognized by
promotion to the brevet rank of JIajor-General.
At the close of the war he returned to the prac-
tice of law in Chicago, but, in 18T4. was appointed
Consul-General and Minister-Resident to the
Argentine Republic, remaining in that position
until June, 1885, when he resigned, resuming his
residence in Chicago.
OSWEGO, a village in Kendall Count}-, on the
Aurora and Streator branch of the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy Railway, 6 miles south of
Aurora. Population (1890), 641; (1900), 618.
OTTAWA, the county-seat and principal citj'
of La Salle County, being incorporated as a vil-
lage in 1838, and, as a city, in 18.53. It is located
at the confluence of the Illinois and Fox Rivers
and on the Illinois & Michigan Canal. It is the
intersecting point of the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific Railway and the Streator branch of the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 98 miles east of
Rock Island and 83 miles west-southwest of Chi-
cago. The surrounding region abounds in coal.
Sand of a superior quality for the manufacture of
glass is found in the vicinity and the place has
extensive glass works. Other manufactured
products are brick, drain-tile, sewer-pipe, tile-
roofing, pottery, pianos, organs, cigars, wagons
and carriages, agricultural implements, hay
carriers, hay presses, sash, doors, blinds, cabinet
work, saddlery and harness and pumps. The city
has some handsome public buildings including
the Appellate (formerly Supreme) Court House
for the Northern Division. It also has several
public parks, one of which (South Park) contains
a medicinal spring. There are a dozen cliurches
and numerous public school buildings, including
a high school. The city is lighted by gas and
electricity, has electric street railways, good
sewerage, and water-works supplied from over
150 artesian wells and numerous natural springs.
It has one private and two national banks, five
libraries, and eight weekly newspapers (three
German), of which four issue daily editions. Pop.
(1890), 9.985; (1900), 10,588.
OTT.VWA, CHICAGO & FOX EITER VALLEY
TAiLROAD. (See Chiccirjo. BurUngton C- Quincij
Bailroad.)
OUTAGAMIES, a name given, by tho French,
to the Indian tribe known as the Foxes. (See
Sacs and Foxes. )
OWEN, Thomas J. V., early legislator and
Indian Agent, was born in Kentucky, April 5,
1801 ; came to Illinois at an early daj', and, in
1830, was elected to the Seventh General Assem-
bly from Randolph County; the following year
was appointed Indian Agent at Chicago, as suc-
cessor to Dr. Alexander "VVolcott, who had died in
the latter part of 1830. Mr. Owen served as
Indian Agent until 1833; was a member of the
first Board of Town Trustees of the village of Chi-
cago, Commissioner of School Lands, and one of
the Government Commissioners who conducted
the treaty with the Pottawatomie and other
tribes of Indians at Chicago, in September, 1833.
Died, in Chicago, Oct. 15, 1835.
PADDOCK, Gaius, pioneer, a native of Massa-
chusetts, was born in 1758; at tlie age of 17 he
entered the Colonial Army, serving until the
close of the Revolutionary War, and being in
Washington's command at the crossing of the
Delaware. After the war he removed to Ver-
mont; but, in 1815, went to Cincinnati, and, a
year later, to St. Charles, JIo. Then, after hav-
ing spent about a year at St. Louis, in 1818 he
located in Madison County, 111., at a point after-
wards known as "Paddock's Grove," and which
became one of the most prosperous agricultural
sections of Southern Illinois. Died, in 1831.
P.IIXE, (Gen.) Eleazer A., soldier, was born in
Parkman, Geauga County, Ohio, Sept. 10, 1815;
graduated at West Point ililitary Academy, in
1839, and was assigned to the First Infantry,
serving in the Florida War (1839-40), but resigned,
Oct. 11, 1840. He then studied law and practiced
at Painesville, Ohio, (1843-48), and at Monmouth,
111., (1848-61), meanwhile serving in the lower
branch of the Eighteenth General Assemblj'
(1852-53). Before leaving Ohio, he had been
Deput}^ United States Marshal and Lieutenant-
Colonel of the State Militia, and, in IlUnois,
became Brigadier-General of Militia (1845-48).
He was appointed Colonel of the Ninth Illinois in
April, 1861, and served through the war, being
promoted Brigadier-General in September, 1861.
The first duty performed by his regiment, after
this date, was the occupation of Paducah, Ky.,
where he was in command. Later, it took part
in tlie capture of Forts Henry and Donelson,
the battles of Shiloh, New Madrid and Corinth,
and also in the various engagements in Northern
Georgia and in the "march to the sea." From
November, 1862, to May, 1864, General Paine was
guarding railroad lines in Central Tennessee,
and, during a part of 1864, in command of the
Western District of Kentucky. He resigned,
April 5, 1865, and died in Jersey City, Dec. 16,
iU
iriS'I'OKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
1880. A sturd}- Union man, he nerformeil bis
duty as a soldier with great zeal and efficiency.
PALATINE, a village of Cook County, on the
Wisconsin Division of the Chicago & Xorthtvest-
ern Railroad, 26 miles northwest from Chicago.
There are flour and jilaning mills here ; dairying
and farming are leading industries of the sur-
rounding country. Population (1880), 731; (1890),
801; (l'.)iXI), 1.020.
P.\.LESTINE, a town in Crawford County, about
2 miles from tlie AVabash River, 7 miles east of
Robinson, and 3o miles southwest of Terre Haute,
on the Illinois Central Railway ; has five churches,
a graded school, a bank, weekly newspaper, flour
mill, cold storage plant, canning factory, garment
factory, and municipal light and power plant.
Pop. (1890), 732; (1900), 979.
PALMER, Frank W., journalist, ex-Congress-
man and Public Printer, was born at :Manchester,
Dearborn County, Ind., Oct. 11, 1827; learned the
printer's trade at Jamestown, N. Y., afterwards
edited "The Jamestown Journal,"' and served
two terms in the New York Legislature ; in 1858
removed to Dubuque, Iowa, and edited "The
Dubuque Times," was elected to Congress in 1860,
and again in 1868 and 1872, meanwhile having
purchased "The Des Moines Register," which he
edited for several years. In 1873 he removed to
Chicago and became editor of "The Inter Ocean,"
remaining two years; iu 1877 was appointed Post-
master of the city of Chicago, serving eight years.
Shortly after the accession of President Harrison,
in 1889, he was appointed Public Printer, continu-
ing in office until the accession of President Cleve-
land in 1893, when he returned to newspaper work,
but resumed his old place at the head of the
Government Printing Bureau after the inaugura-
tion of Prt-siilent IMcKinley in 1897.
PALM EI!, John Mc.liiley, lawyer, soldier and
United Stuti-s Senator, was born in Scott Countj',
Ky., Sept. 13. 1817; removed with his father to
Madison County, 111., in 1831, and. four years
later, entered Shurtletf College, at Upper Alton,
as a student ; later taught and studied law, being
admitted to the bar in 1839. In 1843 he was
elected Probate Judge of IMacoupin County, also
served in the State Constitutional Convention of
1847; after discharging the duties of Probate and
County Judge, was elected to the State Senate, to
fill a vacancy, in 18r)2, and re-elected in 1804, as
an Anti-Nebraska Democrat, casting his vote for
Lyman Trumbull for L'nited States Senator in
1855, but resigned his seat in 1850 ; was President
of the first Repviblican State Convention, held at
Bloomington in the latter year, and appointed a
delegate to the National Convention at Philadel-
phia; was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress
in 1859, and chosen a Presidential Elector on the
Republican ticket in 1860 ; served as a member of
the National Peace Conference of 1861 ; entered
the army as Colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment
Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; was promoted Briga-
dier General, in November, 186], taking part in
the campaign in Tennessee up to Chickamauga,
assuming the command of the Fourteenth Army
Corps with the rank of Major-General, but was
relieved at his own request before Atlanta. In
1865 he was assigned, by President Lincoln, to
command of the Military Department of Ken-
tucky, but, in September, 1866, retired from the
service, and, in 1867, became a citizen of Spring-
field. The following year he was elected Gov-
ernor, as a Republican, but, in 1872, supported
Horace Greeley for President, and has since co-
operated with the Democratic party. He was
three times the unsuccessful candidate of his
party for United States Senator, and was their
nominee for Governor in 1888. but defeated. In
1890 he was nominated for United States Senator
by the Democratic State Convention and elected
in joint se.ssion of the Legislature, March 11, 1891,
receiving on the 154th ballot 101 Democratic and
two Farmers' Mutual Alliance votes. He became
an important factor in the campaign of 1896 as
candidate of the "Sound Money" Democracy for
President, although receiving no electoral votes,
proving his devotion to principle. His last years
•were occupied in preparation of a volume of
personal recollections, which was completed,
under the title of "The Story of an Earnest Life," "
a few weeks before his death, which occurred at
his home in Springfield, September 25, 1900.
PALMER, Potter, merchant and capitalist,
was born in Albany County, N. Y., in 1825;
received an English education and became a
junior clerk in a countrj^ store at Durham,
Greene County, in that State, three j^ears later
being placed in charge of the business, and finally
engaging in business on his own account. Com-
ing to Chicago in 1852, he embarked in the dry-
goods business on Lake Street, establishing the
house which afterwards became Field, Leiter &
Co. (now Marshall Field & Co.), from which here-
tired, in 1865, with the basis of an ample fortune,
which has since been immensely increased by
fortunate operations in real estate. Mr. Palmer
was Second Vice-President of the first Board of
Local Directors of the World's Columbian Expo-
sition in 1891.— Mrs. Bertha M. Honore (Palmer),
wife of the preceding, is the daughter of H.'H.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
413
Honore, formerly a prominent real-estate owner
and operator of Chicago. S)ie is a native of
Louisville, Ky., where her girlhood was chiefly
spent, though she was educated at a convent near
Baltimore, Md. Later she came with her family
to Chicago, and, in 1870, was married to Potter
Palmer. Mrs. Palmer has been a recognized
leader in many social and benevolent movements,
but won the highest praise by her ability and
administrative skill, exhibited as President of the
Board of Lady Managers of the World's Colum-
bian Exposition of 1893.
PALMYRA, a village of Macoupin County, on
the Springfield Division of the St. Louis, Chicago
& St. Paul Railway, 33 miles southwest from
Springfield ; has some local manufactories, a bank
and a newspaper. Population (1900), 813.
PANA, an important railway center and prin-
cipal city of Christian County, situated in the
southeastern part of the County, and at the inter-
secting point of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest-
ern, the Illinois Central and the Cleveland,
Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 35
miles south by west from Decatur, and 4'3 miles
southeast of Springfield. It is an important ship-
ping-point for grain and has two elevators. Its
mechanical establishments include two flouring
mills, a foundry, two machine shops and two
planing mills. The surrounding region is rich in
coal, which is extensively mined. Pana has
banks, several churches, graded schools, and
.three papers issuing daily and weekly editions.
Population (1890), .5,077; (1900), .=...530.
PANA, SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN
RAILROAD. (See Baltimore dt Ohio South-
western Railroad.)
PARIS, a handsome and flourishing city, the
county-seat of Edgar County. It is an important
railway center, situated on the "Big Four" and
the Vandalia Line, 160 miles south of Chicago,
and 170 miles east-northeast of St. Louis; is in
the heart of a wealthy and populous agricultural
region, and has a prosperous trade. Its industries
include foundries, three elevators, flour, saw and
planing mills, glass, broom, and corn product
factories. The city has three banks, three daily
and four weekly newspapers, a court house, ten
churches, and graded schools. Pop. (1890), 4,996;
(1900), 6,105.
PARIS & DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Tcrre
Haute & Peoria Railroad.)
PARIS & TERRE HAUTE RAILROAD. (See
Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad. )
PARKS, (iavlon D. A., lawyer, was born at
Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y., Sept. 17, 1817;
went to New York City in 1838, where he com-
pleted his legal studies and was admitted to the
bar, removing to Lockport, 111., in 1842. Here
he successively edited a paper, served as Master
in Chancery and in an engineering corps on the
Illinois & Michigan Canal; was elected County
Judge in 1849, removed to Joliet, and, for a time,
acted as an attorney of the Chicago & Rock
Island, the Michigan Central and the Chicago
& Alton Railroads; was also a Trustee of the
Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson-
ville ; was elected Representative in 1853, became
a Republican and served on the first Republican
State Central Committee (1856); the same year
was elected to the State Senate, and was a
Commissioner of the State Penitentiary in 1864.
In 1873 Mr. Parks joined in the Liberal-Repub-
lican movement, was defeated for Congress, and
afterwards acted with the Democratic party.
Died, Dec. 28, 1895.
PARKS, Lawson A., journalist, was born at
Mecklenburg, N. C, April 15, 1813; learned the
printing trade at Charlotte, in that State ; came
to St. Louis in 1833, and, in 1836, assisted in estab-
lishing "The Alton Telegraph," but sold his
interest a few years later. Then, having offi-
ciated as pastor of Presbyterian churches for some
years, in 1854 he again became associated with
"The Telegraph," acting as its editor. Died at
Alton, March 31, 1875.
PARK RIDGE, a suburban village on the Wis-
consin Division of the Chicago & Northwestern
Railroad, 13 miles northwest of Chicago. Popu-
lation (1880), 457; (1890), 987; (1900), 1,340.
PARTRIDGE, Charles Addison, journalist and
Assistant Adjutant-General of the Grand Army
of the Republic, was born in Westford, Chittenden
County, Vt. , Dec. 8, 1843 ; came with his parents
to Lake County, 111., in 1844, and spent his boy-
hood on a farm, receiving his education in the
district school, with four terms in a high school
at Burlington, Wis. At 16 he taught a winter
district school near his boyhood home, and at 18
enlisted in what became Company C of the
Ninety-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, being
mustered into the service as Eighth Corporal at
Rockford. His regiment becoming attached to
the Army of the Cumberland, he participated
with it in the battles of Chickamauga and the
Atlanta campaign, as well as those of Franklin
and Nashville, and has taken a just pride in the
fact that he never fell out on the march, took
medicine from a doctor or was absent from his
regiment during its term of service, except for
four months while recovering from .a gun-shot
414
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
wound received av Chickamauga. He was pro-
moted successively to Sergeant, Sergeant-ilajur,
and commissioned Second Lieutenant of his old
company, of wliich his father was First Lieuten-
ant for six months and until forced to resign on
account of impaired health. Receiving his final
discharge. June 28, I860, he returned to the farm,
where he remained until 1869, in the meantime
being married to Miss Jennie E. Earle, in 1866,
and teaching school one winter. In 1869 he was
elected County Treasurer of Lake County on the
Republican ticket, and re-elected in 1871 ; in
January of the latter year, purchased an interest
in "The Waukegan Gazette," with which he
remained associated some fifteen years, at first as
the partner of Rev. A. K. Fox, and later of his
younger brother, H. E. Partridge. In 1877 he
was appointed, by President Hayes, Postmaster
at Waukegan, serving four years; in 1886 was
elected to the Legislature, serving (by successive
elections) as Representative in the Thirty-fifth,
Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh General Assem-
blies, being frequently called upon to occupy the
Speaker's chair, and, especially during the long
Senatorial contest of 1891, being recognized as a
leader of the Republican minority. In 1888 lie
was called to the service of the Republican State
Central Committee (of which he had previously
been a member), as assistant to the veteran Secre-
tary, the late Daniel Shepard, remaining until
the death of his chief, when he succeeded to the
secretaryship. During the Presidential campaign
of 1892 he was associated with tlie late William
J. Campbell, then the Illinois member of the
Republican National Committee, and was en-
trusted by him with many important and confi-
dential missions. Without solicitation on his
part, in 1894 he was again called to assume the
secretaryship of the Republican State Central
Committee, and bore a conspicuous and influ-
ential part in winning the brilliant success
achieved by the party in the campaign of that
year. From 1893 to 1895 he served as Mayor of
Waukegan ; in 1896 became Assistant Adjutant-
General of the Grand Army of the Republic for
the Department of Illinois — a position which he
held in 1889 under Commander James S. Martin,
and to which he has been re-appointed by succes-
sive Department Commanders up to the present
time. 3Ir. Partridge's service in the various
public positions lield by liim, has given him an
acquaintance extending to every county in the
State.
PAT0K.4., a village of :Marion County, on the
Western branch of the Illinois Central Railway,
l.j miles south of Vandalia. There are flour and
saw mills here ; the surrounding country is agri-
cultural. Population (1890), 502: (1900).' 640.
PATTERSON, Robert Wilson, D.D., LL.D.,
clergyman, was born in Blount County, Tenn.,
Jan. 21, 1814; came to Bond County, 111., with
his parents in 1822, his father dying two years
later; at 18 had had only nine months" schooling,
but graduated at Illinois College in 1837 ; spent a
year at Lane Theological Seminary, another as
tutor in Illinois College, and then, after two years
more at Lane Seminary and preaching in Chicago
and at Monroe, Mich., in 1842 established the
Second Presbyterian Cliurch of Chicago, of which
he remained the pastor over thirty years. In
1850 he received a call to the chair of Didactic
Theology at Lane Seminar}-, as successor to Dr.
Lyman Beecher, but it was declined, as was a
similar call ten years later. Resigning his pastor-
ship in 1873, he was. for several years. Professor of
Christian Evidences and Ethics in the Theological
Seminary of the Xorthwest ; in 1876-78 served as
President of Lake Forest University (of which he
was one of the founders), and, in 1880-83, as
lecturer in Lane Theological Seminary. He
received the degree of D.D. from Hamilton Col-
lege, N. Y., in 18.54, that of LL.D. from Lake
Forest University, and was Moderator of the
Presbyterian General Assembly (N. S.)at Wil-
mington, Del., in 1859. Died, at Evanston, 111.,
Feb. 2-t, 1894.
PAVEY, Charles W., soldier and ex-State
Auditor, was born in Highland County, Ohio,
Nov. 8, 1835 ; removed to Illinois in 1859, settling
in the vicinity of Mount Vernon, and, for a time,
followed the occupation of a farmer and stock-
raiser. In August, 1862, he enlisted in the Eighti-
eth Illinois Volunteers for the Civil War, and
became First Lieutenant of Company E. He was
severely wounded at the battle of Sand Mountain^
and, having been captm-ed, was confined in Libby
Prison, at Salisbury, N. C, and at Danville,
Va., for a period of nearly two years, enduring
great hardship and suffering. Having been
exchanged, he served to the close of the war as
Assistant Inspector-General on the Staff of Gen-
eral Rousseau, in Tennessee. He was a delegate
to the Republican National Convention of 1880,
which nominated General Garfield for the Presi-
dency, and was one of the famous "306" who
stood by General Grant in that struggle. In 1882
he was appointed by President Arthiu- Collector
of Internal Revenue for the Southern District,
and. in 1888, was nominated and elected State
Auditor on the Republican ticket, but was de-
IIISToPlICAL encyclopedia of ILLINOIS.
415
feated for re-election in the "land-slide" of 1892.
General Pavey has been prominent in "G. A. R."
councils, and held the position of Junior Vice-
Commander for the Department of Illinois in
1878, and that of Senior Vice-Commander in
1879. He also served as Brigadier-General of the
National Guard, for Southern Illinois, during the
raib'oad strike of 1877. In 1897 he received from
President JIcKinley the appointment of Special
Agent of the Treasury Department. His home
is at ]\Iount Vernon, Jefferson County.
PAWNEE, a village of Sangamon County, at
the eastern terminus of the Auburn & Pawnee
Eailroad, 19 miles south of Springfield. The town
has a bank and a weekly paper. Population ( 1900),
595; (1903, est.), 1,000.
PAWNEE RAILROAD, a short line in Sanga-
mon County, extending from Pawnee to Auburn
(9 miles), where it forms a junction with the
Chicago & Alton Eailroad. The company was
organized and procured a charter in December,
1888, and the road completed the following year.
The cost was ?101,774. Capital stock authorized,
§100,000; funded debt (1805), $50,000.
PAW PAW, a village of Lee County, at the
junction of two branches of the Chicago. Bur-
lington & Quincy Railway, 8 miles northweist of
Earlville. The town is in a farming region, but
has a bank and one weekly paper. Population
(1890), 635; (1900), 765.
PAXTOX, the county-.seat of Ford County, is
situated at the intersection of the Chicago Divi-
sion of the Illinois Central and the Lake Erie &
Western Railroads. 103 miles south by west from
Chicago, and 49 miles east of Bloomington. It
contains a court house, two schools, water-works,
electric light and water-heating system, two
banks, nine clmrches, and one daily newspaper.
It is an important shipping-point for the farm
products of the surrounding territory, which is a
rich agricultural region. Besides brick and tile
works and flour mills, factories for the manu-
facture of carriages, buggies, hardware, cigars,
brooms, and plows are located here. Pop. (1890),
2,187; (1900), 3,036.
PAYSON, a village in Adams Coimty, 15 miles
southeast of Quincy ; the nearest railroad station
being Fall Creek, on the Quincy and Louisiana
Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railway; has one newspaper. Population (1900),
465.
PATSON, Lewis E., lawyer and ex-Congress-
man, was born at Providence, R. I., Sept. 17,
1840; came to Illinois at the age of 13, and. after
passing through the common schools, attended
Lombard University, at Galesburg, for two years.
He was admitted to the bar at Ottawa in 1862,
and, in 1865, took up his residence at Pontiac.
From 1869 to 1873 he was Judge of the Livingston
County Court, and, from 1881 to 1891, represented
his District in Congress, being elected as a
Republican, but, in 1890, was defeated by his
Democratic opponent, Herman W. Snow. Since
retiriiiL; from Congress he has practiced his pro-
fessiim in Wasliington, D. C.
PEABODT, Selim Hobart, educator, was bom
in Rockingham County, Vt., August 20, 1829;
after reaching 13 years of age, spent a year in a
Boston Latin School, then engaged in various
occupations, including teaching, until 1848, when
he entered the University of Vermont, graduat-
ing third in his class in 1852 ; was appointed Pro-
fessor of Mathematics and Engineering in the
Polytechnic College at Philadelphia, in 1854,
remaining three years, when he spent five years
in "Wisconsin, the last three as Superintendent of
Schools at Racine. From 1865 to 1871 he was
teacher of physical science in Chicago High
School, also conducting night schools for work-
ing men; in 1871 became Professor of Physics and
Engineering in Jlassachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege, but returned to the Chicago High School in
1874 ; in 1876 took charge of the Chicago Acad-
emy of Sciences, and, in 1878, entered the Illinois
Industrial University (now University of Illinois),
at Champaign, first as Professor of Mechanical
Engineering, in 1880 becoming President, but
resigning in 1891. Dming the World's Colum-
bian Exposition at Chicago, Professor Peabody
was Chief of the Department of Liberal Arts,
and, on the expiration of his service there,
assumed the position of Curator of the newly
organized Chicago Academy of Sciences, from
which he retired some two years later.
PEARL, a village of Pike County, on the Kan-
sas City branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad,
14 miles west of Roodhouse. Population (1890),
928; (WOO), 722.
PEARSON, Isaac N., ex-Secretary of State, was
born at Centreville, Pa., July 27, 1842; removed
to Macomb, McDonough County, 111., in 1858, and
has ever since resided there. In 1873 he was
elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and re-elected
in 1876. Later he engaged in real-estate and
banking business. He was a member of the lower
house in the Thirty-third, and of the Senate in
the Thirty-fifth, General Assembly, but before the
expiration of his term in the latter, was elected
Secretary of State, on the Republican ticket, in
1888. In 1892 he was a candidate for re-election.
416
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
V)ut was defeated, although, next to Governor
Fil'er. lie received the largest vote cast for any
candidate for a jxilitical office on the Republican
Stale ticket.
PEARSO>', John M., ex-Railway and "Ware-
house Commissioner, born at Newburyport,
Mass., in 1832— the son of a ship-carpenter; was
educated in his native State and came to Illinois
in 1849, locating at the city of Alton, where he
was afterwards engaged in the manufacture of
agricultural implements. In 1873 he was ap-
pointed a member of the first Railway and Ware-
house Commission, serving four years; in 1878
was elected Representative in the Thirty-first
General Assembly from Madison County, and
was re-elected, successively, in 1880 and '83. He
was appointed a member of the first Board of
Live-stock Commissioners in 1885, serving until
1893, for a considerable portion of the time as
President of the Board. Mr. Pearson is a life-
long Republican and prominent member of the
Masonic fraternity. His present home is at
Godfrey.
PEARSOXS, Daniel K., M.D., real-estate oper-
ator and capitalist, was born at Bradfordton, Vt.,
April 14, 1820; began teaching at 16 years of age,
and, at 21, entered Dartmouth College, taking a
two years' course. He then studied medicine,
and, after practicing a short time in bis native
state, removed to Chicopee, Mass., where he
remained from 1843 to 1857. The latter year he
came to Ogle County, 111., and began operating
in real estate, finally adding to this a loan busi-
ness for Eastern parties, but discontinued this
line in 1877. He owns extensive tracts of tunber
lands in Michigan, is a Du-ector in the Chicago
City Railway Company and American Exchange
Bank, besides being interested in other financial
institutions. He has been one of the most liberal
supporters of the Chicago Historical Society, and
a princely contributor to various benevolent and
educational institutions, ].U gifts to colleges, in
ditferent parts of the country, aggregating over a
million dollars.
PECATOMCA,atown in Pecatonica Township,
Winnebago County, on the Pecatonica River. It
is on the Cliicago & Northwe.'-terri Railuay, mid-
way beween Freeport and Rockford, being 14
miles from eacli. It contains a caniage factory,
machine .shop, condensed milk factory, a bank,
six churches, a graded school, and a weekly news-
paper. Pop. (ISi)O). 1,059; (1900), 1,045.
PECATOXICA PiIVEP,, a stream formed by the
confluence of two branches, both of wluch rise
in Iowa County, Wis. They unite a little north
of the Illinois State line, whence the river rims
southeast to Freeport, then east and northeast,
until it enters Rock River at Rockton. From the
headwaters of either branch to the mouth of the
river is about 50 miles.
PECK, Ebenezer, early lawyer, was born in
Portland, Maine, May 23, 1805; received an aca-
demical education, studied law and was admitted
to the bar in Canada in 1827. He was twice
elected to the Provincial Parliament and made
King's Counsel in 1833 ; came to Illinois in 1835,
settling in Chicago; served in the State Senate
(1838-40), and in the House (1840-42 and 1858-60);
was also Clerk of the Supreme Court (1841-45),
Reporter of Supreme Court decisions (1849-63),
and member of the Constitutional Convention of
1809-70. Mr. Peck was an intimate personal
friend of Abraham Lincoln, by whom he was
appointed a member of the Com-t of Claims, at
Washington, serving until 1875. Died, May 25,
1881.
PECK, Ferdinand Wythe, lawyer and finan-
cier, was born in Chicago, July 15, 1848— the son
of Philip F. W. Peck, a pioneer and early mer-
chant of the metropolis of Illinois ; was educated
in the public schools, the Chicago University
and Union College of Law, graduating from
both of the last named institutions, and being
admitted to the bar in 1869. For a time he
engaged in practice, but his father having died in
1871, the responsibility of caring for a large
estate devolved upon him and has since occupied
his time, though he has gi^•en much attention to
the amelioration of the condition of the poor of
his native city, and works of practical benevo-
lence and public interest. He is one of the
founders of the Illinois Humane Society, has been
President and a member of tlie Board of Control
of the Chicago Atheneeum, member of the Board
of Education, President of the Chicago Union
League, and was an influential factor in securing
the success of the World's Columbian Exposition
at Chicago, in 1893, serving as First Vice-Presi-
dent of the Chicago Board of Directors, Chair-
man of the Finance Committee, and member of
the Board of Reference and Control. Of late
years, Mr. Peck has been connected with several
important building enterprises of a semi-public
cliaracter, which have added to the reputation of
Chicago, including the Auditorium, Stock Ex-
change Building and others in which he is a
leading stockholder, and in the erection of which
he has been a chief promoter. In 1898 he was
appointed, by President McKinley, the United
States Commissioner to the International Expo-
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
417
sition at Paris of 1000, as successor to the late
ilaj. il. P. Handy, aud the success which lias
followed his discharge of the duties of that
position, has demonstrated the fitness of his
selection.
PECK, George R., railway attorney, born in
Steuben County, N. Y., in 1843; was early taken
to Wisconsin, where he assisted in clearing his
father's farm: at 16 became a country school-
teacher to aid in freeing the same farm from
debt ; enlisted at 19 in the First Wisconsin Heavy
Artillery, later becoming a Captain in the Thirty-
first Wisconsin Infantry, with which he joined in
"Sherman's March to the Sea." , Returning home
at the close of the war, he began the study of
law at Janesville, spending six years there as a
student. Clerk of the Circuit Com-t and in prac-
tice. From there he went to Kansas and, between
1871 and '74, practiced his profession at Independ-
ence, when he was appointed by President Grant
United States District Attorney for the Kansas
District, but resigned this position, in 1879, to
return to general practice. In 1881 he became
General Solicitor of the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe Railroad, removing to Chicago in
1893. In 189.5 he resigned his position with the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad to accept
a similar position with the Chicago, Milwaukee
& St. Paul Railway Company, which (1898) he
still holds. Mr. Peck is recognized as one of the
most gifted orators in the West, and, in 1897, was
chosen to deliver the principal address at the un-
veiling of the Logan equestrian statue in Lake
Front Park, Chicago ; has also officiated as orator
on a number of other important public occasions,
always acquitting himself with distinction.
PECK, John Mason, D.D., clergyman and edu-
cator, was born in Litchfield, Conn., Oct. 31, 1789;
removed to Greene Count}', N. Y., in 1811, %vhere
he united with the Baptist Church, the same
year entering on pastoral work, while prosecuting
his studies and supporting himself by teaching.
In 1814 he became pastor of a church at Amenia,
N. Y., and, in 1817, was sent west as a mission-
ary, arriving in St. Louis in the latter part of the
same year. During the next nine years he trav-
eled extensively through Missouri and Illinois, as
an itinerant preacher and teacher, finally locating
at Rock Spring, St. Clair County, where, in 183C,
he established the Rock Spring Seminary for the
education of teachers and ministers. Out of this
grew Shurtlefl College, founded at Upper Alton
in 183.5, in securing the endowment of which Dr.
Peck traveled many thousands of miles and col-
lected §20,000, and of which he served as Trustee
for many years. Up to 1843 he devoted much
time to aiding in the establishment of a theolog-
ical instiliuidii at Covington, Ky., and, for two
yiai-i r.ill(.\\ iii^;, was Corre.sponding Secretary and
Finanrial ,\i;('iitof the American Baptist Publi-
cation Society, with headquarters in Philadelphia.
Returning to the West, he served as pastor of sev-
eral important churches in Missouri, Illinois and
Kentucky. A man of indomitable will, unfiag-
ging industry and thoroughly upright in conduct,
for a period of a quarter of a century, in the early
history of the State, probablj' no man exerted a
larger influence for good and the advancement
of the cause of education, among the pioneer citi-
zens of all classes, than Dr. Peck. Though giving
his attention so constantly to preaching and
teaching, he found time to write mucli, not only
for the various publications with which he was.
from time to time, connected, but also for other
periodicals, besides publishing "A Guide for Emi-
grants'' (1831), of which a new edition appeared
in 1836, and a "Gazetteer of Illinois" (Jackson-
ville, 1834, and Boston, 1837). which continue to
be valued for the information they contain of the
condition of the country at that time. He was
an industrious collector of historical records in
the form of newspapers and pamphlets, which
were unfortunately destroyed by fire a few years
before his death. In 1853 he received the degree
of D. D. from Harvard University. Died, at Rock
Spring, St. Clair County, March 1.5. 18.58.
PECK, Philip F. W., pioneer merchant, was
born in Providence, R. I., in 1809, the son of a
wholesale merchant who had lost his fortune bj'
indorsing for a friend. After some years spent
in a mercantile house in New York, he came to
Chicago on a prospecting torn-, in 1830; the fol-
lowing year brought a stock of goods to the
embryo emporium of the Northwest — then a small
backwoods hamlet — and, by trade and fortunate
investments in real estate, laid the foundation of
what afterwards became a large fortune. He
died, Oct. 33, 1871. as the result of an accident
occurring about the time of the great fire of two
weeks previous, from which he was a heavy
sufferer pecuniarily. Three of his sons, Walter L. ,
Clarence I. and Ferdinand W. Peck, are among
Chica.go's most substantial citizens.
PEKIN, a flourishing city, the coanty-seat of
Tazewell County, and an important railway cen-
ter, located on the IlUnois River, 10 miles south
of Peoria and 56 miles north of Springfield.
Agriculture and coal-mining are the chief occu-
pations in the surrounding country, but the city
itself is an important grain market with large
418
IIISTUlilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
general shipping interests. It has several dis-
tilleries, besides grain elevators, malt-houses,
brick and tile works, lumber yards, planing mills,
marble works, plow and wagon works, and a
factory for corn products. Its banking facilities
are adequate, and its religious and educational
advantages are excellent. The city has a public
library, park, steam-heating plant, three daily
and four weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 6,347 ; (1900),
8,420.
PEKIN, LINCOLN & DECATUR RAILROAD.
(See Peoria, Decatur &■ Evansi-ille Railway.)
PELL, Gilbert T., Representative in the Third
Illinois General Assembly (1822) from Edwards
Coimty, and an opponent of the resolution for a
State Convention adopted by the Legislature at
that session, designed to open the door for the
admission of slavery. Mr. Pell was a son-in-law
of Jlorris Birkbeck, who was one of the leaders
in opposition to the Convention scheme, and very
naturally sympathized with his father-in-law.
He was elected to the Legislature, for a second
term, in 1828, but subsequently left the State,
dying elsewhere, when his widow removed to
Australia.
PEXNSTLTANIA RAILROAD. As to oper-
ations of this corporation in Illinois, see Calumet
River ; Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago ; South
Chicago & Southern, and Pittsburg, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railways. The whole num-
ber of miles owned, leased and operated by the
Pennsylvania System, in 1898, was 1,987.21. of
which only 61.34 miles were in Illinois. It owns,
however, a controlling interest in the stock of
the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway (which
see).
PEORIA, the second largest city of the State
and the county-seat of Peoria County, is 100 miles
southwest of Chicago, and at the foot of an expan-
sion of the Illinois River known as Peoria Lake.
The site of the town occupies an elevated plateau,
having a water frontage of four miles and extend-
ing back to a bluff, which rises 200 feet above the
river level and about 120 feet above the highest
point of the main site. It was settled in 1778 or
'79, although, as generally believed, the French
missionaries had a station there in 1711. There
was certainly a settlement there as early as 172.5,
when Renault received a grant of lands at Pimi-
teoui, facing the lake then bearing the same
name as the village. From that date until 1812,
the place was continuously occupied as a French
village, and is said to have been the most impor-
tant point for trading in the Mississippi Valley.
The original village was situated about a mile and
a half above the foot of the lake ; but later, the pres-,
ent site was occupied, at first receiving the name
of "La Ville de Maillet," from a French Canadian
who resided in Peoria, from 176.5 to 1801 (the time
of his death), and who commanded a company of
volunteers in the Revolutionary War. The popu-
lation of the old town removed to the new site,
and the present name was given to the place by
American settlers, from the Peoria Indians, who
were the occupants of the country when it was
first discovered, but who had followed their cog-
nate tribes of the Illinois family to Cahokia and
Kaskaskia, about a century before American
occupation of this region. In 1812 the town is
estimated to have contained about seventy dwell-
ings, wdth a population of between 200 and
300, made up largely of French traders,
hunters and voyageurs, with a considerable
admixture of half-breeds and Indians, and a few
Americans. Among the latter were Thomas
Forsyth, Indian Agent and confidential adviser
of Governor Edwards; Michael La Croix, son-in-
law of Julian Dubuque, founder of the city of
Dubuque ; Antoine Le Claire, founder of Daven-
port, and for whom Le Claire, Iowa, is named;
William Arundel, afterwards Recorder of St.
Clair County, and Isaac Darnielle, the second law-
yer in Illinois. — In November, 1812, about half
the town was burned, by order of Capt. Thomas
E. Craig, who had been directed, by Governor
Edwards, to proceed up the river in boats with
materials to build a fort at Peoria. At the same
time, the Governor himself was at the head of a
force marching against Black Partridge's vil-
lage, which he destroyed. Edwards had no com-
munication with Craig, who appears to have
acted solely on his own responsibility. That the
latter's action was utterly unjustifiable, there can
now be little doubt. He alleged, by way of
excuse, that his boats had been fired upon from
the shore, at night, by Indians or others, who
were harbored by the citizens. The testimony
of the French, however, is to the effect that it
was an unprovoked and cowardly assault, insti-
gated by wine which the soldiers had stolen from
the cellars of the inhabitants. The bulk of those
who remained after the fire were taken by Craig
to a point below Alton and put ashore. This
occurred in the beginning of winter, and the
people, being left in a destitute condition, were
subjected to great suffering. A Congressional
investigation followed, and the French, having
satisfactorily established the fact that they were
not hostile, were restored to their possessions. — In
1813 a fort, designed for permanent occupancy,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
419
was erected and named Fort Clark, in honor of
Col. George Rogers Clark. It liad one (if not
two) block-houses, with magazines and quarters
for officers and men. It was finally evacuated in
1818, and was soon afterwards burned by the
Indians. Although a trading-post had been ,
maintained here, at intervals, after the affair of
1812, there was no attempt made to rebuild the
town until 1819, when Americans began to
arrive. — In 1824 a post of the American Fur Com-
pany was established here by John Hamlin, the
company having already had, for five years, a
station at Wesley City, three miles farther down
the river. Hamlin also traded in pork and other
products, and was the first to introduce keel-
boats on the Illinois River. By transferring his
cargo to lighter draft boats, when necessary, he
made the trip from Peoria to Chicago entirely by
water, going from the Des Plaines to Mud Lake,
and thence to the South Branch of the Chicago
River, without unloading. In 1834 the town had
but seven frame houses and twenty-one log
cabins. It was incorporated as a town in 1835
(Rudolphus Rouse being the first President), and,
as the City of Peoria, ten years later (Wm. Hale
being the first Mayor). — Peoria is an important
railway and business center, eleven railroad lines
concentrating here. It presents many attractive
features, such as handsome residences, fine views
of river, bluff and valley scenery, with an elab-
orate system of parks and drives. An excellent
school system is liberally supported, and its public
buildings (national, county and city) are fine and
costly. Its churches are elegant and well
attended, the leading denominations being
Methodist Episcopal, Congregational, Presby-
terian, Baptist, Protestant and Reformed Episco-
pal, Lutheran, Evangelical and Roman Catholic.
It is the seat of Bradley Polytechnic Institute, a
young and flourishing scientific school affiliated
with the University of Chicago, and richly en-
dowed through the munificence of Mrs. Lydia
Bradley, who devotes her whole estate, of at
least a million dollars, to this object. Right Rev.
John L. Spaulding, Bishop of the Roman Catho-
lic diocese of Peoria, is erecting a handsome and
costly building for the Spaulding Institute, a
school for the higher education of young men. —
At Bartonville, a subm-b of Peoria, on an eleva-
tion commanding a magnificent view of the Illi-
nois River valley for many miles, the State has
located an asylum for the incurable insane. It is
now in process of erection, and is intended to be
one of the most complete of its kind in the world.
Peoria lies in a corn and coal region, is noted for
the number and extent of its distilleries, and, in
1890, ranked eighth among the grain markets of
the country. It also has an extensive commerce
with Chicago, St. Louis and other important
cities; was credited, by the census of 1890, with
554 manufacturing establislrments, representing
90 different branches of industry, with a capital
of 915,072,567 and an estimated annual product of
655,504,523. Its leading industries are the manu-
facture of distilled and malt liquors, agricultural
implements, glucose and machine-shop products.
Its contributions to the internal revenue of the
country are second only to those of the New York
district. Population (1870), 22,849; (1880), 29,259;
(1890), 41, 024: (1900), 56,100.
PEORIA COUNTY, originally a part of Fulton
County, but cut off in 1825. It took its name
from the Peoria Indians, who occupied that region
when it was first discovered. As first organized,
it included the present counties of Jo Daviess and
Cook, with many others in the northern part of
the State. At that time there were less than
1,500 inhabitants in the entire region; and John
Hamlin, a Justice of the Peace, on his return
from Green Bay (whither he had accompanied
William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamil-
ton, with a drove of cattle for the fort there),
solemnized, at Chicago, the marriage of Alex-
ander Wolcott, then Indian Agent, with a
daughter of John Kinzie. The original Peoria
County has been subdivided into thirty counties,
among them being some of the largest and rich-
est in the State. The first county officer was
Norman Hyde, who was elected Judge of the
Probate Court by the Legislature in January,
1825. His commission from Governor Coles was
dated on the eighteenth of that month, but he
did not qualif}- until June 4, following, when he
took the oath of office before John Dixon, Circuit
Clerk, who founded the city that bears his name.
Meanwhile, Mr. Hyde had been appointed the
first Clerk of the Covmty Commissioners" Court,
and served in that capacity until entering upon
his duties as Probate Judge. The first election
of county officers was held, March 7, 1825, at the
house of William Eads. Nathan Dillon, Joseph
Smith, and William Holland were chosen Com-
missioners; Samuel Fulton Sheriff, and William
Phillips Coroner. The first County Treasurer
was Aaron Hawley, and the first general election
of officers took place in 1826. The first court
house was a log cabin, and the first term of
the Circuit Court began Nov. 14, 1825, John
York Sawyer sitting on the bench, with John
Dixon, Clerk; Samuel Fulton, Sheriff; and John
420
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Twiuey, the jVttorney-General. present. Peoria
County is, at present, cue of the wealthiest and
most populous counties in the State. Its soil is
fertile and its manufactures numerous, especially
at Peoria, the county-seat and principal city
(wliich see). The area of the county is 615 square
miles, and its population (1880), 55,353; (1890),
70,378; (19C0). Sti.DOS.
PEORIA LAKE, an expansion of the Illinois
River, forming the eastern boundary of Peoria
County, which it sejiarates from tlie counties of
Woodford and Tazewell. It is about 20 miles
long and 2;4 miles broad at the widest part.
PEORIA, ATLANTA & DECATUR RAIL-
ROAD. (.See Trnv Haute it Proriu Railnnul )
PEORIA, DECATUR & EVAXSVILLE RAIL-
WAY. The total length of this line, extending
from Peoria, 111., to Evansville, Ind., is 330.87
miles, all owned by the company, of which 273
miles are in Illinois. It extends from Pekin,
southeast to Gray ville. on the Wabash River — is
single track, unballasted, and of standard gauge.
Between Pekin and Peoria tlie company uses the
tracks of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, of
which it is one-fourth owner. Between Hervey
City and Midland Junction it has trackage privi
leges over the line owned jointly by the Peoria,
Decatur & Evansville and the Terre Haute &
Peoria Companies (7.5 miles). Between Midland
Junction and Decatur (2.4 miles) the tracks of
the Illinois Central are used, the two lines having
terminal facilities at Decatur in common. The
rails are of fifty-two and sixty-pound steel. —
(History.) The main line of the Peoria, Decatur
& Evansville Railway is the result of the consoli-
dation of several lines built under separate char-
ters. (1) The Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railroad,
chartei;ed in 1867, built in 1869-71, and operated
the latter year, was leased to the Toledo, Wabash
& Western Railway, but sold to representatives
of the bond-holders, on account of default on
interest, in 1876, and reorganized as the Pekin,
Lincoln & Decatur Railway. (2) The Decatur,
Sullivan & Mattoon Raib-oad, (projected from
Decatur to Mattoon), was incorporated in 1871,
completed from Mattoon to Hervey City, in 1872,
and. the same year, consolidated with the Chi-
cago & Great Southern; in January, 1874, the
Decatur line passed into the hands of a receiver,
and, in 1877, having been sold under foreclosure,
was reorganized as the Decatur, Mattoon & South-
ern Railroad. In 1879 it was placed in the hands
of trustees, but the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur
Railway having acquired a controlling- interest
d\iring the same year, the two lines were con-
solidated under the name of the Peoria. Decatur
& Evansville Railway Company. (3) The Gray-
ville & Mattoon Railroad, chartered in 1857, was
consolidated in 1872 with the Mount Vernon &
Gray ville Railroad (projected), the new corpo-
ration taking the name of the Chicago & Illinois
Southern (already mentioned). In 1872 the latter
corporation was consolidated with the Decatur,
Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, under the nanae of
the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railway. Both
consolidations, however, were set aside bj- decree
of the United States District Court, in 1876, and
the partially graded road and franchises of the
Gray ville & Mattoon lines sold, under foreclosure,
to the contractors for the construction ; 20 miles
of tlie line from Olney to Newton, were completed
during the month of September of that year, and
the entire line, from Grayville to Mattoon, in
1878. In 1880 this line was sold, under decree of
foreclosure, to the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville
Railway Company, which had already acquired
the Decatur & Mattoon Division— thus placing
the entire line, from Peoria to Grayville, in the
hands of one corporation. A line under the name
of the Evansville & Peoria Railroad, chartered in
Indiana in 1880, was consolidated, the same year,
with the Illinois corporation under the name of
the latter, and completed from Grayville to
Evansville in 1882. (4) The Chicago & Ohio
River Railroad — chartered, in 1869, as the Dan-
ville, Olney & Ohio River Railroad — was con-
structed, as a narrow-gauge line, from Kansas to
West Liberty, in 1878-81 ; in the latter year was
changed to standard gauge and completed, in
1883, from Sidell to Olney (86 miles). The same
year it went into the hands of a receiver, was sold
under foreclosure, in February, 1886, and reorgan-
ized, in May following, as the Chicago & Ohio
River Railroad ; was consolidated with the Peoria,
Decatur & Evansville Railway, in 1893, and used
as the Chicago Division of that line. The property
and franchises of the entire line passed into the,
hands of receivers in 1894, and are still (1898)
under their management.
PEORIA, PEKIX & JACKSONVILLE RAIL-
ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria d- St. Louis Sail-
road of Tllinoi.'i.)
PEORIA & BUREAU VALLEY RAILROAD, a
short line, 46.7 miles in length, operated by the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Com-
pany, extending from Peoria to Bureau Junction,
111. It was incorporated, Feb. 12, 1853, com-
pleted the following year, and leased to the Rock
Island in perpetuity, April 14, 1854, the annual
rental being §135,000. The par value of the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
421
capital stock is 51,500,000. Auuual dividends of
8 per cent are guaranteed, payable semi-annu-
ally. (See Chicago, Bock Island & Pacific
Railway. )
PEORIA & EASTERN RAILROAD. Of this
line the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St.
Louis Railroad Company is the lessee. Its total
length is 350'/i miles, 133 of which lie in Illinois
— 123 being owned by the Company. That por-
tion within this State extends east from Pekiu to
the Indiana State line, in addition to which the
Company has trackage facilities over the line of
the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway (9 miles) to
Peoria. The gauge is standard. The track is
single, laid with sixty and sixty-seven-pound
steel rails and ballasted almost wholly with
gravel. The capital stock is 810,000,000. In 1895
it had a bonded debt of §13,603.000 and a floating
debt of 81,261,130, making a total capitalization
of 824,864,130.— (niSTORT.) The original of this
corporation was the Danville, Urbana, Blooming-
ton & Pekin Railroad, which was consolidated,
in July, 1869, with the Indianapolis, Crawfords-
ville & Danville Railroad — the new corporation
taking the name of the Indianapolis, Blooming-
ton & Western — and was opened to Pekiu the
same year. In 1874 it passed into the hands of a
receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1879, and
reorganized as the Indiana, Bloomington &
Western Railway Company. The next change
occurred in 1881, when it was consolidated with
an Ohio corporation (tlie Ohio, Indiana & Pacific
Railroad), again undergoing a slight change of
name in its reorganization as the Indiana, Bloom-
ington & Western Railroad Company. In 1886
it again got into financial straits, was placed in
charge of a receiver and sold to a reorganization
committee, and, in January, 1887, took the name
of the Ohio, Indiana & Western Railway Com-
pany. The final reorganization, under its present
name, took place in February, 1890, when it was
leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago &
St. Louis Railway, by which it is operated.
(See Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railway. )
PEORIA & HANNIBAL RAILROAD, (See
Chicago. Burlington d' Qninct/ Railroad.)
PEORIA & OiJUAWKA RAILROAD. (See
Chicago. Burlirii/io)i d- nuinoj Railroad.)
PEORIA k PEKIN UNION RAILWAY. A line
connecting the cities of Peoria and Pekin, wliich
are only 8 miles apart. It was chartered in 1880,
and acquired, by purchase, the tracks of the Peoria,
Pekin & Jacksonville and the Peoria & Spring-
field Railroads, between the two cities named in
its title, giving it control of two lines, which are
used by nearly all the railroads entering both
cities from the east side of the Illinois River. The
mileage, including both divisions, is 18.14 miles,
second tracks and sidings increasing the total to
nearly 60 miles. The track is of standard gauge,
about two-thirds being laid with steel rails. The
total cost of construction was 84,350,987. Its
total capitalization (1898) was 84,177,703, includ-
ing 81,000,000 in stock, and a funded debt of
82,904,000. The capital stock is held in equal
amounts (each 2,500 shares) by the Wabash, the
Peoria, Decatur & Evansville, the Chicago,
Peoria & St. Louis and the Peoria & Eastern com-
panies, with 1,000 shares by the Lake Erie &
Western. Terminal charges and annual rentals
are also paid by the Terre Haute & Peoria and
the Iowa Central Railways.
PEORIA & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. (See
Chicago. Peoria & St. Louis Railroad of Illinois.)
PEOTONE, a village of Will County, on the
Illinois Central Railroad, 41 miles south -southwest
from Chicago; has some manufactures, a bank
and a newspaper. The surrounding country is
agricultural. Population (1890), 717; (1900), 1,003.
PERCY, a village of Randolph County, at the
intersection of the Wabash, Chesapeake & West-
ern and the Mobile & Ohio Railways. Population
(1890), 360; (1900), 660.
PERROT, Nicholas, a French explorer, wno
visited the valley of the Fox River (of Wisconsin)
and the country around the great lakes, at various
times between 1670 and 1690. He was present,
as a guide and interpreter, at the celebrated con-
ference held at Sault Ste. Marie, in 1671, which
was attended by fifteen Frenchmen and repre-
sentatives from seventeen Indian tribes, and at
which the Sieur de Lusson took formal possession
of Lakes Huron and Superior, with the surround-
ing region and "all the country southward to the
.sea," in the name of Louis XIV. of France.
Perrot was the first to discover lead in the West,
and, for several years, was Commandant in the
Green Bay district. As a chronicler he was
intelligent, interesting and a,ccurate. His writ-
ings were not published until 1864, but have
always been highly prized as authority.
PERRY, a town of Pike County ; has a bank
and a newspaper. Population (1880), 770; (1890),
705; (1900), 642.
PERRY COUNTY, lies in the southwest quarter
of the State, with an area of 440 square miles and
a population (1900) of 19,830. It was organized
as a county in 1827, and named for Com. Oliver
H. Perry. The general surface is rolling,
422
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
although flat prairies occupj' a cousiilerable por-
tion, interspersed with "post-oak flats." Limestone
is found in the southern, and sandstone in the
northern, sections, but the chief mineral wealth
of the countj' is coal, which is abundant, and, at
several points, easily mined, some of it being of
a superior quality. Salt is manufactured, to some
extent, and the chief agricultural output is
wheat. Pincknej'ville, the coimty-seat, has a
central position and a population of about 1,300.
Duquoir is the largest city. Beaucoup Creek is
the principal stream, and the county is crossed
by several lines of railroad.
PERU, a city in La Salle County, at the head
of navigation on the Illinois River, which is here
spanned by a handsome bridge. It is distant 100
miles southwest from Chicago, and the same dis-
tance north-northeast from Springfield. It is
connected by street cars with La Salle, one mile
distant, which is the terminus of the Illinois &
Michigan Canal. It is situated in a rich coal-
mining region, is an important trade center, and
has several manufacturing establishments, includ-
ing zinc smelting works, rolling mills, nickeloid
factory, metal novelty works, gas engine factory,
tile works, plow, scale and patent-pump factories,
foundries and machine shops, flour and saw mills,
clock factory, etc. Two national banks, with a
combined capital of §200,000, are located at Peru,
and one daily and one weekly paper. Population
(1870), 3,650; (1880), 4,683; (1890), 5,550, (1900),
6,863.
PESOTTJM, a village in Champaign County, on
the IlUnois Centi'al Railroad, 5 miles south of
Tolono. Population (1890), 575.
PETERSBURG, a city of Menard County, and
the county-seat, pn the Sangamon River, at the
intersection Chicago & Alton with the Chicago,
Peoria & St. Louis Railway; 23 miles northwest
of Springfield and 28 miles northeast of Jackson-
ville. The town was surveyed and platted by
Abraham Lincoln in 1837, and is the seat of the
"Old Salem" Chautauqua. It has machine shops,
two banks, two weekly papers and nine churches.
Tlie manufactures include woolen goods, brick
and drain-tile, bed-springs, mattresses, and
canned goods. Pop. (1890), 2,342, (1900), 2,807.
PETERS, Onslow, lawyer and jurist, was born
in Massachusetts, graduated at Brown Univer-
sity, and was admitted to the bar and practiced
law in his native State imtil 1837, when he set-
tled at Peoria, 111. He .served in the Constitu-
tional Convention of 1847, was elected to the
bench of the Sixteenth Judicial Circuit in 1853,
and re-elected in 1855. Died, Feb. 28, 1856.
PHILLIPS, David L., journalist and politician,
was born where the town of Marion, WilUamson
County, 111., now stands, Oct. 28, 1823; came to
St. Clair Coimty in childhood, his father settling
near Belleville; began teaching at an early age,
and, when about 18, joined the Baptist Church,
and, after a brief course with the distinguished
Dr. Peck, at his Rock Spring Seminary, two years
later entered the ministry, serving churches in
Washington and other Southern Illinois counties,
finally taking charge of a church at Jonesboro.
Though originally a Democrat, his advanced
views on slavery led to a disagreement with his
church, and he withdrew ; then accepted a posi-
tion as paymaster in the construction department
of the Illinois Central Railroad, finally being
transferred to that of Land Agent for the South-
ern section, in this capacity visiting different
parts of the State from one end of the main line
to the other. About 1854 he became associated
with the management of "The Jonesboro Ga-
zette," a Democratic paper, which, during his con-
nection with it (some two years), he made an
earnest opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill.
At the Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention
(which see), held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, he
was appointed a member of their State Central
Committee, and, as such, joined in the call for the
first Republican State Convention, held at Bloom-
ington in May following, where he served as
Vice-President for his District, and was nomi-
nated for Presidential Elector on the Fremont
ticket. Two years later (1858) he was the
unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress
in the Southern District, being defeated by John
A. Logan ; was again in the State Convention of
1860, and a delegate to the National Convention
which nominated Abraham Lincoln for President
the first time; was appointed by Mr. Lincoln
United States Marshal for the Southern District
in 1801, and re-appointed in 1865, but resigned
after Andrew Johnson's defection in 1866. Dur-
ing 1862 Mr. Phillips became part proprietor of
"The State Journal" at Springfield, retaining
this relation until 1878, at intervals performing
editorial service ; also took a prominent part in
organizing and equipping the One Himdred and
Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (sometimes
called the "Phillips Regiment"), and, in 1865,
was one of the committee of citizens sent to
escort the remains of President Lincoln to
Springfield. He joined in the Liberal Republican
movement at Cincinnati in 1872, but, in 1876,
was in line with his former party associates, and
served in that year as an unsuccessful candidate
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
4-23
for Congress, in the Springfield District, in oppo-
sition to William M. Springer, earlj- the following
year receiving the appointment of Postmaster
for the city of Springfield from President Hayes.
Died, at Springfield, June 19, 1880.
PHILLIPS, tieorge S., author, was born at
Peterborough, England, in January, 1816 ; gradu-
ated at Cambridge, and came to the United
States, engaging in journalism. In 1845 he
'returned to England, and, for a time, was editor
of "The Leeds Times," still later being Principal
of the People's College at Huddersfield. Return-
ing to the United States, he came to Cook County,
and, about 1866-68, was a writer of sketches over
the nom de plume of "January Searle" for "The
Chicago Republican" — later was literary editor
of "The New York Svm" for several years. His
mind becoming impaired, he was placed in an
asylum at Trenton, N. J., finally dying at Jlorris-
town, N. J., Jan. 14, 1889. Mr. Phillips was the
author of several volumes, chiefl}- sketches of
travel and biography.
PHILLIPS, Jesse J., lawyer, soldier and
jurist, was born in Montgomery County, 111.,
May 22, 1837. Shortly after graduating from tlie
Hillsboro Academy, he read law, and was
admitted to the bar in 1860. In 1861 he organized
a company of volunteers, of which he was
chosen Captain, and which was attached to the
Ninth Illinois Infantry. Captain Phillips was
successively advanced to the rank of Major,
Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; resigned on
account of disability, in August, 1864, but was
brevetted Brigadier-General at the close of the
war. His military record was exceptionally
brilliant He was wounded three times at
Shiloh, and was personally thanked and compli-
mented by Generals Grant and Oglesby for gal-
lantry and efficient service. At the termination
of the struggle he returned to Hillsboro and
engaged in practice. In 1866, and again in 1868,
he was the Democratic candidate for State Treas-
iffer, but was both times defeated. In 1879 he
was elected to the bench of the Fifth Judicial
Circuit, and re-elected in 1885. In 1890 he was
assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of
the Fourth District, and, in 1893, was elected a
Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the vacancy
created by the death of Justice John M. Scholfield,
his term expiring in 1897, when he was re-elected
to succeed himself. Judge Phillips" present term
will expire in 1906.
PHILLIPS, Joseph, early jurist, was born in
Tennessee, received a classical and legal edu-
cation, and served as a Captain in the War of
1813; in 1816 was appointed Secretary of Illinois
Territory, serving until the admission of Illinois
as a State, when he became the first Chief Jus-
tice of the Supreme Court, serving until July,
1822, when he resigned, being succeeded on the
bench by John Reynolds, afterwards Governor.
In 1822 he was a candidate for Governor in the
interest of the advocates of a pro-slavery amend-
ment of the State Constitution, but was defeated
by Edward Coles, the leader of the anti-slavery
party. (See Coles, Edward, mxd Slavery and Slave
Laics.) He appears from the "Edwards Papers"
to have been in Illinois as late as 1832, but is
said eventually to have returned to Tennessee.
The date of his death is unknown.
PIAXKESHAWS, THE, a branch of the Miami
tribe of "Indians. Their name, like those of their
brethren, underwent many mutations of orthog-
raphy, the tribe being referred to, variously, as
the "Pou-an-ke-kiahs, " the "Pi-an-gie-shaws,"
the "Pi-au-qui-shaws," and the "Py-an-ke-
sliaws." They were less numerous than the
Weas, their numerical strength ranking lowest
among the bands of the Miamis. At the time La
Salle planted his colony around Starved Rock,
their warriors numbered 150. Subsequent to the
dispersion of this colony thej^ (alone of the Miamis)
occupied portions of the present territory of Illi-
nois, having villages on the Vermilion and
Wabash Rivers. Their earliest inclinations
toward ihe whites were friendly, the French
traders having intermarried with women of the
tribe soon after the advent of the first explor-
ers. Col. George Rogers Clark experienced little
dilSculty in securing their allegiance to the new
government which he proclaimed. In the san-
guinary raids (usually followed bj^ reprisals),
which marked Western history during the years
immediately succeeding the Revolution, the
Piankeshaws took no part ; yet the outrages, per-
petrated upon peaceable colonists, had so stirred
the settlers" Ijlood, that all Indians were included
in the general thirst for vengeance, and each was
unceremoniously dispatched as soon as seen. The
Piankeshaws appealed to Washington for protec-
tion, and the President issued a special procla-
mation in their behalf. After the cession of the
last remnant of the Miami territory to the United
States, the tribe was removed to a Kansas reser-
vation, and its last remnant finally found a home
in Indian Territorj'. (See also Miamis: Weas. )
"PIAS.V BIRD," LEtiEXD OF THE. When
the French explorers first descended the Upper
Slississippi River, they found some remarkable
figures depicted upon the face of the bluff, just
niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
above tlie site of the present city of Alton, which
excited tlieir wonder and continued to attract
interest long after the country was occupied by
the whites. Tlie account given of the discov-
ery by Marquette, who descended the river from
the mouth of the Wisconsin, in June, 1673, is as
follows: "As we coasted along" (after passing
the mouth of the Illinois) "rocks frightful for
their height and length, we saw two monsters
painted on one of the rocks, which startled us at
first, and upon which tlie boldest Indian dare not
gaze long. They are as large as a calf, with horns
on the head like a deer, a frightful look, red
eyes, bearded like a tiger, the face somewhat
like a man's, the body covered with scales, and
the tail so long that it twice makes the turn of
the body, passing over the liead and down be-
tween the legs, ending at last in a fish's tail.
Green, red and black are the colors employed.
On the whole, these two monsters are so well
painted that we could not believe any Indian to
have been the designer, as good painters in
France would find it hard to do as well. Besides
this, they are painted so high upon the rock that
it is hard to get conveniently at them to paint
them." As the Indians could give no account of
the origin of these figures, but had their terror
even more excited at the sight of them than Jlar-
quette himself, they are supposed to have been
the work of some prehistoric race occupying the
country long before the arrival of the aborigines
whom Marquette and his companions found in
Illinois. There was a tradition that the figures
were intended to represent a creature, part beast
and part bird, which destroyed immense numbers
of the inhabitants by swooping down upon them
from its abode upon the rocks. At last a chief is
said to have offered himself a victim for his
people, and when the monster made its appear-
ance, twenty of his warriors, concealed near by,
discharged their arrows at it, killing it just
before it reached its prey. In this manner the
life of the chief was saved and his people were
preserved from further depredations ; and it was
to commemorate this event that the figure of the
bird was painted on the face of the cliff on whose
summit the chief stood. This story, told in a
paper by Mr. John Russell, a pioneer author of
Illinois, obtained wide circulation in this country
and in Europe, about the close of the first
quarter of the present century, as the genuine
"Legend of the Piasa Bird." It is said, however,
that Mr. Russell, who was a popular writer of
fiction, acknowledged that it was drawn largely
from his imagination. Many prehistoric relics
and human remains are said, by the late William
McAdams. the antiquarian of Alton, to have
been found in caves in the vicinity, and it seems
a well authenticated fact that the Indians, when
passing the spot, were accustomed to discharge
their arrows — and, later, their firearms — at the
figure on the face of the cliff. Traces of tliis
celebrated pictograph were visible as late as 1840
to 1845, but have since been entirely quarried
away.
PIATT COUXTY, organized in 1841, consist-
ing of parts of Macon and Dewitt Counties. Its
area is 440 square miles ; population (1900), 17,706.
The first Commissioners were John Hughes, W.
Bailey and E. Peck. John Piatt, after whose
family the county was named, was the first
Sheriff. The North Fork of tlie Sangamon River
flows centrally through the county from north-
east to southwest, and several lines of railroad
afford transportation for its products. Its re-
sources and the occupation of the people are
almost wholly agricultural, the surface being
level prairie and the soil fertile. Monticello, the
county-seat, has a population of about 1,700.
Other leading towns are Cerro Gordo (939) and
Bement (1,1 '39).
PICKETT, Thomas Johnson, journalist, was
born in Louisville, Ky., March 17, 1821; spent
six years (1830-36) in St. Louis, when his family
removed to Peoria ; le9,rned the printer's trade in
the latter city, and, in 1840, began the publica-
tion of "The Peoria News," then sold out and
established "The Republican" (afterwards "The
Transcript") ; was a member of the Anti-Nebraska
Editorial Convention held at Decatur, Feb. 22,
1856, serving on the Committee on Resolutions,
and being appointed on the State Central Com-
mittee, which called the fir.st Republican State
Convention, held at Bloomington, in May follow-
ing, and was there appointed a delegate to the
National Convention at Philadelpliia, which
nominated General Fremont for President.
Later, he published papers at Pekin and Rock
Island, at tlie latter place being one of the first to
name Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency ; was
elected State Senator in 1860, and, in 1862, com-
missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixty-ninth
Illinois Volunteers, being transferred, as Colonel,
to the One Hundred and Thirty-second Illinois
(100-days' men), and serving at Camp Douglas
during the "Conspiracy" excitement. After the
war, Colonel Pickett removed to Paducah, Ivy.,
published a paper there called "The Federal
Union." was appointed Postmaster, and, later.
Clerk of the United States District Court, and
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
4-25
was the Republican nominee for Congress, in that
District, in 1874. Removing to Nebraska in 1879,
he at different times conducted several papers in
that State, residing for the most part at Lincoln.
Died, at Ashland. Neb., Dec. 24, 1891.
PIERSON, David, pioneer banker, was born at
Cazenovia, N. Y., July 9,1806; at the age of 13
removed west with his parents, arriving at St.
Louis, June 3, 1820. The family soon after set-
tled near CoUinsville, Madison County, 111., where
the father having died, they removed to the vi-
cinity of Carrollton, Greene County, in 1821. Here
they opened a farm, but, in 1827, Mr. Pierson
went to the lead mines at Galena, where he re-
mained a year, then returning to Carrollton. In
1834, having sold his farm, he began merchandis-
ing, still later being engaged in the pork and
grain trade at Alton. In 1854 he added the bank-
ing business to his dry-goods trade at Carrollton,
also engaged in milling, and, in 1862-63, erected
a woolen factory, which was destroyed by an
incendiary fire in 1872. Originally an anti-slavery
Clay Whig, Mr. Pierson became a Republican on
the organization of that party in 1856. served for
a time as Collector of Internal Revenue, was a
delegate to the National Republican Convention
at Philadelphia in 1872, and a prominent candi-
date for the Republican nomination for Lieuten-
ant-Governor in 1876. Of high integrity and
unswerving patriotism, Mr. Pierson was generous
in his benefactions, being one of the most liberal
contributors to the establishment of the Langston
School for the Education of Freed men at Holly
Springs, Miss., soon after the war. He died at
Carrollton, May 8, 1891.— Oman (Pierson), a son
of the subject of this sketch, was a member of
the Thirty-second General Assenibh' (1881) from
Greene County, and is present cashier of the
Greene County National Bank at Carrollton.
PIGGOTT, Isaac N,, early politician, was born
about 1792; served as an itinerant Methodist
preacher in Missouri and Illinois, between 1819
and 1824, but finally located southwest of Jersey-
ville and obtained a license to run a ferry be-
tween Grafton and Alton; in 1828 ran as a
candidate for the State Senate again.st Thomas
Carlin (afterwards Governor) ; removed to St.
Louis, in 18.58, and died there in 1874.
PIKE COUJfTT, situated in the western por-
tion of the State, lying between the Illinois and
Mississippi Rivers, having an area of 795 square
miles— named in honor of the explorer, Capt.
Zebulon Pike. The first American settlers came
about 1830, and, in 1821, the county was organ-
ized, at first embracing all the country north and
west of the Illinois River, including the present
county of Cook. Out of this territory were finally
organized about one fourth of the counties of the
State. Coles" Grove (now Gilead, in Calhoun
County) was the first county-seat, but the seat of
justice was removed, in 1824, to Atlas, and to
Pittsfield in 1833. The surface is undulating, in
some portions is hilly, and diversified with prai-
ries and hardwood timber. Live-stock, cereals
and hay are the staple products, while coal and
Niagara limestone are found in abundance.
Population (1890), 31,000; (ISOO), 31,59.5.
PILLSBURY, Nathaniel Joy, lawyer and
judge, was born in York County, Maine, Oct. 21,
1834; in 1855 removed to lUinois, and, in 1858,
began farming in Livingston County. He began
the study of law in 1863, and, after admission to
the bar, commenced practice at Pontiac. He
represented La Salle and Livingston Counties in
the Constitutional Convention of 1809-70, and, in
1873, was elected to the bench of the Thirteenth
Judicial Circuit. He was re-elected in 1879 and
again in 1885. He was assigned to the bench of
the Appellate Court in 1877, and again in 1879
and '85. He was severely wounded by a shot
received from strikers on the line of the Chicago
& Alton Railroad, near Chicago, in 1886, resulting
in his being permanently disabled physically, in
consequence of which he declined a re-election to
the bench in 1891.
PINCKNEYVILLE, a city and the county-seat
of Perry County, situated at the intersection of
the Paducah Division Illinois Central and the
Wabash, Chester & Western Railways, 10 miles
west-northwest of Duquoin. Coal-mining is
carried on in the immediate vicinity, and flour,
carriages, plows and dressed lumber are among
the manufactured products. Pinckneyville has
two banks — one of which is national — two weekly
new.spapers, seven churches, a graded and a high
school. Population (1880), 964; (1890), 1,298;
(1900), 2.357.
PITTSBURG, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO &
ST. LOUIS RAILROAD, one of the Pennsyl-
vania Company's lines, operating 1,403 miles of
road, of which 1.090 miles are owned and the
remainder leased — length of line in Illinois, 28
miles. The Company is the outgrowth of a con-
solidation, in 1890, of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati &
St. Louis Railway with the Chicago. St. Louis &
Pittsburg, the Cincinnati & Richmond and the
Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis Railroads.
The Pennsylvania Railroad Company controls
the entire line through ownership of stock.
Capital stock outstanding, in 1898, §47,791,601;
i20
IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
funded ilelit, SiS. 433,000; floating debt, 82,214.703
—total capital S98,500,.584. — (History.) The
Chicago, St. Louis & Pittsburg Railroad, em-
bracing the Illinois division of this line, was made
up of various corporations organized under the
laws of Illinois and Indiana. One of its compo-
nent parts was the Chicago & Great Eastern
Railway, organized, in 186."), by consolidation of
the Galena & Illinois River Railroad (chartered
in 18.57), the Chicago & Great Eastern Railway
of Indiana, the Cincinnati & Chicago Air-Line
(organized 18G0), and the Cincinnati, Logans-
port & Chicago Railway. In 1869. the consoli-
dated line was leased to the Pittsburg, Cincinnati
& St. Louis Railway Company, and operated
under the name of the Columbus, Chicago &
Indiana Central between Bradford, Ohio, and
Chicago, from 1869 until its consolidation, under
the pre.sent name, in 1890. (See Pennsijlvania
Railroad)
PITTSBURfi, FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO
RAILROAD. (See Pittsburg, Fort Wayne d- Chi-
cauo Eaihraii.)
PITTSBURG, FORT WA¥>E & CHICAGO
RAILWAY. The total length of this line is
nearly 470 miles, but only a little over 16 miles
are within Illinois. It was operated by the Penn-
sylvania Railroad Company as lessee. The entire
capitalization in 1898 was §52,549.990; and the
earnings in Illinois, 8472,228. — (History.) The
Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway is the
result of the consolidation, August 1, 1856, of the
Ohio & Pennsylvania, the Ohio & Indiana and
the Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad Companies,
imder the name of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne &
Chicago Railroad. The road was opened through
its entire length, Jan. 1, 1859 ; was sold under
foreclosure in 1861 ; reorganized under its present
title, in 1862, and leased to the Pennsylvania
Railroad Company, for 999 years, from July 1,
1869. (See Prnnxijlvania Pailroad.)
PITTSFIELD, the county-seat of Pike County,
situated on the Hannibal & Naples branch of the
Wabash Railway, about 40 miles southeast of
Quincy, and about the same distance south of
west from Jacksonville. Its public buildings
include a hand.some court house and graded and
high school buildings. The city has an electric
light plant, city water-works, a flour mill, a
National and a State bank, nine churches, and
four weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 2,295;
(1900), 2,293.
PLAINFIELD, a village of Will County, on the
Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railroad and an interur-
ban electric line, 8 miles northwest of Joliet; is
in a dairying section; has a bank and one news-
paper. Pop. (1890), 852; (1900), 920.
PLANO, a city in Kendall County, situated
near the Fox River, and on the Chicago, Burling-
ton & Quincy Railroad, 14 miles west- southwest
of Aurora. There are manufactories of agri-
cultural implements and bedsteads. The city has
banks, several churches, graded and high scliools,
and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,825;
(1900), 1,634; (1903, est.), 3,250.
PLEASANT PLAINS, a village of Sangamon
County, on Springfield Division Baltimore & Ohio
S. W. Railroad, 16 miles northwest of Spring-
field; in rich farming region; has coal-shaft,
hank, five churches, college and two newspapers.
Population (1890), 518; (1900), 575.
PLEASANTS, George Washington, jurist, was
born in Harrodsburg, Ky., Nov. 24, 1823; received
a classical education at Williams College, Mass. .
graduating in 1842; studied law in New York
City, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester,
N. Y., in 1845, establishing himself in practice at
Williamstown, Mass., where he remained until
1849. In 1851 he removed to Washington, D. C,
and, after residing there two years, came to Illi-
nois, locating at Rock Island, which has since
been his home. In 1861 he was elected, as a
Republican, to the State Constitutional Conven-
tion which met at Springfield in January follow-
ing, and, in 1867, was chosen Judge for the Sixth
(now Tenth) Judicial Circuit, having served by
successive re-elections until June, 1897, retiring
at the close of his fifth term— a record for length
of service seldom paralleled in the judicial his-
tory of the State. The last twenty years of this
period were sj^ent on the Appellate bench. For
several years past Judge Pleasants has been a
sufl'erer from failing eyesight, but has been faith-
ful in attendance on his judicial duties. As a
judicial officer and a man, his reputation stands
among the highest.
PLUMB, Ralph, soldier and ex-Congressman,
was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y., March 29,
1816. After leaving school he became a mer-
chant's clerk, and was himself a merchant for
eighteen years. From New York he removed to
Ohio, where he was elected a member of the
Legislature in 1855, later coming to Illinois.
During the Civil War he served four years in the
Union army as Captain and Quartermaster, being
brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at its close. He
made his home at Streator, where he was elected
Mayor (1881-1883). There he engaged in coal-
mining and has been connected with several
important enterprises. From 1885 to 1889 he
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
427
represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con-
gress, after which he retired to private life.
PLTMOl'TH, a village of Hancock County, on
the Cliicago, Burlington & Quiucy Railway, 41
miles northeast of Quinoy ; is trade center of rich
farming district ; has two banks, electric lights,
water-works, and one paper. Pop. (1900), 854,
POIXTE DE SAIBLE, Jean Baptlste, a negro
and Indian-trader, reputed to have been the first
settler on the present site of the city of Chicago.
He is said to have been a native of .San Domingo,
but is described by his contemporaries as "well
educated and handsome, " " though dissipated. He
appears to have been at the present site of Chi-
cago as early as 1794, his house being located on
the north side near the junction of the North and
South branches of the Chicago River, where he
carried on a considerable trade with the Indians.
About 1796 he is said to have sold out to a French
trader named Le Mai, and joined a countrj'man
of his, named Glamorgan, at Peoria, where he died
soon after. Glamorgan, who was the reputed
owner of a large Spanish land-grant in the vicin-
ity of St. Louis, is said to have been associated
with Point de Saible in trade among the Peorias,
before the latter came to Chicago.
POLO, a city in Ogle Coimty, at intersection
of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Burling-
ton & Northern Railways, 23 miles south of Free-
port and 12 miles north of Dixon. Tlie
surrounding region is devoted to agriculture and
stock-raising, and Polo is a shipping point for
large quantities of cattle and hogs. Agricultural
implements (including harvesters) and buggies
are manufactured here. The city has banks, one
weekly and one semi -weekly paper, seven
churches, a graded public and high school, and a
public library. Pop. (1890), 1,728; (1900), 1,869.
POKTIAC, an Ottawa chief, born on the
Ottawa River, in Canada, about 1720. While yet
a yoimg man he became the principal Chief of
the allied Ottawas, Ojibways and Pottawatomies.
He was always a firm ally of the French, to
whose interests he was devotedly attached,
defending them at Detroit against an attack of
the Northern tribes, and (it is generally believed)
leading the Ottawas in the defeat of Braddock.
He reluctantly acquiesced in the issue of the
French and Indian "War, although at first strongly
disposed to dispute the progress of Major Rogers,
the British officer sent to take possession of the
western forts. In 1762 he dispatched emissaries
to a large number of tribes, whom he desired to
unite in a league for the extermination of the
English. His proposals were favorably received.
and thus was organized what is commonly
spoken of as the "Con.spiracy of Pontiac." He
himself undertook to lead an assault upon Detroit.
The garrison, however, was apprised of his inten-
tion, and made preparations accordingly. Pontiac
thereupon laid siege to the fort, but was unable
to prevent the ingress of provisions, the Canadian
settlers furnishing supplies to both besieged and
besiegers with absolute impartiality. Finally a
boat-load of ammunition and supplies was landed
at Detroit from Lake Erie, and the English made
an unsuccessful sortie on July 31, 1763. After a
desultory warfare, lasting for nearly three
months, the Indians withdrew into Indiana,
where Pontiac tried in vain to organize another
movement. Although Detroit had not been
taken, the Indians captured Forts Sandusky, St.
Joseph, Miami, Ouiatanon. LeBoeuf and Venango,
besides the posts of Mackinaw and Presque Isle.
The garrisons at all these points were massacred
and innumerable outrages perpetrated elsewhere.
Additional British troops were sent west, and
the Indians finally brought under control.
Pontiac was present at Oswego when a treaty was
signed with Sir William Jbhnson, but remained
implacable. His end was tragic. Broken in
heart, but still proud -in spirit and relentless in
purpose, he applied to the former (and last)
French Governor of Illinois, the j'ounger St.
Ange, wlio was then at St. Louis, for co-operation
and support in another raid against the British.
Being refused aid or countenance, according to a
story long popularly received, he returned to the
vicinity of Cahokia, where, in 1769, he was mur-
dered by a Kaskaskia Indian in consideration of
a barrel of liquor. N. Matson, author of several
volumes bearing on early histoi-y in Illinois, cit-
ing Col. Joseph N. Bourassa, an educated half-
breed of Kansas, as authority for his statement,
asserts that the Indian killed at Cahokia was an
impostor, and that the true Pontiac was assassi-
nated by Kineboo, the Head Chief of the Illinois,
in a council held on the Des Plaines River, near
the present site of Joliet. So well convinced, it
is said, was Pierre Chouteau, the St. Louis Indian
trader, of the truth of this last story, that he
caused a monument, which he had erected over
the grave of the false Pontiac, to be removed.
Out of the murder of Pontiac, whether occurring
at Cahokia or Joliet, it is generally agreed,
resulted the extermination of the Illinois and the
tragedy of "Starved Rock. " (See Starved Rock. )
PO>'TIjVC, an incorporated city, the county-
seat of Livingston County. It stands on the
bank of the Vemillion River, and is also a point
428
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
of intersection of the Chicago & Alton, the
Wabash and the Illinois Central Railroads. It is
33 miles nortli- north east from Bloomington and
93 miles south-southwest of Chicago. The sur-
rounding region is devoted to agriculture, stock-
raising and coal-mining. Pontiac has four banks
and four weekly newspapers (two issuing daily
editions), numerous churches and good schools.
Various kinds of manufacturing are conducted,
among the principal establishments being flour-
ing mills, three shoe factories, straw paper and
candy factories and a foundry. The State Re-
formatory for Juvenile Offenders is located here.
Pop. (1890), 3,784; (1900), 4,366.
POOL, Orval, merchant and banker, was born
in Union County, Kj'., near Shawneetcwn, 111.,
Feb. 17, 1809, but lived in Shawneetown from seven
years of age; in boyhood learned the saddler's
trade, but, in 1843, engaged in the dry-goods
business, J. McKee Peeples and Thomas S. Ridg-
way becoming his partners in 1846. In 18.50 he
retired from the dry-goods trade and became an
extensive dealer in produce, pork and tobacco.
In 1871 he establislied the Gallatin County
National Bank, of which he was the first Presi-
dent. Died, June 30, 1871.
POOLE, William Frederick, bibliographer,
librarian and historical writer, was born at
Salem, Mass., Dec. 34, 1831, graduated from Yale
College in 1849, and, at the close of his sophomore
year, was appointed assistant librarian of his col-
lege society, which owned a library of 10,000 vol-
umes. Here he prepared and published tlie first
edition of liis now famous "Index to Periodical
Literature." A second and enlarged addition
was published in 1853, and secured for its author
wide fame, in both America and Europe. In 18.')3
he was made Librarian of the Boston Mercantile
Library, and, from 18.56 to 1869, liad charge of the
Boston Atheneeum, then one of the largest li-
braries in the United States, which he relinquished
to engage in expert library work. He organized
libraries in several New England cities and
towns, at the United States Naval Academy, and
the Cincinnati Public Library, finally becoming
Librarian of the latter institution. In October,
1873, he assumed charge of the Chicago Public
Library, then being organized, and, in 1887,
became Librarian of the Newberry Library,
organizing this institution and remaining at its
head until his death, which occurred, March 1,
1894. The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him
by tlie Northwestern LTniversity in 1883. Dr.
Poole took a prominent part in the organization
of library associations, and was one of the Vice-
Presidents of the International Conference of
Librarians, held in London in 1871. His advice
was much sought in relation to library architec-
ture and management. He wrote much on topics
connected witli his profession and on historical
subjects, frequently contributing to "The North
American Review." In 1874-7.5 he edited a liter-
ary paper at Chicago, called "The Owl," and was
later a constant contributor to "The Dial." He
•was President of the American Historical Society
and member of State Historical Societies and of
other kindred associations.
POPE, Nathaniel, first Territorial Secretary of
Illinois, Delegate in Congress and jurist, was born
at Louisville, Ky., in 1774; graduated with liigh
honor from Transylvania University, at Lexing-
ton, Ky., read law with his brother. Senator John
Pope, and, in 1804, emigrated to New Orleans,
later living, for a time, at Ste. Genevieve, Mo. In
1808 he became a resident of Kaskaskia and, the
next year, was appointed the first Territorial
Secretary of Illinois. His native judgment was
strong and profound and his intellect quick and
far-reaching, while both were thoroughly trained
and disciplined by study. In 1816 he was elected
a Territorial Delegate to Congress, and proved
himself, not only devoted to the interests of his
constituents, but also a shrewd tactician. He was
largely instrumental in securing the passage of
the act autliorizing the formation of a State
go-»ernment, and it was mainly through his
efforts that the nortliern boundary of Illinois was
fixed at lat. 43° 30' north, instead of the southern
bend of Lake Michigan. Upon the admission of
Illinois into the Union, he was made United
States Judge of the District, which tlien embraced
the entire State. This office he filled with dig-
nity, impartiality and acceptability until his
death, at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Lu-
cretia Yeatman, in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 33, 1850.
Pope County was named in his honor. — Gen. John
(Pope), son of the preceding, was born in Louis-
ville, Ky., March 16, 1833; graduated at the United
States Military Academy, 1843, and appointed
brevet Second Lieutenant of Topographical
Engineers; served in Florida (1843-44), on the
northeast boundary survey, and in the Mexican
War (1846-47), being promoted First Lieutenant
for bravery at Monterey and Captain at Buena
Vista. In 1849 he conducted an exploring expe-
dition in Minnesota, was in charge of topograph-
ical engineering service in New Mexico (1851-.53),
and of the survey of a route for the Union Pacific
Railway (1853-59), meanwhile experimenting on
the feasibility of artesian wells on the "Staked
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Plains" in Northwestern Texas. He was a zeal-
ous friend of Abraham Lincoln in the political
campaign of 1860, and was court-martialed for
criticising the policy of President Buchanan, in a
paper read before a literary society in Cincinnati,
the proceedings being finally dropped on the
recommendation of the (then) Secretary of War,
Joseph Holt. In 1861 he was one of the officers
detailed by the War Department to conduct Mr.
Lincoln to the capital, and, in May following,
was made Brigadier-General of Volunteers and
assigned to command in Missouri, where he per-
formed valuable service in protecting railroad
communications and driving out guerrillas, gain-
ing an important victory over Sterling Price at
Blackwater, in December of that year; in 1863
had command of the land forces co-operating
with Admiral Foote, in the expedition against
New Madrid and Island No. 10, resulting in the
capture of that stronghold with 6,500 prisoners,
125 cannon and 7,000 small arms, thereby win-
ning a Major-General's commission. Later, hav-
ing participated in the operations against Corinth,
he was transferred to command of the Array of
"Virginia, and soon after commissioned Briga-
dier-General in the regular army. Here, being
forced to meet a greatly superior force under
General Lee, he was subjected to reverses which
led to his falling back on Washington and a
request to be relieved of his command. For fail-
ure to give him proper support, Gen. Fitzjohn
Porter was tried by court-martial, and, having
been convicted, was cashiered and declared for-
ever disqualified from holding any office of trust
or profit under the United States Government —
although this verdict was finally set aside and
Porter restored to the army as Colonel, by act of
Congress, in August, 1886. General Pope's sub-
sequent service was performed chiefly against
the Indians in the Northwest, until 1865, wlien he
took command of the military division of Mis-
souri, and, in June following, of the Department
of the Missouri, including all the Northwestern
States and Territories, from which he was
relieved early in 1866. Later, he held command.
Tinder the Reconstruction Acts, in Georgia, Ala-
bama and Florida (1867-68) ; the Department of the
Lakes (1868-70) ; Department of the Missouri (1870-
84) ; and Department of the Pacific, from 1884 to
his retirement, March 16, 1886. General Pope
published "Explorations from the Red River to
the Rio Grande" and "Campaigns in Virginia"
(1863). Died, at Sandusky, Ohio, Sept 23, 1892.
POPE COUNTY, lies on the southern border of
the State, and contains an area of about 360
square miles — named in honor of Judge Nathaniel
Pope. It was erected in 1816 (two years before
the admission of Illinois as a State) from parts of
Gallatin and Johnson Counties. The county-seat
was first located at Sandsville, but later changed
to Golconda. Robert Lacy, Benoni Lee and
Thomas Ferguson were the first Commissioners ;
Hamlet Ferguson was chosen Sheriff ; John Scott,
Recorder ; Thomas C. Browne, Prosecuting- Attor-
ney, and Samuel Omelveney, Treasurer. The
highest land in Soutliern Illinois is in the north-
eastern part of this county, reaching an elevation
of 1,046 feet. The bluffs along the Ohio River are
bold in outline, and the ridges are surmounted by
a thick growth of timber, notably oak and hick-
ory. Portions of the bottom lands are submerged,
at times, during a part of the year and are
covered with cypress timber. The remains of
Indian mounds and fortifications are found, and
some interesting relics have been exhumed. Sand-
stone is quarried in abimdance, and coal is found
here and there. Mineral springs (with copperas
as the chief in.gredient) are numerous. Iron is
found in limited quantities, among the rocks
toward the south, while spar and kaolin clay are
found in the north. The chief agricultural
products are potatoes, corn and tobacco. Popu-
lation (1890), 14,010; (1900), 13,585.
PORT BYROS, a village of Rock Island County,
on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Mil-
waukee & St. Paul Railway, 16 miles above Rock
Island; has lime kilns, grain elevator, two banks,
academy, public schools, and a newspaper. Pop.
(1000), 732. The (Illinois) Western Hospital for
the Insane is located at Watertown, twelve miles
below Port Byron.
PORTER, (Rev.) Jeremiali, pioneer clergj-
nian, was born at Hadley. Mass., in 1804; gradu-
ated from Williams College in 1825, and studied
theology at both Andover and Princeton semi-
naries, graduating from the latter in 1831. The
same year he made the (then) long and perilous
journey to Fort Brady, a military post at the
Sault Ste. Marie, where he began his work as a
missionarj'. In 1833 he came to Chicago, where
he remained for two years, organizing the First
Presbyterian Church of Chicago, with a member-
ship of twenty-six persons. Afterwards he had
pastoral charge of churches at Peoria and Farm-
ington. While in Chicago he was married to
Miss Eliza Chappell, one of the earliest teachers
in Chica,go. From 1840 to '58 he was located at
Green Bay, Wis. , accepting a call from a Chicago
Church in the year last named. In 1861 he was
commissioned Chaplain in the volunteer service
430
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
by Governor Yates, and mustered out in 1865.
The next five j'ears were divided between labors
at Brownsville, Tex., in the service of the Sani-
tary Commission, and a pastorate at Prairie du
Chien. In 18T0 he was commissioned Chaplain
in the regular army, remaining in the service
(with occasional leaves of absence) until 1882,
when he was retired from active service on
account of advanced age. His closing j-ears were
spent at the homes of his children in Detroit and
Beloit; died at the latter city, July 25, 1893, at
the age of 89 years.
POSEY, (Oeii.) Thomas, Continental and
Revolutionary soldier, was born in Virginia, July
9, 1750 ; in 1774 took part in Lord Dunmore's expe-
dition against the Indians, and, later, in various
engagements of the Revolutionary "War, being
part of the time under the immediate command
of Washington; was with General Wayne in the
assault on Stony Point and present at Cornwallis'
surrender at Yorktown ; also served, after the war,
with Wayne as a Brigadier-General in the North-
west Territory. Removing to Kentucky, he
served in tlie State Senate, for a time being
presiding officer and acting Lieutenant-Governor;
later (1812), was elected United States Senator
from Louisiana, and, from 1813 to '16, served as
Territorial Governor of Indiana Died, at the
home of his son-in-law, Joseph M. Street, at
Shawneetown, 111., March 18, 1818, where he lies
buried. At the time of his death General Posey
was serving as Indian Agent.
POST, Joel S., lawyer and soldier of the Mexi-
can War; was born in Ontario (now Wayne)
County, X. Y., April 27, 1816; in 1828 removed
with his father to Washtenaw County, Mich.,
remaining there until 1839, when he came to
Macon County, 111. The following year, he com-
menced the study of law with Judge Charles
Emmerson, of Decatur, and was admitted to the
bar in 1841. In 1846 he enlisted in the Mexican
War, and served as Quartermaster of the Fourth
Regiment (Col. E. D. Baker's) ; in 1856 was elected
to the State Senate, and, at the following session,
was a leading supporter of the measures which
resulted in the e.stabUshment of the State Nor-
mal School at Bloomington. Capt. Post's later
years were spent at Decatur, where he died,
June 7, 1886.
POST, Philip Sidney, soldier and Congress-
man, was born at Florida, Orange County, X. Y.,
March 19, 1833; at the age of 22 graduated from
Union College, studied law at Poughkeepsie Law
School, and, removing to Illinois, was admitted
to the bar in 1856 At the outbreak of the Civil
War he enlisted, and was commissioned Second
Lieutenant in the Fifty-ninth Illinois Volunteers.
He was a gallant, fearless soldier, and was re-
peatedly promoted for bravery and meritorious
service, until he attained the rank of brevet
Brigadier-General. He participated in many
important battles and was severely wounded at
Pea Ridge and Nashville. In 1865 he was in com-
mand in Western Texas. After the close of the
war he entered the diplomatic service, being
appointed Consul-General to Austria-Hungary
in 1874, but resigned in 1879, and returned to his
home in Galesburg. From 1882 to 1886 he was a
member of the Republican State Central Com-
mittee, and, during 1886, was Commander of the
Department of Illinois, G. A. R. He was elected
to Congress from the Tenth District on the Repub-
lican ticket in 1886, serving continuously by re-
election until his death, which occurred in
Washington, Jan. 6, 1895.
POST, Trnmaii Marcellus, D.D., clergyman,
was born at Middlebury. Vt., June 3, 1810; gradu-
ated at Sliddlebury College in 1829, was Principal
of Castleton Academy for a j'ear, and a tutor at
Middlebury two years, meanwhile studying law.
After a winter spent in Washington, listening to
the orators of the time in Congress and before the
Supreme Court, including Clay, Webster, Wirt
and their contemporaries, he went west in 1833,
first visiting St. Louis, but finally settling at
Jacksonville, 111., where he was admitted to the
bar, but soon after accejited the Professorship of
Classical Languages in Illinois College, and
later that of History; then began the study of
theology, was ordained in 1840, and assumed the
pastorship of the Congregational Church in Jack-
sonville. In 1847 he was called to the pastorate
of the Third Presbyterian Church of St. Louis,
and, in 1851, to the First Congregational Church,
of which the former furnished the nucleus. For
a year or two after removing to St. Louis, he
continued his lectures on liistory at Illinois Col-
lege for a short period each year ; also held the
professorship of Ancient and Modern History in
Washington University, in St. Louis; in 1873-75
was Southworth lecturer on Congregationalism
in Andover Theological Seminary and, for sev-
eral years. Professor of Ecclesiastical History in
Chicago Theological Seminary. His splendid
diction and his noble style of oratory caused
him to be much sought after as a public lecturer
or platform speaker at college commencements,
while his pivrity of life and refinement of charac-
ter attracted to him all with whom he came in
personal contact. He received the degree of
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
431
D.D. from MidJlebuiy College in 1855; was a fre-
quent contributor to "The Biblical Repository"
and other religious Dublications, and, besides
numerous addresses, sermons and pamphlets, he
was the author of a volume entitled "The Skep-
tical Era in Modern History" (New York, 1856).
He resigned his pastorate in January, 18S2, but
continued to be a frequent speaker, either in the
pulpit or on the lectui-e platform, nearly to the
period of his death, which occurred in St. Louis,
Dec. 31, 18S6. For a quarter of a century he was
one of the Tx-ustees of Monticello Female Semi-
nary, at Godfrey, 111., being, for a considerable
portion of the time. President of the Board.
POTTAWATOMIES, THE, an Indian tribe,
one of the three subdivisions of the Ojibwas (or
Ojibbeways), who, in turn, constituted a numer-
ous family of the Algonquins. The other
branches were the Ottawa and the Chippewas.
'The latter, however, retained the family name,
and hence some writers have regarded the "Ojib-
beways" and the "Chippewas" as essentially
identical. This interchanging of names has been
a proUfic source of error. Inherently, the dis-
tinction was analogous to that existing between
genus and species, although a confusion of
nomenclature has naturally resulted in errors
more or less serious. Tnese three tribes early
.separated, the Pottawatomies going south from
Green Bay along the we.stern shore of Lake
Michigan. The meaning of the name is, "we are
making a fire," and the word is a translation into
the Pottawatomie language of the name first
given to the tribe by the Miamis. These Indians
were tall, fierce and haughty, and the tribe was
divided into four branches, or clans, called by
names which signify, respectively, the golden
carp, the tortoise, the crab and the frog. Accord-
ing to the "Jesuit Relations," the Pottawatomies
were first met by the French, on the north of
Lake Huron, in 1639-40. More than a quarter of
a century later (1666) Father AUouez speaks of
them as dwellers on the shores of Lake Michigan.
The same Father described them as idolatrous
and polygamous, yet as possessing a rude civilitj^
and as being kindly disposed toward the French.
This friendship continued unbroken until the
expulsion of the latter from the Northwest.
About 1678 they spread southward from Green
Bay to the head of Lake Michigan, a portion of
the tribe settling in Illinois as far south as the
Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, crowding the
Winnebagoes and the Sacs and Foxes on the west,
and advancing, on the east, into the countr_v of
the Miamis as far as the Wabash and the
Maumee. They fought on the side of the
French in the French and Indian War, and
later took part in the conspiracy of Pontiac
to capture and reduce the British posts, and
were so influenced by Tecumseh and the Prophet
that a considerable number of their warri-
ors fought against General Harrison at Tippe-
canoe. During the War of 1813 they actively
supported the British. They were also prominent
at the Chicago massacre. Schoolcraft says of
them, "They were foremost at all treaties where
lands were to be ceded, clamoring for the lion's
share of all presents and annuities, particularly
where these last were the price paid for the sale
of other lands than their own." The Pottawato-
mies were parties to the treaties at Chicago in
1832 and 1833, and were among the last of the
tribes to remove beyond the Mississippi, their
final emigration not taking place until 1838. In
1846 the scattered fragments of this tribe coalesced
with those of the Chippewas and Ottawas, and
formed the Pottawatomie nation. They ceded all
their lands, wherever located, to the United States,
for 8850,000, agreeing to accept 576,000 acres in
Kansas in lieu of S87,000 of this amount. Through
the rapacity and trespasses of white settlers, this
reservation was soon dismembered, and the lands
passed into other hands. In 1867, under an ena-
bling act of Congress, 1,400 of the nation (then
estimated at 2,500) became citizens. Their pres-
ent location is in the southeastern part of Okla-
homa.
POWELL, John Wesley, rii.D., LL.D., geolo-
gist and anthropologist, was born at Mount Morris
N. Y., March 24, 1834, the son of a Methodist
itinerant preacher, passing his early life at vari-
ous places in Ohio, Wisconsin and IlHnois ; studied
for a time in Illinois College (Jacksonville), and
subsequently in Wheaton College, but, in 1854,
began a special course at Oberlin, Ohio, teaching
at intervals in public schools. Having a predi-
lection for the natural sciences, he spent much
time in making collections, which he placed in
various Illinois institutions. Entering the army
in 1861 as a private of the Twentieth Illinois
Volimteers, he later became a Captain of the
Second Illinois Artillery, being finally promoted
Major. He lost his right arm at the battle of
Shiloh, but returned to his regiment as soon as
sufficiently recovered, and continued in active
service to the close of the war. In 1865 he became
Professor of Geology and Curator of the Museum
in Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington,
but resigned to accept a similar position in the
State Normal University. In 1867 he began his
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
greatest work in connection with science l)y
leailing a class of pnpils to the mountains of
Colorado for the study of geology, which he fol-
lowed, a year later, bj' a more thorough survey of
the caiion of the Colorado RiTer than had ever
before been attempted. This led to provision by
Congress, in 1870, for a topographical and geo-
logical survey of the Colorado and its tributaries,
which was appropriately placed under his direc-
tion. Later, he was placed in charge of the
Bureau of Ethnology in connection with the
Smithsonian Institute, and, again in 1881, was
assigned to the directorship of the United States
Geological Survey, later becoming Director of the
Bureau of Ethnology, in connection with the
Smithsonian Institute in "Washington City,
where tl899) he still remains. In 1886 Major
Powell received the degree of Ph.D. from Heidel-
berg University, and that of LL.D. from Har-
vard the same year. He is also a member of the
leading scientific associations of the countr)-,
while his reports and addresses fdl numerous
volumes issued by the Government.
POWELL, William Henry, soldier and manu-
facturer, was born in South Wales, May 10, 182.5;
came to America in 1830, was educated in the
common schools of Tennessee, and (1856-61) was
manager of a manufacturing company at Iron-
ton, Ohio; in 1861, became Captain of a West
Virginia cavalry company, and was advanced
through the grades of IMajor, Lieutenant-Colonel
and Colonel ; was wounded while leading a charge
at Wytheville, Va., left on the field, captured and
confined in Libby Prison six months. After ex-
change he led a cavalry division in the Armj- of
the Shenandoah ; was made Brigadier-General in
October, 1864; after the war settled in West Vir-
ginia, and was a Republican Presidential Elector
in 1868. He is now at the head of a nail mill and
foundry in Belleville, and was Commander of the
Grand Army of the Republic for the Department
of Illinois during 189.5-96.
I'R.VIRIE CITY, a village in McDonough
County, on the Cliicngo. Burlington & Quincy
Railroad. 23 miles southwest from Galesburg and
17 miles northeast of Macomb; has a carriage
factory, flour mill, elevators, lumber and stock'
yards, a nursery, a bank, four churches and two
weekly pa|)ers. Pop (1890), 812; (1900), 818.
PR.VIRIE I)U PO>'T, (in English, Bridge
Prairie), an early French settlement, one mile
south of Cahokia. It was commenced about 1760,
located on the banks of a creek, on which was
the first mill, operated by water-power, in that
section, having been erected by missionaries
from St Sulpice, in 17.54. In 176.5 the village
contained fourteen families. In 1844 it was
inimdated and nearly destroj-ed.
PRAIRIE (111 ROCHER, (in English, Prairie of
the Rock), an early French village in what is
now Monroe County, which began to spring up
near Fort Chartres (see Fort Chart res), and by
1722 had grown to be a considerable settlement.
It stood at the foot of the Mississippi bluffs, about
four miles northeast of the fort. Like other
French villages in Illinois, it had its church and
priest, its cominon field and commons. Many of
the houses were picturesque cottages built of
limestone. The ancient village is now extinct;
yet, near the outlet of a creek which runs through
the bluff, may be seen the vestiges of a water mill,
said to have been erected by the Jesuits during
the days of French occupation.
PRE'nTICE, WilUam S., Methodist Episcopal
clergyman, was born in St. Clair County, 111., in
1819; licensed as a Methodist preacher in 1849,
and filled pastorates at Paris, Danville, Carlin-
ville, Springfield, Jacksonville and other places —
the latter part of his life, serving as Presiding
Elder; was a delegate to the General Conference
of 1860, and regularly re-elected from 1872 to the
end of his life. During the latter part of his life
his home was in Springfield. Died, June 28, 1887.
PRENTISS, Benjamin Mayberry, soldier, was
born at Belleville, Wood County, Va., Nov. 23,
1819; in 1835 accompanied his parents to Mis-
souri, and, in 1841, removed to Quincy, III., where
he learned a trade, afterwards embarking in the
commission business. In 1844-4.5 he was Lieuten-
ant of a company sent against the IMormons at
Nauvoo, later serving as Captain of Volunteers in
the :\rexican War. In 1860 he was an unsuccess-
ful Republican candidate for Congress; at the
outbreak of the Civil War tendered his services
to Governor Yates, and was commissioned Colonel
of the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, was almost
immediately promoted to Brigadier-General and
placed in command at Cairo, so continuing until
relieved by General Grant, in September, 1861.
At the battle of Shiloh, in April following, he
was captured with most of his command, after a
most vigorous fight with a superior rebel force,
but, in 1862, was exchanged and brevetted Major-
General of Volunteers. He was a member of the
court-martial that tried Gen. Fitzjolm Porter,
and, as commander at Helena, Ark. , defeated the
Confederate Generals Holmes and Price on July
3, 1863. He resigned his commission, Oct. 28,
1863. In 1869 he was appointed by President
Grant Pension Agent at Quincy, serving four
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
433
years. At present (1898) General Prentiss" resi-
dence is at Bethany, Mo., where he served as
Postmaster, during the admini-stration of Presi-
dent Benjamin Harrison, and was reappointed by
President Mc-Kinley. Died Feb. 8, 1901.
PKESIDF.XTI.VL ELECTORS. (See Elections.)
PKtSBYTERIAX HOSPITAL, located at Chi-
cago, was organized in 1883 by a number of
wealthy and liberal Presbyterians, "for the pur-
pose of affording medical and sui-gical aid to sick
and disabled persons, and to provide them, while
inmates of the hospital, with the ministrations
of the gospel, agreeably to the doctrines and
forms of the Presbyterian Church"' Rush Med-
ical College offered a portion of its ground as a site
(see Rush Medical College), and through generous
subscriptions, a well-planned building was
erected, capable of accommodating about 250
patients. A corridor connects the college and
hospital buildings. The medical staff comprises
eighteen of Chicago's best known physicians and
surgeons.
PRESBTTERIAXS, THE. The first Presby-
terian society in Illinois was organized by Rev.
James McGready, of Kentucky, in 1816, at
Sharon, White County. Revs. Samuel J. Mills
and Daniel Smith, also Presbyterians, had visited
the State in 1814, as representatives of the Massa-
chusetts Missionary Society, but had formed no
society. The members of the Sharon church
were almost all immigrants from the South, and
were largely of Scotch-Irish extraction. Two
other churches were established in 1819 — one at
Shoal Creek, Bond Count}', and the other at
Edwardsville. In 1825 there were but three
Presbyterian ministers in Illinois — Revs. Stephen
Bliss, Jolm Brich and B. F. Spilman. Ten years
later there were SO churches, with a membership
of 2,500 and CO ministers. In 1880 the number of
churches had increased to 487; but, in 1890. (as
shown by the United States census) there were
less. In the latter year there were 405 ministers
and 52,945 members. The Synod of Illinois is the
highest ecclesiastical com-t of the denomination
in the State, and, rmder its jurisdiction, the
church maintains two seminaries: one (the 3Ic-
Cormick) at Chicago, and the other (the Black-
burn University) at CarUnville. The organ of
the denomination is "The Interior,"' founded by
Cyrus H. McCormick, and published weekly at
Chicago, with William C. Gray as editor. The
Illinois Synod embraced within its jurisdiction
(1895) eleven Presbyteries, to which were attached
483 churches, 464 ministers and a membership of
63,247. (See also Religious Denominations.)
PRICKETT, Aliraliaiu, pioneer merchant, was
born near Lexington, Ky., came to Madison
County, 111., in 1808; was employed for a time in
the drug business in St. Louis, then opened a
store at Edwardsville, where, in 1813, he received
from the first County Court of Madison County,
a license to retail merchandise. In 1818, he served
as one of the three Delegates from Madison
County to the Convention which framed the first
State Constitution, and, the same year, was
elected a Representative in the First General
Assembly; was also Postmaster of the town of
Edwardsville for a number of years. In 1825 he
removed to Adams Count}' and laid out an addi-
tion to the city of Quincy; was also engaged
there in trade with the Indians. In 1836, while
engaged on a Government contract for the re-
moval of snags and other obstructions to the navi-
gation of Red River, he died at Natchitoches, La.
—George W. (Prickett) a son of the preceding,
and afterwards a citizen of Chicago, is said to
have been the first white child born in Edwards-
ville.—Isaac (Prickett), a brother of Abraham,
came to St. Louis in 1815, and to Edwardsville in
1818, where he was engaged in mercantile busi-
ness with his brother and, later, on his own
account. He held the offices of Postmaster, Pub-
lic Administrator, Quartermaster-General of
State Militia, In.spector of the State Penitentiary,
and, from 1838 to '42, was Receiver of Public
Moneys at Edwardsville, dying in 1844.
PRICKETT, David, pioneer lawyer, was born
in Franklin County, Ga., Sept. 21, 1800; in earh-
childhood was taken by his parents to Kentucky
and from there to Edwardsville, lU. He gradu-
ated from Transylvania University, and, in 1821,
began the practice of law ; was the first Supreme
Court Reporter of Illinois, Judge of the Madison
County Probate Court, Representative in the
General Assembly (1826-28), Aid-de-Camp to
General Whiteside in the Black Hawk War,
State's Attorney for Springfield Judicial Circuit
(1837), Treasurer of the Board of Canal Commis-
sioners (1840), Director of the State Bank of IIH-
uois (1842), Clerk of the House of Representatives
for ten sessions and Assistant Clerk of the same
at the time of his death, March 1, 1847.
PRIXCE, David, physician and surgeon, was
born in Brooklyne, Windham County, Conn.,
June 21, 1816; removed with his parents to
Canandaigua, N. Y., and was educated in the
academy there ; began the study of medicine in
the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New
York, finishing at the Ohio Medical College, Cin-
cinnati, where he was associated, for a year and a
434
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
half, with the celebrated surgeon, Dr. Muzzy. In
1843 he came to Jacksonville, 111., and, for two
years, was Professor of Anatomy in the Medical
Department of Illinois College; later, spent five
years practicing in St. Louis, and lecturing on
surgery in the St. Louis Medical College, when,
returning to Jacksonville in 1852, he established
himself in practice there, devoting special atten-
tion to surgery, in which he had already won a
wide reputation. During the latter part of the
Civil War he served, for fourteen months, as
Brigade Surgeon in the Army of the Potomac,
and, on the capture of a portion of his brigade,
voluntarily surrendered himself that he might
attend the captives of his command in Libby
Prison. After the close of the war he was
employed for some months, by the Sanitary Com-
mission, in writing a medical history of the war.
He visited Europe twice, first in 1881 as a dele-
gate to the International Medical Congress in
London, and again as a member of the Copen-
hagen Congress of 1884 — at each visit making
careful inspection of the hospitals in London,
Paris, and Berlin. About 1867 he established a
Sanitarium in Jacksonville for the treatment of
surgical cases and chronic diseases, to which he
gave the closing years of his life. Thoroughly
devoted to his profession, liberal, public-spirited
and sagacious in the adoption of new methods, he
stood in the front rank of his profession, and his
death was mourned by large numbers who had
received the benefit of his ministrations without
money and without price. He was member of
a number of leading professional associations,
besides local literarj- and social organizations.
Died, at Jacksonville, Dec. 19, 1889.
PRINCE, Edward, lawyer, was born at West
Bloomfield, Ontario County, N. Y., Dec. 8, 1832;
attended school at Pay son, 111., and Illinois Col-
lege, Jacksonville, graduating from the latter in
1852; studied law at Quincy, and after admission
to the bar in 1853, began dealing in real estate.
In 1861 he offered his services to Governor Yates,
was made Captain and Drill-master of cavalry
and. a few months later, commissioned Lieuten-
ant-Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, tak-
ing part, as second in command, in the celebrated
"Grier.son raid" through Mississippi, in 1863,
serving until discharged with the rank of Colonel
of his regiment, in 1864. After the war he gave
considerable attention to engineering and the
construction of a system of water-works for the
city of Quincy, where he now resides.
PRINCE, (jJeorge W., lawyer and Congressman,
born in Tazewell County, 111., March 4, 18.54; was
educated in the public schools and at Knox Col-
lege, graduating from the latter in 1878. He
then studied law and was admitted to the bar in
1880 ; was elected City Attorney of Galesburg the
following year ; served as chairman of the Knox
County UepubUcan Central Committee in 1884,
and, in 1888, was elected Representative in the
General Assembly and re-elected two years later.
In 1892 he was the Republican nominee for
Attorney-General of the State of Illinois, but was
defeated with the rest of the State ticket ; at
a special election, held in April, 1895, he was
chosen Representative in Congress from the
Tenth District to fill the vacancy caused by the
death of Col. Philip Sidney Post, which had
occurred in January preceding. In common with
a majority of his colleagues, Mr. Prince was
re-elected in 1896, receiving a plurality of nearly
16,000 votes, and was elected for a third term in
November, 1898.
PRINCETON, a city and the county-seat of
Bureau County, on the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroad, 22 miles west-southwest of
Mendota, and 104 miles west-southwest of Chi-
cago; has a court house, gas-works, electric
lights, graded and high schools, numerous
churches, three newspapers and several banks.
Coal is mined five miles east, and the manufac-
tures include flour, carriages and farm imple-
ments. Pop. (1890), 3,396; (1900), 4,023. Prince-
ton is populated with one of the most intelligent
and progressive comm\inities in the State. It
was the home of Owen Lovejoy during the greater
part of his life in Illinois.
PRINCETON & WESTERN RAILWAY. (See
Chicago A- Xorthwentcrn Railway.)
PRINCEVILLE, a village of Peoria County, on
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Rock
Island & Peoria Railways, 22 miles northwest of
Peoria; is a trade center for a prosperous agricul-
tural region. Population (1890), 041; (1900), 735
PROPHETSTOWN, a town in Whiteside
County, on Rock River and the Fulton Bianch
of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railroiul, 45
miles northwest of Mendota; has some manu-
factures, three banks and two newspapers. Pop.
(1890), 604; (190(1). 1,143.
PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION.
3Ii)writi/ Rcpr,.-<,„tatinn.)
PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH
pioneer Episcopal clergyman in this State ^
Rt. Rev. Philander Chase, who was made
of Illinois in 1835, and was the founder of Jubi-
lee CoUege. (See Cliase, Rev. Philander.) The
State at present is organized under the provincial
(Se
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
435
sj'stem, the province comprising tlie dioceses of
Chicago, Quiucy and Springfield. At its head
(1898) is the Kt. Kev. William E. McLaren, Bishop
of Chicago. Rev. George F. Seymour of Spring-
field is Bishop of the Springfield Diocese, with
C. R. Hale, Coadjutor at Cairo, and Rev. Alex-
ander Burgess, Bishop of the Quincy Diocese, with
residence at Peoria. The numerical strength of
the church in Illinois is not great, although
between 1880 and 1890 its membership was almost
doubled. In 1840 there were but eighteen
parishes, with thirteen clergymen and a member-
ship of 367. By 1880 the number of parishes had
increased to 89, there being 127 ministers and
9,842 communicants. The United States Censiis
of 1890 showed the following figures : Parishes,
197; clergymen, 150, membership, 18,609. Total
contributions (1890) for general church and mis-
sion work, §373,798. The chief educational insti-
tution of the denomination in the West is the
Western Theological Seminary at Chicago. (See
also Religious Denominations.)
PRIOR, Joseph Everett, pioneer and early
steamboat captain, was born in Virginia, August
10, 1787 — the son of a non-commissioned officer of
the Revolution, who emigrated to Kentucky about
1790 and settled near Louisville, which was then
a fort with some twenty log cabins. In 1813 the
son located where Golconda, Pope County, now
and early in life adopted the calling of a
which he pursued some forty years.
At this time he held a commission as a "Falls
Pilot," and piloted the first steamer that ascended
the Ohio River from New Orleans. During his
long service no accident happened to any steamer
for which he was responsible, although the Mis-
sissippi then bristled with snags. He owned and
commanded the steamer Telegraph, which was
sunk, in 1835, by collision with the Duke of
Orleans on the Mississippi, but, owing to his pres-
ence of mind and the good discipline of his crew,
no lives were lost. The salient features of his
character were a boundless benevolence mani-
fested to others, and his dauntless courage, dis-
played not only in the face of dangers met in his
career as a boatman, but in his encounters with
robbers who then infested portions of Southern
Illinois. He had a reputation as a skillful pilot
and popular commander not excelled by any of
his contemporaries. He died, at his home in Pope
County, Oct. 5, 1851, leaving one daughter, now
Mrs. Cornelia P. Bozman. of Cairo, 111.
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, SUPERINTEND-
ENTS OF. (See Superintendents of Public
Instruction.)
PU(iH, Isaac C, .soldier, was born in Christian
County, Ky., Nov. 23, 1805; came to Illinois, in
1821, with his father, who first settled in Shelby
County, but, in 1829, removed to Macon County,
where the subject of this sketch resided until his
death, at Decatur, Nov. 14, 1874. General Pugh
served in three wars — first in the Black Hawk
War of 1832 ; then, with the rank of Captain and
Field Officer in the Fourth Regiment Illinois
Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) in the war with
Mexico, and, during the Civil War, entering upon
the latter as Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois
Volunteer Infantry, in September, 1861, and
being mustered out with the rank of full Briga-
dier-General in August, 1864, when his regiment
was consolidated with the Fifty-third. He took
part with his regiment in the battles of Fort
Donelson and Shiloh, and in the operations
around Vicksburg, being wounded at the latter.
In the year of his retirement from the army
(1864) he was elected a Representative in the
Twent3'-fourth General Assembl}', and, the fol-
lowing year, was chosen County -Clerk of Macon
County, serving four years.
PUtiH, Jonathan H., pioneer lawyer, was born
in Bath County, Ky., came to Bond County, 111.,
finally locating at Springfield in 1823, and being
the second lawj^er to establish himself in practice
in that city. He served in the Third, Fifth,
Sixth and Seventh General Assemlilies, and was
defeated for Congress by Joseph Duncan (after-
wards Governor), in 1831. Died, in 1833. Mr.
Pugh is described by his contemporaries as a man
of brilliant parts, an able lawyer and a great wit.
PULASKI COUNTY, an extreme southern
county and one of the smallest in the State,
bordering on the Ohio River and having an area
of 190 square miles and a population (1900), of
14,554. It was cut off from Alexander County in
1843, and named in honor of a Polish patriot who
had aided the Americans during the Revolution.
The soil is generally rich, and the surface varied
with much low land along the Cache and the Ohio
Rivers. Wheat, corn and fruit are the principal
crops, while considerable timber is cut upon the
bottom lands. Mound Citj' is the county-seat
and was conceded a population, by the census of
1890, of 2,550. Only the lowest, barren portion of
the carboniferous formation extends under the
soil, the coal measures being absent. Traces of
iron have been found and sulphur and copperas
springs abound.
PULLMAN, a former suburb (now a part of
the South Division) of the city of Chicago, 13.8
miles south of the initial station of the Illinois
43G
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Central Railroad. The Pullman Palace Car Com-
pany began the erection of buildings here in 1880,
and, on the 1st of January, 1881, the first family
settled in the future manufacturing city. Within
the next few years, it became the center of the
largest manufacturing establishments in the
country, including the Pullman Car Works, the
Allen Paper Car Wheel Works and extensive
steel forging works, employing thousands of
mechanics. Large numbers of sleeping and din-
ing cars, besides ordinary passenger coaches and
freight cars, were manufactured here every year,
not only for use on the railroads of the United
States, but for foreign countries as well. The
town was named for the late George M. Pullman,
the founder of the car-works, and was regarded
as a model city, made up of comfortable homes
erected by the Palace Car Company for the use of
its employes. It was well supplied with school-
houses, and churches, and a public library was
established there and opened to the public in
1883. The town was annexed to the city of Chi-
cago in 1890.
PULLMAN, George Mortimer, founder of the
Pullman Palace Car Company, was born at Broc-
ton, N. Y., March 3, 1831, enjoyed ordinary edu-
cational advantages in his boyhood and, at
fourteen years of age, obtained employment as a
clerk, but a year later joined his brother in the
cabinet-making business at Albion. His father,
who was a house-builder and house-mover, hav-
ing died in 1853, young Pullman assumed the
responsibility of caring for the family and, hav-
ing secured a contract for raising a number of
buildings along the Erie Canal, made necessary
by the enlargement of that thoroughfare, in this
way acquired some capital and experience which
was most valuable to him in after years. Com-
ing to Chicago in 1859, when the work of raising
the grade of the streets in the business portion of
the city had been in progress for a year or two,
he found a new field for the exercise of his
inventive skill, achieving some marvelous trans-
formations in a number of the principal business
blocks in that part of the city. As early as 1858,
Mr. Pullman had had his attention turned to
devising some means for increasing the comforts
of night-travel upon railways, and, in 1859, he
remodeled two old day-coaches into a species of
sleeping-cars, which were used upon the Alton
Road. From 1860 to 1863 he spent in Colorado
devoting his engineering skill to mining; but
returning to Chicago the latter year, entered
upon his great work of developing the idea of the
sleeping-car into practical reality. The first
; completed and received the name of the
This car constituted a part of the
funeral train which took the remains of Abraham
Lincoln to Springfield, 111. , after his assassination
in April, 1865. The development of the "Pull-
man palace sleeping-car," the invention of the
dining-car, and of vestibule trains, and the build-
ing up of the great industrial town which bears
his name, and is now a part of the city of Chi-
cago, constituted a work of gradual development
which resulted in some of the most remarkable
achievements in the history of the nineteenth
century, both in a business sense and in promot-
ing the comfort and safety of the traveling pub-
lic, as well as in bettering the conditions of
workingmen. He lived to see the results of his
inventive genius and manufacturing skill in use
upon the principal railroads of the United States
and introduced upon a number of important lines
in Europe also. Mr. Pullman was identified with
a number of other enterprises more or less closely
related to the transportation business, but the
Pullman Palace Car Company was the one with
which he was most closely connected, and by
which he will be longest remembered. He was
also associated with some of the leading educa-
tional and benevolent enterprises about the city
of Chicago, to which he contributed in a liberal
manner dm'ing his life and in his will. His
death occui'red suddenly, from heart disease, at
his home in Cliicago, Oct. 19, 1897.
PURPLE, Norman H., lawyer and jurist, was
born in Litchfield County, Conn., read law and
was admitted to the bar in Tioga County, Pa.,
settled at Peoria, 111. , in 1836, and the following
year was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for the
Ninth Judicial District, which then embraced
the greater portion of the State east of Peoria.
In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector, and, in
1845, Governor Ford appointed him a Justice of
the Supi'eme Court, vice Jesse B. Thomas, Jr.,
who had resigned. As required by law, he at the
same time served as Circuit Judge, his district
embracing all the counties west of Peoria, and
his home being at Quincy. After the adoption of
the Constitution of 1848 he returned to Peoria and
resumed practice. He comiiiled the Illinois
Statutes relating to real property, and, in 1857,
made a compilation of the general laws, gener-
ally known to the legal profession as the "Purple
Statutes." He subsequently undertook to com-
pile and arrange the laws passed from 1857 to '63,
and was engaged on this work when overtaken
by death, at Chicago, Aug 9, 1863. He was a
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1863,
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
437
and, during the last ten years of his life, promi-
nent at the Chicago bar.
PUTERBAUGH, Sabiu D., judge and author,
was born in Miami County, Ohio, Sept. 28, 1834;
at 8 years of age removed with his parents to Taze-
well County, 111 ; settled in Pekin in 1853, where
he read law, and was admitted to the bar in 18.56.
At the outbreak of the rebellion he was commis-
sioned, by Governor Yates, Major of the Eleventh
Illinois Cavab-y, and took part in numerous
engagements in Western Tennessee and Missis-
sippi, including the battles of Shilob and Corinth.
Resigning his commission in 18G3, he took up his
residence at Peoria, where he resumed practice
and began the preparation of his first legal work
— "Common Law Pleading and Practice." In
1864 he formed a partnership with Col. Robert G.
IngersoU, which continued until 1807, when Mr.
Puterbaugh was elected Circuit Court Judge.
He retired from the bench in 1873 to resume pri-
vate practice and pursue his work as an author.
His first work, having already run through three
editions, was followed by "Puterbaugh's Chan-
cery Pleading and Practice," the first edition of
which appeared in 1874, and "Michigan Chancery
Practice," which appeared in 1881. In 1880 he
W8,s chosen Presidential Elector on the Republi-
can ticket. Died, Sept. 2.5, 1893. Leslie D.
(Puterbaugh), a son of Judge Puterbaugh, is
Judge of the Circuit Court of the Peoria Circuit.
PUTNAM COUNTY, the smallest county in the
State, both as to area and population, containing
only 170 square miles; population (1900), 4,746.
It lies near the center of the north half of the
State, and was named in honor of Gen. Israel
Putnam. The first American to erect a cabin
within its limits was Gurdon S. Hubbard, who
was in business there, as a fur-trader, as early as
1825, but afterwards became a prominent citizen
of Chicago. The county was created by act of
the Legislature in 1825, although a local govern-
ment was not organized until some years later.
Since that date. Bureau, IMarshall and Stark
Counties have been erected therefrom. It is
crossed and drained by the Illinois River. The
surface is moderately undulating and the soil
fertile. Corn is the chief staple, although wheat
and oats are extensively cultivated. Coal is
mined and exported. Hennepin is the county-
seat.
QUINCT, the principal city of Western Illinois,
and the county- seat of Adams County. It was
founded in 1822— the late Gov. John Wood erect-
ing the first log-cabin there — and was incorporated
in 1839. The site is naturally one of the most beauti-
ful in tlie State, the principal part of the city being
built on a limestone bluff having an elevation
of 125 to 150 feet, and overlooking the Mississippi
for a long distance. Its location is 113 miles west
of Springfield and 264 miles southwest of Chi-
cago. Besides being a principal shipping point
for the river trade north of St. Louis, it is the
converging point of several important railway
lines, including the Wabash, four branches of the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Quincy,
Omaha & Kansas City, giving east and west, as
well as north and south, connections. At the
present time (1904) several important lines, or
extensions of raih-oads already constructed, are in
contemplation, which, when completed, will add
largely to the commercial importance of the city.
The city is regularly laid out, the streets inter-
secting each other at right angles, and being
lighted with gas and electricity. Water is
obtained from the Mississippi. There are several
electric railway lines, four public jsarks, a fine
railway bridge across the Mississippi, to which a
wagon bridge has been added within the past two
years ; two fine railway depots, and several elegant
public buildings, including a handsome county
court-hoiise, a Government building for the use
of the Post-office and the United States District
Court. The Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home
is located here, embracing a large group of cot-
tages occupied by veterans of the Civil War,
besides hospital and administration buildings for
the use of the officers. The city has more than
thirty churches, three libraries (one free-public
and two college), with excellent schools and
other educational advantages. Among the
higher institutions of learning are the Chaddock
College (Methodist Episcopal) and the St. Francis
Solanus College (Roman Catholic). There are
two or three national banks, a State bank with a
capital of §300,000, beside two private banks, four
or five daily papers, with several weekly and one
or two monthly publications. Its advantages as a
shipping point by river and railroad have made it
one of the most important manufacturing cen-
ters west of Chicago. The census of 1890 showed
a total of 374 manufacturing establishments,
having an aggregate capital of §6,187,845, employ-
ing 5,058 persons, and turning out an annual
product valued at 810,160,493. The cost of
material used was 83,597,990, and the wages paid
82,383,571. The number of different industries
reported aggregated seventy-six, the more impor-
tant being foundries, carriage and wagon fac-
tories, agTicultui-al implement works, cigar and
438
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
tobacco factories, flour-mills, breweries, brick-
yards, lime works, saddle and harness shops,
paper mills, furniture factories, organ works, and
artificial-ice factories. Population (1880), 27,268;
(1890), 31,494; (1900), 36,252.
QUINCT, ALTON & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD.
(See Chicago, Burlington & Qidncij Railroad.)
QUIXCT & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chi-
cago. Burlington d- Quincy Railroad.)
QUI>'CY & TOLEDO RAILROAD. (See
Waba.ih Railroad. )
QUIJfCT & WARSAW RAILROAD. (See
Chicago, Burlington d- Quincy Railroad.)
RAAB, Henry, ex-State Superintendent of
Public Instruction, was born in Wetzlar, Rhen-
ish Prussia, June 20, 1837; learned the trade of a
currier with his father and came to the United
States Ln 18.53, finally locating at Belleville, 111.,
where, in 1857, he became a teacher in the pub-
lic schools; in 1873 was made Superintendent of
schools for that city, and, in 1882, was elected
State Superintendent of Public Instruction on
the Democratic ticket, declined a renomination
in 1886; was nominated a second time in 1890,
and re-elected, but defeated by S. M. Inglis in
1894. In the administration of his oftice. Pro-
fessor Raab showed a commendable freedom from
partisanship. After retiring from the office of
State Superintendent, he resumed a position in
connection with the public schools of Belleville.
RADISSON, Pierre Esprit, an early French
traveler and trader, who is said to have readied
the Upper IMississippi on his third voyage to the
West in 1658-59. The period of his explorations
extended from 1652 to 1684, of which he prepared
a narrative which was published by the Prince
Society of Boston in 1885, under the title of
"Radisson's Voyages." He and his brother-in-
law, Medard Chouart, first conceived the idea of
planting a settlement at Hudson's Bay. (See
Chouart, 3Iedard.)
RAILROAD AND WAREHOUSE COMMIS-
SION, a Board of three Commissioners, appointed
by the executive (by and with the advice and con-
sent of the Senate), under authority of an act ap-
proved, April 13, 1871, for the enforcement of the
provisions of the Constitution and laws in relation
to raih-oads and warehouses. The Commission's
powers are partly judicial, partly executive. The
following is a summary of its powers and duties:
To establish a schedule of maximum rates, equi-
table to shipper and carrier alike; to require
yearly reports from railroads and warehouses;
to hear and pass upon complaints of extortion and
unjust discrimination, and (if necessary) enforce
prosecutions therefor; to secure the safe condi-
tion of railway road-beds, bridges and trestles: to
hear and decide all manner of complaints relative
to intersections and to protect grade-crossings;
to insure the adoption of a safe interlocking sys-
tem, to be approved by the Commission; to
enforce proper rules for the inspection and regis-
tration of grain throughout the State. The prin-
cipal offices of the Commission are at the State
capital, where monthly sessions are held. For
the purpose of properly conducting the grain
inspection department, montlily meetings are
also held at Chicago, where the offices of a Grain
Inspector, appointed by the Board, are located.
Here all business relating to this department is
discussed and necessary special meetings are
held. The inspection department has no revenue
outside of fees, but the latter are ample for its
maintenance. Fees for inspection on arrival
("inspection in") are twenty -five cents per car-
load, ten cents per wagon-load, and forty cents
per 1,000 bushels from canal-boat or vessels. For
inspection from store ("inspected out") the fees
are fifty cents per 1,000 bushels to vessels;
thirty-five cents per car-load, and ten cents per
wagon-load to teams. While there are never
wanting some cases of friction between the trans-
portation companies and warehousemen on the
one hand, and the Commission on the other,
there can be no question that the formation of
the latter has been of great value to the receiv-
ers, shippers, forwarders and tax-payers of the
State generally. Similar regulations in regard to
the inspection of grain in warehouses, at East St.
Louis and Peoria, are also in force. The first
Board, created under the act of 1871, consisted of
Gustavus Koerner, Richard P. Morgan and David
S. Hammond, holding office until 1873. Other
Boards have been as follows: 1873-77 — Henry D.
Cook (deceased 1873, and succeeded by James
Steele), David A. Brown and Jolm M. Pearson;
1877-83— William M. Smith. George M. Bogue and
John H. Oberly (retired 1881 and succeeded by
William H. Robinson) ; 1883-8.5— Wm. N. Brain-
ard, E. C. Lewis and Charles T. Stratton ; 1885-89
—John I. Rinaker, Benjamin F. Marsh and Wm. T.
Johnson (retired in 1887 and succeeded by Jason
Rogers); 1889-93— Jolm R. Wheeler, Isaac N.
Phillips and W^. S. Crim (succeeded, 1891, by John
R. Tanner) ; 1893-97— W. S. Cantrell, Thomas F.
Gahan and Charles F. Lape (succeeded, 1895, by
George W. Fithian) ; 1897-99— Cicero J. Lindley,
Charles S. RanneUs and James E. Bidwell. (See
also Orain Inspection.)
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
4:5£
RAILROADS (IN GENERAL). The existing
raib-oad system of Illinois had its inception in the
mania for internal improvement which swept
over the country in 1836-37, the basis of the plan
adopted in Illinois (as in the Eastern States) being
that the State should construct, maintain, own
and operate an elaborate system. Lines were to
be constructed from Cairo to Galena, from Alton
to Mount Carmel, from Peoria to Warsaw, from
Alton to the Central Railroad, from Belleville
to Motmt Carmel, from Bloomington to Jlack-
inaw Town, and from Meredosia to Springfield.
The experiment proved extremely unfortunate
to the financial interests of the State, and laid the
foundation of an immense debt under which it
staggered for many years. The Northern Cross
Railroad, extending from Meredosia to Spring-
field, was the only one so far completed as to be in
operation. It was sold, in 1847, to Nicholas H.
Ridgely, of Springfield for §21,100, he being the
highest bidder. This line formed a nucleus of
the existing Wabash system. The first road to
be operated by private parties (outside of a prim-
itive tramway in St. Clair County, designed for
the transportation of coal to St. Louis) was the
Galena & Chicago Union, chartered in 1836. This
was the second line completed in the State, and
the first to run from Chicago. The subsequent
development of the railway system of Illinois
was at first gradual, then steady and finally
rapid. A succinct description of the various
lines now in operation in the State maj- be found
under appropriate headings. At present Illinois
leads all the States of the Union in the extent of
railways in operation, the total mileage (1897) of
main track being 10,785.43 — or 19 miles for each
100 square miles of territory and 25 miles for each
10,000 inhabitants — estimating the population
(1898) at four and a quarter millions. Every one
of the 103 counties of the State is traversed by at
least one railroad except three — Calhoun, Hardin
and Pope. The entire capitalization of the 111
companies doing business in the State in 1890,
(including capital stock, funded debt and current
liabilities), was 82,669,164,142— equal to §67,550
per mile. In 1894, fifteen owned and ten leased
lines paid dividends of from four to eight per
cent on common, and from four to ten per cent
on preferred, stock — the total amount thus paid
aggregating §25,321,752. The total earnings and
income, in Illinois, of all lines operated in the
State, aggregated §77,508,537, while the total
expenditure within the State was §71,463,367.
Of the 58,263,860 tons of freight carried, 11,611,-
798 were of agricultural products and 17,179,366
mineral products. The number of passengers
(earning revenue) carried during the year, was
83,281,655. The total number of railroad em-
ployes (of all classes) was 61,200. The entire
amount of taxes paid bj^ railroad companies for
the year was §3,846,379. From 1836, when the
first special charter was granted for the con-
struction of a railroad in Illinois, until 1869 —
after which all corporations of this character
came under the general incorporation laws of the
State in accordance with the Constitution of 1870
— 293 special charters for the construction of
railroads were granted by the Legislature, besides
numerous amendments of charters ab-eady in
existence. (For the history of important indi-
vidual lines see each road under its corporate
name. )
RALSTON, Virgil Young, editor and soldier,
was born, July 16, 1828, at Vancebm'g, Ky. ; was
a student in Illinois College one year (1846-47),
after which he studied law in Quincy and prac-
ticed for a time ; also resided some time in Cali-
fornia; 1855-57 was one of the editors of "The
Quincy Whig," and represented that paper in the
Editorial Convention at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856.
(See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) In
1861, he was commissioned a Captain in the Six-
teenth Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned on
account of ill-health ; later, enlisted in an Iowa
regiment, but died in hospital at St. Louis, from
wounds and exposure, April 19, 1864.
RAMSAY, Rufus N., State Treasurer, was born
on a farm in Clinton County, 111., May 20, 1838;
received a collegiate education at Illinois and
McKendree Colleges, and at Indiana State Uni-
versity ; studied law with ex -Gov. A. C. French,
and was admitted to the bar in 1865, but soon
abandoned the law for banking, in which he was
engaged both at Lebanon and Carlyle, limiting
his business to the latter place about 1890. He
served one term (from 1865) as County Clerk, and
two terms (1889 and "91) as Representative in the
General Assembly, and, in 1892, was nominated
as a Democrat and elected State Treasurer. Died
in office, at Carlyle, Nov. 11, 1894.
R.^>rSEY, a village of Fayette County, at the
intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo,
St. Louis & Western Railroads, 13 miles north of
"Vandalia; the district is agricultural; has one
newspaper. Pop. (1890), 598; (1900), 747.
RANDOLPH COUNTY, Ues in the southwest
section of the State, and borders on the Missis-
sippi River; area 560 square miles; nanaed for
Beverly Randolph. It was set off from St. Clair
County in 1795, being the second coimty organ-
440
mSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ized in the territory wliicli now constitutes the
State of Illinois. From the earliest period of Illi-
nois history, Randolph County has been a pivotal
point. lu the autumn of 1700 a French and
Indian settlement was established at Kaskaskia,
which subsequently became the center of French
influence in the Mississippi Valley. In 1723
Prairie du Rocher was founded by the French.
It was in Randolph County that Fort Chartres
was built, in 1720, and it was here that Col.
George Rogers Clark's expedition for the .seizure
of the "Illinois Country" met with success in the
capture of Kaskaskia. American immigration
began with the close of the Revolutionary War.
Among the early settlers were the Cranes (Icha-
bod and George), Gen. John Edgar, the Dodge
family, the Morrisons, and John Rice Jones.
Toward the close of the century came Shadrach
Bond (afterwards the fir.st Governor of the State)
with his imcle of the same name, and the
Menards (Pierre and Hippo lyte), the first of
whom subsequently became Lieutenant - Gov-
ernor. (See Bond, Shadrach; Menard, Pierre.)
In outline, Randolph County is triangular, while
its surface is diversified. Timber and building
stone are abundant, and coal underlies a consid-
erable area. Chester, the county-seat, a city of
3,000 inhabitants, is a place of considerable trade
and the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary.
The county is crossed by several railroad lines,
and transportation facilities are excellent. Pop-
ulation (1890), 25,049; (1900), 28,001.
RANSOM, (Gen.) Thomas Edward Greenfield,
soldier, was born at Norwich, Vt., Nov. 29, 1834;
educated at Norwich University, an institution
under charge of his father, who was later an
oflScer of the Mexican War and killed at Chapul-
tepeo. Having learned civil engineering, he
entered on his profession at Peru, 111., in 1851;
in 1855 became a member of the real-estate firm
of A. J. Galloway & Co., Chicago, soon after
removing to Fayette County, where he acted as
agent of the Illinois Central Railroad. Under
the first call for volunteers, in April, 1801, he
organized a company, which having been incor-
porated in the Eleventh Illinois, he was elected
Major, and. on the reorganization of the regiment
for the three-years' service, was commissioned
Lieutenant-Colonel, in this capacity having com-
mand of his regiment at Fort Donelson, where he
was severely wounded and won deserved pro-
motion to a colonelcy, as .successor to Gen. W. H.
L. Wallace, afterwards killed at Shiloh. Here
Colonel Ransom again distinguished himself by
his bravery, and though again wounded while
leading liis regiment, remained in command
through the day. His service was recognized by
promotion as Brigadier - General. He bore a
prominent part in the siege of Vicksburg and in
the Red River campaign, and, later, commanded
the Seventh Army Corps in the operations about
Atlanta, but finally fell a victim to disease and
his numerous wounds, dying in Chicago, Oct. 29,
1864, having previously received the brevet rank
of Major-General. General Ransom was con-
fessedly one of the most brilliant officers contrib-
uted by Illinois to the War for the Union, and
was pronounced, by both Grant and Sherman, one
of the ablest volunteer generals in their com-
mands.
RASTOUL, a city in Champaign County, at
the junction of the main line of the Illinois Cen-
tral Railroad, with its West Lebanon and Leroy
branch, 14 miles north-northeast of Champaign
and 114 miles south by west of Chicago. It has
a national bank, seven churches, opera house,
graded school, two weekly papers, machine shops,
flouring and flax mills, tile factories, and many
handsome residences. Pop. (1900), 1,207.
RASLE, Sebastian, a Jesuit missionary, born
in France, in 1658; at his own request was
attached to the French missions in Canada in
1689, and, about 1691 or "93, was sent to the Illi-
nois Country, where he labored for two years,
traveling much and making a careful study of
the Indian dialects. He left many manuscripts
descriptive of his journeyings and of the mode of
life and character of the aborigines. From Illi-
nois he was transferred to Norridgewock, Maine,
where he prepared a dictionary of the Abenaki
language in three volumes, which is now pre-
served in the library of Harvard College. His
influence over his Indian parishioners was great,
and his use of it, during the French and Indian
War, so incensed the English colonists in Massa-
chusetts that the Governor set a price upon his
head. On August 12, 1724, he was slain, with
seven Indian chiefs who were seeking to aid his
escape, during a night attack upon Norridge-
wock by a force of English soldiers from Fort
Richmond, his mutilated body being interred the
next day by the Indians. In 1833, the citizens of
Norridgewock erected a monument to his mem-
ory on the spot where he fell.
RASTER, Herman, journalist, was born in Ger-
many in 1828 ; entered journalism and came to
America in 1851, being employed on German
papers in Buffalo and New York City ; in 1867
accepted the position of editor-in-chief of "The
Chicago Staats Zeitung, " which he continued to
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
441
fill until June, 1890, when he went to Europe for
the benefit of his health, dying at Dresden, July
24, 1891. While employed on papers in this
country during the Civil War, he acted as the
American correspondent of papers at Berlin,
Bremen, Vienna, and other cities of Central
Europe. He served as delegate to both State and
National Conventions of the Republican party,
and, in 1869, received from President Cxrant the
appointment of Collector of Internal Revenue for
the Chicago District, but, during the later years
of his life, cooperated with the Democratic
party.
RAUCH, John Henry, physician and sanitary
expert, born in Lebanon, Pa., Sept. 4, 1828, and
graduated in medicine at the University of Penn-
sylvania, in 1849. The following year he removed
to Iowa, settling at Burlington. He was an
active member of the Iowa State Medical Society,
and, in 1851, prepared and published a "Report
on the Medical and Economic Botany of Iowa,"
and, later, made a collection of ichthyologio
remains of the Upper Mississippi and Missouri for
Professor Agassiz. From 1857 to 18G0 he filled
the chair of Materia Medica and Medical Botany
at Rush Medical College, Chicago, occupying the
same position in 1859 in the Chicago College of
Pharmacy, of which he was one of the organ-
izers. During the Civil War he served, until
1864, as Assistant Medical Director, first in the
Army of the Potomac, and later in Louisiana,
being brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at the close of
the struggle. Returning to Chicago, he aided in
reorganizing the city's health service, and, in
1867, was appointed a member of the new Board
of Health and Sanitary Inspector, serving until
1876. The latter year he was chosen President of
the American Public Health Association, and,
in 1877, a member of the newly created State
Board of Health of Illinois, and elected its first
President. Later, he became Secretary, and con-
tinued in that office during his connection with
the Board. In 1878-79 he devoted much attention
to the yellow-fever epidemic, and was instru-
mental in the formation of the Sanitary Council
of the Mississijipi, and in securing the adoption
of a system of river inspection by the National
Board of Health. He was a member of many
scientific bodies, and the author of numerous
monographs and printed addresses, chiefly in the
domain of sanitary science and preventive med-
icine. Among them may be noticed "Intra-
mural Interments and Their Influence on Health
and Eijidemics," "Sanitary Problems of Chi-
cago," "Prevention of Asiatic Cholera in North
America," and a series of reports as Secretary of
the State Board of Health. Died, at Lebanon,
Pa., March 24, 1894.
RAUM. (fcien.) (:«feen Berry, soldier and author,
was born at Golconda, Pope County, 111. , Dec. 3,
1829, studied law and was admitted to the bar in
1853, but, three years later, removed with his
family to Kansas. His Free-State proclivities
rendering him obnoxious to the pro-slavery party
there, he returned to Illinois in 1857, settling at
Harrisburg, Saline County. Early in the Civil
War he was commissioned a Major in the Fifty-
sixth Illinois Volunteers, was subsequently pro-
moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, and, later,
advanced to a Brigadier-Generalship, resigning
his commission at the close of the war (May 6,
18G5). He was with Rosecrans in the Mississippi
campaign of 1863, took a conspicuous part in the
battle of Corinth, participated in the siege of
Vicksburg and was wounded at Missionary Ridge.
He also rendered valuable service during the
Atlanta campaign, keeping lines of communi-
cation open, re-enforcing Resaca and repulsing an
attack by General Hood. He was with Sherman
in the "March to the Sea," and with Hancock, in
the Shenandoah Valley, when the war closed. In
1866 General Raum became President of the pro-
jected Cairo & Vincennes Railroad, an enterprise
of which he had been an active promoter. He
was elected to Congress in 1866 from the South-
ern Illinois District (then the Thirteenth), serv-
ing one term, and the same year presided over the
Republican State Convention, as he did again in
1876 and in 1880 — was also a delegate to the
National Conventions at Cincinnati and Chicago
the last two years just mentioned. From August
2, 1876, to May 31, 1883, General Raum served as
Commissioner of Internal Revenue at Washing-
ton, in that time having superintended the col-
lection of 8800,000,000 of revenue, and the
disbursement of §30.000,000. After retiring from
the Commissionership, he resumed the practice
of law in Washington. In 1889 he was appointed
Commissioner of Pensions, remaining to the
close of President Harrison's administration,
when he removed to Chicago and again engaged
in practice. During the various political cam-
paigns of the past thirty years, his services have
been in frequent request as a campaign speaker,
and he has canvassed a number of States in the
interest of the Republican party. Besides his
official reports, he is author of "The Existing
Conflict Between Republican Government and
Southern Oligarchy" (Washington, 1884), and a
number of magazine articles.
442
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIxV OF ILLINOIS.
RAUM, John, pioneer and early legislator, was
born in Hummelstown, Pa., July 14, 1793, and
died at Golconda, 111., March 14, 1869. Having
received a liberal education in his native State,
the subject of this sketch settled at Shawueetown.
Ill,, in 1823, but removed to Golconda, Pope
County, in 1826. He had previously served three
years in the War of 1813, as First Lieutenant of
the Sixteenth Infantry, and, while a resident of
Illinois, served in the Black Hawk War of 1833 as
Brigade Major. He was also elected Senator
from the District composed of Pope and Johnson
Counties in the Eighth General Assembly (1833),
as successor to Samuel Alexander, who had
resigned. The following year lie was appointed
Clerk of the Circuit Court of Pope County, and
was also elected Clerk of the County Court the
same year, holding both offices for many years,
and retaining the County Clerkship up to his
death, a period of thirty-five years. He was
married March 33, 1827, to Juliet C. Field, and
was father of Brig. -Gen. Green B. Raum, and
Maj. John M. Raum, both of whom served in the
volunteer army from Illinois during the Civil
War.
RAWLINS, John Aaron, soldier, Secretary of
War, was born at East Galena, Feb. 13, 1831, the
son of a small farmer, who was also a charcoal-
burner. The son, after irregular attendance on
the district schools and a year passed at Jlount
Morris Academy, began the study of law. He
was admitted to the bar at Galena in 1854, and at
once began practice. In 18.j7 he was elected City
Attorney of Galena, and nominated on the Doug-
las electoral ticket in 1860. At the outbreak of
the Civil War he favored, and publicly advocated,
coercive measures, and it is said that it was
partly through his influence that General Grant
early tendered his services to the Government.
He served on the staff of the latter from the time
General Grant was given command of a brigade
until the close of the war, most of the time being
its chief, and rising in rank, step by step, until,
in 1863, he became a Brigadier-General, and, in
1865, a Major-General. His long service on the
staff of General Grant indicates the estimation
in which he was held by his chief. Promptly on
the assumption of the Presidency by General
Grant, in March, 1869, he was appointed Secre-
tary of War, but consumption had already
obtained a hold upon his constitution, and he sur-
vived only six months, dying in office, Sept. 6,
1869.
RAT, Charles H., journalist, was born at Nor-
-ndch, Chenango County, N. Y., March 13, 1821;
came west in 1843, studied medicine and began
practice at Muscatine, Iowa, afterwards locating
in Tazewell County, 111., also being associated,
for a time, with the publication of a temperance
paper at Springfield. In 1847 he removed to
Galena, soon after becoming editor of "The
Galena Jeffer.sonian,"' a Democratic paper, with
which he remained until 1854. He took strong
ground against the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and, at
the session of the Legislature of 1855, served as
Secretary of the Senate, also acting as corre-
spondent of "The New York Tribune"; a few
months later became associated with Joseph
Medill and John C. Vaughan in the purchase and
management of "The Chicago Tribune,'" Dr. Ray
assuming the position of editor-in-chief. Dr.
Ray was one of the most trenchant and powerful
writers ever connected with the Illinois press,
and his articles exerted a wide influence dvu-ing
the period of the organization of the Republican
party, in which he was an influential factor. He
was a member of the Convention of Anti-Neb-
raska editors lield at Decatur, Feb. 33, 1856, and
served as C'liairman of the Committee on Reso-
lutions. (See Anti-Xcbraska Editorial Conven-
ti07i.) At the State Republican Convention held
at Bloomington, in May following, he was
appointed a member of the State Central Com-
mittee for that year ; was also Canal Trustee by
appointment of Governor Bissell, serving from
1837 to 1S61. In November, 1863, he severed his
connection with "The Tribune" and engaged in
oil speculations in Canada which proved finan-
cially disastrous. In 1865 he returned to the paper
as an editorial writer, remaining only for a short
time. In 1868 he assumed the management of
"The Chicago Evening Post." with which lie
remained identified until his death, Sept. 23,
1870.
RAY, Lyman Beecher, ex-Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor, was born in Crittenden County, Vt.,
August 17, 1831 ; removed to Illinois in 1852, and
has since been engaged in mercantile business in
this State. After filling several local offices he
was elected to represent Grundy County in the
lower house of the Twenty-eighth General
Assembly (1872), and, ten years later, was chosen
State Senator, serving from 1883 to 1887, and
being one of the recognized party leaders on the
floor. In 1888, he was elected Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor on the Republican ticket, his term expiring
in 1893. His home is at Morris, Grundy County.
RAY, William H., Congressman, was born in
Dutchess County, N. Y.. Dec. 14, 1813; grew to
manhood in his native State, receiving a limited
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
US
education; in 1834 removed to Rusliville, 111.,
engaging in business as a merchant and, later, as
a banker ; was a member of the first State Board
of Equalization (1867-69), and, in 1872, was
elected to Congress as a Republican, representing
his District from 1873 to 187.5. Died. Jan. 25,
1881.
RAYMOM), a village of Montgomery County,
on the St. Louis Division of the Wabash Railway,
50 miles southwest of Decatur; has electric lights,
some manufactures and a weekly paper. Con-
siderable coal is mined here and grain and fruit
grown in the surrounding country. Population
(1880), 543; (1890), 841; (1900), 906.
BAYMOND, (Rev.) Miner, D.D., clergyman
and educator, was born in Kew York City,
August 29, 1811, being descended from a family
of Huguenots (known by the name of "Rai-
monde"), who were expelled from France on
account of their religion. In his youth he
learned the trade of a shoemaker with his father,
at Rensselaerville, N. Y. He united with the
Methodist Episcopal Church at the age of 17,
later taking a course in the Wesleyan Academy
at Wilbraham, Mass., where he afterwards
became a teacher. In 1838 he joined the Xew
England Conference and, three years later, began
pastoral work at Worcester, subsequently occu-
pying pulpits in Boston and Westfield. In 1848,
on the resignation of Dr. Robert AUyn (after-
wards President of McKendree College and of the
Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon-
dale), Dr. Raymond succeeded to the principalship
of the Academy at Wilbraham, remaining there
until 1864, when he was elected to the chair of
systematic theology in the Garrett Biblical Insti-
tute at Evanston, 111., his connection with the
latter institution continuing until 189.5, when he
resigned. For some three years of this period he
served as pastor of the First Methodist Church
at Evanston. His death occurred, Nov. 25, 1897.
REAYIS, Logan Uriah, journali.st, was born
in the Sangamon Bottom, Mason County, 111.,
March 26, 1831 ; in 1855 entered the office of "The
Beardstown Gazette," later purchased an interest
in the paper and continued its publication under
the name of "The Central lUinoian," until 1857,
when he sold out and went to Nebraska. Return-
ing, in 1860, he repm-chased his old paper and
conducted it until 1866, when he sold out for the
last time. The remainder of his life was devoted
chiefly to advocating the removal of the National
Capital to St. Louis, which he did by lectures and
the publication of pamphlets and books on the
subject; also published a "Life of Horace
Greeley," another of General Harney, and two
or three other volumes. Died in St. Louis,
April 25, 1889.
RECTOR, the name of a prominent and influ-
ential family who lived at Kaskaskia in Terri-
torial days. According to Governor Reynolds,
who has left the most detailed account of them in
his "Pioneer History of Illinois," they consisted
of nine brothers and four daughters, all of whom
were born in Fauquier County, Va., some of
them emigrating to Ohio, while others came to
Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia in 1806. Reynolds
describes them as passionate and impulsive, but
possessed of a high standard of integrity and a
chivalrous and patriotic spirit. — William, the
oldest brother, and regarded as the head of the
family, became a Deputy Surveyor soon after
coming to Illinois, and took part in the Indian
campaigns between 1812 and 1814. In 1816 he
was appointed Surveyor-General of IlHnois, Mis-
souri and Arkansas, and afterwards removed to
St. Louis. — Stephen, another of the brothers,
was a Lieutenant in Captain Moore's Company
of Rangers in the War of 1812, while Charles
commanded one of the two regiments organized
by Governor Edwards, in 1812, for the expedition
against the Indians at the head of Peoria Lake.
— JTelson, still another brother, served in the
same expedition on the staff of Governor
Edwards. Stephen, already mentioned, was a
member of the expedition sent to strengthen
Prairie du Chien in 1814, and showed great com--
age in a fight with the Indians at Rock Island.
During the same year Nelson Rector and Captain
Samuel Whiteside joined Col. Zachary Taylor
(afterwards President) in an expedition on the
Upper Mississippi, iu which they came in conflict
with the British and Indians at Rock Island, in
which Captain Rector again displayed the cour-
age so characteristic of his family. On the 1st of
March, 1814, while in charge of a surveying party
on Saline Creek, in Gallatin County, according to
Reynolds, Nelson was ambushed by the Indians
and, though severely wounded, was carried away
by his horse, and recovered. — Elias, another mem-
ber of the family, was Governor Edwards' first
Adjutant-General, serving a few months in 1809,
when he gave place to Robert Morrison, but was
reappointed in 1810, serving for more than three
years. — Thomas, one of the yoimger members,
had a duel with Joshua Barton on "Bloody
Island," sometime between 1812 and 1814, in
which he killed his antagonist. (See Duels.) A
portion of this historic family drifted into Arkan-
sas, where they became prominent, one of their
444
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
descendants serving as Governor of that State
during tlie Civil War period.
RED Bl'D, a city in Randolph County, on the
Mobile i Ohio Railroad, some 37 miles south-
southeast of St. Louis, and 21 miles south of Belle-
ville; has a carriage factory and two flouring
mills, electric lights, a hospital, two banks, five
churches, a graded school and a weekly news-
paper. Pop. (1890), 1,176; (1900), 1,169.
REEVES, Oweu T., lawyer and jurist, was
born in Ross County, Ohio, Deo. 18, 1839 ; gradu-
ated at the Ohio Wesleyan University, at Dela-
vpare, in 1850, afterwards serving as a tutor in
that institution and as Principal of a High
School at Chillicothe. In 185-4 he came to Bloom-
ington, 111., and, as a member of the School
Board, assisted in reorganizing the school system
of that city; also has served continuously, for
over 40 years, as one of the Trustees of the Illi-
nois Wesleyan University, being a part of the
time President of the Board. In the meantime, he
had begun the practice of law, served as City
Attorney and member of the Board of Supervis-
ors. July 1, 1863, he enlisted in the Seventieth
Illinois Volunteers (a 100-days' emergency regi-
ment), -was elected Colonel and mustered out,
with his command, in October, 1863. Colonel
Reeves was subsequently connected with the
construction of the Lafayette, Bloomington &
Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the Illinois
Central), and was also one of the founders of the
Law Department of the Wesleyan University.
In 1877 he was elected to the Circuit bench, serv-
ing continuously, by repeated re-elections, until
1891— during the latter part of his incumbency
being upon the Ai:)pellate bench.
REEVES, Walter, Member of Congress and
lawyer, was born near Brownsville, Pa., Sept. 25,
1848 ; removed to Illinois at 8 years of age and
was reared on a farm; later became a teacher
and lawyer, following his profession at Streator ;
in 1894 he was nominated by the Republicans of
the Eleventh District for Congress, as successor to
the Hon. Thomas J. Henderson, and was elected,
receiving a majority over three competitors.
Mr. Reeves was re-elected in 1896, and again in
1898.
REFORMATORY, ILLINOIS STATE, a prison
for the incarceration of male offenders under 31
years of age, who are believed to be susceptible of
reformation. It is the successor of the "State
Reform School," which was created by act of
the Legislature of 1867, but not opened for the
admission of inmates until 1871. It is located at
Pontiac. The number of inmates, in 1872, was 105,
which was increaseil to 324 in 1890. The results,
while moderately successful, were not altogether
satisfactory. The appropriations made for con-
struction, maintenance, etc., were not upon a
scale adequate to accomplish what was desired,
and, in 1891, a radical change was effected.
Previous to that date the Umit, as to age, was 16
years. The law establishing the present reforma-
tory provides for a system of indeterminate sen-
tences, and a release upon parole, of inmates
who, in the opinion of the Board of Managers,
may be safely granted conditional liberation.
The inmates are divided into two classes. (1)
those between the ages of 10 and 16, and (3) those
between 16 and 21. The Board of Managers is
composed of five members, not more than three of
whom shall be of the same party, their term of
office to be for ten years. The course of treat-
ment is educational (intellectually, morally and
industrially), schools being conducted, trades
taught, and the inmates constantly impressed
with the conviction that, only through genuine
and unmistakable evidence of improvement, can
they regain their freedom. The reformatory
influence of the institution may be best inferred
from the results of one year's operation. Of 146
inmates paroled, 15 violated their parole and
became fugitives, 6 were returned to the
Reformatory, 1 died, and 134 remained in
employment and regularly reporting. Among
the industries carried on are painting and glaz-
ing, masonry and plastering, gardening, knit-
ting, chair-caning, broom-making, carpentering,
tailoring and blacksmithing. The grounds of the
Reformatory contain a vein of excellent coal,
which it is proposed to mine, utilizing the clay,
thus obtained, in the manufactm-e of brick,
which can be employed in the construction of
additional needed buildings. The average num-
ber of inmates is about 800, and the crimes for
which they are sentenced range, in gravity, from
simple assault, or petit larceny, to the most seri-
ous offenses known to the criminal code, with
the exception of homicide. The number of
inmates, at the beginning of the year 1895, was
813. An institution of a similar cliaracter, for
the confinement of juvenile female offenders, was
established under an act of the Legislature
passed at the session of 1893, and located at Gen-
eva, Kane County. (See Home for Juvenile
Female Offenders.)
RELIGIOUS DE^OMI^ATIO^fS. The State
constitution contains the familiar guaranty of
absolute freedom of conscience. The chief
denominations have grown in like ratio with the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
415
population, as may be seen from figures given
below. Tiie earliest Christian services held were
conducted by Catholic missionaries, who attested
the sincerity of their convictions (in many
instances) by the sacrifice of their lives, either
through violence or exposure. The aborigines,
however, were not easily Christianized; and,
shortly after the cession of Illinois by France to
Great Britain, the Catholic missions, being gener-
ally withdrawn, ceased to exert much influence
upon the red men, although the French, who
remained in the ceded territory, continued to
adhere to their ancient faith. (See Early Mis-
sionaries. ) One of the first Protestant sects to
hold service in Illinois, was the Methodist Epis-
copal; Rev. Joseph Lillard coming to Illinois in
1793, and Rev. Hosea Riggs settling in the
American Bottom in 179t). (For history of
Methodism in Illinois, see Methodist Episcopal
Church.) The pioneer Protestant preacher,
however, was a Baptist — Elder James Smith—
who came to New Design in 1787. Revs. David
Badgley and Joseph Chance followed him in
1796, and the first denominational association
was formed in 1807. (As to inception and growth
of this denomination in Illinois, see also Bapi-
tists.) In 1814 the Massachusetts Missionary
Society sent two missionaries to Illinois — Revs.
Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith, Two years
later (1816), the First Presbyterian Church was
organized at Sharon, by Rev. James McGready,
of Kentucky. (See also Pi-esbyterians.) The
Congregationalists began to arrive with the tide
of immigration that set in from the Eastern
States, early in the '30's. Four churches were
organized in 1833, and the subsequent growth of
the denomination in the State, if gradual, has
been steady. (See Congregationalists.) About
the same time came the Disciples of Christ (some-
times called, from their founder, "Campbellites").
They encouraged free discussion, were liberal and
■warm hearted, and did not require belief in any
particular creed as a condition of membership.
The sect grew rapidly in numerical strength.
{See Discijolcs of Christ.) The Protestant Episco-
palians obtained their first foothold in Illinois, in
1835, when Rev. Philander Chase (afterward con-
secrated Bishop) immigrated to the State from
the East. (See Protestant Episcopal Church.)
The Lutherans in Illinois are chiefly of German
or Scandinavian birth or descent, as may be
inferred from the fact that, out of sixty-four
churches in Chicago under care of the Missouri
Synod, only four use the English language. They
are the only Protestant sect maintaining (when-
ever possible) a system of parochial schools. (See
Lutherans. ) There are twenty-six other religious
bodies in the State, exclusive of the Jews, who
have twelve synagogues and nine rabbis. Ac-
cording to the census statistics of 1890, these
twenty-six sects, with their numerical strength,
number of buildings, ministers, etc., are as fol-
lows: Anti-Mission Baptists, 3,800 members, 78
churches and 63 ministers; Chiu-ch of God, 1,200
members, 39 churches, 34 ministers; Dunkards,
121,000 members, 155 churches, 83 ministers;
Friends ("Quakers") 2,655 members, 25 churches;
Free Methodists, 1,805 members, 38 churches, 84
ministers; Free-Will Baptists, 4,694 members, 107
churches, 72 ministers; Evangelical Association,
15,904 members, 143 churches, 153 ministers;
Cmnberland Presbyterians, 11,804 members. 198
churches, 149 ministers; Methodist Episcopal
(South) 3,927 members, 34 churches, 33 minis-
ters; Moravians, 720 members, 3 churches, 3
ministers ; New Jerusalem Church (Swedenborgi-
ans), 663 members, 14 churches, 8 ministers;
Primitive Methodist, 230 members. 2 churches, 2
ministers; Protestant Methodist, 5,000 members,
91 churches, 106 ministers ; Reformed Church in
United States, 4,100 members, 34 churches, 19
ministers; Reformed Church of America, 2,200
members, 24 churches, 23 ministers; Reformed
Episcopalians, 2,150 members, 13 churches, 11
ministers; Reformed Presbyterians, 1,400 mem-
bers, 7 churches, 6 ministers; Salvation Army,
1,980 members; Second Adventists, 4,500 mem-
bers, 64 churches, 35 ministers; Seventh Day
Baptists, 320 members, 7 churches, 11 ministers;
Universalists, 3,160 members, 45 churches, 37
ministers; Unitarians, 1,225 members, 19
churches, 14 ministers; United Evangelical,
30,000 members, 129 churches, 108 ministers;
United Brethren, 16,500 members, 275 churches,
260 ministers; United Presbyterians, 11,250 mem-
bers, 203 churches, 199 ministers; Wesleyan
Methodists, 1,100 members, 16 churches, 33 min-
isters. (See various Churches under their proper
names; also Roman Catholic Church.)
RE>iD, William Patricli, soldier, capitalist,
and coal-operator, was born in County Leitrim,
Ireland, Feb. 10, 1840, brought to Lowell, Mass.,
in boyhood, and graduated from the high school
there at 17; taught for a time near New York
City and later in Maryland, where he began a
course of classical study. The Civil War coming
on, he enlisted in the Foiu'teenth Regiment New
York Volunteers, serving most of the time as a
non-commissioned officer, and participating in the
battles of the second Bull Run, Malvern Hill,
440
mSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville.
After the war )ie came to Chicago and secured
emjiloyment in a railway surveyor's office, later
acting as foreman of the Northwestern freight
depot, and finally embarking in the coal business,
wiiich was conducted with such success that he
became the owner of some of the most valuable
mining properties in the country. Meanwhile
lie has taken a deep interest in the welfare of
miners and other classes of laborers, and has
souglit to promote arbitration and conciliation
between employers and employed, as a means of
averting disastrous strikes. He was especially
active during the long strike of 1897, in efforts to
bring about an understanding between the
miners and the operators. For several years
he held a commission as Lieutenant-Colonel of
the Illinois National Guard until compelled, by
the demands of his private business, to tender
his resignation.
REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS.
Tlie tollowin(>; taljle presents the names, residence. Districts represented, politics (except as to earlier ones), and lengtli of
term or terms of service of Illinois Representatives in tiie lower House of Consiress, from tlie organization of Illinois
as a Territory down to the present time; (D, Democrat; W, Whig; E, Republican; G-B, Greenback; P, Populist).
Name.
Eesidence.
DIST. Term.
Kemarks.
Shadrach Bond
Kaskaskia
Territory l,si:-U
J^ade Kec'r of Pub. Moneys.
Beniamiu Stephenson
Edwardsville
Territory Isi4-Ui
Territory Il«ir..is
Josepli Duncan
Josepli Duncan
i^ 1 Duncan.
John Keynolds.'D:!;.;!!.;.'
llllevli;:
, : ,;:,;'
1 "■■■■! 1' nn completed by Keynolds.
Zadoc Casey, D
Mt. Vt'l :
Spri[iL-h, 1 !
" ' ■ ■ i . 1 - •■ ■ 1 .
John J. Hardin, W...
Edward D. Baker, W.
Edward D. Baker, W.
Richards. Male I lev,
Tliomp.son Campbell,
Richard Yates, W....
Ricliard Yates. W....
E. B. Washburne, R. .
E. B. Washburne, R..
J. L. D. Morrison
Samuels. Marsii
Samuel S. Marsh
Galena First ..
Galena Third. ,
'joliet iThird.,
Resigned, Dec., '(il; succeeded by A. L. Knapp.
Resigned, Dec, '4ti; succeeded by John
Served Baker's' une.xpired term.
. by Chas. D. Hodges.
To lill unexpired term of Richardson.
Died, Mar., 'C4; term fliled by E.C.IngersoU.
Filled unexpired term of Thos.'ij. Harris. '
HISTOEICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
James C. Kobinsoll, D...
James C. Robinson, D...
James C. Kobinson, D. . .
James C. Robinson, D...
Philip B. Fouke. D
John A. Logan, R
John A. Logan, D
Isaac N. Arnold, R
Isaac N. Arnold, R
William J. Allen, D
William J. Allen, D
A. L. Knapp, 1)
A. L. Knapp. D
Charles M. Harris, R ...
Ebon C. IngersoU, B ....
JohnE. Eden, D
JohnR. Eden, D
JohnR. Eden, D
Lewis W. Bos.1, D
William R. Morrison. }).
William R. Morrison, D
William R. Morrison, D.
S. W. Moulton, R
S.W. Moulton, D
a. W. Moulton, D
AbnerC. Harding, B....
Burton O. Cook, R
H. P. H. Bromwell.R...
Shelby M. CuUom, R
Anthony Thornton, D
Jehu Baker, R
Jehu Baker, R
Jehu Baker, P
A.J. Kuykendall, R
Norman B. Judd. R
Albert G. Burr, D
Green B. Raum, R
Horatio C. Burchard, R...,
HoralioC Burchard, R...,
John B. Hawley, B
John B. Hawley, B
Jesse H. Moore, R
Thomas W. MoNeeley, D.
John B. Hay, R
John M. Crebi. I '
John L. Beveriil-.' I
Charles B. Far" ■ :
Charles B. Farw.-.i. I.
Charles B. Farwxll. II
Brad. N. Steven.f, R
Henry Snapp, R
John B. Rice, R.'
E.G. Caulfleld. D
Jasper D. Ward, R
Stephen A. Hurlbut, R
Granville Barriere, R. .
William H. Ray, R...
Robert M. Knapp, D...
Robert M. K napp, D . . .
JohnMcNulta.R
Joseph G. Cannon, R
Joseph G. Cannon, R.
Joseph G. Cannon. R.
Joseph G. Cannon, B.
James S. Martin. R. ...
Richard H. WhiKtu:, 1;
JohnC. Bagby, U
Scott Wike, D
Scott Wike, D
William M. Springer. D.
Willia
Adlai K. stev
Adl;
Philip C Hayes,
Thomas A. Boyd,
Benjamin P Mar
BKStt>..c..
DiST.
Teksi.
Remarks.
LawrenceviUe
Marshall
Springfield'.'.'.".".'.'!!!
Sprinlweld
Belleville
Carbondale
Chicago
Sitof
Marion
Jerseyville
peorTa..'^!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Sullivan
Sullivan
Sullivan
Lewistown
Waterloo.'.!'.'.'.'.'.'.!!!!'
Waterloo
IK^iJIl!!!!!!!!
Shelb'yville
Monmouth
Ottawa
iSS"" ■'■'■'•'"
BeUeviTie.f!!!!!!!!!!!!
Belleville
Sixteenth
ElIvMith.!!!!!
^I^^IV.'.'.'.-!
Eighth
Ninth
State-at-large.
p'irst". .!!.!!!!!
^i^^lenth!!!!
Fifth
T.,nlh
F'.urth
'FU-tMnth.!!!!!
f^n^:^™'.'^!!!
Twelfth
Seventeenth,. .
Eighth.!!.!!!.
Tenth
Twelfth
?;sj;;^t','
Thirte'enii.,...
1SS3-SO '
I^"i;i-(i2 Res'd,.4pr. '62; terni'fliied by W.J. Allen! "
isBQ -, 1 \ Chosen U. S. Senator. 1S71; resigned; term
'*'"■■' l( filled by John L.Beveridge.
isoo^s!!!! !!!!.!!!!! '!! !!!!!!!'!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!':;;
1862-63 'Served Logan's unexpired term.
1061-63!!!!!!!!!!!!!! served iicCl'erna'nd's 'unexpired teriii'.
1^6:1-65!!!!';.'.;!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!'!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.;!
lM;4-ri l,SG4-'65 filled Lovejoy's unexpired term .
1SS5-S7!!!!!!!!!! !!!'!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!'!!!!!!!! !!!!!::;
1SC3-69 1
i- -1 Re-elected, 'To'butres'ij before beg'ng of term.
Carrollton jTenth
Metropolis iTliirteenth
Fr eep'ort !!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 Fifth .'.'.'.'. '.'.'. .".
Bock Island Fourth
IBock Island Si.vth
Decatur.... !seveiith
jilie't'.'."!'.' .'.■.'.■.■.■..'!. . . ! isixth.'!!
Hillsboro i Tenth
8!;lSi^::;!;!;!.!!!!!!f;S^-!!!!!!
Chicago SfcHiid
Belvidere IVnirlh
Peru s,,v..n;li
Lacon lu^-liili
CanjMii^.^ Xinlh
1 lamiiie !! ■"!!!! !. ■; ! . r' veu t'h .'. ! ! ! ! !
isalem Sixteenth
ICarbondale Eighteenth....
i'itt!^iiHi."i. !'."..!!!. ' ■ ■ ■'
IPittsBeld [ •
Springfield ■■■^
''':''';~:;!!!!!!!|i^^
, , ...r .. Eighteenth....
M \,.rno'n .......:: Nineteenth....
, , , .-" First
il,„.,TO Isecond
Lewiston Ninth
Warsaw Tenth
11;;;;;;;;:;;;;
1S69-73
1S63-7.3'!. !!!!!!!!!!!
IS73-7& !!!!!.!.
IIS;;;;;:;;;;;;;
1S75-7-
1877-,S3
l.';77-7ll
i's77-'si'!!!!! !!!!!!!!
Fiiicd iiiie-xpired term of Wash'btirne.
,M;iy.-7.,.^.!it ■a'w.iri!e'd"t'o'J!'v'.'LeMi;yi;e!'"
1; '■'''__:< : , ' i; i;,"caumeid!
Awarded 'seat! 'vice 'Farweli!
IIISTOIilCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOH
nth 1895
Thomas F. Tipton. R
Bloomington
E. W. Townshend, D
GoorgeB. Davis. B
Chicago
Hiram Barber, E
Lewis E. Payson, E
Lewis E. Payson. E
Dietrich C.Smith, B
GforseE. Adams, R
Chicago
Eeuben Ellwood, R
James M. Eigsts. Ji .
Jonathan H. Bowill, U
Albert J. Hopkins, E
Aurora
Albert J. Hopkins, B
Streator
PhilipSidncyPost. P.
•William H. Gest. B
GeorgeA. Anderson, I'
'■ilHiM
Died, '82; succeeded by B, E, Hitt.
Succeeded R. M. A. Hawk, deceased.
Eighth..
Eighth.,,
.iMiir
.Chic
Eobert A. Childs. I;
Hamilton K, Wheel. •
JohnJ. McDannold, 1
Benjamin F. Funk. E.
William Lorimer, E. .
Hugh R. Belknap, E,
Churles \V. \V.iudmaii
Awardedseut altercon. with L. E. McGann
Died, Julie 4', ''w';' su'c'd.by Henry S.Bouteli.
Succeeded E. D. Cooke, deceased.
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
449
EETNOLDS, Jolin, Justice of Supreme Court
and fourth Governor of Illinois, was born of Irish,
ancestry, in Montgomery County, Pa., Feb. 26,
1789, and brought by his parents to Kaskaskia,
111., in 1800, spending the first nine years of his
life in Illinois on a farm. After receiving a com-
mon school education, and a two years' course of
study in a college at Knoxville, Tenn., he studied
law and began practice. In 1812-13 he served as
a scout in the campaigns against the Indians,
winning for himself the title, in after life, of "The
Old Ranger." Afterwards he removed to
Cahokia, where he began the practice of
law, and, in 1818, became Associate Justice of the
first Supreme Court of the new State. Retiring
from the bench in 1825, he served two terms in
the Legislature, and was elected Governor in
1830, in 1833 personally commanding the State
volunteers called for service in the Black Hawk
War. Two weeks before the expiration of his
term (1834), he resigned to accept a seat in Con-
gress, to which he had been elected as the suc-
cessor of Charles Slade. who had died in office,
and %vas again elected in 1838, always as a Demo-
crat. He also served as Representative in the
Fifteenth General Assembly, and again in the
Eighteenth (18.52-.54), being chosen Speaker of the
latter. In 1858 he was the administration (or
Buchanan) Democratic candidate for State Su-
perintendent of Public Instruction, as opposed to
the Republican and regular (or Douglas) Demo-
cratic candidates. For some years he edited a
daily paper called "The Eagle," which was pub-
lished at Belleville. While Governor Reynolds
acquired some reputation as a ' 'classical scholar, ' '
from the time spent in a Tennessee College at
that early day, this was not sustained by either
his colloquial or written style. He was an
ardent champion of slavery, and, in the early
days of the Rebellion, gained imfavorable notori-
ety in consequence of a letter written to Jefferson
Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of
"secession." Nevertheless, in spite of intense
prejudice and bitter partisanship on some ques-
tions, he possessed many amiable qualities, as
shown by his devotion to temperance, and his
popularity among persons of opposite political
opinions. Although at times crude in style, and
not always reliable in his statement of historical
facts and events. Governor Reynolds has rendered
a valuable service to posterity by his writings
relating to the early history of the State, espe-
cially those connected with his own times. His
best known works are: "Pioneer History of Illi-
nois" (Belleville, 1848); "A Glance at the Crystal
Palace, and Sketches of Travel" (18.J4); and "My
Life and Times" (18.5.5). His death occurred at
Belleville, May 8, 1865.
RETXOLDS, John Parker, Secretary and
President of State Board of Agriculture, was born
at Lebanon, Ohio, March 1, 1820, and graduated
from the Miami University at the age of 18. In
1840 he graduated from the Cincinnati Law-
School, and soon afterward began practice. He
removed to Illinois in 1854, settling first in Win-
nebago County, later, successively in Marion
County, in Springfield and in Chicago. From
1860 to 18T0 he was Secretary of the State Agri-
cultural Society, and, upon the creation of the
State Board of Agricultm-e in 1871, was elected
its President, filling that position until 1888,
when he resigned. He has also occupied numer-
ous other posts of honor and of trust of a public
or semi-public character, having been President
of the Illinois State Sanitary Commission during
the War of the Rebellion, a Commissioner to the
Paris Exposition of 1867, Chief Grain Inspector
from 1878 to 1882, and Secretary of the Inter-
State Industrial Exposition Company of Chicago,
from the date of its organization (1873) until its
final dissolution. His most important public
service, in recent years, was rendered as Director-
in-Chief of the Illinois exhibit in the World's
Columbian Exposition of 1803.
REYNOLDS, Joseph Smith, soldier and legis-
lator, was born at New Lenox, 111., Dec. 3, 1839;
at 17 years of age went to Chicago, was educated
in the high school there, within a month after
graduation enlisting as a private in the Sixty-
fourth Illinois Volunteers. From the ranks he
rose to a colonelcy through the gradations of
Second-Lieutenant and Captain, and, in July,
1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General. He was
a gallant soldier, and was thrice wounded. On
his return home after nearly four years" service,
he entered the law department of the Chicago
University, graduating therefrom and beginning
practice in 1866. General Reynolds has been
prominent in public hfe, having served as a
member of both branches of the General Assem-
bly, and having been a State Commissioner to the
Vienna Exposition of 1873. He is a member of
the G. A. R., and, in 1875, was elected Senior
Vice-Commander of the order for the United
States.
REYNOLDS, William Morton, clergyman, was
born in Fayette County, Pa. , March 4, 1812 ; after
graduating at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1832, wag
connected with various institutions in that State,
as well as President of Capital LTniversity at
450
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Columbus, Ohio, ; then, coming to Illinois, was
President of the Illinois State University at
Springfield, 1857-60, after which he became Prin-
cipal of a female seminary in Chicago. Previ-
ously a Lutheran, he took orders in the Protestant
Episcopal Church in 1864, and served several
parishes until his death. In his early life he
founded, and, for a time, conducted several reli-
gious publications at Gettysburg, Pa., besides
issuing a number of printed addresses and other
published works. Died at Oak Park, near Chi-
cago, Sept. 5, 1876.
■RHOADS, (Col.) Franklin Lawrence, soldier
and steamboat captain, was born in Harrisburg,
Pa., Got. 11, 1824; brought to Pekin, Tazewell
County, 111., in 1836, where he learned the print-
er's trade, and, on the breaking out of the
Mexican War, enlisted, serving to the close.
Returning home he engaged in the river trade,
and, for fifteen years, commanded steamboats on
the Illinois, Jlississippi and Ohio Rivers. In
April, 1861. he was commissioned Captain of a
company of three months' men attached to the
Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, on the
reorganization of the regiment for the three-
years' service, was commissioned Lieutenant-
Colonel, soon after being promoted to the colo-
nelcy, as successor to Col. Richard J. Oglesby, who
had been promoted Brigadier-General. After
serving through the spring campaign of 1862 in
Western Kentucky and Tennessee, he was com-
pelled by rapidly declining health to resign, when
he located in Shawneetown, retiring in 1874 to
his farm near that city. During the latter years
of his life he was a confirmed invalid, dying at
Shawneetown, Jan. 6, 1879.
RHOADS, Joshua, M.D., A.M., physician and
educator, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 14,
1806; studied medicine and graduated at the
University of Pennsylvania with the degree of
M.D., also receiving the degree of A.M., from
Princeton ; after several years spent in practice
as a physician, and as Principal in some of the
public schools of Philadelphia, in 1839 he was
elected Principal of the Pennsylvania Institution
for the Blind, and, in 18.50, took charge of the
State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville,
111. , then in its infancy. Here he remained until
1874, when he retired. Died, February 1, 1876.
RICE, Edward T., lawyer and jurist, born in
Logan County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1820, was educated in
the common schools and at Shurtleff College,
after which he read law with John M. Palmer at
Carlinville, and was admitted to practice, in 1845,
at Hillsboro ; in 1847 %vas elected County Recorder
of Montgomery County, and, in 1848, to the Six-
teenth General Assembly, serving one term.
Later he was elected Coimty Judge of Montgom-
ery County, was Master in Chancery from 1853 to
1857, and the latter year was elected Judge of the
Eighteenth Circuit, being re-elected in 1861 and
again in 1867. He was also a member of the
Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, at the
election of the latter year, was chosen Repre-
sentative in the Forty-second Congress as a
Democrat. Died, April 16, 1883.
RICE, John B., theatrical manager, Mayor of
Chicago, and Congressman, was born at Easton,
Md., in 1809. By profession he was an actor,
and, coming to Chicago in 1847, built and opened
there the first theater. In 1857 he retired from
the stage, and, in 1865, was elected Mayor of
Chicago, the city of his adoption, and re-elected
in 1867. He was also prominent in the early
stages of the Civil War in the measures taken to
raise troops in Chicago. In 1872 he was elected
to the Forty-third Congress as a Republican, but,
before the expiration of his term, died, at Nor-
folk, Va., on Dec. 6, 1874. At a special election
to fill the vacancy, Bernard G. Caulfield was
chosen to succeed him.
RICHARDSOX, William A., lawyer and poli-
tician, born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 11,
1811, was educated at Transylvania University,
came to the bar at 19, and settled in Schuyler
County, 111., becoming State's Attorney in 1835 ;
was elected to the lower branch of the Legislature
in 1836, to the Senate in 1838, and to the House
again in 1844, from Adams County — the latter
year being also chosen Presidential Elector on
the Polk and Dallas ticket, and, at the succeeding
session of the General Assembly, serving as
Speaker of the House. He entered the Mexican
War as Captain, and won a Majority through
gallantry at Buena Vista. From 1847 to 1856
(when he resigned to become a candidate for
Governor), he was a Democratic Representative
in Congress from the Quincy District; re-entered
Congress in 1861, and, in 1863, was chosen
United States Senator to fill the unexpired term
of Stephen A. Douglas. He was a delegate to the
National Democratic Convention of 1868, but
after that retired to private life, acting, for a
short time, as editor of ''The Quincy Herald."
Died, at Quincy, Dec. 27, 1875.
RICHLAND COUNTY, situated in the south-
east quarter of the State, and has an area of 361
square miles. It was organized from Edwards
County in 1841. Among the early pioneers may
be mentioned the Evans brothers, Thaddeus
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
451
Morehouse, Hugh Calhoun and son, Thomas
Gardner, James Parker, Cornelius De Long,
James Gilmore and EUjah Nelson. In 1820
there were but thirty families in the district.
The first frame houses — tlie Nelson and More-
house homesteads — were built in 1821, and, some
years later. James Laws erected the first brick
house. The pioneers traded at Vincennes, but,
in 1825, a store was opened at Stringtown by
Jacob May ; and the same year the first school was
opened at Watertown, taught by Isaac Chaun-
cey. Tlie first church was erected by the Bap-
tists in 1822, and services were conducted by
"William Martin, a Kentuckian. For a long time
the mails were carried on horseback by Louis
and James Beard, but, in 1824, Mills and Whet-
sell established a line of four-horse stages. The
principal road, known as the "trace road," lead-
ing from Louisville to Cahokia, followed a
buffalo and Indian trail about where the main
street of Olney now is. Olney was selected as
the county-seat upon the organization of the
county, and a Sir. Lilly built the first house
there. The chief branches of industry followed
by the inhabitants are agriculture and fruit-
growing. Population (1880), 15,54.5; (1890),
15,019; (1900). 16,391.
RIDGE FARM, a village of Vermillion County,
at junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Cliicago
& St. Louis and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western
Railroads, 174 miles northeast of St. Louis; has
electric light plant, planing mill, elevator.'^, bank
and two papers. Pop. (1900), 938; (1904), 1,300.
RIDGELY, a manufacturing and mininfc sub-
urb of the city of Springfield. An extensive
rolling mill is located there, and there are several
coal-shafts in the vicinity. Population(1900), 1,169.
RIDGELT, Charles, manufacturer and capi-
talist, born in Springfield, 111., Jan. IT. 1830; was
educated in private schools and at Illinois Col-
lege ; after leaving college spent some time as a
clerk in his father's bank at Springfield, finally
becoming a member of the firm and successively
Cashier and Vice-President. In 1870 he was
Democratic candidate for State Treasurer, but
later has affiliated with the Republican party.
About 1872 lie became identified with the Spring-
field Iron Company, of which he has been Presi-
dent for many years ; has also been President of
the Consolidated Coal Company of St. Louis and,
for some time, was a Director of the Wabash Rail-
road. Mr. Ridgely is also one of the Trustees of
Illinois College.
RIDGELT, Nicholas H., early banker, was
born in Baltimore, Md., April 27, 1800; after
leaving school was engaged, for a time, in the
dry-goods trade, but, in 1829, came to St. Louis
to assume a clerksliip in the branch of the
United States Bank just organized there. In
1835 a branch of the State Bank of Illinois was
established at Springfield, and Sir. Ridgely
became its cashier, and, when it went into liqui-
dation, was appointed one of the trustees to wind
up its affairs. He subsequently became Presi-
dent of the Clark's Exchange Bank in that city,
but this having gone into liquidation a few years
later, he went into the private banking business
as head of the "Ridgely Bank," which, in 1866,
became the "Ridgely National Bank," one of the
strongest financial institutions in the State out-
side of Chicago. After the collapse of the inter-
nal improvement scheme, Mr. Ridgely became
one of the purchasers of the "Northern Cross
Railroad" (now that part of the Wabash system
extending from the Illinois river to Springfield),
when it was sold by the State in 1847, paying
therefor §21,100. He was also one of the Spring-
field bankers to tender a loan to the State at the
beginning of the war in 1861. He was one of the
builders and principal owner of the Springfield
gas-light system. His business career was an
eminently successful one, leaving an estate at
his death, Jan. 31. 1888, valued at over ?2, 000, 000.
RIDGWAT, a village of Gallatin County, on the
Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio
Southwestern Railway, 12 miles nortliwest of
Shawneetown; has a bank and one newsjiapor.
Pop. (1890), 523; (1900), 889; (1903, est.), 1 000,
RIDGWAT, Thomas S., merchant, ba;iker and
politician, was born at Carnii, 111., August 30,
1826. His father having died when he was but 4
years old and his mother when he was 14, Iiis
education was largely acquired through contact
with the world, apart from such as he received
from his mother and during a year's attendance
at a private school. When he was 6 years of age
the family removed to Shawneetown, wliere he
ever afterwards made his home. In 1845 he em-
barked in business as a merchant, and the firm
of Peeples & Ridgway soon became one of the
most prominent in Southern Illinois. In 1865 the
partners closed out their business and organized
the first National Bank of Shawneetown, of
which, after the death of Mr. Peeples in 1875,
Mr. Ridgway was President. He was one of
the projectors of the Springfield & Illinois South-
eastern Railway, now a part of the Baltimore &
Ohio Southwestern system, and, from 1867 to
1874, served as its President. He was an ardent
and active RepubUcan, and served as a delegate
453
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
to every State and National Convention of Ins
party from 18G8 to 1896. In 1874 be was elected
State Treasm-er, the candidate for Superintendent
of Public Instruction on the same ticket being
defeated. In 1876 and 1880 he was an unsuccess-
ful candidate for his party's nomination for Gov-
ernor. Three times he consented to lead the
forlorn hope of the Republicans as a candidate
for Congress from an impregnably Democratic
stronghold. For several years he was a Director
of the McCormick Theological Seminary, at Chi-
cago, and, for nineteen years, was a Trustee of the
Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon-
dale, resigning In 1893. Died, at Shawneetown,
Nov. 17, 1897.
KIGGS, James M., ex-Congressman, was born
in Scott County, 111., April 17, 1839, where he
received a common school education, supple-
mented by a partial collegiate course. He is a
practicing lawyer of Winchester. In 1864 he was
elected Sheriff, serving two years. In 1871-72 he
represented Scott County in the lower house of
the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and was
State's Attorney from 1872 to 1876. In 1882, and
again in 1884, he was the successful Democratic
candidate for Congress in the Twelfth Illinois
District.
RIGGS, Scott, pioneer, was born in North
Carolina about 1790; removed to Crawford
County, 111, early in 1815, and represented that
county in the First General Assembly (1818-20).
In 1825 he removed to Scott County, where he
continued to reside until his death, Feb. 24, 1872.
RlJf AKEE, John I., lawyer and Congressman,
born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 18, 1830. Left an
orphan at an early age, he came to Illinois in
1886, and, for several years, lived on farms in
Sangamon and Morgan Counties; was educated
at Illinois and McKendree Colleges, graduating
from the latter in 1851; in 1852 began reading
law with John M. Pahner at Carlinville, and was
admitted to the bar in 1854. In August, 1862, he
recruited the One Hundred and Twenty-second
Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commis-
sioned Colonel. Four months later he was
wounded in battle, but served with his regiment
through the war, and was brevetted Brigadier-
General at its close. Returning from the war he
resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin-
ville. Since 1858 he has been an active Repub-
lican; has twice (1872 and '76) served his party
as a Presidential Elector — the latter year for the
State-at-large — and, in 1874, accepted a nomina-
tion for Congress against William R. Morrison,
largely reducing the normal Democratic major-
it}'. At the State Republican Convention of 1880
he was a prominent, but unsuccessful, candidate
for the Republican nomination for Governor. In
1894 he made the race as the Republican candi-
date for Congress in the Sixteenth District and,
although his opponent was awarded the certifi-
cate of election, on a bare majority of 60 votes on
the face of the returns, a re-count, ordered by the
Fifty-fourth Congress, showed a majority for
General Rinaker, and he was seated near the
close of the first session. He was a candidate
for re-election in 1896, but defeated in a strongly
Democratic District.
RIPLEY, Edward Payson, Railway President,
was born in Dorchester (now a part of Boston),
Mass.. Oct. 30, 1845, being related, on his mother's
side, to the distinguished author. Dr. Edward
Payson. After receiving his education in the
high school of his native place, at the age of 17
he entered upon a commercial life, as clerk in a
wholesale dry-goods establishment in Boston.
About the time he became of age, he entered into
the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad as a
clerk in the freight department in the Boston
office, but, a few years later,assumed a responsible
position in connection with the Chicago, Burling-
ton & Quincy line, finally becoming General
Agent for the business of that road east of
Buffalo, though retaining his headquarters at
Boston. In 1878 he removed to Chicago to accept
the position of General Freight Agent of the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy System, with which
he remained twelve years, serving successively as
General Traffic Manager and General Manager,
imtil June 1, 1890, when he resigned to become
Third Vice-President of the Chicago, Milwaukee
& St. Paul line. This relation was continued
until Jan. 1, 1896, when Mr. Ripley accepted
the Presidency of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe Railroad, which (1899) he now holds. Mr.
Ripley was a prominent factor in secm-ing the
location of the World's Columbian Exposition at
Cliicago, and, in April. 1891, was chosen one of
the Directors of the Exposition, serving on the
Executive Committee and the Committee of
Ways and Means and Transportation, being Chair-
man of the latter.
RIVERSIDE, a suburban town on the Des
Plaines River and the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railway, 11 miles west of Chicago; has
handsome parks, several churches, a bank,
two local papers and numerous fine residences.
Population (1890), 1,000; (1900), 1,561.
RIVERTON, a village in Clear Creek Town-
ship, Sangamon County, at the crossing of the
mSTOrjCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
453
Wabash Railroad over the Sangamon River, 6^
miles east-northeast of Springfield. It has four
churches, a nursery, and two coal mines Popu-
lation (1880), TOo: (1890), 1,127, (1900), 1,511; (1903,
est), about COOO.
RIVES, John Cook, early banker and journal-
ist, was born in Franklin Comity, Va., May 24,
1795; in 1806 removed to Kentucky, where he
grew up under care of an imcle, Samuel Casey.
He received a good education and was a man of
high character and attractive manners. In his
early manhood he came to Illinois, and was con-
nected, for a time, with the Branch State Bank
at Edwardsville, but, about 1824, removed to
Shawneetown and held a position in the bank
there; also studied law and was admitted to
practice. FinaUy, having accepted a clerkship
in the Fourth Auditor's Office in Washington,
he removed to that city, and, in 1830, became
associated with Francis P. Blair, Sr., in the
establishment of "The Congressional Globe" (the
predecessor of "The Congressional Record"), of
which he finally became sole proprietor, so
remaining until 1864. Like his partner, Blair,
although a native of Virginia and a life-long
Democrat, he was intensely loyal, and contrib-
uted liberally of his means for the equipment of
soldiers from the District of Columbia, and for
the support of their families, during the Civil
War. His expenditures for these objects have
been estimated at some $30,000. T\ied, in Prince
George's County, Md., April 10, 1804.
ROANOKE, a village of Woodford County, on
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, 26
miles northeast of Peoria; is in a coal district;
has two banks, a coal mine, and one newspaper.
Population (1880), 3.55; (1890). 831; (1900), 966.
ROBB, Thomas Patten, Sanitary Agent, was
born in Bath, Maine, in 1819; came to Cook
County, 111., in 1838, and, after arriving at man-
hood, established the first exclusive wholesale
grocery house in Chicago, remaining in the busi-
ness until 1850. He then went to California,
establishing himself in mercantile business at
Sacramento, where he remained seven years,
meanwhile being elected Mayor of that city.
Returning to Chicago on the breaking out of the
war, he was appointed on the staff of Governor
Yates with the rank of Major, and, while serv-
ing in this capacity, was instrumental in giving
General Grant the first duty he performed in the
office of the Adjutant-General after his arrival
from Galena. Later, he was assigned to duty as
Inspector-General of Illinois troops with the rank
of Colonel, having general charge of sanitary
affairs imtil the close of the war, when he was
appointed Cotton Agent for the State of Georgia,
and, still later. President of the Board of Tax
Commissioners for that State. Other positions
held by him were those of Postmaster and Col-
lector of Customs at Savannah, Ga. ; he was also
one of the publishers of "The New Era," a
Republican paper at Atlanta, and a prominent
actor in reconstruction affairs. Resigning the
Collectorship, he was appointed by the President
United States Commissioner to investigate Mexi-
can outrages on the Rio Grande border ; was sub-
sequently identified with Texas railroad interests
as the President of the Corpus Christi & Rio
Grande Railroad, and one of the projectors of the
Chicago, Texas & Mexican Central Railway, being
thus engaged until 1872. Later he returned to
California, dying near Glenwood, in that State,
April 10, 1895, aged 75 years and 10 months.
ROBERTS, William Charles, clergj-man and
educator, was born in a small village of Wales,
England., Sept. 23, 1832; received his primary
education in that countr}-, but, removing to
America during his minority, graduated from
Princeton College in 1855, and from Princeton
Theological Seminary in 1858. After filling vari-
ous pastorates in Delaware, New Jersey and Ohio,
in 1881 he was elected Corresponding Secretary
of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions,
the next year being offered the Presidency of
Rutgers College, which he declined. In 1887 he
accepted the presidency of Lake Forest Univer-
sity, which he still retains. From 1859 to 1863
he was a Trustee of Lafayette College, and, in
1866, was elected to a trusteeship of his Alma
Mater. He has traveled extensively in the
Orient, and was a member of the first and third
councils of the Reformed Chm-ches, held at Edin-
burgh and Belfast. Besides occasional sermons
and frequent contributions to English, Ameri-
can, German and Welsh periodicals. Dr. Roberts
has published a Welsh translation of the West-
minster shorter catechism and a collection of
letters on the great preachers of Wales, which
appeared in Utica, 1808. He received the degree
of D.D., from Union College in 1872, and that of
LL.D., from Princeton, in 1887.
ROBINSON, an incorporated city and the
county -seat of Crawford Courty, 25 miles north-
west of Vincennes, Ind. , and 44 miles south of
Paris, 111. ; is on two Hues of railroad and in the
heart of a fruit and agricultural region The
city has water-works, electric lights, two banks
and three weekly newspapers Population (1890)
1,387; (1900), 1,083; (1904), about 2,000.
454
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ROBINSON, James C, lawyer and former
Congressman, was born in Edgar County, 111., in
1822, read law and was admitted to the bar in
1850. He served as a private during the Mexican
War, and, in 1858, was elected to Congress as a
Democrat, as he was again in 1860, "02, '70 and
'72. In 1864 he was tlie Democratic nominee for
Governor. He was a fluent speaker, and attained
considerable distinction as an advocate in crimi-
nal practice. Died, at Springfield, Nov. 3, 1886.
ROBINSON, John 31., United States Senator,
born in Kentucky in 1793, was liberally educated
and became a lawyer by profession. In early life
he settled at Carmi, 111., where he married. He
was of fine physique, of engaging manners, and
personally popular. Through his association
with the State militia he earned the title of
"General. ■' In 1830 he was elected to the United
States Senate, to fill the unexpired term of John
McLean. His immediate predecessor was David
Jewett Baker, appointed by Governor Edwards,
who served one month but failed of election bj-
the Legislature. In 1834 Mr. Robinson was re-
elected for a full term, which expired in 1841.
In 1848 he was elected to a seat upon the Illinois
Supreme bench, but died at Ottawa, April 27. of
the same year, within three months after his
elevation.
ROCHELLE, a city of Ogle County and an
intersecting point of the Chicago & Northwestern
and tlie Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways.
It is 75 miles west of Chicago, 27 miles south of
Rocktord, and 23 miles east by north of Dixon.
It IS in a rich agricultural and stock-raising
region, rendering Rochelle an important ship-
ping point. Among its industrial establish-
ments are water-works, electric lights, a flouring
mill and silk-underwear factory- The city has
throe banks, five churches and three newspapers.
Pop. (1890), 1,789; (1900), 2,073; (1903), 2,500.
ROCHESTER, a village and early settlement
in Sangamon County, laid out in 1819: in rich
f!.gncultural district, on the Baltimore & Ohio
S.iutlr.vestern Railroad, Tji miles southeast of
Springfield ; has a bank, two churches, one school,
and a newspaper. Population (1900) 365
ROCK FALLS, a city in Whiteside County, on
Rock River and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroad; has excellent water-power, a good
public school sy.stem with a high school, banks
and a weekly newspaper. Agricultural imple-
ments, barbed wire, furniture, flour and paper are
its chief manufactures. Water for the navigable
feeder of the Hennepin Canal is taken from Rock
River at this point. Pop. (1900), 2,176.
ROCKFOBD, a flourishing manufacturing
city, the county-seat of Winnebago Count}- ; lies
on both sides of the Rock River, 92 miles west of
Chicago. Four trunk lines of railroad — the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago & North-
western, the Illinois Central and the Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul — intersect here. Excellent
water-power is secured by a dam across the river,
and communication between the two divisions of
the city is facilitated by three railway and three
highway bridges. Water is provided from five
artesian wells, a reserve main leading to the
river. The city is wealthy, prosperous and pro-
gressive. The assessed valuation of property, in
1893, was §6,531,235. Chm-ches are numerous and
schools, both public and private, are abundant
and well conducted. The census of 1890 showed
§7,715,069 capital invested in 246 manufacturing
establishments, which employed 5,223 persons and
turned out an annual product valued at §8,888,-
904. The principal industries are the manufac-
ture of agricultural implements and furniture,
though watches, silver-plated ware, paper, flour
and grape sugar are among the other products.
Pop. (1880), 13,129; (1890), 23,584; (1900), 31.051.
ROCKFORD COLLEGE, located at Rockford,
111., incorporated in 1847; in 1898 had a faculty
of 21 instructors with 161 pupils. The branches
taught include the classics, music and fine arts.
It has a library of 6,150 volumes, funds and en-
dowment aggregating §50,880 and property
valued at §240,880, of which §150,000 is real
estate.
ROCK ISLAND, the principal city and county-
seat of Rock Island County, on the Mississippi
River, 182 miles west by south from Chicago; is
the converging point of five lines of railroad, and
the western terminus of the Hennepin Canal.
The name is derived from an island in the Slissis-
sippi River, opposite the city, 3 miles long, which
belongs to the United States Government and
contains an arsenal and armory. The river
channel north of the island is navigable, the
southern channel having been dammed by the
Government, thereby giving great water power
to Rock Island and MoHne. A combined railway
and highway bridge spans the river from Rock
Island to Davenport, Iowa, crossing the island,
while a railway bridge connects the cities a mile
below. The island was the site of Fort Arm-
strong during the Black Hawk War, and was also
a place for the confinement of Confederate prison-
ers during the Civil War. Rock Island is in a re-
gion of much picturesque scenery and has exten-
sive manufactures of lumber, agricultural imple-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ments, iron, carriages and wagons and oilolotb ;
also iive banks and three newspapers, two issuing
daily editions. Pop. (1890). 13,634; (1900), 19,493.
ROCK 1SLA>'D COUNTY, in the northwestern
section of the State bordering upon the Missis-
sippi River (which constitutes its northwestern
boundarj- for more than 60 miles), and having an
area of 440 square miles. In 1816 the Govern-
ment erected a fort on Rock Island (an island in
the Mississippi, 3 miles long and one-half to
three-quarters of a mile wide), naming it Fort
Armstrong. It has always remained a military
post, and is now the seat of an extensive arsenal
and work-shops. In the spring of 1828. settle-
ments were made near Port Byron by John and
Thomas Kinney, Archibald Allen and George
Harlan. Other early settlers, near Rock Island
and Rapids City, were J. W. Spencer, J. W. Bar-
riels, Benjamin F. Pike and Conrad Leak; and
among the pioneers were Wells and Michael Bart-
lett, Joel Thompson, the Simms brothers and
George Davenport. The country was full of
Indians, this being the headquarters of Black
Hawk and the initial point of the Black Hawk
War. (See Black Hawk, and Black Hawk War.)
By 1829 settlers were increased in number and
county organization was effected in 1835, Rock
Island (then called Stephenson) being made the
county-seat. Joseph Conway was the first
County Clerk, and Joel Wells, Sr. , the first Treas-
urer. The first court was held at the residence
of John W. Barriels, in Farnhamsburg. The
county is irregular in shape, and the soil and
scenery greatly varied. Coal is abundant, the
water-power inexhaustible, and the county's
mining and manufacturing interests are very
extensive. Several lines of railway cross the
county, affording admirable transportation facili-
ties to both eastern and western markets. Rock
Island and Moline (which see) are the two prin-
cipal cities in the county, though there are
several other important points. Coal Valley is
the center of large mining interests, and Milan is
also a manufacturing center. Port Byron is one
of the oldest towns in the county, and has con-
siderable lime and lumber interests, while Water-
town is the seat of the Western Hospital for the
Insane. Population of the county (1880), 38,302;
(1890), 41,917; (1900), 5.5.249.
ROCK ISLAND & PEORIA RAILWAY, a
standard-guage road, laid with steel rails, extend-
ing from Rock Island to Peoria, 91 miles. It is
lessee of the Rock Island & Mercer County Rail-
road, running from Milan to Cable, 111., giving it
a total length of 118 miles — with Peoria Terminal,
121.10 miles.— (History.) The company is a
reorganization (Oct. 9, 18TT) of the Peoria &
Rock Island Railroad Company, whose road was
sold under foreclosure, April 4, 1877. The latter
Road was the result of the consolidation, in 1869,
of two corporations — the Rock Island & Peoria
and the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Compa-
nies— the new organization taking the latter
name. The road was opened through its entire
length, Jan. 1, 1872, its sale under foreclosure and
reorganization under its present name taking
place, as already stated, in 1877. The Cable
Branch was organized in 1876, as the Rock Island
& Mercer County Railroad, and opened in De-
cember of the same year, sold under foreclosure in
1877, and leased to the Rock Island & Peoria Rail-
road, July 1, 1885, for 999 years, the rental for
the entire period being commuted at §450,000. —
(FINA^XIAL.) The cost of the entire road and
equipment was 62,654,487. The capital stock
(1898) is 81,500.000; funded debt, §600,000; other
forms of indebtedness increasing the total capital
invested to .82,181,066.
ROCK RIVER, a stream which rises in Wash-
ington County, Wis., and flows generally in a
southerly direction, a part of its course being very
sinuous. After crossing the northern boundary
of Illinois, it runs southwestward, intersecting
the counties of Winnebago, Ogle, Lee, Whiteside
and Rock Island, and entering the Mississippi
three miles below the city of Rock Island.
It is about 375 miles long, but its navigation is
partly obstructed by rapids, which, however,
furnish abimdant water-power. The principal
towns on its banks are Rockford, Dixon and
Sterling. Its valley is wide, and noted for its
beaut,Y and fertility.
ROCKTON, a village in Winnebago County, at
tlie junction of two branches of the Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, on Rock River,
13 raUes north of Rockford; has manufactures of
paper and agricultural implements, a feed mill,
and local paper. Pop. (1890), 892; (1900), 936.
ROE, Edward Reynolds, A.B., M.D., physician,
soldier and author, was born at Lebanon, Ohio,
June 22, 1813; removed with his father, in 1819,
to Cincinnati, and graduated at Louisville Med-
ical Institute in 1842 ; began practice at Anderson,
Ind., but soon removed to Shawneetown, 111.,
where he gave much attention to geological
research and made some extensive natural his-
tory collections. From 1848 to '52 he resided at
Jacksonville, lectured extensively on his favorite
science, wrote for the press and, for two years
(1850-52), edited "The Jacksonville Journal," still
456
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS.
later eiliting the newly established "Constitu-
tionalist" for a few months. During a part of
this period he was lecturer on natural science at
Shurtleff College ; also delivered a lecture before
the State Legislature on the geolog}' of Illinois,
which was immediately followed by the passage
of the act establishing the State Geological
Department. A majority of both houses joined
in a request for his appointment as State Geolo-
gist, but it was rejected on partisan grounds —
he, then, being a Whig. Removing to Blooming-
ton in 18.52, Dr. Roe became prominent in educa-
tional matters, being the first Professor of Natural
Science in the State Normal University, and also
a Trustee of the Illinois Wesleyan University.
Having identified himself with the Democratic
party at this time, he became its nominee for
State Superintendent of Public Instruction in
1860, but, on the inception of the war in 1861, he
promptly espoused the cause of the Union, raised
three companies (mostly Normal students) which
were attached to the Thirty-third Illinois (Nor-
mal) Regiment ; was elected Captain and succes-
sively promoted to Major and Lieutenant-Colonel.
Having been dangerously wounded in the assault
at Vicksburg, on May 33, 1863, and compelled to
return home, he was elected Circuit Clerk by the
combined vote of both parties, was re-elected
four years later, became editor of "The Blooni-
ington Pantagraph" and, in 1870, was elected to
the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, where
he won distinction by a somewhat notable
humorous speech in opposition to removing the
State Capital to Peoria. In 1871 he was ap-
pointed Marshal for the Southern District of Illi-
nois, serving nine years. Dr. Roe was a somewhat
prolific author, having produced more than a
dozen works which have appeared in book form.
One of these, "Virginia Rose; a Tale of Illinois
in Early Days," first appeared as a prize serial in
"The Alton Courier" in 1853. Others of his more
noteworthy productions are : "The Gray and the
Blue''; "Brought to Bay"; "From the Beaten
Path"; "G. A. E. ; or How She Married His
Double"; "Dr. Caldwell; or the Trail of the
Serpent"; and "Prairie-LanJ and Other Poems."
He died in Chicago, Nov. 6, 1893.
ROGERS, George Clarke, soldier, was born in
Grafton County, N H., Nov. 22, 1838; but was
educated in Vermont and Illinois, having re-
moved to the latter State eai'ly in life. While
teaching he studied law and was admitted to the
bar in I860; was the first, in 1861, to raise a com-
pany in Lake Count}' for the war, which was
mustered into the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers ;
was chosen Second-Lieutenant and later Captain ;
was wounded four times at Sliiloh, but refused to
leave the field, and led his regiment in the final
charge; was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and
soon after commissioned Colonel for gallantry at
Hatchie. At Champion Hills he received three
woimds, from one of which he never fully re-
covered ; took a prominent part in the operations
at Allatoona and commanded a brigade nearly
two years, including the Atlanta campaign,
retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier-Gen-
eral. Since the war has practiced law in Illinois
and in Kansas.
ROGERS, Henry Wade, educator, lawyer and
author, was born in Central New York in 1853 ;
entered Hamilton College, but the following
year became a student in Michigan University,
graduating there in 1874, also receiving the
degree of A.M., from the same institution, in
1877. In 1883 he was elected to a professorship
in the Ann Arbor Law School, and, in 1885, was
made Dean of the Faculty, succeeding Judge
C'ooley, at the age of 33. Five years later he was '
tendered, and accepted, the Presidency of the
Northwestern University, at Evanston, being the
first laj'man chosen to the position, and succeed-
ing a long line of Bishops and divines. The same
year (1890), Wesleyan University conferred upon
him the honorary degree of LL.D. He is a mem-
ber of the American Bar Association, has served
for a nimiber of years on its Committee on Legal
Education and Admission to the Bar, and was
the first Chairman of the Section on Legal Edu-
cation. President Rogers was the General Chair-
man of the Conference on the Future Foreign
Policy of the United States, held at Saratoga
Springs, N. Y., in August, 1898. At the Con-
gress held in 1893, as auxiliary to the Columbian
Exposition, he was chosen Chairman of the Com-
mittee on Law Reform and Jurisprudence, and
was for a time associate editor of "The American
Law Register," of Philadelphia. He is also the
author of a treati.se on "Expert Testimony,"
which has passed through two editions, and has
edited a work entitled "Illinois Citations,"'
besides doing much other valuable literary work
of a similar character.
ROGERS, John Gorln, jurist, was born at
Glasgow, Ky., Dec. 28, 1818, of English and early
Virginian ancestry ; was educated at Center Col-
lege, Danville, Ky., and at Transylvania Univer-
sity, graduating from the latter institution in
1841, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. For
sixteen years he practiced in his native town,
and, in 1857, removed to Chicago, where he soon
niSTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
457
attained professional prominence. In 1870 he
was elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit
Court, continuing on the bench, through repeated
re-elections, until his death, wliich occurred
suddenly, Jan. 10, 1887, four j-ears before the
expiration of the term for which he had been
elected.
EOGEES PARK, a village and suburb 9 miles
north of Chicago, on Lake jMichigan and the
Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Mil-
waukee & St. Paul Railways ; has a bank and two
weekly newspapers ; is reached by electric street-
car line from Chicago, and is a popular residence
suburb. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1893.
ROLL, John E., pioneer, was born in Green
Village, N. J., June 4, 1814; came to Illinois in
1830, and settled in Sangamon County. He
assisted Abraham Lincoln in the construction of
the flat-boat with which the latter descended the
Mississippi River to New Orleans, in 1831. Mr.
Roll, who was a mechanic and contractor, built
a number of houses in Springfield, where he has
since continued to reside.
ROMAX CATHOLIC CHURCH. The earliest
Christians to establish places of worship in Illi-
nois were priests of the Catholic faith. Early
CathoUo missionaries were explorers and histori-
ans as well as preachers. (See Allouez; Bergier;
Early Missionaries; Gravier; Marquette.) The
church went hand in hand with the represent-
atives of the French Government, carrying in
one hand the cross and in the other the flag of
France, simultaneously disseminating the doc-
trines of Christianity and inculcating loyalty to
the House of Bourbon. For nearly a hundred
years, the self-sacrificing and devoted Catholic
clergy of the seventeenth and eigliteenth cen-
turies ministered to the spiritual wants of the
early French settlers and the natives. They were
not without factional jealousies, however, and a
severe blow was dealt to a branch of them in the
order for the banishment of the Jesuits and the
confiscation of their property. (See Early Mis-
sionaries.) The subsequent occupation of the
country by the English, with the contemporane-
ous emigration of a considerable portion of the
French west of the Mississippi, dissipated many
congregations. Up to 1830 Illinois was included
in the diocese of Missouri ; but at that time it was
constituted a separate diocese, under the episco-
pal control of Rt. Rev. Joseph Rosatti. At that
date there were few, if any, priests in Illinois.
But Bishop Rosatti was a man of earnest purpose
and rare administrative ability. New parishes
were organized as rapidly as circumstances
would permit, and the growth of the chm'ch has
been steady. By 1840 there were thirty-one
parishes and twenty priests. In 1896 there are
reported 098 parishes, 764 clergymen and a
Catholic population exceeding 850,000. (See also
Seligions Denominations.)
ROODHOUSE, a city in Greene County, 21
miles south of Jacksonville, and at junction of
three divisions of the Chicago & Alton Railroad ;
is in fertile agricultural and coal-mining region ;
city contains a flouring mill, grain-elevator, stock-
yards, railway shops, water-works, electric light
plant, two private banks, fine opera house, good
school buildings, one daily and two weekly
papers. Pop. (1890), 2,360; (1900), 2,351.
ROODHOUSE, John, farmer and founder of
the town of Roodhouse, in Greene Coimty, 111. ,
was born in Yorkshire, England, brought to-
America in childhood, his father settling in
Greene Count}', 111., in 1831. In his early man-
hood he opened a farm in Tazewell County, but
finally returned to the paternal home in Greene
County, where, on the location of the Jackson-
ville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railroad,
he laid out the town of Roodhouse, at the junc-
tion of the Louisiana and Kansas City branch
with the main line.
ROOT, George Frederick, musical composer
and author, was born at Sheffield, Mass., August
30, 1820. He was a natural musician, and, while
employed on his father's farm, learned to play on
various instruments. In 1838 he removed to Bos-
ton, where he began his life-work. Besides
teaching music in the public schools, he was
employed to direct the musical service in two
churches. From Boston he removed to New
York, and, in 1850, went to Paris for purposes of
musical study. In 1853 he made his first public
essay as a composer in the song, "Hazel Dell,"
which became popular at once. From this time
forward his success as a song-writer was assured.
His music, while not of a high artistic character,
captivated the popular ear and appealed strongly
to the heart. In 18G0 he took up his residence in
Chicago, where he conducted a musical journal
and wrote those "war songs" which created and
perpetuated his fame. Among the best known
are "Rally Round the Flag"; "Just Before the
Battle, Mother"; and "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp."
Other popular songs by hira are "Rosalie, the
Prairie Flower"; "A Hundred Years Ago" ; and
"The Old Folks are Gone." Besides songs he
composed several cantatas and much sacred
music, also publishing many books of instruction
and numerous collections of vocal and instru-
458
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
mental music. In 1873 the University of Chicago
conferred on him tlie degree of Mus. Doc. Died,
near Portland, Maine, August 6, 1895.
ROOTS, Benajah Guernsey, civil engineer,
and educator, was born in Onondaga County
N. Y., April 20, 1811, and educated in the schools
and academies of Central New York; began
teaching in 1837, and, after spending a year at
sea for the benefit of his health, took a course in
law and civil engineering. He was employed as
a civil engineer on the Western Railroad of
Massachusetts until 1838, when he came to Illi-
nois and obtained employment on the railroad
projected from Alton to Shawneetown, under
the "internal improvement system" of 1837.
When that was suspended in 1839, he settled on
a farm near the present site of Tamaroa, Perry
County, and soon after opened a boarding school,
continuing its management until 1846, when he
became Principal of a seminary at Sparta. In
1851 he went into the service of the Illinois Cen-
tral Railroad, first as resident engineer in
charge of surveys and construction, later as land
agent and attorney. He was prominent in the
introduction of the graded school system in Illi-
nois and in the establishment of the State Nor-
mal School at Bloomington and the University of
Illinois at Champaign; was a member of the
State Board of Education from its organization,
and served as delegate to the National Repub-
lican Convention of 1868. Died, at his home in
Perry County, 111., May 9, 1888.— Philander Keep
(Roots), son of the preceding, born in Tolland
County, Conn., June 4, 1838, brought to Illinois
the same year and educated in his father's school,
and in an academy at CarroUton and the Wes-
leyan University at Bloomington ; at the age of
17 belonged to a corps of engineers employed on
a Southern railroad, and, during the war, served
as a civil engineer in the construction and repair
of military roads. Later, he was Deputy Sur-
veyor-General of Nebraska ; in 1871 became Chief
Engineer on the Cairo & Fulton (now a part of
the Iron Mountain) Railway; then engaged in
the banking business in Arkansas, first as cashier
of a bank at Fort Smith and afterwards of the
Jlerchants' National Bank at Little Rock, of
which his brother, Logan H., was President. —
Logran H. (Roots), another son, born near Tama-
roa. Perry County. 111., March 23, 1841, was edu-
cated at home and at the State Normal at
Bloomington, meanwhile serving as principal
of a high school at Duquoin ; in 1862 enlisted in
the Eighty-first Illinois Volunteers, serving
through the war and acting as Chief Commissary
for General Sherman on the "March to the Sea,"
and participating in the great review in Wash-
ington, in May, 186.5. After the conclusion of
the war he was appointed Collector of Internal
Revenue for the First Arkansas District, was
elected from that State to the Fortieth and
Forty-first Congresses (1868 and 1870)— being, at
the time, the youngest member in that body — and
was appointed United States Marshal by Presi-
dent Grant. He finally became President of the
Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, with
which he remained nearly twenty years. Died,
suddenly, of congestion of the brain. May 30,
1893, leaving an estate valued at nearly one and
a half millions, of which he gave a large share to
charitable purposes and to the city of Little
Rock, for the benefit of its hospitals and the im-
provement of its parks.
ROSE, James A., Secretary of State, was born
at Golconda, Pope County, 111., Oct. 13, 1850.
The foundation of his education was secured in
the public schools of his native place, and, after
a term in the Normal University at Normal, 111.,
at the age of 18 he took charge of a country
school. Soon he was chosen Principal of the
Golconda graded schools, was later made County
Superintendent of Schools, and re-elected for a
second term. During his second term he was
admitted to the bar, and, resigning the office of
Superintendent, was elected State's Attorney
without opposition, being re-elected for another
term. In 1889, by appointment of Governor
Fifer, he became one of the Trustees of the
Pontiac Reformatory, serving until the next
year, when he was transferred to the Board of
Commissioners of the Southern Illinois Peniten-
tiary at Che.ster, which position he continued to
occupy until 1893. In 1896 he was elected Secre-
tary of State on the Republican ticket, his term
extending to January, 1901.
ROSEVILLE, a village in Warren County, on
the Rock Island Division of the Chicago, Burling-
ton & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles northwest of
Bushnell ; has water and electric-light plants, two
banks, public library and one newspaper Region
agricultural and coal-mining. Pop. (1900), 1,014.
ROSS, Leonard Fulton, soldier, born in Fulton
County, III, July 18, 1833; was educated in the
common schools and at Illinois College, Jackson-
ville, studied law and admitted to the bar in 1845;
the following year enlisted in the Fourth Illinois
Volunteers for the Mexican War, became First
Lieutenant and was commended for services at
Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo ; also performed im-
portant service as bearer of dispatches for Gen-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
459
eral Taylor. After the war he served six years
as Probate Judge. In May, 1861, he enlisted in
the war for the Union, and was chosen Colonel
of the Seventeenth Illinois Volunteers, serving
with it in Missouri and Kentucky; was commis-
sioned Brigadier-General a few weeks after the
capture of Fort Donelson, and, after the evacu-
ation of Corinth, was assigned to the command
of a division with headquarters at Bolivar, Tenn.
He resigned in July, 1863, and, in 1867, was
appointed by President Johnson Collector of
Internal Revenue for the Ninth District; has
been three times a delegate to National Repub-
lican Conventions and twice defeated as a candi-
date for Congress in a Democratic District.
Since the war he has devoted liis attention
largely to stock-raising, having a large stock-
farm in Iowa. In his later years was President
of a bank at Lewistown, 111. Died Jan. IT, 1901.
KOSS, (Col.) William, pioneer, was born at
Monson, Hampden County, Mass., April 24, 1792;
removed with his father's family, in 1805, to
Pittsfield, Mass., where he remained until his
twentieth year, when he was commissioned an
Ensign in the Twenty-first Regiment United
States Infantry, serving through the War of
181314, and participating in the battle of Sack-
ett's Harbor. During the latter part of his serv-
ice he acted as drill-master at various points.
Then, returning to Pittsfield, he carried on the
business of blacksmithing as an employer, mean-
while filling some local offices. In 1820, a com-
pany consisting of himself and four brothers,
with their families and a few others, started for
the West, intending to settle in Illinois. Reach-
ing the head- waters of the Allegheny overland,
they transferred their wagons, teams and other
property to flat-boats, descending that stream
and the Ohio to Sliawneetown, 111. Here they
disembarked and, crossing the State, reached
Upper Alton, where they found only one house,
that of Maj. Charles W. Hunter. Leaving their
famihes at Upper Alton, the brothers proceeded
nortli, crossing the Illinois River near its mouth,
until they reached a point in the western part of
the present county of Pike, where the town of
Atlas was afterwards located. Here they
erected four rough log-cabins, on a beautiful
prairie not far from the Mississippi, removing
their families thither a few weeks later. They
suffered the usual privations incident to life in a
new country, not excepting sickness and death
of some of their number. At the next session of
the Legislature (1820-21) Pike County was estab-
lished, embracing all that part of the State west
and north of the Illinois, and including the
present cities of Galena and Chicago. The Ross
settlement became the nucleus of the town of
Atlas, laid out by Colonel Ross and his associates
in 1823, at an early day the rival of Quincy, and
becoming the second county-seat of Pike County,
so remaining from 1824 to 1833, when the seat of
justice was removed to Pittsfield. Dm-ing this
period Colonel Ross was one of the most promi-
nent citizens of the county, holding, simultane-
ously or successively, the offices of Probate
Judge, Circuit and County Clerk, Justice of the
Peace, and others of a subordinate character.
As Colonel of Militia, in 1832, he was ordered by
Governor Reynolds to raise a company for the
Black Hawk War, and, in four days, reported at
Beardstown with twice the number of men
called for. In 1834 he was elected to the lower
branch of the General Assemblj', also serving in
the Senate during the three following sessions, a
part of the time as President pro tem.' of the last-
named body. While in the General Assembly he
was instrumental in securing legislation of great
importance relating to Military Tract lands.
The year following the establishment of the
county-seat at Pittsfield (1834) he became a citi-
zen of that place, which he had the privilege of
naming for his early home. He was a member
of the Republican State Convention of 1856, and a
delegate to the National Republican Convention
of 1860, which nominated Mr. Lincoln for Presi-
dent the first time. Beginning life poor he
acquired considerable property ; was liberal, pub-
lic-spirited and patriotic, making a handsome
donation to the first company organized in Pike
County, for the suppression of tlie Rebellion.
Died, at Pittsfield, May 31, 1873.
EOSSTILLE, a village of Vermillion County,
on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 19
miles north of Danville; has electric-light plant,
water-works, tile and brick-works, two banks and
two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 879; (1900), 1,435.
KOUXDS, Sterling Parker, public printer,
was born in Berkshire, Vt. , June 27, 1828; about
1840 began learning the printer's trade at Ken-
osha, Wis., and, in 1845, was foreman of the State
printing office at Madison, afterward working in
offices in Milwaukee, Racine and Buffalo, going
to Chicago in 1851. Here he finally established
a printer's warehouse, to which he later added an
electrotype foundry and the manufacture of
presses, also commencing the issue of "Round's
Printers' Cabinet,'' a trade-paper, which was
continued during his life. In 1881 he was ap-
pointed by President Garfield Public Printer at
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Washington, serving until 1885, when he removed
to Omaha, Neb., and wa,s identified with "The
Kepublican," of that city, imtil liis death, Dec.
17, 1887.
ROUNTREE, Hiram, County Judge, born in
Rutherford Coimty, N. C, Dec. 23, 1794; was
brought to Kentucky in infancy, where he grew
to manhood and served as an Ensign in the War
of 1813 under General Shelby. In 1817 he re-
moved to Illinois Territory, first locating in
Madison County, where he taught school for two
years near Edwardsville, but removed to Fayette
County aliout the time of the removal of the
State capital to Vandalia. On the organization
of Montgomery County, in 1831, he was appointed
to office there and ever afterwards resided at
Hillsboro. For a number of years in the early
history of the county, he held (at the same time)
the offices of Clerk of the County Commissioners
Court. Clerk of the Circuit Court, Coimty
Recorder, Justice of the Peace, Notary Public,
Master in Chancery and Judge of Probate, besides
that of Postmaster for the town of Hillsboro. In
1836 he was elected Enrolling and Engrossing
Clerk of the Senate and re-elected in 1830 ; served
as Delegate in the Constitutional Convention of
18-17, and the next year was elected to the State
Senate, serving in the Sixteenth and Seven-
teenth General Assemblies. On retiring from
the Senate (18.53), he was elected County Judge
without opposition, was re-elected to the same
office in 1861, and again, in 186.5, as the nominee
of the Republicans. Judge Rountree was noted
for his sound judgment and sterling integrity.
Died, at Hillsboro, March 4, 1873.
ROUTT, Johu L., soldier and Governor, was
born at Eddyville, Ky., April 25, 1826, brought
to Illinois in infancy and educated in the com-
mon schools. Soon after coming of age he was
elected and served one term as Sheriff of McLean
County ; in 1863 enlisted and became Captain of
Company E, Ninety-fourth Illinois Volunteers.
After the war he engaged in business in Bloom-
ington, and was appointed by President Grant,
successively, United States Jlarshal for the
Southern District of Illinois, Second Assistant
Postmaster-General and Territorial Governor of
Colorado. On the admission of Colorado as a
State, he was elected the first Governor under the
State Government, and re-elected in 1890 — serv-
ing, in all, three years. His home is in Denver.
He has been extensively and successfully identi-
fied with mining enterprises in Colorado.
ROWELL, Jonathan H., ex-Congressman, was
born at Haverhill, N. H., Feb. 10, 1833. He is a
graduate of Eiu-eka College and of the Law
Department of the Chicago University. During
the War of the Rebellion he served three years as
company officer in the Seventeenth Illinois
Infantry. In 1868 he was elected State's Attor-
ney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1880,
was a Presidential Elector on the Republican
ticket. In 1883 he was elected to Congress from
the Fourteenth Illinois District and three times
re-elected, serving until March, 1891. His home
is at Bloom ington.
ROWETT, Richard, soldier, was born in Corn-
wall, England, in 1830, came to the United
States in 1851, finally settling on a farm near
Carlinville, 111., and becoming a breeder of
thorough-bred horses. In 1861 he entered the
service as a Captain in the Seventh Illinois
Volunteers and was successively promoted
Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; was
wounded in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth and
Allatoona, especially distinguishing himself.at the
latter and being brevetted Brigadier-General for
gallantry. After the war he retui-ned to his
stock-farm, but later held the positions of Canal
Commissioner, Penitentiary Commissioner, Rep-
resentative in the Thirtieth General Assem-
bly and Collector of Internal Revenue for the
Fourth (Quincy) District, until its consolidation
with the Eighth District by President Cleveland.
Died, in Chicago, July 13, 1887.
RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, located in Chi-
cago; incorporated by act of March 2, 1887, the
charter having been prepared the previous year
by Drs. Daniel Brainard and Josiah C. Goodhue.
The extreme financial depression of the following
year prevented the organization of a faculty
until 1843. The institution was named in honor
of Dr. Benjamin Rush, the eminent practitioner,
medical author and teacher of Philadelphia in the
latter half of the eighteenth century. The fir.st
faculty consisted of four professors, and the first
term opened on Dec. 4, 1843, with a class of
twenty-two students. Three years' study was
required for graduation, but only two annual
terms of sixteen weeks each need be attended at
the college itself. Instruction was given in a
few rooms temporarily opened for that purpose.
The next year a small building, costing between
$3,000 and $4,000, was erected. This was re-ar-
ranged and enlarged in 1855 at a cost of §15,000.
The constant and rapid growth of the college
necessitated the erection of a nevr building in
1867, the cost of which was §70,000. This was
destroyed in the fire of 1871. and another, costing
$54,000, was erected in 1876 and a free dispensary
IIISTOrJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
461
added. In 1844 the Presbyterian Hospital was
located on a portion of the college lot, and the
two institutions connected, thus insuring abun-
dant and stable facilities for clinical instruction.
Shortly afterwards, Rush College became the
medical department of Lake Forest University.
The present faculty (1898) consists of 95 profes-
sors, adjunct professors, lecturers and instructors
of all grades, and over 600 students in attend-
ance. The length of the annual terms is six
months, and four years of study are required for
graduation, attendance upon at least three col-
lege terms being compulsory.
RUSHVILLE, the county-seat of Schuyler
County. 50 miles northeast of Quincy and 11
miles northwest of Beardstown ; is the southern
terminus of the Buda and Rushville branch of the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The
town was selected as the county-seat in 1826,
the seat of justice being removed from a place
called Beardstown, about five miles eastward
(not the present Beardstown in Cass County),
wliere it had been located at the time of the
organization of Schuyler County, a year previous.
At first the new seat of justice was called Rush-
ton, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but after-
wards took its present name. It is a coal-mining,
grain and fruit-growing region, and contains
several manufactories, including flour-mills, brick
and tile works; also has two banks (State and
private) and a public library. Four periodicals
(one daily) are published here. Population
(1880), 1,662; (1890), 2,031; (1900), 2,292.
RUSSELL, John, pioneer teacher and author,
was born at Cavendish, Vt., July 31, 1793, and
educated in the common schools of his native
State and at Middlebury College, where he gradu-
ated in 1818 — having obtained means to support
himself, during his college course, by teaching
and by the publication, before he had reached his
20th year, of a volume entitled "The Authentic
History of Vermont State Prison. ' ' After gradu-
ation he taught for a short time in Georgia; but,
early in the following year, joined his father on
the way to Missouri. The next five years he
spent in teaching in the "Bonhommie Bottom''
on the Missouri River. During this period he
published, anonymously, in "The St. Cliarles Mis-
sourian," a temperance allegory entitled "The
Venomous Worm" (or "The Worm of the Still"),
which gained a wide popularity and was early
recognized by the compilers of school-readers as
a soi-t of classic. Leaving thi.s locality he taught
a year in St. Louis, when lie removed to Vandalia
(then the capital of Illinois), after which he spent
two years teaching in the Seminary at Upper
Alton, which afterwards became Shurtleff College.
In 1828 he removed to Greene County, locating
at a jioint near the Illinois River to which he
gave the name of Bluffdale. Here he was U-
censed as a Baptist preacher, officiating in this ca-
pacity only occasionally, wliile pursuing his
calling as a teacher or writer for the press, to
which he was an almost constant contributor
during the last twenty-five years of his life.
About 1837 or 1838 he was editor of a paper called
"The Backwoodsman" at Grafton— then a part
of Greene County, but now in Jersey County— to
which he afterwards continued to be a contribu-
tor some time longer, and, in 1841-42, was editor
of "The Advertiser, ' at Louisville, Ky. He was
also, for several years, Principal of the Spring
Hill Academy in East Feliciana Parish, La.,
meanwhile serving for a portion of the time as
Superintendent of Public Schools. He was the
author of a number of stories and sketches, some
of which went through several editions, and, at
the time of his death, had in preparation a his-
tory of "The Black Hawk War," "Evidences of
Christianity" and a "History of Illinois." He
was an accomplished linguist, being able to read
with fluency Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and
Italian, besides having considerable familiarity
with several other modern languages. In 1863
he received from the University of Chicago the
degree of LL.D. Died, Jan, 2, 1863, and was
buried on the old homestead at Bluafdale.
RUSSELL, Martin J., politician and journal-
ist, born in Chicago, Dec. 20, 1845. He was a
nephew of Col. James A. Mulligan (see Mulligan,
James A.) and served with credit as Adjutant-
General on the staff of the latter in the Civil
War. In 1870 he became a reporter on "The
Chicago Evening Post." and was advanced to
the position of city editor. Subsequently he was
connected with "The Times," and "The Tele-
gram" ; was also a member of the Board of Edu-
cation of Hyde Park before the annexation of
that village to Chicago, and has been one of the
South Park Commissioners of the city last named.
After the purchase of "The Chicago Times" by
Carter H. Harrison he remained for a time on
the editorial staff. In 1894 President Cleveland
appointed him Collector of the Port of Chicago.
At the expiration of his term of office he resumed
editorial work as editor-in-chief of "The Chron-
icle," the organ of the Democratic party in
Chicago. Died June 25, 1900.
RUTHERFORD, Friend S., lawyer and sol-
dier,'was born in Schenectady, N. Y., Sept. 25,
463
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
1830; studied law in Troy and removed to Illi-
nois, settling at Edwardsville, and finally at
Alton; -was a Eepublican candidate for Presi-
dential Elector in 1856, and. in 1860, a member of
the National Republican Convention at Chicago,
wliich nominated Mr. Lincoln for tlie Presidency.
In September, 1863, he was commissioned Colonel
of the Ninety-seventh Illinois Volimteers, and
participated in the capture of Port Gibson and in
the operations about Vicksburg — also leading iu
the attack on Arkansas Post, and subsequently
serving in Louisiana, but died as the result of
fatigue and exposure in the service, June 30,
1864, one week before his promotion to the rank
of Brigadier-General.— Reuben C. (Rutherford),
brother of tlie preceding, was born at Troy, N. Y. ,
Sept. 29, 1833, but grew up in Vermont and New
Hampshire ; received a degree in law when quite
young, but afterwards fitted himself as a lec-
turer on physiology and hygiene, upon which he
lectured extensively in Michigan, Illinois and
other States after coming west in 1849. During
1854-55, in co-operation witli Prof. J. B. Turner
and others, he canvassed and lectured extensively
throughout Illinois in support of the movement
which resulted in the donation of public lands,
by Congress, for the establishment of "Industrial
Colleges"' in the several States. The establish-
ment of the University of Illinois, at Cliampaign,
was the outgrowth of this movement. In 1856 he
located at Quincy, where he resided some thirty
years; in 1861, served for several months as the
first Commissary of Subsistence at Cairo; was
later associated with tlie State Quartermaster's
Department, finally entering the secret service of
the War Department, in which lie remained until
1867, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier-
General. In 1886, General Rutherford removed
to New York City, where he died, June 34, 1895.—
George T. (Rutherford), another brother, was
born at Rutland, Vt. , 1830 ; was first admitted to
the bar, but afterwards took charge of the con-
struction of telegraph lines in some of the South-
ern States; at the beginning of the Civil War
became Assistant Quartermaster-General of the
State of Illinois, at Springfield, under ex-Gov.
John Wood, but subsequently entered the
Quartermaster's service of the General Govern-
ment in Washington, retiring after the war witli
the rank of Brigadier-General. He then returned
to Quincy, 111. , where he resided until 1873, when
he engaged in manufacturing business at North-
ampton, Mass., but finally removed to California
for the benefit of his failing health. Died, at St.
Helena, Cal. , August 28, 1872.
RUTLAND, a village of La Salle County, on
the Illinois Central Railroad, 25 miles south of La
Salle; has a bank, five churches, school, and a
newspaper, with coal mines in the vicinity. Pop.
(1890), 509; (1900), 893; (1903), 1,093.
RUTLEDliE, (Rev.) William J., clergyman,
Army Chaplain, born in Augusta County, Va.,
June 34, 1830; was converted at the age of 13
years and, at 31, became a member of the Illinois
Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church,
serving various churches in the central and west-
ern parts of the State — also acting, for a time, as
Agent of the Illinois Conference Female College
at Jacksonville. From 1861 to 1863 he was Chap-
lain of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volun-
teers. Returning from the war, he served as
pastor of churches at Jacksonville, Bloomington,
Quincy, Rushville, Springfield, Griggsville and
other points; from 1881 to '84 was Chaplain of
the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet. Mr.
Rutledge was one of the founders of the Grand
Army of the Republic, and served for many years
as Chaplain of the order for the Department of
Illinois. In connection with the ministry, he
has occupied a supernumerary relation since
1885. Died in Jacksonville, April 14, 1900.
RUTZ, Edward, State Treasurer, was born in
a village in the Duchy of Baden, Germany, May
5, 1839; came to America in 1848, locating on a
farm in St. Clair County, 111. ; went to California
in 1857, and, early in 1861, enlisted in the Third
United States Artillery at San Francisco, serving
with the Army of the Potomac until his discharge
in 1864, and taking part in every battle iu which
his command was engaged. After his return in
1865, he located in St. Clair County, and was
elected County Surve3'or, served three consecu-
tive terms as County Treasurer, and was elected
State Treasurer three times— 1873, '76 and '80.
About 1893 he removed to California, where he
now resides.
RYAN, Edward G., early editor and jurist,
born at Newcastle House. County Meath, Ireland,
Nov. 13, 1810; was educated for the priesthood,
but tm-ned his attention to law, and, in 1830,
came to New York and engaged in teaching
while prosecuting his legal studies; in 1836 re-
moved to Chicago, where he was admitted to the
bar and was, for a time, associated in practice
with Hugh T. Dickey. In April, 1840, Mr. Ryan
assumed the editorship of a weekly paper in Chi-
cago called "The Illinois Tribune," which he
conducted for over a year, and which is remem-
bered chiefly on account of its bitter assaults on
Judge John Pearson of Danville, who had
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
463
aroused the hostility of some members of the
Chicago bar by his rulings upon the bench.
About 1843 Ryan removed to Milwaukee, Wis.,
where he was, for a time, a partner of Matthew
H. Carpenter (afterwards United States Senator),
and was connected with a number of celebrated
trials before the courts of that State, including
the Barstow-Bashford case, which ended with
Bashford becoming the first Republican Governor
of "Wisconsin. In 1874 he was appointed Chief
Justice of Wisconsin, serving until his death,
which occurred at Madison, Oct. 19, 1880. He
was a strong partisan, and, during the Civil "War,
was an intense opponent of the war policy' of the
Government. In spite of infirmities of temper,
he appears to have been a man of mucli learning
and recognized legal ability.
RTAy, James, Roman Catholic Bishop, born
in Ireland in 1848 and emigrated to America in
childhood; was educated for the priesthood in
Kentucky, and, after ordination, was made a pro-
fessor in St. Joseph's Seminary, at Bardstown,
Ky. In 1878 he removed to IlUnois, attaching
himself to the diocese of Peoria, and having
charge of parishes at Wataga and Danville. In
1881 he became rector of the Ottawa parish,
within the episcopal jurisdiction of the Arch-
bishop of Chicago. In 1888 he was made Bishop
of the see of Alton, the prior incumbent (Bishop
Baltes) having died in 1886.
SACS AJfD FOXES, two confederated Indian
tribes, who were among the most warlike and
powerful of the aborigines of the Illinois Country.
The Foxes called themselves the Musk-wah-ha-
kee, a name compounded of two words, signify-
ing "those of red earth." The French called
them Ou-ta-ga-mies, that being their spelling of
the name given them by other tribes, the mean-
ing of which was "Foxes," and which was
bestowed upon them because their totem (or
armorial device, as it may be called) was a fox.
They seem to have been driven westward from
the northern shore of Lake Ontario, by way of
Niagara and Mackinac, to the region around
Green Bay, Wis. — Concerning their allied breth-
ren, the Sacs, less is known. The name is vari-
ously spelled in the Indian dialects — Ou-sa-kies,
Sauks, etc. — and the term Sacs is unquestionably
an abbreviated corruption. Black Hawk be-
longed to this tribe. The Foxes and Sacs formed
a confederation according to aboriginal tradition,
on what is now known as the Sao River, near
Green Bay, but the date of the alliance cannot
be determined. The origin of the Sacs is equally
uncertain. Black Hawk claimed that his tribe
originally dwelt around Quebec, but, as to the
authenticity of this claim, historical authorities
differ widel}'. Subsequent to 1070 the history of
the allied tribes is tolerably well defined. Their
characteristics, location and habits are described
at some length by Father AUouez, who visited
them in 166G-67. He says that they were numer-
ous and warlike, but depicts them as "penurious,
avaricious, thievish and quarrelsome." That
they were cordially detested by their neighbors
is certain, and Judge James Hall calls them "the
Ishmaelites of the lakes. " They were unfriendly
to the Fi-ench, who attached to themselves other
tribes, and. through the aid of the latter, had
well-nigh exterminated them, when the Sacs and
Foxes sued for peace, which was granted on
terms most humiliating to the vanquished. By
1718, however, they were virtually in possession
of the region around Rock River in Ilhnois, and,
four years later, through the aid of the Mascou-
tins and Kickapoos, they had expelled the Illinois,
driving the last of that ill-fated tribe across the
Illinois River. They abstained from taking part
in the border wars that marked the close of the
Revolutionary War, and therefore did not par-
ticipate in the treaty of Greenville in 179,). At
that date, according to Judge Hall, they claimed
the country as far west as Council Bluffs, Iowa,
and as far north as Prairie du Chien. Thej^
offered to co-operate with the United States
Government in the War of 1812, but this offer
was declined, and a portion of the tribe, under
the leadership of Black Hawk, enlisted on the
side of the British. The Black Hawk War proved
their political ruin. By the treaty of Rock Island
the}' ceded vast tracts of land, including a large
part of the eastern half of Iowa and a large body
of land east of the Mississippi. (See Black Hawk
M'ar; Indian Treaties.) In 1842 the Government
divided the nation into two bands, removing both
to reservations in the farther West. One was
located on the Osage River and the other on the
south side of the Nee-ma-ha River, near the
northwest corner of Kansas. From these reser-
vations, there is httle doubt, many of them have
silently emigrated toward the Rocky Mountains,
where the hoe might be laid aside for the rifle,
the net and the spear of the himter. A few
years ago a part of these confederated tribes
were located in the eastern part of Oklahoma.
SAILOR SPRINGS, a village and health resort
in Clay County, 5 miles north of Clay City, has
an academy and a local paper. Population (1900),
419; (1903, est.), 550.
464
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
SALEM, an incorporated city, the county-seat
of Marion County, on the Baltimore & Oliio South-
western, the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the
Illinois Southern Railroads, 71 miles east of St.
Louis, and IG miles northeast of Centralia; in
agricultural and coal district. A leading indus-
try is the culture, evaporation and shipment of
fruit. The city has flour-mills, two banks and
three weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,493;
(1900), 1,G43.
SALINE COr>'TT, a southeastern county,
organized in 18 IT, having an area of 380 square
miles. It derives its name from the salt springs
which are found in every part of the county.
The northern portion is rolling and yields an
abundance of coal of a quality suitable for smith-
ing. The bottoms are swampy, but heavily
timbered, and saw-mills abound. Oak, hickory,
sweet gum, mulberry, locust and sassafras are
the prevailing varieties. Fruit and tobacco are
extensively cultivated. The climate is mild and
humid, and the vegetation varied. The soil of
the low lands is rich, and, when drained, makes
excellent farming lands. In some localities a
good gray sandstone, soft enough to be worked,
is quarried, and millstone grit is frequently found.
In the southern half of the county are the Eagle
Mountains, a line of hills having an altitude of
some 4.50 to 500 feet above the level of the Mis-
sissippi at Cairo, and believed by geologists to
have been a part of the upheaval that gave birth
to the Ozark Mountains in Missouri and Arkan-
sas. The highest land in the county is 864 feet
above sea-level. Tradition says that these hills
are rich in silver ore, but it has not been foimd
in paying quantities. Springs strongly impreg-
nated with sulphur are found on the slopes. The
county-seat was originally located at Raleigh,
which was platted in 1848, but it was subse-
quently removed to Harrisburg, which was laid
out in IS.'JO. Population of the county (1880),
1.5.940; (1890), 19.343; (1900), 21,685. .
SALINE RITER, a stream formed by the con-
fluence of two branches, both of which flow
through portions of Saline County, uniting in
Gallatin County. The North Fork rises in Hamil-
ton County and runs nearly south, while the
South Fork drains part of Williamson County,
and runs east through Saline. The river (which
is little more than a creek), thus formed, runs
southeast, entering the Ohio ten miles below
Shawneetown.
SALT MANUFACTURE. There is evidence
going to show that the saline springs, in GaUatin
County, were utilized by the aboriginal inhabit-
ants in the making of salt, long before the advent
of white settlers. There have been discovered, at
various points, what appear to be the remains of
evaporating kettles, composed of hardened clay
and pounded shells, varying in diameter from
three to four feet. In 1812, with a view to en-
couraging the manufacture of salt from these
springs, Congress granted to Illinois the use of
36 square miles, the fee still remaining in the
United States. These lands were leased b}- tlie
State to private parties, but the income derived
from them was comparatively small and fre-
quently difficult of collection. The workmen
were mostly slaves from Kentucky and Tennes-
see, who are especially referred to in Article VI.,
Section 2, of the Constitution of 1818. The salt
made brought So per 100 pounds, and was shipped
in keel-boats to various points on the Ohio, Mis-
sissippi, Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, while
many purchasers came hundreds of miles on
horseback and carried it away on pack animals.
In 1827, the State treasury being empty and the
General Assembly having decided to erect a peni-
tentiary at Alton, Congress was petitioned to
donate these lands to the State in fee, and per-
mission was granted "to sell 30,000 acres of the
Ohio Salines in Gallatin County, and apply the
proceeds to such purposes as the Legislature
might by law direct." The sale was made, one-
half of the proceeds set apart for the building of
the penitentiary, and one-half to the improve-
ment of roads and rivers in the eastern part of
the State. The manufactm-e of salt was carried
on, however — for a time by lessees and subse-
quently by owners — until 1873, about which time
it was abandoned, chiefly because it had ceased
to be profitable on account of competition with
other districts possessing superior facihties.
Some salt was manufactured in Vermilion County
about 1834. The manufacture has been success-
fully carried on in recent years, from the product
of artesian wells, at St. John, in Perry County.
SANDOVAL, a village of Marion Comity, at
the crossing of the western branch of the Illinois
Central Riilroad, and the Baltimore & Ohio
Southwestern, 6 miles north of Centralia. The
town has coal mines and some manufactures,
with banks and one newspaper. Population
(1880), .564; (1890). 834; (1900), 1,2-58.
SANDSTONE. The quantity of sandstone quar-
ried in Illinois is comparatively insignificant, its
value being less than one-fifth of one per cent of
the value of the output of the entire country.
In 1890 the State ranked twenty-fifth in the list
of States producing this mineral, the total value
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
465
of the stone quarried being but 817,896, repre-
senting 141,605 cubic feet, taken fi-om ten quar-
ries, which employed forty -six hands, and had an
aggregate capital invested of §49,400.
SANDWICH, a city in De Kalb County, incor-
porated iu 1873, on tlie Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroad, 58 miles southwest of Chicago.
Tlie principal industries are the manufacture of
agricultural implements, hay-presses, corn-shell-
ers, pumps and wind-mills. Sand^vich has two
private banks, two weekly and one semi-weekly
papers. Pop. (1890), 3,516; (1900), 3,520; (1903),
2,865.
SANGAMON COUNTY, a central county,
organized under act of June 30, 1831, from parts
of Bond and Jladison Counties, and embracing
the present counties of Sangamon, Cass, Menard,
Mason, Tazewell, Logan, and parts of Morgan,
McLean, Woodford, Marshall and Putnam. It
.was named for the river flowing through it.
Though reduced 'in area somewhat, four' years
later, it extended to the Illinois River, but was
reduced to its present limits by the setting apart
of Menard, Logan and Dane (now Christian)
Counties, in 1839. Henry Funderburk is believed
to have been the first white settler, arriving
there in 1817 and locating in what is now Cotton
Hill Township, being followed, the next year, by
William Drennan, Joseph Dodds, James McCoy,
Robert Pulliam and others. John Kelly located
on the present site of the city of Springfield in
1818, and was there at the time of the selection
of that place as the temporary seat of justice in
1821. Other settlements were made at Auburn,
Island Grove, and elsewhere, and population
began to flow in rapidly. Remnants of the Potta-
watomie and Kickapoo Indians were still there,
but soon moved north or west. County organi-
zation was effected in 1821, the first Board of
County Commissioners being compo.sed of Wil-
liam Drennan, Zachariah Peter and Samuel Lee.
John Reynolds (afterwards Governor) lieUl the
first term of Circuit Court, with John Taylor,
Sheriff ; Henry Starr, Prosecuting Attorney, and
Charles R. Matheny, Circuit Clerk. A United
States Lffod Office was established at Springfield
in 1833, with Pascal P. Enos as Receiver, the
first sale of lands taking place the same year.
The soil of Sangamon County is exuberantly fer-
tile, with rich underlying deposits of bituminous
coal, which is mined in large quantities. The
chief towns are Springfield, Auburn, Riverton,
Illiopolis and Pleasant Plains. The area of the
county is 860 square miles. Population (1880),
52,894; (1890), 61,195; (1900), 71,593.
SANGAMON RIVER, formed by the union of
the North and South Forks, of which the former
is the longer, or main branch. The North Fork
rises in the northern part of Champaign County,
whence it runs southwest to the city of Decatur,
thence westward through Sangamon County,
forming the north boundary of Christian County,
and emptying into the Illinois River about 9 miles
above Beardstown. The Sangamon is nearly 240
miles long, including the North Fork. The
South Fork flows through Christian Coimty, and
joins the North Fork about 6 miles east of
Springfield. In the early history of the State the
Sangamon was regarded as a navigable stream,
and its improvement was one of the measures
advocated by Abraham Lincoln in 1832, wlien he
was for the first time a candidate (though vmsuc-
cessfuUy) for tlie Legislature. In the spring of
1833 a small steamer from Cincinnati, called the
"Talisman," ascended the river to a point near
Springfield. The event was celebrated with
great rejoicing by the people, but the vessel
encountered so much difficulty iu getting out of
the river that the experiment was never
repeated.
SANGAMON & MORGAN RAILROAD. (See
Wabash Railroad.)
SANGER, Lorenzo P., railway and canal con-
tractor, was born at Littleton, N. H., March 3,
1809 ; brought in childhood to Livingston County,
N. Y., where his father became a contractor on
the Erie Canal, the son also being employed upon
the same work. The latter subsequently became
a contractor on the Pennsylvania Canal on his
own account, being known as "the boy contract-
or." Then, after a brief experience in mercantile
business, and a year spent in the construction of a
canal in Indiana, in 1836 he came to Illinois, and
soon after became an extensive contractor on the
Illinois & Michigan Canal, having charge of rook
excavation at Lockport. He was also connected
with the Rock River improvement scheme, and
interested in a line of stages between Chicago
and Galena, which, having been consolidated
with the line managed by the firm of Fink &
Walker, finally became the Northwestern Stage
Company, extending its operations throughout
Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa
and Missouri— Mr. Sanger having charge of the
Western Division, for a time, with headquarters
at St. Louis. In 1851 he became the head of the
firm of Sanger, Camp & Co. , contractors for the
construction of the Western (or Illinois) Division
of the Ohio & Mississippi (now the Baltimore &
Ohio Southwestern) Railway, upon which he
46G
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
was employed for several rears. Other works
with which he was connected were the North
Missouri Railroad and the construction of the
State Penitentiary at Joliet, as member of the
firm of Sanger & Casey, for a time, also lessees of
convict labor. In 1862 Mr. Sanger received from
Governor Yates, by request of President Lincoln,
a commission as Colonel, and was assigned to
staff duty in Kentucky and Tennessee. After
the war he became largely interested in stone
quarries adjacent to Joliet ; also had an extensive
contract, from the City of Chicago, for deepening
the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Oakland,
Cal., March 23, 187.5, whither he had gone for the
benefit of his health. — James Young (Sanger),
brother of the preceding, was born at Sutton,
Vt., March 14, 1814; in boyhood spent some time
in a large mercantile establishment at Pittsburg,
Pa., later being associated with his father and
elder brother in contracts on the Erie Canal and
similar works in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indi-
ana. At the age of 22 he came with his father's
family to St. Joseph, Mich., where they estab-
lished a large supply store, and engaged in
bridge-building and similar enterprises. At a
later period, in connection with his father and
his brother, L. P. Sanger, he was prominently
connected with the construction of the Illinois &
Michigan Canal — the aqueduct at Ottawa and
the locks at Peru being constructed by them.
About 1850 the Construction Company, of which
he and his brother, L. P. Sanger, were leading
members, undertook the construction of the Ohio
& Mississippi (now Baltimore & Ohio Southwest-
ern) Railroad, from St. Louis to Vincennes, Ind.,
and were prominently identified with other rail-
road enterprises in Southern Illinois, Missouri and
California. Died, July 3, 1867, when consum-
mating arrangements for the performance of a
large contract on tlie Union Pacific Railroad.
SANITARY COMMISSION. (See niiriois San-
itary Commission. )
SAMTARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. (See
Chicago Drainage Canal.)
SAUGANASH, the Indian name of a half-breed
known as Capt. Billy Caldwell, the son of a
British officer and a Pottawatomie woman, born
in Canada about 1780; received an education
from the Jesuits at Detroit, and was able to
speak and write English and French, besides
several Indian dialects ; was a friend of Tecum-
seh's and, during the latter part of his life, a
devoted friend of the whites. He took up his
residence in Chicago about 1820, and, in 1826,
was a Justice of the Peace, while nominally a
subject of Great Britain and a Chief of the Otta-
was and Pottawatomies. In 1828 the Govern-
ment, in consideration of his services, built for
him the first frame house ever erected in Chicago,
which he occupied until his departure with his
tribe for Council Bluffs in 1836. By a treaty,
made Jan. 3, 1830, reservations were granted by
the Government to Sauganash, Shabona and
other friendly Indians (see Shabona). and 1,240
acres on the North Branch of Chicago River set
apart for Caldwell, which he sold before leaving
the country. Died, at Council Bluffs, Iowa,
Sept. 28, 1841.
SAVAGE, George S. F., D.D., clergyman, was
born at Cromwell, Conn., Jan. 29, 1817; gradu-
ated at Yale College in 18-14; studied theology at
Andover and New Haven, graduating in 1847;
was ordained a home missionary the same year
and spent twelve years as pastor at St. Charles,
111. , for four years being corresponding editor of
"The Prairie Herald" and "The Congregational
Herald." For ten years he was in the service of
the American Tract Society, and, during the Civil
War, was engaged in sanitary and religious work
in the army. In 1870 he was appointed Western
Secretary of the Congregational Publishing
Society, remaining two years, after which he be-
came Financial Secretary of the Chicago Theo-
logical Seminary. He has also been a Director
of the institution since 1854, a Trustee of Beloit
College since 1850, and, for several years, editor
and publisher of "The Congregational Review."
SAVANIVA, a city in Carroll County, situated
on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Northern and the Chicago, Milwaukee
& St. Paul Railways; is 10 miles west of Mount
Carroll and about 20 miles north of Clinton,
Iowa. It is an important shipping-point and con-
tains several manufactories of machinery, lumber,
fiour, etc. It has two State banks, a public
library, churches, two graded schools, township
high school, and two daily and weekly news-
papers. Pop. (1890), 3,097; (1900), 3.325.
SAYBROOK, a village of McLean County, on
the Lake Erie & Western Railroad, 26 miles east
of Bloomington; district agricultural^ ccunty
fairs held here; the town has two banks and two
newspapers. Pop. (1890), 851; (1900), 879.
SCATES, Walter Bpn;iett, jurist and soldier,
was born at South Boston, Halifax County, V'a.,
Jan. 18, 1808; was taken in infancy to Hopkins-
ville, Ky., where he resided imtil 1831, having
meanwhile learned the printer's trade at Nash-
ville and studied law at Louisville. In 1831 he
removed to Frankfort, Franklin County, 111.,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
467
where, for a time, he was County Surveyor. In
1836, having been appointed Attorney-General,
he removed to Vandalia, then the seat of govern-
ment, but resigned at the close of tlie same year
to accept the judgeship of the Third Judicial
Circuit, and took up liis residence at Shawnee-
town. In 1841 he was one of five new Judges
added to the Supreme Court bench, the others
being Sidney Breese, Stephen A. Douglas,
Thomas Ford and Samuel H. Treat. In that
year he removed to Mount Vernon, Jefferson
County, and, in January, 1847, resigned liis seat
upon the bench to resume practice. The same
year he was a member of the Constitutional Con-
vention and Chairman of the Committee on
Judiciary. In June, 1854, he again took a seat
upon the Supreme Court bench, being chosen to
succeed Lyman Trumbull, but resigned in May,
1857, and resumed practice in Chicago. In
1863 he volunteered in defense of the Union,
received a Major's commission and was assigned
to duty on the staff of General McClernand ; was
made, Assistant Adjutant-General and mustered
out in January, 1866. In July, 1866, President
Johnson appointed him Collector of Customs at
Chicago, which position he filled until July 1,
1869, when he %vas removed by President Grant,
during the same period, being ex-oflficio custodian
of United States funds, the office of Assistant
Treasurer not having been then created. Died,
at Evanston, Oct. 26, 1886.
SCAMMOX, Jonathan Youn^, lawyer and
banker, was born at Whitefield, Maine, July 27,
1812 ; after graduating at Waterville (now Colby)
University in 1831, he studied law and was
admitted to the bar at Ilallowell, in 1835 remov-
ing to Chicago, where he spent the remainder of
his life. After a year spent as deputy in the
office of the Circuit Clerk of Cook County, during
\\hich he prepared a revision of the Illinois stat-
utes, he was appointed attorney for the State
Bank of Illinois in 1837, and, in 1839, became
reporter of the Supreme Court, which office he
held until 1845. In the meantime, he was associ-
ated with several prominent lawyers, his first
legal firm being that of Scammon, McCagg &
Fuller, which was continued up to the fire of
1871. A large operator in real estate and identi-
fied with man}' enterprises of a public or benevo-
lent character, his most important financial
venture was in connection with the Chicago
Marine & Fire Insurance Company, which con-
ducted an extensive banking business for many
years, and of which he was the President and
leading spirit. As a citizen he was progressive,
public-spirited and liberal. He was one of the
main promoters and organizers of the old Galena
& Chicago Union Railway, the first railroad to
run west from Lake Michigan ; was also promi-
nently identified with the founding of the Chi-
cago public school system, a Trustee of the (old)
Chicago University, and one of the founders of
the Chicago Historical Society, of the Chicago
Academy of Sciences and the Chicago Astro-
nomical Society — being the first President
of the latter body. He erected, at a cost of
§30,000, the Fort Dearborn Observatory, in
which he caused to be placed the most power-
ful telescope which had at that time been brought
to the West. He also maintained the observatory
at his own expense. He was the pioneer of
Swedenborgianism in Chicago, and, in politics, a
staunch Whig, and, later, an ardent Republican.
In 1844 he was one of the founders of "The Chi-
cago American," a paper designed to advance
the candidacy of Henry Clay for the Presidency ;
and, in 1872, when "The Chicago Tribune"
espoused the Liberal Republican cause, he started
"The Inter-Ocean" as a Republican organ, being,
for some time, its sole proprietor and editor-in-
chief. He was one of the first to encourage tlie
adoption of the homeopathic system of medicine
in Chicago, and was prominently connected with
the founding of the Hahnemann Medical College
and the Hahnemann Hospital, being a Trustee in
both for many years. As a member of the Gen-
eral Assembly he secured the pas.sage of many
important measures, among them being legisla-
tion looking toward the bettering of the currency
and the banking system. He accumulated a
large fortune, but lost most of it by the fire of
1871 and the panic of 1873. Died, in Chicago,
March 17. 1890.
SCARRITT, Nathan, pioneer, was born in Con-
necticut, came to Edwardsville, 111., in 1820, and,
in 1821, located in Scarritt's Prairie, JIadison
County. His sons afterward became influential
in business and Methodist church circles. Died,
Dec. 12, 1847.
SCENERY, NATURAL. Notwithstanding the
uniformity of sm'face which characterizes a
country containing no mountain ranges', but
which is made up largely of natural prairies,
there are a number of localities in Illinois where
scenery of a picturesque, and even bold and
rugged character, may be found. One of the
most striking of these features is produced by a
spur or low range of hills from the Ozark Moun-
tains of Missouri, projected across the southern
part of the State from the vicinity of Grand
468
HISTOrJCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Tower in Jackson Comitj', through the northern
part of Union, and through portions of William-
son, Johnson, Saline, Pope and Hardin Counties.
Grand Tower, the initial point in the western
part of the State, is an isolated cliff of limestone,
standing out in the channel of the Mississippi,
and forming an island nearly 100 feet above low-
water level. It has been a conspicuous landmark
for navigators ever since the discovery of the
Mississippi. "Fountain Bluff," a few miles
above Grand Tower, is another conspicuous point
immediately on the river bank, formed by some
isolated hills about three miles long by a mile
and a half wide, which have withstood the forces
that excavated the valley now occupied by the
Mississippi. About half a mile from the lower
end of this hill, with a low valley between them,
is a smaller eminence known as the "Devil's
Bake Oven." The main cliain of bluffs, known
as the "Back Bone," is about five miles from the
river, and rises to a height of nearly 700 feet
above low-tide in the Gulf of Mexico, or more
than 400 feet above the level of the river at
Cairo. "Bald Knob" is a very prominent inland
bluff promontorj' near Alta Pass on the line of
the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, in the northern part
of Union County, with an elevation above tide-
water of 985 feet. The highest point in this
range of hills is reached in tlie northeastern part
of Pope County — the elevation at that point (as
ascertained by Prof. Rolfe of the State University
at Champaign) being 1,046 feet. — There is some
striking scenery in the neighborhood of Grafton
between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois, as
well as some distance up the latter stream-
though the landscape along the middle section of
the Illinois is generally monotonous or only
gently undulating, except at Peoria and a few
otlier points, where bluffs rise to a considerable
height. On the Upper Illinois, beginning at
Peru, the scenery again becomes picturesque,
including the celebrated "Starved Rock," the
site of La Salle's Fort St. Louis (which see).
This rock rises to a perpendicular height of
about r35 feet from the surface of the river at the
ordinary stage. On the oijposite side of the river,
about four miles below Ottawa, is "Buffalo
Rock," an isolated ridge of rock about two miles
long by forty to sixty rods wide, evidently once
an island at a period when the Illinois Ri%'er
occupied the whole valley. Additional interest
is given to both these localities by their associ-
ation with early history. Deer Park, on the Ver-
milion River — some two miles from where it
empties, into the Illinois, just below "Starved
Rock" — is a peculiar grotto-Uke formation, caused
by a ravine which enters the Vermilion at this
point. Ascending this ravine from its mouth,
for a quarter of a mile, between almost perpen-
dicular walls, the road terminates abruptly at a
dome-like overhanging rock which widens at this
point to about 150 feet in diameter at the base,
with a height of about 75 feet. A clear spring
of water gushes from the base of the cliff, and, at
certain seasons of the }"ear. a beautiul water-fall
pours from the cliffs into a little lake at the bot-
tom of the chasm. There is much other striking
scenery higher up, on both the Illinois and Fox
Rivers. — A point which arrested the attention of
the earliest explorers in this region was Mount
Joliet, near the city of that name. It is first
mentioned by St. Cosme in 1C98, and has been
variously known as Jlonjolly, Mont Jolie, Mount
Juliet, and Mount Joliet. It had an elevation, in
early times, of about 30 feet with a level top
1,300 by 235 feet. Prof. O. H. Marshall, in "The
American Antiquarian," expresses the opinion
that, originally, it was an island in the river,
which, at a remote period, swept down the vallej'
of the Des Plaines. Mount Joliet was a favorite
rallying point of Illinois Indians, who were
accustomed to hold their councils at its base. —
The scenery along Rock River is not striking
from its boldness, but it attracted the attention
of early explorers by the picturesque beauty of
its groves, undulating plains and sheets of water.
The highest and most abrupt elevations are met
with in Jo Daviess County, near the Wisconsin
State line. Pilot Knob, a natural mound about
three miles south of Galena and two miles from
the Mississippi, has been a landmark well known
and river men ever since the Upper
began to be navigated. Towering
above the surrounding bluffs, it reaches an alti-
tude of some 430 feet above the ordinary level of
Fever River. A chain of some half dozen of these
mounds extends some fom- or five miles in a north-
easterly direction from Pilot Knob, Waddel's and
Jackson's IMounds being conspicuous among
them. There are also some castellated rocks
around the city of Galena which are very strik-
ing. Charles Mound, belonging to the system
already referred to, is believed to be the highest
elevation in the State. It stands near the Wis-
consin State line, and, according to Prof. Rolfe,
has an altitude of 314 feet above the Illinois Cen-
tral Railroad at Scales" Mound Station, and, 1,257
feet above the Gulf of Mexico.
SCHAUMBERG, a village in Schaumberg
Township, Cook County. Population, 573.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
469
SCHNEIDER, George, journalist and banker,
■was born at Pirmasens, Bavaria, Dec. 13, 1823.
Being sentenced to death for his participation in
the attempted rebellion of 1848, he escaped to
America in 1849, going from New York to Cle-re-
land, and afterwards to St. Louis. There, in con-
nection with his brother, he established a German
daily — "The New Era" — which was intensely
anti-slavery and exerted a decided political influ-
ence, especially among persons of German birth.
In 1851 he removed to Chicago, where he became
editor of "The Staats Zeitung," in which he
vigorously opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill on
its introduction by Senator Douglas. His attitude
and articles gave such offense to the partisan
friends of this measure, that "The Zeitung" was
threatened with destruction by a mob in 185.5.
He early took advanced ground in opposition to
slavery, and was a member of the convention of
Anti-Nebraska editors, held at Decatur in 1856,
and of the first Republican State Convention, held
at Bloomington the same year, as well as of the
National Republican Conventions of 1856 and
1860, participating in the nomination of both
John C. Fremont and Abraham Lincoln for the
Presidency. In 1861 he was a member of the
Chicago Union Defense Committee, and was
appointed, by Jlr. Lincoln, Consul-General at
Elsinore, Denmark. Returning to America in
1862, he disposed of his interest in "The Staats
Zeitung" and was appointed the first Collector of
Internal Revenue for the Chicago District. On
retiring from this ofl5ce he engaged in banking,
subsequently becoming President of the National
Bank of Illinois, with which he was associated
for a quarter of a century. In 1877 President
Hayes tendered him the ministry to Switzerland,
whicli he declined. In 1880 he was chosen Presi-
dential Elector for the State-at-large, also serving
for a number of years as a member of the Repub-
lican State Central Committee.
SCHOFIELD, John McAllister, Major-General,
was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y., Sept 29,
1831; brought to Bristol, Kendall County, 111., in
1843, and, two years later, removed to Freeport ;
graduated from the United States Military Acad-
emy, in 1853, as classmate of Generals McPherson
and Sheridan ; was assigned to the artillery ser-
vice and served two years in Florida, after which
he spent five years (1855-60) as an instructor at
West Point. At the beginning of the Civil War
he was on leave of absence, acting as Professor
of Physics in Washington University at St.
Louis, but, waiving his leave, he at once returned
to duty and was appointed mustering officer;
then, by permission of the War Department,
entered the First Missouri. Volunteers as Major,
serving as Chief of Statf to General Lyon in the
early battles in Missouri, including Wilson's
Creek. His subsequent career included the
organization of the Missouri State Militia (1862),
command of the Army of the Frontier in South-
west Missouri, command of the Department of
the Missouri and Ohio, participation in the
Atlanta campaign and co-operation with Sher-
man in the capture of the rebel Gen. Joseph E.
Johnston in North Carolina— his army having
been transferred for this purpose, from Tennessee
by way of Washington. After the close of the
war he went on a special mission to Mexico
to investigate the French occupation of that
country ; was commander of the Department of
the Potomac, and served as Secretary of War, by
appointment of President Johnson, from June,
1868, to March, 1869. On retiring from the Cabi-
net he was commissioned a full Major-General
and held various Division and Department com-
mands until 1886, when, on the death of General
Sherman, he succeeded to the command of the
Army, with headquarters at Washington.
He was retired under the age limit. Sept. 29,
1895. His present home is in Washington.
SCHOLFIELD, John, jurist, was born in Clark
County, 111., in 1834; acquired the rudiments of
an education in the common schools during boy-
hood, meanwhile gaining some knowledge of the
higher branches through toilsome application to
test-books without a preceptor. At the age of
20 he entered the law school at Louisville, Ky.,
graduating two years later, and beginning prac-
tice at Marshall, 111. He defrayed his expenses
at the law school from the proceeds of the sale of
a small piece of land to which he had fallen heir.
In 1856 he was elected State's Attorney, and, in
1860, was chosen to represent his coimty in the
Legislature. After serving one term he retiu-ned
to his professional career and succeeded in build-
ing up a profitable practice. In 1869-70 he repre-
sented Clark and Cumberland Counties in the
Constitutional Convention, and, in 1870, became
Solicitor for the Vandalia Railroad. In 1873 he
was elected to fill the vacancy on the bench of the
Supreme Court of the State for the Middle Grand
Division, caused by the resignation of Judge
Anthony Thornton, and re-elected without oppo-
sition in 1879 and 1888. Died, in office, Feb. 13,
1893. It has been claimed that President Cleve-
land would have tendered him the Chief Justice-
ship of the United States Supreme Court, had he
not insistently declined to accept the honor.
470
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
SCHOOL-HOUSES, EARLY. The primitive
school-houses of Illiuois were biiilt of logs, and
were extremely rude, as regards both structure
and fui-nishing. Indeed, the earliest pioneers
rarely erected a special building to be used as a
school-house. An old smoke-house, an abandoned
dwelling, an old block-house, or the loft or one
end of a settler's cabin not unf requently answered
the j)urpose, and the church and the court-house
were often made to accommodate the school.
When a school-house, as such, was to be built, the
men of the district gathered at the site selected,
bringing their axes and a few other tools, with
their ox-teams, and devoted four or five days to
constructing a house into which, perhaps, not a
nail was driven. Trees were cut from the public
lands, and, without hewing, fashioned into a
cabin. Sixteen feet scpiare was usually con-
sidered the proper dimensions. In the walls
were cut two holes, one for a door to admit light
and air, and the other for the open fireplace, from
which rose a chimney, usually built of sticks and
mud, on the outside. Danger of fire was averted
by thickly lining the inside of the chimney with
clay mortar. Sometimes, but only with great
labor, stone was substituted for mortar made
from the clay soil. The chimneys were always
wide, seldom less than six feet, and sometimes
extending across one entire end of the building.
The fuel used was wood cut directly from the
forest, frequently in its green state, dragged to
the spot in the form of logs or entire trees to be
cut by the older pupils in lengths suited to the
width of the chimney. Occasionally there was
no chimney, the fire, in some of the most primi-
tive structures, being built on the earth and the
smoke escaping through a hole in the roof. In
such houses a long board was set up on the wind-
ward side, and shifted fiom side to side as the
wind varied. Stones or logs answered for
andirons, clapboards served as shovels, and no
one complained of the la?k of tongs. Roofs were
made of roughly split clapboards, held in place
by "weight poles" laid on the boards, and by sup-
ports starting from "eaves poles." The space
between the logs, which constituted the walls of
the building, was filled in with blocks of wood
or "chinking," and the crevices, both exterior
and interior, daubed over with clay mortar, in
whicli straw was sometimes mixed to increase its
adhesiveness. On one side of the structure one
or two logs were sometimes cut out to allow the
admission of light; and, as glass could not alwaj's
be procured, rain and snow were excluded and
light admitted by the use of greased paper. Over
this space a board, attached to the outer wall by
leather hinges, was sometimes suspended to keep
out the storms. The placing of a glass window
in a country school-house at Edwardsville, in
1834, was considered an important event. Ordi-
narily the floor was of the natural earth, although
this was sometimes covered with a layer of clay,
firmly packed down. Only the more pretentious
school-houses had "puncheon floors"; i. e., floors
made of split logs roughly hewn. Few had
"ceilings" (so-called), the latter being usually
made of clapboards, sometimes of bark, on which
was spread earth, to keep out the cold. The
seats were also of puncheons (without backs)
supported on four legs made of pieces of poles
inserted through augur holes. No one had a desk,
except the advanced pupils who were learning to
write. For their convenience a broader and
smoother puncheon was fastened into the wall
by wooden pins, in such a way that it would
slope downward toward the pupil, the front being
supported by a brace extending from the wall.
When a pupil was writing he faced the wall.
When he had finished this task, he "reversed him-
self" and faced the teacher and his schoolmates.
These adjuncts completed the furnishings, with
the exception of a split -bottomed chair for the
teacher (who seldom had a desk) and a pail, or
"piggin," of water, with a gourd for a drinking
cup. Rough and uncouth as these structures
were, they were evidences of public spirit and of
appreciation of the advantages of education.
They were built and maintained by mutual aid
and sacrifice, and, in them, some of the great men
of the State and Nation obtained that primary
training which formed the foundation of their
subsequent careers. (See Education.)
SCHUYLER COUNTY, located in the western
portion of the State, has an area of 430 square
miles, and was named for Gen. Philip Schuyler.
The first American settlers arrived in 1823. and,
among the earliest pioneers, were Calvin Hobart,
William H. Taylor and Orris McCartney. The
county was organized from a portion of Pike
County, in 183.5, the first Commissioners being
Thomas Blair, Thomas McKee and Samuel Hor-
ney. The Commissioners appointed to locate the
county -seat, selected a site in the eastern part of
the county about one mile west of the present
village of Pleasant View, to which the name of
Beardstown was given, and where the earliest
court was held. Judge John York Sawyer presid-
ing, with Hart Fellows as Clerk, and Orris Mc-
Cartney. Sheriff. This location, however, proving
unsatisfactory, new Commissioners were ap-
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
471
pointed, who, in the early part of 1826, selected
the present site of the city of Rushville, some
five miles west of tlie point originally chosen.
The new seat of justice was first called Riishton,
in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but the name
was afterwards changed to Rushville. Ephraini
Eggleston was the pioneer of Rushville. The
surface of the county is rolling, and the region
contains excellent farming land, which is well
watered by the Illinois River and numerous
creeks. Population (1890), 16,013; (1900), 16,129.
SCHWATKA, Frederick, Arctic explorer, was
born at Galena, 111., Sept. 29, 1849: graduated
from the United States Military Academy in 1871,
and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the
Third Cavalry, serving on the frontier until 1877,
meantime studying law and medicine, being
admitted to the bar in 1875, and graduating in
medicine in 1876. Having his interest excited by
reports of traces of Sir John Franklin's expedi-
tion, found by the Esquimaux, he obtained leave
of absence in 1878, and, with Wm. H. Gilder as
second in command, sailed from New York in the
"Eotben," June 19, for King William's Land.
The party returned, Sept. 22, 1880, having found
and buried the skeletons of many of Franklin's
party, besides discovering relics which tended to
clear up the mystery of their fate. During this
period he made a sledge journey of 3,351 miles.
Again, in 1883, he headed an exploring expedition
up the Yukon River. After a brief return to
army duty he tendered his resignation in 1885,
and the next year led a special expedition to
Alaska, under the auspices of "The New York
Times," later making a vo}-age of discovery
among the Aleutian Islands. In 1889 he con-
ducted an expedition to Northern Mexico, where
he found many interesting relics of Aztec civili-
zation and of the cliff and cave-dwellers. He
received the Roquette Arctic Medal from the
Geographical Society of Paris, and a medal from
the Imperial Geographical Society of Russia : also
published several volumes relating to his re-
searches, under the titles, "Along Alaska's
Great River"; "The Franklin Search Under
Lieutenant Schwatka" ; "Nimrod of the Nortli" ;
and "Children of the Cold." Died, at Portland,
Ore., Nov. 2, 1892.
SCOTT, James Y/., journalist, was born in
■Walworth County, Wis., June 26, 1849, the son
of a printer, editor and publisher. While a boy
he accompanied his father to Galena, where the
latter established a newspaper, and where he
learned the printer's trade. After graduating
from the Galena high school, he entered Beloit
College, but left at the end of his sophomore year.
Going to NewYork, he became interested in flori-
culture, at the same time contributing short
articles to horticultural periodicals. Later he
was a compositor in Washington. His first news-
paper venture was the publication of a weekly
newspaper in Maryland in 1873. Returning to
Illinois, conjointly with his father he started
"The Industrial Press" at Galena, but, in 1875,
removed to Chicago. There he purchased "The
Daily National Hotel Reporter,'" from which he
withdrew a few years later. In May, 1881, in
conjunction with others, he organized The Chi-
cago Herald Company, in which he ultimately
secm-ed a controlling interest. His journalistic
and executive capability soon brought additional
responsibilities. He was chosen President of the
American Newspaper Publishers' Association, of
the Chicago Press Club, and of the United Press
— the latter being an organization for the collec-
tion and dissemination of telegraphic news to
journals throughout the United States and Can-
ada. He was also conspicuously connected with
the preliminary organization of the World's
Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the
Press Committee. In 1893 lie started an evening
paper at Chicago, which he named "The Post."
Early in 1895 he purchased "The Chicago Times,"
intending to consolidate it with "The Herald,"
but before the final consummation of his plans,
he died suddenly, while on a business visit in
New York, April 14, 1895.
SCOTT, John M., lawyer and jurist, was born
in St. Clair County, 111., August 1, 1824; his
father being of Scotch -Irish descent and his
mother a Virginian. His attendance upon dis-
trict schools was supplemented by private tuition,
and his early education was the best that the
comparatively new country afforded. He read
law at Belleville, was admitted to the bar in
1848, removed to McLean Coimty, which con-
tinued to be his home for nearly fifty years. He
served as County School Commissioner from 1849
to 1852, and, in the latter year, was elected County
Judge. In 1856 he was an unsuccessful Repub-
lican candidate for the State Senate, frequently
speaking from the same platform with Abraham
Lincoln. In 1862 he was elected Judge of the
Circuit Court of the Eighth Judicial Circuit, to
succeed David Davis on the elevation of the
latter to the bench of the United States Supreme
Court, and was re-elected in 1867. In 1870, a
new judicial election being rendered necessary
by the adoption of the new Constitution, Judge
Scott was chosen Ju.stice of the Supreme Court
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
for a term of nine years ; was re-elected in 1879,
but declined a renomination in 1888. The latter
years of his life were devoted to hie private
affairs. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 21, 1898.
Shortly before his death Judge Scott published a
volume containing a History of the Illinois
Supreme Court, including brief sketches of the
early occupants of the Supreme Court bench and
early lawyers of the State.
SCOTT, Matthew Thompson, agriculturist
and real-estate operator, was born at Lexington,
Ky., Feb. 34, 1828; graduated at Centre College
in 1846, then spent several years looking after his
father's landed interests in Ohio, when he came
to Illinois and invested largely in lands for him-
self and others. He laid out the town of Chenoa
in 1856 ; lived in Springfield in 1870-72, when he
removed to Bloomington, where he organized the
McLean County Coal Companj^, remaining as its
head until his death; was also tlie founder of
"The Bloomington Bulletin," in 1878. Died, at
Bloomington, May 21, 1891.
SCOTT, Owen, journalist and ex-Congressman,
was born in Jackson Township, Effingham
County, 111., July 6, 1848, reared on a farm, and,
after receiving a thorough common-school edu-
cation, became a teacher, and was, for eight
years. Superintendent of Schools for his native
county. In January, 1874, he was admitted to
the bar, but abandoned practice, ten years later,
to engage in newspaper work. His first publi-
cation was "The Effingham Democrat," which he
left to become proprietor and manager of "The
Bloomington Bulletin." He was also publisher
of "The Illinois Freemason," a monthly periodi-
cal. Before removing to Bloomington he filled
the offices of City Attorney and Mayor of Effing-
ham, and also served as Deputy Collector of
Internal Revenue. In 1890 he was elected as a
Democrat from the Fourteenth Illinois District
to the Fifty-second Congress. In 1892 he was a
candidate for re-election, but was defeated by his
Eepublican opponent, Benjamin F. Funk. Dur-
ing the past few years, Mr. Scott has been editor
of "The Bloomington Leader."
SCOTT COUJfTY, lies in the western part of
the State adjoining the Illinois River, and has an
area of 248 square miles. The region was origi-
nally owned by the Kickapoo Indians, who
ceded it to the Government by the treaty of
Edwardsville, July 30, 1819. Six months later
(in January, 1820) a party of Kentuckians settled
near Lynnville (now in Morgan County), their
names being Thomas Stevens, James Scott,
Alfred Miller, Thomas Allen, John Scott and
Adam Miller. Allen erected the first house in the
county, John Scott the second and Adam Miller
the third. About the same time came Stephen
M. Umpstead, whose wife was the first white
woman in the county. Other pioneers were
Jedediah Webster, Stephen Pierce, Joseph Dens-
more, Jesse Roberts, and Samuel Bogard. The
country was rough and the conveniences of civi-
lization few and remote. Settlers took their corn
to Edwardsville to be ground, and went to Alton
for their mail. Turbulence early showed itself,
and, in 1822, a band of "Regulators" was organized
from the best citizens, who meted out a rough
and ready sort of justice, until 1830, occasionally
shooting a desperado at his cabin door. Scott
County was cut oflf from Morgan and organized
in 1839. It contains good farming land, much of
it being originally timbered, and it is well
watered by the Illinois River and numerous
small streams. Winchester is the county-seat.
Population of the county (1880), 10,741; (1890),
10,304; (1900), 10,455.
SCRIPPS, John L., journalist, was born near
Cape Girardeau, Mo., Feb. 18, 1818; v*'as taken to
Rushville, 111., in childhood, and educated at
McKendree College; studied law and came to
Chicago in 1847, with the intention of practicing,
but, a year or so later, bought a third interest in
"The Chicago Tribune," which had been estab-
lished during the previous year. In 1853 he
withdrew from "The Tribune," and, in conjunc-
tion with William Bross (afterwards Lieuten-
ant-Governor), established "The Daily Demo-
cratic Press," which was consolidated with "The
Tribune" in July, 1858, under the name of "The
Press and Tribune," Mr. Scripps remaining one
of the editors of the new concern. In 1861 he
was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Postmaster of the
city of Chicago, serving until 1865, when, having
sold his interest in "The Tribune," he engaged in
the banking business as a member of the firm of
Scripps, Preston & Kean. His health, however,
soon showed signs of failure, and he died, Sept.
21, 1866. at Minneapolis, Minn., whither he had
gone in hopes of restoration. Mr. Scripps was a
finished and able writer who did much to elevate
the standard of Chicago journalism.
SCROtittS, George, journalist, was born at
Wilmington, Clinton, County, Ohio, Oct. 7, 1843
— the son of Dr. John W. Scroggs, who came to
Champaign County, 111., in 1851, and, in 1858,
took charge of "The Central Illinois Gazette. " In
186()-67 Dr. Scroggs was active in securing the
location of the State University at Champaign,
afterwards serving as a member of the first Board
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
47;
of Trustees of that institution. The son, at the
age of 15, became an apprentice in his father's
printing office, continuing until 1862, when he
enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and
Twenty-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, being
promoted through the positions of Sergeant-Major
and Second Lieutenant, and finally serving on
the staffs of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis and Gen. James
D. Morgan, but declining a commission as Adju-
tant of the Sixtieth lUinois. He participated in
the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Mission
Ridge and the march with Sherman to the sea. in
the latter being severely wounded at Bentonville,
N. C. He remained in the service until July,
186.5, when he resigned; then entered the Uni-
versity at Champaign, later studied law, mean-
while writing for "The Champaign Gazette and
Union," of which he finally became sole propri-
etor. In 1877 he was appointed an Aid-de-Camp
on the staff of Governor CuUom, and, the follow-
ing year, was elected to the Thirty-first General
Assembly, but, before the close of the session
(1879), received the appointment of United States
Consul to Hamburg, Germany. He was com-
pelled to surrender this position, a year later, on
account of ill-health, and, returning home, died,
Oct. 15, 1880.
SEATOJiVILLE, a village in Hall Township,
Bureau County. Population (1900), 909.
SECRETARIES OF STATE. The following is
a list of the Secretaries of State of Illinois from
its admission into the Union down to the present
time (1899), with the date and duration of the
term of each incumbent: Elias Kent Kane,
1818-33; Samuel D. Lockwood, 1832-33; David
Blackwell. 1833-34; Morris Birkbeck, October,
1824 to January, 1825 (failed of confirmation by
the Senate); George Forquer, 1825-28; Alexander
Pope Field, 1828-40; Stephen A. Douglas, 1840-41
(served three months — resigned to take a seat on
the Supreme bench); Lyman Trumbull, 1841-43;
Thompson Campbell, 1843-46; Horace S. Cooley,
1846-50; David L. Gregg, 1850-53; Alexander
Starne, 1853-57 ; Ozias M. Hatch, 1857-65 ; Sharon
Tyndale, 186.5-69; Edward Rummel, 1869-73;
George H. Harlow, 1873-81 ; Henry D. Dement,
1881-89; Isaac N.Pearson, 1889-93; William H.
Hinrichsen, 1893-97; James A. Rose, 1897 .
Nathaniel Pope and Joseph Phillips were the only
Secretaries of Illinois during the Territorial
period, the former serving from 1809 to 1816, and
the latter from 1816 to 1818. Under the first Con-
stitution (1818) the office of the Secretary of
State was filled by appointment by the Governor,
by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, but without limitation as to term of
office. By the Constitution of 1848, and again by
that of 1870, that officer was made elective by
the people at the same time as the Governor, for
a term of four vears.
SECRET TREASONABLE SOCIETIES. Early
in the War of the Rebellion there sprang up, at
various points in the Northwest, organizations of
persons disaffected toward the National Govern-
ment. They were most numerous in Ohio. Indi-
ana, Illinois, Kentucky and Missouri. At first
they were known by such titles as "Circles of
Honor," "Mutual Protective Associations," etc.
But they had kindred aims and their members
were soon united in one organization, styled
"Knights of the Golden Circle." Its secrets
having been partiallj' disclosed, this body ceased
to exist — or, it would be more correct to say,
changed its name — being soon succeeded (1863)
by an organization of similar character, called
the "American Knights." These societies, as
first formed, were rather political than military.
The "American Knights" had more forcible
aims, but this, in turn, was also exposed, and the
order was re-organized under the name of "Sons
of Libert}'." The last named order started in
Indiana, and, owing to its more perfect organi-
zation, rapidly spread over the Northwest,
acquiring much more strength and influence than
its predecessors had done. The ultimate author-
ity of the organization was vested in a Supreme
Council, whose officers were a "supreme com-
mander," "secretary of state, "and "treasurer."
Each State represented formed a division, under a
' 'deputy grand commander. ' ' States were divided
into military districts, imder "major-generals."
County lodges were termed "temples." The
order was virtually an officered army, and its
aims were aggressive. It had its commander-in-
chief, its brigades and its regiments. Three
degrees were recognized, and the oaths of secrecy
taken at each initiation surpassed, in binding
force, either the oath of allegiance or an oath
taken in a court of justice. The maintenance of
slavery, and forcible opposition to a coercive
policy by the Government in deaUng with seces-
sion, were the pivotal doctrines of the order. Its
methods and purposes were to discourage enlist-
ments and resist a draft; to aid and protect
deserters; to disseminate treasonable literature;
to aid the Confederates in destroying Government
property. Clement L. Vallandigham, the expat-
riated traitor, was at its head, and, in 1864,
claimed that it had a numerical .strength of 400,-
000, of whom 65,000 were in Illinois. Many overt
474
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
acts were committed, but the organization, hav-
ing been exposed and defeated in, its objects, dis-
banded in 1S65. (See Camp Douglas Consjjiracy.)
SELUT, Paul, editor, -was born in Pickaway
County, Ohio, July 20, 1835; removed with his
parents, in 1837, to Van Buren County, Iowa, but,
at the age of 19, went to Southern Illinois, where
he spent four years teaching, chiefly in Madison
County. In 1848 he entered the preparatory
department of Illinois College at Jacksonville,
but left the institution during his junior year to
assume the editorship of '"The Morgan Journal,"
at Jacksonville, with which he remained until
the fall of 1858, covering the period of the
organization of the Republican party, in which
"The Journal" took an active part. He was a
member of the Anti-Nebraska (afterwards known
as Republican) State Convention, which met at
Springfield, in October, 1854 (the first ever held in
the State), and, on Feb. 23, 1856, attended and
presided over a conference of Anti-Nebraska
editors of the State at Decatur, called to devise a
line of policy for the newly organizing Repub-
lican party. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial
Convention.) This body appointed the first
Republican State Central Committee and desig-
nated the date of the Bloomington Convention
of May 39, following, which put in nomination
the first Republican State ticket ever named in
Illinois, which ticket was elected in the following
November (See Bloomington Convention.) In
1859 he prepared a pamphlet giving a history of
the celebrated Canal scrip fraud, which was
widely circulated. (See Canal Scri}} Fraud.)
Going South in the fall of 1859, he was engaged
in teaching in the State of Louisiana until the
last of June, 1861. Just two weeks before the
fall of Fort Sumter he was denounced to his
Soutliern neighbors as an "abolitionist" and
falsely charged with having been connected with
the "underground railroad," in letters from
secession sympathizers in the North, %vhose per-
sonal and political enmity he had incurred while
conducting a Republican paper in Illinois, some
of whom referred * to Jefferson Davis, Senator
Slidell, of Louisiana, and other Southern leaders
as vouchers for their characters. He at once
invited an investigation by the Board of Trus-
tees of the institution, of which he was the
Principal, when that body — although composed,
for the most part, of Southern men — on the basis
of testimonials from prominent citizens of Jack-
sonville, and other evidence, adopted resolutions
declaring the charges prompted by personal hos-
tility, and delivered the letters of his accusers into
his hands. Returning North with his family in
July, 1861, he spent some nine months in the com-
missary and transportation branches of the ser-
vice at Cairo and at Paducah, Ky. In July, 1862,
he became associate editor of "The Illinois State
Journal" at Springfield, remaining until Novem-
ber, 1865. The next six months were spent as
Assistant Deputy Collector in the Custom House
at New Orleans, but, returning North in June,
1866, he soon after became identified with the
Chicago press, serving, first upon the staff of "The
Evening Journal" and, later, on "The Repub-
lican." In May, 1868, he assumed the editorship
of "The Quincy Whig," ultimately becoming
part proprietor of that paper, but, in Januarj',
1874, resumed his old place on "The State Jour-
nal," four years later becoming one of its propri-
etors. In 1880 he was appointed by President
Hayes Postmaster of Springfield, was reappointed
by Arthur in 1884, but resigned in 1886. Slean-
while he had sold his interest in "The Journal,"
but the following year organized a new company
for its purchase, when he resumed his former
position as editor. In 1889 he disposed of his
holding in "The Journal," finally removing to
Chicago, where he has been emploved in literary
work. In aU he has been engaged in editorial
work over thirty-five years, of which eighteen
were spent upon "The State Journal." In 1860
Mr. Selby was complimented by his Alma Mater
with the honorary degree of A. M. He has been
twice married, first to Miss Erra Post, of Spring-
field, who died in November, 1865, leaving two
daughters, and, in 1870, to Mrs. Mary J. Hitch-
cock, of Quincy, by whom he had two children,
both of whom died in infancy.
SEMPLE, James, United States Senator, was
born in Green County, Ky., Jan. 5, 1798, of Scotch
descent ; after learning the tanner's trade, studied
law and emigrated to Illinois in 1818, removing
to Missouri four years later, where he was ad-
mitted to the bar. Returning to lUinois in 1838,
he began practice at Edwardsville, but later
became a citizen of Alton. During the Black
Hawk War he served as Brigadier-General. He
was thrice elected to the lower house of the
Legislature (1833, '34 and '36), and was Speaker
during the last two terms. In 1833 he was
elected Attorney-General by the Legislature, but
served only until the following year, and, in
1837, was appointed Minister to Granada, South
America. In 1843 he was appointed, and after-
wards elected. United States Senator to fill the
unexpired term of Samuel McRoberts, at the
expiration of his term (1847) retiring to private
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
■475
life. He laid out the town of Elsah, in Jersey
County, just south of which lie owned a large
estate on the Mississippi bluffs, where he died,
Dec. 20. 1866.
SENECA (formerly Crotty), a village of La
Salie County, situated on the Illinois River, the
Illinois >fc Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Eock
Island & Pacific and the Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 13 miles east of
Ottawa. It has a graded school, several
churches, a bank, some manufactures, grain
warehouses, coal mines, telephone system and
one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,190; (1900), 1,036.
SENN, (Dr.) Nicholas, physican and surgeon,
was born in the Canton of St. Gaul, Switzerland,
Oct. 31, 1844; was brought to America at 8 years
of age, his parents settling at Washington. Wis.
He received a grammar school education at Fond
du Lac, and, in 1864, began the study of medi-
cine, graduating at the Chicago Medical College
in 1868. After some eighteen months spent as
resident physician in the Cook County Hospital,
he began practice at Ashford, Wis. , but removed
to Milwaukee in 1874, where he became attending
physician of the Milwaukee Hospital. In 1877 he
visited Europe, graduated the following year from
the University of Munich, and, on his return,
became Professor of the Principles of Surgery
and .Surgical Pathology in Rush Medical College
in Chicago — also has held the chair of the Prac-
tice of Surgery in the same institution. Dr.
Senn has achieved great success and won an
international reputation in the treatment of
difficult cases of abdominal surgery. He is the
author of a number of volumes on different
branches of surgery which are recognized as
standard authorities. A few years ago lie pur-
chased the extensive library of the late Dr. Will-
iam Baum, Professor of Surgery in the University
of Gottingen, which he presented to the New-
berry Library of Chicago. In 1893, Dr. Senn was
appointed Surgeon-General of the Illinois
National Guard, and has also been President of
the Association of Military Surgeons of the
National Guard of the United States, besides
being identified with various other medical
bodies. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish-
American War, he was appointed, by President
McKinley, a Surgeon of Volunteers with tlie rank
of Colonel, and rendered most efficient aid in the
military branch of the service at Camp Chicka-
mauga and in the Santiago campaign.
SEXTON, (Col.) James A.. Commander-in-
Chief of Grand Army of the Republic, was born
in the city of Chicago, Jan. 5, 1844; in April,
1861, being then only a little over 17, enlisted as a
private soldier under the first call for troops
issued by President Lincoln ; at the close of his
term was appointed a Sergeant, with authority to
recruit a company which afterwards was attached
to the Fifty-first Volunteer Infantry. Later, he
was transferred to the Sixty-seventh with the
rank of Lieutenant, and, a few months after, to
the Seventy-second with a commission as Captain
of Company D. which he had recruited. As com-
mander of his regiment, then constituting a part
of the Seventeenth Army Corps, he participated
in the battles of Columbia, Duck Creek, Spring
Hill, Franklin and Nashville, and in the Nash-
ville campaign. Both at Nashville and Franklin
he was wounded, and again, at Spanish Fort, by a
piece of shell which broke his leg. His regiment
took part in seven battles and eleven skirmishes,
and, while it went out 967 strong in officers and
men, it retm-ned with only 332, all told, although
it had been recruited by 234 men. He was known
as "The boy Captain," being only 18 years old
when he received his first commission, and 21
when, after participating in the Mobile cam-
paign, he was mustered out with the rank of
Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war
he engaged in planting in the South, purchasing
a plantation in Lowndes County, Ala., but, in
1867, returned to Chicago, where he became a
member of the firm of Cribben, Sexton & Co.,
stove manufacturers, from which he retired in
1898. In 1884 he served as Presidential Elector
on the Republican ticket for the Fourth District,
and, in 1889, was appointed, by President Harrison,
Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving over
five years. In 1888 lie was chosen Department
Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic
for the State of Illinois, and, ten years later, to
the position of Commander-in-Chief of the order,
which he held at the time of his deatli. He had
also been, for a number of years, one of tlie Trus-
tees of the Soldiers" and Sailors' Home at Quincy,
and, during most of the time. President of the
Board. Towards the close of the year 1898, he
was appointed by President McKinley a member
of the Commission to investigate the conduct of
the Spanish-American War, but, before the Com-
mission had concluded its labors, was taken with
"the grip." which developed into pneumonia,
from which he died in Washington, Feb. 5. 1899.
SEYMOUR, (Jeorge Franklin, Protestant Epis-
copal Bishop, was born in New York City, Jan. .5,
1829; graduated from Columbia College in 1850,
and from the General Theological Seminary
(New York) in 1854. He received both minor
470
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
and major orders at the hands of Bishop Potter,
being made deacon in 1854 and ordained priest in
1855. For several years he was engaged in mis-
sionary work. Dm-ing this period he was promi-
nently identified with the founding of St.
Stephen's College. After serving as rector in
various parishes, in 1865 he was made Professor
of Ecclesiastical History in the New York Semi-
nary, and, ten years later, was chosen Dean of
the institution, still retaining his professorship.
Racine College conferred upon him the degree of
S.T.D., in 1867, and Columbia that of LL.D. in
1878. In 1874 he was elected Bishop of Illinois,
but failed of confirmation in the House of Depu-
ties. Upon the erection of the new diocese of
Springfield (1877) he accepted and was conse-
crated Bishop at Trinity Church, N. Y., June 11,
1878. He was a prominent member of the Third
Pan- Anglican Council (London, 1885), and has
done much to foster the growth and extend tlie
influence of his church in his diocese.
SHABBONA, a village of De Kalb County, on
the Iowa Division of the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroad, 35 miles west of Aurora.
Population (1890), 503; (1900), 587.
SHABONA (or Shabbona), an Ottawa Chief,
was born near the Maumee River, in Ohio, about
1775, and served under Tecum.seh from 1807 to
the battle of the Thames in 1813. In 1810 he
accompanied Tecumseh and Capt. Billy Caldwell
(see Sauganash) to the homes of the Pottawato-
mies and other tribes within the present limits of
Illinois and Wisconsin, to secure their co-oper-
ation in driving the white settlers out of the
country. At the battle of the Thames, he was by
the side of Tecumseh when he fell, and both he
and Caldwell, losing faith in their British allies,
soon after submitted to the United States through
General Cass at Detroit. Shabona was opposed
to Black Hawk in 1833, and did much to thwart
the plans of the latter and aid the whites. Hav-
ing married a daughter of a Pottawatomie chief,
who had a village on the Illinois River east of
the present city of Ottawa, he lived there for
some time, but finally removed 25 miles north to
Shabona's Grove in De Kalb County. Here he
remained till 1837, when he removed to Western
Missouri. Black Hawk's followers having a
reservation near by, hostilities began between
them, in which a son and nephew of Shabona
were killed. He finally returned to his old home
in Illinois, but found it occupied by whites, who
drove him from the grove that bore his name.
Some friends then bought for him twenty acres
of land on Mazon Creek, near Morris, where he
died, July 27, 1859. He is described as a noble
specimen of his race. A life of him has been
pubUshed by N. Matson (Chicago, 1878).
SHANNON, a village of Carroll County, on the
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 18 miles
southwest of Freeport. It is an important trade
center, has a bank and one newspaper. Popu-
lation (1890), 591; (1900), C78.
SHAW, Aaron, former Congressman, born in
Orange County, N. Y., in 1811; was educated at
the Montgomery Academy, studied law and was
admitted to tlie bar at Goshen in that State. In
1833 he removed to Lawrence County, 111. He
has held various important public offices. He
was a member of the first Internal Improvement
Convention of the State; was chosen State's
Attorney by the Legislature, in which body he
served two terms ; served four years as Judge of
the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit; was elected to
the Thirty-fifth Congress in 1856, and to the
Forty-eighth in 1883, as a Democrat.
SHAW, James, lawyer, jurist, was born in Ire-
land, May 3, 1832, brought to this country in in-
fancy and grew up on a farm in Cass County, 111. ;
graduated from Illinois College in 1857, and, after
admission to the bar, began practice at Mount
Carroll. In 1870 he was elected to the lower
house of the General Assembly, being re-elected
in 1872, '76 and '78. He was Speaker of the
House during the session of 1877, and one of the
Republican leaders on the floor during the suc-
ceeding session. In 1873 he was chosen a Presi-
dential Elector, and, in 1891, to a seat on the
Circuit bench from the Thirteenth Circuit,
and, in 1897 was re-elected for the Fifteenth
Circuit.
SHAWNEETOWiX, a city and the county-seat
of Gallatin Coanty, on the Ohio River 130 miles
from its mouth and at the terminus of the Sliaw-
neetown Divisions of the Baltimore & Ohio South-
western and the Louisville & Nashville Railroads;
is one of the oldest towns in the State, having
been laid out in 1808, and noted for tlie number
of prominent men who resided there at an early
day. Coal is extensively mined in that section,
and Shawneetowu is one of the largest shipping
points for lumber, coal and farm products
between Cairo and Louisville, navigation being
open the year round. Some manufacturing is
done here; the city has several mills, a foundry
and machine shop, two or three banks, several
churches, good schools and two weekly papers.
Since the disastrous floods of 1884 and 1898, Shaw-
neetown has reconstructed its levee system on a
substantial scale, which is now believed to furnish
HISTOrJCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
477
ample protection against the recurrence of similar
disaster. Pop. (1900), 1,698; (1903, est.), 2,200.
SHEAHAX, James W., journalist, was born in
Baltimore. JMd., spent bis early life, after reaching
manhood, in Washington City as a Congressional
Reporter, and, in 1847, reported the proceedings
of tlie Illinois State Constitutional Convention at
Springfield. Through the influence of Senator
Douglas be was induced, in 18.54, to accept the
editorship of "The Young America"' newspaper
at Chicago, which was soon after clianged to
"The Chicago Times." Here he remained until
the fall of 1860, when, "The Times'" having been
sold and consolidated with "The Herald," a
Buchanan-Breckenridge organ, he established a
new paper called "The Morning Post." This he
made representative of the views of the "War
Democrats" as against "The Times,"' which was
opposed to the war. In May, 1865, he sold the
plant of "The Post" and it became "The Chicago
Republican" — now "Inter Ocean." A few
months later. Mr. Sheahan accepted a position as
chief writer on the editorial staff of "The Chicago
Tribune," which he retained until his death,
Jufle 17, 1883.
SHEFFIELD, a prosperous village of Bureau
County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific
Railroad, 44 miles east of Rook Island: has valu-
able coal mines, a bank and one newspaper.
Population (1890). 993; (1900), 1,265.
SHELBY COU>TY, lies south of the center of
the State, and contains an area of 776 square
miles. The tide of immigration to this coimty
was at first from Kentucky, Tennessee and North
Carolina, although later it began to set in from
the Northern States. The first cabin in the
county was built by Simeon Wakefield on what is
now the site of Williamsburg, first called Cold
Spring. Joseph Daniel was the earliest settler in
what is now Shelbyville, pre-emjating ten acres,
which he soon afterward sold to Joseph Oliver,
the pioneer merchant of the county, and father
of the first wldte child born within its limits.
Other pioneers were Shimei Wakefield, Levi
Casey and Samuel Hall. In lieu of hats the early
settlers wore caps made of squirrel or coon skin,
with the tails dangling at the backs, and he was
regarded as well dressed who boasted a fringed
buckskin shirt and trousers, with moccasins.
The county was formed in 1827, and Shelbyville
made the county-seat. Both county and town
are named in honor of Governor Shelby, of Ken-
tucky. County Judge Joseph Oliver held the
first court in the cabin of Barnett Bone, and
Judge Theophilus W. Smith presided over the
first Circuit Court in 1828. Coal is abundant,
and lime-stone and sandstone are also found. The
surface is somewhat rolling and well wooded.
The Little Wabash and KasUaskia Rivers flow
through the central and southeastern portions.
The county lies in the very heai-t of the great
corn belt of the State, and has excellent transpor-
tation facilities, being penetrated by four lines of
railway. Population (1880), 30,270; (1890), 31,-
191; (1900), 32,126.
SHELBYVILLE, the county-.seat and an incor-
porated city of Shelby County, on the Kaskaskia
River and two lines of railway, 32 miles southeast
of Decatur. Agriculture is carried on exten-
sively, and there is considerable coal mining in
the immediate vicinity. The city has two flour-
ing mills, a handle factory, a creamery, one
National and one State bank, one daily and four
weekly papers and one monthly periodical, an
Orphans' Home, ten churches, two graded
schools, and a public library. Population (1890),
3,162; (1900). 3,.546.
SHELDON, a village of Iroquois County, at the
intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago
& St. Louis and tlie Toledo. Peoria & Western
Railways, 9 miles east of Watseka ; has two banks
and a newspaper. The region is agricultural.
Pop. (1890), 910; (1900), 1.103.
SHELDON, Benjamin R., jurist, was born in
Massachusetts in 1813, graduated from Williams
College in 1831, studied law at the Yale Law
School, and was admitted to practice in 1836.
Emigrating to Illinois, he located temporarily at
Hennepin, Putnam County, but soon removed to
Galena, and finally to Rockford. In 1848 he was
elected Circuit Judge of the Sixth Circuit, which
afterwards being divided, he was assigned to the
Fourteenth Circuit, remaining until 1870, when
he was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court,
presiding as Chief Justice in 1877. He was re-
elected in 1879, but retired in 1888, being suc-
ceeded by the late Justice Bailey. Died, April
13, 1897. "
SHEPPARD, Nathan, author and lecturer, was
born in Baltimore. Md., Nov. 9. 1834; graduated
at Rochester Theological Seminary in 1859 ; dur-
ing the Civil War was special correspondent of
"The New York World" and "The Chicago Jour-
nal" and "Tribune," and, during the Franco-
German War, of "The Cincinnati Gazette;" also
served as special American correspondent of
"The London Times," and was a contributor to
"Frazer's Magazine"' and "Temple Bar." In 1873
be became a lecturer on Modern English Liter-
ature and Rhetoric in Chicago LTniversitv and,
478
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
four years later, accepted a similar position in
Allegheny College; also spent four years in
Europe, lecturing in the principal towns of Great
Britain and Ireland. In 1884 he founded the
"Athenaeum" at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., of
which he was President until his death, early in
1888. "The Dickens Reader," "Character Read-
ings from George Eliot" and "Essays of George
Eliot" were among the volumes issued by him
between 1881 and 1887. Died in New York City,
Jan. 24. 1888.
SHERMAN, Alson Smith, early Chicago Mayor,
was born at Barre, Vt., April 21, 1811. remaining
there until 1836, when he came to Chicago and
began business as a contractor and builder. Sev-
eral years later he opened the first stone quarries
at Lemont, 111. Mr. Sherman spent many years
in the service of Chicago as a public official.
From 1840 to 1842 he was Captain of a company
of militia; for two years served as Chief of the
Fire Department, and was elected Alderman in
1S42, serving again in 1846. In 1844, he was
chosen Mayor, his administration being marked
by the first extensive public improvements made
in Cliicago. After his term as Mayor he did
much to secure a better water supply for the
city. He was especially interested in promoting
common school education, being for several years
a member of the City School Board. He was
Vice-President of the first Board of Trustees of
Northwestern University. Retired from active
pursuits, Mr. Sherman is now (1899) spending a
serene old age at Waukegan, 111. — Oren (Sherman)
brother of the preceding and early Chicago mer-
chant, was born at Barre, Vt. , March 5, 1816.
After spending several years in a mercantile
house in Montpelier, Vt. , at the age of twenty he
came west, first to New Buffalo, Mich., and, in
1836, to Chicago, opening a dry-goods store there
the next spring. "With various partners ilr.
Sherman continued in a general mercantile busi-
ness until 18.13, at the same time being extensively
engaged in the provision trade, one-half the entire
transactions in pork in the city passing through
Lis hands. Next he engaged in developing stone
quarries at Lemont, 111. ; also became extensively
interested in the marble business, continuing in
this until a few years after the panic of 1873,
when he retired in consequence of a shock of
paralysis. Died, in Chicago, Deo. 15, 1898.
SHEUMAX, Elijah B., lawyer, was born at
Fairfield, Vt., June 18, 1832— his family being
distantly related to Roger Sherman, a signer of
the Declaration of Independence, and the late
Gan. W. T. Sherman; gained his education in the
common schools and at Middlebury College,
where he graduated in 1860 ; began teaching, but
soon after enlisted as a private in the war for the
Union ; received a Lieutenant's commission, and
served until captured on the eve of the battle at
Antietam, when he was paroled and sent to Camp
Douglas, Chicago, awaiting exchange. During
this period he commenced reading law and, hav-
ing resigned his commission, graduated from the
law department of Chicago University in 1864
In 1876 he was elected Representative in the
General Assembly from Cook Covmty, and re-
elected in 1878, and the following year appointed
Master in Chancery of the United States District
Court, a position which he still occupies He has
repeatedly been called upon to deliver addresses
on political, literary and patriotic occasions, one
of these being before the alumni of his alma
mater, in 1884, when he %vas complimented with
the degree of LL.D.
SHIELDS, James, soldier and United States
Senator, was born in Ireland in 1810, emigrated
to the United States at the age of sixteen, and
began the practice of law at Kaskaskia in 1833.
He was elected to the Legislature in 1836, and
State Auditor in 1839. In 1843 he became a
Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and, in
1845, was made Commissioner of the General
Land Office. In July, 1846, he was commissioned
Brigadier-General in the Mexican War gaining
the brevet of Major-General at Cerro-Gordo,
where he was severely wounded. He was again
wounded at Chapultepec, and mustered out in
1848. The same year he was appointed Governor
of Oregon Territory. In 1849 the Democrats in
the Illinois Legislature elected him Senator, and
he resigned his office in Oregon. In 1856 he
removed to IMinnesota, and, in 1858, was chosen
United States Senator from that State, his term
expiring in 1859, when he established a residence
in California. At the outbreak of the Civil War
(1861) he was superintending a mine in Mexico,
but at once hastened to "Washington to tender his
services to the Governmnet. He was commis-
sioned Brigadier-General, and served with dis-
tinction until March. 1863, when the effect of
numerous wounds caused him to resign. He sub-
sequently removed to Missouri, practicing law at
CarroUton and serving in the Legislature of that
State in 1874 and 1879. In the latter year he was
elected United States Senator to fill out the unex-
pired term of Senator Bogy, who had died in
office — serving only six weeks, but being the only
man in the history ot the country who filled the
office of United States Senator from three differ-
HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
47 9'
ent States. Died, at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1,
1879.
SHIPMAX, a town of Macoupin County, on the
Chicago & Alton Railway, 19 miles north-north-
east of Alton and 14 miles southwest of Carlin-
ville. Population (1S90), 410; (1900), 396.
SHIPMAX, George E., M.D., physician and
philanthropist, born in New York City, March 4,
1820 ; graduated at the University of New York
in 1839, and took a course in the College of Phy-
sicians and Surgeons; practiced for a time at
Peoria, 111., but, in 1846, located in Chicago, where
he assisted in organizing the first Homeopathic
Hospital in that city, and, in 1855, was one of the
first Trustees of Hahnemann College. In 18T1 he
established, in Chicago, the Foundlings' Home at
his own expense, giving to it the latter years of
his life. Died, Jan. 20, 1893.
SHORET, Daniel Lewis, lawyer and philan-
thropist, was born at Jonesborough, Washington
County, Maine, Jan. 31, 1824; educated at Phil-
lips Academy, Andover, Mass. , and at Dartmouth
College, graduating from the latter in is,"ii ;
taught two years in Washington City, meanwhile
reading law, afterwards taking a course at Dane
Law School, Cambridge ; was admitted to the bar
in Boston in 1854, the nest year locating at
Davenport, Iowa, where he remained ten years.
In 1865 he removed to Chicago, where he prose-
cuted his profession until 1890, when he retired.
Mr. Shorey was prominent in the establisliment
of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of
the first Library Board; was also a prominent
member of the Chicago Literary Club, and was a
Director in the new University of Chicago and
deeply interested in its prosperity. Died, in Chi-
cago, March 4, 1899.
SHORT, (Rev.) William F., clergyman and
educator, was born in Ohio in 1829, brought to
Jlorgan County, 111. , in childhood, and lived upon
a farm until 20 years of age, when he entered
McKendree College, spending his senior year,
however, at Wesleyan University, Bloomington,
where he graduated in 1854. He had meanwhile
accepted a call to the Missouri Conference Semi-
nary at Jackson, 5Io. ; where he remained three
years, when he returned to Illinois, serving
churches at Jacksonville and elsewhere, for a
part of the time being Presiding Elder of the
Jacksonville District. In 1875 he was elected
President of Illinois Female College at Jackson-
ville, continuing in that position until 1893, when
he was appointed Superintendent of the Illinois
State Institution for tlie Blind at the same place,
but resigned early in 1897. Dr. Short received
the degree of D.D., conferred upon him by Ohio
Wesleyan University.
SHOUP, Oeora:e L., United States Senator,
was born at Kittanning. Pa., June 15, 1836, came
to Illinois in 1852. his father locating on a stock-
farm near Galesburg; in 1859 removed to Colo-
rado, where he engaged in mining and mercantile
business until 1861, when he enlisted in a com-
pany of scouts, being advanced from the rank of
First Lieutenant to the Colonelcy of the Third
Colorado Cavalry, meanwhile serving as Delegate
to the State Constitutional Convention of 1864.
Retiring to private Ufe. he again engaged in mer-
cantile and mining business, first in Nevada and
then in Idaho; served two terms in the Terri-
torial Legislature of the latter, was appointed
Territorial Governor in 1889 and, in 1890, was
chosen the first Governor of the State, in October
of the same year being elected to the United
States Senate, and re-elected in 1895 for a second
term, which ends in 1901. Senator Shoup is one
of the few Western Senators who remained faith-
ful to the regular Republican organization, during
the political campaign of 1896.
SHOW ALTER, John W., jurist, was born in
Mason Count)-, Ky., Feb. 8, 1844; resided some
years in Scott County in that State, and was
educated in the local schools, at Maysville and
Ohio University, finally graduating at Yale Col-
lege in 1867; came to Chicago in 1869, studied
law and was admitted to the bar in 1870. He
returned to Kentucky after the fire of 1871, but,
in 1872, again came to Chicago and entered the
employment of the firm of Moore & Caulfield,
with whom he had been before the fire. In 1879
he became a member of the firm of Abbott,
Oliver & Showalter (later, Oliver & Showalter),
where he remained until his appointment as
United States Circuit Judge, in March, 1895.
Died, in Chicago, Deo. 12, 1898.
SHUMAN, Andrew, journalist and Lieutenant-
Governor, was born at Manor, Lancaster County,
Pa., Nov. 8, 1830. His father dying in 1837, he
was reared by an uncle. At the age of 15 he
became an apprentice in the office of "The Lan-
caster Union and Sentinel." A year later he ac-
companied his employer to Auburn, N.Y., working
for two years on "The Daily Advertiser" of that
city, then known as Governor Seward's "home
organ." At the age of 18 he edited, published
and distributed — during his leisure hours — a
small weekly paper called "The Auburnian." At
the conclusion of his apprenticeship he was em-
ployed, for a year or two. in editing and publisli-
ing "The Cayuga Chief." a te;iiporance journal.
480
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
In IS.")! he entered Hamilton College, but, before
the completion of his junior year, consented, at
the solicitation of friends of William H. Seward,
to assume editorial control of "The Syracuse
Daily Joui-nal." In July, 1856, he came to Chi-
cago, to accept an editorial position on "The
Evening Journal"" of that city, later becoming
editor-in-chief and President of the Jom-nal Com-
pany. From 1805 to 18T0 (first by executive
appointment and afterward by popular election)
he was a Commissioner of the Illinois State Peni-
tentiary at Joliet, resigning the office four years
before the expiration of his term. In 1876 he
was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Repub-
lican ticket. Owing to declining health, he
abandoned active journalistic work in 1888,
dying in Chicago, May 5, 1890. His home during
the latter years of his life was at Evanston.
Governor Shuman was author of a romance
entitled "Loves of a Lawyer," besides numerous
addresses before literary, commercial and scien-
tific associations.
SHUMWAY, Dorlce Dwight, merchant, was
born at Williamsburg, "Worcester County, Mass.,
Sept. 28, 1813. descended from French Huguenot
ancestry; came to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1837, and
to Montgomery County, 111., in 1841; married a
daughter of Hiram Rountree, an early resident
of Hillsboro, and, in 1843, located in Christian
County; was engaged for a time in merchandis-
ing at Taylorville, but retired in 1858, tliereafter
giving his attention to a large landed estate. In
1846 he was chosen Representative in the General
Assembly, served in the Constitutional Conven-
tion of 1847, and four years as County Judge of
Christian County. Died, May 9, 1870. — Hiram
P. (Shumway), eldest son of the preceding, was
born in Montgomery County, 111., June, 1843;
spent his boyhood on a farm in Christian County
and in his father's .store at Taylorville ; took an
academy course and, in 1864, engaged in mercan-
tile business; was Representative in the Twenty-
eighth General Assembly and Senator in the
Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh, afterwards
removing to Springfield, where he engaged in
the stone business.
SHURTLEFF COLLEGE, an institution
located at Upper Alton, and the third e.stab-
lished in Illinois. It was originally incorporated
as the "Alton College" in 1831, under a special
charter which was not accepted, but re-incorpo-
rated in 1835, in an "omnibus bill" with Illi-
nois and McKendree Colleges. (See Early Col-
leges.) Its primal origin was a school at Rock
Spring in St. Clair County, founded about 1824,
by Rev. John M. Peck. This became tlie "Rock
Spring Seminary"" in 1827, and. about 1831, was
united with an academy at Upper Alton. This
w-as the nucleus of "'Alton" (afterward "Shurt-
leff'") College. As far as its denominational
control is concerned, it has always been domi-
nated by Baptist influence. Dr. Peck"s original
idea was to found a school for teaching theology
and Biblical literature, but this project was at
first inhibited by the State. Hubbard Loomis
and John Russell were among the first instruc-
tors. Later, Dr. Benjamin Slmrtleff donated the
college §10,000, and the institution was named in
his honor. College classes were not organized
mitil 1840, and several years elapsed before a class
graduated. Its endowment in 1898 was over
§126,000, in addition to §125,000 worth of real and
personal property. About 255 students were in
attendance. Besides preparatory and collegiate
departments, the college also maintains a tlieo-
logical school. It has a faculty of twenty
instructors and is co-educational.
SIBLEY, a village of Ford County, on the Chi-
cago Division of the Wabash Railway, 105 miles
south-southwest of Chicago; has banks and a
weekly newspaper. The district is agricultural.
Population (1890), 404; (1900), 444.
SIBLEY', Joseph, lawyer and jurist, was born
at Westfield, Mass., in 1818; learned the trade of
a whip-maker and afterwards engaged in mer-
chandising. In 1843 he began the study of law
at Syracuse, N. Y., and, iijjon admission to the
bar, came west, finally settUug at Nauvoo, Han-
cock County. He maintained a neutral attitude
during the Mormon troubles, thus giving offense
to a section of the community. In 1847 he was
an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislatore,
but was elected in 1850, and re-elected in 1853.
In 1853 lie removed to Warsaw, and, in 1855, was
elected Judge of the Circuit Court, and re-elected
in 1861, "67 and '73, being assigned to the bench
of the Appellate Court of the Second District, in
1877. His residence, after 1865, was at Quinoy,
where he died, June 18. 1897.
SIDELL, a village of "Vermillion County, on the
Chicago & Eastern Illinois and Cincinnati. Hamil-
ton & Dayton Railroads; has a bank, electric
light plant and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 776.
SIDNEY, a village of Champaign County, on
the main line of the W^abash Railway, at the junc-
tion of a branch to Champaign, 48 miles east-north-
east of Decatur. It is in a farming district ; has a
bank and a new.spaper. Population, (1900), 564.
SIM, (Dr.) TTllliain, pioneer physician, was
born at Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1795, came to
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
481
America in early manhood, and was tlie first phy-
sician to settle at Golconda, in Pope Countj",
which he represented in the Foiu-th and Fifth
General Assemblies (1824 and "28). He married
a Hiss Elizabeth Jack of Philadelphia, making
the journey from Golconda to Philadelphia for
that purpose on horseback. He had a family of
five children, one son. Dr. Francis L. Sim, rising
to distinction as a phj'siciau, and, for a time,
being President of a Medical College at Jlemphis,
Tenn. The elder Dr. Sim died at Golconda, in
1868.
SIMS, James, early legislator and 5Iethodist
preacher, was a native of South Carolina, but
removed to Kentucky in early manhood, thence
to St. Clair County, 111., and, in 1820, to Sanga-
mon County, where he was elected, in 1822, as the
first Representative from that county in the
Third General Assembly. At the succeeding ses-
sion of the Legislature, he was one of those who
voted against the Convention resolution designed
to prepare the way for making Illinois a slave
State. Mr. Sims resided for a time in Menard
County, but finally removed to Morgan.
SINGER, Horace M., capitalist, was born in
■Schnectady, N. Y., Oct. 1, 1823; came to Chicago
in 1836 and found employment on the Illinois &
Michigan Canal, serving as superintendent of
repairs upon the Canal until 18.53. While thus
employed he became one of the proprietors of
the stone-quarries at Lemont, managed by the
firm of Singer & Talcott until about 1890. wlien
they became the property of the Western Stone
Company. Originally a Democrat, he became a
Republican during the Civil War, and served as a
member of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly
(1867) for Cook County, was elected County Com-
missioner in 1870, and was Chairman of the
Republican County Central Committee in 1880.
He was also associated with several financial
institutions, being a director of the First National
Bank and of the Auditorium Company of Chi-
cago, and a member of the Union League and
Calumet Clubs. Died, at Pasadena. Cal., Dec.
28, 1896.
SINGLETON, James W., Congressman, born
at Paxton, Va., Nov. 23, 1811; was educated at
the W^inchester (Va. ) Academy, and removed to
Illinois in 1833, settling first at Mount Sterling,
Brown County, and, some twenty years later,
near Quincy. By profession he was a lawyer,
and was prominent in political and commercial
affairs. In his later years he devoted consider-
able attention to stock-raising. He was elected
Brigadier-General of the Illinois militia in 1844,
being identified to some extent with the "Mor-
mon War"; was a member of the Constitutional
Conventions of 1847 and 1862, served six terms in
the Legislature, and was elected, on the Demo-
cratic ticket, to Congress in 1878, and again in
1880. In 1882 he ran as an indejjendent Demo-
crat, but was defeated by the regular nominee of
his party. James M. Riggs. During the War of
the Rebellion he was one of the most conspicuous
leaders of the "peace part}'."' He constructed
the Quincy & Toledo (now part of the Wabash)
and the Quincy, Alton & St. Louis (now part of
the Chicago, Brndington & Quincy) Railways,
being President of both companies. His death
occurred at Baltimore, Md., April 4, 1892.
SINNET, John S., pioneer, was born at Lex-
ington, Ky., March 10, 1796 ; at three years of age,
taken by his parents to Missouri ; enlisted in the
War of 1812, but, soon after the war, came to
Illinois, and, about 1818, settled in what is now
Christian County, locating on land constituting
a part of the present city of Taylorville. In 1840
he removed to Tazewell County, dying there, Jan.
13, 1872.
SKINNER, Mark, jurist, was born at Manches-
ter, Vt.. Sept. 13, 1813; graduated from Middle-
bury College in 1833, studied law, and, in 1836,
came to Chicago; was admitted to the bar in
1839, became City Attorney in 1840, later JIaster
in Chancer}' for Cook County, and finally United
States District Attorney under President Tyler.
As member of the House Finance Committee in
the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48), he
aided influentially in securing the adoption of
measures for refunding and paying the State
debt. In 18.51 he was elected Judge of the Court
of Common Pleas (now Superior Court) of Cook
County, but declined a re-election in 1853. Origi-
nally a Democrat, Judge Skinner was an ardent
opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and a
liberal supporter of the Government policy dur-
ing the rebellion. He liberally aided the United
States Sanitary Commission and was identified
with all the leading charities of the city.
Among the great business enterprises with which
he was officially associated were the Galena & Chi-
cago Union and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railways (in each of whicli he was a Director),
the Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company,
the Gas-Light and Coke Company and others.
Died, Sept. 16, 1887. Judge Skinner's only sur-
viving son was killed in the trenches before
Petersburg, the last year of the Civil War.
SKINNER, Otis Ainsworth, clergyman and
author, was born at Royalton, Vt. . July 8. 1807 ;
482
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
taught for some time, became a Universalist
minister, serving churclies in Baltimore, Boston
and New York between 1831 and 1857; then
came to Elgin, 111., was elected President of Lom-
bard University at Galesburg, but the following
year took charge of a church at Joliet. Died, at
Naperville, Sept. 18, 1861. He wrote several vol-
umes on religious topics, and, at different times,
edited religious periodicals at Baltimore, Haver-
hill, Mass.. and Boston.
SKINNER, Ozias C, lawyer and jurist, was
born at Floyd, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1817; in
1836, removed to Illinois, settling in Peoria
County, where he engaged in farming. In 1838
he began the study of law at Greenville, Ohio,
and was admitted to the bar of that State in 1840.
Eighteen months later he returned to Illinois,
and began practice at Carthage, Hancock County,
removing to Quincy in 1844. During the "Mor-
mon War" lie served as Aid-de-camp to Governor
Ford. In 1848 he was elected to the lower house
of the Sixteenth General Assembly, and, for a
short time, served as Prosecuting Attorney for
the district including Adams and Brown Coim-
ties. In 18.51 he was elected Judge of the (then)
Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1855, suc-
ceeded Judge S. H. Treat on the Supreme bench,
resigning this position in April, 18.58, two months
before the expiration of his term. He was a
large land owner and had extensive agricultural
interests. He built, and was the first President
of the Carthage & Quincy Railroad, now a part
of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy system. He
was a prominent member of the Constitutional
Convention of 1869, serving as Chairman of the
Committee on Judiciary. Died in 1877.
SLADE, Charles, early Congressman; his early
history, including date and place of birth, are
unknown. In 1820 he was elected Representative
from Washington County in the Second General
Assembly, and, in 1826, was re-elected to the
same body for Clinton and Washington. In 1833
he was elected one of the three Congressmen
from Illinois, representing the First District.
After attending the first session of the Twenty-
third Congress, while on his way home, he was
attacked with cholera, dying near Vincennes,
Ind., July 11, 1834.
SLADE, James P., ex-State Superintendent of
Public Instruction, was born at Westerlo, Albany
County, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1837, and spent his boy-
hood with his parents on a farm, except while
absent at school; in 18,56 removed to Belleville,
111., where he soon became connected with the
pubUc schools, serving for a number of years as
Principal of the Belleville High School. While
connected with the Belleville schools, he was
elected County Superintendent, remaining in
office some ten years ; later had charge of Almira
College at Greenville, Bond County, served six
years as Superintendent of Schools at East St.
Louis and, in 1878, was elected State Superintend-
ent of Public Instruction as the nominee of the
Republican party. On retirement from the
office of State Superintendent, he resumed his
place at the head of Almira College, but, for the
past few years, has been Superintendent of
Schools at East St. Louis.
SLAVERY AGITATION OF 1823-24. (See
Shn-enj and Slave Laws.)
SLAVERY AND SLAVE LAWS. African slaves
were first brought into the Illinois country by a
Frenchman named Pierre F. Renault, about
1723. At that time the present State formed a
part of Louisiana, and the traffic in slaves was
regulated by French royal edicts. When Great
Britain acquired the territory, at the close of tlie
French and Indian War, the former subjects of
France were guaranteed secm-ity for their per-
sons "and effects," and no interference with
slavery was attempted. Upon the conquest of
Illinois by Virginia (see Clark, George Rogers),
the French very generally professed allegiance to
that commonwealth, and, in her deed of cession
to the United States, Virginia expressly stipulated
for the protection of the "rights and liberties"
of the French citizens. This was construed as
recognizing the right of property in negro
slaves. Even the Ordinance of 1787, while pro-
hibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory, pre-
served to the settlers (reference being especially
made to the French and Canadians) "of the Kas-
kaskias, St. Vincents and neighboring viUages,
their laws and customs, now (then) in force,
relative to the descent and conveyance of prop-
erty. ' ' A conservative construction of this clause
was, that while it prohibited the extension of
slavery and the importation of slaves, the status
of those who were at that time in involuntary
servitude, and of their descendants, was left un-
changed. There were those, however, who denied
the constitutionality of the Ordinance in toto,
on the ground that Congress had exceeded its
powers in its passage. There was also a party
which claimed that all children of slaves, born
after 1787, were free from birth. In 1794 a con-
vention was held at Vincennes, pursuant to a call
from Governor Harrison, and a memorial to Con-
gress was adopted, praying for the repeal — or, at
least a modification — of the sixth clause of the
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
483
Ordinance of 1787. The first Congressional Com-
mittee, to wliich this petition was referred,
reported adversely upon it ; but a second commit-
tee recommended the suspension of the operation
of the clause in question for ten years. But no
action was taken by the National Legislature,
and, in 1807, a counter petition, extensively
signed, was forwarded to that body, and Congress
left the matter in statu quo. It is worthy of note
that some of the most earnest opponents of the
measure were Representatives from Southern
Slave States, John Randolph, of Virginia, being
one of them. The pro-slavery party in the State
then prepared what is popularly known as the
"Indenture Law," which was one of the first acts
adopted by Governor Edwards and his Council,
and was re-enacted by the first Territorial Legis-
lature in 1812. It was entitled, "An Act relating
to the Introduction of Negroes and JIulattoes into
this Territory," and gave permission to bring
slaves above 15 years of age into the State, when
they might be registered and kept in servitude
within certain limitations. Slaves under that
age might also be brouglit in, registered, and held
in bondage until they reached the age of 3.5, if
males, and 30, if females. The issue of registered
slaves were to serve their mother's master until
the age of 30 or 28, according to sex. The effect
of this legislation was rapidly to increase the
number of slaves. The Constitution of 1818 pro-
hibited the introduction of slavery thereafter —
that is to saj-, after its adoption. In 1822 the
slave-holding party, with their supporters, began
to agitate the question of so amending the
organic law as to make Illinois a slave State. To
effect such a change the calling of a convention
was necessary, and, for eighteen months, the
struggle between "conventionists" and their
opponents was bitter and fierce. The question
was submitted to a popular vote on August 2,
1824, the result of the count showing 4,972 votes
for such convention and 6,640 against. This
decisive result settled the question of slave-hold-
ing in Illinois for all future time, though the
existence of slavery in the State continued to be
recognized by the National Census until 1840.
The number, according to the census of 1810. was
108: in 1820 they had increased to 917. Then
the number began to diminish, being reduced in
1830 to 747, and, in 1840 (the last census which
shows any portion of the population held in
bondage"), it was 331.
Hooper Warren — who has been mentioned else-
where as editor of "The Edwardsville Spectator,"
and a leading factor in securing the defeat of the
scheme to make Illinois a slave State in 1822— in
an article in the first number of ' 'The Genius of
Liberty" (January, 1841), speaking of that con-
test, says there were, at its beginning, only three
papers in the State — "The Intelligencer" at Van-
dalia, "The Gazette" at Shawneetown, and "The
Spectator" at Edwardsville. The first two of
these, at the outset, favored the Convention
scheme, while "The Spectator" opposed it. The
management of the campaign on the part of the
pro-slavery party was assigned to Emanuel J.
West, Theophilus W. Smith and Oliver L. Kelly,
and a paper was established by the name of "The
Illinois Republican," with Smith as editor.
Among the active opponents of the measure were
George Churchill, Thomas Lippincott, Samuel D.
Lockwood, Henry Starr (afterwards of Cincin-
nati), Rev. John M. Peck and Rev. James
Lemen, of St. Clair County. Others who con-
tributed to the cause were Daniel P. Cook, Morris
Birkbeck, Dr. Hugh Steel and Burton of
Jackson County, Dr. Henry Perrine of Bond;
William Leggett of Edwardsville (afterwards
editor of "The New York Evening Po-st"), Ben-
jamin Lundy (then of Missouri), David Blackwell
and Rev. John Dew, of St. Clair County. Still
others were Nathaniel Poise (Judge of the United
States District Court), William B. Archer, Wil-
liam H. Brown and Benjamin Mills (of Vandalia),
John Tillson, Dr. Horatio Newhall, George For-
quer, Col. Thomas blather. Thomas Ford, Judge
David J. Baker, Charles W. Hunter and Henry H.
Snow (of Alton). This testimony is of interest
as coming from one who probably had more to do
with defeating the scheme, with the exception of
Gov, Edward Coles. Outside of the more elabor-
ate Histories of Illinois, the most accurate and
detailed accounts of this particular period are to
be found in "Sketch of Edward Coles" by the late
E. B. Washburne, and "Early Movement in Illi-
nois for the Legalization of Slavery," an ad-
dress before the Chicago Historical Society
(1864), by Hon. William H. Brown, of Chicago.
(See also, Coles, Edu-ard; Warren, Hooj)e7-; Broicn,
William H.; Churchill, George; LijJjnncott,
Tliomas; and Newspajxrs, Early, elsewhere in this
volume. )
SLOAN, Wesley, legislator and juri.st, was
born in Dorchester County, Md., Feb. 20,, 1806.
At the age of 17, having received a fair academic
education, he accompanied his parents to Phila-
delphia, where, for a year, he was employed in a
wholesale grocery. His father dying, he returned
to Maryland and engaged in teaching, at the
same time studying law, and being admitted to
484
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
the bar in 1831. He came to Illinois in 1838,
going first to Chicago, and afterward to Kaskas-
kia, finally settling at Golconda in 1839, whicli
continued to be his home the remainder of his
life. In 1848 he "was elected to the Legislature,
and re-elected in 1850, "52, and '.56, serving three
times as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee.
He was one of the members of the first State
Board of Education, created by Act of Feb. 18,
18.57, and took a prominent part in the founding
and organization of the State educational insti-
tutions. In 18.57 he was elected to the bench of
the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in
1861, but declined a re-election for a third term.
Died, Jan. 15, 1887.
SMITH, Abiier, jurist, was born at Orange,
Franklin County, Mass., August 4, 1843, of an
old New England family, whose ancestors came
to Massachusetts Colony about 1630: was edu-
cated in the public schools and at Middlebury
College, Vt., graduating from the latter in 1866.
After graduation he spent a year as a teacher in
Newton Academy, at Shoreham, Vt., coming to
Chicago in 1867, and entering upon the study of
law, being admitted to the bar in 1868. The next
twenty-five years were spent in the practice of
his profession in Chicago, within that time serv-
ing as the attorney of several important corpo-
rations. In 1893 he was elected a Judge of the
Circuit Court of Cook County, and re-elected
in 1897, his term of service continuing until
1903.
SMITH, (Dr.) Charles Gilman, physician, was
born at Exeter, N. H., Jan. 4, 18'38, received his
early education at Phillips Academy, in his native
place, finally graduating from Harvard Univer-
sity in 1847. He soon after commenced the study
of medicine in the Harvard Medical School, but
completed his course at the University of Penn-
sylvania in 1851. After two years spent as
attending physician of the Alms House in South
Boston, Mass., in 1853 he came to Chicago, where
he soon acquired an extensive practice. During
the Civil War he was one of six physicians
employed by the Government for the treatment
of prisoners of war in hospital at Camp Douglas.
In 1868 he visited Europe for the purpose of
observing the management of hosijitals in Ger-
many, France and England, on his return being
invited to lecture in the Woman's Medical College
in Chicago, and also becoming consulting phy-
sician in the Women's and Children's Hospital,
as well as in the Presbyterian Hospital — a position
which he continued to occupj" for the remainder
of his life, gaining a wide reputation in the treat-
ment of women's and children's diseases. Died,
Jan. 10, 1894.
SMITH, David Allen, lawyer, was born near
Richmond, "Va., June 18, 1809; removed with his
father, at an early day, to Pulaski, Tenn. ; at 17
went to Courtland, Lawrence County, Ala.,
where he studied law with Judge Bramlette and
began practice. His father, dying about 1831, left
him the owner of a number of slaves whom, in
1837, he brought to Carlinville, 111., and emanci-
pated, giving bond that they should not become
a charge to the State. In 1839 he removed to
Jacksonville, where he practiced law until his
death. Col. John J. Hardin was his partner at
the time of his death on the battle-field of Bueua
Vista. Mr. Smith was a Trustee and generous
patron of Illinois College, for a quarter of a cen-
tury, but never held any political office. As a
lawyer he was conscientious and faithful to the
interests of his clients; as a citizen, liberal, pub-
lic-spirited and patriotic. He contributed liber-
ally to the support of the Government dur-
ing the war for the Union. Died, at Anoka,
Minn., July 13, 1865, where he had gone to
accompany an invalid son. — Thomas 'William
(Smith), eldest son of the preceding, born at
Courtland, Ala., Sept. 27. 1832: died at Clear-
water, Minn., Oct. 29, 1865. He graduated at
Illinois College in 1852, studied law and served
as Captain in the Tenth Illinois Volunteers,
until, broken in health, he returned home to
die,
SMITH, Dietrich C, ex-Congressman, was
born at Ostfriesland, Hanover, April 4, 1840, in
boyhood came to the United States, and, since
1849, has been a resident of Pekin, Tazewell
County. In 1861 he enlisted in the Eighth Illi-
nois Volunteers, was promoted to a Lieutenancy,
and, while so serving, was severely wounded at
Shiloh. Later, he was attached to the One Hun-
dred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Infantry, and was
mustered out of service as Captain of Company C
of that regiment. His business is that of banker
and manufacturer, besides which he has had con-
siderable experience in the construction and
management of railroads. He was a member of
the Thirtieth General Assembly, and, in 1880, was
elected Representative in Congress from what
was then the Thirteenth District, on the Repub-
lican ticket, defeating Adlai E. Steven.son, after-
wards Vice-President. In 1882, his county (Taze-
well) having been attached to the district for
many years represented by Wm. M. Springer, he
was defeated by the latter as a candidate for re-
election.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
485
SMITH, George, one of Chicago's pioneers and
early bankers, was born in Aberdeenshire, Scot-
land, March 8, 1808. It was his early intention
to study medicine, and he entered Aberdeen Col-
lege with this end in view, but was forced to quit
the institution at the end of two years, because
of impaired vision. In 1833 he came to America,
and, in 1834, settled in Chicago, where he resided
until 1861, meanwhile spending one year in Scot-
land. He invested largely in real estate in Chi-
cago and Wisconsin, at one time owning a
considerable portion of the present site of Mil-
waukee. In 1837 he secured the charter for the
Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company,
whose headquarters were at Milwaukee. He was
really the owner of the company, although Alex-
ander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, was its Secretary.
Under this charter Mr. Smith was able to issue
11,500,000 in certificates, which circulated freely
as currency. In 1839 he founded Chicago's first
private banking house. About 1843 he was inter-
ested in a storage and commission business in
Chicago, with a Mr. Webster as partner. He
was a Director in the old Galena & Chicago
Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago &
Northwestern), and aided it, while in course of
construction, by loans of money; was also a
charter member of the Chicago Board of Trade,
organized in 1848. In 1854, the State of Wiscon-
sin having prohibited the circulation of the Wis-
consin Marine and Fire Insurance certificates
above mentioned. Mr. Smith sold out the com-
pany to his partner, Mitchell, and bought two
Georgia bank charters, which, together, em-
powered him to issue §3,000,000 in cui-rency. Tlie
notes were duly issued in Georgia, and put into
circulation in Illinois, over the counter of George
Smith & Co.'s Chicago bank. About 1856 Mr.
Smith began winding up his affairs in Chicago,
meanwhile spending most of his time in Scotland,
but, returning in 1860, made extensive invest-
ments in railroad and other American securities,
which netted him large profits. The amount of
capital which he is reputed to have taken with
him to his native land has been estimated at
§10,000,000, though he retained considerable
tracts of valuable lands in Wisconsin and about
Chicago. Among those who were associated
with him in business, either as employes or
otherwise, and who have since been prominently
identified with Chicago business affairs, were
Hon. Charles B. Farwell, E. I. Tinkham (after-
wards a prominent banker of Chicago), E. W.
Willard, now of Newport, R. I. , and others. Mr.
Smith made several visits, during the last forty
years, to the United States, but divided his time
chiefly between Scotland (where he was the
owner of a castle) and London. Died Oct. 7, 1899.
SMITH, (Jeorge W., soldier, lawyer and State
Treasurer, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan.
8, 1837. It was his intention to acquire a col-
legiate education, but his father's business
embarrassments having compelled the abandon-
ment of his studies, at 17 of years age he went
to Arkansas and taught school for two years. In
1856 he returned to Albany and began the study
of law, graduating from the law school in 1858.
In October of that year he removed to Chicago,
where he remained continuously in practice, with
the exception of the years 1862-65, when he was
serving in the Union army, and 1867-68, when he
filled the office of State Treasurer. He was mus-
tered into service, August 37, 1862, as a Captain in
the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry — the second
Board of Trade regiment. At Stone River, he
was seriously wounded and captured. After
four days" confinement, he was aided by a negro
to escape. He made his way to the Union lines,
but was granted leave of absence, being incapaci-
tated for service. On his return to duty he
joined his regiment in the Chattanooga cam-
paign, and was officially complimented for his
bravery at Gordon's Mills. At Mission Ridge he
was again severely wounded, and was once more
personally complimented in the official report.
At Kenesaw Mountain (June 27. 1864), Capt.
Smith commanded the regiment after the killing
of Lieutenant-Colonel Chandler, and was pro-
moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy for bravery on
the field. He led the charge at Franklin, and
was brevetted Colonel, and thanked by the com-
mander for his gallant service. In the spring of
1865 he was brevetted Brigadier-General, and, in
June following, was mustered out. Returning
to Chicago, he resumed the practice of his jiro-
fession, and gained a prominent position at the
bar. In 1866 lie was elected State Treasurer, and,
after the expiration of his term, in January,
1869, held no pubUc office. General Smith was,
for many years, a Trustee of the Chicago Histor-
ical Society, and Vice-President of the Board.
Died, in Chicago, Sept. 16, 1898.
SMITH, (ieorge W., lawyer and. Congressman,
was born in Putnam County, Ohio, August 18,
1846. When he was four years old, his father
removed to Wayne County. 111., settling on a
farm. He attended the common schools and
graduated from the literary department of Mc-
Kendree College, at Lebanon, in 1868. In his
youth he learned the trade of a blacksmith, Init
486
niSTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
later determined to study law. After reading for
a time at Fairfield, 111., he entered the Law
Department of the Bloomington (lud.) Univer-
sity, graduating there in 1870. The same year he
was admitted to the bar in IlUnois, and has since
practiced at Murphysboro. In 1880 he was a
Republican Presidential Elector, and, in 1888, was
elected a Republican Representative to Congress
from the Twentieth Illinois District, and has
been continuously re-elected, now (1899) serving
his sixth consecutive term as Representative
from the Twenty-second District.
SMITH, Oiles Alexander, soldier, and Assist-
ant Postmaster-General, was born in JefEerson
County, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1829; engaged in dry-
goods business in Cincinnati and Bloomington,
111., in 1861 being proprietor of a hotel in the
latter place; became a Captain in the Eighth
Missouri Volunteers, was engaged at Forts Henry
and Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth, and promoted
Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel in 1802; led his
regiment on the first attack on Vicksburg, and
was severely wounded at Arkansas Post ; was pro-
moted Brigadier-General in August, 1863. for
gallant and meritorious conduct; led a brigade
of the Fifteenth Army Corps at Chattanooga and
Missionary Ridge, as also in the Atlanta cam-
paign, and a division of the Seventeenth Corps in
the "March to the Sea." After the surrender of
Lee he was transferred to the Twenty-fifth Army
Corps, became JIajor-General in 1865, and
resigned in 1866, having declined a commission
as Colonel in the regular army ; about 1869 was
appointed, by President Grant, Second Assistant
Postmaster-General, but resigned on account of
failing health in 1872. Died, at Bloomington,
Nov. 8, 1876. General Smith was one of the
founders of the Society of the Army of the
Tennessee.
SMITH, Gustavus Adolphns, soldier, was born
in Philadelphia, Dec. 26, 1820; at 16 joined two
brothers who liad located at Springfield, Ohio,
where he learned the trade of a carriage-maker.
In December, 1837, he arrived at Decatur, 111.,
but soon after located at Springfield, where he
resided some six years. Then, retm-ning .to
Decatur, he devoted his attention to carriage
manufacture, doing a large business with the
South, but losing heavily as the result of the
war. An original Whig, he became a Democrat
on the dissolution of the Whig party, but early
took ground in favor of tlie Union after the firing
on Fort Sumter; was ofl'ered and accepted the
colonelcy of the Tliirty-fifth Regiment Illinois
Volunteers, at the same time assisting Governor
Yates in the selection of Camp Butler as a camp
of recruiting and instruction. Having been
assigned to duty in Missouri, in the sunime"!- of
1861, he ijroceeded to Jefferson City, joined Fre-
mont at Cartilage in that State, and made a
forced march to Springfield, afterwards taking
part in the campaign in Arkansas and in the
battle of Pea Ridge, where he had a horse shot
under him and was severely (and, it was supposed,
fatally) wounded, not recovering until 1868.
Being compelled to retm-n home, he received
authority to raise an independent brigade, but
was unable to accompany it to the field. In Sep-
tember, 1862, he was commissioned a Brigadier-
General by President Lincoln, "for meritorious
conduct,"' but was unable to enter into active
service on account of his wound. Later, he was
assigned to the command of a convalescent camp
at Murfreesboro, Tenn., under Gen. George H.
Thomas. In 1864 he took part in securing the
second election of President Lincoln, and, in the
early part of 1865, was commissioned by Gov-
ernor Oglesby Colonel of a new regiment (the
One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Illinois), but, on
account of his wounds, was assigned to court-
martial duty, remaining in the service until
January, 1866, when he was mustered out with
the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. During
the second year of his service he was presented
with a magnificent sword by th^ rank and file of
his regiment (the Thirty-fifth), for brave and gal-
lant conduct at Pea Ridge. After retiring from
the army, he engaged in cotton planting in Ala-
bama, but was not successful ; in 1868, canvassed
Alabama for General Grant for President, but
declined a nomination in his own favor for Con-
gress. In 1870 lie was appointed, by General
Grant, United States Collection and Disbursing
Agent for the District of New Mexico, where lie
continued to reside.
SMITH, John Corson, soldier, ex-Lieutenant-
Goveruor and ex-State Treasurer, was born in
Philadelphia, Feb. 13, 1832. At the age of 16 he
was apprenticed to a carpenter and builder. In
1854 he came to Chicago, and worked at his trade,
for a time, but soon removed to Galena, where he
finally engaged in business as a contractor. In
1862 he enlisted as a private in the Seventy-fourth
Illinois Volunteers, but, having received author-
ity from Governor Yates, raised a company, of
wliich he was chosen Captain, and which was
incorporated in the Ninety-sixth Illinois Infan-
try. Of this regiment he was soon elected Major.
After a short service about Cincinnati, Ohio,
and Covington and Newport, Ky., the Ninety-
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
487
sixth was sent to the front, and took part (among
other battles) in the second engagement at Fort
Donelson and in the bloody fight at Franklin,
Tenn. Later, Major Smith was assigned to staff
duty under Generals Baird and Steedman, serv-
ing through the TuUahoma campaign, and par-
ticipating in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout
Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Being promoted
to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, he rejoined his regi-
ment, and was given command of a brigade. In
the Atlanta campaign he served gallantly, tak-
ing a conspicuous part in its long series of bloody
engagements, and being severely wounded at
Kgnesaw Mountain. In February, 18G.5, he was
brevetted Colonel, and, in June, 1865, Brigadier-
General. Soon after his return to Galena he was
appointed Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue,
but was legislated out of office in 1872. In 1873
he removed to Chicago and embarked in business.
In 1874-76 he was a member (and Secretary) of
the Illinois Board of Commissione!'s to the Cen-
tennial Exposition at Philadelphia. In 1875 he
was appointed Chief Grain-Inspector at Chicago,
and held the office for several years. In 1872 and
'76 he was a delegate to the National Republican
Conventions of those years, and, in 1878, was
elected State Treasurer, as he was again in 1882.
In 1884 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, serv-
ing until 1889. He is a prominent Mason, Knight
Templar and Odd Fellow, as well as a distin-
guished member of the Order of Nobles of the
Mystic Shrine, and was prominently connected
with the erection of the "Masonic Temple Build-
ing" in Chicago.
SMITH, John Eugene, soldier, was born in
Switzerland, August 3, 1816, the son of an officer
who had served under Napoleon, and after tlie
downfall of the latter, emigrated to Philadelphia.
The subject of this sketch received an academic
education and became a jeweler ; in 1801 entered
the volunteer service as Colonel of the Forty-fifth
Illinois Infantry; took part in the capture of
Forts Henry and Donelson, in the battle of Shiloh
and siege of Corinth ; was promoted a Brigadier-
General in November, 1862, and placed in com-
mand of a division in the Sixteenth Army Corps ;
led the Third Division of the Seventeenth Army
Corps in the Vicksburg campaign, later being
transferred to the Fifteenth, and taking part in
the battle of Missionary Ridge and the Atlanta
and Carolina campaigns of 1864-65. He received
the brevet rank of Major-General of Volunteers
in January, 1865, and, on his muster-out from the
volunteer service, became Colonel of the Twenty-
seventh United States Infantry, being transferred,
in 1870, to the Fourteenth. In 1867 his services
at Vicksburg and Savannah were further recog-
nized by conferring upon him the brevets of Brig-
adier and Major-General in the regular army.
In May, 1881, he was retired, afterwards residing
in Chicago, where he died, Jan. 29, 1897.
SMITH, Josepli, the founder of the Mormon
sect, was born at Sharon, Vt., Dec. 2.3, 1805. In
1815 his parents removed to Palmyra, N. Y., and
still later to Manchester. He early showed a
dreamy mental cast, and claimed to be able to
locate stolen articles by means of a magic stone.
In 1820 he claimed to have seen a vision, but his
pretensions were ridiculed by his acquaintances.
His story of the revelation of the golden plates
by the angel Moroni, and of the latter"s instruc-
tions to him, is well known. With the aid of
Martin Harris and Oliver Cowdery he prepared
the "Book of Mormon," alleging that he had
deciphered it from heaven-sent characters,
through the aid of miraculous spectacles. This
was published in 1830. In later years Smith
claimed to have received supplementary reve-
lations, which so taxed the credulity of his fol-
lowers that some of them apostatized. He also
claimed supernatural power, such as exorcism,
etc. He soon gained followers in considerable
numbers, whom, in 1832, he led west, a part
settling at Kirtland, Ohio, and the remainder in
Jackson County, Mo. Driven out of Ohio five
years later, the bulk of the sect found the way to
their friends in Missom-i, whence they were
finally expelled after manj- confiicts with the
authorities. Snrith, with the other refugees, fled
to Hancock County, 111., founding tlie city of
Nauvoo, which was incorporated in 1840. Hero
was begun, in the following j-ear, the erection of a
great temple, but again he aroused the hostility
of the authorities, although soon wielding con-
siderable political power. After various unsuc-
cessful attempts to arrest him in 1844, Smith and
a number of his followers were induced to sur-
render themselves under the promise of protection
from violence and a fair trial. Having been
taken to Carthage, the county-seat, all were dis-
charged under recognizance to appear at court
except Smith and his brother Hyruin, who were
held under the new charge of "treason, " and were
placed in jail. So intense had been the feeling
against the Mormons, that Governor Ford called
out the militia to preserve the peace; but it is
evident that the feeling among the latter was in
sympathy with that of the populace. Most of
the militia were disbanded after Smith's arrest,
one company being left on duty at Carthage,
488
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
from wliom onlj- eight men were detailed to
guard the jail. lu this condition of affairs a mob
of 150 disguised men, alleged to be from Warsaw,
appeared before the jail on the evening of June
37, and, forcing the guards — who made only a
feeble resistance. — Joseph Smith and his brother
Hyrum were both shot down, while a friend, who
had remained with them, was wounded. The fate
of Smith undoubtedlj- went far to win for him
the reputation of martyr, and give a new impulse
to the Mormon faith. (See Mormons; Nauvoo. )
SMITH, Justin Almerin, D.D., clergyman
and editor, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y. , Dec.
39, 1819, educated at New Hampton Literary and
Theological Institute and Union College, gradu-
ating from the latter in 1843; served " a year as
Principal of the Union Academy at Bennington,
Vt., followed by four years of pastoral work,
when he assumed the pastorate of the First Bap-
tist church at . Rochester, N. Y., where he
remained five years. Then (1853) he removed to
Chicago to assume the editorship of "The Chris-
tian Times" (now "The Standard"), with which
he was associated for the remainder of his life.
Meanwhile he assisted in organizing three Baptist
churches in Chicago, serving two of them as
pastor for a considerable period; made an ex-
tended tour of Europe in 1869, attending the
Vatican Council at Rome; was a Trustee and
one of the founders of the old Chicago Univer-
sity, and Trustee and Lecturer of the Baptist
Theological Seminary; was also the author of
several religious works. Died, at Morgan Park,
near Chicago, Feb. 4, 1890.
SMITH, Perry H., lawyer and politician, was
born in Augusta. Oneida County, N. Y., March
18, 1828 ; entered Hamilton College at the age of
14 and graduated, second in his class, at 18; began
reading law and was admitted to the bar on com-
ing of age in 1849. Then, removing to Appleton,
Wis., when 23 years of age he was elected a
Judge, served later in both branches of the
Legislature, and. in 1857, became Vice-President
of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lie Railway,
retaining the same position in the reorganized
corporation when it became the Chicago &
Northwestern. In 185G Mr. Smith came to Chi-
cago and resided there till his death, on Palm
Sunday of 1885. He was prominent in railway
circles and in the councils of the Democratic
party, being the recognized representative of Mr.
Tilden's interests in the Northwest in the cam-
paign of 1876.
SMITH, Robert, Congressman and lawyer,
was born at Petersborough, N. H., June 12, 1802;
was educated and admitted to the bar in his
native town, settled at Alton, 111., in 1832, and
engaged in practice. In 1836 he was elected to
the General Assembly from Sladison County,
and re-elected in 1838. In 1842 he was elected to
the Twenty -eighth Congress, and twice re-elected,
serving three successive terms. During the Civil
War he was commissioned Paymaster, with the
rank of Major, and was stationed at St. Louis.
He was largely interested in the construction of
water power at Minneapolis, Minn., and also in
railroad enterprises in Illinois. He was a promi-
nent Mason and a public-spirited citizen. Died,
at Alton, Dec. 20. 1867.
SMITH, Samuel Lisle, lawyer, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., in 1817, and, belonging to a
wealthy family, enjoyed superior educational
advantages, taking a course in the Yale Law
School at an age too early to admit of his receiv-
ing a degree. In 1836 he came to Illinois, to look
after some landed interests of his father's in the
vicinity of Peru. Returning east within the next
two years, he obtained his diploma, and, again
coming west, located in Chicago in 1838, and,
for a time, occupied an office with the well-known
law firm of Butterfield & Collins. In 1839 he was
elected City Attorney and, at the great Whig
meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, was one of
the principal speakers, establishing a reputation
as one of the most brilliant campaign orators in
the West. As an admirer of Henry Clay, he was
active in the Presidential campaign of 1844, and
was also a prominent speaker at the River and
Harbor Convention at Chicago, in 1847. With a^
keen sense of humor, brilliant, witty and a mas-
ter of repartee and invective, he achieved popu-
larity, both at the bar and on the lecture
platform, and had the promise of future success,
which was unfortunately marred by hi.s convivial
habits. Died of cholera, in Chicago, July ;Hi, is."i4.
Mr. Smith married the daughter of Dr. Potts, of
Philadelphia, an eminent clergyman of the
Episcopal Church.
SMITH, Sidney, jurist, was born in Washing-
ton County, N. Y., May 13, 1829; studied law and
was admitted to the bar at Albion, in that State,
in 1851 ; came to Chicago in 1856 and entered
into partnership vrith Grant Goodrich and Will-
iam W. Farwell, both of whom were afterwards
elected to places on the bench — the first in the
Superior, and the latter in the Circuit Court. In
1879 Judge Smith was elected to the Superior
Court of Cook County, serving until 1885, when
he became the attorney of the Chicago Board of
Trade. He was the Republican candidate for
mSTOIilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
489
Mayor, in opposition to Carter H. Harrison, in
1885, and is believed by many to have been
honestly elected, though defeated on the face of
the retui-ns. A recount was ordered by the court,
but so much delay was incui-red and so many
obstacles placed in the way of carrying the order
into effect, that Judge Smith abandoned the con-
test in disgust, although making material gains
as far as it had gone. During his professional
career he was connected, as counsel, with some of
the most important trials before the Chicago
courts ; was also one of the Directors of the Chi-
cago Public Library, on its organization in 1871.
Died suddenly, in Chicago. Oct. 6, 1898.
SMITH, Theophilus Washington, Judge and
politician, was born in New York City, Sept. 28,
1784, served for a time in the United States navy,
was a law student in the oiBce of Aaron Burr,
was admitted to the bar in his native State in
1805, and, in 1816, came west, finally locating at
Edwardsville, where he soon became a prominent
figure in early State history. In 1820 he was an
unsuccessful candidate before the Legislature for
the ofHce of Attorney-General, being defeated by
Samuel D. Lockwood, but was elected to the
State Senate in 1822, serving four years. In 1823
he was one of the leaders of the "Conventionisf
party, whose aim was to adopt a new Constitution
which would legalize slavery in Illinois, during
this period being the editor of the leading organ
of the pro-slavery party. In 1825 he was elected
one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme
Court, but resigned, Dec. 36, 1842. He was im-
peached in 1832 on charges alleging oppressive
conduct, corruption, and other high misdemean-
ors in office, but secured a negative acquittal, a
two-thirds vote being necessary to conviction.
The vote in the Senate stood twelve for convic-
tion (on a part of the charges) to ten for acquittal,
four being excused from voting. During the
Black Hawk War he served as Quartermaster-
General on the Governor's staff. As a jurist, he
was charged by his political opponents with
being unable to divest himself of his partisan
bias, and even with privately advising counsel, in
political causes, of defects in the record, which
they (the coimsel) had not discovered. He was
also a member of the first Board of Commission-
ers of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, appointed in
1833. Died, in Chicago, May 6, 1846.
SMITH, William Henry, journahst. Associ-
ated Press Manager, was born in Columbia
County, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1833: at three years of age
was taken by his parents to Ohio, where he
enjoyed the best educational advantages that
State at the time afforded. After completing his
school course he began teaching, and, for a time,
served as tutor in a Western college, but soon
turned his attention to journalism, at first as
assistant editor of a weekly publication at Cincin-
nati, still later becoming its editor, and, in 1855,
city editor of "The Cincinnati Gazette."' with
which he was connected in a more responsible
position at the beginning of the war, incidentally
doing work upon "The Literary Review." His
connection with a leading paper enabled him to
exert a strong influence in support of the Govern-
ment. This he used most faithfully in assisting
to raise troops in the first years of the war. and,
in 1863, in bringing forward and securing the
election of John Brough as a Union candidate for
Governor in opposition to Clement L. Vallandi-
gham, the Democratic candidate. In 1864 he was
nominated and elected Secretary of State, being
re-elected two years later. After retiring from
office he returned to journalism at Cincinnati, as
editor of "The Evening Chronicle." from which
he retired in 1870 to become Agent of the West-
ern Associated Press, with headquarters, at first
at Cleveland, but later at Chicago. His success
in this Line was demonstrated by the final union
of the New York and Western Associated Press
organizations under his management, continuing
until 1893, when he retired. ^Ir. Smith was a
strong personal friend of President Hayes, by
whom he was appointed Collector of the Port of
Chicago in 1877. While engaged in ofiicial duties
he found time to do considerable literary work,
having published, several years ago, "TheSt. Clair
Papers," in two volumes, and a life of Charles
Hammond, besides contributions to periodicals.
After retiring from the management of the
Associated Press, he was engaged upon a "His-
tory of American Politics" and a "Life of Ruther-
ford B. Hayes," which are said to have been well
advanced at the time of his death, which took
place at his home, at Lake Forest, 111., July 27,
1896.
SMITH, William M., merchant, stock- breeder
and politician, was born near Fi'ankfort, Ky.,
May 23, 1827; in 1846 accompanied his father's
family to Lexington, McLean County, 111., where
they settled. A few years later he bought forty
acres of government land, finally increasing his
holdings to 800 acres, and becoming a breeder of
fine stock. Still later he added to his agricultural
pursuits the business of a merchant. Having
early identified himself with the Republican
party, he remained a firm adherent of its prin-
ciples during the Civil War, and, while declining
490
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
a commission tendered him by Governor Yates,
devoted his time and means liberally to the re-
cruiting and organization of regiments for serv-
ice in the field, and procuring supplies for the
sick and wounded. In 1866 he was elected to the
lower house of the Legislature, and was re-elected
in 1868 and "70, serving, during his last term, as
Speaker. In 1877 he was appointed by Governor
Cullom a member of the Railroad and Warehouse
Commission, of which bod}' he served as President
until 1883. He was a man of remarkably genial
temperament, liberal impulses, and wide popu-
larity. Died. March 25, 1886.
SMITH, William Sooy, soldier and civil engi-
neer, was born at Tarlton, Pickaway County,
Ohio, July 22, 1830 ; graduated at Ohio University
in 1849, and, at the United States Military Acad-
emy, in 1853, having among his classmates, at the
latter. Generals McPherson, Schofield and Sheri-
dan. Coming to Chicago the following year, he
first found employment as an engineer on the
Illinois Central Railroad, but later became assist-
ant of Lieutenant-Colonel Graham in engineer
service on the lakes ; a year later took charge of
a select school in Buffalo ; in 18.57 made the first
surveys for the International Bridge at Niagara
Falls, then went into the service of extensive
locomotive and bridge- works at Trenton, N. J.,
in their interest making a visit to Cuba, and also
superintending the construction of a bridge
across the Savannah River. The war intervening,
he returned North and was appointed Lieutenant-
Colonel and assigned to duty as Assistant Adju-
tant-General at Camp Denison, Ohio, but, in
June, 1862, was commissioned Colonel of the
Thirteenth Ohio Volunteers, participating in the
West Virginia campaigns, and later, at Shiloli and
Perryville. In April, 1862, he was promoted
Brigadier-General of volunteers, commanding
divisions in the Army of the Ohio until the fall
of 1862, when he joined Grant and took part in
the Vicksburg campaign, as commander of the
First Division of the Sixteenth Army Corps.
Subsequently he was made Chief of the Cavalry
Department, serving on the staffs of Grant and
Sherman, until compelled to resign, in 1864, on
account of impaired health. During the war
General Smith rendered valuable service to the
Union cause in great emergencies, by his knowl-
edge of engineering. On retiring to private life
he resumed his profession at Chicago, and since
has been employed by the Government on some
of its most stupendous works on the lakes, and
has also planned several of the most important
raib-oad bridges across the Missom'i and other
streams. He has been much consulted in refer-
ence to municipal engineering, and his name is
connected with a number of the gigantic edifices
in Chicago.
SMITHBORO, a village and railroad junction
in Bond County, 8 miles east of Greenville.
Population. 393; (1900), 314.
SJiAPP, Henry, Congressman, born in Livings-
ton County, N. Y., June 30, 1822, came to Illinois
with his father when 11 years old. and, having
read law at Joliet, was admitted to the bar in
1847. He practiced in Will County for twenty
years before entering public life. In 1868 he was
elected to the State Senate and occupied a seat in
that body until his election, in 1871, to the Forty-
second Congress, by the Republicans of the (then)
Sixth Illinois District, as successor to B. C. Cook,
who had resigned. Died, at Joliet, Nov. 23, 1895.
SNOW, Herman W., ex-Congressman, was born
in La Porte County, Ind., July 3, 1836, but was
reared in Kentucky, working upon a farm for
five years, while yet in his minority becoming a
resident of Illinois. For several years he was a
school teacher, meanwhile studying law and
being admitted to the bar. Early in the war he
enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and
Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, rising to the
rank of Captain. His term of service having
expired, he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and
Fifty-first Illinois, and was mustered out with
the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close
of the war he resumed teaching at the Chicago
High School, and later served in the General
Assembly (1873-74) as Representative from Wood-
ford Count}'. In 1890 he was elected, as a Demo-
crat, to represent the Ninth Illinois District in
Congress, but was defeated by his Republican
opponent in 1892.
SNOWHOOK, William B., first Collector of
Customs at Chicago, was born in Ireland in 1804;
at the age of eight years was brought to New
York, where he learned the printer's trade,
and worked for some time in the same office
with Horace Greeley. At 16 he went back to
Ireland, remaining two years, but, returning to
the United States, began the study of law ; was
also emplo3'ed on the Passaic Canal; in 1836,
came to Chicago, and was soon after associated
with William B. Ogden in a contract on the Illi-
nois & Michigan Canal, which lasted until 1841.
As early as 1840 he became prominent as a leader
in the Democratic party, and, in 1846, received
from President Polk an appointment as first Col-
lector of Customs for Chicago (having previously
served as Special Surveyor of the Port, while
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
attached to the District of Detroit) ; in 1853, was
re-appointed to the Collectorship by President
Pierce, serving two years. During the "Mormon
War" (1S44) he organized and equipped, at his
own expense, the ^Montgomery Guards, and was
commissioned Colonel, but the disturbances were
brought to an end before the order to march.
From 1856 he devoted his attention chiefly to his
practice, but, in 1863, was one of the Democrats
of Chicago who took part in a movement to sus-
tain the Government by stimulating enlistments;
was also a member of the Convention which
nominated Mr. Greeley for President in 1872.
Died, in Chicago, May 5, 1883.
SNYDER, Adam Wilson, pioneer lawyer, and
early Congressman, was born at Connellsville,
Pa., Oct. 6, 1799. In early life he followed the
occupation of \vool-curling for a livelihood,
attending school in the winter. In 1815, he emi-
grated to Columbus, Ohio, and afterwards settled
in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair County, 111. Being
offered a situation in a wool-curling and fulling
mill at Cahokia, he removed thither in 1817. He
formed the friendship of Judge Je.sse B. Thomas,
and, through the latter's encouragement and aid,
studied law and gained a solid professional, poli-
tical, social and financial position. In 1830 he
was elected State Senator from St. Clair Covmty,
and re-elected for two successive terms. He
served through the Black Hawk War as private.
Adjutant and Captain. In 1833 he removed to
Belleville, and, in 1834, was defeated for Congress
by Governor Reynolds, whom he, in turn, defeated
in 1836. Two years later Reynolds again defeated
him for the same position, and, in 1840, he was
elected State Senator. In 1841 he was the Demo-
cratic nominee for Governor. The election was
held in August, 1843, but, in May preceding, he
died at his home in Belleville. His place on the
ticket was filled by Thomas Ford, who was
elected.— William H. (Snyder), son of the pre-
ceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111., July
13, 1S25 ; educated at MoKendree College, studied
law witli Lieutenant-Governor Koerner, and was
admitted to practice in 1845; also served for a
time as Postmaster of the city of Belleville, and,
during the Mexican War, as First-Lieutenant and
Adjutant of the Fifth Illinois Volunteers. From
1850 to '54 he represented his county in the Legis-
lature ; in 1855 was appointed, by Governor Mat-
teson. State's Attorney, which position he filled
for two years. He was an unsuccessful candidate
for the office of Secretary of State in 1850, and,
in 1857, was elected a Judge of the Twenty-
fourth Circuit, was re-elected for the Third Cir-
cuit in '73, "79 and "85. He was also a member of
the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died,
at Belleville, Dec. 24, 1892.
SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' HOME, a State
charitable institution, founded by act of the
Legislature in 1885, and located at Quincy,
Adams County. The object of its establish-
ment was to provide a comfortable home for
such disabled or dependent veterans of the
United States land or naval forces as had
honorably served during the Civil War. It
was opened for the reception of veterans on
March 3, 1887, the first cost of site and build-
ings having been about §350,000. The total num-
ber of inmates admitted up to June 30, 1894, was
2,813; the nmnber in attendance during the two
previous years 988, and the whole number present
on Nov. 10, 1894, 1,088. The value of property at
that time was 8393,636.08. Considerable appro-
priations have been made 'for additions to the
buildings at subsequent sessions of the Legisla-
ture. The General Government pays to the State
SlOO per year for each veteran supported at the
Home.
SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOME, ILLINOIS, an
institution, created by act of 1865, for the main-
tenance and education of children of deceased
soldiers of the Civil War. An eighty -acre tract,
one mile north of Normal, was selected as the
site, and the first principal building was com-
pleted and opened for the admission of benefici-
aries on June 1, 1869. Its first cost was §135,000,
the site having been donated. Repairs and the
construction of new buildings, from time to
time, have considerably increased this sum. In
1875 the benefits of the institution were extended,
by legislative enactment, to the children of sol-
diers who had died after the close of the war.
The aggregate number of inmates, in 1894, was
573, of whom 323 were males and 249 females.
SOLDIERS' WIDOWS' HOME. Provision was
made for the establishment of this institution by
the Thirty-ninth General Assembly, in an act,
approved, June 13, 1895, appropriating §20,000 for
the purchase of a site, the erection of buildings
and furnishing the same. It is designed for the
reception and care of the mothers, wives, widows
and daughters of such honorably discharged
soldiers or sailors, in the United States service, as
may have died, or may be physically or men-
tally unable to provide for the families natu-
rally dependent on them, provided that such
persons have been residents of the State for
at least one year previous to admission, and
are without means or ability for self-support.
402
IIISTOraCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Tlie affairs of the Home are managed by a
board of five trustees, of whom two are men and
three women, the former to be members of the
Grand Army of the Republic and of different
poHtical parties, and the latter members of the
Women's Relief Corps of this State. The institu-
tion was located at Wilmington, occupying a
site of seventeen acres, where it was formally
opened in a house of eighteen rooms, March 11,
1890, with twenty-six applications for admit-
tance. The plan contemplates an early enlarge-
ment by the erection of additional cottages.
SOREXTO, a village of Bond County, at the
intersection of the Jacksonville & St. Louis and
the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railways, 14
miles southeast of Litchfield; has a bank and a
newspaper. Its interests are agricultural and
mining. Pop. (1890), .538; (1900), 1,000.
SOULARD, James Gaston, pioneer, born of
French ancestry in St. Louis, Mo., July 15, 1798;
resided there until 1821, when, having married
the daughter of a soldier of the Revolution, he
received an appointment at Fort Snelling, near
the present city of St. Paul, then under command
of Col. Snelling, who was his wife's brother-in-
law. The Fort was reached after a tedious jour-
ney by flat-boat and overland, late in the fall of
1821, his wife accompanying him. Three years
later they returned to St. Louis, where, being an
engineer, he was engaged for several years in
surveying. In 1827 he removed with his family
to Galena, for the next six years had charge of a
store of the Gratiot Brothers, early business men
of that locality. Towards the close of this period
he received the appointment of County Recorder,
also holding the position of County Surveyor and
Postmaster of Galena at the same time. His
later years were devoted to farming and horti-
culture, his death taking place, Sept. 17, 1878.
Mr. Soulard was probably the first man to engage
in freighting between Galena and Chicago.
"The Galena Advertiser" of Sept. 14, 1829, makes
mention of a wagon-load of lead sent by him to
Chicago, his team taking back a load of salt, the
paper remarking; "This is the first wagon that
has ever passed from the Mississippi River to
Chicago." Great results were predicted from
the exchange of commodities between the lake
and the lead mine district. — Mrs. Eliza M.
Hunt (Soulard), wife of the preceding, was born
at Detroit, Dec. 18, 1804, her father being Col.
Thomas A. Hunt, who had taken part in the
Battle of Bunker Hill and remained in the army
until his death, at St. Louis, in 1807. His descend-
ants hare maintained their connection with the
army ever since, a son being a prominent artillery
officer at the Battle of Gettysburg. Mrs. Soulard
%vas married at St. Louis, in 1820, and survived
her husband some sixteen years, dying at Galena,
August 11, 1894. She had resided in Galena
nearly seventy years, and at the date of her
death, in the 90th year of her age, she was that
citv's oldest resident.
SOUTH CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA
RAILROAD. (See Chicuijo & Western Indiana
Bailroad.)
SOUTH DANVILLE, a suburb of the city of
Danville, Vermilion County. Population (1890),
799; (1900), 898.
SOUTHEAST & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See
LovisviUe & Nashville Railroad.)
SOUTH ELGIN, a village of Kane County,
near the city of Elgin. Population (1900), 51.5.
SOUTHERN COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE,
located at Albion, Edwards County, incori'orated
in 1891; had a faculty of ten teachers with 219
pupils (1897-98)— about equally male and female.
Besides classical, scientific, normal, music and
fine arts departments, instruction is given in pre-
paratory studies and business education. Its
property is valued at $16,. TOO.
SOUTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE,
located at Anna, Union County, founded by act
of the Legislature in 1869. The original site com-
prised 290 acres and cost a little more than
$23,000, of which one-fourth was donated by citi-
zens of the county. The construction of build-
ings was begun in 1869, but it was not until
March, 1875, that the north wing (the first com-
pleted) was ready for occupancy. Other portions
were completed a year later. The Trustees pur-
chased 160 additional acres in 1883. The first
cost (up to September, 1876) was nearly §635.000.
In 1881 one wing of the main building was de-
stroyed by fire, and was subsequently rebuilt ; the
patients being, meanwhile, cared for in temporary
wooden barracks. The total value of lands and
buildings belonging to the State, June 30, 1894,
was estimated at §738,580, and, of property of all
sorts, at $833,700. The wooden barracks were
later converted into a permanent ward, additions
made to the main buildings, a detached building
for the accommodation of 300 patients erected,
numerous outbuildings put up and general im-
provements made. A second fire on the night of
Jan. 3, 1895, destroyed a large part of the main
building, inflicting a loss upon the State of
$175,000. Provision was made for rebuilding by
the Legislature of that year. The institution has
capacity for about 750 patients.
1 Tp||
'13
•tJ n
O 5.
I ^^1
Z p'
B k!!m
> ■^
1 ^^fl
2 2
K itH
M a-
K ^^1
n >
' ^1
5d >?
^1
sl
«
2^ s-
p
> ^
S g
1
J
O B
ffi "
a
w J?
1
05 3-
H B
,,
^1
\
I
1-4 -.V
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
493
SOUTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL UNITER-
SITT, established in 1869, and located, after
competitive bidding, at Carbondale, which offered
lands and bonds at first estimated to be of the
value of §229,000, but which later depreciated,
through shrinkage, to $75,000. Construction was
commenced in May, 1870, and the first or main
building was completed and appropriately dedi-
cated in July, 1874. Its cost was §265,000, but it
was destroyed by fire, Nov. 26, 1883. In Febru-
ary, 1887, a new structure was completed at a cost
of §150,000. Two normal courses of instruction
are given — classical and scientific — each extend-
ing over a period of four years. The conditions
of admission require that the pupil shall be 16
years of age, and shall possess the qualifications
enabling him to pass examination for a second-
grade teacher's certificate. Those unable to do so
may enter a preparatory department for six
months. Pupils who pledge themselves to teach
in the public schools, not less than half the time
of their attendance at the University, receive
free tuition with a small charge for incidentals,
while others paj' a tuition fee. The number of
students in attendance for the year 1897-98 was
720, coming from forty-seven counties, chiefly in
the southern half of the State, with represent-
atives from eight other States. The teaching
faculty for the same year .consisted, besides the
President, of sixteen instructors in the various
departments, of whom five were ladies and
eleven gentlemen.
SOUTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, located
near Chester, on the Mississippi River. Its erec-
tion was rendered necessary by the overcrowding
of the Northern Penitentiary. (See Korthern
Penitentiai-y.) The law providing for its estab-
lishment required the Commissioners to select a
site convenient of access, adjacent to stone and
timber, and having a high elevation, with a never
failing supply of water. In 1877, 122 acres were
purchased at Chester, and the erection of build-
ings commenced. The first appropriation was of
§200,000, and §300,000 was added in 1879. By
March, 1878, 200 convicts were received, and
their labor was utilized in the completion of the
buildings, which are constructed upon approved
modern principles. The prison receives convicts
sent from the southern portion of the State, and
has accommodation for some 1,200 prisoners. In
connection with this penitentiary is an asylum
for insane convicts, the erection of which was
provided for by the Legislature in 1889.
SOUTH OROVE, a village of De Kalb County.
Population (1890), 730.
SPALDING, Jes.se, manufacturer. Collector of
Customs and Street Railway President, was bom
at Athens, Bradford County, Pa., April 15, 1833;
earl}- commenced lumbering on the Susquehanna,
and, at 23, began dealing on his own account. In
1857 he removed to Chicago, and soon after bought
the property of the New York Lumber Company
at the mouth of the Menominee River in AViscon-
sin, where, with different partners, and finally
practically alone, he has carried on the business
of lumber manufacture on a large scale ever
since. In 1881 he was appointed, by President
Arthur, Collector of the Port of Chicago, and, in
1889, received from President Harrison an
appointment as one of the Government Directors
of the Union Pacific Railway. Mr. Spalding was
a zealous supporter of the Government during
the War of the Rebellion and rendered valuable
aid in the construction and equipment of Camp
Douglas and the barracks at Chicago for the
returning soldiers, receiving Auditor's warrants
in payment, when no fimds in the State treasury
were available for the purpose. He was associ-
ated with William B. Ogden and others in the
project for connecting Green Bay and Sturgeon
Bay by a ship canal, which was completed in
1882, and, on the death of Mr. Ogden, succeeded
to the Presidency of the Canal Company, serving
until 1893, when the canal was turned over to the
General Government. He has also been identified
with many other public enterprises intimately
connected with the development and prosperity
of Chicago, and, in July, 1899, became President
of the Chicago Union Traction Company, having
control of the North and West Chicago Street
Railway Systems.
SPALDINO, John Lancaster, Catholic Bishop,
was born in Lebanon, Ky., June 2, 1840; educated
in the United States and in Europe, ordained a
priest in the Catholic Church in 1863, and there-
upon attached to the cathedral at Louisville, as
assistant. In 1869 lie organized a congregation
of colored people, and built for their use the
Church of St. Augustine, having been assigned
to that parish as pastor. Soon afterwards he was
appointed Secretary to the Bishop and made
Chancellor of the Diocese. In 1873 he was trans-
ferred from Louisville to New York, where he
was attached to the missionary parish of St.
Michael's. He had, by this time, achieved no little
fame as a pulpit orator and lecturer. When
the diocese of Peoria, 111., was created, in 1877, the
choice of the Pope fell upon him for the new see,
and he was consecrated Bishop, on May 1 of that
year, by Cardinal JleCloskey at New York. His
494
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
administration has been cliaracterized by both
energy and success. He lias devoted much atten-
tion to the subject of emigration, and lias brought
al)out tlie founding of many new settlements in
tlie far West. He was also largely instrumental
in bringing about the founding of the Catholic
University at Washington. Ho is a frequent
contributor to the reviews, and the author of a
number of religious works.
SPANISH INVASION OF ILLINOIS. In the
month of June, 1779, soon after the declaration
of war between Spain and Great Britain, an expe-
dition was organized in Canada, to attack the
Spanish posts along the Mississippi. Simultane-
ously, a force was to be dispatched from Pensa-
cola against New Orleans, then commanded by
a young Spanish Colonel, Don Bernardo de
Galvez. Secret instructions had been sent to
British Commandants, all through the Western
country, to co-operate with both expeditions. De
Galvez, having learned of the scheme through
intercepted letters, resolved to forestall the attack
by becoming the assailant. At the head of a
force of 670 men, he set out and captured Baton
Rouge, Fort Manchac and Natchez, almost with-
out opposition. The British in Canada, being
ignorant of what had been going on in the South,
in February following dispatched a force from
Mackinac to support the expedition from Pensa-
cola, and, incidentally, to subdue the American
rebels while en route. Cahokia and Kaskaskia
were contemplated points of attack, as well as
the Spanish forts at St. Louis and St. Genevieve.
This movement was planned by Capt. Patrick
Sinclair, commandant at Mackinac, but Captain
Hesse was placed in charge of the expedition,
which numbered some 750 men, including a force
of Indians led by a chief named Wabasha. The
British arrived before St. Louis, early on the
morning of May 36, 1780, taking the Spaniards
by surprise. Meanwhile Col. George Rogers
Clark, having been apprised of the project,
arrived at Cahokia from the falls of the Ohio,
twenty-four hours in advance of the attack, his
presence and readiness to co-operate with the
Spanish, no doubt, contributing to tlie defeat of
the expedition. The accounts of what followed
are conflicting, the number of killed on the St.
Louis shore being variously estimated from seven
or eight to sixty -eight — the last being the esti-
mate of Capt. Sinclair in his official report. All
agree, however, that the invading party was
forced to retreat in great haste. Colonel Mont-
gomery, who had been in command at Cahokia,
with a force of 3.'50 and a party of Spanish allies,
pursued the retreating invaders as far as the
Rock River, destroying many Indian villages on
the way. This movement on the part of the
British served as a pretext for an attempted re-
prisal, undertaken by the Spaniards, with the aid
of a number of Caliokians, early in 1781. Starting
early in Januar}', this latter expedition crossed
Illinois, with the design of attacking Fort St.
Joseph, at the head of Lake Michigan, which had
been captured from the English by Thomas Brady
and afterwards retaken. The Spaniards were com-
manded by Don Eugenio Pourre, and suj^ported
by a force of Cahokians and Indians. The fort
was easily taken and the British flag replaced by
the ensign of Spain. The affair vk^as regarded as
of but little moment, at the time, the post being
evacuated in a few days, and the Spaniards
returning to St. Louis. Yet it led to serious
international complications, and the "conquest"
was seriously urged by the Spanish ministry as
giving that country a right to the territory trav-
ersed. This claim was supported by France
before the signing of the Treaty of Paris, but
was defeated, through the combined efforts of
Messrs. Jay, Franklin and Adams, the American
Commissioners in charge of the peace negoti-
ations with England.
SPARKS, (Capt.) David R., manufacturer and
legislator, was born near Lanesville, Ind., in
1833; in 1836, removed -with his parents to Ma-
coupin County, 111. ; in 1847, enlisted for the
Mexican War, crossing the plains to Santa Fe,
New Mexico. In 1850 he made the overland trip
to California, returning the next year by the
Isthmus of Panama. In 1855 he engaged in the
milling business at Staunton, Macoupin County,
but, in 1860, made a third trip across the plains
in search of gold, taking a quartz-mill which was
erected near where Central City, Colo., now is,
and which was the second steam-engine in that
region. He returned home in time to vote for
Stephen A. Douglas for President, the same year,
but became a stalwart Republican, two weeks
later, when the advocates of secession began to
develop their policy after the election of Lincoln.
In 1861 he enlisted, under the call for 500,000 vol-
unteers following the first battle of Bull Run, and
was commissioned a Captain in the Third Illinois
Cavalry (Col. Eugene A. Carr), serving two and a
half years, during which time he took part in
several hard-fought battles, and being present at
the fall of Vicksburg. At the end of his service
he became associated with his former partner in
the erection of a large flouring mill at Litchfield,
but, in 1869, the firm bought an extensive flour-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS,
495
ing mill at Alton, of which he became the princi-
pal owner in 1881, and which has since been
greatly enlarged and improved, until it is now one
of the most extensive establishments of its kind
in the State. Capt. Sparks was elected to the
House of Representatives in 1888, and to the State
Senate in 1894, serving in the sessions of 1895 and
'97; was also strongly supported as a candidate
for the Republican nomination for Congress in
1896.
SPARKS, William A. J., ex-Congressman, was
born near New Albany, Ind., Nov. 19, 1828, at 8
years of age was brought by his parents to Illi-
nois, and shortly afterwards left an orphan.
Thrown on his own resources, he found work
upon a farm, his attendance at the district
schools being limited to the winter months.
Later, he passed through McKendree College,
supporting himself, meanwhile, by teaching,
graduating in 1850. He read law with Judge
Sidney Breese, and was admitted to the bar in
1851. His first public oflSce was that of Receiver
of the Land Office at Edwardsville, to which he
was appointed by President Pierce in 1853. re-
maining until 1856, when he was chosen Presi-
dential Elector on the Democratic ticket. The
same year he was elected to the lower house of
the General Assembly, and, in 1863-64, served in
the State Senate for the unexpired term of James
M. Rodgers, deceased. He was a delegate to the
National Democratic Convention in 1868, and a
Democratic Representative in Congress from 1875
to 1883. In 1885 he was appointed, by President
Cleveland, Commissioner of the General Land
Office in Washington, retiring, by resi,gnation, in
1887. His home is at Carlyle.
SPARTA & ST. GENETIETE RAILROAD.
(See Centralia & Chester Railroad.)
SPEED, Joshua Fry, merchant, and intimate
friend of Abraham Lincoln ; was educated in the
local schools and at St. Joseph's College, Bards-
town, Ky., after which he spent some time in a
wholesale mercantile establishment in Louisville.
About 1835 he came to Springfield, 111. . where he
engaged in the mercantile business, later becom-
ing the intimate friend and associate of Abraham
Lincoln, to whom he offered, the privilege of
sharing a room over his store, when Mr. Lincoln
removed from New Salem to Springfield, in 1836.
Mr. Speed returned to Kentucky in 1843, but the
friendship with Mr. Lincoln, which was of a
most devoted character, continued until the
death of the latter. Having located in Jefferson
County, Ky., Mr. Speed was elected to the Legis-
lature in 1848, but was never again willing to
accept oflSce, thougli often solicited to do so. In
1851 he removed to Louisville, where he acquired
a handsome fortune in the real-estate business.
On the breaking out of the rebellion in 1861, lie
heartily embraced the cause of the Union, and,
during the war, was entrusted with many deli-
cate and important duties in the interest of the
Government, by Mr. Lincoln, whom he frequently
visited in Washington. His death occurred at
Louisville, May 29, 1882. — James (Speed), an
older brother of the preceding, was a prominent
Unionist of Kentucky, and, after the war, a
leading Republican of that State, serving as dele-
gate to the National Republican Conventions of
1872 and 1876. In 1864 he was appointed Attor-
ney-General by Mr Lincoln and served until 1866,
when he resigned on account of disagreement
with President Johnson. He died in 1887, at the
age of 75 years.
SPOOJf RIYER, rises in Bureau County, flows
southward through Stark County into Peoria,
thence soutliwest through Knox, and to the south
and southeast, through Fulton County, entering
the Illinois River opposite Havana. It is about
150 miles long.
SPRINGER, (ReT.) Francis, D.D., educator
and Army Chaplain, born in Franklin Coimty,
Pa., March 19, 1810; was left an orphan at an
early age, and educated at Pennsylvania College,
Gettysburg; entered the Lutheran ministry in
1836, and, in 1839, removed to Springfield, 111.,
wliere he preached and taught school; in 1847
became President of Hillsboro College, which, in
1853, was removed to Springfield and became Illi-
nois State University, now known as Concordia
Seminary. Later, he served for a time as Super-
intendent of Schools for the city of Springfield,
but, in September, 1861, resigned to accept the
Chaplaincy of the Tenth Illinois Cavalry : by suc-
cessive resignations and appointnients. held the
positions of Chaplain of the First Arkansas Infan-
try (1863-64) and Post Chaplain at Fort Smith,
Ark., serving in the latter position until April,
1867. when he was commissioned Cliaplain of the
United States Army. This position he resigned
while stationed at Fort Harker, Kan. , August 23,
1867. During a considerable part of his incum-
bency as Chaplain at Fort Smith, he acted as
Agent of the Bureau of Refugees and Freedmen,
performing important service in caring for non-
combatants rendered homeless by the vicissitudes
of war. After the war he served, for a time, as
Superintendent of Schools for Montgomery
County, 111. ; was instnmiental in the founding
of Carthage (111.) College, and was a member of
406
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
its Board of Control at the time of his death. He
«as elected Chaplain of the Illinois House of
Representatives at the session of the Thirty-fifth
General Assembly (1887), and Chaplain of the
Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of
Illinois for two consecutive terms (1890-'92).
He was also member of the Stephenson Post,
No. 30, G. A. R., at Springfield, and served as its
Chaplain from January, 188-1, to his death, which
occurred at Springfield. Oct. 21, 1892.
SPRINGER, William McKendree, ex-Congress-
man. Justice of United States Court, was born in
Sullivan County, Ind.. May 30, 1836. In 1848 he
removed with his parents to Jacksonville, 111.,
was fitted for college in the public high school at
Jacksonville, under the tuition of the late Dr.
Bateman, entered Illinois College, remaining
three years, when he removed to the Indiana
State University, graduating there in 1858. The
following }-ear he was admitted to the bar and
commenced practice in Logan County, but soon
after removed to Springfield. He entered public
life as Secretary of the Constitutional Convention
of 1802. In 1871-72 he represented Sangamon
County in the Legislature, and, in 1874, was
elected to Congress from the Thirteenth Illinois
District as a Democrat. From that time until
the close of the Fifty-third Congress (1895), he
served in Congress continuously, and was recog-
nized as one of the leaders of his party on the
floor, being at the head of many important com-
mittees when that party was in the ascendancy,
and a candidate for the Democratic caucus nomi-
nation for Speaker, in 1893. In 1894 he was the
candidate of his party for Congress for the
eleventh time, but was defeated by his Repub-
lican opponent, James A. Connolly. In 1895
President Cleveland appointed him United
States District Judge for Indian Territory.
SPRIXGFIELD, the State capital, and the
county-seat of Sanganfon County, situated five
miles south of the Sangamon River and 185 miles
southwest of Chicago; is an important railway
center. The first settlement on the site of the
present city was made by John Kelly in 1819.
On April 10, 1821, it was selected, by the first
Board of County Commissioners, as the temporary
county-seat of Sangamon County, the organi-
zation of which had been authorized b^v act of
the Legislature in January previous, and the
name Springfield was given to it. In 1823 the
selection was made permanent. The latter year
the first sale of lands took place, the original site
being entered by Pascal P. Enos. Elijah lies ami
Thomas Cox. The town was platted about the
same time, and the name "Calhoun" was given to
a section in the northwest quarter of the present
city — this being the "hey-day" of the South
Carolina statesman's greatest popularity — but
the change was not popularly accepted, and the
new name was soon dropped. It was incorpo-
rated as a town, April 2, 1832, and as a city, April
6, 1840; and re-incorporated, under the general,
law in 1882. It was made the State capital by
act of the Legislature, passed at the session of
1837, which went into effect, July 4, 1839, and the
Legislature first convened there in December of
the latter year. The general surface is flat,
though there is rolling gi-ound to tlie west. The
city has excellent water-works, a paid fire-depart-
ment, six banks, electric street railways, gas and
electric lighting, commodious hotels, fine
chm-ches, numerous handsome residences, beauti-
ful jjarks, thorough sewerage, and is one of the
best paved and handsomest cities in the State.
The city proper, in 1890, contained an area of four
square miles, but has since been enlarged by the
annexation of the following suburbs: North
Springfield, April 7, 1891 ; West Springfield, Jan.
4, 1898; and South Springfield and the village of
Laurel, April 5, 1898. These additions give to
the present city an area of 5.84 square miles.
The population of the original city, according to
the census of 1880, was 19,743, and, in 1890, 24.963,
while that of the annexed suburbs, at the last
census, was 2,109 — making a total of 29,072. The
latest school census (1898) showed a total popu-
lation of 33,37.1 -population by census (1900),
34. 159. Besides the State Hoiise, the city has a
handsome United States Government Building
for United States Court and post-ofiice purposes,
a county courthouse (the former State capitol),
a city hall and (State) Executive Mansion.
Springfield was the home of Abraham Lincoln.
His former residence has been donateil to the
State, and his tomb and monument are in the
beautiful Oak Ridge cemetery, adjoining the
city. Springfield is an important coal-mining
center, and has many important indiistries,
notably a watch factory, rolling mills, and exten-
sive manufactories of agricultural implements
and furniture. It is also the permanent location
of the State Fairs, for which extensive buildings
have been erected on the Fair Grounds north of
the city. There are three daily papers— two morn-
ing and one evening — published here, besides
various other publications. Pop. (1900), 34.159.
SPRINGFIELD, EFFIXGHAM & SOFTH-
EASTERN RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Indian-
apolis & Eastern Railroad. )
HISTOraCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
497
SPRIXGFIELD &. ILLINOIS SOUTHEAST-
ERX RAILROAD. (See Baltimore <& Ohio
SotitJtnrKtcni Eailroad. )
SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN KAIL-
ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria & St Louis
Railroad of Illinois.)
SPRING TALLEY, an incorporated city in
Bureau County, at intersection of the Chicago &
Northwestern, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific,
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the
Toluca, Marquette & Northern Railways, 100
miles soutliwest of Chicago. It lies in a coal-
mining region and has important manufacturing
interests as well. It has two banks, electric
street and interurban railways, and two news-
papers. Population (1890). 3,837; (1900). 6,214.
ST. AGATHA'S SCHOOL, an institution for
young ladies, at Springfield, under the patronage
of the Bishop of the Episcopal Church, incorpo-
rated in 1889. It has a faculty of eight teachers
giving instruction in the preparatory and liigher
branches, including music and fine arts. It
reported fifty-five pupils in 1894, and real estate
valued at 51o,000.
ST. ALBAN'S ACADEMY, a boys' and young
men's school at Knoxville, 111., incorporated in
1896 under the auspices of the Episcopal Church ;
in 1898 had a faculty of seven teachers, with
forty-five pupils, and property valued at $61,100,
of which §.54,000 was real estate. Instruction is
given in the classical and scientific branches,
' besides music and preparatory studies.
ST. ANNE, a village of Kankakee County,
at the crossing of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois
and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St.
Louis Railways, 60 miles south of Chicago. The
town has two banks, tile and brick factory, and a
weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,000.
ST. CHARLES, a city in Kane County, on both
sides of Fox River, at intersection of the Chicago
& Northwestern and the Chicago Great Western
Railways ; 38 miles west of Chicago and 10 miles
south of Elgin. The river furnishes excellent
water-power, which is being utilized by a number
of important manufacturing enterprises. Tlie
city is connected with Chicago and many towns
in the Fox River valley by interurbcu electric
trolley lines ; is also the seat of the State Home
for Boys. Pop. (1890), 1,690; (1900), 2,675.
ST. CLAIR, Arthur, first Governor of the
Northwest Territory, was born of titled ancestry
at Thurso, Scotland, in 1734 ; came to America in
1757 as an ensign, having purchased his commis-
sion, participated in the capture of Louisburg,
Canada, in 1758, and fought under "Wolfe at
Quebec. In 1764 he settled in Pennsylvania,
where he amassed a moderate fortune, and be-
came prominent in public affairs. He served with
distinction during the Revolutionary War, rising
to the rank of Major-General, and succeeding
General Gates in command at Ticonderoga, but,
later, was censui'ed by Washington for his hasty
evacuation of the post, though finally vindicated
by a military court. His Revolutionary record,
however, was generally good, and even distin-
guished. He represented Pennsylvania in the
Continental Congress, and jiresided over that
body in 1787. He served as Governor of the
Northwest Territory (including the present State
of Illinois) from 1789 to 1802. As an executive
he was not successful, being unpopular because
of his arbitrariness. In November, 1791, he
suffered a serious defeat by the Indians in the
valley between the Miami and the Wabash. In
this campaign he was badly crippled by the gout,
and had to be carried on a litter ; he was again
vindicated by a Congressional investigation. His
first visit to the Illinois Country was made in
1790, when he organized St. Clair County, which
was named in his honor. In 1802 President Jef-
ferson removed him from the governorship of
Ohio Territory, of %vhich he had continued to be
the Governor after its separation from Indiana
and Illinois. The remainder of his life was
spent in comparative penury. Shortly before his
decease, he was granted an annuity by the Penn-
sylvania Legislature and by Congress. Died, at
Greensburg, Pa., August 31, 1818.
ST. CLAIR COUNTY, the first county organ-
ized within the territory comprised in the pres-
ent State of Illinois — the whole region west
of the Ohio River having been first placed under
civil jurisdiction, under the name of "Illinois
County," by an act of the Virginia House of
Delegates, passed in October, 1778, a few months
after the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. George
Rogers Clark. (See Illinois; also Clark, George
Rogers.) St. Clair County was finally set off
by an order ef Gov. Arthur St Clair, on occa-
sion of his first visit to the "Illinois Country,"'
in April, 1790 — more than two years after his
assumption of the duties of Governor of the
Northwest Territory, which then comprehended
the "Illinois Country" as well as the whole
region within the present States of Ohio, Indiana,
Michigan and Wisconsin. Governor St. Clair's
order, which bears date, April 27, 1790, defines
the boundaries of the new county — which took
his own name — as follows: "Beginning at the
mouth of the Little Michillimackanack River,
iO>
IIISTOrJCAL EXC'YCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
running thence southerly in a direct line to the
mouth of the little river above Fort Massac upon
the Ohio River ; thence with the said river to its
junction with the Mississippi; thence up the
Mississippi to the mouth of the Illinois, and so up
the Illinois River to the place of beginning, with
all the adjacent islands of said rivers, Illinois and
Mississippi." The "Little Michillimackanack,"
the initial point mentioned in this description —
also variously spelled '"Makina" and "Macki-
naw," the latter being the name by which the
stream is now known — empties into the Illinois
River on the south side a few miles below
Pekin. in Tazewell Coimty. The boundaries
of St. Clair County, as given by Gov. St. Clair,
indicate the imperfect knowledge of the topog-
raphy of the "Illinois Country" existing in
that day, as a line drawn south from the mouth
of the Mackinaw River, instead of reaching the
Ohio "above Fort Massac," would have followed
the longitude of the present city of Springfield,
striking the Mississippi about the northwestern
corner of Jackson County, twenty-five miles west
of the mouth of the Ohio. The object of Gov-
ernor St. Clair's order was, of course, to include
the settled portions of the Illinois Country in the
new county ; and, if it had had the effect intended,
the eastern border of the county would have fol-
lowed a line some fifty miles farther eastward,
along the eastern border of Marion, Jefferson,
Franklin, Williamson and Johnson Counties,
reaching the Ohio River about the present site of
Metropolis City in Massac County, and embracing
about one-half of the area of the present State of
Illinois. For all practical purposes it embraced
all the Illinois Country, as it included that por-
tion in which the white settlements were located.
(See St. Clair, Arthur; also Illinois Country.)
The early records of St. Clair County are in the
French language ; its first settlers and its early
civilization were French, and the first church to
inculcate the doctrine of Christianity was the
Roman Catholic. The first proceedings in court
under the common law were had in 1T96. The
first Justices of the Peace were appointed in 1807,
and, as there was no penitentiary, the whipping-
post and pillory played an important part in the
code of penalties, these punishments being im-
partially meted out as late as the time of Judge
(afterwards Governor) Reynolds, to "the lame, the
halt and the blind," for such offenses as the lar-
ceny of a silk handkerchief. At first three
places — Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskas-
kia — were named as county-seats by Governor St.
Clair; but Randolph County having been set off
in 1895, Cahokia became the county-seat of the
older county, so remaining until 1818, when
Belleville was selected as the seat of justice. At
that time it was a mere cornfield owned by
George Blair, although settlements had previously
been established in Ridge Prairie and at Badgley.
Judge Jesse B. Thomas held his first court in a
log-cabin, but a rude court house was erected in
1814, and, the same year, George E. Blair estab-
lished a hostelry, Joseph Kerr opened a store,
and, in 1817, additional improvements were
inaugurated by Daniel Murray and others, from
Baltimore. John H. Dennis and the Mitchells
and Wests (from Virginia) settled soon after-
ward, becoming farmers and mechanics. Belle-
ville was incorporated in 1819. In 1825 Governor
Edwards bought the large landed interests of
Etienne Personeau, a large French land-owner,
ordered a new survey of the town and infused fresh
life into its development. Settlers began to arrive
in large numbers, mainly Virginians, who brought
with them their slaves, the right to hold which
was, for many years, a fruitful and perennial
source of strife. Emigrants from Germany
began to arrive at an early day, and now a large
proportion of the populatio'n of BeUeville and St.
Clair County is made up of that nationality. The
county, as at jjresent organized, lies on the west-
ern border of the south half of the State, immedi-
ately opposite St. Louis, and comprises some 680
square miles. Three-fourths of it are underlaid
by a vein of coal, six to eight feet thick, and
about one hundred feet below the surface. Con-
siderable wheat is raised. The principal towns
are Belleville, East St. Louis, Lebanon and Mas-
coutah. Population of the county (1880), 61,806;
(1890), 66,571; (1900), 86,685.
ST. JOHX, an incorporated village of Perry
County, on the Illinois Central Railway, one mile
north of Duquoin. Coal is mined and salt manu-
factured here. Population about 500.
ST. JOSEPH, a village of Champaign County,
on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railway, 10 niile.s east of Champaign; has inter-
urban railroad connection. Pop. (1900), 637.
ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, (Chicago), founded
in 1860, by the Sisters of Charity. Having been de-
stroyed in the fire of 1871, it was rebuilt in the
following year. In 189'3 it was reconstructed, en-
larged and made thoroughly modern in its appoint-
ments. It can accommodate about ~oO patients.
The Sisters attend to the nursing, and conduct the
domestic and financial aflfairs. The medical staff
comprises ten physicans and surgeons, among
whom are some of the most eminent in Chicago.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
499
ST. LOUIS, ALTON cV CHICAGO RAILROAD.
(See CJiiniyit &■ Alton Railroad. )
ST. LOUIS, ALTON A: SPKIX(JFIELI) RAIL-
ROAD. (See St. Louis. Chicago & St. Paul
Railroad.)
ST. LOUIS, ALTON & TERRE HAUTE
RAILOAD, a corporation formerly operating an
extensive system of railroads in Illinois. The Terra
Haute & Alton Railroad Company (the original
corporation) was chartered in January, 1851,
work begun in 1853, and the main line from
Terre Haute to Alton (172.5 miles) completed,
March 1, 1856. The Belleville & lUinoistown
branch (from Belleville to East St. Louis) was
chartered in 1852, and completed between the
points named in the title, in the fall of 1854.
This corporation secured authority to construct
an extension from lUinoistown (now East St.
Louis) to Alton, which was completed in October,
1856, giving the first raih'oad connection between
Alton & St. Louis. Simultaneously with this,
these two roads (tlie Terre Haute & Alton and
the Belleville & lUinoistown) were consolidated
under a single charter by special act of the Legis-
lature in February, 1854, the consolidated line
taking the name of the Terre Haute, Alton & St.
Louis Railroad. Subsequently the road became
financially embarassed, was sold under foreclosure
and reorganized, in 1862, under the name of the
St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. June
1, 1867, the main line (from Terre Haute to St.
Louis) was leased for niety-nine years to the
IndianapoUs & St. Louis Railway Company (an
Indiana corporation) guaranteed by certain other
lines, but the lease was subsequently broken by
the insolvency of the lessee and some of the
guarantors. The IndianapoUs & St. Louis went
into the hands of a receiver in 1882, and was sold
under foreclosure, in July of the same year, its
interest being absorbed by the Cleveland, Cin-
cinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by which
the main line is now operated. The properties
officially reported as remaining in the hands of
the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Raih-oad,
June 30, 1895, beside the Belleville Branch (14.40
miles), included the following leased and subsidi-
ary lines : Belleville & Southern Illinois — ' 'Cairo
Short Line" (56.40 miles) ; Belleville & Eldorado,
(50.20 miles); Belleville & Carondelet (17.30
miles) ; St. Louis Southern and branches (47. 27
miles), and Chicago, St. Louis & Paducah Rail-
way (53.50 miles). All these have been leased,
since the close of the fiscal year 1895, to the Illi-
nois Central. (For sketches of these several
roads see headings of each. )
ST. LOUIS, CHICAGO & ST. PAUL RAIL-
ROAD, (Bliiff Line), a line running from Spring-
field to Granite City, 111., (opposite St. Louis),
103. 1 miles, with a branch from Lock Haven to
Grafton, 111., 8.4 miles— total length of Une in
Illinois, 110.5 miles. The track is of standard
gauge, laid with 56 to 70-pound steel rails.— (His-
TOEY. ) The road was originally incorporated
under the name of the St. Louis, Jerseyville &
Springfield Railroad, built from Bates to Grafton
■ in 1882, and absorbed by the Wabash, St. Louis &
Pacific Railway Company ; was sm-rendered by the
receivers of the latter in 1886, and passed under
the control of the bond-holders, by whom it was
transferred to a corporation known as the St.
Louis & Central Illinois Railroad Company. In
June, 1887, the St. Louis, AUon & Springfield
Railroad Company was organized, with power to
build extensions from Newbern to Alton, and
from Bates to Springfield, which was done. In
October, 1890, a receiver was appointed, followed
by a reorganization under the present name (St.
Louis, Chicago & St. Paul). Default was made
on the interest and, in June following, it was
again placed in the hands of receivers, by whom
it was operated until 1898. The total earnings
and income for the fiscal year 1897-98 were
8318,815, operating expenses, §373,270; total
capitalization, 84,853,526, of which, §1,500,000
was in the form of stock and 51,235 000 in income
bonds.
ST. LOUIS, INDIANAPOLIS k EASTERN
RAILROAD, a railroad line 90 miles in length,
extending from Switz City. Ind., to Etfingham,
111. — 56 miles being within the State of Illinois.
It is of standard gauge and the track laid chiefly
with iron rails. — (History.) The orginal corpo-
ration was chartered in 1869 as the Springfield,
Effingham & Quincy Railway Company. It was
built as a narrow-gauge line by the Cincinnati,
Effingham & Quincy Construction Company,
which went into the hands of a receiver in 1878,
The road was completed by the receiver in 1880,
and, in 1885, restored to the Construction Com-
pany by the discharge of the receiver. For a
short time it was operated in connection with
the Bloomfield Railroad of Indiana, but was
reorganized in 1886 as the Indiana & lUinois
Southern Railroad, and the gauge changed to
standard in 1887. Having made default in the
payment of interest, it was sold under foreclosure
in 1890 and purchased in the interest of the bond-
holders, by whom it was conveyed to the St.
Louis, Indianapolis & Eastern Railroad Company.
in whose name the Une is operated. Its business
500
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
is limited, and chiefly local. The total earnings
in 1S98 were §65,583 and the expenditures .$69,112.
Its capital stock was ST^O.gOO; bonded debt,
.§978.000, other indebtedness increasing the total
capital inve-stment to 91,816,736.
ST. LOUIS, JACKSONVILLE & CHICAGO
RAILROAD. (See Ch icago d- Alton Ra ilroad. )
ST. LOUIS, JERSEYVILLE & SPRIJfdiFIELD
RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago d- St. Paul
Railroad.)
ST. LOUIS, MOUXT CARMEL & NEW AL-
BANY RAILROAD. (See Loui.n-ille, Evansrille
d- St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.)
ST. LOUIS, PEORIA & NORTHERN RAIL-
WAY, known as "Peoria Short Line," a corjjo-
ration organized, Feb. 29, 1896, to take over and
unite the properties of the St. Louis & Eastern,
the St. Louis & Peoria and the North and South
Railways, and to extend the same due north
from Springfield to Peoria (60 miles), and thence
to Fulton or East Clinton, 111. , on the Upper Mis-
sissippi. The line extends from Springfield to
Glen Carbon (84.46 miles), with trackage facilities
over the Chicago. Peoria & St. Louis Railroad
and the Merchants' Terminal Bridge (18 miles)
to St. Louis. — (History.) This road has been
made up of three sections or divisions. (1) The
initial section of the line was constructed under
the name of the St. Louis & Chicago Railroad of
Illinois, incorporated in 1885. and opened from
Mount Olive to Alhambra in 1887. It passed
into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore-
closure in 1889. and reorganized, in 1890, as the St.
Louis & Peoria Railroad. The St. Louis & East-
ern, chartered in 1889, built the line from Glen
Carbon to Marine, which was opened in 1893 ; the
following year, bought the St. Louis & Peoria
line, and, in 1895, constructed the link (8 miles)
between Alhambra and Marine. (3) The North
& South Railroad Company of Illinois, organized
in 1890, as successor to the St. Louis & Chicago
Railway Company, proceeded in the construction
of the line (50.46 miles) from Mt. OUve to Spring-
field, which was subsequently leased to the Chi-
cago, Peoria & St. Louis, then under the
management of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St.
Louis Railway. The latter corporation having
defaulted, the property passed into the hands of
a receiver. By expiration of the lease in Decem-
ber, 1896, the property reverted to the proprietary
Company, which took possession, Jan. 1, 1896.
The St. Louis & Southeastern then bought the
line outright, and it was incorporated as a part of
the new organization under the name of the St.
Louis, Peoria & Nortliern Railway, the North
& South Railroad going out of existence. In
May, 1899, the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern was
sold to the reorganized Chicago & Alton Railroad
Company, to Ije operated as a sliort line between
Peoria & St. Louis.
ST. LOUIS, ROCK ISLAND k CHICAGO
RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington <fc Quincy
Railroad.)
ST. LOUIS SOUTHERN RAILROAD, a line
running from Pinckneyville, 111., via Mm-phys-
boro, to Carbondale. The company is also the
lessee of the Carbondale & Shawneetown Rail-
road, extending from Carbondale to Marion, 17.5
miles — total, 50.5 miles. The track is of standard
gauge and laid with 56 and 60-pound steel rails.
The company was organized in August, 1886, to
succeed to the property of the St. Louis Coal Rail-
road (organized in 1879) and the St. Louis Central
Railway ; and was leased for 980 years from Dec.
1, 1886, to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute
Railroad Company, at an annual rental equal to
thirty per cent of the gross earnings, with a mini-
mum guarantee of §32,000, which is sufficient
to pay the interest on the first mortgage bonds.
During the year 1896 this line passed under lease
from the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail-
road Compan}', into the hands of the Illinois
Central Railroad Comjianj'.
ST. LOUIS, SPRINGFIELD & VINCENNES
RAILROAD COMPANY, a corporation organized
in July. 1899, to take over the property of the
Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway in the
State of Illinois, known as the Ohio & Mississiiipi
and the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern
Railways — the former extending from Vin-
cennes, Ind., to East St. Louis, and the latter
from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The prop-
erty was sold under foreclosure, at Cincinnati,
July 10, 1899, and transferred, for purposes of
reorganization, into the hands of the new cor-
poration, July 28, 1899. (For history of the
several lines see Baltimore c& Ohio Southwestern
Railway.)
ST. LOUIS, TANDALIA & TERRE HAUTE
RAILROAD. This line extends from East St.
Louis eastward across the State, to the Indiana
State line, a distance of 158.3 miles. The Terre
Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company is the
lessee. The track is single, of standard gauge,
and laid with steel rails. The outstanding capi-
tal stock, in 1898, was §3,934,058, the bonded debt,
§4,496.000, and the floating debt, §218.480.— (His-
tory ) The St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute
Railroad was chartered in 1865. opened in 1870
and leased to the Terre Haute & Indianapolis
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
501
(See
(See
Eailroad, for itself and the Pittsburg, Cinoianati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railroad.
ST. LOUIS & CAIRO RAILROAD, extends
from East St. Louis to Cairo, 111., 151.6 miles, with
a branch from Millstadt Junction to High Prairie,
9 miles. The track is of standard gauge and laid
mainly with steel rails.— (History.) The origi-
nal charter was granted to the Cairo & St. Louis
Railroad Company, Feb. 16, 186.5, and the road
opened, March 1, 1875. Subsequently it passed
into the hands of a receiver, was sold imder fore-
closure, July 14. 1881, and was taken charge of
by a new company under its present name, Feb.
1, 1882. On Feb. 1, 1886, it was leased to the
Mobile & Ohio Eailroad Company for forty-five
years, and now constitutes the Illinois Division
of that line, giving it a connection with St.
Louis. (See Mobile & Ohio Railway. )
ST. LOUIS & CENTRAL ILLINOIS RAIL-
ROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul
Railroad.)
ST. LOUIS & CHICAGO RAILROAD (of
Illinois). (See St. Louis, Peoria & Xorthern
Raihraij.)
ST. LOUIS & EASTERN RAILROAD.
St. Louis, Peoria d- Xorthern Railway.)
ST. LOUIS & PEORIA RAILWAY.
St. Lnnis. Peoria & Xorthern Railway.)
ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, located in Chicago.
It was chartered in 1865, its incorporators, in
their initial statement, substantially declaring
their object to be the establishment of a free hos-
pital under the control of the Protestant Epis-
copal Church, which should be open to the
afflicted poor, without distinction of race or
creed. The hospital was opened on a small scale,
but steadily increased until 1879, when re-incor-
poration was effected under the general law. In
1885 a new building was erected on land donated
for that purpose, at a cost exceeding $150,000,
exclusive of §20,000 for furnishing. While its
primary object has been to afford accommoda-
tion, with medical and surgical care, gratuitously,
to the needy poor, the institution also provides a
considerable number of comfortable, well-fur-
nished private rooms for patients who are able
and willing to pay for the same. It contains an
amphitheater for surgical operations and clinics,
and has a free dispensary for out-patients. Dur-
ing the past few years important additions
have been made, the number of beds increased,
and provision made for a training school for
nurses. The medical staff (1896) consists of
thirteen physicians and surgeons and two
pathologists.
ST. MARY'S SCHOOL, a young ladies' semi-
nary, under the patronage of the Episcopal
Church, at Knoxville, Knox County, 111. ; was
incorporated in 1858, in 1898 had a faculty of four-
teen teachers, giving instruction to 113 pupils.
The branches taught include the classics, the
sciences, fine arts, music and preparatory studies.
The institution has a library of 2,200 volumes,
and owns property valued at $130,500, of which
§100,000 is real estate.
STAGER, Anson, soldier and Telegraph Super-
intendent, was born in Ontario County, N. Y.,
April 20, 1825 ; at 16 years of age entered the serv-
ice of Henry O'Reilly, a printer who afterwards
became a pioneer in building telegraph lines, and
with whom he became associated in various enter-
prises of this character. Having introduced
several improvements in the construction of bat-
teries and the arrangement of wires, he was, in
1852, made General Superintendent of the princi-
pal lines in the "West, and, on the organization of
the Western L^nion Company, was retained in
this position. Early in the Civil War he was
entrusted with the management of telegraph
lines in Southern Ohio and along the Virginia
border, and, in October following, was appointed
General Superintendent of Government tele-
graphs, remaining in this position until Septem-
ber, 1868, his services being recognized in liis
promotion to a brevet Brigadier-Generalship of
Volunteers. In 1869 General Stager returned to
Chicago and, in addition to his duties as General
Superintendent, engaged in the promotion of a
number of enterprises connected with the manu-
factm-e of electrical appliances and other
branches of the business. One of these was the
consolidation of the telephone companies, of
which he became President, as also of the West-
ern Edison Electric Light Company, besides being
a Director in several other corporations. Died,
in Chicago, March 26, 18S5.
STANDISH, John Tan IVess, a lineal descendant
of Capt. Miles Standish, the Pilgrim leader, was
born at Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 26, 1825. His early
years were spent on a farm, but a love of knowl-
edge and books became his ruling passion, and he
devoted several years to study, in the "Liberal
Institute" at Lebanon, N. H., finally graduating,
with the degree of A. B., at Norwich University
in the class of 1847. Later, he received the
degree of A.M., in due course, from his Alma
Mater in 1855; that of Ph.D. from Knox College,
in 1883 . of LL. D from St. Lawrence University
in 1893, and from Norwich, in 1898. Dr. Standish
chose the profession of a teacher, and has spent
503
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
over fifty years in its pursuit iu connection with
private and public schools and the College, of
which more than forty years were as Professor and
President of I,onibard University at Galesburg.
He has also lectured and conducted Teachers'
Institutes all over the State, and, in 1859, was
elected President of the State Teachers' Associ-
ation. He made three visits to the Old World —
in 1879, '82-83, and "91-93— and, during his second
trip, traveled over 40.000 miles, visiting nearly
every country of Europe, including the "Land of
the Midnight Sun," besides Northern Africa
from the Mediterranean to the Desert of Sahara,
Egypt, Palestine, S.yria and Asia Minor. A lover
of art, he has visited nearly all the principal
museums and picture galleries of the world. In
politics he is a Republican, and, in opposition to
many college men, a firm believer in the doctrine
of protection. In religion, he is a Universalist.
STAPP, James T. B., State Auditor, was born
in "Woodford County, Ky., Aj^ril 13, 1804; at the
age of 13 accompanied his widowed mother to
Kaskaskia, 111. , where she settled ; before he was
20 years old, was employed as a clerk in the office
of the State Auditor, and, upon the resignation of
that officer, was appointed his successor, being
twice thereafter elected by the Legislature, serv-
ing nearly five years. He resigned the auditor-
ship to accept the Presidency of the State Bank
at Vandalia, which post he filled for thirteen
years; acted as Aid-de-camp on Governor Rey-
nolds staff in the Black Hawk War, and served
as Adjutant of the Third Illinois Volunteers dur-
ing the war with Mexico. President Taylor
appointed Mr. Stapp Receiver of the United
States Land Office at Vandalia, which office he
held during the Fillmore administration, resign-
ing in 1855. Two years later he removed to
Decatur, where he continued to reside until his
death in 1876. A handsome Methodist chapel,
erected by him in that city, bears his name.
STARK COUNTY, an interior county in the
northern half of the State, lying west of the Illi-
nois River ; has an area of 290 square miles. It
has a rich, alluvial soil, well watered by numer-
ous small streams. The principal industries are
agriculture and stock-raising, and the chief
towns are Toulon and Wyoming. The county
was erected from Putnam and Knox in 1839, and
named in honor of General Stark, of Revolution-
ary fame. The earliest settler was Isaac B.
Essex, who built a cabin on Spoon River, in 1828,
and gave bis name to a township. Of other pio-
neer families, the Buswells, Smiths, Spencers and
Eastmans came from New England; the Thom-
ases, Moores, Holgates, Fullers and Wliittakers
from Pennsylvania; the Coxes from Ohio, the
Perrys and Parkers from Virginia ; the JlcClana-
hans from Kentucky ; the Hendersons from Ten-
nessee ; the Lees and Hazens from New Jersey ;
the Halls from England, and the Turnbulls and
Olivers from Scotland. The pioneer church was
the Congregational at Toulon. Population (1880),
11,207; (1890), 9,982; (1900), 10,186.
STARVED ROCK, a celebrated rock or cliff on
the south side of Illinois River, in La Salle
County, upon which the French explorer. La
Salle, and his lieutenant, Tonty, erected a fort in
1682, which they named Fort St. Louis. It was
one mile north of the suj^posed location of the
Indian village of La Vantum, the metropolis, so
to speak, of the Illinois Indians about the time of
the arrival of the first French explorers. The
population of this village, in 1680, according to
Father Membre. was some seven or eight thou-
sand. Both La Vantum and Fort St. Louis were
repeatedly attacked by the Iroquois. The IlUnois
were temporarily driven from La Vantum. but
the French, for the time being, successfully
defended their fortification. In 1702 the fort was
abandoned as a military post, but continued to
be used as a French trading-post until 1718.
when it was burned by Indians. The Illinois
were not again molested until 1722, when the
Foxes made an unsuccessful attack upon them.
The larger portion of the tribe, however, resolved
to cast in their fortunes with other tribes on the
Mississippi River. Those who remained fell an
easy prey to the foes by whom they were sur-
rounded. In 1769 they were attacked from the
north by tribes who desired to avenge the murder
of Pontiac. Finding themselves hard pressed,
they betook themselves to the bluff where Fort
St. Louis had formerly stood. Here they were
besieged for twelve days, when, destitute of food
or water, they made a gallant but hopeless sortie.
According to a tradition handed down among the
Indians, all were massacred by the besiegers in
an attempt to escape by night, except one half-
breed, who succeeded in evading his pursuers.
This sanguinary catastrophe has given the rock
its popular name. Elmer Baldwin, in his History
of La Salle Count}' (1877), says: "The bones of
the victims lay scattered about the cliff in pro-
fusion after the settlement by the whites, and
are still found mingled plentifully with the soil."
(See La Salle, Bobcrt Cavelier; Tonty; Fort St.
Louis.)
HISTOIilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
603
STARNE, Alexander, Secretary of State and
State Treasurer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa.,
Nov. 21, 1S13; in the spring of 1S36 removed to
Illinois, settling at Griggsville, Pike Count)-,
where he opened a general store. From 1839 to
'42 he served as Commissioner of Pike Countj-,
and, in the latter year, was elected to the lower
house of the General Assembly, and re-elected in
1844. Having, in the meanwhile, dispo.sed of his
store at Griggsville and removed to Pittsfield, he
was appointed, by Judge Purple, Clerk of the
Circuit Court, and elected to the same office for
four years, when it was made elective. In 1853
he was elected Secretary of State, when he
removed to Springfield, returning to Griggsville
at the expiration of his term. in 18.57, to assume
the Presidency of the old Hannibal and Naples
Railroad (now a part of the Wabash system).
He represented Pike and Brown Counties in the
Constitutional Convention of 1862, and the same
year was elected State Treasurer. He thereupon
again removed to Springfield, where he resided
until his death, being, with his sons, extensively
engaged in coal mining. In 1870, and again in
1873, he was elected State Senator from San-
gamon County. He died at Springfield, March
431, 1886.
STATE BAXK OF ILLIXOIS. The first legis-
lation, having for its object the establishment of
a bank within the territory which now consti-
tutes the State of Illinois, was the passage, by
the Territorial Legislature of 1816, of an act
incorporating the '"Bank of Illinois at Shawnee-
town, with branches at Edwards%-ille and Kas-
kaskia. "' In the Second General Assembly of
the State (1820) an act was passed, over the
Governor's veto and in defiance of the adverse
judgment of the Council of Revision, establish-
ing a State Bank at Vandaha with branches at
Shawneetown, Edwardsville, and Brownsville in
Jackson County. This was, in effect, a recharter-
ing of the banks at Shawneetown and Edwards-
ville. So far as the former is concerned, it seems
to have been well managed; but the official
•conduct of the officers of the tatter, on the basis
•of charges made by Governor Edwards in 1836,
was made the subject of a legislative investiga-
tion, wliich (although it resulted in nothing)
seems to have had some basis of fact, in view of
the losses finally sustained in winding up its
affairs — that of the General Government amount-
ing to 854,000. Grave charges -were made in this
■ connection against men who were then, or
afterwards became, prominent in State affairs,
including one Justice of the Supreme Court and
one (still later) a United States Senator. The
experiment was disastrous, as, ten years later
(1831), it was found necessary for the State to
incur a debt of §100,000 to redeem the outstand-
ing circulation. Influenced, however, by the
popular demand for an increase in the '"circu-
lating medium," the State continued its experi-
ment of becoming a stockholder in banks
managed by its citizens, and accordingly we find
it, in 1835, legislating in the same direction for
tlie establishing of a central "Bank of Illinois''
at Springfield, with branches at other points as
might be required, not to exceed six in number.
One of tliese branches was established at Van-
dalia and another at Chicago, furnishing the first
banking institution of the latter city. Two
years later, when the State was entering upon
its scheme of internal improvement, laws vrere
enacted increasing the capital stock of these
banks to §4.000,000 in the aggregate. Following
the example of similar institutions elsewhere,
they suspended specie payments a few months
later, but were protected by "stay laws" and
other devices until 1843, when tlie internal
improvement scheme having been finally aban-
doned, they fell in general collapse. The State
ceased to be a stock-holder in 1843, and the banks
were put in course of liquidation, though it
required several years to complete the work.
STATE CAPITALS. The first State capital of
Illinois was Kaskaskia, where the first Territorial
Legislature convened, Nov. 35, 1813. At that
time there were but five counties in the State —
St. Clair and Randolph being the most important,
and Kaskaskia being the county-seat of the
latter. Illinois was admitted into the Union as a
State in 1818, and the first Constitution provided
that the seat of government should remain at
Kaskaskia until removed by legislative enact-
ment. Tliat instrument, however, made it obli-
gatory upon the Legislature, at its first session,
to petition Congress for a grant of not more than
four sections of land, on which should be erected
a town, which sliould remain the seat of govern-
ment for twenty years. The petition ■was duly
presented and granted; and, in accordance with
the power granted by the Constitution, a Board
of five Commissioners selected the site of the
present city of Vandalia, then a point in the
wilderness twenty miles north of any settle-
ment. But so great -was the faith of speculators
in the future of the proposed city, that town lots
■were soon selling at §100 to §780 each. The Com-
missioners, in obedience to law, erected a plain
two-story frame building — scarcely more than a
commodious shanty — to which tlie State offices
were removed in December, 1820. Tliis building
504
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
was burned, Dec. 9, 1823, and a brick structure
erected in its place. Later, when the question of
a second removal of the capital began to be agi-
tated, the citizens of Vandalia assumed the risk
of erecting a new, brick State House, costing
816,000. Of this amount §6,000 was reimbursed
b}" the Governor from the contingent fund, and
the balance (§10,000) was appropriated in 1837,
when the seat of government was removed to
Springfield, by vote of the Tenth General Assem-
bly on the fourth ballot. The other places receiv-
ing the principal vote at the time of tlie removal
to Springfield, were Jacksonville, Vandalia,
Peoria, Alton and lUiopolis — Springfield receiv-
ing the largest vote at each ballot. The law
removing the capital appropriated §.50,000 from
the State Treasury, provided tliat a like amount
should be raised by private subscription and
guaranteed by bond, and that at least two acres
of land should be donated as a site. Two State
Houses have been erected at Springfield, the first
cost of the present one (including furnishing)
having been a little in excess of §4,000,000.
Abraham Lincoln, who was a member of the
Legislature from Sangamon County at the time,
was an influential factor in securing the removal
of the capital to Springfield.
STATE DEBT. The State debt, which proved
so formidable a burden upon the State of Illinois
for a generation, and. for a part of that period,
'seriously checked its prosperity, was the direct
outgrowth of the internal improvement scheme
entered upon in 1837. (See Internal Improvement
Policy. ) At the time this enterprise was under-
taken the aggregate debt of the State was less
than §400,000 — accumulated within the preceding
six years. Two years later (1838) it had increased
to over .§6,500,000, while the total valuation of
real and personal property, for the purposes of
taxation, was less than .§60, 000, 000, and the aggre-
gate receipts of the State treasury, for the same
year, amounted to less than §1.50,000. At the
same time, the disbursements, for the support of
the State Government alone, had grown to more
than twice the receipts. This disparity continued
until the declining credit of the State forced upon
the managers of public aff'airs an involuntary
economy, when the means could no longer be
secured for more lavish expenditures. The first
bonds issued at the inception of the internal
improvement scheme sold at a premium of 5 per
cent, but rapidly declined until they were hawked
in the markets of Xew York and London at a dis-
count, in some cases falling into the hands of
brokers who failed before completing their con-
tracts, thus causing a direct loss to the State. If
the internal improvement scheme was ill-advised,
the time chosen to carry it into effect was most
unfortunate, as it came simultaneously with the
panic of 1837, rendering the disaster all the more
complete. Of the various works undertaken by
the State, only the Illinois & Michigan Canal
brouglit a return, all the others resulting in more
or less complete loss. The internal improvement
scheme was abandoned in 1839-40, but not until
State bonds exceeding §13,000,000 had been
issued. For two years longer the State struggled
with its embarrassments, increased by the failure
of the State Bank in February, 1842, and, by that
of the Bank of Illinois at Shawneetown, a few
months later, with the proceeds of more than two
and a half millions of the State's bonds in their
possession. Thus left without credit, or means
even of paying the accruing interest, there were
those who regarded the State as hopelesslj' bank-
rupt, and advocated repudiation as the only
means of escape. Better counsels prevailed, how-
ever; the Constitution of 1848 put the State on a
basis of strict economy in the matter of salaries
and general expenditures, with restrictions upon
the Legislature in reference to incurring in-
debtedness, while the beneficent "two-mill tax*'
gave assurance to its creditors that its debts
would be paid. While the growth of the State,
in wealth and population, had previously been
checked by the fear of excessive taxation, it now
entered upon a new career of prosperity, in spite
of its burdens— its increase in population, be-
tween 1850 and 1860, amounting to over 100 per
cent. The movement of the State debt after 1840
— when the internal improvement scheme was
abandoned — cliiefly by accretions of unpaid inter-
est, has been estimated as follows: 1842, §15,-
637,950; 1844, §14,633,969; 1846, §16,389,817; 1848,
§16,661,795. It reached its maximum in 1853—
the first year of Governor Matteson's administra-
tion— when it was officially reported at §16,724,-
177. At this time the work of extinguishment
began, and %vas prosecuted under successive
administrations, except during the war, wlien
the vast expense incurred in sending troops to
the field caused an increase. During Governor
Bissell's administration, the reduction amounted
to over §3,000,000; during Oglesby's. to over five
and a quarter million, besides two and a quarter
million paid on interest. In 1880 the debt had
been reduced to §281,059.11, and, before the close
of 1882, it had been entirely extinguished, except
a balance of §18.500 in bonds, which, having been
called in years previously and never presented for
m-j-'i
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
505
payment, are supposed to have been lost. (See
Macalister and Stebbins Bonds.)
STATE t!LARDI.\>S FOR GIRLS, a bureau
organized for the care of female juvenile delin-
quents, by act of June 3, 1893. The Board consists
of seven members, nominated by the Executive
and confirmed by the Senate, and who consti-
tute a body politic and corporate. Not more than
two of the members may reside in the same Con-
gressional District and, of the seven members,
four must be women. (See also Home for Female
Juvenile Offenders.) The term of office is six
years.
STATE HOUSE, located at Springfield. Its
construction was begun under an act passed by
the Legislature in February, 1867, and completed
in 1887. It stands in a park of about eight acres,
donated to the State by the citizens of Spring-
field. A provision of the State Constitution of
1870 prohibited the expenditure of any sum in
excess of 153.500,000 in the erection and furnishing
of the building, without previous approval of such
additional expenditure by the people. This
amount proving insufficient, the Legislature, at
its session of 1885, passed an act making an addi-
tional appropriation of .3531.712, which having
been approved by popular vote at the general
election of 1886, the expenditure was made and
the capitol completed during the following year,
thus raising the total cost of construction and fur-
nishing to a little in excess of §4,000,000. The
building is cruciform as to its ground plan, and
classic in its style of architecture ; its extreme
dimensions (including porticoes), from north [to
south, being 379 feet, and, from east to west, 286
feet. The walls are of dressed Joliet limestone,
while the porticoes, which are spacious and
lofty, are of sandstone, supported by polished
columns of gray granite. The three stories of
the building are surmounted by a Mansard roof,
with two turrets and a central dome of stately
.dimensions. Its extreme height, to the top of
the iron flag-staff, which rises from a lantern
springing from the dome, is 364 feet.
STATE NORMAL UMVERSITY, an institu-
tion for the education of teachers, organized
under an act of the General Assembly, passed
Feb. 18, 1857. This act placed the work of
organization in the hands of a board of fifteen
persons, which was styled "The Board of Educa-
tion of the State of Illinois, " and was constituted
as follows: C. B. Denio of Jo Daviess County:
Simeon Wright of Lee; Daniel Wilkins of Mc-
Lean ; Charles E. Hovey of Peoria : George P. Rex
of Pike; Samuel W. Moulton of Shelby; John
Gillespie of Jasper; George Bunsen of St. Clair;
Wesley Sloan of Pope; Ninian W. Edwards of
Sangamon; John R. Eden of Moultrie; Flavel
Moseley and William Wells of Cook : Albert R.
Shannon of White; and the Superintendent oV
Public Instruction, ex-officio. The object of the
University, as defined in the organizing law, is
to qualify teachers for the public schools of the
State, and the course of instruction to be given
embraces "the art of teaching, and all branches
which pertain to a common-school education ; in
the elements of the natural sciences, including
agricultural chemistry, animal and vegetable
physiology ; in the fimdamental laws of the
United States and of the State of Illinois in
regard to the rights and duties of citizens, and
such other studies as the Board of Education may,
from time to time, prescribe." Various cities
competed for the location of the institution,
Bloomington being finally selected, its bid, in-
cluding 160 acres of land, being estimated as
equivalent to §141,725. The corner-stone was
laid on September 29, 1857, and the first building
was ready for permanent occupancy in Septem-
ber, 1860. Previously, however, it had been
sufficiently advanced to permit of its being used,
and the first commencement exercises were held
on June 29 of the latter year. Three years
earlier, the academic department had been organ-
ized under the charge of Charles E. Hovey. The
first cost, including furniture, etc., was not far
from §200,000. Gratuitous instruction is given to
two pupils from each county, and to three from
each Senatorial District. The departments are :
Grammar school, liigh school, normal department
and model school, all of which are overcrowded.
The whole number of students in attendance on
the institution during the school year, 1897-98,
was 1,197, of whom 891 were in the normal
department and 306 in the practice school depart-
ment, including representatives from 86 coun-
ties of the State, with a few pupils from other
States on the payment of tuition. The teaching
faculty (including the President and Librarian)
for the same year, was made up of twenty-six
members — twelve ladies and fourteen gentlemen.
The expenditures for the year 1897-98 aggregated
.§47.626.92, against .§66,528.69 for 1896-97. Nearly
§22,000 of the amount expended during the latter
year was on account of the construction of a
gymnasium building.
STATE PROPERTY. The United States Cen-
sus of 1890 gave the value of real and personal
property belonging to the State as follows : Pub-
lic lands, §328,000; buildings, §22,164,000; mis-
5()G
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
cellaneous property, 82,050,000— total, S-2.5, 142,000.
The land may be subdivided thus: Camp-grounds
of the Illinois National Guard near Springfield
(donated), $40,000; Illinois and Michigan Canal,
§168,000; Illinois University lands, in Illinois
(donated by the General Government), 841,000. in
Minnesota (similarly donated), 8T9,000. The
buildings comprise those connected with the
charitable, penal and educational institutions of
the State, besides the State Arsenal, two build-
ings for the use of the Appellate Courts (at
Ottawa and Mount Vernon), the State House,
the Executive Mansion, and locks and dams
erected at Henry and Copperas Creek. Of the
miscellaneous property, $120,000 represents the
equipment of the Illinois National Guard; S1,9.j9,-
000 the value of the movable property of public
buildings; $5.50.000 the endowment fund of the
University of Illinois; and $21,000 the movable
property of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The
figures given relative to the value of the public
buildings include only the first appropriations
for their erection. Considerable sums have
since been expended upon some of them in repairs,
enlargements and improvements.
STATE TREASUREBS. The only Treasurer
of Illinois during the Territorial period was John
Thomas, who served from 1812 to 1818, and
became the first incumbent under the State
Government. Under the Constitution of 1818
the Treasurer was elected, biennially, by joint vote
of the two Houses of the General Assembly ; by
the Constitution of 1848, this officer was made
elective by the people for the same period, with-
out limitations as to number of terms; under the
Constitution of 1870, the manner of election and
duration of term are unchanged, but the incum-
bent is ineligible to re-election, for two years
from expiration of the term for %vhich he may
have been chosen. The following is a list of the
State Treasurers, from the date of the admission
of the State into the Union down to the present
time (1899), with the date and duration of the
term of each: John Thomas, 1818-19; Robert K.
McLaughlin, 1819-23; Abner Field, 1823-27;
James Hall, 1827-31; John Dement, 1831-36;
Charles Gregory, 1836-37; John D. Whiteside,
1837-41; Milton Carpenter, 1841-48; John Moore,
1848-57; James Miller, 1857-59; WilUam Butler,
1859-63; Alexander Starne, 1863-65; James H.
Beveridge, 1865-67; George "VV. Smith, 1867-69;
Erastus N. Bates. 1869-78; Edivard Rutz. 1873-75;
Thomas S. Ridgway. 1875-77; Edward Rutz,
1877-79; John C. Smith, 1879-81: Edward Rutz,
1881-83, John C. Smith, 1883-85; Jacob Gross,
1885-87; John R, Tanner, 1887-89; Charles
Becker, 1889-91; Edward S. Wilson, 1S91-93;
Rufus N. Ramsay, 1893-95; Henry Wulif, 189.5-97;
Henry L. Hertz, 1897-99; Floyd K. Whittemore,
1899- .
STAUXTOX, a village in the .southeast corner
of Macoupin County, on the Chicago, Peoria &
St. Louis and the Wabash Railways; is 36 miles
nortlieast of St. Louis, and 14 miles southwest of
Litchfield. Agriculture and coal-mining are the
industries of the surrounding region. Staunton
has two banks, eight churches and a weekly
newspaper. Population (1880), 1,358; (1890), 2,209;
(1900), 2,786
STEEL PRODUCTIOX. In the manufacture
of steel, Illinois has long ranked as the second
State in the Union in the amount of its output,
and, dm-ing the period between 1880 and 1890,
the increase in production was 341 per cent. In
1880 there were but six steel works in the State ;
in. 1890 these had increased to fourteen; and the
production of steel of all kinds (in tons of 2,000
pounds) had risen from 254,569 tons to 868,250.
Of the 3,837,039 tons of Bessemer steel ingots, or
direct castings, produced in the United States in
1890, 22 per cent were turned out in Illinois,
nearly all the steel produced in the State being
made by that process. From the tonnage of
ingots, as given above, Illinois produced 622,260
pounds of steel rails, — more than 30 per cent of
the aggregate for the entire country. This fact
is noteworthy, inasmuch as the competition in
the manufacture of Bessemer steel rails, since
1880, has been so great that many rail mills have
converted their steel into forms other than rails,
experience having proved their production to
any considerable extent, during the past few
years, unprofitable except in works favorably
located for obtaining cheap raw material, or
operated under the latest and most approved
methods of manufacture. Open-hearth steel is
no- longer made in Illinois, but the manufacture
of crucible steel is slightly increasing, the out-
put in 1890 being 445 tons, as against 130 in 1880.
For purposes requiring special grades of steel the
product of the crucible process will be always
in demand, but the high cost of manufacture
prevents it, in a majority of instances, from
successfully competing in price with the other
processes mentioned.
STEPHEXSOX, Benjamin, pioneer and early
politician, came to Illinois from Kentucky in
1809, and was appointed the first Sheriff of
Randolph County by Governor Edwards under
the Territorial Government; afterwards served
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
507
as a Colonel of Illinois militia during the War of
1812; represented Illinois Territory as Delegate
in Congress, 1814-16, and, on his retirement from
Congress, became Register of the Land Office at
EdwardsTille, finally dying at Edwardsville — Col.
James W. (Stephenson), a sou of the preceding,
was a soldier during the Black Ilawk War, after-
wards became a prominent politician in the north-
western part of the State, served as Register of
the Land Office at Galena and, in 1838, received
the Democratic nomination for Governor, but
withdrew before the election.
STEPHEXSO', (Dr.) Benjamin Franklin,
physician and soldier, was born in Wayne
County, 111., Oct. 30, 1823, and accompanied his
parents, in 1825. to Sangamon Coimty, where the
family settled. His early educational advantages
were meager, and he did not study his pi'ofession
(medicine) until after reaching his majority,
graduating from Rush Medical College, Cliicago,
in 1850. He began practice at Petersburg, but,
in April, 18G2, was mustered into the volunteer
army as Surgeon of the Fourteenth Illinois
Infantry. After a Uttle over two years service lie
was mustered out in June, 1864, when he took up
his residence in Springfield, and, for a year, was
engaged in the drug business there. In 1865 lie
resumed professional practice. He lacked tenac-
ity of purpose, however, was indifferent to money,
and always willing to give his own services and
orders for medicine to the poor. Hence, his prac-
tice was not lucrative. He was one of the leaders
in the organization of the Grand Army of the
Republic (which see), in connection with which
he is most widely known : but his services in its
cause failed to receive, during his lifetime, the
recognition which they deserved, nor did the
organization promptly flourish, as he had hoped.
He finally returned with his family to Peters-
burg. Died, at Rock Creek, Menard, County, 111.,
August 30, 1871.
STEPHENSOJf COUNTY, a northwestern
county, with an area of 560 square miles. The
soil is rich, productive and well timbered. Fruit-
culture and stock-raising are among the chief
industries. Not until 1827 did the aborigines quit
the localit}', and the county was organized, ten
years later, and named for Gen. Benjamin
Stephenson. A man named Kirker, who had
been in the employment of Colonel Gratiot as a
lead-miner, near Galena, is said to have built the
first cabin within the present limits of what was
called Burr Oak Grove, and set himself up as an
Indian-trader in 1826, but only remained a short
time. He was followed, the next year, by Oliver
W. Kellogg, who took Kirker's place, built a
more pretentious dwelling and became the first
permanent settler. Later came William Wad-
dams, the Montagues, Baker, Kilpatrick, Preston,
the Goddards, and others whose names are linked
with the county's early history. The first house
in Freeport was built by William Baker. Organi-
zation was effected in 1837. the total poll being
eighty-four votes. The earliest teacher was Nel-
son Martin, who is said to have taught a school
of some twelve pupils, in a house which stood on
the site of the present city of Freeport. Popula-
tion (1880), 31,963; (1890), 31,338; (1900), 34,933.
STERLING, a flourishing city on the north
bank of Rock River, in Whiteside County, 109
miles west of Chicago. 29 miles east of Clinton,
Iowa, and 52 miles east-northeast of Rock Island.
It has ample railway facilities, fui'nished by the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Sterling &
Peoria, and the Chicago & Northwestern Rail-
roads. It contains fourteen churches, an opera
house, high and grade schools, Carnegie library,
Government postoffice building, thi-ee banks,
electric street and interurban car lines, electric
and gas lighting, water-works, paved streets and
sidewalks, fire department and four newspaper
offices, two issuing daily editions. It has fine
water-power, and is an important manufacturing
center, its works turning out agricultural imple-
ments, carriages, paper, barbed- wire, school furni-
ture, burial caskets, pumps, sash, doors, etc. It
also has the Sterling Iron Works, besides foundries
and machine shops. The river here flows through
charming scenery. Pop. (1890), 5,824; (1900), 6,309.
STEVENS, Bradford A., ex-Congressman, was
born at Boscawen (afterwards Webster), N. H.,
Jan. 3. 1813. After attending schools in New
Hampshire and at Montreal, he entered Dart-
mouth College, graduating therefrom in 1835.
During the six years following, he devoted him-
self to teaching, at Hopkinsville, Ky., and New
York City. In 1843 he removed to Bureau
County, 111., where he became a merchant and
farmer. In 1868 he was chairman of the Board
of Supervisors, and, in 1870, was elected to Con-
gress, as an Independent Democrat, for the Fifth
District.
STEVENSON, Adlai E., ex- Vice-President of
the United States, was born in Christian County,
Ky., Oct. 23, 1835. In 1852 he removed with his
parents to Bloomington, McLean County, 111.,
where the family settled; was educated at the
Illinois Wesleyan University and at Centre Col-
lege, Ky., was admitted to the bar in 1.858 and
began practice at Metamora, Woodford County,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
where he was Master in Chancery, 1861-65, and
State's Attorney, 1865-69. In 1864 he was candi-
date for Presidential Elector on the Democratic
ticket. In 1869 he returned to Bloomington,
where he has since resided. In 1874, and again
in 1876, he was an unsuccessful candidate of his
party for Congress, but was elected as a Green-
back Democrat in 1878, tliough defeated in 1880
and 1882. In 1877 he was appointed by President
Hayes a member of the Board of Visitors to
West Point. During the first administration of
President Cleveland (188.i-89) he was First Assist-
ant Postmaster General; was a member of the
National Democratic Conventions of 1884 and
1892, being Chairman of the Illinois delegation
the latter year. In 1892 he received his party's
nomination for the Vice-Presidency, and was
elected to that oiBce, serving until 1897. Since
retiring from office he has resumed his residence
at Bloomington.
STEWARD, Lewis, manufacturer and former
Congressman, was born in Wayne County, Pa.,
Nov. 20, 1824, and received a common school
education. At the age of 14 he accompanied his
parents to Kendall County, 111. , where he after-
wards resided, being engaged in farming and the
manufacture of agricultural implements at
Piano. He studied law but never practiced. In
1876 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Gov-
ernor on the Democratic ticket, being defeated
by Shelby M. CuUom. In 1890 the Democrats of
the Eighth Illinois District elected him to Con-
gress. In 1892 he was again a candidate, but was
defeated by his Republican opponent, Robert A.
Childs, by the narrow margin of 27 votes, and.
In 1894, was again defeated, this time being pitted
against Albert J. Hopkins. Mr. Steward died at
his home at Piano, August 26, 1896.
STEWARDSON, a town of Shelby County, at
the intersection of the Toledo, St. Louis & Kan-
sas City Railway with the Altamont branch of
the Wabash, 12 miles southeast of Shelby ville;
is in a grain and lumber region : has a bank and
a weekly paper. Population, (1900), 677.
STICKNEY, William H., pioneer lawyer, was
bom in Baltimore, Md. , Nov. 9, 1809, studied law
and was admitted to the bar at Cincinnati in
1831, and, in Illinois in 1834, being at that time a
resident of Shawneetown : was elected State's
Attorney by the Legislature, in 1839, for the cir-
cuit embracing some fourteen counties in the
southern and southeastern part of the State ; for
a time also, about 1835-36, officiated as editor of
"The Gallatin Democrat," and "The Illinois
Advertiser," published at Shawneetown. In 1846
Mr. Stickney was elected to the lower branch of
the General Assembly from Gallatin County, and,
twenty-eight years later — having come to Chi-
cago in 1848 — to the same body from Cook
County, serving in the somewhat famous Twenty-
ninth Assembly. He also held the office of
Police Justice for some thirteen years, from 1860
onward. He lived to an advanced age, dying in
Chicago, Feb. 14, 1898, being at the time the
oldest surviving member of the Chicago bar.
STILES, Isaac Newton, lawyer and soldier,
born at Suffield, Conn., July 16, 1833; was ad-
mitted to the bar at Lafayette, Ind., in 1855,
became Prosecuting Attorney, a member of the
Legislature and an effective speaker in the Fre-
mont campaign of 1856 ; enlisted as a private sol-
dier at the beginning of the war, went to the
field as Adjutant, was captured at Malvern Hill,
and, after six weeks' confinement in Libby
prison, exchanged and returned to duty; was
promoted Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel,
and brevetted Brigadier-General for meritorious
service. After the war he practiced his profes-
sion in Chicago, though almost totally blind.
Died, Jan. 18, 1895.
STILLMAX, Stephen, first State Senator from
Sangamon County, 111., was a native of Massachu-
setts who came, with his widowed mother, to
Sangamon County in 1820, and settled near
Williamsville, where he became the first Post-
master in the first postoffice in the State north of
the Sangamon River. In 1822, Mr. Stillman was
elected as the first State Senator from Sangamon
County, serving four years, and. at his first session,
being one of the opponents of the pro-slavery
Convention resolution. He died, in Peoria, some-
where between 1835 and 1840.
STILLMAN VALLEY, village in Ogle County,
on Chicago Great Western and the Chicago, Mil-
waukee & St. Paul Railways; site of first battle
Black Hawk War; has graded schools, four
churches, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. , 475.
STITES, Samuel, pioneer, was born near
Mount Bethel, Somerset Coimty, N. J., Oct. 31,
1776; died, August 16, 1839, on his farm, which
subsequently became the site of the city of Tren-
ton, in Clinton County, 111. He was descended
from John Stites, M.D., who was born in Eng-
land in 1595, emigrated to America, and died at
Hempstead, L. I., in 1717. at the age of 122 years.
The family removed to New Jersey in the latter
part of the seventeenth century. Samuel was a
cousin of Benjamin Stites, the first white man to
settle within the present limits of Cincinnati, and
various members of the family were prominent in
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
509
the settlement of the upper Ohio Valley as early
as 1T88. Samuel Stites married, Sept. 14, 1794,
Martha Martin, daughter of Ephraim Martin,
and grand- daughter of Col. Ephraim Martin, both
soldiers of the New Jersey line during the Revo-
lutionary War — with the la.st named of whom
he had (in connection with John Cleves Symmes)
been intimately associated in the purchase and
settlement of the Miami Valley. In 1800 lie
removed to Hamilton County, Ohio, in 1803 to
Greene County, and, in 1818. in conipany with his
son-in-law. Anthony Wayne Casad, to St. Clair
County. 111., settling near Union Grove. Later, he
removed to O'Fallon, and, still later, to Clinton
County. He left a large family, several members
of which became prominent pioneers in the
movements toward Minnesota and Kansas.
STOLBRAND, Carlos John Mueller, soldier,
was born in Sweden, May 11, 1821; at the age of
18. enlisted in the Royal Artillery of his native
land, serving through the campaign of Schleswig-
Holstein (1848) ; came to the United States soon
after, and, m 1861, enlisted in the first battalion
of Illinois Light Artillery, finally becoming Chief
of Artillery under Gen. John A. Logan. When
the latter became commander of the Fifteenth
Army Corps, Col. Stolbrand was placed at the
head of the artillery brigade; in February, 1865,
was made Brigadier-General, and mustered out
in January, 18G6. After the war he went South,
and was Secretary of the South Carolina Consti-
tutional Convention of 1868. The same year he
was a delegate to the Republican National Con-
vention at Chicago, and a Presidential Elector.
He was an inventor and patented various im-
provements in steam engines and boilers; was
also Superintendent of Public Buildings at
Charleston. S. C, under President Harrison.
Died, at Charleston, Feb. 3, 1894.
STONE, Daniel, early lawyer and legislator,
was a native of Vermont and graduate of Middle-
bury College; became a member of the Spring-
field (111.) bar in 1833, and, in 1836, was elected
to the General Assembly — being one of the cele-
brated "Long Nine" from Sangamon County, and
joining Abraham Lincoln in his protest against
a series of pro-slavery resolutions which had been
adopted by the House. In 1837 he was a Circuit
Court Judge and, being assigned to the north-
western part of the State, removed to Galena,
but was legislated out of oflSce, when he left the
State, dying a few years later, in Essex County,
N. J.
STONE, Horatio 0., pioneer, was born in
Ontario (now Monroe) County, N. Y., Jan. 3,
1811 ; in boyhood learned the trade of shoemaker,
and later acted as overseer of laborers on the
Lackawanna Canal. In 1831, having located in
Wayne County, Mich., he was drafted for the
Black Hawk War, serving twenty-two days under
Gen. Jacob Brown. In January, 1835, he came
to Chicago and, having made a fortunate specu-
lation in real estate in that early day, a few
months later entered upon the grocery and pro-
vision trade, which he afterwards extended to
grain ; finally giving his chief attention to real
estate, in which he was remarkably successful,
leaving a large fortune at his death, which
occurred in Chicago, June 20, 1877.
STONE, (Rbt.) Luther, Baptist clergyman,
was born in the town of Oxford, Worcester
County, Mass., Sept. 26, 1815, and spent his boy-
hood on a farm. After acquiring a common
school education, he prepared for college at Lei-
cester Academy, and, in 1835, entered Brown
University, graduating in the class of 1839. He
then spent three years at the Theological Insti-
tute at Ne%vton, Mass. ; was ordained to the
ministry at Oxford, in 1843, but, coming west the
next year, entered upon evangelical work in
Rock Island, Davenport, Burlington and neigh-
boring towns. Later, he was pastor of the First
Baptist Church at Rockford, 111. In 1847 Mr.
Stone came to Chicago and established "The
Watchman of the Prairies," which survives to-
day under the name of "The Standard," and has
become the leading Baptist organ in the West.
After six j-ears of editorial work, he took up
evangelistic work in Chicago, among the poor
and criminal classes. During the Civil War he
conducted religious services at Camp Douglas,
Soldiers' Rest and the Marine Hospital. He was
associated in the conduct and promotion of many
educational and charitable institutions. He did
much for the First Baptist Church of Chicago,
and, during the latter years of his life, was
attached to the Immanuel Baptist Church,
which he labored to establish. Died, in July,
1890.
STONE, Melville E., journalist, banker. Man-
ager ot Associated Press, born at Hudson, 111.,
August 18, 1848. Coming to Chicago in 1860, he
graduated from the local high school in 1867,
and, in 1870, acquired the sole proprietorship of
a foundry and machine shop. Finding himself
without resources after the great fire of 1871, he
embarked in journalism, rising, through the suc-
cessive grades of reporter, city editor, assistant
editor and Washington correspondent, to the
position of editor-in-chief of his own journal.
510
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
He was connected with various Chicago dailies
between ISTI and 1875, and, on Christmas Day
of the latter year, issued the first number of "The
Chicago Daily News." He gi-adually disposed of
his interest in this journal, entirely severing
his connection therewith in 1888. Since that
date 'he has been engaged in banking in the city
of Chicago, and is also General JIanager of the
Associated Press.
STONE, Samuel, philanthropist, was born at
Chesterfield, Mass., Dec. 6, 1798; left an orphan
at seven years of age, after a short term in Lei-
cester Academy, and several years in a wholesale
store in Boston, at the age of 19 removed to
Rochester, N. Y., to take charge of interests in
the "Holland Purchase," belonging to his father's
estate ; in 1843-49, was a resident of IDetroit and
interested in some of the early railroad enter-
prises centering there, but the latter year re-
moved to Milwaukee, being there associated with
Ezra Cornell in telegraph construction. In 1859
he became a citizen of Chicago, where he was
one of the founders of the Chicago Historical
Society, and a liberal patron of many enterprises
of a public and benevolent character. Died, May
4, 1876.
STOXE FORT, a village in the counties of
Saline and Williamson. It is situated on the Cairo
Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago &
St. Louis Railway, 57 miles northeast of Cairo.
Population (1900), 479.
STOREY, Wilbur F., journalist and news-
paper publisher, was born at Salisbury, Vt., Dec.
19, 1819. He began to learn the printer's trade
at 12, and, before he was 19, was part owner of a
Democratic paper called "The Herald," published
at La Porte, Ind. Later, he either edited or con-
trolled journals published at Mishawaka, Ind.,
and Jackson and Detroit, Jlich. In January,
1861, he became the principal owner of "The
Chicago Times," then the leading Democratic
organ of Chicago. His paper soon came to be
regarded as the organ of the anti-war party
throughout the Northwest, and, iu June, 1863,
was suppressed by a military order issued by
General Burnside, which was subsequently
revoked by President Lincoln. The net result
was an increase in "The Times' " notoriety and
circulation. Other charges, of an equally grave
nature, relating to its sources of income, its char-
acter as a family newspaper, etc. , were repeatedly
made, but to all these Mr. Storey turned a deaf
ear. He lost heavily in the fire of 1871, but, in
1872, appeared as the editor of "The Times,"
then destitute of political ties. About 1876 his
health began to decline. Medical aid failed to
afford relief, and, in August, 1884, he was ad-
judged to be of imsound mind, and his estate was
placed in the hands of a conservator. On the
27th of the following October (1884), he died at
his home in Chicago.
STORRS, Emery Alexander, lawyer, was born
at Hinsdale, Cattaraugus County, N. Y., August
12, 1835; began the study of law with his father,
later pursued a legal course at Buffalo, and, in
1853, was admitted to the bar ; spent two years
(1857-59) in New York City, the latter year "re-
moving to Chicago, where he attained great
prominence as an advocate at the bar, as well as
an orator on other occasions. Politically a
Republican, he took an active part in Presidential
campaigns, being a delegate-at-large from Illinois
to the National Republican Conventions of 1868,
'72, and '80, and serving as one of the Vice-Presi-
dents in 1873. Erratic in habits and a master of
epigram and repartee, many of his speeches are
quoted with relish and appreciation by those who
were his contemporaries at the Chicago bar.
Died suddenly, while in attendance on the Su-
preme Court at Ottawa. Sept. 12, 1885.
STRAWN, Jacob, agriculturist and stock-
dealer, born in Somerset Count}', Pa., May 30,
1800; removed to Licking County, Ohio, in 1817,
and to Illinois, in 1831, settling four miles south-
west of Jacksonville. He was one of the first to
demonstrate the possibilities of Illinois as a live-
stock state. Unpretentious and despising mere
show, he illustrated the virtues of industry, fru-
gality and honesty. At his death — which occurred
August 23, 1865 — he left an estate estimated in
value at about 81,000,000, acquired by industry
and business enterprise. He was a zealous
Unionist during the war. at one time contributing
§10,000 to the Christian Commission.
STREATOR, a city (laid out in 1868 and incor-
porated in 1882) in the southern part of La Salle
County, 93 miles southwest of Chicago ; situated
on the Vermilion River and a central point for
five railroads. It is surrounded by a rich agri-
cultural country, and is underlaid by coal seams
(two of which are worked) and by shale and
various clay products of value, adapted to the
manufacture of fire and building-brick, drain-
pipe, etc. The city is thoroughly modern, having
gas, electric hgliting, street railways, water-
works, a good fire-depai'tment, and a large, im-
proved public park. Churches and schools are
numerous, as are also fine public and private
buildings. One of the chief industries is the
manufacture of glass, including rolled-plate.
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
oil
window-glass, flint and Bohemian ware and glass
bottles. Other successful industries are foundries
and machine shops, flour mills, and claj- working
establishments. There are several banks, and
three daily and weekly papers are published here.
The estimated property valuation, in 1S84, was
§12,000,000. Streator boasts some handsome
public buildings, especially the f Jovernment post-
office and the Carnegie public library building,
both of wJiicli have been erected within the past
few years. Pop. (1890), 11,414; (1900), 14,079.
STREET, Joseph M., pioneer and early politi-
cian, settled at Shawneetown about 1812, coming
from Kentucky, though believed to have been a
native of Eastern Virginia. In 1827 he was a
Brigadier-General of militia, and appears to have
been prominent in the affairs of that section of
the State. His correspondence with Governor
Edwards, about this time, shows him to have been
a man of far more than ordinary education, with
a good opinion of his merits and capabilities. He
was a most persistent applicant for oiflce, making
urgent appeals to Governor Edwards, Henry Clay
and other politicians in Kentucky, Virginia and
Washington, on the ground of his poverty and
large family. In 1827 he received the ofl'er of
the clerkship of the new county of Peoria, but,
on visiting tliat region, was disgusted with the
prospect; returning to Shawneetown, bought a
farm in Sangamon County, but, before the close
of the year, was appointed Indian Agent at
Prairie du Chien. This was during the difficul-
ties with the "Winnebago Indians, upon which he
made voluminous reports to the Secretarj' of
War. Mr. Street was a son-in-law of Gen.
Thomas Posey, a Revolutionary soldier, wlio was
prominent in the early history of Indiana and its
last Territorial Governor. (See Posey, {Gen.)
Thomas.)
STREETER, Alson J., farmer and politician,
was born in Rensselaer County, N. Y., in 1823;
at the age of two years accompanied his father to
Illinois, the family settling at Dixon, Lee County,
He attended Knox College for three 3'ears, and,
in 1849, went to California, where he spent two
years in gold raining. Returning to Illinois, he
pm-chased a farm of 240 acres near New Windsor,
Mercer County, to which he has since added sev-
eral thousand acres. In 1872 he was elected to
the lower house of the Twenty-eighth General
Assembly as a Democrat, but, in 1873, allied him-
self with the Greenback party, wliose candidate
for Congress he was in 1878, and for Governor in
1880, when he received nearly 3,000 votes more
than his party's Presidential nominee, in Illinois.
In 1884 he was elected State Senator by a coali-
tion of Greenbackers and Democrats in the
Twenty-fourth Senatorial District, but acted as
an independent throughout his entire term.
STROXtr, William Emerson, soldier, was born
at Granville, N. Y., in 1840; from 13 years of age,
spent his early life in Wisconsin, studied law and
was admitted to the bar at Racine in 1861. The
same year he enlisted under the first call for
troops, took part, as Captain of a Wisconsin Com-
pany, in the first battle of Bull Run; was.
afterwards promoted and assigned to duty as
Inspector-General in the West, participated in
the Vicksburg and Atlanta campaigns, being
finally advanced to the rank of Brigadier-Gen-
eral. After some fifteen months spent in the
position of Inspector-General of the Freedmen's^
Bureau (1865-66), he located in Cliicago, and
became connected with several important busi-
ness enterprises, besides assisting, as an officer on
tlie staff of Governor CuUom, in the organization
of tlie Illinois National Guard. He was elected
on the first Board of Directors of the World's-
Columbian Exposition, and, while making a tour
of Europe in the interest of that enterprise, died,
at Florence, Italy, April 10, 1891.
STUART, John Todd, lawyer and Congress-
man, born near Lexington, Ky., Nov. 10, 1807 —
the son of Robert Stuart, a Presbyterian minister
and Professor of Languages in Transylvania
University, and related, on the maternal side, tO'
the Todd family, of wliom Mrs. Abraham Lincohi
was a member. He graduated at Centre College,
Danville, in 1826, and, after studying law, re-
moved to Springfield, 111., in 1828, and began
practice. In 1832 he was elected Representative
in the General Assembly, re-elected in 1834, and,
in 1836, defeated, as the Whig candidate for Con-
gress, by Wm. L. May, thougli elected, two years
later, over Stephen A. Douglas, and again in 1840.
In 1837, Abraham Lincoln, who had been
studying law under Mr. Stuart's advice and
instruction, became his partner, the relation-
ship continuing until 1841. He served in the
State Senate, 1849-53, was the Bell-Everett
candidate for Governor in 1860, and was
elected to Congress, as a Democrat, for a third
time, in 1862, but, in 1864, was defeated by
Shelby 51. CuUom, his former pupil. During the
latter years of his life, Mr. Stuart was head of the
law firm of Stuart, Edwards & Brown. Died, at
Springfield. Nov, 28, 1885.
STURGES, Solomon, merchant and banker,
was born at Fairfield, Conn., April 21. 1796, early
manifested a passion for the sea and, in 1810,
51;
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
made a voyage, on a vessel of which his brother
was captain, from New York to Georgetown,
D. C, intending to continue it to Lisbon. At
Georgetown he was induced to accept a position
as clerk with a Mr. WiUiams, where he was
associated with two other youths, as fellow-em-
ployes, who became eminent bankers and
capitalists— W. W. Corcoran, afterwards the
well-known banker of Washington, and George
W. Peabody, who had a successful banking career
in England, and won a name as one of the most
liberal and public-spirited of philanthropists.
During tlie War of 1813 young Sturges joined a
volunteer infantry company, where he had, for
comrades, George W. Peabody and Francis S. Key,
tlie latter author of the popular national song,
"The Star Spangled Banner." In 1814 Mr.
Sturges accepted a clerkship in the store of his
brother-indaw, Ebenezer Buckingham, at Put-
nam, Muskingum County, Ohio, two years later
becoming a partner in the concern, where he
developed that business capacity which laid the
foundation for his future wealth. Before steam-
ers navigated the waters of the Ohio and Missis-
sippi Rivers, he piloted flat-boats, loaded with
produce and merchandise, to New Orleans, return-
ing overland. During one of his visits to that
city, he witnessed the arrival of the "Washing-
ton," the first steamer to descend the Mississippi,
as, in 1817, he saw the arrival of the "Walk-in-
the- Water" at Detroit, the first steamer to arrive
from Bufifalo— the occasion of his visit to Detroit
being to carry funds to General Cass to pay off
the United States troops. About 1849 he was
associated with the construction of the Wabash
& Erie Canal, from the Ohio River to Terre Haute,
Ind., advancing money for the prosecution of the
work, for which was reimbursed by the State. In
1854 he came to Chicago, and, in partnership
with his brothers-in-law, C. P. and Alvah Buck-
ingham, erected the first large grain-elevator in
that city, on land leased from the Illinois Central
Railroad Company, following it, two years later,
by another of equal capacity. For a time, sub-
stantially all the grain coming into Chicago, by
railroad, passed into these elevators. In 1857 he
established the private banking house of Solomon
Sturges & Sons, which, shortly after his death,
under the management of his son, George Stur-
ges, became the Northwestern National Bank of
Chicago. He was intensely patriotic and, on the
breaking out of the War of the Rebellion, used
of his means freely in support of the Govern-
ment, equipping the Sturges Rifles, an independ-
ent company, at a cost of §20,000. He was also a
subscriber to the first loan made by the Govern-
ment, dming this period, taking §100,000 in
Government bonds. While devoted to his busi-
ness, he was a hater of shams and corruption, and
contributed freely to Christian and benevolent
enterprises. Died, at the home of a daughter, at
Zanesville, Ohio, Oct. 14, 1864, leaving a large
fortune acquired by legitimate trade.
STURTEVANT, JuUau Munson, D.D., LL.D.,
clergyman and educator, was born at Warren,
Litchfield County, Conn., July 26, 1805; spent his
youth in Summit County, Ohio, meanwhile pre-
paring for college ; in 1822, entered Yale College
as the classmate of the celebrated Elizur Wright,
graduating in 1826. After two years as Princi-
pal of an academy at Canaan, Conn., lie entered
Yale Divinity School, graduating there in 1829;
then came west, and, after spending a year in
superintending the erection of buildings, in De-
cember, 1830, as sole tutor, began instruction to „
class of nine pupils in what is now Illinois Col-
lege, at Jacksonville. Having been joined, the
following year, by Dr. Edward Beecher as Presi-
dent, Mr. Sturtevant assumed the chair of Mathe-
matics, Natural Philosophy and Astronomy,
which he retained until 1844, when, by the
retirement of Dr. Beecher, he succeeded to the
offices of President and Professor of Intellectual
and Moral Philosophy. Here he labored, inces-
santly and unselfishly, as a teacher during term
time, and, as financial agent during vacations,
in the interest of the institution of which he had
been one of the chief founders, serving until 1876,
when he resigned the Presidency, giving his
attention, for the next ten years, to the duties of
Professor of Jlental Science and Science of Gov-
ernment, which he had discharged from 1870.
In 1886 he retired from the institution entirely,
having given to its service fifty-six years of his
life. In 1863, Dr. Sturtevant visited Europe in
the interest of the LTnion cause, delivering effec-
tive addresses at a number of points in England.
He was a frequent contributor to the weekly
religious and periodical press, and was the author
of "Economics, or the Science of Wealth" (1876)
— a text-book on political economy, and "Keys
of Sect, or the Church of the New Testament"
(1879), besides frequently occupying the pulpits
of local and distant churches — having been early
ordained a Congregational minister. He received
the degree of D.D. from the University of Mis-
souri and that of LL.D. from Iowa University.
Died, in Jacksonville, Feb. 11, 1886.— Julian M.
(Sturtevant). Jr., son of the preceding, was born
at Jacksonville, 111., Feb. 2, 1834; fitted for col-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
513
lege in the preparatory department of Illinois
College and graduated from the college (proper)
in 1854. After leaving college he served as
teacher in the Jacksonville public schools one
year, then spent a year as tutor in Illinois Col-
lege, when he began the study of theology at
Andover Theological Seminary, graduating there
in 1859, meanwhile having discharged the duties
of Chaplain of the Connecticut State's prison in
1858. He was ordained a minister of the Con-
gregational Church at Hannibal, Mo., in 1860,
remaining as pastor in that city nine years. He
has since been engaged in pastoral work in New
York City (1869-70), Ottawa, 111., (1870-73); Den-
ver, Colo. , (1873-77) ; Grinnell, Iowa, (1877-84) ;
Cleveland, Ohio, (1884-90); Galesburg, lU.,
(1890-93), and Aurora, (1893-97). Since leaving
the Congregational church at Aurora, Dr. Sturte-
vant has been engaged in pastoral work in Chi-
cago. He was also editor of "The Congrega-
tionalisf of Iowa (1881-84), and, at different
periods, has served as Trustee of Colorado,
Marietta and Knox Colleges; being still an
honored member of the Knox College Board.
He received the degree of D.D from Illinois
College, in 1879.
SUBLETTE, a station and viUage on tlie Illi-
nois Central Railroad, in Lee County, 8 miles
northwest of Mendota. Population, (1900), 306.
SUFFRAGE, in general, the right or privilege
of voting. The qualifications of electors (or
voters), in the choice of public officers in Illinois,
are fixed by the State Constitution (Art. VII.),
except as to school officers, which are jirescribed
by law. Under the State Constitution the exer-
cise of the right to vote is limited to persons who
were electors at the time of the adoption of the
Constitution of 1848, or who are native or natu-
ralized male citizens of the United States, of the
age of 31 years or over, who have been residents
of the State one year, of the county ninety days,
and of the district (or precinct) in which they
offer to vote, 30 days. Under an act passed in
1891, women, of 31 years of age and upwards, are
entitled to vote for school officers, and are also
«ligible to such offices under the same conditions,
as to age and residence, as male citizens. (See
Elections; Australian Ballot.)
SULLIVAN, a city and county-seat of 3Ioultrie
County, 35 miles southeast of Decatur and 14
miles northwest of Mattoon ; is on three lines of
railway. It is in an agricultural and stock-rais-
ing region; contains two State banks and four
weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,305;
(1890), 1,468; (1900), 2.399; (1900, est.), 3.100.
SULLIA'AX, William K., journalist, was born
at Waterford. Ireland, Nov. 10, 1843 ; educated at
the Waterford Model School and in Dublin ; came
to the United States in 1863, and, after teaching
for a time in Kane County, in 1864 enlisted in the
One Hundred and Forty-first Regiment Illinois
Volunteers. Then, after a brief season spent in
teaching and on a visit to his native land, he
began work as a reporter on New York papers,
later being employed on "The Chicago Tribime"
and "The Evening Journal," on the latter, at
different times, holding the position of city edi-
tor, managing editor and correspondent. He
was also a Representative from Cook County in
the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, for three
years a member of the Chicago Board of Edu-
cation, and appointed United States Consul to the
Bermudas by President Harrison, resigning in
1892. Died, in Chicago, January 17, 1899.
SULLIVANT, Michael Lucas, agriculturist,
was born at Franklinton (a suburb of Columbus,
Ohio), August 6, 1807; was educated at Ohio
University and Centre College, Ky., and— after
being engaged in the improvement of an immense
tract of land inherited from his father near his
birth-place, devoting much attention, meanwhile,
to the raising of improved stock — in 1854 sold his
Ohio lands and bought 80.000 acres, chiefly in
Champaign and Piatt Counties, 111 , where he
began farming on a larger scale than before. The
enterprise proved a financial failure, and he was
finally compelled to sell a considerable portion of
his estate in Champaign County, known as Broad
Lands, to John T. Alexander (see Alexa7ider,
John T.), retiring to a farm of 40,000 acres at
Burr Oaks, 111. He died, at Henderson, Ky., Jan.
29, 1879.
SUMMERFIELD, a village of St. Clair County,
on tlie Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway,
27 miles east of St- Louis ; was the home of Gen.
Fred. Hecker. Population (1900), 360.
SUMNER, a city of Lawrence County, on the
Baltimore & Ohio Soutliwestern Railroad, 19 miles
west of Vincennes, Ind. ; has a fine school house,
four churches, two banks, two flour mills, tele-
phones, and one weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890),
1,037; (1900), 1,268.
SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUC-
TION. The oflice of State Superintendent of
Public Instruction was created by act of the
Legislature, at a special session held in 1854, its
duties previous to that time, from 1845, having
been discharged by the Secretary of State as
Superintendent, ex-officio. The following is a list
of the incumbents from the date of the formal
514
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
creation of the office clown to the present time
(1S99), witli the date and duration of the term of
each Ninian W. Edwards (by appointment of
the Governor), 1854-57; William H. PoweU (by
election), 1857-59; Newton Bateman, 1859-63;
John P. Brooks, 1863-65; Newton Bateman,
1865-75; Samuel W. Etter, 1875-79; James P.
Slade, 1879-83; Henry Raab, 1883-87; Richard
Edwards, 1887-91; Henry Raab, 1891-95; Samuel
M. Inglis, 1895-98; James H. Freeman, June,
1898, to January, 1899 (by appointment of the
Governor, to fill the unexpired term of Prof.
Inglis, who died in ofSce, June 1, 1898) ; Alfred
Baylis, 1899—.
Previous to 1870 the tenure of the office was
two years, but, by the Constitution adopted that
year, it was extended to four years, the elections
occurring on the even years between those for
Governor and other State officers except State
Treasurer.
SUPREME COrRT, JUDGES OF THE. The
following is a list of Justices of the Supreme
Court of 'Illinois who have held office since the
organization of the State Government, with the
period of their respective incumbencies : Joseph
Phillips. 1818-23 (resigned); Thomas C. Browne,
1818 48 (term expired on adoption of new Con-
stitution); William P. Foster, Oct. 9, 1818. to
July 7, 1819 (resigned), John Reynolds, 1818-25;
Thomas Reynolds (vice Phillips), 1833-25; Wil-
liam Wilson (vice Foster) 1819-48 (term expired
on adoption of new Constitution) ; Samuel B
Lookwood, 1825-48 (term expired on adoption of
new Constitution) ; Theophilus W. Smith, 1825-42
(resigned); Thomas Ford, Feb. 15, 1841, to Au-
gust 1, 1843 (resigned) ; Sidney Breese, Feb. 15,
1841, to Dec. 19, 1843 (resigned)— also (by re-elec-
tions), 1857-78 (died in office) ; Walter B. Scates,
1841-47 (resigned)— also (vice Trumbull), 1854-57
(resigned); Samuel H. Treat, 1841-55 (resigned);
Stephen A. Douglas, 1841-43 (resigned) ; John D.
Caton (vice Ford) August, 1843, to March, 1843—
also (vice Robinson and by successive re-elec-
tions). May, 1843 to January, 1864 (resigned);
James Semple (vice Breese), Jan. 14, 1843, to
April 16, 1843 (resigned) ; Richard M. Young (vice
Smith), 1843-47 (resigned); John M. Robinson
(vice Ford), Jan. 14, 1843, to April 27, 1843 (died
in office); Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., (vice Douglas),
1843-45 (resigned)— also (vice Young), 1847-48;
James Shields (vice Semple), 1843-45 (resigned) ;
Norman H. Purple (vice Thomas), 1843-48 (retired
under Constitution of 1848) ; Gustavus Koerner
(vice Shields), 1845-48 (retired by Constitution);
William A. Denning (vice Scates), 1847-48 (re-
tired by Constitution) ; Lyman Trumbull, 1848-53
(resigned); Ozias C. Skinner (vice Treat), 1855-58.
(resigned); Pinkney II. Walker (vice Skinner),
1858-85 (deceased); Corydon Beckwith (by ap-
pointment, vice Caton), Jan. 7, 1864, to June 6,
1864; Charles B. Lawrence (one term), 1864-73;
Anthony Thornton, 1870-73 (resigned); John M.
Scott (two terms), 1870-88 ; Benjamin R. Sheldon
(two terms), 1870-88; William K. McAllister,
1870-75 (resigned) ; John Scholfield (vice Thorn-
ton), 1873 93 (died) ; T. Lyle Dickey (vice
McAllister), 1875-85 (died); David J. Baker (ap-
pointed, vice Breese), July 9, 1878, to June 3,
1879— also, 1888-97; John H. Mulkey, 1879-88;
Damon G. Tunnicliffe (appointed, vice Walker),
Feb. 15, 1885, to June 1, 1885; Simeon P. Shope,
1885-94, Joseph M. Bailey, 1888-95 (died in office).
The Supreme Court, as at present constituted
(1899), is as follows: Carroll C. Boggs, elected,
1897; Jesse J. Phillips (vice Scholfield, deceased)
elected, 1893, and re-elected, 1897; Jacob W. Wil-
kin, elected, 1888, and re-elected, 1897; Joseph
N. Carter, elected, 1894; Alfred M. Craig, elec-
ted, 1873, and re-elected, 1882 and '91; James H.
Cartwriglit (vice Bailey), elected, 1895, and re-
elected, 1897 ; Benjamin D. Magruder (vice
Dickey), elected, 1885, '88 and '97. The terms of
Justices Boggs, Phillips, Wilkin, Cartwriglit and
Magruder expire in 1906 ; that of Justice Carter
on 1903; and Justice Craig's, in 1900. Under the
Constitution of 1818, the Justices of the Supreme
Court were chosen by joint ballot of the Legisla-
ture, but, under the Constitutions of 1848 and
1870, by popular vote for terms of nine years
each. (See Judicial System; also sketches of
individual members of the Supreme Court under
their proper names.)
SURYETS, EARLY GOVERNMEIVT. The first
United States law passed on the subject of Gov-
ernment surveys was dated. May 20, 1785. After
reserving certain lauds to be allotted by way of
pensions and to be donated for school pm-poses,
it provided for the division of the remaining pub-
lic lands among the original thirteen States.
This, however, was, in effect, repealed by the Ordi-
nance of 1788. The latter provided for a rectan-
gular system of surveys which, with but little
modification, has remained in force ever since.
Briefly outlined, the system is as follows: Town-
ships, six miles square, are laid ovt from principal
bases, each township containing thirty-sis sec-
tions of one square mile, numbered consecutively,
the numeration to commence at the upper right
hand corner of the township. The first principal
meridian (84° 51' west of Greenwich), coincided
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
515
with the line dividing Indiana and Ohio. The
second (1° 37' farther west) had direct relation
to surveys in Eastern lUinois. The third (89° 10'
30" west of Greenwich) and the fourth (90° 29'
56" west) governed the remainder of Illinois sur-
veys. The first Public Surveyor was Thomas
Hutchins, who was called "the geographer."
(See Hutchins, Thomas.)
SWEET, (Gen.) Benjamin J., soldier, was
born at Kirkland, Oneida County, N. Y., April
24, 1832 ; came with his father, in "l8-18, to Sheboy-
gan, Wis., studied law, was elected to the State
Senate in 1859, and, in 1861, enlisted in the Sixth
Wisconsin Volunteers, being commissioned Major
in 1802. Later, he resigned and, returning home,
assisted in the organization of the Twenty-first
and Twentj'-second regiments, being elected
Colonel of the former; and with it taking part in
the campaign in Western Kentucky and Tennes-
see. In 1863 he was assigned to command at
Camp Douglas, and was there on the exposure,
in November, 1864, of the conspiracy to release
the rebel prisoners. (See Camp Douglas Conspir-
acy.) The service which he rendered in the
defeat of this bold and dangerous conspiracy
evinced his courage and sagacity, and was of
inestimable value to the country. After the
war, General Sweet located at Lombard, near
Chicago, was appointed Pension Agent at Chi-
cago, afterwards served as Supervisor of Internal
Revenue, and, in 1872, became Deputy Commis-
sioner of Internal Revenue at Washington. Died,
in Washington, Jan. 1, 1874. — Miss Ada C.
(Sweet), for eight years (1874-82) the efficient
Pension Agent at Chicago, is General Sweet's
daughter.
SWEETSER, A. C, soldier and Department
Commander G. A. R., was born in Oxford Count}',
Maine, in 1839; came to Bloomington, 111., in
18.57 ; enlisted at the beginning of the Civil War
in the Eighth Illinois Volunteers and, later, in the
Thirty-ninth; at the battle of Wierbottom
Church, Va., in June, 1864, was shot through
both legs, necessitating the amputation of one of
them. After the war he held several oflices of
trust, including those of City Collector of Bloom-
inj^-ton and Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue
for the Springfield District ; in 1887 was elected
Dej^artment Commander of the Grand Army of
the Republic for Illinois. Died, at Bloomington,
March 23. 1896.
SWETT, Leonard, lawyer, was born near
Turner, Maine, August 11, 183.5; was educated at
Waterville College (now Colby University), but
left before graduation ; read law in Portland, and,
while seeking a location in the West, enlisted in
an Indiana regiment for the Mexican War, being
attacked by climatic fever, was discharged before
completing his term of enUstment. He so&n
after came to Bloomington, 111., where he became
the intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln and
David Davis, traveling the circuit witli them for
a number of years. He early became active in
State politics, was a member of the Republican
State Convention of 1856, was elected to the
lower house of the General Assembly in 1858,
and. in 1860, was a zealous supporter of Mr. Lin-
coln as a Presidential Elector for the State-at-
large. In 1803 he received the RepubUcan
nomination for Congress in his District, but was
defeated. Removing to Chicago in 1865, he
gained increased distinction as a lawyer, espe-
cially in the management of criminal cases. In
1872 he was a supporter of Horace Greeley for
President, but later returned to the Republican
party, and, in the National Republican Conven-
tion of 1888, presented the name of Judge
Gresham for nomination for the Presidency.
Died, June 8, 1889.
SWI&ERT, Charles Philip, ex- Auditor of Pub-
lic Accounts, was born in the Province of Baden,
Germany, Nov. 27, 1843, brought by his parents
to Chicago, 111., in chiklliood, and, in his boy-
hood, attended the Scammon School in that city.
In 1854 his family removed to a farm in Kanka-
kee County, where, between the ages of 12 and
18, he assisted his father in "breaking"" between
400 and 500 acres of prairie land. On the break-
ing out of the war, in 1861, although scarcely 18
years of age, he enlisted as a private in tlie Forty-
second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and. in April,
1862, was one of twenty heroic volunteers who
ran the blockade, on the gunboat Carondelet, at
Island No. 10, assisting materially in the reduc-
tion of that rebel stronghold, which resulted in
the capture of 7,000 prisoners. At the battle of
Farmington, Miss., during the siege of Corinth,
in May, 1863. lie had his right arm torn from its
socket by a six-pound cannon-ball, compelling his
retirement from the army. Returning home,
after many weeks spent in hospital at Jefferson
Barracks and Quincy, 111, he received his final
discharge. Dec. 21, 1863. spent a year in school,
also took a course in Bryant & Stratton's Com-
mercial College in Chicago, and having learned
to write with his left hand, taught for a time in
Kankakee County ; served as letter-carrier in Chi-
cago, and for a year as Deputy County Clerk of
Kankakee County, followed by two terms (1867-
69) as a student in the Soldiers" College at Fulton.
516
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
111. The latter year he entered upon the duties
of Treasurer of Kankakee County, serving, by
successive re-elections, until 1880, when he re-
signed to take the position of State Auditor, to
which he was elected a second time in 1884. In
all these positions Mr. Swigert has proved him-
self an upright, capable and high-minded public
oiBoial. Of late years his residence has been in
Chicago.
SWIJfG, (Rev.) David, clergyman and pulpit
orator, was born of German ancestry, at Cincin-
nati, Ohio, August 23, 1836. After 1837 (his
father dying about this time), the family resided
for a time at Reedsburgh, and, later, on a farm
near Williamsburgh, in Clermont County, in the
same State. In 1853, having graduated from the
Miami (Ohio) University, he commenced the
study of theology, but, in 1854, accepted the
position of Professor of Languages in his Alma
Mater, which he continued to fill for thirteen
years. His first pastorate was in connection with
the Westminster Presbyterian Church of Chi-
cago, which he assumed in 1866. His church
edifice was destroyed in the great Chicago fire,
but was later rebuilt. As a preacher he was
popular ; but, in April, 1874, he was placed on trial,
before an ecclesiastical court of his own denomi-
nation, on charges of heresy. lie was acquitted
by the trial court, but, before the appeal taken by
the prosecution could be heard, he personally
withdrew from affiliation with the denomination.
Shortly afterward he became pastor of an inde-
pendent religious organization known as the
"Central Church," preaching, first at McVicker's
Theatre and, afterward, at Central Music Hall,
Chicago. He was a fluent and popular speaker
on all themes, a frequent and valued contributor
to numerous magazines, as well as the author of
several volumes. Among his best known books
are "Motives of Life," "Truths for To-day," and
"Club Essays." Died, in Chicago, Oct. 8, 1894.
STCAMORE, the county-seat of De Kalb
County (founded in 1836), 56 miles west of Chi-
cago, at the intersection of the Chicago & North-
western and the Chicago Great Western Rail-
roads; lies in a region devoted to agriculture,
dairying and stock-raising. The city itself con-
tains several factories, the principal products
being agricultural implements, flour, insulated
wire, brick, tile, varnish, furniture, soap and
carriages and wagons. There are also works for
canning vegetables and fruit, besides two creamer-
ies. The town is lighted by electricity, and has
high-pressure water-works. There are eleven
churches, three graded public schools and a
young ladies' seminary. Population (18S()),
3,038; (1890), 2,987; (1900), 3,653.
TAFT, Lorado, sculptor, was born at Elmwood,
Peoria County, 111., April 39, 1860; at an early
age evinced a predilection for sculpture and
began modeling; graduated at the University of
Illinois in 1880, tiien went to Paris and studied
sculpture in the famous Ecole des Beaux Arts
until 1885. The following year he settled in Chi
cago, finally becoming associated with the Chi-
cago Art Institute. He has been a lecturer on
art in the Chicago University. Mr. Taft fur-
nished the decorations of the Horticultural Build-
ing on the World's Fair Grounds, in 1893.
TALCOTT, Mancel, business man, was born
in Rome, N. Y., Oct. 12, 1817; attended the com-
mon schools until 17 years of age, wlien he set
out for the West, traveling on foot from Detroit
to Chicago, and thence to Park Ridge, where he
worked at farming until 1850. Then, having
followed the occupation of a miner for some time,
in California, with some success, he united with
Horace M. Singer in establishing the firm of
Singer & Talcott, stone-dealers, which lasted dur-
ing most of his life. He served as a member of
the Chicago City Council, on the Beard of County
Commissioners, as a member of the Police Board,
and was one of the founders of the First National
Bank, and President, for several years, of the
Stock Yards National Bank. Liberal and public-
spirited, he contributed freel)' to works of
charity. Died, June 5, 18T8.
TALCOTT, (Capt.) William, soldier of the
War of 1812 and pioneer, was born in Gilead,
Conn., March 6, 1774; emigrated to Rome, Oneida
County, N. Y., in 1810, and engaged in farming;
served as a Lieutenant in the Oneida County
militia dm-ing the War of 1813-14, being stationed
at Sackett's Harbor under the command of Gen.
Winfield Scott. In 1835, in company with his
eldest son, Thomas B. Talcott, he made an ex-
tended tour through the West, finally selecting a
location in Illinois at the junction of Rock River
and the Pecatonica, where the town of Rockton
now stands— there being only two white families,
at that time, within the present limits of Winne-
bago County. Two years later (1837), he brought
his family to this point, with his sons took up a
considerable body of Government land and
erected two mills, to which customers came
from a long distance. In 1838 Captain Talcott
took part in the organization of the first Congre-
gational Church in that section of the State. A
zealous anti-slavery man, he supported James G-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
517
Birney (the Liberty candidate for President) in
1844, continuing to act witli tliat party until the
organization of tlie Republican party in 1856 ;
was deeply interested in the War for the Union,
but died before its conclusion, Sept. 2, 1861. —
Maj. Thomas B. (Talcott), oldest son of the pre-
ceding, was born at Hebron, Conn , April 17,
.806 ; was taken to Rome, N. Y. , by his father in
nfancy, and, after reaching maturity, engaged
in mercantile business with his brother in Che-
mung County ; in 1835 accompanied his father in
a tour through the "West, finally locating at
Rockton, where he engaged in agriculture. On
the organization of Winnebago County, in 1836,
he was elected one of the first County Commis-
sioners, and, in 1850, to the State Senate, serving
four j'ears. He also held various local offices.
Died, Sept. 30, 1891.— Hon. Wait (Talcott), second
son of Capt. William Talcott, was born at He-
bron, Conn., Oct. 17, 1807, and taken to Rome,
N. Y., where he remained until his 19th year,
when be engaged in business at Booneville and,
still later, in Utica ; in 1838, removed to Illinois
and joined his father at Rockton, finally
becoming a citizen of Rockford, where, in his
later years, he was extensively engaged in manu-
facturing, having become, in 18.51, with his
brother Sylvester, a partner of the firm of J. H.
Manny & Co., in the manufacture of the Manny
reaper and mower. He was an original anti-
slavery man and, at one time, a Free-Soil candidate
for Congress, but became a zealous Republican
and ardent friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he
employed as an attorney in the famous suit of
McCormick vs. the Manny Reaper Company for
infringement of patent. In 1851 he was elected
to the State Senate, succeeding his brother,
Thomas B. , and was the first Collector of Internal
Revenue in the Second District, appointed by Mr.
Lincoln in 1862, and continuing in office some
five years. Though too old for active service in
the field, during the Civil' War, he voluntarily
hired a substitute to take his place. Jlr. Talcott
■was one of the original incorporators and Trus-
tees of Beloit College, and a founder of Rockford
Female Seminary, remaining a trustee of each
for many years. Died, June 7, 1890.— SylTester
(Talcott), third son of William Talcott, born at
Rome, N. Y., Oct. 14, 1810; when of age, engaged
in mercantile business in Chemung County; in
1837 removed, with other members of the family,
to Winnebago County, 111., where he joined his
father in the entry of Government lands and the
erection of mills, as already detailed. He became
one of the first Justices of the Peace in Winne-
bago County, also served as Supervisor for a
number of years and, although a farmer, became
interested, in 1854, with his brother Wait,
in the Manny Reaper Company at Rockford.
He also followed the example of his brother,
just named, in furnishing a substitute for the
War of the Rebellion, though too old for service
himself. Died, June 19, 1885.— Henry Walter
(Talcott), fourth son of William Talcott, was
born at Rome, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1814; came with
his father to Winnebago County, 111., in 1835, and
was connected with his father and brothers in busi-
ness. Died, Dec. 9, 1870.— Dwight Lewis (Tal-
cott), oldest son of Henry Walter Talcott. born
in Winnebago County; at the age of 17 years
enlisted at Belvidere, in January, 1861, as a soldier
in the Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; served
as provost guard some two months at Fort Picker-
ing, near Memphis, and later took part in many
of the important battles of that year in Missis-
sippi and Tennessee. Having been captured at
Campbellsville, Tenn., he was taken to Anderson-
ville, Ga., where be suffered all the horrors of
that famous prison-pen, until March, 1865, when
he was released, arriving at home a helpless
skeleton, the day after Abraham Lincoln's assas-
sination. Mr. Talcott subsequently settled in
Muscatine County, Iowa.
TALLULA, a prosperous village of Menard
County, on the Jacksonville branch of the Chi-
cago & Alton Railway, 24 miles northeast of
Jacksonville; is in the midst of a grain, coal-
mining, and stock-growing region ; has a local
bank and newspaper. Pop. (1890), 445 ; (1900), 639.
T.OIARO.V, a village in Perry County, situated
at the junction of the Illinois Central with the
Wabash, Chester & Western Railroad, 8 miles
north of Duquoin, and 57 miles east-southeast of
Belleville. It has a bank, a newspaper office, a
large public school, five churches and two flour-
ing mills. Coal is mined here and exported in
large quantities. Pop. (1900), 853.
f AMAROA A. MOUNT VERNON RAILROAD.
(See ^rllh,lsll, Clii'st,;- S- U'cutcni Railroad.)
TANNER, Edward Allen, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born of New England ancestry, at
Waverly, 111., Nov. 29, 1837— being the first child
who could claim nativity there; was educated
in the local schools and at Illinois College,
graduating from the latter in 1857; spent four
years teaching in his native place and at Jack-
sonville; then accepted the Professorship of
Latin in Pacific University at Portland, Oregon,
remaining four years, when he returned to his
Alma Mater (1865), assuming there the chair of
518
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Latin and Rhetoric. In 1881 lie was appointed
financial agent of the latter institution, and, in
1882, its President. While in Oregon he had
been ordained a minister of the Congregational
Church, and, for a considerable period during
his connection with Illinois College, oiBciated as
Chaplain of the Central Hospital for the Insane
at Jacksonville, besides supplying local and
other pulpits. He labored earnestly for the
benefit of the institution under his charge, and,
dm-ing his incumbency, added materially to its
endowment and resources. Died, at Jackson-
ville, Feb. 8, 1893.
TAX>'ER, John R., Governor, was born in
Warrick Count}', lud., April 4, 1844, and brought
to Southern Illinois in boyhood, where he grew
up on a farm in the vicinity of Carbondale,
enjoying only such educational advantages as
were afforded by the common school ; in 1863, at
the age of 19, enli.sted in the Ninety-eighth Illi-
nois "Volunteers, serving until June, 1865, when
he was transferred to the Sixty-first, and finally
mustered out in September following. All the
male members of Governor Tanner's family were
soldiers of the late war, his father dying in a
rebel prison at Columbus, Miss. , one of his bro-
thers suffering the same fate from wounds at Nash-
ville, Tenn., and another brother dying in hospital
at Pine Bluff, Ark. Only one of this patriotic
family, besides Governor Tanner, still survives —
Mr. J. M. Tanner of Clay County, who left the
service with the rank of Lieutenant of the Thir-
teenth Illinois Cavalry. Returning from the
war, Mr. Tanner established himself in business
as a farmer in Clay County, later engaging suc-
cessfully in the milling and lumber business as
the partner of his brother. The public positions
held by him, since the war, include those of
Sheriff of Clay County (1870-73), Clerk of the Cir-
cuit Court (1873-76), and State Senator (1880-83).
During the latter year he received the appoint-
ment of United States Marshal for the Southern
District of Illinois, serving until after the acces-
sion of President Cleveland in 1885. In 1880, he
was the Republican nominee for State Treasurer
and was elected by an unusually large majority ;
in 1891 was appointed, by Governor Fifer, a
member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commis-
sion, but, in 1893, received the appointment of
Assistant United States Treasurer at Chicago,
continuing in the latter office until December,
1893. For ten years (1874-84) he was a member
of the Republican State Central Committee, re-
turning to that body in 1894, when he was chosen
Chairman and conducted the campaign which
resulted in the unprecedented Republican sue-
ce.sses of that year. In 1896 he received the
nomination of his party for Governor, and was
elected over Gov. John P. Altgeld, his Demo-
cratic opponent, by a plurality of over 113,000,
and a majorit3^ over all, of nearly 90,000 votes.
TANNER, Tazewell B., jurist, was born in
Henry County, Va., and came to Jefferson
County, 111., about 1846 or '47, at first taking a
position as teacher and Superintendent of Public
Schools. Later, he was connected with "The
Jeffersonian," a Democratic paper at Mount Ver-
non, and, in 1849, went to the gold regions of
California, meeting with reasonable success as a
miner. Returning in a year or two, he was
elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, while in
the discharge of his duties, prosecuted the study
of law, finally, on admission to the bar, entering
into partnership with the late Col. Thomas S.
Casey. In 1854 he was elected Representative in
the Nineteenth Genex'al Assembly, and was in-
strumental in securing the appropriation for the
erection of a Supreme Court building at Mount
Vernon. In 1863 he served as a Delegate to the
State Constitutional Convention of that year; was
elected Circuit Judge in 1873, and, in 1877, was
assigned to dutj' on the Appellate bench, but, at
the expiration of his term, declined a re-election
and resumed the practice of his profession at
Mount Vernon. Died, March 25, 1880.
TAXATION, in its legal sense, the mode of
raising revenue. In its general sense its purposes
are the support of the State and local govern-
ments, the promotion of the public good by
fostering education and works of public improve-
ment, the protection of society by the preser-
vation of order and the punishment of crime, and
the support of the helpless and destitute. In
practice, and as prescribed by the Constitution,
the raising of revenue is required to be done "by
levying a tax by valuation, so that everj- person
and corporation shall pay a tax in proportion to
the value of his, her or its property — such value
to be ascertained by some person or persons, to be
elected or appointed in such manner as the Gen-
eral Assembly shall direct, and not otherwise."
(State Constitution, 1870 — Art. Revenue, Sec. 1.)
The person selected rmder the law to make this
valuation is the Assessor of the county or tlie
township (in counties under township organiza-
tion), and he is required to make a return to the
County Board at its July meeting each year — the
latter having authority to hear complaints of tax-
payers and adjust inequalities when found to
exist. It is made the duty of the Assessor to
HISTOraCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
519
include in his return, as real-estate, all lands and
the buildings or other improvements erected
thereon; and, under the head of personal prop-
erty', atl tangible effects, besides moneys, credits,
bonds or stocks, shares of stock of companies or
corporations, investments, annuities, franchises,
royalties, etc. Propertj- used for school, ch\u-ch
or cemetery purposes, as well as public buildings
and other property belonging to the State and
General Government, municipalities, public
charities, public libraries, agricultural and scien-
tific societies, are declared exempt. Nominally,
all property subject to taxation is required to be
assessed at its cash valuation ; but, in reality, the
valuation, of late years, has been on a basis of
twenty-five to thirt3'-three per cent of its esti-
mated cash value. In the larger cities, however,
the valuation is often much lower than this,
while very large amounts escape assessment
altogether. The Revenue Act, passed at the
special session of the Fortieth General Assembly
(1898), requires the Assessor to make a return of
all property subject to taxation in his district, at
its cash valuation, upon which a Board of Review
fixes a tax on the basis of twenty per cent of
such cash valuation. An abstract of the property
assessment of each county goes before the State
Board of Equalization, at its annual meeting in
August, for the purpose of comparison and equal-
izing valuations between counties, but the Board
has no power to modify the assessments of indi-
vidual tax-payers. (See State Board of Equali-
zation.) This Board has exclusive power to fix
the valuation for purposes of taxation of the
capital stock or franchises of companies (except
certain specified manufacturing corporations) , in-
corporated under the State laws, together with the
''railroad track" and ''rolling stock" of railroads,
and the capital stock of railroads and telegraph
lines, and to fix the distribution of the latter
between counties in which they lie. — The Consti-
tution of 1848 empowered the Legislature to
impose a capitation tax, of not less than fifty
cents nor more than one dollar, upon each free
white male citizen entitled to the right of suf-
frage, between the ages of 21 and 60 years, but the
Constitution of 1870 grants no such power,
though it authorizes the extension of the "objects
and subjects of taxation" in accordance with the
principle contained in the first section of the
Revenue Article. — Special assessments in cities,
for the construction of sewers, pavements, etc.,
being local and in the form of benefits, cannot
be said to come under the head of general tax-"
ation. The same is to be said of revenue derived
from fines and penalties, which are forms of
punishment for specific ofl'enses, and go to the
benefit of certain specified funds.
TAYLOR, Abner, ex-Congressman, is a native
of Maine, and a resident of Chicago. He has been
in active business all his life as contractor, builder
and merchant, and, for some time, a member of
the wholesale dry -goods firm of J. V. Farwell &
Co., of Chicago. He was a member of the Thirty-
fourth General Assembly, a delegate to the
National Republican Convention of 1884. and
represented the First IlHnois District in the Fifty-
first and Fifty-second Congresses, 1889 to 1893.
Mr. Taylor was one of the contractors for tlie
erection of the new State Capitol of Texas.
TAYLOR, Benjamin Franklin, journalist, poet
and lecturer, was born at Lowville. N. Y., July
19, 1819; graduated at Madison University in
1839, the next year becoming literary and dra-
matic critic of "The Chicago Evening Journal."
Here, in a few years, he acquired a wide reputa-
tion as a journalist and poet, and was much in
demand as a lecturer on literary topics. His
letters from the field during the Rebellion, as
war correspondent of "The Evening Journal,"
won for him even a greater popularity, and were
complimented by translation into more than one
European language. After the war, he gave his
attention more unreservedly to literature, his
principal works appearing after that date. His
publications in book form, including both prose
and poetry, comprise the following: "Attractions
of Language" (1845); "January and June"
(1853); "Pictures in Camp and Field" (1871);
"The World on Wheels" (1873); "Old Time Pic-
tui'es and Sheaves of Rhyme" (1874); "Songs of
Yesterday" (1877); "Summer Savory Gleaned
from Rural Nooks" (1879); "Between the Gates"
— pictures of California fife — (1881); "Dulce
Domum, the Burden of Song" (1884), and "Theo-
philus Trent, or Old Times in the Oak Openings, ' '
a novel (1887). The last was in the hands of the
publishers at his death, Feb. 27. 1887. Among
his most popular poems are "The Isle of the Long
Ago," "The Old Village Choir," and "Rhymes of
the River." "The London Times" complimented
Mr. Taylor with the title of "The Oliver Gold-
smith of America."
TAYLOR, Edmund Dick, early Indian-trader
and legislator, was born at Fairfield C. H. , Va. ,
Oct. 18. 1802 — the son of a commissary in the
army of the Revolution, under General Greene,
and a cousin of General (later, President) Zachary
Taylor; left his native State in his youth and, at
an early day, came to Springfield, 111., where he
520
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
opened an Indian-trading jiust and general store;
was elected from Sangamon County to the lower
branch of the Seventli General Assembly (1830)
and re-elected in 1832— the latter year being a
competitor of Abraham Lincoln, whom he
defeated. In 1834 he was elected to the State
Senate and, at the next session of the Legislature,
was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who
secured the removal of the State Capital to
Springfield. He resigned before the close of his
term to accept, from President Jackson, the ap-
pointment of Receiver of Public Moneys at Chi-
cago. Here he became one of the promoters of
the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (1837),
serving as one of the Commissioners to secure
subscriptions of stock, and was also active in
advocating the construction of the Illinois &
Michigan Canal. The title of "Colonel,"' by
which he was known during most of his life, was
acquired by service, with that rank, on the staff
of Gov. John Reynolds, during the Black Hawk
War of 1832. After coming to Chicago, Colonel
Taylor became one of the Trustees of the Cliicago
branch of the State Bank, and was later identified
with various banking enterprises, as also a some-
what extensive operator in real estate. An active
Democrat in the early part of his career in Illi-
nois, Colonel Taylor was one of the members of
his party to take ground against the Kansas-Neb
raska bill in 1834, and advocated the election of
General Bissell to the governorship in 1856. In
1860 he was again in line with his party in sup-
port of Senator Douglas for the Presidency, and
was an opponent of the war policy of the Govern-
ment still later, as shown by his participation in
the celebrated "Peace Convention" at Spring-
field, of June 17, 1863. In the latter years of his
life he became extensively interested in coal
lands in La Salle and adjoining counties, and,
for a considerable time, served as President of the
Northern Illinois Coal & Mining Company, his
home, during a part of this period, being at
Meudota. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 4, 1891.
TAYLORVILLE, a city and county-seat of
Christian County, on the South Fork of the Sanga-
mon River and on the Wabash Railway at its
point of intersection with the Springfield Division
of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern. It is
about 27 miles southeast of Springfield, and
28 miles southwest of Decatur. It has several
banks, flour mills, paper mill, electric light and
gas plants, water-works, two coal mines, carriage
and wagon shops, a manufactory of farming
implements, two daily and weekly papers, nine
churches and five graded and township high
schools. Much coal is mined in this vicinity.
Pop. (1890), 2,839; (1900), 4,248.
TAZEWELL COUNTY, a central county on
the Illinois River; was first settled in 1^23 and
organized in 1827 ; has an area of 650 square miles
— was named for Governor Tazewell of Virginia.
It is drained by the Illinois and Mackinaw Rivers
and traversed by several lines of railway. The
surface is generally level, the soil alluvial and
rich, but, requiring drainage, especially on the
river bottoms. Gravel, coal and sandstone are
found, but, generally speaking. Tazewell is an
agricultural county. The cereals are extensively
cultivated; wool is also clipped, and there are
dairy interests of some importance. Distilling is
extensively conducted at Pekin, the county-seat,
which is also the seat of other mechanical indus-
tries. (See also Pekin.) Population of the
county (1880), 29,666; (1890),29,.556; (1900), 33,221.
TEMPLE, Jolin Taylor, M.D., early Chicago
physician, born in Virginia in 1804, graduated in
medicine at Middlebury College, Vt., in 1830, and,
in 1838. arrived in Chicago. At this time he had
a contract for carrying the United States mail
from Chicago to Fort Howard, near Green Bay,
and the following year undertook a similar con-
tract between Chicago and Ottawa. Having sold
these out three years later, he devoted his atten-
tion to the practice of his profession, though
interested, for a time, in contracts for the con-
struction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Dr.
Temple was instrumental in erecting the first
house (after Rev. Jesse Walker's missionary
station at Wolf Point), for public religious
worship in Chicago, and, although himself a
Baptist, it was used in common by Protestant
denominations. He was a member of the first
Board of Trustees of Rush Medical College,
though he later became a convert to homeopathy,
and finally, removing to St. Louis, assisted in
founding the St. Louis School of Homeopathy,
dying there, Feb. 24, 1877.
TEM'RE OF OFFICE. (See Elections.)
TERKE HAUTE, ALTOX & ST. LOUIS
R.41LR0A1). (See Sf. Lunis, Alton & Terre
Huntc Railrond.)
TERRE HAUTE & ALTON RAILROAD (See
St. Louis. Alton & Terre limit,- Unilmoa.)
TERRE HAUTE & INDIANAPOLIS RAIL-
ROAD, a corporation operating no line of its own
within the State, but the lessee and operator of
the following lines (which see): St. Louis,
Vandalia & Terre Haute, 158.3 miles; Terre
Haute & Peoria, 145.12 miles; East St. Louis
& Carondelet, 12.74 miles— total length of leased
HISTOKKAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
521
lines in Illinois, 316.16 miles. The Terre Haute
& Indianapolis Railroad was incorporated in
Indiana in 1847, as the Terre Haute & Rich-
mond, completed a line between the points
named in the title, in 18.J2, and took its present
name in 1866. The Penns.yh-ania Railroad Com-
pany purchased a controlling interest in its stock
in 1893.
TERRE HAUTE & PEORIA RAILROAD,
(VandaUa Line), a line of road extending from
Terre Haute, Ind.. to Peoria. 111., 145.12 miles,
with 28. 78 miles of trackage, making in all 178.9
miles in operation, all being in Illinois— operated
by the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Com-
pany. The gauge is standard, and the rails are
steel. (History. ) It was organized Feb. 7, 1887,
successor to the Illinois Midland Railroad. The
latter was made up by the consolidation (Nov. 4,
1874) of three lines: (1) The Peoria, Atlanta &
Decatur Railroad, chartered in 1869 and opened in
1874; (2) the Paris & Decatur Railroad, chartered
in 1861 and opened in December, 1872 ; and (8) the
Paris & Terre Haute Railroad, chartered in 1878
and opened in 1874 — the consolidated lines
assuming the name of the Illinois Midland Rail-
road. In 1886 the Illinois Midland was sold under
foreclosure and, in February, 1887, reorganized
as the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad. In 1892
it was leased for ninetj'-nine years to the Terre
Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company, and is
operated as a part of the "Vandalia System."
The capital stock (1898) was S3,764,200; funded
debt, §2,230,000,— total capital invested, S6,227,-
481.
TEUTOPOLIS, a village of Effingham County,
on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad, 4
miles east of Effingham; was originally settled
by a colony of Germans from Cincinnati. Popu-
lation (1900), 498.
THOMAS, Horace H., lawyer and legislator,
was born in Vermont. Dec. 18, 1831, graduated at
Middlebury College, and, after admission to the
bar, removed to Chicago, where he commenced
practice. At the outbreak of the rebellion he
enlisted and was commissioned Assistant Adju-
tant-General of the Army of the Ohio. At the
close of the war he took up his residence in Ten-
nessee, serving as Quartermaster upon the staff
of Governor Brownlow. In 1867 he returned to
Cliicago and resumed practice. He was elected
a Representative in the Legislature in 1878 and
re-elected in 1880, being chosen .Speaker of the
House during his latter term. In 1888 he was
elected State Senator from the Sixth District,
serving during the sessions of the Thirty-sixth
and Thirty-seventh General Assemblies. In
1897, General Thomas was appointed United
States Appraiser in connection with the Custom
House in Chicago.
THOMAS, Jesse Burgess, jurist and United
States Senator, was born at Hagerstown, Md.,
claiming direct descent from Lord Baltimore.
Taken west in childhood, he grew to manhood
and settled at Lawrenceburg, Indiana Territory,
in 1803 ; in 1805 was Speaker of the Territorial
Legislature and, later, represented the Territory
as Delegate in Congress. On the organization of
Illinois Territory (which he had favored), he
removed to Kaskaskia, was appointed one of the
first Judges for the new Territory, and. in 1818,
as Delegate from St. Clair County, presided over
the first State Constitutional Convention, and, on
the admission of the State, became one of the
first United States Senators — Governor Edwards
being his colleague. Though an avowed advo-
cate of slavery, he gained no little prominence
as the author of the celebrated "Missouri Com-
promise," adopted in 1820. He was re-elected to
the Senate in 1823, serving until 1829. He sub-
sequently removed to Mount Vernon, Ohio, where
he died by suicide. May 4, 1853.— Jesse Burg-ess
(Thomas), Jr., nephew of the United States Sena-
tor of the same name, was born at Lebanon, Ohio,
July 31, 1806, was educated at Transylvania
University, and, being admitted to the bar,
located at Edwardsville. 111. He first appeared
in connection with pubUc affairs as Secretary of
the State Senate in 1830, being re-elected in 1832 ;
in 1834 %vas elected Representative in the General
Assembly from Madison County, but. in Febru-
ary following, was appointed Attorney-General,
serving only one year. He afterwards held the
position of Circuit Judge (1837-39), his home being
then in Springfield; in 1843 he became Associ-
ate Justice of the Supreme Court, by appointment
of the Governor, as successor to Stephen A. Doug-
las, and was afterwards elected to the same
office by the Legislature, remaining until 1848.
During a part of his professional career he was
the partner of David Prickett and William L.
May, at Springfield, and afterwards a member of
the Galena bar, finally removing to Chicago,
where he died, Feb. 21, 1850.— Jesse B. (Thomas)
third, clergyman and son of the last named ; born
at Edwardsville, 111.. July 29, 1832; educated at
Kenyon College, Ohio, and Rochester (N. Y.)
Theological Seminary ; practiced law for a time
in Chicago, but finally entered the Baptist minis-
try, serving churches at Waukegan. III.. Brook-
lyn, N. Y., and San Francisco (1862-69). He
>22
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
then became pastor of the Micliigan Avenue Bap-
tist Church, in Chicago, remaining until 1874,
when he returned to Brooklyn. In 1887 he
became Professor of Biblical History in the
Theological Seminary at Newton, Mass., where he
has since resided. He is the author of several
volumes, and, in 1806, received the degree of D.D.
from the old University of Chicago.
THOMAS, John, pioneer and soldier of the
Black Hawk War, was born in Wythe County,
Va., Jan. 11, 1800. At the age of 18 he accom-
panied his parents to St. Clair County, 111., where
the family located in what was then called the
Alexander settlement, near the present site of
Shiloh. When lie was 23 he rented a farm
(although he had not enough money to buy a
horse) and married. Six years later he bought
and stocked a farm, and, from that time forward,
rapidly accumulated real property, until he
became one of the most extensive ovi'ners of farm-
ing land in St. Clair County. In early life he
was fond of military exercise, holding various
offices in local organizations and serving as a
Colonel in the Black Hawk War. In 1824 he was
one of the leaders of the party opposed to the
amendment of the Stiitf i 'misi itution to sanction
slavery, was a zealous (.p|i. niiiit <if the Kansas-
Nebraska bill in 18."i4, and ;i. linn supporter of the
Republican party from the date of its formation.
He was elected to the lower house of the General
Assembly in 1838, '62, '64, "73 and '74; and to the
State Senate in 1878, serving four years in the
latter body. Died, at Belleville, Dec. 16, 1894, in
the 95th year of his age.
THOMAS, John R., ex-Congressman, was born
at Mount Vernon. 111., Oct. 11, 1846. He served
in the Union Army during the War of the Rebel-
lion, rising from the ranks to a captaincy. x\fter
bis return home he studied law, and was admit-
ted to the bar in 1869. From 1872 to 1876 he was
State's Attorney, and, from 1879 to 1889, repre-
sented his District in Congress. In 1897, Mr.
Tliomas was appointed by President McKinley
an additional United States District Judge for
Indian Territory. His home is now at Vanita,
in that Territory.
THOMAS, ^Villianl, pioneer lawyer and legis-
lator, was born in what is now Allen County,
Ky., Nov. 33, 1802; received a rudimentary edu-
cation, and served as deputy of his father (who
was Sheriff), and afterwards of the County Clerk<
studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1823 ;
in 1826 removed to Jacksonville, 111., where he
taught school, served as a private in the Winne-
bago War (1827), and at the session of 1828-29,
reported tlie proceedings of the General Assem-
bly for "'The Vandalia Intelligencer"; was State's
Attorney and School Commissioner of Morgan
County; served as Quartermaster and Commis-
sary in the Black Hawk War (1831-33), first under
Gen. Joseph Duncan and. a year later, under
General Whiteside ; in 1839 was ajipointed Circuit
Judge, but legislated out of office two years later.
It was as a member of the Legislature, however,
that he gained the greatest prominence, first as
State Senator in 1834-40, and Representative in
1846-48 and 1850-.52, when he was especially infiu-
ential in the legislation which resulted in estab-
lishing the institutions for the Deaf and Dumb
and the Blind, and the Hospital for the Insane
(the first in the State) at Jacksonville— serving,
for a time, as a member of the Board of Trustees
of the latter. He was also prominent in connec-
tion with many enterprises of a local character,
including the establishment of the Illinois Female
College, to which, although without children of
his own, he was a liberal contributor. During
the first year of the war he was a member of tlie
Board of Army Auditors by appointment of Gov-
ernor Yates. Died, at Jacksonville, August 22,
1889.
THORNTON, Anthony, jurist, was born in
Bourbon County, Ky.. Nov. 9, 1814 — being
descended from a Virginia family. After the
usual primary instruction in the common scliools,
he spent two years in a high school at Gallatin,
Tenn., when he entered Centre College at Dan-
ville, Ky., afterwards continuing his studies at
Miami University, Ohio, where he graduated in
1834. Having studied law with an uncle at
Paris, Ky., he was licensed to practice in 1836,
when he left his native State with a view to set-
tling in Missouri, but, visiting his uncle. Gen.
William F. Thornton, at Shelby ville. 111., was
induced to establish himself in practice there.
He served as a member of the State Constitutional
Conventions of 1847 and 1862, and as Represent-
ative in the Seventeenth General Assembly
(1850-53) for Shelby County. In 1864 "he was
elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, and, in
1870, to the Illinois Supreme Court, but served
only until 1873, when he resigned. In 1879
Judge Thornton removed to Decatur, 111., but
subsequently returned to Shelbyville, where
(1898) he now resi<les.
THORNTON, WllHam Fitzhugh, Commissioner
of tlie Illinois & Michigan Canal, was born in
Hanover County, Va., Oct. 4, 1789; in 1806, went
to Alexandria, Va., where he conducted a drug
business for a time, also acting as associate
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
523
editor of "The Alexandria Gazette." Subse-
quently removing to 'Washington City, he con-
ducted a paper there in the interest of John
Quincy Adams for tlie Presidency. During the
War of 1812-14 he served as a Captain of cavalry,
and, for a time, as staff-ofBcer of General Winder.
On occasion of the visit of Marquis La Fayette to
America (1824-25) he accompanied the distin-
guished Frenchman from Baltimore to Rich-
mond. In 1829 he removed to Kentucky, and,
in 1833, to Shelbyville, 111., where he soon after
engaged in mercantile business, to -w-hich he
added a banking and brokerage business in 1859,
■with ivhich he was actively associated until his
death. In 1836, he was appointed, by Governor
Duncan, one of the Commissioners of the Illinois
& Michigan Canal, serving as President of the
Board until 1842. In 1840, he made a visit to
London, as financial agent of the State, in the
interest of the Canal, and succeeded in making a
sale of bonds to the amount of §1,000.000 on what
were then considered favorable terms. General
Thornton was an ardent Whig until ' the organi-
zation of the Republican party, when he became
a Democrat. Died, at Shelbyville, Oct. 21,
1873.
TILLSOX, Johu, pioneer, was born at Halifax.
Mass., March 13, 1796; came to lUinois in 1819,
locating at Hillsboro, Montgomery County, where
he became a prominent and enterprising operator
in real estate, doing a large business for eastern
parties; was one of the founders of Hillsboro
Academy and an influential and liberal friend of
Illinois College, being a Trustee of the latter
from its establishment until his death ; was sup-
ported in the Legislature of 1827 for State Treas-
urer, but defeated by James Hall. Died, at
Peoria, May 11, 1853.— Christiana Holmes (Till-
son), wife of the preceding, was born at Kingston,
Mass., Oct. 10, 1798; married to John Tillson in
1822, and immediateh' came to Illinois to reside ;
was a woman of rare culture and refinement, and
deeply interested in benevolent enterprises.
Died, in New York City, May 29, 1872.— Charles
Holmes (Tillson), son of John and Christiana
Holmes Tillson, was born at Hillsboro, 111. , Sept.
15, 1823; educated at Hillsboro Academy and
Illinois College, graduating from the latter in
1844; studied law in St. Louis and at Transyl-
vania University, was admitted to the bar in St.
Louis and practiced there some years — also served
several terms in the City Council, and was a
member of the Kational Guard of Missouri in the
War of tlie Rebellion. Died, Nov. 25, 1865.—
John (Till-^on), Jr., another son, was born at
Hillsboro, III, Oct. 12, 1825; educated at Hills-
boro Academy and Illinois College, but did not
graduate from the latter; graduated from Tran-
sylvania Law School, Ky., in 1847, and was
admitted to the bar at Quincy, III, the same
year; practiced two years at Galena, when he
returned to Quincy. In 1861 he enlisted in the
Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, became its
Lieutenant-Colonel, on the promotion of Col. J. D.
Morgan to Brigadier-General, was advanced to
the colpnelcy, and, in July, 1865, was mustered
out with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General ;
for two years later held a commission as Captain
in the regular army. Duriag a portion of 1869-70
he was editor of "The Quincy Whig"; in 1873
was elected Representative" in the Twenty -eighth
General Assembly to succeed Nehemiah Bushnell,
who had died in oflSce, and, during the same year,
was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for
the Quincy District, serving until 1881. Died,
August 6. 1892.
TILLSON, Robert, pioneer, was born in Hali-
fax County, Mass., August 12, 1800; came to Illi-
nois in 1822, and was employed, for several years,
as a clerk in the laud agency of his brother, John
Tillson. at Hillsboro. In 1826 he engaged in the
mercantile business with Charles Holmes, Jr., in
St. Louis, but, in 1828, removed to Quincy, 111.,
where he opened the first general store in that
city; also served as Postmaster for some ten
years During this period he built tlie first two-
story frame building erected in Quincy, up to
that date. Retiring from the mercantile business
in 1840 he engaged in real estate, ultimately
becoming the proprietor of considerable property
of this character ; was also a contractor for fur-
nishing cavalry accouterments to the Government
dm-ing the war. Soon after the war he erected
one of the handsomest business blocks existing
in the city at that time. Died, in Quincy, Dec.
27, 1892.
TIXCHER, John L., banker, was born in Ken-
tucky in 1821 ; brought by his parents to Vermil-
ion County, Ind., in 1829, and left an oi-phan at
17 ; attended school in Coles County, 111 , and
was employed as clerk in a store at Danville,
1843-53. He then became a member of the firm
of Tincher & English, merchants, later establish-
ing a bank, which became tlie First National
Bank of Danville. In 1864 Mr. Tincher was
elected Representative in the Twenty-fourth
General Assembly and, two years later, to the
Senate, being re-elected in 1870. He was also a
member of the State Constitutional Convention
of 1869-70. Died, in Springfield, Dec. 17, 1871,
524
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
wliile in attendance on the adjourned session of
tliat year.
TIPTOX, Thomas F., lawj-er and jurist, was
born in Franklin Count}', Oliio, August 29, 1833;
has been a resident of McLean County, III., from
the age of 10 years, his present home being at
Bloomington. He was admitted to the bar in
1857, and, from January, 1867, to December, 1868,
was State's Attorney for the Eighth Judicial
Circuit. In 1870 he was elected Judge of the
same circuit, and under the new Constitution,
was chosen Judge of the new Fourteenth Circuit.
From 1877 to 1879 he represented the (then)
Thirteenth Illinois District in Congress, but, in
1878, was defeated by Adlai E. Stevenson, the
Democratic nominee. In 1891 he was re-elected
to a seat on the Circuit bencli for the Bloomington
Circuit, but resumed practice at the expiration
of his term in 1897.
TlSKILW.i, a village of Bureau County, on the
Chicago, Rock Island tt Pacific Railway, 7 miles
soutliwest of Princeton; has creameries and
cheese factories, clmrches, school, library, water-
works, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 965.
TODD, (Col.) John, soldier, was born in Mont-
gomery County, Pa., in 1750; took part in the
battle of Point Pleasant, Va., in 1774, as Adju-
tant-General of General Lewis; settled as a
lawyer at Fincastle, Va., and, in 1775, removed
to Fayette County, Ky., the next year locating
near Lexington. He was one of the first two
Delegates from Kentucky County to the Virginia
House of Burgesses, and, in 1778. accompanied
Col. George Rogers Clark on his exi)edition
against Kaskaskia and Vincennes. In Decem-
ber, 1778, he was appointed by Gov. Patrick
Henry, Lieutenant -Commandant of Illinois
Coimty, embracing the region northwest of the
Ohio River, serving two years; in 1780, was again
a member of the Virginia Legislature, where he
procured grants of land for public schools and
introduced a bill for negro-emancipation. He
was killed by Indians, at the battle of Blue
Licks, Ky., August 19, 1782.
TODD, (Dr.) John, physician, born near Lex-
ington, Ky., April 27, 1787, was one of the earli-
est graduates of Transylvania University, also
graduating at the Medical University of Phila-
delphia ; was appointed Surgeon-General of Ken-
tucky troops in the War of 1813, and captured at
tne battle of River Raisin. Returning to Lex-
ington after his release, he practiced there and
at Bardstown, removed to Edward.sville, 111., in
1817, and, in 1827, to Springfield, where he had
been appointed Register of the Lajid Office by
President John Quincy Adams, but was removed
by Jackson in 1829. Dr. Todd continued to reside
at Springfield until his death, which occurred,
Jan. 9, 18G5. He was a grandson of John Todd,
who was appointed Commandant of Illinois
County by Gov. Patrick Henry in 1778, and an
uncle of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln.— John Ulair
Smith (Todd), son of the preceding, was born at
Lexington, Ky., April 4, 1814; came with his
father to IlUnois in 1817 ; gi'aduated at the United
States Military Academy in 1837, serving after-
wards in the Florida and Mexican wars and on
the frontier; resigned, and was an Indian -trader
in Dakota, 1856-61 ; the latter year, took his
seat as a Delegate in Congress from Dakota,
then served as Brigadier-General of Volun-
teers, 1861-63; was again Delegate in Congress
in 1863-65, Speaker of the Dakota Legislature
in 1867, and Governor of the Territory, 1869-71.
Died, at Yankton City, Jan. 5, 1873.
TOLEDO, a village and the county-seat of
Cumberland County, on the Illinois Central Rail-
road; founded in 1854 ; has five churches, a graded
school, two banks, creamery, flour mill, elevator,
and two weekly newspapers. There are no manu-
factories, the leading industry in the surrounding
country being agriculture. Pop. (1890), 676;
(1900), 818.
TOLEDO, CINCINNATI & ST. LOUIS RAIL-
ROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis <& Kansas Citg
SailroacJ.)
TOLEDO, PEORIA & WARSAW RAILROAD.
(See Tiilcdo. Peoria cf- We.^tern Bailway.)
TOLEDO, PEORIA ii WESTERN RAILROAD.
(See Toledo. Peoria d- Weiitrrn naihnui)
TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILWAY,
a line of railroad wholly within tlie State of Illi-
nois, extending from Effner, at the Indiana State
line, west to the Mississippi River at Warsaw.
The length of the whole line is 380.7 miles, owned
entirely by the company. It is made up of a
division from Effner to Peoria (110.9 miles) —
which is practically an air-line throughout nearly
its entire length — and the Peoria and Warsaw
Division (108.8 miles) with branches from La
Harpe to Iowa Junction (10.4 mile.s) and 0.6 of a
mile connecting with the Keokuk bridge at
Hamilton. — (History.) The original charter for
this line was granted, in 1863, under the name of
the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad ; the main
line was completed in 1868, and the La Harpe &
Iowa Junction branch in 1873. Default was
made in 1873, the road sold under foreclosure, in
1880, and reorganized as the Toledo, Peoria &
Western Railroad, and the line leased for 49^
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
525
years to the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway
Company. The latter defaulted in July, 1884,
and, a year later, the Toledo, Peoria & Western
was transferred to trustees for the first mortgage
bond-holders, was sold under foreclosure in
October, 1886, and, in March, 1887, the present
company, uuder the name of the Toledo, Peoria
& AVestern Railway Company, was organized for
the purpose of taking over the property. In 1893
the Pennsylvania Railroad Company obtained a
controlling interest in the stock, and, in 1894, an
agreement, for joint ownership and management,
was entered into between that corporation and
the Chicago, Burlington & Quiucy Railroad Com-
pany. The total capitalization, in 1898, was
§9,713,433, of which §4,076,900 was in stock and
§4,895,000 in bonds.
TOLEDO, ST. LOUIS & KAJfSAS CITY RAIL-
R0.4.D. This line crosses the State in a northeast
direction from East St. Louis to Humrick, near
the Indiana State line, with Toledo as its eastern
terminus. The length of the entire line is 450.73
miles, of which 179V2 miles are operated in Illi-
nois.— (History.) The Illinois portion of the
line grew out of the union of charters granted to
the Tuscola, Charleston & Vincennes and the
Charleston, Neoga & St. Louis Railroad Com-
panies, which were consolidated in 1881 with
certain Indiana lines under the name of the
Toledo, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad. During
1883 a narrow-gauge road was constructed from
Ridge Farm, in Vermilion County, to East St.
Louis (173 miles). In 1885 this was sold under
foreclosure and, in June, 1886, consolidated with
the main line under tlie name of the Toledo. St.
Louis & Kansas City Railroad. The whole line
was changed to standard gauge in 1887-89, and
otherwise materially improved, but, in 1893,
went into the hands of receivers. Plans of re-
organization have been under consideration, but
the receivers were still in control in 1898.
TOLEDO, WABASH & WESTERN RAIL-
ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.)
TOLONO, a city in Champaign County, situ-
ated at the intersection of the Wabash and the
Illinois Central Railroads, 9 miles south of Cham-
paign and 37 miles east-northeast of Decatur. It
is the business center of a prosperous agricultural
region. The town has five churches, a graded
school, a bank, a button factory, and a weekly
newspaper. Population (1880), 905; (1890), 903;
<1900), 845.
TONICA, a village of La Salle County, on the
Illinois Central Railway, 9 miles soutli of La Salle;
the district is agricultural, but the place has some
manufactures and a newspaper. Population
(1890), 473; (1900), 497.
TONTY, CUevalier Henry de, explorer and sol-
dier, born at Gaeta, Italy, about 1650 What is
now known as the Tontine system of insurance
undoubtedly originated with his father. The
younger Tonty was adventurous, and, even as a
youth, took part in numerous land and naval
encounters. In the course of his experience he
lost a hand, which was replaced by an iron or
copper substitute. He embarked with La Salle
in 1678, and aided in the construction of a fort at
Niagara. He advanced into the country of the
Illinois and established friendly relations with
them, only to witness the defeat of his putative
savage allies by the Iroquois. After various
encounters (chiefly under the direction of La
Salle) with the Indians in Illinois, he returned
to Green Bay in 1681. The same year— under La
Salle's orders— he began the erection of Fort St.
Louis, on what is now called "Starved Rock" in
La Salle County. In 1683 he descended the Mis-
sissippi to its moutli, with La Salle, but was
ordered back to Mackinaw for assistance. In
1684 he returned to Illinois and successfully
repulsed the Iroquois from Fort St. Louis. In
1686 he again descended the Mississippi in search
of La Salle. Disheartened by the death of his
commander and the loss of his early comrades,
he took up his residence with the Illinois Indians.
Among them he was foimd by Iberville in 1700,
as a hunter and fur-trader. He died, in Mobile,
in September, 1704. He was La Salle's most eflJ-
cient coadjutor, and next to his ill-fated leader,
did more than any other of the early French
explorers to make Illinois known to the civilized
world.
TOPOGRAPHY. IlUnois is, generaUy speak-
ing, an elevated table-land. If low water at
Cairo be adopted as the maximum depression, and
the summits of the two ridges hereinafter men-
tioned as the highest points of elevation, the alti-
tude of this table land above the sea-level varies
from 300 to 850 feet, the mean elevation being
about 600 feet. The State has no mountain
chains, and its few hills are probably the result
of unequal denudation during the drift epoch.
In some localities, particularly in the valley of
the upper Mississippi, the streams have cut
channels from 200 to 300 feet deep through the
nearly horizontal strata, and here are found pre-
cipitous scarps, but. for the most part, the
fundamental rocks are covered by a thick layer
of detrital material. In the northwest there is a
broken tract of uneven ground ; the central por-
526
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
tion of the State is almost wholly flat prairie,
and, in the alluvial lands in the State, there are
many deep valleys, eroded by the action of
streams. The surface generally slopes toward
the south and southwest, but the uniformity is
broken by two ridges, which cross the State, one
in either extremity. The northern ridge crosses
the Rock River at Grand Detour and the Illinois
at Split Rock, with an extreme altitude of 800 to
8,j0 feet above sea-level, though the altitude of
Mount Morris, in Ogle County, exceeds 900 feet.
That in the south consists of a range of hills in
the latitude of Jonesboro, and extending from
Shawneetown to Grand Tower. These hills are
also about 800 feet above the level of the ocean.
The highest point in the State is in Jo Daviess
County, just south of the Wisconsin State line
(near Scale's Mound) reaching an elevation of
1,257 feet above sea-level, while the highe.st in
the south is in the northeast corner of Pope
County — 1,046 feet — a spur of the Ozark moun-
tains. The following statistics regarding eleva-
tions are taken from a report of Prof. C. W.
Rolfe, of the University of Illinois, based on
observations made under the auspices of the Illi-
nois Board of World's Fair Commissioners : The
lowest gauge of the Ohio river, at its mouth
(above sea- level), is 268. .58 feet, and the mean
level of Lake Michigan at Chicago 581.28 feet.
The altitudes of a few prominent points are as
follows: Highest point in Jackson County, 695
feet; "Bald Knob" in Union County, 985; high-
est point in Cook County (Barrington), 818; in La
Salle County (Mendota), 747; in Livingston
(Strawn), 770; in Will (Monee), 804; in Pike
(Arden), 790; in Lake (Lake Zurich), 880; in
Bureau, 910; in Boone, 1,010; in Lee (Carnahan),
1,017; in Stephenson (Waddam's Grove), 1,018;
in Kane (Briar Hill). 974; in Winnebago, 985.
The elevations of important towns are ; Peoria,
465; Jacksonville, 602; Springfield, 596; Gales-
burg, 755 ; Joliet. 537 ; Rockford, 728 ; Blooming-
ton, 821. Outside of the immediate valleys of
the streams, and a few isolated groves or coj^es,
little timber is found in the northern and central
portions of the State, and such growth as there
is, lacks the thriftiness characteristic of the for-
ests in the Ohio valley. These forests cover a
belt extending some sixty miles north of Cairo,
and, while they generally include few coniferous
trees, they abound in various species of oak,
black and white walnut, white and yellow pop-
lar, ash, elm, sugar-maple, linden, honey locust,
Cottonwood, mulberry, sycamore, pecan, persim-
mon, and (in the immediate valley of the Ohio)
the cypress. From a commercial point of view,
Illinois loses nothing through the lack of timber
over three-fourths of the State's area. Chicago
is an accessible market for the product of the
forests of the upper lakes, so that the supply of
lumber is ample, while extensive coal-fields sup-
ply abundant fuel. The rich soil of the prairies,
witli its abundance of organic matter (see Geo-
logical Fonnations), more than compensates for
the want of pine forests, whose soil is ill adapted
to agriculture. About two-thirds of the entire
boundary of the State consists of navigable
waters. These, with their tributary streams,
ensure sufficient drainage.
TORRENS LAND TITLE SYSTEM. A system
for the registration of titles to, and incumbrances
upon, land, as well as transfers thereof, intended
to remove all unnecessary obstructions to the
cheap, simple and safe sale, acquisition and
transfer of realty. The system has been in suc-
cessful operation in Canada, Australia, New Zea-
land and British Columbia for many years, and
it is also in force in some States in the American
Union. An act providing for its introduction
into Illinois vras first passed by the Twenty-
ninth General Assembly, and approved, June 13,
1895. The final legislation in reference thereto
was enacted by the succeeding Legislature, and
was approved, May 1, 1897. It is far more elabo-
rate in its consideration of details, and is believed
to be, in many respects, much better adapted to
accomplish the ends in view, than was the origi-
nal act of 1895. The law is applicable only to
counties of the first and second class, and can be
adopted in no county except by a vote of a
majority of the qualified voters of the same — the
vote "for" or "against" to be taken at either the
November or Ajn-il elections, or at an election
for the choice of Judges. Thus far the only
county to adopt the system has been Cook, and
there it encountered strong opposition on the
part of certain parties of influence and wealth.
After its adoption, a test case was brought, rais-
ing the question of the constitutionality of the
act. The issue was taken to the Supreme Court,
which tribunal finally upheld the law. —The
Torrens system substitutes a certificate of regis-
tration and of transfer for the more elaborate
deeds and mortgages in use for centuries. Under
it there can be no actual transfer of a title until
the saaie is entered upon the public land regis-
ter, kept in the office of the Registrar, in which
case the deed or naortgage becomes a mere power
of attorney to authorize the transfer to be made,
ujion the principle of an ordinary stock transfer,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
527
or of the registration of a United States bond,
the actual transfer and public notice thereof
being simultaneous. A brief synopsis of the pro-
visions of the Illinois statute is given below:
Recorders of deeds are made Registrars, and
required to give bonds of either $50,000 or §200,-
000, according to the population of the county.
Any person or coi-poration, having an interest in
land, may make application to anj- court having
chancery jurisdiction, to have his title thereto
registered. Such application must be in writ-
ing, signed and verified by oath, and must con-
form, in matters of specification and detail, with
the requirements of the act. The court may refer
the application to one of the standing examiners
appointed by the Registrar, who are requu-ed to
be competent attorneys and to give bond to ex-
amine into the title, as well as tlie truth of the
applicant's statements. Immediately upon the
filing of the ajiplication, notice thereof is given
by the clerk, through publication and the issuance
of a summons to be served, as in other proceed-
ings in chancery, against all persons mentioned
in the petition as having or claiming any inter-
est in the property described. Any person inter-
ested, whether named as a defendant or not, may
enter an appearance within the time allowed. A
failure to enter an appearance is regarded as a
confession by default. The court, in passing
upon the application, is in no case bound by the
examiner's report, but may require other and
further proof ; and, in its final adjudication, passes
upon all questions of title and incmnbrance,
directing the Registrar to register the title in tlie
party in whom it is to be vested, and making
provision as to the manner and order in which
incumbrances thereon shall appear upon the
certificate to be issued. An appeal may be
allowed to the Supreme Court, if prayed at the
time of entering the decree, upon like terms as
in other cases in chancery; and a writ of error
may be sued out from that tribunal within two
years after the entry of the order or decree.
The period last mentioned may be said to be the
statutory period of limitation, after which tlie
decree of the court must be regarded as final,
although safeguards are provided for those who
may have been defrauded, and for a few other
classes of persons. Upon the filing of the order
or decree of the court, it becomes the duty of the
Registrar to issue a certificate of title, the form
of which is prescribed by the act, making such
notations at the end as shall show and preserve
the priorities of all estates, mortgages, incum-
brances and changes to which the owner's title is
subject. For tlie purpose of preserving evidence
of the owner's han,lvv:-iting, a receipt for the
certificate, duly witnessed or acknowledged, is
required of him, which is preserved in the Regis-
trar's ofliice. In case any registered owner
should desire to transfer the 'whole or any part of
his estate, or any interest therein, he is required
to execute a conveyance to the transferee, which,
together with the certificate of title last issued,
must be surrendered to the Registrar. That
official thereupon issues a new certificate, stamp-
ing the word "cancelled" across the sm-rendered
certificate, as well as upon the corresponding
entry in his books of record. ■V\''hen land is first
brought within the operation of the act, the
receiver of the certificate of title is required to
pay to the Registi-ar one-tenth of one per cent of
the value of the land, the aggregate so received
to be deposited with and invested by the County
Treasurer, and reserved as an indemnity fund
for the reimbursement of persons sustaining any
loss through any omission, mistake or malfea-
sance of the Registrar or his subordinates. The
advantage claimed for the Torrens system is,
chiefly, that titles registered thereunder can be
dealt with more safely, quickly and inexpensively
than under the old system ; it being possible to
close the entire transaction within an hour or
two, without the need of an abstract of title,
while (as the law is administered in Cook County)
the cost of transfer is only 63. It is asserted that
a title, once registered, can be dealt with almost
as quickly and cheaply, and quite as safely, as
shares of stock or registered bonds.
TOULON, the county-seat of Stark County, on
the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad, 37 iniies north-
northwest of Peoria, and 11 miles southeast of
Galva. Besides the county court- house, the towu
has five churches and a high school, an academy,
steam granite works, two banks, and two weekly
papers. Population (1880), 96T; (1890), 945; (1900),
1,057.
TOWER HILL, a village of Shelby County, on
tlie Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail-
roads, 7 miles east of Pana; has bank, grain ele-
vators, and coal mine. Pop. (1900), 615.
TOWNSHEXD. Eichard W., lawyer and Con-
gressman, was born in Prince George's County,
Md., April 80, 1840. Between the ages of 10
and 18 he attended pubUc and private schools
at 'Washington, D. C. In 1858 he came to
Illinois, where he began teaching, at the same
time reading law with S. S. Marshall, at llc-
Leansboro, where he was admitted to the bar
528
lIISTOniCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLKOIS.
iu 18(3'3, and where he began practice. From 18G3
to 1868 he was Circuit Clerk of Hamilton County,
and, from 1868 to 1ST2, Prosecuting Attorney for
the Twelfth Judicial Circuit. In 18T3 he removed
to Shawneeto-wn, where he became an officer of
the Gallatin National Bank. From 1!:64 to 18T5
he was a member of the Democratic State Cen-
tral Committee, and a delegate to the National
Democratic Convention at Baltimore, in 18T2.
For twelve years (1877 to 1889) he represented
his District in Congress; was re-elected iu 1888,
but died, March 9, 1889, a few days after the
beginning of his seventh term.
TRACY, John M., artist, was born in Illinois
about 184'.3 ; served in an Illinois regiment during
the Civil War; studied painting in Paris in
1866-70 ; established himself as a portrait painter
in St. Louis and, later, won a high reputation as
a painter of animals, being regarded as an author-
ity on the anatomy of the horse and the dog.
Died, at Ocean Springs, Miss., March 20, 1893.
TREASURERS. (See Sfafe Treasurers.)
TREAT, Samuel Hubbel, lawyer and jurist,
was born at Plainfleld, Otsego County, N. Y.,
June 21, 1811, worked on his father's farm and
studied law at Richfield, where he was admitted
to practice. In 1834 he came to Springfield, 111. ,
traveling most of the way on foot. Here he
formed a partnership with George Forquer, who
had held the offices of Secretary of State and
Attorney-General. In 1839 he was appointed a
Circuit Judge, and, on the reorganization of the
Supreme Court in 1841, was elevated to the
Supreme bench, being acting Chief Justice at the
time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1848.
Having been elected to the Supreme bench under
the new Constitution, he remained in office until
March, 1855, when he resigned to take the posi-
tion of Judge of the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Illinois, to which he
had been appointed by President Pierce. This
position he continued to occupy until his death,
which occurred at Springfield, March 27, 1887.
Judge Treat's judicial career was one of the long-
est iu the history of the State, covering a period
of forty-eight years, of which fourteen were
spent upon the Supreme bench, and thirty-two
iu the position of Judge of the United States Dis-
trict Court.
TREATIES. (See Greenville, Treaty of : Indian
Treaties.)
TREE, Lambert, jurist, diplomat and ex-Con-
gressman, was born iu AVashington, D. C, Nov.
29, 1832. of an ancestry distinguished in the War
of the Revolution. He received a superior clas-
sical and professional education, and was admit-
ted to the bar, at Washington, in October, 185.5.
Removing to Chicago soon afterward, his profes-
sional career has been chiefly connected with
tliat city. In 1864 he was chosen President of
the Law Institute, and served as Judge of the
Circuit Court of Cook County, from 1870 to 1875,
when he resigned. The three following years he
spent in foreign travel, returning to Cliicago in
1878. In that year, and again in 1880. he was
the Democratic candidate for Congress from the
Fourtli Illinois District, but was defeated by his
Repul)licau opponent. In 1885 he was the candi-
date of his party for United States Senator, but
was defeated by John A. Logan, by one vote. In
1884 he was a member of the National Democratic
Convention which first nominated Grover Cleve-
land, and, in July, 1885, President Cleveland
appointed him Minister to Belgium, conferring
the Russian mission upon him in September, 1888.
On JIarch 3, 1889, he resigned this post and
returned home. In 1890 he was appointed by
President Harrison a Commissioner to the Inter-
national ilonetary Conference at Washington.
The year before he had attended (although not as
a delegate) the International Conference, at Brus-
sels, looking to the suppression of the slave-trade,
where he exerted all his influence on the side of
humanity. In 1892 Belgium conferred upon him
the distinction of "Councillor of Honor" upon its
commission to the World's Columbian Exposi-
tion. In 1896 Judge Tree was one of the most
earnest opponents of the free-silver policy, and,
after the Spanish- American War, a zealous advo-
cate of tlie policy of retaining tlie territory
acquired from Spain.
TREMONT, a town of Tazewell County, on the
Peoria Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles southeast
of Pekin ; has two banks, two telephone
exchanges, and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 768.
TRENTON, a town of Clinton County, on the
Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 31 miles
east of St. Louis: in agricultural district; has
creamery, milk condensery, two coal mines, six
churches, a public school and one newspaper
Pop. (1890), 1,384; (1900), 1,706; (1904), about 3,000.
TROY, a village of Madison County, on the
Teire Haute & Indianapolis railroad, 21 miles
northeast of St. Louis ; has churches, a bank and
a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,080.
TRt'ITT, James Madison, lawyer and soldier,
a native of Trimble County, Ky., was born Feb.
12, 1842, but lived in Illinois since 1843, his father
having settled near CarroUton that year; was
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
529
educated at Hillsboro and at McKendree College ;
enlisted in the One Hundred and Seventeenth
Illinois Volunteers in 1802, and was promoted
from the ranks to Lieutenant. After the war he
studied law with Jesse J. Philliiis, now of the
Supreme Court, and, in 1873. was elected to the
Twenty -eighth General Assembly, and, in 1888, a
Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket.
Mr. Truitt has been twice a prominent but unsuc-
cessful candidate for the Republican nomination
for Attorney-General. His home is at Hillsboro,
where he is engaged in the practice of his profes-
sion. Died July 26, 1900.
TRUMBULL, Lyman, statesman, was born at
Colchester, Conn., Oct. 12, 1813, descended from
a historical family, being a grand-nephew of
Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, from
whom the name "Brother Jonathan" was derived
as au appellation for Americans. Having received
an academic education in his native town, at the
age of 16 he began teaching a district school near
his home, went South four j'ears later, and en-
gaged in teaching at Greenville, Ga. Here he
studied law with Judge Hiram Warner, after-
wards of the Supreme Court, and was admitted to
the bar in 1837. Leaving Georgia the same year, he
came to Illinois on horseback, visiting Vandalia,
Belleville, Jacksonville, Springfield, Tremont and
La Salle, and finally reaching Chicago, then a
village of four or five thousand inhabitants. At
Jacksonville he obtained a license to practice
from Judge Lockwood, and, after visiting Michi-
gan and his native State, he settled at Belleville,
■which continued to be his home for twenty years.
His entrance into public life began with his elec-
tion as Representative in the General Assembly
in 1840. This was followed, in February, 1841,
by his appointment by Governor Carlin, Secre-
tary of State, as the successor of Stephen A.
Douglas, who, after holding the position only two
months, had resigned to accept a seat on the
Supreme bench. Here he remained two years,
when he was removed by Governor Ford, March
4, 1843, but, five years later (1848), was elected a
Justice of the Supreme Court, was re-elected in
1852, but resigned in 1858 on account of impaired
health. A year later (1834) he was elected to
Congress from the Belleville District as an anti-
Nebraska Democrat, but, before taking his seat,
was promoted to the United States Senate, as the
successor of General Shields in the memorable con-
test of 1855, which resulted in the defeat of Abra-
ham Lincoln. Senator Trumbull's career of
eighteen years in the United States Senate (being
re-elected in 1861 and 1867) is one of the most
memorable in the history of that body, covering,
as it does, the whole history of the war for the
Union, and the period of reconstruction which
followed it. During this period, as Chairman of
the Senate Committee on Judiciary, he had more
to do in shaping legislation on war and recon-
struction measures than any other single member
of that body. While he disagreed with a large
majority of his Republican associates on the ques-
tion of Andrew Johnson's impeachment, he was
always found in sympathy with tliem on the vital
questions affecting the war and restoration of the
Union. The Civil Rights Bill and Freedmen's
Bureau Bills were shaped by his hand. In 1872
he joined in the ''Liberal Republican" movement
and afterwards co-operated with the Democratic
party, being their candidate for Governor in
1880. From 1863 his home was in Chicago,
where, after retiring from the Senate, he con-
tinued in the practice of his profession until his
death, which occurred in that city, June 25, 1896.
TUG MILLS. These %vere a sort of primitive
machine used in grinding corn in Territorial and
early State days. The mechanism consisted of an
upright shaft, into the upper end of 'which were
fastened bars, resembling those in the capstan of
a ship. Into the outer end of each of these bars
was driven a pin. A belt, made of a broad strip
of ox-hide, twisted into a sort of rope, was
stretched around these pins and wrapped twice
around a circular piece of wood called a trundle
head, through which passed a perpendicular flat
bar of iron, which turned the mill-stone, usually
about eighteen inches in diameter. From the
upright shaft projected a beam, to which were
hitched one or two horses, which furnished the
motive power. Oxen were sometimes employed
as motive power in lieu of horses. These rudi-
mentary contrivances were capable of grinding
about twelve bushels of corn, each, per day.
TULET, Murray Floyd, lawyer and jurist, was
born at Louisville, Ky., March 4, 1827, of English
extraction and descended from the early settlers
of Virginia. His father died in 1832, and, eleven
years later, his mother, having married Col.
Richard J. Hamilton, for many years a prominent
lawyer of Chicago, removed with her family to
that city. Young Tuley began reading law with
his step-father and completed his studies at the
Louisville Law Institute in 1847, the same year
being admitted to the bar in Chicago. About the
same time he enlisted in the Fifth Illinois Volun-
teers for service in the Mexican War, and was
commissioned First Lieutenant. The war having
ended, he settled at Santa Fe, N. M., where he
530
HISTOEICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
practiced law, also served as Attorney-General
and in the Territorial Legislature. Returning to
Chicago in 1854, he was associated in practice,
successively, -with Andrew Harvie, Judge Gary
and J. N. Barker, and finally as head of the firm
of Tuley, Stiles & Lewis. From 1869 to 1873 he
was Corporation Counsel, and during this time
framed the General Incorpioratiou Act for Cities,
under which the City of Chicago was reincor-
porated. In 1879 he was elevated to the bench
of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re-
elected every six years thereafter, his last election
being in 1897. He is now serving his fourth
term, some ten j'ears of his incumbency having
been spent in the capacity of Chief Justice.
Tl'NMCLIFFE, Damon 0., lawyer and jurist,
was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., August 20,
1829 ; at the age of 20. emigrated to Illinois, set-
tling in Vermont, Fulton County, where, for a
time, he was engaged in mercantile pursuits. He
subsequently studied law, and was admitted to
the bar in 18o3. In 1854 he established himself
at Macomb. McDonough County, where he built
up a large and lucrative practice. In 1868 he
was chosen Presidential Elector on the Repub-
lican ticket, and, from February to June, 1885,
by appointment of Governor Oglesby, occupied a
seat on the bench of the Supreme Court, vice
Pinkney H. Walker, deceased, who had been one
of his tirst professional preceptors.
TURCHIN, John Basil (Ivan Vasilevitch Tur-
chinoff), soldier, engineer and author, was born
in Russia, Jan. 30, 1822. He graduated from the
artillery school at St. Petersburg, in 1841, and
was commissioned ensign; participated in the
Hungarian campaign of 1849, and, in 1852, was
assigned to the staff of the Imperial Guards;
served through the Crimean War, rising to the
rank of Colonel, and being made senior staff
officer of the active corps. In 1856 he came to
this country, settling in Chicago, and, for five
years, was in the service of the Illinois Central
Railway Company as topographical engineer. In
18C1 he was commissioned Colonel of the Nine-
teenth Illinois Volunteers, and. after leading his
regiment in Missouri, Kentucky and Alabama,
was, on July 7, 1862, promoted to a Brigadier-
Generalship, being attached to the Army of the
Cumiierland until 1864, when he resigned. After
the war he was, for six years, solicitor of patents
at Chicago, but, in 1873, returned to engineering.
In 1879 he established a Polish colony at Radom,
in Washington County, in this State, and settled
as a farmer. He is an occasional contributor to
the press, writing usually on military or scientific
subjects, and is the author of the "Campaign and
Battle of Chickamauga" (Chicago. 1888).
TURNER (now WEST CHICAGO), a town and
manufacturing center in Winfield Township, Du
Page County, 30 miles west of Chicago, at tlie
junction of two divisions of llie Chicago, Burling-
ton & Quincy, the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern and the
Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. The town
has a rollingniill, manufactories of wagons and
pumps, and railroad repair shops. It also has five
churclies, a graded school, and two newspapers.
Pop. (1900), 1,877; with suburb, 2,270.
TURNER, (Col.) Henry L., soldier and real-
estate operator, was born at Oberlin, Ohio,
August 26, 1845, and received a part of his edu-
cation in the college there. During the Civil
War he served as First Lieutenant in the One
Hundred and Fiftieth Oliio Volunteers, and
later, with the same rank in a colored regiment,
taking part in the operations about Richmond,
the capture of Fort Fisher, of Wilmington and of
Gen. Joe Johnston's army. Coming to Chi-
cago after the close of the war, he became con-
nected with the business office of "The Advance,"
but later was employed in the banking house of
Jay Cooke & Co., in Philadelphia. On the failure
of that concern, in 1872, he returned to Chicago
and bought "The Advance," which he conducted
some two years, when he sold out and engaged in
the real estate business, with which he has since
been identified — being President of the Chicago
Real Estate Board in 1888. He has also been
President of the Western Publishing Company
and a Trustee of Oberlin College. Colonel Turner
is an enthusiastic member of the Illinois National
Guard and, on the declaration of war between the
United States and Spain, in April, 1898, promptly
resumed his connection with the First Regiment
of the Guard, and finally led it to Santiago de
Cuba dm-ing the fighting there — his regiment
being the only one from Illinois to see actual serv-
ice in the field during the progress of the war.
Colonel Turner won the admiration of his com-
mand and the entire nation by the manner in
which he discharged his duty. The regiment
was mustered out at Chicago, Nov. 17, 1898. wlien
he retired to private life.
TURNER, John Bioe, Railway President, was
born at Colchester, Delaware County, N. Y.. Jan.
14, 1799; after a brief business career in his
native State, he became identified with the con-
struction and operation of railroads. Among the
works with wliicli he was thus connected, were
the Delaware Division of the New York & Erie
and the Troy & Schenectady Roads. In 1843 he
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
5.31
came to Cliicago, having jjreviously purchased a
large body of land at Blue Island. In 1847 he
joined with W. B. Ogden and others, in resusci-
tating the Galena & Cliicago Union Railway,
which had been incorijorated in 1836. He became
President of the Company in 1850, and assisted in
constructing various sections of road in Northern
Illinois and Wisconsin, whicli have since become
portions of the Chicago & Northwestern system.
He was also one of the original Directors of the
North Side Street Railway Company, organized
in 18.59. Died, Feb. 26, 1871.
TURNER, Jonathan Baldwin, educator and
agriculturist, was born in Templeton. Mass.-, Dec.
7, 1805 ; grew up on a farm and, before reaching
his majority, began teaching in a country scliool.
After spending a sliort time in an academy at
Salem, in 1827 he entered the preparator}"- depart-
ment of Yale College, supporting himself, in part,
by manual labor and teaching in a gymnasium.
In 1829 he matriculated in the classical depart-
ment at Yale, graduated in 1833, and the same
year accepted a position as tutor in Illinois Col-
lege at Jacksonville, 111., which had been opened,
three years previous, by the late Dr. J. M. Sturte-
vant. In the next fourteen years he gave in-
struction in nearly every branch embraced in the
college curriculum, though holding, during most
of this period, the chair of Rhetoric and English
Literature. In 1847 he retired from college
duties to give attention to scientific agriculture,
in which he had always manifested a deep inter-
est. The cultivation and sale of the Osage orange
as a hedge plant now occupied his attention for
many years, and its successful introduction in
Illinois and other Western States — where the
absence of timber rendered some substitute a
necessity for fencing purposes — was largely due
to his efforts. At the same time he took a deep
interest in the cause of practical scientific edu-
cation for the industrial classes, and, about 1850,
began formulating that system of industrial edu-
cation which, after twelve years of labor and
agitation, he had the satisfaction of seeing
recognized in the act adopted by Congress, and
approved by President Lincoln, in July, 1862,
making liberal donations of public lands for the
establishment of "Industrial Colleges" in the
several States, out of which grew the University
of Illinois at Champaign. Wliile Professor Tur-
ner had zealous colaborers in this field, in Illinois
and elsewhere, to him, more than to any other
single man in the Nation, belongs the credit for
this magnificent achievement. (See Education,
and University of IUi7iois.) He was also one of
tlie chief factors in founding and building up
the Illinois State Teachers" Association, and the
State Agricultural and Horticultural Societies.
His address on ''Tlie Jlillennium of Labor,"'
delivered at the first State Agricultural Fair at
Springfield, in 1853, is still remembered as mark-
ing an era in industrial progress in Illinois. A
zealous champion of free thought, in both political
and religious atfairs, he long bore the reproach
which attached to the radical Abolitionist, only
to enjo}-, in later years, the respect universally
accorded to those who had the courage and
independence to avow their honest convictions.
Prof. Turner was twice an unsuccessful candidate
for Congress— once as a Republican and once as
an "Independent"' — and wrote much on political,
religious and educational topics. The evening of
an honored and useful life was spent among
friends in Jacksonville, which was his home for
more than sixty years, his death taking place in
that city, Jan. 10, 1899, at the advanced age of
93 years.— Mrs. Mary Turner Carriel, at the pres-
ent time (1899) one of the Trustees of the Univer-
sity of Illinois, is Prof. Turner's only daughter.
TURNER, Thomas J., lawyer and Congress-
man, born in Trumbull County, Ohio, April 5,
1815. Leaving liome at the age of 18, he spent
three years in Indiana and in the mining dis-
tricts about Galena and in Southern Wisconsin,
locating in Stephenson County, in 1836, where he
was admitted to the bar in 1840, and elected
Probate Judge in 1841. Soon afterwards Gov-
ernor Ford appointed him Prosecuting Attorney,
in which capacity he secured the conviction and
punishment of the murderers of Colonel Daven-
port. In 1846 he was elected to Congress as a
Democrat, and, the following year, founded "The
Prairie Democrat" (afterward "The Freeport
Bulletin"), the first new,spaper published in the
county. Elected to the Legislature in 1854, he
was chosen Speaker of the House, the next year
becoming the first Mayor of Freeport. He was a
member of the Peace Conference of 1861, and, in
May of that year, was commissioned, by Governor
Yates, Colonel of the Firteenth Illinois "V^oUm-
teers, but resigned in 1863. He served as a mem-
ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70,
and, in 1871, was again elected to the Legisla-
ture, where he received the Democratic caucus
nomination for United States Senator against
General Logan. In 1871 he removed to Chicago,
and was twice an unsuccessful candidate for the
office of State's Attorney. In February, 1874, he
went to Hot Springs, Ark. , for medical treatment,
and died there, Ajsril 3 following.
532
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
TUSCOLA, a city and the county-seat of
Douglas County, located at the intersection of the
Illinois Centrttl and two other trunk lines of rail-
way, 23 miles south of Champaign, and 36 miles
east of Decatur. Besides a brick court-house it
has five churches, a graded school, a national
bank, two weekly newspapers and two establish-
ments for the manufacture of carriages and
wagons. Population (1880), 1,457; (1890), 1,897;
(1900), 2,.569.
TUSCOLA, CHARLESTON & TIKCENNES
RAILROAD. (See Toledo. St. Louis & Kansas
City Railroad. )
TUTHILL, Richard Stanley, jurist, was born
at Vergennes, Jackson County, 111., Nov. 10, 1841.
After passing through the common schools of his
native county, he took a preparatory com-se in a
high school at St. Louis and in Illinois College,
Jacksonville, when he entered Middlebury Col-
lege, Vt., graduating there in 1863. Immediately
thereafter he joined the Federal army at Vicks-
burg, and, after serving for some time in a com-
pany of scouts attached to General Logan's
command, was commissioned a Lieutenant in the
First Michigan Light Artillery, with which he
served until the close of the war, meanwhile
being twice promoted. During this time he was
with General Sherman in the march to Meridian,
and in the Atlanta campaign, also took part with
General Thomas in the operations against the
rebel General Hood in Tennessee, and in the
battle of Nashville. Having resigned his com-
mission in May, 186.5, he took up the study of
law, which he had prosecuted as he had opportu-
nity while in the army, and was admitted to the
bar at Nashville in 1866, afterwards serving for
a time as Prosecuting Attorney on the Nashville
circuit. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, two
years later was elected City Attornej- and re-
elected in 1877 ; was a delegate to the Republican
National Convention of 1880 and, in 1884, was
appointed United States District Attorney for
the Northern District, serving until 1886. In
1887 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of
Cook County to fill the vacancy caused by the
death of Judge Rogers, was re-elected for a full
term in 1891. and again in 1897.
TYXDALE, Sharon, Secretary of State, born in
Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 19, 1816; at the age of 17
came to Belleville, 111., and was engaged for a
time in mercantile business, later being employed
in a surveyor's corps under the internal improve-
ment system of 1837. Having married in 1839,
he returned soon after to Philadelphia, where he
engaged in mercantile business with his father ;
then came to Illinois, a second time, in 184.5, spend-
ing a year or two in business at Peoria. About
1847 he returned to Belleville and entered upon a
course of mathematical study, with a view to
fitting himself more thoroughly for the i^rofession
of a civil engineer. In 1851 he graduated in
engineering at Cambridge, Mass. , after which he
was employed for a time on the Sunbury & Erie
Railroad, and later on certain Illinois railroads.
In 1857 he was elected County Surveyor of St.
Clair County, and, in 1861, by appointment of
President Lincoln, became Postmaster of the city
of Belleville. He held this position until 1864,
when he received the Republican nomination for
Secretary of State and was elected, remaining in
office four years. He was an earnest advocate,
and virtually author, of the first act for the regis-
tration of voters in Illinois, passed at the session
of 1865. After retiring from office in 1869, he
continued to reside in Springfield, and was em-
ployed for a time in the survey of the Gilman,
Clinton & Springfield Railway — now the Spring-
field Division of the Illinois Central. At an early
hour on the morning of April 29, 1871, while
going from his home to the railroad station at
Springfield, to take the train for St. Louis, he was
assassinated upon the street by shooting, as sup-
posed for the purpose of robbery — his dead body
being found a few hours later at the scene of the
tragedy. Mr. Tyndale was a brother of Gen.
Hector Tyndale of Pennsylvania, who won a
high reputation by his services during the war.
His second wife, who survived him, was a
daughter of Shadrach Penn, an editor of con-
siderable reputation who was the contemporary
and rival of George D. Prentice at Louisville, for
some years.
"UNDERGROUND RAILROAD," THE. A
history of Illinois would be incomplete without
reference to the unique system which existed
there, as in other Northern States, from forty to
seventy years ago, known by the somewhat mys-
terious title of "The Underground Railroad."
The origin of the term has been traced (probably
in a spirit of facetiousness) to the expression of
a Kentucky planter who, having pursued a fugi-
tive slave across the Ohio River, was so surprised
by his sudden disappearance, as soon as he had
reached the opposite shore, that he was led to
remark, "The nigger must have gone off on an
imderground road." From "underground road"
to "underground railroad," the transition would
appear to have been easy, especially in view of
the increased facility with which the work w-as
performed when railroads came into use. For
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
533
readers of the present generation, it may be well
to explain what "The Underground Railroad"
really was. It may be defined as the figurative
appellation for a spontaneous movement in the
free States — extending, sometimes, into the
slave States themselves — to assist slaves in their
efforts to escape from bondage to freedom. The
movement dates back to a period close to the
Revolutionary War, long before it received a
definite name. Assistance given to fugitives
from one State by citizens of another, became a
cause of complaint almost as soon as the Govern-
ment was organized. In fact, the first President
himself lost a slave who took refuge at Ports-
mouth, N. H., where the public sentiment was
so strong against his return, that the patriotic
and philosophic "Father of his Country" chose
to let him remain unmolested, rather than "excite
a mob or riot, or even uneasy sensations, in the
mindsof well-disposed citizens." That the mat-
ter was ah-eady one of concern in the mindsof
slaveholders, is shown by the fact that a provision
was inserted in the Constitution for their coucili-
ation, guaranteeing the return of fugitives from
labor, as well as from justice, from one State to
another.
In 1793 Congress passed the first Fugitive Slave
Law, which was signed by President Washing-
ton. This law provided that the owner, his
agent or attorney, might follow the slave into
any State or Territory, and, upon oath or affi-
davit before a court or magi.strate, be entitled
to a warrant for his return. Any person who
should hinder the arrest of the fugitive, or who
should harbor, aid or assist him, knowing him
to be such, was subject to a line of §500 for each
offense.— In 18.50, fifty -seven years later, the first
act having proved inefficacious, or conditions
having changed, a second and more stringent
law was enacted. This is the one usually referred
to in discussions of the subject. It provided for
an increased fine, not to exceed §1,000, and im-
prisonment not exceeding six months, with
Hability for civil damages to the party injured.
No proof of ownership was required beyond the
statement of a claimant, and the accused was not
permitted to testify for himself. The fee of the
United States Commissioner, before whom the
case was tried, was ten dollars if he found for
the claimant: if not, five dollars. This seemed
to many an indirect form of bribery: clearly, it
made it to the Judge's ijecuniary advantage to
decide in favor of the claimant. The law made
it possible and easy for a white man to arrest,
and cari-y into slavery, any free negro who could
not immediately prove, by other witnesses, that
he was born free, or had purchased his freedom.
Instead of discouraging the disposition, on
the part of the opponents of slavery, to aid fugi-
tives in their efforts to reach a region where
they would be secure in their freedom, the effect
of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 (as that of 1793
had been in a smaller degree) was the very oppo-
site of that intended by its authors— unless,
indeed, they meant to make matters worse. The
provisions of the act seemed, to many people, so
unfair, so one-sided, that they rebelled in spirit
and refused to be made parties to its enforce-
ment. The law aroused the anti-slavery senti-
ment of the North, and stimulated the active
friends of the fugitives to take greater risks in
their behalf. New efforts on the part of the
slaveholders were met by a determination to
evade, hinder and nullify the law.
And here a strange anomaly is presented. The
slaveholder, in attempting to recover his slave,
was acting within his constitutional and legal
riglits. The slave was his property in law. He
had purchased or inherited his bondman on the
same plane with his horse or his land, and, apart
from the right to hold a human being in bond-
age, regarded his legal rights to the one as good
as the other. From a legal standpoint his posi-
tion was impregnable. The slave was his, repre-
senting so much of money value, and whoever
was instrumental in the loss of that slave was,
both theoretically and technically, a partner in
robbery. Therefore he looked on "The Under-
ground Railway" as the work of thieves, and en-
tertained bitter hatred toward all concerned in its
operation. On the other hand, men who were,
in all other respects, good citizens — often relig-
iously devout and pillars of the church— became
bold and flagrant violators of the law in relation
to this sort of property. They set at nought a
plain provision of the Constitution and the act of
Congress for its enforcement. Without hope of
personal gain or reward, at the risk of fine and
imprisonment, with the certainty of social ostra-
cism and bitter opposition, they harbored the
fugitive and helped liim forward on every
occasion. And why? Because they saw in him
a man, with the same inherent right to "life,
liberty and the pursuit of happiness" that they
themselves possessed. To them this was a higher
law than any Legislatui-e. State or National, could
enact. They denied that there could be truly
such a thing as property in man. BeUeving that
the law violated human rights, they justified
themselves in rendering it null and void.
534
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
For the most part, the "Underground Rail-
road" operators and promoters were plain,
obsoui-e men, -without hope of fame or desire for
notoriety. Yet there were some whose names
are conspicuous in history, such as Wendell
PhiUips, Thomas Wentworth Higginson and
Theodore Parker of Massachusetts; Gerrit Smith
and Thurlow Weed of New York: Joshua E.
Giddings of Ohio, and Owen Lovejoy of Illinois.
These had their followers and sympathizers in
all the Northern States, and even in some por-
tions of the South. It is a curious fact, that
some of the most active spirits connected with
the "Underground Railroad" were natives of the
South, or had resided there long enough to
become thoroughly acquainted with the "insti-
tution." Levi Coffin, who had the reputation of
being the "President of the Underground Rail-
road"— at least so far as the region west of the
Ohio was concerned — was an active operator on
the line in North Carolina before his removal
from that State to Indiana in 1826. Indeed, as a
system, it is claimed to have had its origin at
Guilford College, in the "Old North State" in
1819, though the evidence of this may not be
conclusive.
Owing to the peculiar nature of their business,
no official reports were made, no lists of officers,
conductors, station agents or operators preserved,
and few records kept which are now accessible.
Consequently, we are dependent chiefly upon the
personal recollection of individual operators for
a historj' of their transactions. Each station on
the road was the house of a "friend" and it is
significant, in this connection, that in every
settlement of Friends, or Quakers, there was
sure to be a house of refuge for the slave. For
this reason it was, perhaps, that one of the most
frequently traveled lines extended from Vir-
ginia and Maryland through Eastern Pennsyl-
vania, and then on towards New York or directly
to Canada. From the proximity of Ohio to
Virginia and Kentucky, and the fact that it
offered the shortest route through free soil to
Canada, it was traversed by more lines than any
other State, although Indiana was pretty
thoroughly "grid-ironed" by roads to freedom.
In all, however, the routes were irregular, often
zigzag, for purposes of security, and the "con-
ductor" was any one who conveyed fugitives from
one station to another The "train" was some-
times a farm-wagon, loaded with produce for
market at some town (or depot) on the line, fre-
quently a closed carriage, and it is related that
once, in Ohio, a number of carriages conveying
a large party, were made to represent a funeral
procession. Occasionally the train ran on foot,
for convenience of side-tracking into the woods
or a cornfield, in case of pursuit by a wild loco-
motive.
Then, again, there were not wanting lawyers
who, in case the operator, conductor or station
agent got into trouble, were ready, without fee or
reward, to defend either him or his human
freight in the courts. These included such
names of national repute as Salmon P. Chase,
Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, William H.
Seward, Rutherford B. Hayes, Richard H. Dana,
and Isaac N. Arnold, while, taking the whole
country over, their "name was legion." And
there were a few men of wealth, like Thomas
Garrett of Delaware, willing to contribute money
by thousands to their assistance. Although
technically acting in violation of la^^• — or, as
claimed by themselves, in obedience to a "higher
law" — the time has already come when there is a
disposition to look upon the actors as, in a certain
sense, heroes, and their deeds as fitly belonging
to the field of romance.
The most comprehensive collection of material
relating to the history of this movement has
been furnished in a recent volume entitled, "The
Underground Railroad from Slavery to Free-
dom," by Prof. Wilbm- H. Siebert, of Ohio State
University ; and, while it is not wholly free from
errors, both as to individual names and facts, it
will probably remain as the best compilation of
history bearing on this subject — especially as the
principal actors are fast passing away. One of
the interesting features of Prof. Siebert's book is
a map purporting to give the principal routes
and stations in the States northwest of the Ohio,
yet the accuracy of this, as weU as the correct-
ness of personal names given, has been questioned
by some best informed on the subject. As
might be expected from its geographical position
between two slave States — Kentucky and Mis-
souri— on the one hand, and the lakes offering a
highway to Canada on the other, it is naturally
to be assumed that Illinois would be an attract-
ive field, both for the fugitive and his sympa-
thizer.
The period of greatest activity of the system in
this State was between 1840 and 1861 — the latter
being the year when the pro-slavery party in the
South, by their attempt forcibly to dissolve the
Union, took the business out of the hands of the
secret agents of the "Underground Railroad,"
and — in a certain sense — placed it in the hands
of the Union armies. It was in 1841 that Abra-
IIISTUKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
535
ham Lincoln — then a conservative opponent of
the extension of slaverj- — on an appeal from a
judgment, rendered by the Circuit Court in Taze-
well County, in favor of the holder of a note
given for the service of the indentured slave-
girl "Kance," obtained a decision from the
Supreme Court of Illinois upholding the doctrine
that the girl was free under the Ordinance of
1787 and the State Constitution, and that the
note, given to the person who claimed to be her
owner, was void. And it is a somewhat curious
coincidence that the same Abraham Lincoln, as
President of the United States, in the second
year of the War of the Rebellion, issued the
Proclamation of Emancipation which finally
resulted in striking the sliackles from the limbs
of every slave in the Union.
In the practical operation of aiding fugitives
in Illinois, it was natural that the towns along
tlie border upon the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers,
should have served as a sort of entrepots, or
initial stations, for the reception of this class of
freight — especially if adjacent to some anti-
slavery community. This was the case at Ches-
ter, from which access was easy to Sparta, where
a colony of Covenanters, or Seceders, was
located, and whence a route extended, by way of
Oakdale, Nashville and Centralia, in the direction
of Chicago. Alton offered convenient access to
Bond County, where there was a community of
anti-slavery people at an early day, or the fugi-
tives could be forwarded northward by way of
JerseyviUe, Waverh- and Jacksonville, about
each of which there was a strong anti-slavery
sentiment. Quincy, in spite of an intense hos-
tility among the mass of the community to any-
thing savoring of abolitionism, became the
tlieater of great activity on the part of the
opponents of the institution, especially after the
advent there of Dr. David Nelson and Dr. Rich-
ard Eells, both of whom had rendered themselves
obnoxious to the people of Missouri by extending
aid to fugitives. The former was a practical
abolitionist who, having freed his slaves in his
native State of Virginia, removed to Missouri and
attempted to establish Marion College, a few miles
from Palmyra, but was soon driven to Illinois.
Locating near Quincy, he founded the "Mission
Institute" there, at which he continued to dis-
seminate his anti-slavery views, while educating
young men for missionary work. The "Insti-
tute" was finally burned by emissaries from Mis-
souri, while three young men who had been
connected with it, having been caught in Mis-
iiouri, were condemned to tvrelve years" confine-
ment in the penitentiary of that State — partly on
the testimony of a negro, although a negro was
not then a legal witness in the courts against a
white man. Dr. Eells was prosecuted before
Stephen A. Douglas (then a Judge of the Circuit
Court), and fined for aiding a fugitive to escape,
and the judgment against him was finally con-
firmed by the Supreme Court after his death, in
18.52, ten years after the original indictment.
A map in Professor Siebert's book, showing the
routes and principal stations of the "Undergound
Railroad," makes mention of the following places
in Illinois, in addition to those already referred
to: Carlinville, in Macoupin County; Payson
and Mendon, in Adams; Washington, in Taze-
well ; Metamora, in Woodford ; Magnolia, in Put-
nam; Galesburg, in Knox; Princeton (the home
of Owen Lovejoy and the Bryants), in Bureau;
and many more. Ottawa appears to have been
the meeting point of a number of lines, as well
as the home of a strong colony of practical abo-
litionists. Cairo also became an important
transfer station for fugitives arriving by river,
after the completion of the Illinois Central Rail-
road, especially as it offered the speediest way of
reaching Chicago, towards which nearl}' all the
lines converged. It was here that the fugitives
could be most safely disposed of by placing them
upon vessels, which, without stopping at inter-
mediate ports, could soon land them on Canadian
soil.
As to methods, these differed according to cir-
cumstances, the emergencies of the occasion, or
the taste, convenience or resources of the oper-
ator. Deacon Levi Morse, of Woodford County,
near Metamora, had a route towards Magnolia,
Putnam County; and his favorite "car" was a
farm wagon in which there was a double bottom.
The passengers were snugly placed below, and
grain sacks, flUed with bran or other light material,
%vere laid over, so that the whole presented the
appearance of an ordinary load of grain on its
way to market. The same was true as to stations
and routes. One, who was an operator, says:
"Wherever an abolitionist happened on a fugi-
tive, or the converse, there was a station, for the
time, and the route was to the next anti-slavery
man to the east or the north. As a general rule,
the agent preferred not to know anything beyond
the operation of his own immediate section of the
road. If he knew nothing about the operations
of another, and the other knew nothing of his,
they could not be vs-itnesses in com-t.
We have it on the authority of Judge Harvey B.
Hurd, of Chicago, that runaways were usually
536
IIISTOPJCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOI.'-
forwarded from that city to Canada by way of the
Lakes, there being several steamers available for
that purpose. On one occasion thirteen were
put aboard a vessel under the eyes of a United
States Marshal and his deputies. The fugitives,
secreted in a woodshed, one by one took the
places of colored stevedores carrying wood
aboard the ship. Possibly the term, "There's a
nigger in the woodpile," may have originated in
this incident. Thirteen was an "unlucky num-
ber" in this instance — for the masters.
Among the notable trials for assisting runaways
in violation of the Fugitive Slave Law, in addi-
tion to the case of Dr. Eells, already mentioned,
were those of Owen Lovejoy of Princeton, and
Deacon Gushing of Will County, both of whom
were defended by Judge James Collins of Chi-
cago. John Hossack and Dr. Joseph Stout of
Ottawa, with some half-dozen of their neighbors
and friends, were tried at Ottawa, in IS.'JO, for
assisting a fugitive and acquitted on a techni-
cality. A strong array of attorneys, afterwards
widely known through the northern part of the
State, appeared for the defense, including Isaac
N. Arnold. Joseph Knox, B. C. Cook, J. V. Eus-
tace, Edward S. Leland and E. C. Lamed. Joseph
T. Morse, of Woodford County, was also arrested,
taken to Peoria and committed to jail, but
acquitted on trial.
Another noteworthy case was that of Dr.
Samuel Willard (now of Chicago) and his father,
Julius A. Willard, charged with assisting in the
escape of a fugitive at Jacksonville, in 1843, when
the Doctor was a student in Illinois College.
"The National Corporation Reporter," a few
years ago, gave an account of this affair, together
with a letter from Dr. Willard, in wliich he states
that, after protracted litigation, during which
the case was carried to the Supreme Court, it was
ended by his pleading guilty before Judge Samuel
D. Lockwood, when he was fined one dollar and
costs— tlie latter amounting to twenty dollars.
The Doctor frankly adds: "My father, as well
as myself, helped many fugitives afterwards."
It did not always happen, however, that offenders
escaped so easily.
Judge Harvey B. Hm-d, already referred to,
and an active anti-slavery man in the days of the
Fugitive Slave Law, relates the following : Once,
when the trial of a fugitive was going on before
Justice Kercheval. in a room on the second floor
of a two-story frame building on Clark Street in
the city of Chicago, the crowd in attendance
filled the room, the stairway and tlie adjoining
sidewalk. In some way the prisoner got mixed
in with the audience, and passed down over the
heads of those on the stairs, where tlie officers
were unable to follow.
In another case, tried before United States
Commissioner Geo. W. Meeker, the result was
made to hinge upon a point in the indictment to
the effect that the fugitive was "copper-colored."
The Commissioner, as the story goes, being in-
clined to favor public sentiment, called for a large
copper cent, that he might make comparison.
The decision was, that the prisoner was "off
color," so to speak, and he was hustled out of the
room before the officers could re-arrest him, as
they had been instructed to do.
Dr. Samuel Willard, in a review of Professor
Sieberfs book, published in "The Dial" of Chi
cago, makes mention of Henry Irving and Will-
iam Chauneey Carter as among his active aUies
at Jacksonville, with Rev. Bilious Pond and
Deacon Lyman of Farmington (near the present
village of Farmingdale in Sangamon County),
Luther Ransom of Springfield, Andrew Borders
of Randolph County, Joseph Gerrish of Jersey
and William T. Allan of Henry, as their coadju-
tors in other parts of the State. Other active
agents or promoters, in the same field, included
such names as Dr. Charles V. Dyer, Philo Carpen-
ter, Calvin De Wolf, L. C. P. Freer, Zebina East-
man, James H. Collins, Harvey B. Hurd, J. Young
Scammon, Col. J. F. Farnsworth and others of
Chicago, whose names have already been men-
tioned; Rev. Asa Turner, Deacon Ballard, J. K.
Van Dorn and Erastus Benton, of Quincy and
Adams County ; President Rufus Blanchard of
Knox College, Galesburg ; John Leeper of Bond ;
the late Prof. J. B. Turner and Elihu Wolcott of
Jacksonville; Capt. Parker Morse and his four
sons — Joseph T., Levi P., Parker, Jr., and Mark
— of Woodford County ; Rev. William Sloane of
Randolph ; William Strawn of La Salle, besides a
host who were willing to aid their fellow men in
their aspirations to freedom, without advertising
their own exploits.
Among the incidents of "Underground Rail-
road" in Illinois is one which had some importance
politically, having for its climax a dramatic scene
in Congress, but of which, so far as known, no
full account has ever been written. About 1855,
Ephraim Lombard, a Mississippi planter, but a
New Englander by birth, pm-chased a large body
of prairie land in the northeastern part of Stark
County, and, taking up his residence temporarily
in tlie village of Bradford, began its improve-
ment. He had brought with him from Mississippi
a negro, gray-haired and bent with age, a slave
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
537
of probably no great value. "Old Mose," as he
was called, soon came to be well known and a
favorite in the neighborhood. Lombard boldly
stated that he had brought him there as a slave ;
that, by virtue of the Dred Scott decision (then
of recent date), he had a constitutional right to
take his slaves wherever he pleased, and that
"Old Mose" vras just as much his property in
Illinois as in Mississippi. It soon became evident
to some, that his bringing of the negro to Illinois
was an experiment to test the law and the feel-
ings of the Northern people. This being the case,
a shrewd play would have been to let him have
his way till other slaves should have been
brought to stock the new plantation. But this
was too slow a process for the abolitionists, to
whom the holding of a slave in the free State of
Illinois appeared an unbearable outrage. It was
feared that he might take the old negro back to
Mississippi and fail to bring any others. It was
reported, also, that "Old Mose" was ill-treated;
that he was given only the coarsest food in a
back shed, as if he were a horse or a dog. instead
of being permitted to eat at table with the family.
The prairie citizen of that time was very par-
ticular upon this point of etiquette. The hired
man or woman, debarred from the table of his or
her employer, would not have remained a day.
A quiet consultation with "Old Mose" revealed
the fact that he would hail the gift of freedom
joyously. Accordingly, one Peter Risedorf, and
another equally daring, met him by the light of
the stars and, before morning, he was placed in
the care of Owen Lovejoy, at Princeton, twenty
miles away. From there he was speedily
"franked" by the member of Congress to friends
in Canada.
There was a great commotion in Bradford over
the "stealing" of "01dMo.se." Lombard and his
friends denounced the act in terms bitter and
profane, and threatened vengeance upon the per-
petrators. The conductors were known only to a
few, and they kept their secret well. Lovejoy"s
part in the affair, however, soon leaked out.
Lombard returned to Mississippi, where he
related his experiences to Mr. Singleton, the
Representative in Congress from his district.
During the next session of Congress, Singleton
took occasion, in a speech, to sneer at Lovejoy as a
"nigger-stealer, " citing the case of "Old Mose."
Mr. Lovejoy replied in his usual fervid and
dramatic style, making a speech which ensured
his election to Congress for life — "Is it desired to
call attention to this fact of my assisting fugitive
slaves?" he said. "Owen Lovejoy lives at Prince-
ton, 111., three-quarters of a mile east of the
village, and he aids every slave that comes to his
door and asks it. Thou invisible Demon of
Slavery, dost thou think to cross my humble
threshold and forbid me to give bread to the
hungry and shelter to the homeless'; I bid you
defiance, in the name of my God!"
With another incident of an amusing charac-
ter this article may be closed: Hon. J. Young
Scammon, of Chicago, being accused of conniving
at the escape of a slave from officers of the law,
was asked by the court what he would do if sum-
moned as one of a posse to pursue and capture a
fugitive. "I would certainly obey the summons,"
he replied, "but — I sliould probably stub my toe
and fall down before I reached him."
NoTE.—Those who wish to pursue the subject of the
" Underground Railroad " In Illinois further, are referred
to the work of Dr. Siebert, already mentioned, and to the
various County Histories which have been issued and may
be found in the ijubllc libraries; also for Interesting Inci-
dents, to •' Reminiscences of Levi Coffin," Johnson's
" From Dixie to Canada," Petlt's Sketches, "Still, Under-
ground Railroad," and a pamphlet of the same title by
James H. Falrchild, ex-Presideut of Oberlin College.
UNDERWOOD, William H., lawyer, legislator
and jurist, was born at Schoharie Court House,
N. Y., Feb. 21, 1818, and, after adnrission to the
bar, removed to Belleville, 111., where he began
practice in 1840. The following year he was.
elected State's Attorney, and re-elected in 1843.
In 1846 he was chosen a member of the lower
house of the General Assembly, and, in 1848-.54,
sat as Judge of the Second Circuit. During this
period he declined a nomination to Congress,
although equivalent to an election. In 1856 he
was elected State Senator, and re-elected in 1860.
He was a member of the Constitutional Conven-
tion of 1869-70, and, in 1870, was again elected to
the Senate, retiring to private life in 1873. Died,
Sept. 23, 1875.
UNION COUNTY, one of the fifteen counties
into which Illinois was divided at the time of its
admission as a State— having been organized,
under the Territorial Government, in January,
1818. It is situated in the southern division of
the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi
River, and has an area of 400 square miles. The
eastern and interior portions are drained by the
Cache River and Clear Creek. The western part
of the county comprises the broad, rich bottom
lands lying along the Mississippi, but is subject
to frequent overflow, while the eastern portion is
hilly, and most of its area originally heavily tim-
bered. The county is especially rich in minerals.
Iron-ore, lead, bituminous coal, chalk, alum and
538
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
potter's clay are found in considerable abun-
dance. Several lines of raihva)' (the most impor-
tant being the Illinois Central) either cross or
tap the county. Tlie chief occupation is agri-
culture, although manufacturing is carried on to
a limited extent. Fruit is extensively cultivated.
Jonesboro is the county-seat, and Cobden and
Anna important shipping stations. The latter is
the location of the Southern Hospital for the
Insane. The population of the county, in 1890,
was 31,539. Being next to St. Clair, Randolph
and Gallatin, one of the earliest settled counties
in the State, many prominent men found their
first home, on coming into the State, at Jones-
boro, and this region, for a time, exerted a strong
influence in public affairs. Pop. (1900), 22,610.
rXIO\ LE.4GUE OF AMERICA, a secret poUt-
ical and patriotic order which had its origin
early in the late Civil War, for the avowed pur-
pose of sustaining the cause of the Union and
counteracting the machinations of the secret
organizations designed to promote the success of
the Rebellion. The first regular Council of the
order was organized at Pekin, Tazewell County,
June 25, 1863, consisting of eleven members, as
follows: John W. Glasgow, Dr. D. A. Cheever,
Hart Montgomery, Maj. Richard N. Cullom
(father of Senator Cullom), Alexander Small,
Rev. J. W. M. Vernon, George 11. Harlow (after-
ward Secretary of State), Charles Turner, Col.
Jonathan Merriam, Henry Pratt and L. F. Gar-
rett. One of the number was a Union refugee
from Tennessee, who dictated the first oath from
memory, as administered to members of a some-
what similar order which had been organized
among the Unionists of his own State. It sol-
emnly pledged the taker, (1) to preserve invio-
late the secrets and business of the order; (3) to
"support, maintain, protect and defend the civil
liberties of the Union of these United States
against all enemies, either domestic or foreign,
at all times and under all circumstances, " even
"if necessary, to the sacrifice of life"; (3) to aid
in electing only true Union men to offices of
trust in the town, county. State and General
Government; (4) to assist, protect and defend
any member of the order who might be in peril
from his connectfon with the order, and (o) to
obey all laws, rules or regulations of any Council
to whicli the taker of the oath might be attached.
The oath was taken upon the Bible, the Decla-
ration of Independence and Constitution of the
United States, the taker pledging his sacred
honor to its fulfillment. A special reason for the
organization existed in the activity, about this
time, of the "Kniglits of the Golden Circle," a
disloyal organization which had been introduced
from the South, and which afterwards took the
name, in the North, of "American Knights" and
"Sous of Liberty. " (See Secret Treasonable Soci-
eties.) Three months later, the organization had
extended to a number of other counties of the
State and, on the 2oth of September following,
the first State Council met at Bloomington —
twelve counties being represented— and a State
organization was effected. At this meeting the
following general officers were chosen: Grand
President — Judge Mark Bangs, of Marshall
County (now of Chicago); Grand Vice-President
— Prof. Daniel Wilkin, of McLean ; Grand Secre-
tary— George H. Harlow, of Tazewell; Grand
Treasurer — H. S. Austin, of Peoria, Grand Mar-
shal—J. R. Gorin, of Macon; Grand Herald—
A. Gould, of Henry; Grand Sentinel — John E.
Rosette, of Sangamon. An Executive Committee
was also appointed, consisting of Joseph Medill
of "The Chicago Tribune"; Dr. A. J. McFar-
land, of Morgan County ; J. K. Warren, of Macon ;
Rev. J. C. Rybolt, of La SaUe; the President,
Judge Bangs; Enoch Emery, of Peoria; and
John E. Rosette. Under the direction of this
Committee, with Mr. Medill as its Chairman,
the constitution and by-laws were thoroughly
revised and a new ritual adopted, which materi-
ally changed the phraseology and removed some
of the crudities of the original obligation, as well
as increased the beauty and impressiveness of
the initiatory ceremonies. New signs, grips and
pass-words were also adopted, which were finally
accepted by the various organizations of the
order throughout the Union, which, by this time,
included many soldiers in the army, as well as
civilians. The second Grand (or State) Council
was held at Springfield, January 14, 1863, with
only seven counties represented. The limited
representation was discouraging, but the mem-
bers took heart from the inspiring words of Gov-
ernor Yates, addressed to a committee of the
order who waited upon him. At a special ses-
sion of the Executive Committee, held at Peoria,
six days later, a vigorous campaign was
mapped out, under which agents were sent
into nearly every county in the State. In Oc-
tober, 1863, the strength of the order in Illi-
nois was estimated at three to five thousand;
a few months later, the number of enrolled
members had increased ■ to 50,000 — so rapid
had been the growth of the order. On March
25, 1803, a Grand Council met in Chicago —
404 Councils in Illinois being represented, with
HISTORICAL E]SrCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
639
a number from Oliio, Indiana, Michigan, Wiscon-
sin, Iowa and Minnesota. At this meeting a
Committee was appointed to prepare a plan of
organization for a National Grand Council, which
was carried out at Cleveland, Ohio, on the 20th
of May following — the constitution, ritual and
signs of the Illinois organization being adopted
with slight modifications. The icvised obligation
— taken upon the Bible, the Declaration of Inde-
pendence and the Constitution of the United
States — bound members of the League to "sup-
port, protect and defend the Government of the
United States and the flag thereof, against all
enemies, foreign and domestic," and to" 'bear true
faith and allegiance to the same"; to "defend
the State against invasion or insurrection"; to
support only "true and reliable men" for offices
of trust and profit; to protect and defend
worthy members, and to preserve inviolate the
secrets of the order. The address to new mem-
bers was a model of impressiveness and a powerful
appeal to their patriotism. The organization
extended rapidly, not only throughout the North-
west, but in the South also, especiall}' in the
army. In 1864 the number of Councils in IlUnois
was estimated at 1,300, with a membership of
175,000; and it is estimated that the total mem-
ber.ship. throughout the Union, was 3,000,000.
The influence of the silent, but zealous and effect-
ive, operations of the organization, was shown,
not only in the stimulus given to enlistments and
support of the war policy of the Government,
but in the raising of supplies for the sick and
wounded soldiers in the field. Within a few
weeks before the fall of Vicksburg, over S2.5,000 in
cash, besides large quantities of stores, were sent
to Col. John Williams (then in charge of the
Sanitary Bureau at Springfield), as the direct
result of ajjpeals made through circulars sent out
by the officers of the "League." Large contri-
butions of money and supplies also reached the
sick and wounded in hospital through the medium
of the Sanitary Commission in Chicago. Zealous
efforts were made by the opposition to get at the
secrets of the order, and, in one case, a complete
copy of the ritual was published by one of their
organs ; but the effect was so far the reverse of
what was anticipated, that this line of attack was
not continued. During the stormy session of the
Legislature in 1863, the League is said to have
rendered effective service in protecting Gov-
ernor Yates from threatened assassination. It
continued its silent but effective operations until
the complete overthrow of the rebellion, when it
ceased to exist as a political organization.
UNITED STATES SENATORS. The follow-
ing is a li.st of United States senators from Illinois,
from the date of the admission of the State into
the Union until 1899, with the date and dm'ation
of the term of each: Ninian Edwards, 1818-24;
Jesse B. Thomas, Sr., 1818-29; John McLean,
1824-25 and 1829-30; EUas Kent Kane, 1825-35;
David Jewett Baker, Nov. 12 to Dec. 11, 1830;
John M. Robinson, 1830-41 ; William L. D. Ewing,
1835-37 ; Richard M. Young, 1837-43 ; Samuel Mc-
Roberts, 1841-43; Sidney Breese, 1843-49; James
Semple, 1843-47; Stephen A. Douglas, 1847-61;
James Shields. 1849-55 ; Lyman Trumbull, 1855-73 ;
Orville H. Browning, 1861-63; William A. Rich-
ardson, 1803-65 ; Richard Yates, 1865-71 ; John A.
Logan, 1871-77 and 1879-86; Richard J. Oglesby,
1873-79; David Davis, 1877-83; Slielby M. Cullom,
first elected in 1883, and re-elected in '89 and "95,
his third term expiring in 1901 ; Charles B. Far-
well, 1887-91; John McAuley Palmer, 1891-97;
William E. Mason, elected in 1897, for the term
expiring, March 4, 1903.
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO (The New). One
of the leading educational institutions of the
country, located at Chicago. It is the outgrowth
of an attempt, put forth by the American Educa-
tional Society (organized at Washington in 1888),
to supply the place which the original institution
of the same name had been designed to fill. (See
University of Chicago— Tlie Old.) The following
year, Mr. John D. Rockefeller of New York ten-
dered a contribution of §600, 000 toward the endow-
ment of the enterprise, conditioned upon securing
additional pledges to the amount of 8400,000 by
June 1, 1890. The offer was accepted, and the
sum promptly raised. In addition, a site, covering
four blocks of land in the city of Chicago, was
secured — two and one-half blocks being acquired
by purchase for 8282,500, and one and one-half
(valued at §125,000) donated by Mr. Marshall
Field. A charter was seom-ed and an organiza-
tion effected, Sept. 10, 1890. The Presidency of
the institution was tendered to, and accepted by,
Dr. AVilliam R. Harper, Since that time the
University has been the recipient of other gener-
ous benefactions by Mr. Rockefeller and others,
until the aggregate donations (1898) exceed §10,-
000,000. Of this amount over one-half has been
contributed by Mr. Rockefeller, while he has
pledged himself to make additional contributions
of §2,000,000, conditioned upon the raising of a
like sum, from other donors, by Jan. 1, 1900. The
buildings erected on the campus, prior to 189G,
include a chemical laboratory costing 8182,000; a
lecture hall, §150,000; a ph^-sical laboratory
540
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.
§150,000; a museum, §100,000; an academy dor-
mitorj", §30,000; three dormitories for women,
§150,000; two dormitories for men, §100,000, to
which several important additions were made
during 1896 and '97. The faculty embraces over
150 instructors, selected with reference to their
fitness for their respective departments from
among the most eminent scholars in America and
Europe. Women are admitted as students and
graduated upon an equality with men. The work
of practical instruction began in October, 1892,
with 589 registered students, coming from nearly
every Northern State, and including 250 gradu-
ates from other institutions, to which accessions
were made, during the year, raising the aggregate
to over 900. The second year the number ex-
ceeded 1,100; the third, it rose to 1,750, and the
fourth (1895-96), to some 2,000, including repre-
sentatives from every State of the Union, besides
many from foreign counti'ies. Special features
of the institution include the admission of gradu-
ates from other institutions to a post-graduate
course, and the Universitj" Extension Division,
which is conducted largely by means of lecture
courses, in other cities, or through lecture centers
in the vicinity of the University, non-resident
students having the privilege of written exami-
nations. The various libraries embrace over
300,000 volumes, of which nearly 60,000 belong
to what are called the "Departmental Libraries,"
besides a large and valuable collection of maps
and pamphlets.
rMVERSITY OF CHICAfciO (The Old), an
educational institution at Chicago, under the
care of the Baptist denomination, for some years
known as the Douglas University. Senator
Stephen A. Douglas offered, in 1854, to donate ten
acres of land, in what was then near the southern
border of the city of Chicago, as a site for an
institution of learning, provided buUdings cost-
ing §100,000, be erected thereon within a stipu-
lated time. The corner-stone of the main building
was laid, July 4, 1857, but the financial panic of
that year prevented its completion, and Mr. Doug-
las extended the time, and finally ■ deeded the
land to the trustees without reserve. For eighteen
years the institution led a precarious existence,
struggling under a heavy debt. By 1885, mort-
gages to the amount of §320,000 having accumu-
lated, the tru.stees abandoned further effort, and
acquiesced in the sale of the property under fore-
closure proceedings. The original plan of the
institution contemplated preparatory and col-
legiate departments, together with a college of
law and a theological school.
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, the leading edu-
cational institution under control of the State,
located at Urbana and adjoining the city of
Champaign. The Legislature at the session of 1863
accepted a grant of 4)SO,000 acres of land under
Act of Congress, approved July 2, 1862, making an
appropriation of public lands to States — 30,000
acres for each Senator and each Representative in
Congress — establishing colleges for teaching agri-
culture and the mechanic arts, though not to the
exclusion of classical and scientific studies. Land-
scrip under this grant was issued and placed in
the hands of Governor Yates, and a Board of
Trustees appointed under the State law was organ-
ized in March, 1867, the institution being located
the same year. Departments and courses of study
were established, and Dr. John M. Gregory, of
Michigan, was chosen Regent (President). — The
landscrip issued to Illinois was sold at an early
day for what it wonld bring in open market,
except 25,000 acres, which was located in Ne-
braska and Minnesota. This has recently been
sold, realizing a larger sum than was received
for all the scrip otherwise disposed of. The entire
sum thus secured for permanent endowment ag-
gregates §613,026. The University revenues were
further increased by donations from Congress to
each institution organized under the Act of 1863,
of §15,000 per annum for the maintenance of an
Agricultural Experiment Station, and, in 1890, of
a similar amount for instruction — the latter to be
increased §1,000 annually until it sliould reach
§25,000.— A mechanical building was erected in
1871, and this is claimed to have been the first of
its kind in America intended for strictly educa-
tional purposes. What was called "the main
building" was formally opened in December,
1873. Other buildings embrace a "Science Hall,"
opened in 1892; a new "Engineering Hall," 1894;
a fine Library Building, 1897. Eleven other prin-
cipal structures and a number of smaller ones
have been erected as conditions "equired. The
value of property aggregates nearly §2, 500, 000, and
appropriations from the State, for all purposes,
previous to 1904, foot up §5,123,517.90.— Since
1871 the institution has been open to women.
The courses of study embrace agriculture, chem-
istry, polytechnics, military tactics, natural and
general sciences, languages and literature, eco-
nomics, household science, trade and commerce.
The Graduate School dates from 1891. In 1896
the Chicago College of Pharmacy was connected
with the University: a College of Law and a
Library School were ojjened in 1897, and the same
year the Chicago College of Physicians and Sur-
^g'^^yg'r^-jfi
> V ■>
|B,^|1A
3^
SI
•I I
is
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
541
geons was affiliated as the College of Medicine — a
School of Dentistry being added to the latter in
1901. In 1885 the State Laboratory of Natural
History was transferred from Normal, 111., and an
Agricultural Experiment Station entablished in
1888, from which bulletins are sent to farmers
throughout the State who may desire them. — The
first name of the Institution was "Illinois Indus-
trial University," but, in 1885, this was changed
to ''University of Illinois." In 1887 the Trustees
(of whom there are nine) were made elective by
popular vote — three being elected every two
years, each holding office six years. Dr. Gregory,
having resigned the office of Eegent in 1880, was
succeeded by Dr. Selim H. Peabody, who had
been Profisssor of Mechanical and Civil Engineer-
ing. Dr. Peabody resigned in 1891. The duties
of Regent were then discharged by Prof. Thomas
J. Burrill until August, 1894, when Dr. Andrew
Sloan Draper, former State Superintendent of
Public Instruction of the State of New York, was
installed as President, serving until 1904. — The
corps of instruction (1904) includes over 100 Pro-
fessors, 60 Associate and Assistant Professors and
200 Instructors and Assistants, besides special
lecturers, demonstrators and clerks. The num-
ber of students has increased rapidly in recent
years, as shown by the following totals for suc-
cessive years from 1890-91 to 1903-04, inclusive:
519; 583; 714; 743; 810; 852; 1,075: 1,582; 1,824;
2,234; 2,505; 2,932; 3,289; 3,589. Of the last num-
ber, 2,271 were men and 718 women. During
1903-04 there were in all departments at Urbana,
2.547 students (256 being in the Preparatory Aca-
demy) ; and in the three Professional Departments
in Chicago, 1,042, of whom 694 were in the Col-
lege of Medicine, 185 in the School of Pharmac}',
and 163 in the School of Dentistry. The Univer-
sity Library contains 63,700 volumes and 14,500
pamphlets, not includiug 5,350 volumes and
15,850 pamphlets in the State Laboratory of Nat-
ural History. — The University occupies a con-
spicuous and attractive site, embracing 220 acres
adjacent to the line between Urbana and Cham-
paign, and near the re-sidence portion of the two
cities. Tlie athletic field of 11 acres, on which
stand the gymnasium and armory, is enclosed
with an ornamental iron fence. The campus,
otherwise, is an open and beautiful park with
fine landscape effects.
UNORUAMZED COUNTIES. In addition to
the 102 counties into which Illinois is divided,
acts were passed by the General Assemblj',
at divferent times, providing for the organiza-
tion of a number of others, a few of which
were subsequently organized imder different
names, but the majority of which were never
organized at all— the proposition for such or-
ganization being rejected by vote of the people
within the proposed boundaries, or allowed to
lapse by non-action. These imorganized coun-
ties, with the date of the several acts authorizing
them, i nd the territory which they were in-
tended to include, were as follows: Allen
Coimty (1841) — comprising portions of Sanga-
mon, Morgan and Macoupin Counties; Audobon
(Audubon) County (1843) — from poi-tionsof Mont-
gomery, Fayette and Shelby; Benton County
(1848) — from Morgan, Greene and Macoupin;
Coffee County (1837)— with substantially the
same territory now comprised within the bound-
aries of Stark County, authorized two years
later; Dane County (1839) — name changed to
Christian in 1840; Harrison County (1855) —
from JIcLean, Champaign and Vermilion, com-
prising territory since partially incorporated
in Ford County; Holmes County (1857) — from
Champaign and Vermilion; Marquette County
(1843), changed (1847) to Highland — compris-
ing the northern portion of Adams, (this act
was accepted, with Columbus as the county-
seat, but organization finally vacated) ; Michi-
gan County (1837)— from a part of Cook; Milton
County (1843) — from the south part of Vermil-
ion; Okaw County (1841)— comprising substan-
tially the same territory as Moultrie, organized
under act of 1843; Oregon County (1851) — from
parts of Sangamon, Morgan and Macoupin Coun-
ties, and covering substantially the same terri-
tory as proposed to be incorporated in Allen
County ten years earlier. The last act of this
character was passed in 1867, when an attempt
was made to organize Lincoln County out oJ
parts of Champaign and Vermilion, but whicu
failed for want of an affirmative vote.
UPPER ALTON, a city of Madison County,
situated on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, about
1\ miles northeast of Alton— laid out in 1816. It
has several churches, and is the seat of Shurtleff
College and the Western Military Academy, the
former founded about 1831, and controlled by the
Baptist denomination. Beds of excellent clay are
found in the vicinity and utilized in pottery
manufacture. Pop. (1890), 1,803; (1900), 2,373.
UPTON, George Putnam, journalist, was born
at Roxbury, Mass., Oct. 25, 1834; graduated from
Brown University in 1854, removed to Chicago
in 1855, and began newspaper work on "The
Native American," the following year taking
the place of city editor of "The Evening Jom--
542
lIISTOIilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
nal." In 1803, Mr. Upton became musical critic
on "The Chicago Tribune," serving for a time
also as its war correspondent in the field, later
(about 1881) taking a place on the general edi-
torial staff, which he still retains. He is regarded
as an authority on musical and dramatic topics.
Mr. Upton is also a stockholder in, and, for sev-
eral years, has been Vice-President of the "Trib-
une"' Company. Besides numerous contributions
to magazines, his works include; "Letters of
Peregrine Pickle" (1869) ; "Memories, a Story of
German Love," translated from the German of
Ma.K Muller (1879); "Woman in Music" (1880):
"Lives of German Composers" (3 vols. — 1883-84);
besides four volumes of standard operas, oratorios,
cantatas, and symphonies (1885-88).
URBANA, a flourishing city, the county-seat
of Champaign County, on the "Big Four," the
Illinois Central and the Wabash Railways: 130
miles south of Chicago and 31 miles west of Dan-
ville: in agricultural and coal-mining region.
The mechanical industries include extensive rail-
road shops, manufacture of brick, suspenders and
lawn-mowers. The Cunningham Deaconesses'
Home and Orphanage is located here. The city
has water-works, gas and electric light plants,
electric car-lines (local and inteiurban), superior
schools, nine churches, three banks and three
newspapers. Urbana is the seat of the University
of Illinois. Pop. (1890), 3,511; (1900). 5,728.
DSEEY, William J., editor and soldier, was
born at Washington (near Natchez), Miss., May
16, 1827: was educated at Natchez, and, before
reaching manhood, came to Macon Countj-, 111.,
where he engaged in teaching until 1846. when
he enlisted as a private in Company C, Fourth
Illinois Volunteers, for the Mexican "VVar. In
1855, he joined with a Mr. Wingate in the estab-
lishment, at Decatur, of "The Illinois State Chron-
icle," of which be .soon after took sole charge,
conducting the paper until 1861, when he enlisted
in the Tlm-t}^-flfth Illinois Volunteers and was
appointed Adjutant. Although born and edu-
cated in a slave State, Mr. Usrey was an earnest
opponent of slavery, as proved by the attitude of
his paper in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska
Bill. He was one of the most zealous endorsers
of the proposition for a conference of the Anti-
Nebraska editors of the State of Illinois, to agree
upon a line of jiolicy in opposition to the further
extension of slavery-, and, when that body met at
Decatur, on Feb. 22, 1856, he served as its Secre-
tary, thus taking a prominent part in the initial
steps which resulted in the organization of the
Republican party in Illinois. (See Anti-Nebtuska
Editorial Convcntinii.) After returning from
the war be resumed his place as editor of "The
Chronicle," but finally retired from newspaper
work in 1871. He was twice Postmaster of the
city of Decatur, first previous to 1850, and again
under the administration of President Grant;
served also as a member of the City Council and
was a member of the local Post of the G. A. R.,
and Secretary of the Macon County Association
of Slexican War Veterans. Died, at Decatur,
Jan. 20, 1894.
UTICA, (also called North Utica), a village of
La Salle County, on the Illinois & Michigan
Canal and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific
Railway, 10 miles west of Ottawa, situateid on the
Illinois River opposite "Starved Rock," also
believed to stand on the site of the Kaskaskia
village found by the French Explorer, La Salle,
when he first visited Illinois. "Utica cement" is
produced here: it also has several factories or
mills, besides banks and a weekly paper. Popu-
lation (1880), 767; (1890), 1,094; (1900), 1,150.
VA>' ARNAM, John, lawyer and soldier, was
born at Plattsburg, N. Y., March 3, 1820. Hav-
ing lost his father at five years of age, he went to
live with a farmer, but ran away in his boyhood;
later, began teaching, studied law, and was ad-
mitted to the bar in New York City, beginning
practice at Marshall, Mich. In 1858 he removed
to Chicago, and, as a member of the firm of
Walker, Van Arnam & Dexter, became promi-
nent as a criminal lawyer and railroad attorney,
being for a time Solicitor of the Chicago, Burling-
ton & Quincy Railroad. In 1862 he assisted in
organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh
Illinois Volunteer Infantry and was commissioned
its Colonel, but was compelled to resign on
account of illness. After spending some time in
California, he resumed practice in Chicago in
1865. His later years were spent in California,
dying at San Diego, in that State, April 6, 1890.
VASDALIA, the principal city and county -seat
of Fayette County. It is situated on the Kas-
kaskia River, 30 miles north of Centralia, 63
miles south by west of Decatur, and 68 miles
east-northeast of St. Louis. It is an intersecting
point for the Illinois Central and the St. Louis,
Vandalia and Terre Haute Railroads. It was the
capital of the State from 1820 to 1839, the seat of
government being removed to Springfield, the
latter year, in accordance with act of the General
Assembly passed at the session of 1837. It con-
tains a court house (old State Capitol building),
six churches, two banks, three weekly papers, a
HISTOPJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOn
543
I school, flour, saw and paper mills, foundry,
stave and heading mill, carriage and wagon
and brick works. Pop. (1890), 2,144; (1900), 3 665.
VANDEVEER, Horatio M., pioneer lawyer,
was born in Washington County. Ind., March 1,
1816; came with his family to Illinois at an early
age. settUng on Clear Creek, now in Christian
County; taught school and studied law, using
books borrowed from the late Hon. John T. Stuart
of Springfield ; was elected first County Recorder
of Christian County and, soon after, appointed
Circuit Clerk, filling both ofBces three years.
He also held the oflice of County Judge from 1848
to 1857 ; was twice chosen Representative in the
General Assembly (1843 and 1850) and once to the
State Senate (1863); in 1846, enlisted and was
chosen Captain of a company for the Mexican
War, but, having been rejected on account of the
quota being full, was appointed Assistant-Quarter-
master, in this capacity serving on the staff of
General Taylor at the battle of Buena Vista.
Among other offices held by Mr. Vandeveer, were
those of Postmaster of Taylorville, Master in
Chancery, Presidential Elector (1848), Delegate
to the Constitutional Convention of 1863, and
Judge of the Circuit Court (1870-79). In 1868
Judge Vandeveer established the private banking
firm of H. M. Vandeveer & Co., at Taylorville,
which, in conjunction with his sons, he continued
successfully during the remainder of his life.
Died, March 13, 1894.
VAN HORNE, William C, Railway Manager
and President, was born in Will County. 111..
February. 1843 ; began his career as a telegraph
operator on the Illinois Central Railroad in 1856,
was attached to the Michigan Central and Chi-
cago & Alton Railroads (18.58-73), later being
General Manager or General Superintendent of
various other lines (1872-79). He next served as
General Superintendent of the Chicago, Milwau-
kee & St. Paul, but soon after became General
Manager of the Canadian Pacific, which he
assisted to construct to the Pacific Coast; was
elected Vice-President of the line in 1884, and its
President in 1888. His services have been recog-
nized by conferring upon him the order of
knighthood by the British Government.
VASSEUR, Noel C, pioneer Indian-trader, was
born of French parentage in Canada, Dec. 35,
1799; at the age of 17 made a trip with a trading
party to the West, crossing Wisconsin by way of
the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, the route pursued
by Joliet and Marquette in 1673 ; later, was associ-
ated with Gurdon S. Hubbard in the service of
the American Fur Company, in 1830 visiting the
region now embraced in Iroquois County, where
he and Hubbard subsequently established a trad-
ing post among the Pottawatomie Indians,
believed to have been the site of the present town
of Iroquois. The way of reaching their station
from Chicago was by the Chicago and Des
Plaines Rivers to the Kankakee, and ascending
tlie latter and the Iroquois. Here Vassem- re-
mained in trade until the removal of the Indians
west of the Mississippi, in which he served as
agent of the Government. While in the Iroquois
region he married Watseka, a somewhat famous
Pottawatomie woman, for whom the town of
Watseka was named, and who had previously
been the Indian wife of a fellow-trader. His
later years were spent at Bourbonnais Grove, in
Kankakee County, where he died, Dec. 13, 1879.
VENICE, a city of Madison County, on the
Mississippi River opposite St. Louis and 3 miles
north of East St. Louis ; is touched by six trunk
Lines of railroad, and at the eastern approach to
the new "Merchants' Bridge." with its round-
house, has two ferries to St. Louis, street car line,
electric lights, water-works, some manufactures
and a newspaner. Pop. (1890), 932; (1900), 3.450.
VENICE & "CARONDELET RAILROAD. (See
Louisville. EivnsfillL' d- St. Louis (Consolidated)
Railroad.)
VERMILION COUNTY, an eastern county,
bordering on the Indiana State line, and drained
by the Vermilion and Little Vermilion Rivers,
from which it takes its name. It was originally
organized in 1836, when it extended north to
Lake Michigan. Its present area is 936 square
miles. The discovery of salt springs, in 1819,
aided in attracting immigration to this region,
but the manufacture of salt was abandoned
many years ago. Early settlers were Seymour
Treat, James Butler, Heniy Johnston, Harvey
Lidington, Gurdon S. Hubbard and Daniel W.
Beckwith. James Butler and Achilles Morgan
were the first County Commissioners. Many
interesting fossil remains have been found,
among them the skeleton of a mastodon (1868).
Fire clay is found in large quantities, and two
coal seams cross the county. The surface is level
and the soil fertile. Corn is the chief agricultui'al
product, although oats, wheat, rye, and potatoes
are extensively cultivated. Stock-raising and
wool-growing are important industries. There
are also several manufactories, chiefly at Dan-
ville, which is the county-seat. Coal mining
is carried on extensively, especially in the vicin-
ity of Danville. Population (1880), 41,588; (1890),
49,905; (.1900), 65,635.
5M
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
VERMILION RIVER, a tributary of the Illi-
nois; rises in Ford and tlie northern part of
McLean County, and, running northwestward
through Livingston and the southern part of
La Salle Counties, enters the Illinois River
nearly oijposite the city of La Salle ; has a length
of about 80 miles.
VERMILION RIVER, an afHuent of the Wa-
bash, formed by the union of the North, Middle
and South Forks, which rise in Illinois, and
come together near Danv-.lle in this State. It
flows southeastward, and enters the Wabash in
Vermilion County, Ind. The main stream is
about 28 miles long. The South Fork, however,
which rises in Champaign County and runs east-
ward, has a length of nearly 75 miles. The
Little Vermilion River enters the Wabash about
7 or 8 miles below the Vermilion, which is some-
times called the Big Vermilion, by way of
distinction.
VERMONT, a village in Fulton County, at
junction of Galesburg and St. Louis Division of
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 24
miles north of Beardstown ; has a carriage manu-
factory, flour and saw-mills, brick and tile works,
electric light plant, besides two banks, four
churches, two graded schools, and one weekly
newspaper. An artesian well has been sunk here
to the depth of 2,600 feet Pop. (1900), 1,195.
VERS.VILLES, a town of Brown County, on
the Wabash Railway, 48 miles east of Quincy ; is
in a timber and agricultural district; has a bank
and weekl}' newspaper. Population (1900), 524.
VIENNA, the county-seat of Johnson County,
situated on the Cairo and Vincennes brancli of
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis
Railroad, 36 miles north-northwest of Cairo. It
has a court house, several churches, a graded
school, banks and two weekly newspapers.
Population (1880), 494; (1890), 828; (1900), 1,217.
VIGO, Francois, pioneer and early Indian-
trader, was born at Mondovi, Sardinia (Western
Italy), in 1747, served as a private soldier, first at
Havana and afterwards at New Orleans. When
he left the Spanish army he came to St. Louis,
then the military headquarters of Spain for Upper
Louisiana, where he became a partner of Com-
mandant de Leba, and was extensively engaged
in the fur-trade among the Indians on the Ohio
and Mississippi Rivers. On the occupation of
Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778,
he rendered valuable aid to the Americans, turn-
ing out supplies to feed Clark's destitute soldiers.
and accepting Virginia Continental money, at
par, in payment, incurring liabilities in excess of
!?20,000. This, followed by the confiscation policy
of the British Colonel Hamilton, at Vincennes,
where Vigo had considerable property, reduced
him to extreme penury. H. W. Beckwith says
that, towards the close of his life, he lived on his
little homestead near Vincennes, in great poverty
but cheerful to the last He was never recom-
pensed during his life for his sacrifices in behalf
of the American cau.se, though a tardy restitution
was attempted, after his death, by the United
States Government, for the benefit of his heirs.
He died, at a ripe old age, at Vincennes, Ind.,
March 22, 1835.
VILLA RIDGE, a village of Pulaski County,
on the Illinois Central Railway, 10 miles north of
Cairo. Population, 500.
VINCENNES, Jean Baptiste Bissot, a Canadian
explorer, born at Quebec, January, 1688, of aris-
tocratic and wealthy ancestr}'. He was closely
connected with Louis Joliet — probably his
brother-in-law, although some historians say that
he was the latter's nephew. He entered the
Canadian army as ensign in 1701, and had a long
and varied experience as an Indian fighter.
About 1725 he took up his residence on what is
now the site of the present city of Vincennes,
Ind., which is named in his honor. Here he
erected an earth fort and established a trading-
post. In 1726, under orders, he co-operated with
D'Artaguiette (then the French Governor of Illi-
nois) in an expedition against the Chickasaws.
The expedition resulted disastrously. Vincennes
and D'Artaguiette were captured and burned
at the stake, together with Father Senat (a
Jesuit priest) and others of the command.
(See also D'Artaguiette; French Governors of
lUiuois.)
VIRDEN, a city of Macoupin County, on the
Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroads, 21 miles south by west from
Springfield, and 31 miles east-southeast of Jack-
sonville. It has five churches, two banks, two
newspapers, telephone service, electric lights,
grain elevators, macliine shop, and extensive coal
mines. Pop (1900), 3, 280 ; (school census 1903), 3, 651.
VIRGINI.4,an incorporated city, the county-
seat of Cass County, situated at the intersection of
the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis, with the Spring-
field Division of the Baltimore & Ohio South-
western Railroad, 15 miles north of Jacksonville,
and 33 miles west-northwest of Springfield. It
lies in the heart of a rich agricultural region.
There is a flouring mill here, besides manu-
factories of wagons and cigars. The city has two
National and one State bank, five churches, a
HISTORICAL EKGYCLOrEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
545
high school, and two weekly papers. Pot) (1890),
1,603; (1900). 1,600.
VOCKE, William, lawyer, was born at Min-
den, Westphalia (Germany), in 1839, the son of a
Government Secretary in the Prussian service.
Having lost his father at an early age, he emi-
grated to America in 1856, and, after a short
stay in New York, came to Chicago, where he
found employment as a paper-carrier for "The
Staats-Zeitung." meanwhile giving his attention
to the study of law. Later, he became associated
with a real-estate firm; on the commencement
of the Civil War, enlisted as a private in a
three-months' regiment, and, finally, in the
Twenty-fourth Illinois (the first Hecker regi-
ment), in which he rose to the rank of Captain.
Returning from the army, he was employed as
city editor of "The Staats-Zeitung," but, in
1865, became Clerk of the Chicago Police Court,
serving until 1869. Meanwhile he had been
admitted to the bar, and, on retirement from
office, began practice, but, in 1870, was elected
Representative in the Twenty-seventh General
Assembly, in which he bore a leading part in
framing "the burnt record act" made necessary
by the Sre of 1871. He has since been engaged
in the practice of his profession, having been,
for a number of years, attorney for the German
Consulate at Chicago, also serving, for several
years, on the Chicago Board of Education. Mr.
Vocke is a man of high literary tastes, as shown
by his publication, in 1869, of a volume of poems
translated from the German, which has been
highly commended, besides a legal work on
"The Administration of Justice in the United
States, and a Synopsis of the Mode of Procedure
in our Federal and State Courts and All Federal
and State Laws relating to Subjects of Interest
to Ahens, " which has been pubUshed in the Ger-
man Language, and is highly valued by German
lawyers and business men. Mr. Vocke was a
member of the Republican National Convention
of 1872 at Philadelphia, which nominated General
Grant for the Presidency a second time.
YOLK, Leonard Wells, a distinguished Illinois
sculptor, born at Wellstown (afterwards Wells),
N. Y., Nov. 7, 1838. Later, his father, who was
a marble cutter , removed to Pittsfield, Mass.,
and, at the age of 16, Leonard began work in his
shop. In 1848 he came west and began model-
ing in clay and drawing at St. Louis, being only
self-taught. He married a cousin of Stephen A.
Douglas, and the latter, in 1855, aided him in
the prosecution of his art studies in Italy. Two
years afterward he settled in Chicago, where he
modeled the first portrait bust ever made in the
city, having for his subject his first patron — tlie
"Little Giant." The next year (1858) he made a
life-size marble statue of Douglas. In 1860 he
made a portrait bust of Abraham Lincoln, which
passed into the possession of the Chicago His-
torical Society and was destroyed in the great fire
of 1871. In 1868-69, and again in 1871-73, he
revisited Italy for purposes of study. In 1867 he
was elected academician of the Chicago Academy,
and was its President for eight years. He was
genial, companionable and charitable, and always
ready to assist his younger and less fortunate pro-
fessional brethren. His best known works are the
Douglas Monument, in Chicago, several soldiers'
monuments in different parts of the country,
the statuary for the Henry Keep mausoleum at
Watertown, N. Y., life-size statues of Lincoln
and Douglas, in the State House at Springfield,
and numerous portrait busts of men eminent
in political, ecclesiastical and commercial Ufe.
Died, at Osceola, Wis., August 18, 1895.
VOSS, Arno, jom-nalist, lawyer and soldier,
born in Prussia, April 16, 1831 ; emigrated to the
United States and was admitted to the bar in
Chicago, in 1848, the same year becoming editor
of "The Staats-Zeitung"; was elected City
Attorney in 1853, and again m 1853; in 1861
became Major of the Sixth IlUnois Cavalry, but
afterwards assisted in organizing the Twelfth
Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Colonel,
still later serving with his command in Vir-
ginia. He was at Harper's Ferry at the time of
the capture of that place in September, 1863, but
succeeded in cutting his way, with his command,
through the rebel lines, escaping into Pennsyl-
vania. Compelled by ill-health to leave the serv-
ice in 1863, he retired to a farm in Will County,
but, in 1869, returned to Chicago, where he served
as Master in Chancery and was elected to the
lower branch of the General Assembly in 1876,
but declined a re-election in 1878. Died, in Chi-
cago, March 23, 1888.
WABASH, CHESTER & WESTERN RAIL-
ROAD, a railway running from Chester to Mount
Vernon, 111., 63.33 miles, with a branch extend-
ing from Chester to Menard. 1.5 miles; total
mileage, 64.83. It is of standard gauge, and
almost entirely laid %vith 60-pound steel rails. —
(History.) It was organized, Feb. 20. 1878, as
successor to the Iron Mountain, Chester & East-
ern Railroad. During the fiscal year 1893-94 the
Company purchased the Tamaroa & Mount Ver-
non Railroad, extending from IMount Vernon to
546
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Tamaroa, 23.5 miles. Capital stock (1898), $1,-
350,000; bonded indebtedness, §690,000; total
capitalization, 83,028,573.
WABASH COUNTY, situated in the southeast
corner of the State ; area 220 square miles. The
county was carved out from Edwards in 1824,
and the first court house built at Centerville, in
May, 1836. Later, Mount Carmel was made the
county-seat. (See Mount Carmel.) The Wabash
Eiver drains the county ou the east; other
streams are the Bon Pas, Coffee and Crawfish
Creeks. The surface is undulating with a fair
growth of timber. The chief industries are the
raising of live-stock and the cultivation of cere-
als. The wool-crop is like«-ise valuable. The
county is crossed by the Louisville, Evansville &
St. Louis and the Cairo and Vincennes Division
of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St.
Louis Railroads. Population (1880), 4,945; (1890),
11,866; (1900), 12,.583.
WABASH RAILROAD, an extensive raih-oad
system connecting the cities of Detroit and
Toledo, on the east, with Kansas City and Council
Bluffs, on the west, with branches to Chicago, St.
Louis, Quincy and Altamont, 111., and to Keokuk
and Des Moines, Iowa. The total mileage (1898)
is 1,874.96 miles, of which 677.4 miles are in Illi-
nois— all of the latter being the property of the
company, besides 176.7 miles of yard-tracks, sid-
ings and spurs. T)ie company has trackage
privileges over the Toledo, Peoria & Western (6.5
miles) between Elvaston and Keokuk bridge, and
over the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (31.8
miles) between Camp Point and Quincy. — (His-
tory.) A considerable portion of this road in
IlUnois is constructed on the line upon which the
Northern Cross Railroad was projected, in the
"internal improvement" scheme adopted in 1837,
and embraces the only section of road completed
under that scheme — that between the Illinois
River and Springfield. (1) The construction of
this section was begun by the State, May 11,
1837, the first rail laid. May 9, 1838, the road
completed to Jacksonville, Jan. 1, 1840, and to
Springfield, May 13, 1843. It was operated for a
time by "mule power," but the income was in-
suflScient to keep the line in repair and it was
finally abandoned. In 1847 the line was sold for
131,100 to N. H. Ridgely and Thomas Mather of
Springfield, and by them transferred to Xew
York capitalists, who organized the Sangamon &
Morgan Railroad Company, reconstructed the
road from Springfield to Naples and opened it for
business in 1849. (3) In 1853 two corporations
were organized in Ohio and Indiana, respectively,
under the name of the Toledo & Illinois Railroad
and the Lake Erie, Wabash & St. Louis Railroad,
which were consolidated as the Toledo, Wabash
& Western Railroad, June 35, 1856. In 1858
these Hues were sold separately under foreclo-
sure, and finally reorganized, under a special char-
ter granted by the Illinois Legislature, under the
name of the Great Western Railroad Company.
(3) The Quincy & Toledo Railroad, extending
from Camp Point to the Illinois River opposite
Meredosia, was constructed in 1858-59, and that,
with the Illinois & Southern Iowa (from Clay-
ton to Keokuk), was united, July 1, 1865, with
the eastern divisions extending to Toledo, the
new organization taking the name of the main
line, (Toledo, Wabash & Western). (4) The
Hannibal & Naples Division (49.6 miles), from
Bluffs to Hannibal. Mo., was chartered in 1863,
opened for business in 1870 and leased to the
Toledo, Wabash & AVestern. The latter defaulted
on its interest in 1875, was placed in the hands
of a receiver and, in 1877, %vas turned over to a
new company under the name of the Wabash
Railway Company. (5) In 1868 the company,
as it then existed, jiromoted and secured the con-
struction, and afterwards acquired the owner-
ship, of a line extending from Decatur to East St.
Louis (110.5 miles) under the name of the Deca-
tur & East St. Louis Raih-oad. (6) The Eel River
Railroad, from Butler to Logansport, Ind., was
acquired in 1877, and afterwards extended to
Detroit under the name of the Detroit, Butler &
St. Louis Railroad, completing the connection
from Logansport to Detroit. — In November, 1879,
the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Com-
pany was organized, took the property and con-
solidated it with certain lines west of the
Mississippi, of which the chief was the St. Louis,
Kansas City & Northern. A line had been pro-
jected from Decatur to Chicago as early as 1870,
but, not having been constructed in 1881, the
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific purchased what was
known as the Chicago & Paducah Railroad,
imiting with the main line at Bement, and (bj'
way of the Decatur and St. Louis Division) giv-
ing a direct line between Chicago and St. Louis.
At this time the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific was
operating the following additional leased lines:
Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur (67.3 miles); Hannibal
& Central Missoiu-i (70.3 miles); Lafayette, Mun-
cie & Bloomington (36.7 miles), and the Lafayette
Bloomington & Muncie (80 miles). A connection
between Chicago on the west and Toledo and
Detroit on the east was established over the
Grand Trunk road in 1883, but, in 1890, the com-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
547
pany constructed a line from Slontpelier, Ohio, to
Clark, Ind. (149.7 miles), thence by track lease
to Chicago (17.5 miles), giving an independent
line between Cliicago and Detroit by what is
known to investors as the Detroit & Chicago
Division.
The total mileage of the Wabash, St. Louis &
Pacific system, in 1884, amounted to over 3,600
miles ; but, in May of that year, default having
been made in the payment of interest, the work
of disintegration began. The main line east of
the Mississippi and that on the west were sepa-
rated, the latter taking the name of the '"Wabash
Western." The Eastern Division was placed in
the hands of a receiver, so remaining until May,
1889, when the two divisions, having been
bought in by a purchasing committee, were
consolidated under the present name. The total
earnings and income of the road in Illinois, for
the fiscal year 1898, were 84,402,631, and the
expenses §4,836,110. The total capital invested
(1898) was §139,889,643, including capital stock
of §.53,000,000 and bonds to the amount of §81,-
534,000.
WABASH EIVER, rises in northwestern Ohio,
passes into Indiana, and runs northwest to Hun-
tington. It then flows nearly due west to Logans-
port, thence southwest to Covington, finally
turning southward to Terre Haute, a few miles
below which it strikes the western boundary of
Indiana. It forms the boundary between Illinois
and Indiana (taking into account its numerous
windings) for some 300 miles. Below Vincennes
it runs in a south-southwesterly direction, and
enters the Ohio at the south-west extremity of
Indiana, near latitude 37' 49' north. Its length
is estimated at 557 miles.
WABASH & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD.
(See Illhiois Central Railroad.)
WABASH, ST. LOCIS & PACIFIC RAIL-
ROAD. (See ^Vahash Railroad.)
WABASH & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See
Wabash Railroad.)
WAIT, WilUam Smith, pioneer, and original
suggestor of the Illinois Central Railroad, was
born in Portland, Maine, March 5, 1789, and edu-
cated in the public schools of his native place.
In his youth he entered a book-publishing house
in which his father was a partner, and was for a
time associated with the publication of a u-eekly
paper. Later the business was conducted at
Boston, and extended over the Eastern, Middle,
and Southern States, the subject of this sketch
making extensive tours in the interest of the
firm. In 1817 he made a tour to the West,
reaching St. Louis, and, early in the following
year, visited Bond County. 111., where he made
his first entry of land from the Government.
Returning to Boston a few months later, he con-
tinued in the service of the publishing firm until
1820, when lie again came to Illinois, and, in
1821, began farming in Ripley Township, Bond
County. Returning East in 1824, he spent the
next ten years in the employment of the publish-
ing firm, with occasional visits to Illinois. In
1835 he located permanently near Greenville,
Bond County, and engaged extensively in farm-
ing and fruit-raising, planting one of the largest
apple orchards in the State at that early day. In
1845 he presided as chairman over the National
Industrial Convention in New York, and, in
1848, was nominated as the candidate of the
National Reform Association for Vice-President
on the ticket with Gerrit Smith of New York,
but declined. He was also prominent in County
and State Agricultural Societies. Mr Wait has
been credited with being one of the first (if not
the very first) to suggest the construction of the
Illinois Central Railroad, which he did as early
as 1835; was also one of the prime movers in the
construction of the ]Mississippi & Atlantic Rail-
road— now the "Vandalia Line" — giving much
time to the latter enterprise from 1846 for many
years, and was one of the original incorporators
of the St. Louis & IlUnois Bridge Company.
Died, July 17, 18G5.
WALKER, Cyrus, pioneer, lawyer, born in
Rockbridge County, Va., May 14, 1791; was taken
while an infant to Adair County, Ky., and came
to Macomb, 111., in 1833, being the second lawyer
to locate in McDonough County. He had a wide
reputation as a successful advocate, especially in
criminal cases, and practiced extensively in the
courts of Western Illinois and also in Iowa. Died,
Dec. 1, 1875. Mr. Walker was uncle of the late
Pinkney H. Walker of the Supreme Court, who
studied law with him. He was Whig candidate
for Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in
1840.
WALKER, James Barr, clergyman, was born
in Philadelphia, July 29, 1805; in his youth
served as errand-boy in a country store near
Pittsburg and spent four years in a printing
ofl5ce ; then became clerk in the office of Mordecai
M. Noah, in New York, studied law and gi-adu-
ated from Western Reserve College, Ohio ; edited
various religious papers, including "The Watch-
man of the Prairies" (now "The Advance") of
Cliicago, was licensed to preacli by the Presbytery
of Chicago, and for some time was lecturer on
548
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
"Harmony between Science and Revealed Reli-
gion" at Oberlin College and Chicago Theological
Seniinarj'. He was author of several volumes,
one of which — "The Philosophy of the Plan of
Salvation,"" published anonymously under the
editorship of Prof. Calvin E. Stowe (18.55) — ran
through several editions and was translated into
five different languages, including Hindustanee.
Died, at Wheaton. 111., March 6, 1887.
WALKER, James Monroe, corporation lawyer
and Railway President, was born at Claremont,
N. H., Feb. 14, 1820. At fifteen he removed with
his parents to a farm in Jlichigan ; was educated
at Oberlin, Ohio, and at the University of Michi-
gan, Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in
1849. He then entered a law office as clerk and
student, was admitted to the bar the next year,
and soon after elected Prosecuting Attorney of
"Washtenaw County ; was also local attorney for
the Michigan Central Railway, for which, after
his removal to Chicago in 1803, he became Gen-
eral Solicitor. Two years later the firm of Sedg-
wick & "Walker, which had been organized in
Michigan, became attorneys for the Chicago,
Burlington & Quiucy Railroad, and, until his
death, Mr. "Walker was associated with this com-
pany, either as General Solicitor, General Counsel
or President. filUng the latter position from 1870
to 1875. Mr. "Walker organized both the Chicago
and Kansas City stock-yards, and was President
of these corporations, as also of the Wilmington
Coal Company, down to the time of his death,
which occurred on Jan. 22, 1881, as a result of
heart disease.
"WALKER, (Rev.) Jesse, Methodist Episcopal
missionary, was born in Rockingham County,
Ta., June 9, 1766; in 1800 removed to Tennessee,
became a traveling preacher in 1802, and, in
1806, came to Illinois under the presiding-elder-
ship of Rev. "William McKendree (afterwards
Bishop), locating first at Turkey Hill, St. Clair
Count}'. In 1807 he held a camp meeting near
Edwardsville — the first on Illinois soil. Later,
he transferred his labors to Northern Illinois;
was at Peoria in 1824; at Ottawa in 1825, and
devoted much time to missionary work among
the Pottawatomies, maintaining a school among
them for a time. He visited Chicago in 1826, and
there is evidence that he was a prominent resident
there for several years, occupying a log house,
■which he used as a church and living-room, on
""Wolf Point" at the junction of the North and
South Branches of the Chicago River. "While
acting as superintendent of the Fox River mis-
sion, his residence appears to have been at Plain-
field, in the northern part of Will County. Died,
Oct. 5, 1835.
WALKER, Pinkney H., lawyer and jurist,
was born in Adair County, Ky., June lb, 1810.
His boyhood was chiefly passed in farm work and
as clerk in a general store ; in 1834 he came to Illi-
nois, settling at Rushville, where he worked in a
store for four years. In 1838 he removed to
Macomb, when-e he began attendance at an acad-
emy and the study of law with his uncle, Cyrus
Walker, a leading lawyer of his time. He was
admitted to the bar in 1839. practicing at Macomb
until 1848, when he returned to Rushville. In
1803 he was elected Judge of the Fifth Judicial
Circuit, to fill a vacancy, and re-elected in 1855.
This position he resigned in 1858, having been
appointed, by Governor Bissell, to fill the vacancy
on the bench of the Supreme Court occasioned by
the resignation of Judge Skinner, Two months
later he was elected to the same position, and
re-elected in 1867 and '76. He presided as Chief
Justice from January, 1864. to June, "67, and
again from Jime, 1874, to June, "75. Before the
expiration of his last term he died, Feb. 7, 1885.
■ft' ALL, George Willard, la%vyer, politician and
Judge, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, April 22,
1839; brought to Perry County, 111., in infancy,
and received his preparatory education at McKen.
dree College, finally graduating from the Uni-
versity of Michigan in 1858, and from the
Cincmnati Law School in 1859, when he began
practice at Duquoin, 111. He was a member of
the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and, from
1864 to "68, served as State's Attorney for the
Third Judicial District ; was also a Delegate to the
State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. In
1872 he was an unsuccessful Democratic candi-
date for Congress, although running ahead of his
ticket. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of
the Third Circuit, and re-elected in "79, '85 and
'91, much of the time since 1877 being on duty
upon the Appellate bench. His home is at
Duquoin.
WALLACE, (Rev.) Peter, D.D., clergyman
and soldier; was born in Mason County, Ky.,
April 11, 1818; taken in infancy to Brown
Countj', Ohio, where he grew up on a farm until
15 years of age. when he was apprenticed to a
carpenter: at the age of 20 came to Illinois,
where he became a contractor and builder, fol-
lowing this occupation for a nimiber of years. He
was converted in 1835 at Springfield, 111., and,
some years later, having decided to enter the
ministry, was admitted to the Illinois Conference
as a deacon by Bishop E. S. Janes in 1855, and
IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
549
placed in charge of the Danville Circuit. Two
years later he was ordained bj- Bishop Scott, and,
in the next few years, held pastorates at various
places in the central and eastern parts of the
State. From 18G7 to 1874 he was Presiding Elder
of the Mattoon and Quincy Districts, and, for six
years, held the position of President of the Board
of Trustees of Chaddock College at Quincy, from
which he received the degree of D.D. in 1881.
In the second year of the Civil War he raised a
company in Sangamon County, was chosen
its Captain and assigned to the Seventy-third
Illinois Volunteers, known as the '"preachers'
regiment" — all of its officers being ministers. In
1864 he was compelled by ill-health to resign his
commission. While pastor of the church at Say-
brook, 111., he was offered the position of Post-
master of that place, which he decided to accept,
and was allowed to retire from the active minis-
try. On retirement from office, in 1884, he
removed to Chicago. In 1889 he was appointed
by G-overnor Fifer the first Chaplain of the Sol-
diers' and Sailors" Home at Quincy, but retired
some four years afterward, when he returned to
Chicago. Dr. Wallace was an eloquent and
effective preacher and continued to preach, at
intervals, until within a short time of his decease,
which occurred in Chicago, Feb. 21, 1897, in his
84th year. A zealous patriot, he frequently
spoke very effectively upon the political rostrum.
Originallj' a Whig, lie became a Republican on
the organization of that party, and took pride in
the fact that the first vote he ever cast was for
Abraham Lincoln, for Representative in the Legis-
lature, in 1834. He was a Knight Templar, Vice-
President of the Tippecanoe Club of Chicago,
and, at his death, Cliaplain of America Past, Xo.
708, G. A. R.
WALLACE, WllUam Henry Lamb, lawyer and
soldier, was born at Urbana, Ohio, July 8, 1831 ;
brought to Illinois in 1833, his father settling
near La Salle and, afterwards, at Slount Morris,
Ogle County, where yoimg Wallace attended the
Rook River Seminary ; was admitted to the bar in
1845 ; in 1846 enlisted as a private in the First Illi-
nois Volxinteers (Col. John J. Hardin's regiment),
for the Mexican War, rising to the rank of Adju-
tant and participting in the battle of Buena Vista
(where his commander was killed), and in other
engagements. Returning to his profession at
Ottawa, he served as District Attorney (18,5'3-56),
then became partner of his father-in-law. Col.
T. Lyle Dickey, afterwards of the Supreme Court.
In April. 1861, he was one of the first to answer
the call for troops by enlisting, and became Colo-
nel of the Eleventh Illinois (three-months'
men), afterwards re-enlisting for three years.
As commander of a brigade he participated in
the capture of Forts Henry and Douelson, in Feb-
ruary. 1862, receiving promotion as Brigadier-
General for gallantry. At Pittsburg Landing
(Shiloh), as commander of Gen. C. F. Smith's
Division, devolving on him on account of the
illness of his superior officer, he showed great
courage, but fell mortally woimded, dying at
Charleston, Tenn., April 10, 1862. His career
promised great brilliancy and his loss was greatly
deplored. —Martin R. M. ( Wallace), brother of
the preceding, was born at Urbana. Ohio, Sept.
29. 1829, came to La Salle County, 111., with his
father's family and was educated in the local
schools and at Rock River Seminary ; studied law
at Ottawa, and was admitted to the bar in 1856,
soon after locating in Chicago. In 1861 he
assisted in organizing the Fourth Regiment Illi-
nois Cavalry, of which he became Lieutenant-
Colonel, and was complimented, in 1865, with the
rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the
war he served as Assessor of Internal Revenue
(1866-69); County Judge (1869-77); Prosecuting
Attorney (1884) ; and, for many years past, has
been one of the Justices of the Peace of the city
of Chicago.
WALNUT, a town of Bureau County, on the
Mendota and Fulton branch of the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west of
Mendota; is in a farming and stock-raising dis-
trict ; has two banks and two newspapers. Popu-
lation (1890). 605: (1900), 791.
WAR OF 1812. Upon the declaration of war
by Congress, in June, 1812, the Pottawatomies,
and most of the other tribes of Indians in the
Territory of Illinois, strongly sympathized with
the British. The savages had been hostile and
restless for some time previous, and blockhouses
and family forts had been erected at a number
of points, especially in the settlements most
exposed to the incursions of the savages. Gov-
ernor Edwards, becoming apprehensive of an
outbreak, constructed Fort Russell, a few miles
from Edwardsville. Taking the field in person,
he made this his headquarters, and collected a
force of 250 mounted volunteers, who were later
reinforced by two companies of rangers, under
Col. William Russell, numbering about 100 men.
An independent company of twenty-one spies, of
which John Reynolds — afterwards Governor —
was a member, was also formed and led by Capt.
Samuel Judy. The Governor organized his little
army into two regiments under Colonels Rector
550
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
and Stephenson, Colonel Russell serving as
second to the commander-in-chief, other mem-
bers of his staff being Secretary Nathaniel Pope
and Robert K. McLaughlin. On Oct. 18, 1813,
Governor Edwards, with his men, set out for
Peoria, where it was expected that their force
would meet that of General Hopkins, who had
been sent from Kentucky with a force of 2,000
men. En route, two Kickapoo villages were
burned, and a number of Indians unnecessarily
slain by Edwards" party. Hopkins had orders to
disperse the Indians on the Illinois and Wabash
Rivers, and destroy their villages. He deter-
mined, however, on reaching the headwaters of
the Vermilion to proceed no farther. Governor
Edwards reached the head of Peoria Lake, but,
failing to meet Hopkins, returned to Fort Russell.
About the same time Capt. Thomas E. Craig led
a party, in two boats, up the Illinois River to
Peoria. His boats, as he alleged, having been
fired upon in the night by Indians, who were har-
bored and protected by the French citizens of
Peoria, he burned the greater part of the village,
and capturing the population, carried them down
the river, putting them on shore, in the early part
of the winter, just below Alton. Other desultory
expeditions marked the campaigns of 1813 and
1814. The Indians meanwhile gaining courage,
remote settlements were continually harassed
bj' marauding bands. Later in 1814, an expedi-
tion, led by Major (afterwards President) Zachary
Taylor, ascended the Jlississippi as far as Rock
Island, where he found a large force of Indians,
supported by British regulars with artillery.
Finding himself unable to cope with so formida-
ble a foe. Major Taylor retreated down the river.
On the site of the present town of Warsaw he
threw up fortifications, which he named Fort
Edwards, from which point he was subsequently
compelled to retreat. The same year the British,
with their Indian allies, descended from Macki-
nac, captured Prairie du Chien, and burned Forts
Madison and Johnston, after whicli they retired
to Cap au Gris. The treaty of Ghent, signed
Dec. 24, 1814, closed the war, although no formal
treaties were made with the tribes until the year
following.
WAR OF THE REBELLION. At the outbreak
of the Civil War, the executive chair, in Illinois.
was occupied by Gov. Richard Yates. Immedi-
ately upon the issuance of President Lincoln's
first call for troops (April 15, 1861), the Governor
issued his proclamation summoning the Legisla-
ture together in special session and, the same
day, issued a call for "six regiments of militia,"
the quota assigned to the State under call of the
President. Public excitement was at fever heat,
and dormant patriotism in both sexes was
aroused as never before. Party lines were
broken down and, with comparatively few excep-
tions, the mass of the people were actuated by a
common sentiment of patriotism. On April 19,
Governor Yates was instructed, by the Secretary
of War, to take possession of Cairo as an important
strategic point. At that time, the State militia
organizations were few in number and poorly
equipped, consisting chiefly of independent com-
panies in the larger cities. The Governor acted
with great promptitude, and, on April 21, seven
companies, numbering 59.5 men, commanded by
Gen. Richard K. Swift of Chicago, were en route
to Cairo. The first volunteer company to tender
its services, in response to Governor Yates" proc-
lamation, on April 16, was the Zouave Grays of
Springfield. Eleven other companies were ten-
dered the same day, and, by the evening of the
18th, the number had been increased to fifty.
Simultaneously with these proceedings, Chicago
bankers tendered to the Governor a war loan of
8500,000, and those of Springfield, §100,000. The
Legislature, at its special session, passed acts in-
creasing the eflSciency of the militia law, and
{provided for the creation of a war fund of 62,-
000,000. Besides tlie six regiments already called
for, the raising of ten additional volunteer regi-
ments and one battery of light artillery was
authorized. The last of the six regiments,
apportioned to Illinois under the first presidential
call, was dispatched to Cairo early in May. The
six regiments were numbered tlie Seventh to
Twelfth, inclusive — tlie earlier numbers. First to
Sixth, being conceded to the six regiments which
had served in the war with Mexico. The regi-
ments were commanded, respectively, by Colonels
John Cook, Richard J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine,
James D. Morgan, William H. L. Wallace, and
John McArthur. constituting the "First Brigade
of Illinois Volunteers."' Benjamin M. Prentiss,
having been chosen Brigadier-General on arrival
at Cairo, assumed command, relieving General
Swift. The quota imder the second call, consist-
ing of ten regiments, was mustered into service
within sixty days, 200 companies being tendered
immediately. Many more volunteered than could
be accepted, and large numbers crossed to Mis-
souri and enlisted in regiments forming in that
State. During June and July the Secretary- of
War authorized Governor Yates to recruit twenty-
two additional regiments (seventeen infantry and
five cavalry), which were promptly raised. On
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
551
July 22, the day following the defeat of the Union
army at Bull Run, President Lincoln called for
500,000 more volunteers. Governor Yates im-
mediately responded with an offer to the War
Department of sixteen more regiments (thirteen
of infantry and three of cavalry), and a battalion
of artillery, adding, that the State claimed it as
her right, to do her full share toward the preser-
vation of the Union. Under supplemental author-
ity, received from the Secretary of "War in
August, 1861, twelve additional regiments of in-
fantry and five of cavalry were raised, and, by De-
cember, 1861, the State had 43,000 volunteers in
the field and 17,000 in camps of instruction.
Other calls were made in July and August, 18<i2,
each for 300,000 men. Illinois" quota, under both
calls, was over 52,000 men, no regard being paid
to the fact that the State had already fm-nished
16,000 troops in excess of its quotas under previ-
ous calls. Unless this mmiber of volunteers was
raised by September 1, a draft would be ordered.
The tax was a severe one, inasmuch as it would
fall chiefly upon the prosperous citizens, the float-
ing population, the idle and the extremely poor
having already followed the army"s march, either
as soldiers or as camp-followers. But recruiting
was actively carried on, and, aided by liberal
bounties in many of the counties, in less than a
fortnight the 52,000 new troops were secured, the
volunteers coming largely from the substantial
classes — agricultural, mercantile, artisan and
professional. By the end of December, fifty-nine
regiments and four batteries had been dispatched
to the front, besides a considerable number to fill
up regiments already in the field, which had suf-
fered severely from battle, exposure and disease.
At this time, Illinois had an aggregate of over
135,000 enlisted men in the field. The issue of
President Lincoln's preliminary proclamation of
emancipation, in September, 1862, was met by a
storm of hostile criticism from his political
opponents, who — aided by the absence of so
large a proportion of the loyal population of the
State in the field — were able to carry the elec-
tions of that year. Consequently, when the
Twenty-third General Assembly convened in
regular session at Springfield, on Jan. 5, 1863, a
large majority of that body was not only opposed
to both the National and State administrations,
but avowedly opposed to the further prosecution
of the war under the existing policy. The Leg-
islature reconvened in June, but was prorogued
by Governor Yates Between Oct. 1, 1863, and
July 1, 1864, 16,000 veterans re-enlisted and
87, 000 new volunteers were enrolled ; and, by the
date last mentioned, Illinois had furnished to the
Union army 244,496 men, being 14,596 in ex-
cess of the allotted quotas, constituting fifteen
per cent of the entire population. These w^ere
comprised in 151 regiments of infantry, 17 of
cavalry and two complete regiments of artillery,
besides twelve independent batteries. The total
losses of Illinois organizations, during the war,
has been reported at 34,834, of which 5,874 were
killed in battle, 4,020 died from wounds, 23,786
from disease and 2,154 from other causes — being
a total of thirteen per cent of the entire force of
the State in the service. The part which Illinois
played in the conte-st was conspicuous for patriot-
ism, promptness in response to every call, and
the bravery and efficiency of its troops in the
field — reflecting honor upon the State and its his-
tory. Nor were its loyal citizens— who, while
staying at home, furnished moral and material
support to the men at the front — less worthy of
praise than those who volunteered. By uphold-
ing the Government — National and State— and
by their zeal and energy in collecting and sending
forward immense quantities of supplies— surgical,
medical and other — often at no little sacrifice,
they contributed much to the success of the
Union arms. (See also Camp Douglas; Camp
Douglas Conspiracy; Secret Treasonable Soci-
eties.)
WAR OF THE REBELLION (History of Illi-
nois Regiments). The following is a list of the
various military organizations mustered into the
service during the Civil War (1861-65), with the
terms of service and a summary of the more
important events in the history of each, while
in the field :
Seventh Infantry. Illinois having sent six
regiments to the Mexican War, by courtesy the
numbering of the regiments which took part in
the war for the Union began with number
Seven. A number of regiments which responded
to the first call of the President, claimed the right
to be recognized as the first regiment in the
field, but the honor was finally accorded to that
organized at Springfield by Col. John Cook, and
hence his regiment was numbered Seventh. It
was mustered into the service, April 25, 1861, and
remained at Mound City during the three months'
service, the period of its first enlistment. It was
subsequently reorganized and mustered for the
three years' service, July 25, 1861, and was
engaged in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh,
Corinth, Cherokee, Allatoona Pass, Salkahatchie
Swamp, Bentonville and Columbia. The regi-
ment re-enlisted as veterans at Pulaski, Tenn.,
552
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Dec. 23, ISO;); was mustered out at Louisville,
July 9, ISli-j. and paid off and discharged at
Springfield, July 11.
Eighth Infantry. Organized at Springfield,
and mustered in for three months" service, April
26, 1861, Richard J. Oglesby of Decatur, being
appointed Colonel. It remained at Cairo during
its term of service, when it was mustered out.
July 23, 1861, it was reorganized and mustered in
for three years' service. It participated in the
battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Port Gibson,
Thompson Hill, Raymond, Champion Hill, Vicks-
burg, Brownsville, and Spanish Fort ; re-enlisted
as veterans, March 24, 1864; was mustered out at
Baton Rouge, May 4, 1866, paid off and dis-
charged, May 13, having served five years.
Ninth Infantry. Mustered into the service
at Springfield, Api'il 26, 1861, for the term of
three months, under Col. Eleazer A. Paine. It
was reorganized at Cairo, in August, for three
years, being composed of companies from St.
Clair, Madison, Montgomery, Pulaski, Alexander
and Mercer Counties : was engaged at Fort Donel-
son, Shiloh, Jackson (Tenn.), Meed Creek
Swamps, Salem, Wyatt, Florence, Montezuma,
Athens and Grenada. The regiment was mounted,
March 1.5, 1863, and so continued during the
remainder of its service. Mustered out at Louis-
ville, July 9, 186.5.
Tenth Infantry. Organized and mustered
into the service for three months, on April 29,
1861, at Cairo, and on July 29, 1861, was mustered
into the service for three years, with Col. James
D. Morgan in command. It was engaged at
Sykeston, New Madrid, Corinth, Missionary
Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw,
Chattahoochie, Savannah and Bentonville. Re-
enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864, and mustered
out of service, July 4, 186.5, at Louisville, and
received final discharge and pay, Jul}- 11, 1865,
at Chicago.
Eleventh Infantry. Organized at Spring-
field and mustered into ser^-ice, April 30, 1861,
for three months. July 30, the regiment was
mustered out, and re-enlisted for three years'
service. It was engaged at Fort Donelson,
Shiloh, Corinth, Tallahatchie, Vicksburg, Liver-
pool Heights, Yazoo City, Spanish Fort and
Fort Blakely. W. H. L. Wallace, afterwards
Brigadier-General and killed at Shiloh. was its
first Colonel. Mustered out of service, at Baton
Rouge, July 14, 186.5 ; paid off and discharged at
Springfield.
Twelfth Infantry. Mustered into service
for three years. August 1, 1861; was engaged at
Columbus, Fort Donelson. Shiloh, Corinth, Lay's
Ferry, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw,
Nickajack Creek, Bald Knob, Decatur, Ezra
Church, Atlanta, Allatoona and Goldsboro. On
Jan. 16, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veter-
ans. John McArthur was its first Colonel, suc-
ceeded by Augustus L. Chetlain, both being
promoted to Brigadier-Generalships. Mustered
out of service at Louisville, Ky., July 10, 186.5,
and received final pay and discharge, at Spring-
field, July 18.
Thirteenth Infantry. One of the regiments
organized under the act known as the "Ten Regi-
ment Bill"; was mustered into service on May 24,
1861, for three years, at Dixon, with John B.
Wyman as Colonel; was engaged at Chickasaw
Bayou, Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Jackson, Mis-
sionary Ridge, Rossville and Ringgold Gap.
Mustered out at Springfield, June 18, 1864, hav-
ing served three years and two months.
Fourteenth Infantry. One of the regiments
raised under the "Ten Regiment Bill," which
anticipated the requirements of the General
Government by organizing, equipping and dril-
ling a regiment in each Congressional District in
the State for thirty days, unless sooner required
for service by the United States. It was mustered
in at Jacksonville for three years. May 25, 1861,
under command of John M. Palmer as its first
Colonel; was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Meta-
mora, Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Beauregard and
Meridian; consolidated with the Fifteenth Infan-
trj, as a veteran battalion (both regiments hav-
ing enlisted as veterans), on July 1, 1864. In
October, 1864, the major part of the battalion
was captured by General Hood and sent to
Andersonville. The remainder participated in
the "March to the Sea," and through the cam-
Ijaign in the Carolinas. In the spring of 1863 the
battalion organization was discontinued, both
regiments having been filled up by recruits. The
regiment was mustered out at Fort Leaven-
worth, Kan., Sept. 16, 1865; and arrived at
Springfield, 111., Sept. 23, 2865, where it received
final payment and discharge. The aggregate
number of men who belonged to this organization
was 1,980, and the aggregate mustered out at
Fort Leavenworth, 480. During its four years
and four months of service, the regiment
marched 4,490 miles, traveled by rail, 2,880 miles,
and, by river. 4.490 miles — making an aggregate
of 11,670 miles.
Fifteenth Infantry. Raised imder the "Ten
Regiment Act," in the (then) First Congressional
District; was organized at Freeport, and mus-
HISTOPJCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
553
tered into service, May 24, 1861. . It was engaged
at Sedalia, Shiloh, Corinth, Metamora Hill,
Vicksburg, Fort Beauregard, Champion Hill,
Allatoona and Bentonville. In March. 1804, the
regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, in July,
1864, was consolidated with the Fourteenth Infan-
try as a Veteran Battalion. At Big Shanty and
Ackworth a large portion of the battalion was
captured by General Hood. At Raleigh the
Veteran Battalion was discontinued and the
Fifteenth reorganized. From July 1, to Sept. 1,
186,5, the regiment was stationed at Forts Leaven-
worth and Kearney. Having been mustered out
at Fort Leavenworth, it was sent to Springfield
for final payment and discharge— having served
four years and four months. Miles marched,
4,299; miles by rail, 2,403, miles by steamer,
4,310; men enlisted from date of organization,
1,963; strength at date of muster-out, 640.
Sixteenth Infantry. Organized and mus-
tered into service at Quincy under the "Ten-Regi-
ment Act," May 24, 1861. The regiment was
engaged at New Madrid, Tiptonville, Corinth,
Buzzards' Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw Jloun-
tain, Chattahoochie River, Peach Tree Creek.
Atlanta, Savannah, Columbia, Fayetteville,
Averysboro and Bentonville. In December,
1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans; was
mustered out at Louisville, Ky.. July 8, 1865,
after a term of service of four years and three
months, and. a week later, arrived at Spring-
field, where it received its final pay and discharge
papers.
Seventeenth Infantry. Mustered into the
service at Peoria, 111., on May 24, 1861; was
engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.). Greenfield
(Ark.), Shiloh, Corinth, Hatchie and Vicksburg.
In May, 1864. the term of enlistment having
expired, the regiment was ordered to Springfield
for pay and discharge. Those men and officers
who re-enlisted, and those whose term had not
expired, were consolidated with the Eighth Infan-
try, which was mustered out in the spring of 1866.
Eighteenth Infantry. Organized under the
provisions of the "Ten Regiment Bill,"" at Anna,
and mustered into the service on May 28, 1861,
the term of enlistment being for three years.
The regiment participated in the capture of Fort
McHenry, and was actively engaged at Fort
Donelson, Shiloh -and Corinth. It was mustered
out at Little Rock, Dec. 16, 186.5. and Dec. 31,
thereafter, arrived at Springfield, lU., for pay-
ment and discharge. The aggregate enlistments
in the regiment, from its organization to date of
discharge (rank and file), numbered 2,043.
Nineteenth Infantry. Mustered into the
United States service for three years, June 17,
1861, at Chicago, embracing four companies
which had been accepted under the call for three
months' men; participated in the battle of
Stone River and in the Tullahoma and Chatta-
nooga campaigns; was also en,gaged at Davis"
Cross Roads, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and
Resaca. It was mustered out of service on July
9, 1864, at Chicago. Originally consisting of
nearly 1,000 men, besides a large number of
recruits received during the war, its strength at
the final muster-out was less than 350.
Twentieth Infantry. Organized, May 14.
1861, at Joliet, and June 13, 1861, and mustered
into the service for a term of three years. It
participated in the following engagements, bat-
tles, sieges, etc.: Fredericktown (Mo.), Fort
Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Thompson's Planta-
tion, Champion Hills, Big Black River, Vicks-
burg, Kenesaw Mountain and Atlanta. After
marching through the Carolinas, the regiment
was finally ordered to Louisville, where it was.
mustered out, July 16, 1865, receiving its final
discharge at Chicago, on July 24.
Twenty- first Infantry. Organized under
the "Ten Regiment Bill," from the (then) Sev-
enth Congressional District, at Mattoon, and
mustered into service for three years, June 28,
1861. Its first Colonel was U. S. Grant, who was
in command until August 7, when he svas com-
missioned Brigadier-General. It was engaged
at Fredericktown (Mo. ) , Corinth, Perryville, Mur-
freesboro. Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Jonesboro,
Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted
as veterans, at Chattanooga, in February, 1864.
From June. 1864, to December, 1865, it was on
duty in Texas. Mustered out at San Antonio,
Dec. 16, 1865, and paid ofif and discharged at
Springfield. Jan. 18, 1866.
Twenty-second Infantry. Organized at
Belleville, and mustered into service, for three
years, at Casey ville. 111., June 25, 1861; was
engaged at Belmont, Charleston (Mo.), Sikestown,
Tiptonville, Farmington, Corinth, Stone River,
Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New
Hope Church, and all the battles of the Atlanta
campaign, except Rocky Face Ridge. It was
mustered out at Springfield, July 7, 1S64, the vet-
erans and recruits, whose term of service had not
expired, being consolidated with the Forty-second
Regiment Illinois Infantry Volunteers.
Twenty-third Infantry. The organization
of the Twenty-third Infantry Volunteers com-
menced, at Chicago, under the popular name of
554
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
tlie "Irish Brigade," immediately upon tlie
opening of hostilities at Sumter. The formal
muster of the regiment, under the command of
Col. James A. Mulligan, was made, Jime 15, 1861,
at Chicago, when it was occupj-ing barracks
known as Kane's brewery near the river on
West Polk Street. It was early ordered to North-
ern Missouri, and was doing garrison duty at
Lexington, when, in September, 1861, it surren-
dered with the rest of the garrison, to the forces
under the rebel General Price, and was paroled.
From Oct. 8, 1861, to June 14, 1862, it was detailed
to guard prisoners at Camp Douglas. Thereafter
it participated in engagements in the Virginias,
as follows; at South Fork, Greenland Gap, Phi-
lippi, Hedgeville, Leetown, Maryland Heights,
Snicker's Gap, Kernstowu, Cedar Creek, 'Win-
chester, Charlestown, Berryville, Ojjequan Creek,
Fisher's Hill, Harrisonburg, Hatcher's Run and
Petersburg. It also took part in the siege of
Richmond and the pursuit of Lee, being present
at the surrender at Appomattox. In January
and February, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as
veterans, at Greenland Gap, W. Ya.. In August,
1864, the ten companies of the Regiment, then
numbering 440, were consolidated into five com-
panies and designated, "Battalion, Twenty-third
Regiment, Illinois "Veteran Volunteer Infantry."
The regiment was thanked by Congress for its
part at Lexington, and was authorized to inscribe
Lexington upon its colors. (See also Mulligan,
James A.)
Twenty-fourth Infantry, (known as the
First Hecker Regiment). Organized at Chicago,
with two companies — to-wit; the Union Cadets
and the Lincoln Rifles — from the three months'
service, in June, 1861, and mustered in, July 8,
18G1. It participated in the battles of Perryville,
Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Resaca, Kenesaw
Mountain and other engagements in the Atlanta
campaign. It was mustered out of service at
Chicago, August 6, 1864. A fraction of the regi-
ment, which had been recruited in the field, and
whose term of service had not expired at the date
of muster-out, was organized into one company
and attached to the Third Brigade, First Divi-
sion, Fourteenth Army Corps, and mustered out
at Camp Butler, August 1, 1865.
Twenty-fifth Infantry. Organized from
the counties of Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Vermil-
ion, Douglas, Coles, Champaign and Edgar, and
mustered into service at St. Louis, August 4. 1861.
It participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Stone
River, Chickamau,ga, Missionary Ridge, in the
siege of Corinth, the battle of Kenesaw Moun-
tain, the siege of. Atlanta, and innumerable skir-
mishes ; was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 5,
1864. During its three years' service the regi-
ment traveled 4,963 miles, of which 3,253 were on
foot, the remainder by steamboat and railroad.
Twenty'-sixth Infantry. Mustered into serv-
ice, consisting of seven companies, at Springfield,
August 31, 1861. On Jan. 1, 1864, the regiment
re-enlisted as veterans. It was authorized by the
commanding General to inscribe upon its ban-
ners "New Madrid" ; "Island No. 10;" "Farming-
ton;" "Siege of Corinth;" "luka;" "Corinth—
3d and 4th, 1863;" "Resaca;" "Kenesaw;" "Ezra
Church;" "Atlanta;" "Jonesboro;" "Griswold-
ville;" "McAllister;" "Savannah;" "Columbia,"
and "Bentonville." It was mustered out at
Louisville, July 30, 1865, and paid off and
discharged, at Springfield, July 28— the regiment
having marched, during its four years of service,
6, 931 miles, and fought twenty -eight hard battles,
besides innumerable skirmishes.
Twenty-seventh Infantry. First organized,
with only seven companies, at Springfield,
August 10, 1861, and organization completed by
the addition of three more companies, at Cairo,
on September 1. It took part in the battle of Bel-
mont, the siege of Island No. 10, and the battles
of Farmington, Nashville, Murfreesboro, Chicka-
mauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge,
Resaca, Calhoun, Adairsville, Dallas, Pine Top
Mountain and Kenesaw Mountain, as well as in
the investment of Atlanta; was relieved from
duty, August 35, 1864, while at the front, and
mustered out at Springfield, September 20. Its
veterans, with the recruits whose term of serv-
ice had not expired, were consolidated with the
Ninth Infantry.
Twenty-eighth Infantry. Composed of
companies from Pike. Fulton, Schuyler, Mason,
Scott and Menard Counties; was organized at
Springfield, August 15, 1861, and mustered into
service for three years. It participated in the
battles of Shiloh and Metamora, the siege of
Vicksburg and the battles of Jackson, Mississippi,
and Fort Beauregard, and in the capture of
Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. From
June, 1864, to March, 1866, it was stationed in
Texas, and was mustered out at Brownsville, in
that State, March 15, 1866, having served four
j^ears and seven months. It was discharged, at
Springfield, May 13, 1866.
Twenty'-ninth Infantry. Mustered into serv-
ice at Springfield, August 19, 1861, and was
engaged at Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the
sieges of Corinth, Vicksburg and Mobile. Eight
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
556
companies were detailed for duty at Holly Springs,
and were there captured by General Van Dorn,
in December, 18(52, but were exclianged. six
months later. In January, 1S64, the regiment
re-enlisted as veterans, and, from June, 18G4, to
November, 1865, was on duty in Texas. It was
mustered out of service in that State, Nov. 6,
186.5, and received final discharge on November 28.
Thirtieth Infantry. Organized at Spring-
field, August 28, 1861 ; was engaged at Belmont,
Fort Donelson, the siege of Corinth, Medan
Station, Raymond, Champion Hills, the sieges of
Vicksburg and Jackson, Big Shanty, Atlanta,
Savannah, Pocotaligo, Orangeburg, Columbia,
Cheraw, and Fayetteville ; mustered out. July
17, 1865, and received final payment and discharge
at Springfield, July 27, 1865.
Thirty-first Infantry. Organized at Cairo,
and there mustered into service on Sept. 18,
1861 ; was engaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson,
Shiloh, in the two expeditions against Vicks-
burg, at Thompson's Hill, Ingram Heights, Ray-
mond, Jackson, Champion Hill, Big Shanty,
Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Lovejoy Station and
Jonesboro; also participated in the "March to
the Sea" and took part in the battles and skir-
mishes at Columbia, Cheraw, Fayetteville and
Bentonville. A majority of the regiment re-
enlisted as veterans in March, 1864. It was
mustered out at Louisville, July 19, 1865, and
finally discharged at Springfield, July 23.
Thirty-second Infantry. Organized at
Springfield and mustered into service, Dec. 31,
1861. By special authority from the War Depart-
ment, it originally consisted of ten companies of
infantry, one of cavalry, and a battery. It was
engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the sieges
of Corinth and Vicksburg, and in the battles of
La Grange, Grand Junction, Metamora, Harrison-
burg, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack Creek,
AUatoona, Savannah, Columbia, Cheraw and
Bentonville. In January, 1864, the regiment
re-enlisted as veterans, and, in June, 1865. was
ordered to Fort Leavenworth. Mustered out
there, Sept. 16, 1865, and finally discharged at
Springfield.
Thirty-third Infantry. Organized and mus-
tered into service at Springfield in September,
1861; was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.). Fort
Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, the
assault and siege of Vicksburg, siege of Jackson,
Fort Esperanza. and in the expedition against
Mobile. The regiment veteranized at Vicksburg.
Jan. 1, 1864: was mustered out. at the same point,
Nov. 24, 1865, and finally discharged at Spring-
field, Dec. 6 and 7, 1865. The aggregate enroll-
ment of the regiment was between 1,900 and
2,000.
Thirty-fourth Infantry. Organized at
Springfield, Sept. 7, 1861 ; was engaged at Shiloh,
Corinth, Murfreesboro, Rocky Face Ridge, Re-
saca. Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta,
Jonesboro. and, after participating in the "March
to the Sea" and through the Carolinas, took part
in the battle of Bentonville. After the surrender
of Johnston, the regiment went with Sherman's
Army to Washington, D. C, and took part in the
grand review. May 24, 1865; left Washington,
June 12, and arrived at Louisville, Ky., June 18,
where it was mustered out, on July 12; was dis-
charged and paid at Chicago, July 17, 1865.
Thirty-fifth Infantry. Organized at De-
catur on July 3, 1861, and its services tendered to
the President, being accepted by the Secretary of
War as "Col. G. A. Smith's Independent Regi-
ment of Illinois Volunteers," on July 23, and
mustered into service at St. Louis. August 12. It
was engaged at Pea Ridge and in tlie siege of
Corinth, also participated in the battles of Perry-
ville. Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary-
Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Dallas and
Kenesaw. Its final muster-out took place at
Springfield, Sept. 27, 1864, the regiment having
marched (exclusive of railroad and steamboat
transportation) 3,0,56 miles.
Thirty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Camp
Hammond, near Aurora, 111., and mustered into
service, Sept. 23, 1861, for a term of three years.
The regiment, at its organization, numbered 965
officers and enlisted men, and had two companies
of Cavalry ("A" and "B"), 186 oflScers and
men. It was engaged at Leetown, Pea Ridge,
Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, the siege
of Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face
Ridge. Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church,
Kenesaw Mountain. Peach Tree Creek. Jones-
boro, Franklin and Nashville. Mustered out,
Oct. 8. 1865, and disbanded, at Springfield, Oct.
27, having marched and been transported, during
its term of service, more than 10,000 miles.
Thirty-seventh Infantry. FamiUarly known
as "Fremont Rifies" ; organized in August, 1861,
and mustered into service, Sept. 18. The regi-
ment was presented with battle-flags by the Chi-
cago Board of Trade. It participated in the
battles of Pea Ridge, Neosho, Prairie Grove and
Chalk Bluffs, the siege of Vipksburg, and in the
battles of Yazoo City and Morgan's Bend. In
October, 1863. it was ordered to the defense of tlie
frontier along the Rio Grande; re-enlisted as
550
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
veterans in February, 1804; took part in the
siege and storming of Fort Blakely and the cap-,
ture of Mobile: from July, 1865, to May, 1866,
was again on duty in Texas ; was mustered out
at Houston, 3Iay 15, 1866, and finally discharged
at Springfield, May 31, having traveled some
17,000 miles, of which nearly 3,300 were by
marching.
Thirty-eighth Infantry. Organized at
Springfield, in Septeniber, 1861. The regiment
was engaged in tlie battles of Fredericktown,
Perryville, Knob Gap, Stone River, Liberty Gap,
Chickamauga. Pine Top, Kenesaw Mountain,
Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville;
re-enlisted as veterans in February, 1864 ; from
June to December, 1865, was on duty in Louisi-
ana and Texas; was mustered out at Victoria,
Texas, Dec. 31, 1865, and received final discharge
at Springfield.
Thirty-ninth Infantry. The organization of
this Regiment was commenced as soon as the
news of the firing on Fort Sumter reached Chi-
cago. General Thomas O. Osborne was one of its
contemplated field officers, and labored zealously
to get it accepted under the first call for troops,
but did not accomplish his object. The regiment
had already assumed the name of the "Yates
Phalanx" in honor of Governor Yates. It was
accepted by the War Department on the day
succeeding the first Bull Run disaster (July 22,
1861), and Austin Light, of Chicago, was appointed
Colonel. Under his direction the organization was
completed, and the regiment left Camp Mather,
Chicago, on the morning of Oct. 13, 1861. It par-
ticipated in the battles of Winchester, Malvern
Hill (the second), Morris Island, Fort Wagner,
Drury's Bluff, and in numerous engagements
before Petersburg and Riclunond, including the
capture of Fort Gregg, and was present at Lee's
surrender at Appomattox. In the meantime the
regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Hilton Head,
S. C, in September, 1863. It was mustered out
at Norfolk, Dec. 6, 1865, and received final dis-
charge at Chicago, December 16.
Fortieth Infantry. Enlisted from the coun-
ties of Franklin, Hamilton, Wayne, White,
Wabash, Marion, Clay and Fayette, and mustered
into service for three years at Springfield,
August 10, 1861. It was engaged at Shiloh, in
the siege of Corinth, at Jackson (Miss.), in the
siege of Vicksburg, at Missionary Ridge, New
Hope Church, Black Jack Knob, Kenesaw Moun-
tain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Ezra Chapel, Gris-
woldville, siege of Savannah, Columbia (S. C),
and Bentonville. It re-enlisted, as veterans, at
Scottsboro, Ala., Jan. 1, 1864, and was mustered
out at Louisville, July 24, 1865, receiving final
discharge at Springfield.
Forty-first Infantry*. Organized at Decatur
during July and August, 1861, and was mustered
into service, August 5. It was engaged at Fort
Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, the second
battle of Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg and
Jackson, in the Red River campaign, at Guntown,
Kenesaw Mountain and AUatoona, and partici-
pated in the "March to the Sea." It re-enlisted,
as veterans, March 17, 1864, at Vicksburg, and
was consolidated with the Fifty-third Infantry,
Jan. 4, 1865, forming Companies G and H.
Forty-second Infantry. Organized at Chi-
cago, July 22, 1861 ; was engaged at Island No. 10,
the siege of Corinth, battles of Farmington,
Columbia (Tenn.), was besieged at Nashville,
engaged at Stone River, in the TuUahoma cam-
paign, at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky
Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope
Church, Pine and Kenesaw Mountains, Peach
Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station,
Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. It re-
enlisted, as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864; was stationed
in Texas from July to December, 1865 ; was mus-
tered out at Indianola, in that State, Dec. 16,
186.5, and finally discharged, at Springfield, Jan.
12, 1866.
Forty-third Infantry. Organized at Spring-
field in September, 1861, and mustered into
service on Oct. 12. The regiment took part in
the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh and in the
campaigns in West Tennessee, Mississippi and
Arkansas; was mustered out at Little Rock,
Nov. 30, 1865, and returned to Springfield for
final pay and discharge, Dec. 14, 1865.
Forty-fourth Infantry. Organized in Au-
gust, 1861, at Chicago, and mustered into service,
Sept. 13, 1861 ; was engaged at Pea Ridge,
Perryville, Stone River, Hoover's Gap, Shelby-
ville, Tullahoma, Chickamauga, Missionary
Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge,
Adairsville, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kene-
saw Mountain, Gulp's Farm, Chattahoochie
River, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro,
Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted
as veterans in Tennessee, in Januarj', 1864.
From June to September, 1865, it was stationed
in Louisiana and Texas, was mustered out at
Port Lavaca, Sept. 25, 1865, and received final
discharge, at Springfield, three weeks later.
Forty-fifth Infantry. Originally called
the "Washburne Lead Mine Regiment"; was
organized at Galena, July 23, 1861, and mustered
niSTOi;iCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
557
into service at Chicago, Dec. 25, 18G1. It was
engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of
Corinth, battle of JMedan, the campaign against
Vicksburg. the Meridian raid, tlie Atlanta cam-
paign, the "March to the Sea,"' and the advance
through the Carolinas. The regiment veteran-
ized in January, 1864; was mustered out of serv-
ice at Louisville, Ky., July 12, ISGo, and arrived
in Chicago. July 1.5, 1865, for final pay and dis-
charge. Distance marched in four years, 1.T50
miles.
Forty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Spring-
field, Dec. 28, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donel-
son, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, battle of
Metamora, siege of Vicksburg (where five com-
panies of the regiment were captured), in the
reduction of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeley,
and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered in
as a veteran regiment, Jan. 4, 1864. From May,
1865, to January, 1866, it was on dutj- in Louisi-
ana ; was mustered out at Baton Rouge. Jan. 20,
1866, and, on Feb. 1, 1866. finally paid and dis-
charged at Springfield.
FORTY--SEVENTH INFANTRY. Organized and
mustered into service at Peoria, III, on August
16, 1861. The regiment took part in the expe-
dition against New Madrid and Island No. 10;
also participated in the battles of Farmington,
luka, the second battle of Corinth, the capture
of Jackson, the siege of Vicksburg, the Red
River expedition and the battle of Pleasant Hill,
and in the struggle at Lake Chicot. It was
ordered to Chicago to assist in quelUng an antici-
pated riot, in 1864, but, returning to the front,
took part in the reduction of Spanish Fort and
the capture of Mobile; was mustered out, Jan.
21, 1866, at Selma, Ala., and ordered to Spring-
field, where it received final pay and discharge.
Those members of the regiment who did not re-en-
li.st as veterans were mustered out, Oct. 11. 1864.
Forty-eighth Infantry*. Organized at Spring-
field. September, 1861, and participated iu battles
and sieges as follows; Fort Henry and Fort
Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth (siege of), Vicksburg
(first expedition against). Missionary Ridge, as
well as in the Atlanta campaign and the "March
to the Sea." The regiment re-enlisted as veter-
ans, at Scottsboro, Ala., Jan. 1, 1864; was mus-
tered out, August 15, 1865, at Little Rock, Ark.,
and ordered to Springfield for final di.scharge,
arriving, August 21, 1865. The distance marched
was 3.000 miles; moved by water, 5,000; by rail-
road, 3,450~total, 11,450.
FOKT\--NiNTH Infantry-. Organized at Spring-
field, 111., Dec. 31, 1861; was engaged at Fort
Shiloh and Little Rock; took part in
the campaign against Sleridian and in the Red
River expedition, being in the battle of Pleasant
Hill, Jan. 15. 1864 ; three-fourths of the regiment
re-enlisted and were mustered in as veterans,
returning to Illinois on furlough. The non-
veterans took part in the battle of Tupelo. The
regiment particiijated in the battle of Nashville,
and was mustered out, Sept. 9, 1865, at Paducah,
Ky., and arrived at Springfield, Sept, 15, 1865,
for final payment and discharge.
Fiftieth Infantry*. Organized at Quincy, in
August, 1861, and mustered into service, >Sept. 12,
1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the
siege of Corinth, the second battle of Corinth,
Allatoona and Bentonville, besides many minor
engagements. The regiment was mounted. Nov.
17, 1863; re-enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864, was
mustered out at Louisville, July 13, 1865, and
reached Springfield, the following day, for final
pay and discharge.
Fifty-first Infantry'. Organized at Chi-
cago, Dec. 24, 1861 ; was engaged at New Madrid,
Island No. 10, Farmington, the siege of Corinth,
Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge,
Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw
Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jones-
boro. Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. The
regiment was mustered in as veterans, Feb. 16,
1864 ; from July to September, 1865, was on duty
in Texas, and mustered out. Sept. 25, 1865. at
Camp Irwin, Texas, arriving at Springfield, 111.,
Oct. 15, 1865, for final payment and discharge.
Fifty-second Infantry'. Organized at Ge-
neva in November, 1861, and mustered into serv-
ice, Nov. 19. The regiment participated in the
following battles, sieges and expeditions : Shiloh,
Corinth (siege and second battle of), luka. Town
Creek, Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Lay's Ferry,
Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain,
Nickajack Creek, Decatur, Atlanta, Jonesboro
and Bentonville. It veteranized, Jan. 9, 1864;
was mustered out at Louisville, July 4. 1865.
and received final payment and discharge at
Springfield, July 12.
Fifty'-third Infantry'. Organized at Ottawa
in the winter of 1861-62, and ordered to Chicago,
Feb. 27, 1862, to complete its organization. It
took part in the siege of Corinth, and was engaged
at Davis" Bridge, the siege of Vicksburg, in the
Meridian campaign, at Jackson, the siege of
Atlanta, the "March to the Sea," the capture of
Savannah and the campaign in the Carolinas.
including the battle of Bentonville, The regi-
ment was mustered out of service at Louisville,
558
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Jul}- 2i;, 1865, and received final discharge, at
Chicago, July 28. It marched 2,85.5 miles, and
was transported by boat and cars, 4,168 miles.
Over 1,800 officers and men belonged to the regi-
ment during its term of service.
Fifty-fourth I-N'F-\ntry. Organized at Anna,
in November, 1861, as a part of the "Kentucky
Brigade," and was mustered into service, Feb.
18, 1862. No complete history of the regiment
can be given, owing to the loss of its official
records. It served mainly in Kentucky, Tennes-
see, Mississippi and Arkansas, and always effect-
ively. Three-fourths of the men re-enlisted as
veterans, in January, 1864. Six companies were
captured by the rebel General Slielby, in August,
1864, and were exchanged, the following De-
cember. The regiment was mustered out at
Little Rock, Oct. 1-5, 1865; arrived at Springfield,
Oct. 26. and was discharged. During its organi-
zation, the regiment had 1,342 enlisted men and
71 commissioned officers.
Fifty-fifth Infa.vtrt. Organized at Chi-
cago, and mustered into service, Oct. 31, 1861.
The regiment originally formed a part of the
"Douglas Brigade," being chiefly recruited from
the young farmers of Fulton, McDonough,
Grundy, La Salle. De Kalb. Kane and Winnebago
Counties. It participated in the battles of Shiloh
and Corinth, and in the Tallahatchie campaign;
in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas
Post, around Vieksburg, and at Missionary Ridge ;
was in the Atlanta campaign, notably in the
battles of Kenesaw Mountain and Jonesboro. In
all, it was engaged in thirty -one battles, and was
128 days under fire. The total mileage traveled
amounted to 11,965, of which 3,240 miles were
actually marched. Re-enlisted as veterans, while
at Larkinsville, Tenn..was mustered out at Little
Rock, August 14, 1865, receiving final discharge
at Chicago, the same month.
Fifty-sixth Infantry*. Organized with com-
panies principally enlisted from the counties of
Massac, Pope, Gallatin, Saline, White. Hamilton,
Franklin and Wayne, and mustered in at Camp
Mather, near Shawneetown. The regiment par-
ticipated in the siege, and second battle, of
Corinth, the Yazoo expedition, the siege of
Vieksburg — being engaged at Champion Hills,
and in numerous assaults ; also took part in the
battles of Missionary Ridge and Resaca, and in
the campaign in the Carolinas, including the
battle of Bentonville. Some 200 members of the
regiment perished in a wreck off Cape Hatteras,
March 31, 1865. It was mustered out in Arkan-
sas, August 12, 1865.
Fifty-seventh Inp.\ntry. Mustered into serv-
ice, Dec. 26, 1861, at Chicago; took part in the
battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, the siege of
Corinth, and the second battle at that point ; was
also engaged at Resaca, Rome Cross Roads and
AUatoona; particiimted in the investment and
capture of Savannah, and the campaign through
the Carolinas, including the battle of Benton-
ville. It was mustered out at Louisville. Julj' 7,
1865, and received final discharge at Chicago,
July 14.
Fifty'-eighth Infantry. Recruited at Chi-
cago, Feb. 11, 1862; participated in the battles of
Fort Donelson and Sliiloh. a large number of the
regiment being captured during the latter engage-
ment, but subsequently exchanged. It took part
in the siege of Corinth and the battle of luka,
after which detachments were sent to Springfield
for recruiting and for guarding prisoners.
Returning to the front, the regiment was engaged
in the capture of Meridian, the Red River cam-
paign, the taking of Fort de Russey, and in many
minor battles in Louisiana. It was mustered out
at Montgomery, Ala., April 1, 1866, and ordered
to Springfield for final paj-ment and discharge.
Fifty-ninth Infantry. Originally known as
the Ninth ]Missoiu'i Infantry, although wholly
recruited in Illinois. It was organized at St.
Louis, Sept. 18, 1861, the name being changed to
the Fifty-ninth Illinois, Feb. 13, 1862, by order of
the War Department. It was engaged at Pea
Ridge, formed part of the reserve at Farmington,
took part at Perryville, Nolansville, Knob Gap
and Murfreesboro, in the TuUahoma campaign
and the siege of Chattanooga, in the battles of
Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Kingston,
Dallas, Ackworth, Pine Top, Kenesaw Mountain,
Smyrna, Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin and
Nashville. Having re-enlisted as veterans, the
regiment was ordered to Texas, in June, 1865,
where it was mustered out, December, 1865,
receiving its final discharge at Springfield.
Sixtieth Infantry'. Organized at Anna, 111.,
Feb. 17, 1862; took part in the siege of Corinth
and was besieged at Nashville. The regiment
re-enlisted as veterans while at the front, in
January, 1864; participated in the battles of
Buzzard's Roost, Ringgold, Dalton, Resaca,
Rome, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kenesaw
Mountain. Nickajack, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta,
Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville; was
mustered out at Louisville, July 31, 1865, and
received final discharge at Springfield.
Sixty-first Infantry. Organized at Carroll-
ton, 111., three full companies being mustered
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
559
in, Feb. 5, 1862. On Februarj- 21. the regiment,
being still incomplete, moved to Benton Bar-
racks, Mo., where a sufficient number of recruits
joined to make nine full companies. The regiment
was engaged at Shiloh and Bolivar, took part
in the Yazoo expedition, and re-enlisted as veter-
ans early in 1864. Later, it took part in the battle
of Wilkinson's Pike (near Murfreesboro), and
other engagements near that point ; was mustered
out at Nashville, Tenn., Sept. 8, 186.5, and paid
off and discharged at Springfield, Septem-
ber 27.
Sixty-second Inf.\>'TRY. Organized at Anna,
111., April 10, 1862; after being engaged in several
skirmishes, the regiment sustained a loss of ITO
men, who were captured and paroled at Holly
Sjjrings, Miss., by the rebel General Van Dorn,
where the regimental records were destroyed.
The regiment took part in forcing the evacuation
of Little Rock; re-enlisted, as veterans, Jan. 9,
1864 ; was mustered out at Little Rock, March 6,
1866, and ordered to Springfield for final payment
Sixty-third Infantry. Organized at Anna,
in December. 1861, and mustered into service,
April 10, 1862. It participated in the first invest-
ment of Vicksburg, the capture of Richmond
Hill, La. , and in the battle of Missionary Ridge.
On Jan. 1, 1864, 372 men re-enlisted as veterans.
It took part in the capture of Savannah and in
Sherman's march through the Carolinas, partici-
pating in its important battles and skirmishes;
was mustered out at Louisville, July 13, 1865,
reaching Springfield, July 16. The total di.stance
traveled was 6,453 miles, of which 2,250 was on
the march.
Sixty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Spring-
field, December, 1861, as the "First Battalion of
Yates Sharp Shooters." The last company was
mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861. The regiment was
engaged at New Madrid, the siege of Corinth,
Chambers' Creek, the second battle of Corinth,
Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Decatur, the
siege of Atlanta, the investment of Savannah and
the battle of Bentonville ; re-enlisted as veterans,
in Januaiy, 1864; was mustered out at Louisville,
July 11, 1865, and finally discharged, at Chicago,
July 18.
Sixty-fifth Infantry. Originally known as
the "Scotch Regiment"; was organized at Chi-
cago, and mustered in. May 1, 1862. It was cap-
tured and paroled at Harper's Ferry, and ordered
to Chicago; was exchanged in April, 1863; took
part in Burnside's defen.se of Knoxville; re-en-
listed as veterans in March, 1864. and participated
in the Atlanta campaign and the "March to the
Sea." It was engaged in battles at Columbia
(Tenn.), Franklin and Nashville, and later near
Federal Point and Sraithtown, N. C, being mus-
tered out, July 13, 1865, and receiving final pay-
ment and discharge at Chicago, July 26, 1865.
Sixty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Benton
Barracks, near St. Louis, Mo. , during September
and October, 1861 — being designed as a regiment
of "Western Sharp Shooters" from Illinois, Mis-
souri, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Indiana and
Ohio. It was mustered in, Nov. 23, 1861, was
engaged at Mount Zion (Mo.), Fort Donelson,
Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, luka, the second
battle of Corinth, in the Atlanta campaign, the
"March to the Sea" and the campaign through
the Carolinas. The regiment was variously
known as the Fourteenth Jlissouri Volunteers,
Birge's Western Sharpshooters, and the Sixty-
sixth Illinois Infantry. The latter (and final)
name was conferred by the Secretary of War,
Nov. 20, 1862. It re-enUsted (for the veteran
service), in December, 1863, was mustered out at
Camp Logan, Ky., July 7, 1865, and paid off and
discharged at Springfield. July 15.
Sixty-seventh Infantry. Organized at Clii-
cago, June 13, 1862, for three months' service, in
response to an urgent call for the defense of
Washington. The Sixty -seventh, by doing guard
duty at the camps at Chicago and Springfield,
relieved the veterans, who were sent to the front.
Sixty-eighth Infantry. Enlisted in response
to a call made by the Governor, early in the sum-
mer of 1862, for State troops to serve for three
months as State Militia, and was mustered in
early in June, 1862. It was afterwards mustered
into the United States service as Illinois Volun-
teers, by petition of the men, and received
marching orders, July 5, 1862 ; mustered out, at
Springfield, Sept. 26, 1862 — many of the men re-
enlisting in other regiments.
Sixty-ninth Infantry. Organized at Camp
Douglas, Chicago, and mustered into service for
three months, June 14, 1862. It remained on
duty at Camp Douglas, guarding the camp and
rebel prisoners.
Seventieth Infa>-try. Organized at Camp
Butler, near Springfield, and mustered in, July 4,
1862. It remained at Camp Butler doing guard
duty. Its term of service was three months.
Seventy-first Infantry. Mustered into serv-
ice, July 26, 1862, at Chicago, for three months.
Its service was confined to garrison duty in Illi-
nois and Kentucky, being mustered out at Chi-
cago, Oct. 29, 1862.
560
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Seventy-second Infantry. Organized at Chi-
cago, as the First Regiment of the Chicago Board
of Trade, and mustered into service for three
years, August 23, 1862. It was engaged at Cllam-
pion Hill, Vicksburg. Natchez, FrankHn, Nash-
ville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely; mustered
out of service, at Vicksburg, August 6, 1865, and
discharged at Chicago.
Seventy-third Inf.\ntry. Recruited from
the counties of Adams, Champaign, Christian,
Hancock, Jackson, Logan, Piatt, Pike, Sanga-
mon, Tazewell and Vermilion, and mustered into
service at Springfield, August 21, 1862, 900 strong.
I't participated in the battles of Stone River,
Perryville, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge,
Resaca, Adairsville, Burnt Hickorj', Pine and
Lost Jlountains. New Hope Church, Kenesaw
Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Spring Hill, Frank-
lin and Nashville ; was mustered out at Nashville,
June 12, 1865, and, a few days later, -vent to
Springfield to receive pay and final discharge.
Seventy-fourth Inf.\ntry. Organized at
Rockford, in August, 1862, and mustered into
service September 4. It was recruited from Win-
nebago, Ogle and Stephenson Counties. This regi-
ment was engaged at Perryville, Murfreesboro
and Nolansville, took part in the Tullahoma
campaign, and the battles of Missionary Ridge,
Resaca, Adairsville, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain,
Tunnel Hill, and Rocky Face Ridge, the siege of
Atlanta, and the battles of Spring Hill, Franklin
and Nashville. It was mustered out at Nashville,
June 10, 1865, with 343 officers and men. the
aggregate number enrolled having been 1,001.
Seventy-fifth Infantry. Organized at
Dixon, and mustered into service, Sept. 2, 1862.
The regiment participated in the battles of Perry-
ville, Nolansville, Stone River, Lookout Mountain,
Dalton, Resaca, Marietta. Kenesaw, Franklin and
Nashville; was mustered out at Nashville, June
12, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July
1, following.
SEVEXTY--SIXTH INFANTRY. Organized at Kan-
kakee, 111., in August, 1862, and mustered into the
service, August 23, 1862 ; took part in the siege of
Vicksburg, the engagement at Jackson, the cam-
paign against Meridian, the expedition to Yazoo
City, and the capture of Mobile, was ordered to
Texas in June, 1865. and mustered out at Galves-
ton, July 22, 1865, being paid ofl^ and disbanded
at Chicago, August 4, 1865 — having traveled
10,000 miles.
Seventy-seventh Infantry. Organized and
mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862, at Peoria;
"was engaged in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou,
Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg (including
the battle of Chamiiion Hills), the capture of
Jackson, the Red River expedition, and the bat-
tles of Sabine Cross Roads and Pleasant Hill : the
reduction of Forts Gaines and Morgan, and the
capture of Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile.
It was mustered out of service at Mobile, July
10, 1865, and ordered to Springfield for final pay-
ment and discharge, where it arrived, July 22, 1865,
having particii^ated in sixteen battles and sieges.
Seventy-eighth Inf.a.ntry-. Organized at
Quincy, and mustei'ed into service, Sept. 1, 1863;
participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Mis-
sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome,
New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach
Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and
Bentonville; was mustered out, Jime 7, 1865, and
sent to Chicago, where it was paid off and dis-
charged, June 12, 1865.
Seventy-ninth Infantry. Organized at Mat-
toon, in August, 1802, and mustered into service,
August 28, 1863; participated in the battles of
Stone River, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Mis-
sionary Ridge. Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kene-
saw Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta,
Jonesboro, Lovejoy, Franklin and Nashville; was
mustered out, June 12, 1865; arrived at Camp
Butler, June 15, and, on June 23, received final
pay and discharge.
Eightieth Infantry. Organized at Centralia,
111., in August, 1862, and mustered into service,
August 25, 1862. It was engaged at Perryville,
Dug's Gap, Sand Mountain and Blunt's Farm,
surrendering to Forrest at the latter point. After
being exchanged, it participated in the battles of
"VVauhatchie, Missionary Ridge, Dalton, Resaca,
Adairsville, CassviUe, Dallas, Pine IMountain,
Kenesaw Moimtain, Marietta, Peach Tree Creek,
Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash-
ville. The regiment traveled 6,000 miles and
participated in more than twenty engagements.
It was mustered out of service, June 10, 1865, and
proceeded to Camp Butler for final pay and
discharge.
Eighty-first Infantry. Recruited from the
counties of Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Jack-
son, Union, Pulaski and Alexander, and mustered
into service at Anna, August 26, 1862. It partici-
pated in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond,
Jackson, Champion Hill, Black River Bridge, and
in the siege and capture of Vicksburg. Later,
the regiment was engaged at Fort de Russey,
Alexandria, Guntown and Nashville, besides
assisting in the investment of Mobile. It was
mustered out at Chicago, August 5, 1864.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
561
Eighty-second Infantry. Sometimes called
the "Second Hecker Regiment," iu honor of Col-
onel Frederick Hecker, its first Colonel, and for
merly Colonel of the Twentj'-fourth Illinois
Infantry — being chiefly composed of German
members of Chica,go. It was organized at Spring-
field, Sept. 26, 1S62, and mustered into service,
Oct. 33, 1S63; participated in the battles of
Fredericksburg, Gettysbui-g, Wauhatchie, Or-
chard Knob, Slissionary Ridge, Re.«aca, New
Hope Church, Dallas, Marietta, Pine Movmtain,
Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and BentonviUe ; was
mustered out of service, June 9, 1865, and
returned to Chicago, June 16 — having marched,
during its time of service, 2,503 miles.
EiGHTY-THiHD Inf.^js'try. Organized at Mon-
mouth in August, 1862, and mustered into serv-
ice, Augiist 21. It participated in repelling the
rebel attack on Fort Donelson, and in numerous
hard-fought skinnishes in Tennessee, but was
chiefly engaged in the performance of heavy
guard duty and in protecting lines of communi-
cation. The regiment was mustered out at Nash-
ville, June 26, 1865, and finally paid off and
discharged at Chicago, July 4, following.
Eighty-fourth Infantry. Organized at
Quincy, in August, 1862, and mustered into serv-
ice, Sept. 1, 1862, with 939 men and oflScers. The
regiment was auttiorized to inscribe upon its
battle-flag the names of Perryville, Stone River,
Woodbury, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain,
Missionary Ridge, Ringgold, Dalton, Buzzard's
Roost, Eesaca, Burnt Hickory, Kenesaw Moun-
tain, Smyrna, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Love joy Sta-
tion, Franklin, and Nashville. It was mustered
out, June 8, 1865.
Eighty-fifth Infantry. Organized at Peoria,
about Sept. 1, 1862, and ordered to Louisville. It
took part in the battles of Perryville, Stone River,
Chickamauga, Knoxville, Dalton, Rocky-Face
Ridge, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach
Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Savannah, Ben-
tonviUe, Goldsboro and Raleigh; was mustered
out at Washington, D. C, June 5, 1865, and
sent to Springfield, where the regiment was
paid oflE and discharged on the 20th of the same
month.
Eighty-sixth Infantry. Mustered into serv-
ice, August 27, 1862, at Peoria, at which time it
numbered 923 men, rank and file. It took part
in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Mis-
sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca. Rome,
Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Jonesboro,
Averysboro and BentonviUe; was mustered out
on June 6, 1865, at Washington, D. C, arriving
on June 11, at Chicago, where, ten days later, the
men received their pay and final discharge.
Eighty-seventh Inf.antry. Enlisted in Au-
gust, 1862; was composed of companies from
Hamilton, Edwards, Wayne and White Counties ;
was organized in the latter part of August, 1863,
at Shawneetown; mustered in, Oct. 3, 1862, the
muster to take effect from August 2. It took
part in the siege and captm-e of Warrenton and
Jackson, and in the entire campaign through
Louisiana and Soutliern Mississippi, participating
in the battle of Sabine Cross Roads and in numer-
ous skirmishes among the bayous, being mustered
out, June 16, 1865, and ordered to Springfield,
where it arrived. June 24, 1865, and was paid off
and disbanded at Camp Butler, on July 3.
Eighty-eighth Infantry. Organized at Chi-
cago, in September, 1863, and known as the
"Second Board of Trade Regiment.'' It was
mustered in, Sept. 4, 1863 ; was engaged at Perry-
ville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary
Ridge. Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, AdairsviUe,
New Hope Church, Pine Mountain. 5Iud Creek,
Kenesaw IMountain, Smyrna Camp Ground,
Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Franklin
and Nashville; was mustered out, June 9, 1865,
at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago,
June 13, 1865, where it received final pay and
discharge, June 32, 1865.
Eighty-ninth Infantry. Called the "Rail-
road Regiment" : vras organized by the railroad
companies of Illinois, at Chicago, in August,
1863, and mustered into service on the 37th of
that month. It fought at Stone River, Chicka-
mauga, Missionary Ridge, Knoxville, Resaca,
Rocky Face Ridge, Pickett's Mills. Kenesaw
Mountain. Peach Tree Creek. Atlanta, Jonesboro,
Lovejoy's Station, Spring Hill, Columbia. Frank-
lin and Nashville; was mustered out. June 10,
1865, in the field near Nashville, Tenn. ; arrived
at Chicago two days later, and was finally dis-
charged, June 34, after a service of two years,
nine months and twenty -seven days.
Ninetieth Infantry. Mustered into service
at Chicago, Sept. 7, 1863 ; participated in the siege
of Vicksburg and the campaign against Jackson,
and was engaged at Missionary Ridge, Resaca,
Pallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw
Mountain, Marietta, Nickajack Creek, RossweU,
Atlanta, Jonesboro and Fort McAllister. After
the review at Washington, the regiment was
mustered out, June 6, and returned to Chicago,
June 9, 1865, where it was finally discharged.
Jninety-first Infantry. Organized at Camp
Butler, near Springfield, in August, 1862, and
HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
mustered in on Sept. 8, 1862 ; participated in t!ie
campaigns against Vicksburg and New Orleans,
and all along the southwestern frontier in
Louisiana and Texas, as well as in the investiture
and capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at
Mobile, Jul}' 12, 1865, starting for home the same
day, and being finally paid off and discharged on
July 28, following.
Ninety-second Infantry (Mounted). Organ-
ized and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862,
being recruited from Ogle, Stephenson and Car-
roll Counties. During its term of service, the
Ninety -second was in more than sixty battles and
skirmishes, including Ringgold, Chickamauga,
and the numerous engagements on the "Slarch
to the Sea," and during the pursuit of Johnston
through the Carolinas. It was mustered out at
Concord, N. C, and paid and discharged from the
service at Chicago, July 10, 1865.
Ninety-third Infantry. Organized at Chi-
cago, in September, 1862, and mustered in, Oct.
13. 998 strong. It participated in the movements
against Jackson and Vicksburg, and was engarged
at Cliampiou Hills and at Fort Fisher; also was
engaged in the battles of Missionary Ridge,
Dallas, Resaca, and many minor engagements,
follovcing Sherman in his campaign though the
Carolinas. Mustered out of service, June 23,
1865, and, on the 25th, arrived at Chicago, receiv-
ing final payment and discharge, July 7, 1865, the
regiment having marched 3.554: miles, traveled
by water, 3,296 miles, and, by railroad, 1,237
miles — total, 6,087 miles.
Ninety-fourth Infantry. Organized at
Bloomington in August, 1863, and enlisted wholly
in McLean County. After some warm experi
ence in Southwest Missouri, the regiment took
part in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and
was, later, actively engaged in the campaigns in
Louisiana and Texas. It participated in the cap-
ture of Mobile, leading the final assault. After
several months of garri.son duty, the regiment was
mustered out at Galveston, Texas, on July 17,
1865, reaching Bloomington on August 9, follow-
ing, havingserved just three years, marched 1,200
miles, traveled by railroad 010 miles, and, by
steamer, 6,000 miles, and taken part in nine liat-
tles, sieges and skirmishes.
Ninety-fifth Infantry. Organized at Rock-
ford and mu.stered into service, Sept. 4, 1802. It
was recruited from the counties of McHenry and
Boone — three companies from the latter and
seven from the former. It took part in the cam-
paigns in Northern Mississippi and against Vicks-
burg. ill the Red River expedition, the campaigns
against Price in Missouri and Arkansas, against
Mobile and around Atlanta. Among the battles
in which the regiment was engaged were those
of the Tallahatchie River, Grand Gulf, Raymond,
Champion Hills, Fort de Russey, Old River,
Cloutierville, Mansura, Yellow Bayou, Guntown,
Nashville, Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely, Kenesaw
Mountain, Chattahoochie River, Atlanta, Ezra
Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash-
ville. The distance traveled by the regiment,
while in the service, was 9,960 miles. It was
transferred to the Forty-seventh Illinois Infan-
try, August 25, 1865.
Ninety-sixth Infantry. Recruited during
the months of July and August, 1862, and mus-
tered into service, as a regiment, Sept. 6, 1863.
The battles engaged in included Fort Donelson,
Spring Hill. Franklin, Triune, Liberty Gap,
Shelbyville, Chickamauga, Wauhatchie, Lookout
Mountain, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge,
Resaca, Kingston, New Hope Church, Dallas,
Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna
Camp Ground, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Rough
and Ready, Jonesboro, Lovejoy "s Station, Frank-
lin and Nashville. Its date of final pay and dis-
charge was June 30, 1865.
Ninety-seventh Infantry. Organized in
August and September, 1863, and mustered in on
Sept. 16 ; participated in the battles of Chickasaw
Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion
Hills, Black River, Vicksburg, Jackson and
Mobile. On July 29, 1865, it was mustered out
and proceeded homeward, reaching Springfield,
August 10, after an absence of three years, less a
few days.
Ninety-eighth Infantry. Organized at Cen-
tralia, September, 1863, and mustevccl in, Sept. 3;
took part in engagements at ( 'liickaiiiiiuj;:!, Mc-
Minnville, Farmington and Si-lma, Ih-IiI.s many
others of less note. It was mustered out, June
37, 1805, the recruits being transferred to the
Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers. The regiment
arrived at Springfield, June 30, and received final
payment and discharge, July 7, 1865.
Ninety-ninth Infantry'. Organized in Pike
County and mustered in at Florence, August 23,
1862; participated in the following battles and
skirmishes; Beaver Creek, Hartsville, Magnolia
Hills, Raymond, Champion Hills. Black River,
Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Esperanza, Grand
Coteau, Fish River, Spanish Fort and Blakely:
days under fire, 62; miles traveled, 5,900; men
killed in battle, 38; men died of wounds and
disease, 149; men discharged for disability, 127;
men deserted, 35; officers killed in battle. 3;
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
563
officers died, 3; officers resigned, 3G. The regi-
ment was mustered out at Baton Rouge, July 31,
1865, and paid ofiE and discharged, August 9,
following.
One Hundredth Infantry. Organized at
Joliet, in August, 1863, and mustered in, August
30. The entire regiment was recruited in Will
County. It was engaged at Bardstown, Stone
River, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and
Nashville ; was liustered out of service, June 13,
1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago,
June 15, where it received final payment and
discharge.
One Hundred and First Infantry, Organ-
ized at Jacksonville during the latter part of the
month of August, 1863, and, on Sept. 3, 1863,
was mustered in. It participated in the battles
of Wauhatchie, Chattanooga, Resaca, New Hope
Church, Kenesaw and Pine Mountains, Peach
Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Bentonville.
On Dec. 30, 1863, five companies were captured
at Holly Springs, Miss., paroled and sent to
Jefferson Barracks, Mo. , and formally exchanged
in June. 1863. On the Tth of June, 1865, it was
mustered out, and started for Springfield, where,
on the 31st of June, it was paid off and disbanded.
One Hundred and Second Infantry. Organ-
ized at Knoxville, in August, 1863, and mustered
in, September 1 and 3. It was engaged at Resaca,
Camp Creek, Burnt Hickory, Big Shanty, Peach
Tree Creek and Averysboro; mustered out of
service June 6, 1865, and started home, arriving
at Chicago on the 9th, and, June 14, received
final payment and discharge.
One Hundred .\nd Third Infantry. Re-
cruited wholly in Fulton County, and mustered
into the service, Oct. 3, 1863. It took part in
the Grierson raid, the sieges of Vicksburg, Jack-
son, Atlanta and Savannah, and the battles of
Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Dal-
las, Kenesaw Mountain and Griswoldsville : was
also in the campaign through the Carolinas.
The regiment was mustered out at Louisville,
June 31, and received final discharge at Chi-
cago. July 9, 1865. The original strength of
the regiment was 808, and 84 recruits were
enlisted.
One Hundred and Fourth Infantry. Organ-
ized at Ottawa, in August, 1863, and composed
almost entirely of La Salle County men. The
regiment was engaged in the battles of Harts-
ville, Chickamauga. Lookout Mountain, Mission-
ary Ridge. Resaca, Peach Tree Creek, Utoy
Creek, Jonesboro and Bentonville, besides many
severe skirmishes ; was mustered out at Washing-
ton, D. C, June 6. 1865, and. a few days later,
received final discharge at Chicago.
One Hundred and Fifth Infantry. Mus-
tered into service, Sept. 3, 1863, at Dixon, and
participated in the Atlanta campaign, being
engaged at Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and
Atlanta, and almost constantly skirmishing;
also took pai-t in the "March to the Sea" and the
campaign in the Carolinas, including the siege of
Savannah and the battles of Averysboro and
Bentonville. It was mustered out at Washing-
ton. D. C, June 7, 1865, and paid off and dis-
charged at Chicago, June 17.
One Hundred and Sixth Infantry. Mus-
tered into service at Lincoln, Sept. 18, 1863,
eight of the ten companies having been recruited
in Logan County, the other two being from San-
gamon and Menard Counties. It aided in the
defense of Jackson, Tenn., where Company "C
was captured and paroled, being exchanged in
the summer of 1863; took part in the siege of
Vicksburg, the Yazoo expedition, the capture of
Little Rock, the battle of Clarendon, and per-
formed service at various points in Arkansas. It
was mustered out, July 13, 1865, at Pine Bluff,
Ark., and arrived at Springfield, July 34, 1865,
where it received final payment and discharge
One Hundred and Seventh Infantry. Mus-
tered into service at Springfield, Sept. 4, 1863;
was composed of six companies from DeWitt and
four companies from Piatt County. It was
engaged at Campbeirs Station, Dandridge,
Rocky-Face Ridge. Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain,
Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin, Nashville and
Fort Anderson, and mustered out, June 31, 1865,
at Salisbury, N. C, reaching Springfield, for
final payment and discharge, July 3, 1865.
One Hundred and Eighth Infantry-. Organ-
ized at Peoria, and mustered into service, August
38, 1863 ; took part in the first expedition against
Vicksburg and in the battles of Arkansas Post
(Fort Hindman), Port Gibson and Champion
Hills; in the capture of Vicksburg, the battle of
Guutown, the reduction of Spanish Fort, and the
capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vicks-
burg, August 5, 1865, and received final discharge
at Chicago, August 11.
One Hundred and Ninth Infantry. Re-
cruited from Union and Pulaski Counties and
mustered into the service, Sept. 11, 1863. Owing
to its number being greatly reduced, it was con-
solidated with the Eleventh Infantry in April,
1863. (See Eleventh Infantry.)
One Hundred and Tenth Infantry. Organ-
ized at Anna and mustered in, Sept. 11, 1863; was
564
IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
engaged at Stone Rirer, Woodbury, and in
numerous skirmishes in Kentucky and Tennessee.
In Maj-, 1863, the regiment was consolidated, its
numbers having been greatly reduced. Subse-
quently it participated in the battles of Chicka-
mauga and Missionary Ridge, the battles around
Atlanta and the campaign through the Carolinas,
being present at Johnston's surrender. The regi-
ment was mustered out at Washington, D. C,
June 5, 1865, and received final discharge at
Chicago, June 15. The enlisted men whose term
of service had not expired at date of muster-out,
were consolidated into four comiianies and trans-
ferred to the Sixtieth Illinois Veteran Volunteer
Infantry.
One Hu.vdred .\nd Eleventh Infantry. Re-
cruited from Marion, Clay, Washington, Clinton
and Wayne Counties, and mustered into the serv-
ice at Salem, Sept. 18, 1863. The regiment aided
in the capture of Decatur, Ala. ; took part in the
Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca,
Dallas, Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro : partici-
pated in the "March to the Sea'" and the cam-
paign in the Carolinas, taking part in the battles
of Fort McAllister and Bentouville. It was mus-
tered out at Washington, D. C, June 7, 1865,
receiving final discharge at Springfield, June 37.
having traveled 3,736 miles, of which 1,836 was
on tlie march.
One Hundred and Twelfth Infantry. Mus-
tered into service at Peoria, Sept. 20 and 23,
1862 : participated in the campaign in East Ten-
nessee, under Burnside, and in that against
Atlanta, under Sherman; was also engaged in
the battles of Columbia, Franklin and Nashville,
and the capture of Fort Anderson and Wilming-
ton. It was mustered out at Goldsboro, N. C,
June 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago,
July 7, 1865.
One Hundred and Thirteenth Infantry'.
Left Camp Hancock (near Chicago) for the front,
Nov. 6, 1862; was engaged in the Tallahatchie
expedition, participated in the battle of Chicka-
saw Bayou, and was sent North to guard prison-
ers and recruit. The regiment also took part in
the siege and oaptm-e of Vicksburg, was mustered
out, June 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chi-
cago, five days later.
One Hundred and Fourteenth Infantry.
Organized in July and August, 1862, and mustered
in at Springfield, Sept. 18, being recruited from
Cass, Menard and Sangamon Counties. The regi-
ment participated in the battle of Jackson (Miss.),
the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and in the
battles of Guntown and Harrisville. the pursuit
of Price through Missouri, tlie battle of Nash-
ville, and the capture of Mobile. It v.-as mustered
out at Vicksburg, August 3, 1865, receiving final
payment and discharge at Springfield. August 15,
1865.
One Hundred and Fifteenth Infantry-.
Ordered to the front from Springfield, Oct. 4,
1862 ; was engaged at Chickamauga, Chattanooga,
Missionary Ridge, Tunnel Hill, Resaca and in all
the principal battles of the Atlanta campaign,
and in the defense of Nashville and pursuit of
Hood; was mustered out of service, June 11,
1865, and received final pay and discharge, June
23, 1865, at Springfield.
One Hundred and Sixteenth Infantry'.
Recruited almost wliolly from Macon County,
numbering 980 ofScers and men when it started
from Decatur for the front on Nov. 8, 1862. It
participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou,
Arkansas Post, Champion Hills, Black River
Bridge, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Big
Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Stone Mountain,
Atlanta, Fort McAllister and Bentonville, and
was mustered out, June 7, 1865, near Washington,
D. C.
One Hundred and Seventeenth Infantry.
Orgaaized at Springfield, and mustered in, Sept.
19, 1862; participated in the Meridian camimign,
the Red River expedition (as.sisting in the cap-
ture of Fort de Russey), and in the battles of
Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Franklin,
Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. It
was mustered out at Springfield, August 5, 1865.
liaving traveled 9,276 miles, 2,307 of which were
marched.
One Hundred and Eighteenth Inf.4.ntry.
Organized and mustered into the service at
Springfield, Nov. 7, 1862 ; was engaged at Chicka-
saw Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Cham-
pion Hills, Black River Bridge, Jackson (Miss.),
Grand Coteau, Jackson (La. ), and Amite River.
The regiment was mounted, Oct. 11, 1863, and
dismounted. May 23, 1865. Oct. 1, 1865, it was
mustered out, and finally discharged, Oct. 13.
At the date of the muster-in, the regiment num-
bered 830 men and oflBcers, received 283 recruits,
making a total of 1,103; at muster-out it num-
bered 523. Distance marched, 2,000 miles; total
distance traveled, 5,700 miles.
One Hundred and Nineteenth Infantry.
Organized at Quincy, in September, 1862, and
was mustered into the United States service,
October 10; was engaged in the Red River cam-
paign and in the battles of Shreveport, Yellow
Bayou. Tupelo, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
565
Blakely. Its final muster-out took place at
Mobile, August 26, 1865, and its discharge at
Springfield.
One Hundred a>'d Twentiety Infantry.
Mustered into the service, Oct. 28, 1862, at Spring-
field ; was mustered out, Sept. 7, 1865, and received
final paj-ment and discharge, September 10, at
Springfield.
One Hundred and Twenty-first Infan-
try. (The organization of this regiment was not
completed.)
One Hundred and Twenty-second Infan-
try. Organized at Carlinville, in August, 1862,
and mustered into the service, Sept. 4, with 960
enlisted men. It participated in the battles of
Tupelo and Nashville, and in the capture of
Spanish Fort and Fort Blakelj-, and was mu.stered
out, Julj' 15, 1865, at Mobile, and finally dis-
charged at Springfield, August 4.
One Hundred and Twenty-third Infan-
try. Mustered into service at Mattoon, Sept. 6,
1862; participated in the battles of Perry ville,
Milton, Hoover's Gap, and Farmington ; also took
part in the entire Atlanta campaign, marching
as cavalry and fighting as infantry. Later, it
ser\-ed as mounted infantry in Kentucky, Tennes-
see and Alabama, taking a prominent part in the
capture of Selma. The regiment was discharged
at Springfield, July 11, 1865 — the recruits, whose
terms had not expired, being transferred to the
Sixty-first Volunteer Infantry.
One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Infan-
try. Mustered into the service, Sept. 10, 1862, at
Springfield ; took part in the Vicksburg campaign
and in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond and
Champion Hills, the siege of Vicksburg, the
Meridian raid, the Yazoo expedition, and the
capture of Mobile. On the 16th of August, 1865,
eleven days less than three years after the first
company went into camp at Springfield, the regi-
ment was mustered out at Chicago. Colonel
Howe's history of the battle-flag of the regiment,
stated that it had been borne 4, 100 miles, in four-
teen skirimishes, ten battles and two sieges of
forty-seven days and nights, and thirteen days
and nights, respectively.
One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Infan-
try. Mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862; par-
ticipated in the battles of Perryville, Chicka-
mauga, Missionary Ridge, Kenesaw Mountain,
Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Jonesboro, and in
the "March to the Sea'' and the Carolina cam-
paign, being engaged at Averysboro and Benton-
ville. It was mustered out at "Washington, D. C,
June 9, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago.
One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Infan-
try. Organized at Alton and mustered in, Sept. 4,
1862, and participated in the siege of Vicksburg.
Six companies were engaged in skirmish line, near
Humboldt, Tenn., and the regiment took part in
the capture of Little Rock and in the fight at
Clarendon, Ark. It was mustered out July 12, 1865.
One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Infan-
try. Mustered into service at Chicago, Sept. 6,
1862; took part in tlie first campaign against
Vicksburg, and in the battle of Arkansas Post,
the siege of Vicksbui-g under Grant, the capture
of Jackson (Miss.), the battles of Missionary-
Ridge and Lookout Mountain, the Meridian raid,,
and in the fighting at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw
Mountain, Atlanta and Jonesboro; also accom-
panied Sherman in his march through Georgia
and the Carolinas, taking part in the battle of
Bentonville ; was mustered out at Chicago. June
17, 1865.
One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Infan-
try. Mustered in, Dec. 18, 1862, but remained
in service less than five months, when, its num-
ber of officers and men having been reduced from
860 to 161 (largely by desertions), a number of
oflScers were dismissed, and the few remaining
officers and men were formed into a detachment,
and transferred to another Illinois regiment.
One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Infan-
try. Organized at Pontiao, in August, 1862, and
mustered into the service Sept. 8. Prior to May,
1864, the regiment was chiefly engaged in garri-
son duty. It marched with Sherman in the
Atlanta campaign and through Georgia and the
Carolinas, and took part in the battles of Resaca,
Buzzard's Roost, Lost Mountain, Dallas, Peach
Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Benton-
ville. It received final pay and discharge at Chi-
ca'-o, June 10, 1865.
One Hundred and Thirtieth Infantry.
Organized at Springfield and mustered into
service, Oct. 25, 1862 ; was engaged at Port Gib-
son, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Vicks-
burg, Jackson (Miss.), and in the Red River
expedition. While on this expedition almost the
entire regiment was captured at the battle of
Mansfield, and not paroled until near the close of
the war. The remaining officers and men were
consolidated with the Seventy-seventh Infantry
in January, 1865, and participated in the capture
of Mobile. Six months later its regimental re-
organization, as the One Hundred and Thirtieth,
was ordered. It was mustered out at New
Orleans, August 15, 1865, and discharged at
Springfield, August 31.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
OxE Hundred and Thirty-first Ixfax-
TRY. Organized in September, 1S02, and mus-
tered into the service, Nov. 13, with 815 men,
exclusive of officers. In October, 1863, it was
consolidated with the Twenty -ninth Infantry,
and ceased to exist as a separate organization.
Up to that time the regiment had been in but a
few conflicts and in no pitched battle.
One Hundred and Thirty-second Infan-
try. Organized at Chicago and mustered in for
100 days from June 1, 1864. The regiment re-
mained on duty at Paducah until the expiration
of its service, when it moved to Chicago, and
was mustered out, Oct. IT, 1864.
One Hundred and Thirty-third Infan-
try. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in
for one hundred days, May 31, 1864; was engaged
during its term of service in guarding prisoners
of war at Rock Island; was mustered out, Sept.
4, 1864, at Camp Butler.
One Hundred and Thirty'-fourth Inf.^^'-
try'. Organized at Chicago and mustered in,
May 31, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to
garrison duty at Columbus, Ky., and mustered
out of service, Oct. 25, 1864, at Chicago.
One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Infan-
try. Mustered in for 100-days" service at Mat-
toon, June 6, 1864, having a strength of 853 men.
It was chiefly engaged, dm-ing its term of service,
in doing garrison duty and guarding railroads.
It was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 28, 1864.
One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Inf.\n-
TRY. Enlisted about the first of May, 1864, for
100 days, and went into camp at Centralia, 111.,
but was not mustered into service until June 1,
following. Its principal service was garrison
duty, with occasional scouts and raids amongst
guerrillas. At the end of its term of service the
regiment re-enlisted for fifteen days; was mus-
tered out at Springfield, Oct. 33, 1864, and dis-
charged eight days later
One Hundred .^'d Thirty-seventh Infan-
try. Organized at Quincy, with ex-Gov. John
"Wood as its Colonel, and mustered in, June 5,
1864, for 100 days. Was on duty at Memphis,
Tenn , and mustered out of service at Spring-
field. 111.. Sept. 4, 1864.
One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Inf.\n-
try Organized at Quincy, and mustered in,
June 31, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to garri-
son duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., and in
Western Missouri. It was mustered out of serv-
ice at Springfield, lU., Oct. 14. 1864.
One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Inf.\.n-
try. Mustered into service as a 100-day's regi-
ment, at Peoria, June 1, 1864; was engaged in
garrison duty at Columbus and Cairo, in making
reprisals for guerrilla raids, and in the pursuit of
the Confederate General Price in Missom-i. The
latter service was rendered, at the President's
request, after the term of enlistment had expired.
It was mustered out at Peoria, Oct. 25, 1804, hav-
ing been in the service nearly five months.
One Hundred and Fourtieth Inf.4_ntr\'.
Organized as a lOO-daj's' regiment, at Springfield,
June 18, 1864, and mustered into service on that
date. The regiment was engaged in guarding
railroads between Memphis and Holly Springs, and
in garrison dutj' at Memphis. After the term of
enlistment had expired and the regiment had
been mustered out, it aided in the pursuit of
General Price through Missouri ; was finally dis-
charged at Chicago, after serving about five
months
One Hundred and Forty-first Infan-
try. Mustered into service as a lOO-days' regi-
ment, at Elgin. June 16, 1864 — strength, 843 men;
departed for the field, June 27, 1864; was mus-
tered out at Chicago, Oct. 10, 1864.
One Hundred and Forty'-second Inf.^-
try. Organized at Freeport as a battalion of
eight companies, and sent to Camp Butler, where
two companies were added and the regiment
mustered into service for 100 days, Jime 18, 1804.
It was ordered to Jlemphis, Tenn. , five days later,
and assigned to duty at White's Station, eleven
miles from that city, where it was employed in
guarding the Memphis & Charleston railroad.
It was mustered out at Chicago, on Oct, 27, 1864,
the men having voluntarily served one month
beyond their term of enlistment.
One Hundred and Forty'-third Infan-
try*. Organized at Mattoon, and mustered in,
June 11, 1864, for 100 days. It was assigned to
garrison duty, and mustered out at Mattoon,
Sept. 26, 1864.
One Hundred .a.nd Forty-fourth Infan-
try'. Organized at Alton, in 1864, as a one-year
regiment; was mustered into the service, Oct. 21,
its strength being 1,159 men. It was mustered
out, July 14, 1865.
One Hundred and Forty-fifth Inf.\n-
try. Mustered into service at Springfield, June
9, 1864 ; strength, 880 men. It departed for the
field, June 12, 1864; was mustered out, Sept. 23,
1864.
One Hundred .\nd Forty-sixth Infan-
try. Organized at Springfield, Sept. 18, 1804, for
one year. Was assigned to the duty of guarding
drafted men at Brighton, Quincy, Jacksonville
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
567
and Springfleld, and mustered out at Springfield,
July 5, 18(3o.
One Hundred .i_\d Forty-seventh Inf.ajn-
TRY. Organized at Chicago, and mustered into
service for one year, Feb. 18 and 19, 1865; was
engaged chiefly on guard or garrison duty, in
scouting and in skirmishing with guerrillas.
Mustered out at Nashville, Jan. 22, 1866, and
received final discharge at Springfield, Feb. 4.
OxE Hundred and Forty-eighth Infan-
try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 31, 1865, for
the term of one year ; was assigned to garrison
and guard duty and mustered out, Sept. 5, 1865,
at Nashville, Teun ; arrived at Springfield, Sept.
9, 1865, where it was paid off and discharged.
One Hundred and Forty-ninth Infan-
try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 11, 1865,
and mustered in for one year; was engaged in
garrison and guard duty ; mustered out, Jan. 27,
1866, at Dalton, Ga., and ordered to Springfield,
where it received final payment and discharge.
One Hundred and Fiftieth Infantry.
Organized at Springfleld, and mustered in, Feb. 14,
1865. for one year; was on duty in Tennessee and
Georgia, guarding railroads and garrisoning
towns. It was mustered out, Jan. 16, 1866, at
Atlanta, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, where it
received final payment and discharge.
One Hundred an'd Fifty-first Infantry.
This regiment was organized at Quiuc}', 111.,
and mustered into the United States service,
Feb. 23, 1865, and was composed of companies
from various parts of the State, recruited, under
the call of Deo. 19. 1864. It was engaged in
guard duty, with a few guerrilla skirmishes, and
was present at the surrender of General War-
ford's army, at Kingston, Ga. ; was mustered out
at Columbus, Ga., Jan. 24, 1866, and ordered to
Springfield, where it received final payment and
discharge. Feb. 8, 1866.
One Hundred .and Fifty-second Inf.vn-
try'. Organized at Springfield and mustered in,
Feb. 18, 1865, for one year; was mustered out of
service, to date Sept. 11, at Memphis, Tenn., and
arrived at Camp Butler, Sept. 9, 1865. where it
received final payment and discharge.
One Hundred and Fifty'-third Infan-
try. Organized at Chicago, and mustered in,
Feb. 27, 1865, for one year; was not engaged in
any battles. It was mustered out, Sept. 15, 1865,
and moved to Springfleld, 111., and, Sept. 24,
received final pay and discharge.
One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Inf.an-
TRY. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865,
for one year. Sept. 18, 1865, the regiment was
mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., and ordered to
Sjjringfield for final payment and discharge,
where it arrived, Sept. 22; was paid oft and dis-
charged at Camp Butler, Sept. 29.
One Hundred aud Fifty-fifth Infan-
try. Organized at Springfield and mustered in
Feb. 28, 1865, for one year, 904 strong. On Sept.
4, 1865, it was mustered out of service, and moved
to Camp Butler, where it received final pay and
discharge.
One Hundred and Fifty-sixth Infan-
try-. Organized and mustered in durin.g the
months of February and March, 1865, from the
northern counties of the State, for the term of
one year. The officers of the regiment have left
no written record of its history, but its service
seems to have been rendered chiefly in Tennessee
in the neighborhood of Memphis, Nashville and
Chattanooga. Judging by the muster-rolls of
the Adjutant-General, the regiment would appear
to have been greatly depleted by desertions and
otherwise, the remnant being flnally mustered
out, Sept. 20, 1865.
First Cavalry. Organized — consisting of
seven companies, A, B, C, D, E, F and G — at
Alton, in 1861, and mustered into the United
States service, July 3. After some service in
Missouri, the regiment participated in the battle
of Lexington, in that State, and was surrendered,
with the remainder of the garrison, Sept. 20, 1861.
The officers were paroled, and the men sworn not
to take up arms again until discharged. No ex-
change having been effected in November, the
non-commissioned officers and privates were
ordered to Springfleld and discharged. In June,
1863, the regiment was reorganized at Benton
Barracks, Mo., being afterwards employed in
guarding supply trains and supply depots at
various points. Mustered out, at Benton Bar-
racks, July 14, 1862.
Second Cavalry-. Organized at Springfield
and mustered into service, August 13, 1861, with
Company M (which joined the regiment some
months later), numbering 47 commissioned offi-
cers and 1,040 enlisted men. This number was in-
creased by recruits and re-enlistments, during its
four and a half year's term of service, to 3,336
enlisted men and 145 commissioned officers. It
was engaged at Belmont ; a portion of the regi-
ment took part in the battles at Fort Henry,
Fort Donelson and Shiloh, another portion at
Merri weather's Ferry, Bolivar and Holly Springs,
and participated in the investment of Vicksburg.
In January, 1864, the major part of the regiment
re-enlisted as veterans, later, participating in the
56S
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Red River expedition and the investment of Fort
Blakely. It was mustered out at San Antonio,
Tex., Nov. 22, 1865, and linally paid and dis-
charged at Springfield, Jan. 3, 1866.
Third Cavalry. Composed of twelve com-
panies, from various localities in the State, the
gi-and total of company officers and enlisted men,
under the first organization, being 1,433. It was
organized at Springfield, in August, 1861 ; partici-
pated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Haines' Bluff,
Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills,
Black River Bridge, and the siege of Vicksburg.
In July, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re-
enlisted as veterans. The remainder were mus-
tered out, Sept. 5, 1864. The veterans participated
in tlie repulse of Forrest, at Mempliis, and in the
battles of Lawrenceburg, Spring Hill, Campbells-
ville and Franklin. From May to October, I860,
engaged in service against the Indians in the
Northwest The regiment was mustered out at
Springfield, Oct. 18, 186.5.
Fourth Cavalry. Mustered into service,
Sept. 26, 1861, and participated in the battles of
Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, and Shiloli; in the
siege of Corinth, and in many engagements of
less historic note ; was mustered out at Springfield
in November, 1864. By order of the "War Depart-
ment, of June 18, 1865, the members of the
regiment wliose terms had not expired, were con-
solidated with the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry.
Fifth Cavalry. Organized at Camp Butler,
in November, 1861 ; took part in the Meridian
raid and the expedition against Jackson, Miss.,
and in numerous minor expeditions, doing effect-
ive work at Canton, Grenada, Woodville, and
other points. On Jan. 1, 1864, a large portion of
the regiment re-enli.sted as veterans. Its final
muster-out took place, Oct. 27, 1865, and it re-
ceived final payment and discharge, October 80.
Sixth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield,
Nov. 19, 1861 ; participated in Sherman's advance
upon Grenada ; in the Grierson raid through Mis-
sissippi and Louisiana, the siege of Port Hudson,
the battles of Moscow (Tenn), West Point (Miss.),
Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans,
March 30, 1864; was mustered out at Selma, Ala.,
Nov. 5, 1865, and received discharge, November
20, at Springfield.
Se\t;nth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield,
and was mustered into service, Oct. 13, 1861. It
participated in the battles of Farmington, luka,
Corinth (second battle) ; in Grierson's raid
through Mississippi and Louisiana; in the en-
gagement at Plain's Store (La.), and the invest-
ment of Port Hudson. In March, 1864, 288
officers and men re-enlisted as veterans. The
nun-veterans were engaged at Guntown, and the
entire regiment took part in the battle of Frank-
lin. After the close of hostilities, it was stationed
in Alabama and Mississippi, until the latter part
of October, 1865 ; was mustered out at Nashville,
and finally discharged at Springfield, Nov. 17,
1865.
Eighth Cavalry. Organized at St. Charles,
111., and mustered in, Sept. 18, 1861. The regi-
ment was ordered to Virginia, and participated
in the general advance on Manassas in March,
1862; was engaged at Mechanicsville, Gaines'
Hill, Malvern Hill, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Middle-
town, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericks-
burg, Sulphur Springs, Warrenton, Rapidan
Station, Northern Neck, Gettysburg, Williams-
burg, Funkstown, Falling Water, Chester Gap
Sandy Hook, Culpepper, Brandy Station, and in
many raids and skirmishes. It was mustered
out of service at Benton Barracks, Mo., July 17,
1865, and ordered to Chicago, where it received
final payment and discharge.
Ninth Cavalry Organized at Chicago, in
the autumn of 1861, and mustered in, November
30 ; was engaged at Coldwater, Grenada, Wyatt,
Saulsbury, Moscow, Guntown, Pontotoc, Tupelo,
Old Town Creek, Hurricane Creek, Lawrence-
burg, Campellsville, Franklin and Nashville.
The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, March 16,
1864; was mustered out of service at Selma, Ala.,
Oct. 31, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where
the men received final payment and discharge.
Tenth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield in
the latter part of September, 1861, and mustered
into service, Nov. 25, 1861; was engaged at Prairie
Grove, Cotton Plant, Arkansas Post, in the
Yazoo Pass expedition, at Richmond (La.),
Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Bayou La Fourche
and Little Rock. In February, 1864, a large
portion of the regiment re-enlisted as veter-
ans, the non-veterans accompanying General
Banks in his Red River expedition. On Jan. 27,
1865, the veterans, and recruits were consolidated
with the Fifteenth Cavalry, and all reorganized
under the name of the Tenth Illinois Veteran
Volunteer Cavalry. Mustered out of service at
San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 22, 1865, and received
final discharge at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1866.
Eleventh Cavalry. Robert G. Ingersoll of
Peoria, and Basil D. Meeks, of Woodford County,
obtained permission to raise a regiment of
cavalry, and recruiting commenced in October,
1861. The regiment was recruited from the
counties of Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Woodford,
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
569
Marshall, Stark, Knox, Henderson and Warren;
was mustered into the service at Peoria, Dec. 20,
1861, and was first under fire at Shiloh. It also
took part in the raid in the rear of Corinth, and
in the battles of Bolivar, Corinth (second battle),
luka, Lexington and Jackson (Tenn.); in Mc-
pherson's expedition to Canton and Sherman's
Meridian raid, in the relief of Yazoo Git}', and in
numerous less important raids and skirmishes.
Most of the regiment re-enUsted as veterans in
December, 1863; the non-veterans being mus-
tered out at Memphis, in the autumn of 1864. The
veterans were mustered out at the same place,
Sept. 30, 1865, and discharged at Springfield,
October 20.
Twelfth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield,
in February, 1863, and remained there guarding
rebel prisoners until June 25, when it was
mounted and sent to Martinsburg, Va. It was
engaged at Fredericksburg, Williamsport, Falling
Waters, the Rapidan and Stevensburg. On Nov.
26, 1863, the regiment was relieved from service
and ordered home to reorganize as veterans.
Subsequently it joined Banks in the Red River
expedition and in Davidson's expedition against
Mobile. While at Memphis the Twelfth Cavalry
was consoUdated into an eight-company organi-
zation, and the Fourth Cavalry, having previously
been consolidated into a battalion of five com-
panies, was consolidated with the Twelfth. The
consolidated regiment was mustered out at
Houston, Texas, May 29, 1866, and, on June 18,
received final pay and discharge at Springfield.
Thirteenth Cavalry. Organized at Chicago,
in December, 1861; moved to the front from
Benton Barracks, Mo., in February, 1863, and
was engaged in the following battles and skir-
mishes (all in Missouri and Arkansas) ; Putnam's
Ferry, Cotton Plant, Union City (twice). Camp
Pillow, Bloomfield (first and second battles). Van
Buren, Allen, Eleven Point River, Jackson,
White River, Chalk Bluff, Bushy Creek, near
Helena, Grand Prairie, White River, Deadman's
Lake, Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Austin, Little
Rock, Benton, Batesville, Pine Bluff, Arkadel-
phia, Okolona, Little Missouri River, Prairie du
Anne, Camden, Jenkins' Ferry, Cross Roads,
Mount Elba, Douglas Landing and Monticello.
The regiment was mustered out, August 31, 1865,
and received final pay and discharge at Spring-
field, Sept. 13, 1865.
Fourteenth Cavalry. Mustered into service
at Peoria, in January and February, 1863; par-
ticipated in the battle of Cumberland Gap, in the
defense of Knoxville and the pursuit of Long-
street, in the engagements at Bean Station and
Dandridge, in the Macon raid, and in the cavalry
battle at Sunshine Church. In the latter Gen-
eral Stoneman surrendered, but the Fourteenth
cut its way out. On their retreat the men were
betrayed by a guide and the regiment badly cut
up and scattered, those escaping being hunted by
soldiers with bloodhounds. Later, it was engaged
at Waynesboro and in the battles of Franklin and
Nashville, and was mustered out at Nashville,
July 31, 1865, having marched over 10,000 miles,
exclusive of duty done by detachments.
Fifteenth Cavalry. Composed of companies
originally independent, attached to infantry regi-
ments and acting as such; participated in the
battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the
siege and capture of Corinth. Regimental or-
ganization was effected in the spring of 1863, and
thereafter it was engaged chiefly in scouting and
post duty. It was mustered out at Springfield,
August 35, 1864, the recruits (whose term of
service had not expired) being consolidated with
the Tenth Cavalry.
Sixteenth Cavalry. Comiwsed principally
of Chicago men— Thieleman's and Schambeck's
Cavalry Companies, raised at the outset of the
war, forming the nucleus of the regiment. The
former served as General Sherman's body-guard
for some time. Captain Thieleman was made a
Major and authorized to raise a battalion, the
two companies named thenceforth being known
as Thieleman's Battahon. In September, 1862,
the War Department authorized the extension of
the battalion to a regiment, and, on the 11th of
June, 1863, the regimental organization was com-
pleted. It took part in the East Tennessee cam-
paign, a portion of the regiment aiding in the
defense of Knoxville, a part garrisoning Cumber-
and Gap, and one battalion being captured by
Longstreet. The regiment also participated in
the battles of Rocky Face Ridge, Buzzard's
Roost, Resaca, Kingston, Cassville, Carterville,
AUatoona, Kenesaw, Lost Moimtain, Mines
Ridge, Powder Springs, Chattahoochie, Atlanta,
Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. It arrived
in Chicago, August 23, 1865, for final payment
and discharge, having marched about 5,000 miles
and engaged in thirty-one battles, besides numer-
ous skirmishes.
Seventeenth Cavalry. Mustered into serv-
ice in January and February, 1864; aided in the
repulse of Price at Jefferson City, Mo., and was
engaged at Booneville, Independence, Mine
Creek, and Fort Scott, besides doing garrison
duty, scouting and raiding. It was mustered
570
niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
out in November and December, I8G0, at Leaven-
worth, Kan. Gov. John L. Beveridge, who had
previously been a Captain and Major of the
Eighth Cavahy, was the Colonel of this regi-
ment.
First Light Artillery. Consisted of ten
batteries. Battery A was organized under the
first call for State troops, April 21, 1861, but not
mustered into the three years' service until July
16; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh,
Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the sieges of
Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the Atlanta cam-
paign; was in reserve at Champion Hills and
Nashville, and mustered out July o, 1865, at
Chicago.
Battery B was organized in April, 1861, en-
gaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the
siege of Corinth and at La Grange, Holly Springs,
Memphis, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the
siege of Vicksburg, Mechanicsburg, Richmond
(La.), the Atlanta campaign and the battle of
Nashville. The Battery was reorganized by con-
solidation with Battery A, and mustered out at
Chicago, July 3, 1865.
Battery D was organized at Cairo, Sept. 2, 1861 ;
was engaged at Fort Donelson and at Shiloh,
and mustered out, July 28, 1865, at Chicago.
Batterj' E was organized at Camp Douglas and
mustered into service, Dec. 19, 1861 ; was engaged
at Shiloh, Corinth, Jackson, Vicksburg, Gun-
town, Pontotoc, Tupelo and Nashville, and mus-
tered out at Louisville, Dec. 24, 1864.
Battery F was recruited at Dixon and mus-
tered in at Springfield, Feb. 25, 1862. It took
part in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona
expedition, and was consolidated with the other
batteries in the regiment, March 7, 1865.
Battery G was organized at Cairo and mus-
tered in Sept. 28, 1861 ; was engaged in the siege
and the second battle of Corinth, and mustered
out at Springfield, July 24, 1865.
Battery H was recruited in and about Chicago,
during January and February, 1862; participated
in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Vicksburg, and
in the Atlanta campaign, the "March to the
Sea," and through the Carolinas with Sherman.
Battery I was organized at Camp Douglas and
mustered in, Feb. 10, 1862; was engaged at
Shiloh, in the Tallahatchie raid, the sieges of
Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the battles of
Chattanooga and Vicksburg It veteranized,
March 17, 1864, and was mustered out, July 26,
1863.
Battery K was organized at Shawneetown and
mustered in, Jan. 9, 1862, participated in Burn-
side's campaign in Tennessee, and in tlie capture
of Knoxvilte. Part of the men were mustered
out at Springfield in June, 1865, and the re-
manider at Chicago in July.
Battery M was organized at Camp Douglas and
mustered into the service, August 12, 1862, for
three years. It served through the Chickamauga
campaign, being engaged at Chickamauga; also
was engaged at Missionary Ridge, was besieged
at Chattanooga, and took part in all the impor-
tant battles of the Atlanta campaign. It was
mustered out at Chicago, July 24, 1864, having
traveled 3,102 miles and been under fire 178 days.
Second Light Artillery. Consisted of nine
batteries. Battery A was organized at Peoria,
and mustered into service, May 23, 1861 ; served
in Missouri and Arkansas, doing brilliant work
at Pea Ridge. It was mustered out of service at
Springfield, July 27, 1865.
Battery D was organized at Cairo, and mustered
into service in December, 1861 ; was engaged at
Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksbxrrg, Jackson,
Jleridian and Decatur, and mustered out at
Louisville, Nov. 21, 1864.
Battery E was organized at St. Louis, Mo., in
August, 1861, and mustered into service, August
20, at that point. It was engaged at Fort Donel-
son and Shiloh, and in the siege of Corinth and
the Yocona expedition — was consolidated with
Battery A.
Battery F was organized at Cape Girardeau,
Mo., and mustered in, Dec. 11, 1861; was engaged
at Shiloh, in the siege and second battle of
Corinth, and the Meridian campaign; also
at Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro. It was
mustered out, July 27, 1865, at Springfield.
Battery H was organized at Springfield, De-
cember, 1861, and mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861; was
engaged at Fort Donelson and in the siege of
Fort Pillow; veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, was
mounted as cavalry the following summer, and
mustered out at Springfield, July 29, 1865.
Battery I was recruited in 'Will County, and
mustered into service at Camp Butler, Dec. 31,
1861. It participated in the siege of Island No.
10, in the advance upon Cornith, and in the
battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Lookout
Mountain, Missionary Ridge and Chattanooga.
It veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, marched with Sher-
man to Atlanta, and thence to Savannah and
through the Carolinas, and was mustered out at
Springfield.
Battery K was organized at Springfield and
mustered in Dec. 31, 1863; was engaged at Fort
Pillow, the capture of Clarkston, Mo., and the
IIISTOlilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
571
siege of Vioksburg. It was mustered out, July
14, 1865, at Chicago.
Battery L was organized at Chicago and mus-
tered in, Feb. 28, 1862; participated in the ad-
vance on Corintli, the battle of Hatchie and the
advance on the Tallahatchie, and was mustered
out at Chicago, August 9, 186.5.
Battery M was organized at Chicago, and mus-
tered in at Springfield, June, 1862 ; was engaged
at Jonesboro, Blue Spring, Bloimtsville and
Bogersville, being finally consolidated with
other batteries of the regiment.
Chicago Board of Trade Battery. Organ-
ized through the efforts of the Chicago Board of
Trade, which raised §15,000 for its equipment,
within fortj'-eight hours. It was mustered into
service, August 1, 1862, was engaged at Law-
renceburg, Murfreesboro, Stone River, Chicka-
mauga, Farmington, Decatur (Ga.), Atlanta,
Lovejoy Station, Nashville, Selma and Columbus
(Ga. ) It was mustered out at Chicago, June 30,
1865, and paid in full, July 3, having marched
6,268 miles and traveled by rail 1,231 miles. The
battery was in eleven of the hardest battles
fought in the West, and in twenty-six minor
battles, being in action forty-two times while on
scouts, reconnoissances or outpost duty.
Chicago Mercantile Battery. Recruited
and organized under the auspices of the Mercan-
tile Association, an association of prominent and
patriotic merchants of the City of Cliicago. It
was mustered into service, August 29, 1862, at
Camp Douglas, participated in the Tallahatchie
and Yazoo expeditions, the first attack upon
Vicksburg, the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege
of "Vicksburg, the battles of Slagnolia Hills,
Champion Hills, Black River Bridge and Jackson
(Miss.); also took part in Banks' Red River ex-
pedition; was mustered out at Chicago, and
received final payment, July 10, 1865, having
traveled, by river, .sea and land, over 11,000
miles.
Sprixgfield Light Artillery. Recruited
principally from the cities of Springfield, Belle-
ville and Wenona, and mustered into service at
Springfield, for the term of tliree years, August
21, 1862, numbering 199 men and officers. It
participated in the capture of Little Rock and in
the Red River expedition, and was mustered out
at Springfield, 114 strong, June 30. 1865.
Cogswell's Battery, Light Artillery.
Organized at Ottawa, 111., and mustered in. Nov.
11, 1861, as Company A (Artillery) Fifty-third
Illinois Volunteers, Colonel Cushnian command-
ing tlie regiment. It participated in the
advance on Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg, the
battle of Missionary Ridge, and tlie capture of
Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, near Mobile. The
i-egiment was mustered out at Springfield, August
14, 1865, having served three years and nine
months, marched over 7, .500 miles, and partici-
pated in seven sieges and battles.
Sturges Rifles. An independent company,
organized at Chicago, armed, equipped and sub-
sisted for nearly two months, by the patriotic
generosity of Mr. Solomon Sturges ; was mustered
into service. May 6, 1861 ; in June following, was
ordered to West Virginia, serving as body-
guard of General McClellan; was engaged at
Rich Mountain, in the siege of Yorktown, and in
the seven days' battle of the Chiokahominy. A
portion of the company was at Antietam, the
remainder having been detached as foragers,
scouts, etc. It was mustered out at Washington,
Nov. 25, 1862.
WAR, THE SPANISH - AMERICAN. The
oppressions and misrule which had character-
ized the administration of affairs by the Spanish
Government and its agents for generations, in the
Island of Cuba, culminated, in April, 1898, in
mutual declarations of war between Spain and
the United States. The causes leading up to this
result were the injurious effects upon American
commerce and the interests of American citizens
owning property in Cuba, as well as the constant
expense imposed upon the Government of the
United States in the maintenance of a large navy
along the South Atlantic coast to suppress fili-
bustering, superadded to the friction and unrest
produced among the people of this country by the
long continuance of disorders and abuses so near
to our own shores, which aroused the sympathy
and indignation of the entire civilized world.
For three years a large proportioii of the Cuban
population had been in open rebellion against the
Spanish Government, and, while the latter had
imported a large army to the island and sub-
jected the insurgents and their families and
sympathizers to the grossest cruelties, not even
excepting torture and starvation itself, their
policy had failed to bring the insurgents into
subjection or to restore order. In this condition
of affairs the United States Government had
endeavored, through negotiation, to secure a miti-
gation of the evils complained of, by a modifica-
tion of the Spanish policy of government in the
island ; but all suggestions in this direction had
either been resented by Spain as unwarrantable
interference in her affairs, or promises of reform,
when made, had been as invariably broken.
572
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
In the meantime an increasing sentiment had
been growing up in the United States in favor of
conceding belligerent rights to the Cuban insur-
gents, or the recognition of their independence,
which foimd expression in measm-es proposed in
Congress — all offers of friendly intervention by
the United States having been rejected by Spain
with evidences of indignation. Compelled, at
last, to recognize its inability to subdue the insur-
rection, the Spanish Government, in November,
1897, made a pretense of tendering autonomy to
the Cuban people, with the privilege of amnesty
to the insurgents on laying down their arms.
The long duration of the war and the outrages
perpetrated upon the helpless "reooncentrados,"'
coupled with the increased confidence of the
insurgents in the final triumph of their cause,
rendered this movement — even if intended to be
carried out to the letter — of no avail. The
proffer came too late, and was promptly rejected.
In this condition of affairs and with a view to
greater security for American interests, the
American battleship Maine was ordered to
Havana, on Jan. 24, 1898. It arrived in Havana
Harbor the following day, and was anchored at a
point designated by the Spanish commander. On
the night of February 15, following, it was blown
up and destroyed by some force, as shown by after
investigation, applied from without. Of a crew
of 3.5-1 men belonging to the vessel at the time,
366 were either killed outright by the explosion,
or died from their wounds. Not only the Ameri-
can people, but the entire civilized world, was
shocked by the catastrophe. An act of horrible
treachery had been perpetrated against an
American vessel and its crew on a peaceful mis-
sion in the harbor of a professedly friendly na-
tion.
The successive steps leading to actual ho.stili-
ties were rapid and eventful. One of the earliest
and most significant of these was the passage, by
a unanimous vote of both houses of Congress, on
March 9, of an appropriation placing $50,000,000
in the hands of the President as an emergency
fund for purposes of national defense. This was
followed, two days later, by an order for the
mobilization of the army. The more important
events following this step were: An order, under
date of April 5. withdrawing American consuls
from Spanish stations : the departure, on April 9,
of Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee from Havana;
April 19, the adoption by Congress of concurrent
resolutions declaring Cuba independent and
directing the President to use the land and naval
forces of the United States to put an end to
Spanish authority in the island; April 20, the
sending to the Spanish Government, by the Presi-
dent, of an ultimatum in accordance with ihis
act; April 21, the delivery to Minister Woodford,
at Madrid, of his passports without waiting for
the presentation of the ultimatum, with the
departure of the Spanish Minister from Washing-
ton ; April 23, the issue of a call by the President
for 125,000 volunters; April 24, the final declara-
tion of war by Spain ; April 25, the adoption by
Congress of a resolution declaring that war had
existed from April 21 ; on the same date an order
to Admiral Dewey, in command of the Asiatic
Squadron at Hongkong, to sail for Manila with a
view to investing that city and blockading
Philippine ports.
The chief events subsequent to the declaration
of war embraced the following: May 1, the
destruction by Admiral Dewey's squadron of the
Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila; May 19,
the arrival of the Spanish Admiral Cervera's fleet
at Santiago de Cuba; May 25, a second call by
the President for 75,000 volunteers; July 3, the
attempt of Cervera's fleet to escape, and its
destruction off Santiago; July 17, the surrender
of Santiago to the forces under General Shafter;
July 30, the statement by the President, through
the French Ambassador at Washington, of the
terms on which the United States would consent
to make peace ; August 9, acceptance of the peace
terms by Spain, followed, three days later, by the
signing of the peace protocol ; September 9, the
appointment by the President of Peace Commis-
sioners on the part of the United States; Sept. 18,
the announcement of the Peace Commissioners
selected bj' Spain; October 1, the beginning of the
Peace Conference by the representatives of the
two powers, at Paris, and the formal signing, on
December 10, of the peace treaty, including the
recognition by Spain of the freedom of Cuba,
with the transfer to the United States of Porto
Rico and her other West India islands, together
with the surrender of the Philippines for a con-
sideration of §20,000,000.
Seldom, if ever, in the history of nations have
such vast and far-reaching results been accom-
plished within so short a period. The war,
which practically began with the destruction of
the Spanish fleet in Manila Harbor — an event
which aroused the enthusiasm of the whole
American people, and won the respect and
admiration of other nations — was practically
ended by the surrender of Santiago and the
declaration by the President of the conditions of
peace just three months later. Succeeding
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
5:3
up to the formal signing of the peace
treaty, were uaerely the recognition of results
previously determined.
History of Illinois Regiments.— The part
pla3-ed by Illinois in connection with these events
may be briefly summarized in the history of Illi-
nois regiments and other organizations. Under
the first call of the President for 135,000 volun-
teers, eight regim.ents — seven of infantry and one
of cavah-y — were assigned to Illinois, to which
was subsequently added, on application through
Governor Tanner, one battery of light artil-
lery. The infantry regiments were made up
of the Illinois National Guard, numbered
consecutively from one to seven, and were
practically mobilized at their home stations
within forty-eight hours from the receipt of the
call, and began to arrive at Camp Tanner, near
Springfield, the place of rendezvous, on April 26,
the day after the issue of the Governor's call.
The record of Illinois troops is conspicuous for
the promptness of their response and the com-
pleteness of their organization — in this respect
being unsurpassed by those of any other State.
Under the call of May 25 for an additional force
of 75,000 men, the quota assigned to Illinois was
two regiments, which were promptlj' furnished,
taking the names of the Eighth and Ninth. The
first of these belonged to the Illinois National
Guard, as the regiments mustered in under the
first call had done, while the Ninth was one of a
number of "Provisional Kegiments" which had
tendered their services to the Government. Some
twenty-five other regiments of this class, more or
less complete, stood ready to perfect their organi-
zations should there be occasion for their serv-
ices. The aggregate strength of Illinois organi-
zations at date of muster out from the United
States service was 12,280 — 11,789 men and 491
officers.
First Eegimext Illinois Volunteers (orig-
inally Illinois National Guard) was organized at
Chicago, and mustered into the United States
service at Camp Tanner (Springfield), under the
command of Col. Henry L. Turner, May 13, 1898 ;
left Springfield for Camp Thomas (Chickamauga)
May 17; assigned to First Brigade, Third
Division, of the First Army Corps; started for
Tampa, Fla., June 2, but soon after arrival there
was transferred to Picnic Island, and assigned to
provost duty in place of the First United States
Infantry. On June 30 the bulk of the regiment
embarked for Cuba, but was detained in the har-
bor at Key We.st until July 5, when the vessel
sailed for Santiago, arriving in Guantanamo Bay
on the evening of the 8th. Disembarking on
the loth, the whole regiment arrived on the
firing line on the 11th, spent several days and
nights in the trenches before Santiago, and
were present at the surrender of that city
on the 17th. Two companies had previously
been detached for the scarcely less perilous duty
of service in the fever hospitals and in caring
for their wounded comrades. The next month
was spent on guard duty in the captured city,
until xUigust 25, when, depleted in numbers and
weakened by fever, the bulk of the regiment was
transferred by hospital boats to Camp Wikoif, on
Moutauk Point, L. I. The members of the regi-
ment able to travel left Camp Wikoff, September
8, for Chicago, arriving two days later, where they
met an enthusiastic reception and were mustered
out, November 17, 1,235 strong (rank and file) — a
considerable number of recruits having joined the
regiment just before leaving Tampa. The record
of the First was conspicuous by the fact that it
was the only Illinois regiment to see service in
Cuba dui'ing the progress of actual hostilities.
Before leaving Tampa some eighty members of the
regiment were detailed for engineering duty in
Porto Rico, sailed for that island on July 12, and
were among the first to perform service there.
The First sufliered severely from yellow fever
while in Cuba, but, as a regiment, while in the
service, made a brilliant record, vs-hich was highly
complipiented in the oflScial reports of its com-
manding officers.
Second Regiment Illinois Volunteer In-
fantry (originally Second I. N. G.). This regi-
ment, also from Chicago, began to arrive at
Springfield, April 27, 1898 — at that time number-
ing 1,202 men and 47 officers, imder command of
Col. George M. Moulton; was mustered in
between May 4 and May 15; on May 17 started
for Tampa, Fla., but en route its destination was
changed to Jacksonville, where, as a part of the
Seventh Army Corps, under command of Gen.
Fitzhugh Lee, it assisted in the dedication of
Camp Cuba Libre. October 25 it was transferred
to Savannah, Ga., remaining at "Camp Lee" until
December 8, when two battalions embarked for
Havana, landing on the 15th, being followed, a
few days later, by the Third Battalion, and sta-
tioned at Camp Columbia. From Dec. 17 to Jan.
11, 1899, Colonel Moulton served as Chief of
Police for the city of Havana. On March 28 to 30
the regiment left Camp Columbia in detach-
ments for Augusta, Ga., where it arrived April
5, and was mustered out, April 26, 1,031 strong
(rank and file), and returned to Chicago. I)ur-
574
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ing its 3tay in Cuba the regiment did not lose a
man. A history of this regiment has been
»vritten by Rev. H. W. Bolton, its late Chaplain.
Third Regiment Illdjois Volunteer In-
fantry, composed of companies of the Illinois
National Guard from the counties of La Salle.
Livingston, Kane, Kankakee, McHenrj-, Ogle,
"Will, and Winnebago, under command of Col.
Fred Bennitt, reported at Springfield, with 1,170
men and 50 officers, on April ^7 ; was mustered
in May 7, 1898; transferred from Springfield to
Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), May 14; on July
22 left Chickamauga for Porto Rico ; on the 28th
sailed from Newport News, on the liner St. Louis,
arriving at Ponce, Porto Rico, on July 31 ; soon
after disembarking captured Arroyo, and assisted
in the captm-e of Guayama, which was the
beginning of General Brooke's advance across
the island to San Juan, when intelligence was
received of the signing of the peace protocol by
Spain. From August 13 to October 1 the Third
continued in the performance of guard duty in
Porto Rico ; on October 23, 986 men and 39 offi-
cers took transport for home by way of New York,
arriving in Chicago, November 11, the several
companies being mustered out at their respective
home stations. Its strength at final muster-out
was 1,278 men and officers. This regiment had
the distinction of being one of the first to see
service in Porto Rico, but suffered severely from
fever and other diseases during the three months
of its stay in the island.
Fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, com-
posed of companies from Champaign, Coles,
Douglas, Edgar, Effingham, Fayette, Jackson,
Jefferson, Montgomery, Richland, and St. Clair
counties; mustered into the service at Spring-
field, May 20, under command of Col. Casimer
Andel; started immediately for Tampa, Fla., but
en route its destination was changed to Jackson-
ville, where it was stationed at Camp Cuba Libre
as a part of the Seventh Corps under command of
Gen. Fitzhugh Lee; in October was transferred
to Savannah, Ga., remaining at Camp Onward
until a'oout the first of Januarj', when the regi-
ment took ship for Havana. Here the regiment
was stationed at Camp Columbia until April 4,
1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was
mustered out at Camp Mackenzie (Augusta), May
2, the companies returning to their respective
home stations. During a part of its stay at
Jacksonville, and again at Savannah, the regi-
ment was employed on guard duty. While at
Jacksonville Colonel Andel was suspended by
court-martial, ami finally tendered his resigna-
tion, his place being supplied by Lieut. -Col. Eben
Swift, of the Ninth.
Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In-
F.vNTRY was the first regiment to report, and was
mustered in at Springfield, May 7, 1898, under
command of Col. James S. Culver, being finally
composed of twelve companies from Pike, Chris-
tian, Sangamon, McLean, Montgomerj', Adams,
Tazewell, Macon, Morgan, Peoria, and Fulton
counties; on May 14 left Springfield for Camp
Thomas (Chickamauga, Ga.), being assigned to
the command of General Brooke; Augusts left
Cliickamauga for Newport News, Va., with the
expectation of embarking for Porto Rico — a
previous order of July 26 to the same purport
having been countermanded ; at Newport News
embarked on the transport Obdam, but again the
order was rescinded, and, after remaining on
board thirty-six hours, the regiment was disem-
barked. The next move was made to Lexington,
Ky., where the regiment — having lost hope of
reaching "the fronf.^remained until Sept. 5,
when it returned to Springfield for final muster-
out. This regiment was composed of some of the
best material in the State, and anxious for active
service, but after a succession of disappoint-
ments, was compelled to return to its home sta-
tion without meeting the enemy. After its arrival
at Springfield the regiment was furlougbed for
thirty days and finall}' mustered out, October 16,
numbering 1,213 men and 47 officers.
Sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In-
F.\NTRY, consisting of twelve companies from the
counties of Rock Island, Knox, Whiteside, Lse,
Carroll, Stephenson, Henry, AVarren, Bm-eau, and
Jo Daviess, was mustered in May 11, 1898, imder
command of Col. D. Jack Foster; on May 17 left
Springfield for Camp Alger, Va. ; Julj^ 5 the
regiment moved to Charleston, S. C, where a
part embarked for Siboney, Cuba, but the whole
regiment was soon after united in General
Miles' expedition for the invasion of Porto Rico,
landing at Guanico on July 2.5, and advancing
into the interior as far as Adjunta and LTtuado.
After several weeks' service in the interior, the
regiment returned to Ponce, and on September 7
took transport for the return home, arrived at
Springfield a week later, and was mustered out
November 25, the regiment at that time consist-
ing of 1,239 men and 49 officers.
Seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry
(known as the "Hibernian Rifles"). Two
battalions of this regiment reported at Spring,
field. April 27. with 33 officers and 765 enlisted
men, being afterwards increased to the maxi-
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
575
mum ; was mustered into the United States serv-
ice, vmder command of Col. Marcus Kavanagli,
May 18, 1898; on May 28 started for Camp Alger,
Va. ; was afterwards encamped at Thoroughfare
Gap and Camp Meade ; on September 9 returned
to Springfield, was furloughed for thirty days,
and mustered out, October 20, numbering 1,260
men and 49 officers. Lilie the Fifth, the Seventh
saw no actual service in the field.
Eighth Illixois Volunteer Infantry (col-
ored regiment), mustered into the service at
Springfield under the second call of the Presi-
dent, July 23, 1898, being composed wholly of
Afro- Americans under officers of their own race,
with Col. John R. Marshall in command, the
muster-roll showing 1,195 men and 76 officers.
The six companies, from A to F, were from Chi-
cago, the other five being, respectively, from
Bloomington, Springfield, Quincy, Litchfield,
Mound City and Metropolis, and Cairo. The
regiment having tendered their services to
relieve the First Illinois on dutj' at Santiago de
Cuba, it started for Cuba, August 8, by way of
New York ; immediately on arrival at Santiago,
a week later, was assigned to duty, but subse-
quently transferred to San Luis, where Colone,
Marshall was made military governor. The
major part of the regiment remained here until
ordered home early in March, 1899, arrived at
Chicago, March 1.5, and was mustered out, April
3, 1,226 strong, rank and file, having been in
service nine months and six days.
Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry was
organized from the counties of Southern Illinois,
and mustered in at Springfield under the second
call of the President, July 4-11, 1898, under com-
mand of Col. James B. Campbell; arrived at
Camp Cuba Libre (Jacksonville, Fla.), August 9;
two montlis later was transferred to Savannah,
Ga. ; was moved to Havana in December, where
it remained until May, 1899, when it returned to
Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out there. May
20, 1899, at that time consisting of 1,095 men and
46 officers. From Augusta the several companies
returned to their respective home stations. The
Ninth was the only "Provisional Regiment" from
Illinois mustered into the service during the
war, the other regiments all belonging to the
National Guard.
First Illinois Cavalry was organized at Chi-
cago immediately after tlie President's first call,
seven compianies being recruited from Chicago,
two from Bloomington, and one each from
Springfield, Elkhart, and Lacon ; was mustered in
at Springfield, May 21, 1S98, under command of
Col. Edward C. Young; left Springfield for Camp
Thomas, Ga., May 30, remaining there until
August 24, when it returned to Fort Sheridan,
near Chicago, where it was stationed until October
11, when it was mustered out, at that time con-
sisting of 1,158 men and 50 officers. Although
the regiment saw no active service in the field, it
established an excellent record for itself in respect
to discipline.
First Engineering Corps, consisting of 80
men detailed from the First Illinois Volunteers,
were among the first Illinois soldiers to see serv-
ice in Porto Rico, accompanying General Miles'
expedition in the latter part of July, and being^
engaged for a time in the construction of bridges
in aid of the intended advance across the island.
On September 8 they embarked for the return
home, arrived at Chicago, September 17, and
were mustered out November 20.
Battery A (I. N. G.), from Danville, 111., was
mustered in under a special order of the War
Department, May 12, 1898, under command of
Capt. Oscar P. Yaeger, con.sisting of 118 men;
left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., May 19,
and, two months later, joined in General Miles'
Porto Rico expedition, landing at Guanico on
August 3, and taking part in the affair at Gua-
yama on the 12th. News of peace having been
received, the Battery returned to Ponce, where
it remained vmtil September 7, when it started
on the return home by way of New York, arrived
at Danville, September 17, was furloughed for
sixty days, and mustered out November 25. The
Battery was equipped with modern breech-load-
ing rapid-firing guns, operated by practical artil-
lerists and prepared for effective service.
Naval Reser^t:s.— One of the earliest steps
taken by the Government after it became ap-
parent that hostilities could not be averted, was
to begin preparation for strengthening the naval
arm of the service. ~The existence of the "Naval
Militia," first organized in 1893, placed Illinois in
an exceptionally favorable position for making a
prompt response to the call of the Government, as
well as furnishing a superior class of men for
service — a fact evidenced during the operations
in the West Indies. Gen. John McNulta, as head
of the local committee, was active in calling the
attention of the Nav}' Department to the value of
the service to be rendered by this organization,
which resulted in its being enlisted practically as
a bod}-, taking the name of "Naval Reserves" —
all but eighty-eight of the number passing the
physical examination, the places of these being
promptly filled by new recruits. The first de-
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
tachment of over 200 left Chicago May 2, under
the command of Lieut. -Com. John M. Hawley,
followed soon after by the remainder of the First
Battalion, making the whole number from Chi-
cago 400, with 267, constituting the Second Bat-
talion, from other towns of the State. The latter
was made up of 1-17 men from Moline, 58 from
Quinoy, and 63 from Alton — making a total from
the State of 667. This does not include others,
not belonging to this organization, who enlisted
for service in the navy during the war, which
raised the whole number for the State over 1,000.
The Reserves enlisted from Illinois occuiaied a
different relation to the Government from that
of the "naval militia" of other States, which
retained their State organizations, while those
from Illinois were regularly mustered into the
United States service. The recruits from Illinois
were embarked at Key West, Norfolk and New
York, and distributed among fifty-two different
vessels, including nearly every vessel belonging
to the North Atlantic Squadron. They saw serv-
ice in nearly every department from the position
of stokers in the hold to that of gunners in the
turrets of the big battleships, the largest number
(60) being assigned to the famous battleship Ore-
gon, while the cruiser Yale followed with 47 ; the
Harvard with 35; Cincinnati, 27; Yankton, 19;
Franklin, 18 ; Montgomery and Indiana, each, 17 ;
Hector, 14; Marietta, 11; Wilmington and Lan-
caster, 10 each, and others down to one each.
Illinois sailors thus had the jirivilege of partici-
pating in the brilliant affair of July 3, which
resulted in the destruction of Cervera's fleet off
Santiago, as also in nearly every other event in
the West Indies of less importance, without the
loss of a man while in the service, although
among the most exposed. They were mustered
out at different times, as they could be spared
from the service, or the vessels to which they
were attached went out of commission, a portion
serving out their full term of one year. The
Reserves from Chicago retain their organization
under the name of "Naval Reserve Veterans,"
with headquarters in the Masonic Temple Build-
ing, Chicago.
WARD, James H., ex-Congressman, was born
in Chicago. Nov. 30, 1853, and educated in the
Chicago public schools and at the University of
Notre Dame, graduating from the latter in 1873.
Three years later he graduated from the Union
College of Law, Chicago, and was admitted to
the bar. Since then he has continued to practice
his profession in his native city. In 1879 he was
elected Supervisor of the town of West Chicago,
and, in 1884, was a candidate for Presidential
Elector on the Democratic ticket, and the same
year, was the successful candidate of his party
for Congress in the Third Illinois District, serv-
ing one term.
WINNEBAGO INDIANS, a tribe of the Da-
cota, or Sioux, stock, which at one time occupied
a part of Northern Illinois. The word Winne-
bago is a corruption of the French Ouinebe-
goutz, Ouimbegouc, etc., the diphthong "ou"
taking the jjlace of the consonant "w," which is
wanting in the French alphabet. These were,
in turn, French misspellings of an xVlgonquin
term meaning "fetid," which the latter tribe
applied to the Winnebagoes because they had
come from the western ocean — the salt (or
"fetid") water. In their advance towards the
East the Winnebagoes early invaded the country
of the Illinois, but were finally driven north-
ward by the latter, who surpassed them in num-
bers rather than in bravery. The invaders
settled in Wisconsin, near the Fox River, and
here they were first visited by the Jesuit Fathers
in the seventeenth century. (See Jesuit Rela-
tions.) The Winnebagoes are commonly re-
garded as a Wisconsin tribe; yet, that they
claimed territorial rights in Illinois is shown by
the fact that the treaty of Prairie du Chien
(August 1, 1829), alludes to a Winnebago village
located in what is now Jo Daviess County, near
the mouth of the Pecatonica River. While, as a
rule, the tribe, if left to itself, was disposed to
live in amity with the whites, it was carried
away by the eloquence and diplomacy of
Tecumseh and the cajoleries of "The Prophet."
General Harrison especially alludes to the brav-
ery of the Winnebago warriors at Tippecanoe'
which he attributees in part, however, to a super-
stitious faith in "The Prophet." In June or
July, 1827, an unprovoked and brutal outrage by
the whites upon an unoffending and practically
defenseless party of Winnebagoes, near Prairie
du Chien brought on what is known as the
'Winnebago War." (See Winyiebago War.)
The tribe took no part in the Black Hawk War,
largely because of the great influence and shrewd
tactic of their chief, Naw-caw. By treaties
executed in 1833 and 1837 the Winnebagoes ceded
to the United States all their lands lying east of
the Mississijipi. They were finally removed west
of that river, and, after many sbiftings of loca-
tion, were placed upon the Omaha Reservation in
Eastern Nebraska, where their industry, thrift
and peaceable disposition elicited high praise
from Government oflScials.
IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
577
WAR^'ER, Vespasian, lawyer and Member of
Congress, was born in De Witt County, 111., April
23, 1843, and has lived all his life in his native
county — his present residence being Clinton.
After a short course in Lombard University,
while studying law in the office of Hon. Law-
rence Weldon, at Clinton, he enlisted as a private
soldier of the Twentieth Illinois Volunteers, in
June, 1861, serving until July, 18Gli, when he was
mustered out with the rank of Captain and
brevet Major. He received a gunshot wound at
Shiloh, but continued to serve in the Army of
the Tennessee until the evacuation of Atlanta,
when he was ordered North on account of dis-
ability. His last service was in fighting Indians
on the plains. After the war he completed his
law studies at Harvard University, graduating in
1868, when he entered into a law partnership
with Clifton H. Moore of Clinton. He served as
Judge-Advocate General of the Illinois National
Guard for several years, with the rank of Colonel,
under the administrations of Governors Hamil-
ton, Oglesby and Fifer, and, in 1894, was nomi-
nated and elected, as a Republican, to the
Fifty-fourth Congress for the Thirteenth District,
being re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In
the Fifty-fifth Congress, Mr. Warner was a mem-
ber of the Committees on Agi-iculture and Invalid
Pensions, and Chairman of the Committee on
Revision of the Laws.
WARREN, a village in Jo Daviess County, at
intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chi-
cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways, 26 miles
west-northwest of Freeport and 27 miles east by
north of Galena. The surrounding region is
agricultural and stock-raising; there are also lead
mines in the vicinity. Tobacco is grown to some
extent. Warren has a flouring mill, tin factory,
creamery and stone quarries, a State bank, water
supply from artesian wells, fire department, gas
plant, two weekly newspapers, five churches, a
high school, an academy and a public library.
Pop. (1890), 1,172; (1900), 1,337.
WARREN, Calvin A., lawyer, was born in
Essex County, N. Y., June 3, 1807; in his youth,
worked for a time, as a typographer, in the office
of "The Northern Spectator," at Poultney, Vt.,
side by side with Horace Greeley, afterwards the
founder of "The New York Tribune." Later, he
became one of the publishers of "The Palladium"
at Ballston, N. Y., but, in 1832, removed to
Hamilton County, Ohio, where he began the
study of law, completing his course at Transyl-
vania University, Ky., in 1834. and beginning
practice a*; Batavia. Ohio, as the partner of
Thomas Morris, then a United States Senator
from Ohio, whose daughter he married, thereby
becoming the brother-in-law of the late Isaac N.
Morris, of Quincy, 111. In 1836, Mr. Warren
came to Quincy, Adams County, 111., but soon
after removed to Warsaw in Hancock County,
where he resided until 1839, when he returned to
Quincy. Here he continued in practice, either
alone or as a partner, at different times, of .sev-
eral of the leading attorneys of that city.
Although he held no office except that of Master
in Chancery, which he occupied for some sixteen
years, the possession of an inexhaustible fund of
humor, with strong practical sense and decided
ability as a speaker, gave him great popularity
at the bar and upon the stiunp, and made him a
recognized leader in the ranks of the Democratic
party, of which he was a life-long member. He
served as Presidential Elector on the Pierce
ticket in 1852, and was the nominee of his party
for the same position on one or two other occa-
sions. Died, at Quincy, Feb. 22, 1881.
WARREX, Hooper, pioneer journalist, was
born at Walpole, N. H., in 1790; learned the print-
er's trade on the Rutland (Vt.) "Herald"; in
1814 went to Delaware, whence, three years later,
he emigrated to Kentucky, working for a time
on a paper at Frankfort. In 1818 he came to St.
Louis and worked in the office of the old "Mis-
souri Gazette" (the predecessor of "The Repub-
lican"), and also acted as the agent of a lumber
company at Cairo, 111. , when the whole popula-
tion of that place consisted of one family domi-
ciled on a grounded flat-boat. In March, 1819,
he established, at Edwardsville, the third paper
in Illinois, its predecessors being "The Illinois
Intelligencer," at Kaskaskia, and "The IlUnois
Emigrant," at Shawneetown. The name given
to the new paper was "The Spectator," and the
contest over the effort to introduce a pro-slavery
clause in the State Constitution soon brought it
into prominence. Backed by Governor Coles,
Congressman Daniel P. Cook, Judge S. D. Lock-
wood, Rev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge Wm. H.
Brown (afterwards of Chicago). George Churchill
and other opponents of slavery, "The Spectator"
made a sturdy fight in opposition to the scheme,
which ended in defeat of the measure by the
rejection at the polls, in 1824, of the proposition
for a Constitutional Convention. Warren left
the Edwardsville paper in 183.5, and was, for a
time, associated with "The National Crisis," an
anti-slavery paper at Cincinnati, but soon re-
turned to Illinois and established "The Sangamon
Spectator" — the first paper ever published at the
578
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
present State capital. This lie sold out in 1839,
and, for the next three years, was connected
with "The Advertiser and Upper Mississippi Her-
ald," at Galena. Abandoning this field in 1832,
he removed to Hennepin, where, within the next
five years, he held the offices of Clerk of the Cir-
cuit and County Commissioners' Courts and ex-
officio Recorder of Deeds. In 1836 he began the
publication of the third paper in Chicago — "The
Commercial Advertiser" (a weekly) — wiiich was
continued a little more than a year, when it was
abandoned, and he settled on a farm at Henry,
Marshall County. His further newspaper ven-
tures were, as the associate of Zebina Eastman, in
the publication of "The Genius of Liberty," at
Lowell, La Salle County, and "The Western
Citizen"— afterwards "The Free West"— in Chi-
cago. (See Eastman, Zebina, and Lundy. Ben-
jamin.) On the discontinuance of "The Free
West" in 1856, he again retired to his farm at
Henry, where he spent the remainder of his days.
While returning home from a visit to Chicago,
in August, 1864, he was taken ill at Mendota,
dying there on the 22d of the month.
WARREN, Johu Esaias, diplomatist and real-
estate operator, was born in Troy, N. Y., in 1826,
graduated at Union College and was connected
with the American Legation to Spain during the
administration of President Pierce; in 1859-60
was a member of the Minnesota Legislature and,
in 1861-62, Mayor of St. Paul; in 1867, came to
Chicago, where, while engaged in real-estate
business, he became known to the press as the
author of a series of articles entitled ' 'Topics of
the Time." In 1886 he took up his residence in
Brussels, Belgium, where he died, July 6, 1896.
Mr. Warren was author of several volumes of
travel, of which "An Attache in Spain" and
"Para" are most important.
WARREN COUNTY. A western county,
created by act of the Legislature, in 1825, but
not fully organized until 1830, having at that time
about 350 inhabitants ; has an area of 540 square
miles, and was named for Gen. Joseph Warren.
It is drained by the Henderson River and its
affluents, and is traversed by the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy (two divisions), the Iowa
Central and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe
Railroads. Bituminous coal is mined and lime-
stone is quarried in large quantities. The county's
early development was retarded in consequence
of having become the "seat of war," during the
Black Hawk War. The principal products are
grain and live-stock, although manufacturing is
carried on to some extent. The county -seat and
chief city is Monmouth (which see). Roseville
is a shipping point. Population (1880), 22,933.
(1890), 21,281; (1900), 23,163.
WARRENSBURG, a town of Macon County,
on Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railway, 9 miles
northwest of Decatur; has elevators, canning
factory, a bank and newspaper. Pop. (1900), 503.
WARSAW, the largest town in Hancock
County, and admirably situated for trade. It
stands on a bluff on the Mississippi River, some
three uiiles below Keokuk, and about 40 miles
above Quincy. It is the western terminus of the
Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, and lies 116
miles west-southwest of Peoria. Old Fort
Edwards, established by Gen. Zachary Taylor,
during the War of 1812, was located within the
limits of the present city of Warsaw, opposite the
mouth of the Des Moines River. An iron
foundry, a large woolen mill, a plow factory
and cooperage works are its principal manufac-
turing establishments. The channel of the Missis-
sippi admits of the passage of the largest steamers
up to this point. Warsaw has eight churches, a
system of common schools comprising one high
and three grammar schools, a National bank and
two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 3,105;
(1890), 2,721; (1900), 2,335.
WASHBURN, a village of Woodford County, on
a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railway 25
miles northeast of Peoria; has banks and a
weekly paper; the district is agricultural. Popu-
lation (1890), 598; (1900), 703.
WASHBURNE, Eliliu Benjamin, Congressman
and diplomatist, was born at Livermore, Maine,
Sept. 23, 1816; in early life learned the trade of a
printer, but graduated from Harvard Law School
and was admitted to the bar in 1840. Coming
west, he settled at Galena, forming a partnership
with Charles S. Hempstead, for the practice of
law, in 1841. He was a stalwart Whig, and, as
such, was elected to Congress in 1852. He con-
tinued to represent his District until 1869, taking
a prominent I'osition, as a Republican, on the
organization of that party. On account of his
long service he was known as the "Father of the
House," administering the Speaker's oath three
times to Schuyler Colfax and once to James G.
Blaine. He was appointed Secretary of State by
General Grant in 1869, but surrendered his port-
folio to become Envoy to France, in which ca-
pacity he achieved great distinction. He was the
only official representative of a foreign govern-
ment who remained in Paris, during the siege of
that city by the Germans (1870-71) and the reign
of the "Commune." For his conduct he was
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
579
honored by the Governments of France and Ger-
manj- alike. On his return to the United States,
he made his home in Chicago, where he devoted
his latter years chiefly to Hterary labor, and
where he died, Oct. 22, 1887. He was strongly
favored as a candidate for the Presidency in 1880.
WASHINGTON, a city in Tazewell County,
situated at the intersection of the Chicago &
Alton, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, and the
Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads. It is 31
miles west of El Paso, and 13 miles east of Peoria.
Carriages, plows and farming implements con-
stitute the manufactured output. It is also an
important shipping-point for farm products. It
has electric light and water-works plants, eight
churches, a graded school, two banks and two
newspapers. Pop. (1890). 1,301; (1900), 1,451.
WASHINGTON COUNTY, an interior county of
Southern Illinois, east of St, Louis : is drained by
the Kaskaskia River and the Elkhorn, Beaucoup
and Muddy Creeks; was organized in 1818, and
has an area of 540 square miles. The surface is
diversified, well watered and timbered. The
soil is of variable fertility. Corn, wheat and
oats are the chief agricultural products. Manu-
facturing is carried onto some extent, among
the products being agricultural implements,
flour, carriages and wagons. The most impor-
tant town is Nashville, which is also the county-
seat. Population (1890), 19,262; (1900), 19,.526.
"Washington was one of the fifteen counties into
which Illinois was divided at the organization of
the State Government, being one of the last
three created during the Territorial period— the
other two being Franklin and Union.
WASHINGTON HEIGHTS, a village of Cook
County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific
and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St.
Louis Railways, 13 miles southwest of Chicago ;
has a graded school, female seminary, military
school, a car factory, several churches and a
newspaper. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1890.
WATAGA, a village of Knox County, on the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 8 miles
northeast of Galesburg. Population (1900), 545.
WATERLOO, the county-seat and chief town
of Monroe County, on the Illinois Division of the
Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 24 miles east of south
from St. Louis. The region is chiefly agricultural,
but underlaid with coal. Its industries embrace
two flour mills, a plow factory, distillery, cream-
ery, two ice plants, and some minor concerns.
The city has municipal water and electric light
plants, four churches, a graded school and two
newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,860; (1900) 2.114-
WATERMAN, Arba Nelson, lawyer and jurist,
was born at Greensboro, Orleans County, Vt.,
Feb. 3, 1830. After receiving an academic edu-
cation and teaching for a time, he read law at
Montpelier and, later, passed through the Albany
Law School. In 1861 he was admitted to the
bar, removed to Joliet, 111., and opened an office.
In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the One Hun-
dredth Illinois Volunteers, serving with the
Army of the Cumberland for two years, and
being mustered out in August, 1864. with the
rank of Lieutenant-Colonel On leaving the
army. Colonel Waterman commenced practice in
Chicago. In 1873-74 he represented the Eleventh
Ward in the City Council. In 1887 he was elected
to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court,
and was re-elected in 1891 and, again, in 1897. In
1890 he was assigned as one of the Judges of the
Appellate Court.
WATSEKA, the county-seat of Iroquois County,
situated on the Iroquois River, at the mouth of
Sugar Creek, and at the intersection of the Chi-
cago & Eastern Illinois and the Toledo, Peoria &
Western Railroads, 77 miles south of Chicago. 46
miles north of Danville and 14 miles east of
Gilman. It has fiour-mills, brick and tile works
and foundries, besides several churches, banks, a
graded school and three weekly newspapers.
Artesian well water is obtained by boring to the
depth of 100 to 160 feet, and some forty flowing
streams from these shafts are in the place. Popu-
lation (1890),"3, 017; (1900), 3,505.
WATTS, Amos, jurist, was born in St. Clair
County, lU., Oct. 25, 1821, but removed to Wash-
ington County in boyhood, and was elected County
Clerk in 1847, '49 and "53, and State's Attorney
for the Second Judicial District in 1856 and '60;
then became editor and proprietor of a news-
paper, later resuming the practice of law, and, in
1873, was elected Circuit Judge, remaining in
office until his death, at Nashville, III, Dec. 6,
WAUKEGAN, the county-seat and principal
city of Lake County, situated en the shore of
Lake Michigan and on the Chicago & North-
western Railroad, about 36 miles north by west
from Chicago, and 50 miles south of Milwaukee;
is also the northern terminus of the Elgin, Joliet
& Eastern Railroad and connected by electric
lines with Chicago and Fox Lake. Lake Michigan
is about 80 miles wide opposite this point.
Waukegan was first known as "Little Fort,"
from the remains of an old fort tliat stood on its
site. The principal part of the city is built on a
bluff, which rises abruptly to the height of about
580
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
fifty feet. Between the bluff and the shore is a
flat tract about 400 yards wide which is occupied
by gardens, dwellings, warehouses and manu-
factories. The manufactures include steel-wire,
refined sugar, scales, agricultural implements,
brass and iron products, sash, doors and blinds,
leather, beer, etc. ; the city has paved streets, gas
and electric light plants, three banks, eight or
ten churches, graded and high schools and two
newspapers. A large trade in grain, lumber, coal
and dairy products is carried on. Pop. (1890),
4,91.5; (1900), 9,426.
WAUKEGAJf & SOUTHWESTERN RAIL-
WAY. (See Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway. }
WAVER LY, a city in Morgan County, 18 miles
southeast of Jacksonville, on the Jacksonville &
St. Louis and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis
Railroads. It was originally settled by enter-
prising emigrants from New England, whose
descendants constitute a large proportion of the
population. It is the center of a rich agricultural
region, has a fine graded school, six or seven
churches, two banks, two newspapers and tile
works. Population (1880), 1,134; (1890), 1,337;
(1900), 1,573.
WAYNE, (Gen.) Anthony, soldier, was born in
Chester County, Pa.. Jan. 1, 1745, of Anglo-Irish
descent, graduated as a Surveyor, and first prac-
ticed his profession in Nova Scotia. During the
years immediately antecedent to the Revolution
he was prominent in the colonial councils of his
native State, to which he had returned in 1767,
where he became a member of the "Committee of
Safety." On June 3, 1776, he was commissioned
Colonel of the Fom-th Regiment of Pennsylvania
troops in the Continental army, and, dm-ing the
War of the Revolution, was conspicuous for his
courage and ability as a leader. One of his most
daring and successful achievements was the cap-
ture of Stony Point, in 1779, when — the works
having been carried and Wayne having received,
what was supposed to be, his death- wound — he
entered the fort, supported by his aids. For this
service he was awarded a gold medal by Con-
gress. He also took a conspicuous part in the
investiture and capture of Yorktown. In October.
1783, he was brevetted Major-General. In 1784
he was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature.
A few years later he settled in Georgia, which
State he represented in Congress for seven
months, when his seat was declared vacant after
contest. In April. 1792, he was confirmed as
General-in-Chief of the United States Army, on
nomination of President Washington. His con-
nection with Illinois history began shortly after
St. Clair's defeat, when he led a force into Ohio
(1783) and erected a stockade at Greenville,
which he named Fort Recovery ; his object being
to subdue the hostile savage tribes. In this he
was eminently successful and, on August 3,
1793, after a victorious campaign, negotiated the
Treaty of Greenville, as broad in its provisions as
it was far-reaching in its influence. He was a
daring fighter, and although Washington called
him "prudent," his dauntlessness earned for him
the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony." In matters of
dress he was punctilious, and, on this account,
he was sometimes dubbed "Dandy Wayne.'' He
was one of the few white officers whom aU the
Western Indian tribes at once feared and re-
spected. They named him "Black Snake" and
"Tornado." He died at Presque Isle near Erie,
Dec. 15, 1796. Thirteen years afterward his
remains were removed by one of his sons, and
interred in Badnor churchyard, in his native
county. The Pennsylvania Historical Society
erected a marble monument over his grave, and
appropriately dedicated it on July 4 of the same
year.
WAYNE COUNTY, in the southeast quarter of
the State ; has an area of 720 square miles ; was
organized in 1819, and named for Gen. Anthony
Wayne. The county is watered and drained by
the Little Wabash and its branches, notably the
Skillet Fork. At the first election held in the
county, only fifteen votes were cast. Early life
was exceedingly primitive, the fii-st settlers
pounding corn into meal with a wooden pestle,
a hollowed stump being used as a mortar. The
first mill erected (of the antique South Carolina
pattern) charged 2.5 cents per bushel for grinding.
Prairie and woodland make up the surface, and
the soil is fertile. Railroad facilities are furnished
by the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis and the
Baltimore & Ohio (Southwestern) Railroads.
Corn, oats, tobacco, wheat, hay and wool are the
chief agricultural products. Saw mills are numer-
ous and there are also carriage and wagon facto-
ries. Fairfield is the county-seat. Population
(1880), 21,291; (1890), 23,806; (1900), 27,626.
WEAS, THE, a branch of the Miami tribe of
Indians. They called themselves "We-wee-
hahs, ' ■ and were spoken of by the French as ' 'Oui-
at-a-nons" and "Oui-as." Other corruptions of
the name were common among the British and
American colonists. In 1718 they had a village
at Chicago, but abandoned it through fear of
their hostile neighbors, the Chippewas and Potta-
watomies. The Weas were, at one time, brave
and warlike ; but their numbers were reduced by
HISTOrilCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
58i
constant warfare and disease, and, in the end,
debauchery enervated and demoralized them.
They were removed west of the Mississippi and
given a reservation in Miami County, Kan. This
they ultimately sold, and, under the leadership
of Baptiste Peoria, united with their few remain-
ing brethren of the Miamis and with the remnant
of the lU-i-ni under the title of the "confederated
tribes," and settled in Indian Territory. (See also
Mia m is: Pia n kesli a ics. )
WEBB, Edwin B., early lawyer and politician,
was born about 1802, came to the vicinity of
Carmi, White County, 111., about 1828 to 1830,
and, still later, studied law at Transylvania Uni-
versity. He held the office of Prosecuting
Attorney of White County, and, in 1834, was
elected to the lower branch of the General
Assembly, serving, by successive re-electious,
until 1843, and, in the Senate, from 1842 to "46.
During his service in the House he was a col-
league and political and personal friend of
Abraham Lincoln. He opposed the internal
improvement scheme of 1887, predicting many
of the disasters which were actually realized a
few years later. He was a candidate for Presi-
dential Elector on the Whig ticket, in 1844 and
"48, and, in 18,52, received the nomination for
Governor as the opponent of Joel A. Matteson,
two years later, being an unsuccessful candidate
for Justice of the Supreme Court in opposition to
Judge W. B. Scates. While practicing law at
Garmi, he was also a partner of his brother in
the mercantile business. Died, Oct. 14, 1858, in
the .^Gth year of his age.
WEBB, Henry Livingston, soldier and pioneer
(an elder brother of James Watson Webb, a noted
New York journalist), was born at Claverack.
N. Y., Feb. 6, 1795; served as a soldier in the
War of 1813, came to Southern Illinois in 1817,
and became one of the founders of the town of
America near the mouth of the Ohio ; was Repre-
sentative in the Fourth and Eleventli General
Assemblies, a Major in the Black Hawk AVar and
Captain of volunteers and. afterwards. Colonel of
regulars, in the Mexican War. In 18G0 he went
to Texas and served, for a time, in a semi-mili-
tary capacity under the Confederate Govern-
ment; returned to Illinois in 1869, and died, at
Makanda. Oct. 5, 1876.
WEBSTER, Fletcher, lawyer and soldier, was
born at Portsmouth, N. H., July 23, 1813; gradu-
ated at Harvard in 1833, and studied law with
his father (Daniel Webster) ; in 1837, located at
Peru, 111., where he practiced three years. His
father liaving been appointed Secretary of State
in 1841, the son became his private secretary,
was also Secretary of Legation to Caleb Cushing
(^Minister to China) in 1843, a member of the
JIassachusetts Legislature in 1847, and Smweyor
of the Port of Boston, 1850-61; the latter year
became Colonel of the Twelfth Massachusetts
Volunteers, and was killed in the second battle
of Bull Run, August 30, 1863.
WEBSTER, Joseph Dana, civil engineer and
soldier, was born at Old Hampton. N. H.,
August 35, 1811. He graduated from Dart-
mouth College in 1833, and afterwards read
law at Newbirryport, IMass. His natural incli-
nation was for engineering, and, after serv-
ing for a time in the Engineer and War offices,
at Washington, was made a United States civil
engineer (1835) and, on July 7, 1838, entered the
army as Second Lieutenant of Topographical
Engineers. He served through the Mexican
War, was made First Lieutenant in 1849, and
promoted to a captaincy, in March, 1853. Thir-
teen months later he resigned, removing to Chi-
cago, where he made his permanent home, and
soon after was identified, for a time, with the
proprietorship of "'The Chicago Tribune." He
was President of the commission that perfected
the Chicago sewerage system, and designed and
executed the raising of the grade of a large por-
tion of the city from two to eight feet, whole
blocks of buildings being raided by jack screws,
while new foundations were inserted. At the
outbreak of the Civil War he tendered his serv-
ices to the Government and superintended the
erection of the fortifications at Cairo, 111., and
Paducah, Ky. On April 7, 1861, he was com-
missioned Paymaster of Volunteers, with the
rank of JIajor, and, in February, 1862. Colonel of
the First Illinois Artillery. For several months
he was chief of General Grant's staff, participat-
ing in the capture of Forts Donelson and Henry,
and in the battle of Shiloh. in the latter as Chief
of Artillery. In October, 1863, the War Depart-
ment detailed him to make a survey of the Illi-
nois & Michigan Canal, and, the following month,
he %vas commissioned Brigadier-General of
Volunteers, serving as Military Governor of Mem-
phis and Superintendent of military railroads.
He was again chief of staff to General Grant
during the Vicksburg campaign, and, from 1864
until the close of the war. occupied the same
relation to General Sherman. He was brevetted
Major-General of Volunteers, March 13, 1865, but,
resigning Nov. 6, following, returned to Chicago,
where he spent the remainder of his life. From
1869 to 1873 he was Assessor of Internal Revenue
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
there, and, later. Assistant United States Treas-
urer, and, in July, 1873, was appointed Collector
of Internal Revenue. Died, at Chicago, March
12, 1876.
WELCH, William R., lawyer and jurist, was
born in Jessamine County, Ky., Jan. 23, 1828,
educated at Transylvania University, Lexington,
graduating from the academic department in
1847, and, from the law school, in 1851. In 1864 he
removed to Carlinville, Macoupin County, 111.,
which place he made his permanent home. In
1877 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth
Circuit, and re-elected in 1879 and "85. In 1884
he was assigned to. the bench of the Appellate
Court for the Second District. Died, Sept. 1,
1888.
WELDON, Lawrence, one of the Judges of the
United States Court of Claims, Washington,
D. C, was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, in
1829; while a child, removed with his parents to
Madison County, and was educated in the com-
mon schools, the local academy and at "Wittenberg
College, Springfield, in the same State ; read law
with Hon. R. A. Harrison, a prominent member
of the Ohio bar, and was admitted to practice in
1854, meanwhile, in 1852-53, having served as a
clerk in the office of the Secretary of State at
Columbus. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, locat-
ing at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he engaged
in practice ; in 1860 was elected a Representative
in the Twenty-second General Assembly, was
also chosen a Presidential Elector the same year,
and assisted in the first election of Abraham
Lincoln to the Presidency. Early in 1861 he
resigned his seat in the Legislature to accept the
position of United States District Attorney for
the Southern District of Illinois, tendered him by
President Lincoln, but resigned the latter office
in 1866 and, the following year, removed to
Bloomington, where he continued the practice of
his profession until 1883, when he was appointed,
by President Arthur, an Associate Justice of the
United States Court of Claims at Washington—
a position which he still (1899) continues to fill.
Judge Weldon is among the remaining few who
rode the circuit and practiced law with Mr. Lin-
coln. From the time of coming to the State in
1854 to 1860, he was one of Mr. Lincoln's most
intimate traveling companions in the old
Eighth Circuit, which extended from Sangamon
County on the west to Vermilion on the east, and
of which Judge David Davis, afterwards of the
Supreme Com-t of the United States and United
States Senator, was the presiding Justice. The
Judge holds in his memory many pleasant remi-
niscences of that day, especially of the eastern
portion of the District, where he was accustomed
to meet the late Senator Voorhees, Senator Mc-
Donald and other leading lawyers of Indiana, as
well as the historic men whom he met at the
State capital.
WELLS, Albert W., lawyer and legislator, was
born at Woodstock, Conn., Blay 9, 1839, and
enjoyed only such educational and other advan-
tages as belonged to the average New England
boy of that period. During his boyhood Ids
family removed to New Jersey, where he attended
an academy, later, graduating from Columbia
College and Law School in New York City, and
began practice with State Senator Robert Allen
at Red Bank, N. J. During the Civil War he
enlisted in a New Jersey regiment and took part
in the battle of Gettysburg, resuming his profes-
sion at the close of the war. Coming west in
1870, he settled in Quincy, 111., where he con-
tinued practice. In 1886 he was elected to the
House of Representatives from Adams County,
as a Democrat, and re-elected two years later.
In 1890 he was advanced to the Senate, where,
by re-election in 1894, he served continuously
until his death in office, March 5, 1897. His
abilities and long service — covering the sessions
of the Thirty-fifth to the Fortieth General Assem-
blies— placed him at the head of the Democratic
side of ithe Senate during the latter part of his
legislative career.
WELLS, William, soldier and victim of the
Fort Dearborn massacre, was born in Kentucky,
about 1770. When a boy of 12, he was captured
by the Miami Indians, whose chief. Little Turtle,
adopted him, giving him his daughter in mar-
riage when he grew to manhood. He was highly
esteemed by the tribe as a warrior, and, in 1790,
was present at the battle where Gen. Arthur St.
Clair was defeated. He then realized that he
was fighting agaiu.st his own race, and informed
his father-in-law that he intended to ally himself
with the whites. Leaving the Miamis, he made
his way to General Wayne, who made him Cap-
tain of a companj' of scouts. After the treaty of
Greenville (1795) he settled on a farm near Fort
Wayne, where he was joined by his Indian wife.
Here he acted as Indian Agent and Justice of the
Peace. In 1812 he learned of the contemplated
evacuation of Fort Dearborn, and, at the head of
thirty Miamis, he set out for the post, his inten-
tion being to furnish a body-guard to the non-
combatants on their proposed march to Fort
Wayne. On August 13, he marched out of the
fort with fifteen of his dusky warriors behind
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
583
him, the remainder bringing up the rear. Before
a mile and a half had been traveled, the party fell
into an Indian ambuscade, and an indiscrimi-
nate massacre followed. (See Fort Dearborn.)
The Miamis fled, and Captain Wells' body was
riddled with bullets, his head out off and his
heart taken out. He was an uncle of Mrs. Heald,
wife of the commander of Fort Dearborn.
WELLS, William Harvey, educator, was born
in Tolland, Conn., Feb. 27, 1812; lived on a farm
imtil 17 years old, attending school irregularlj%
but made such progress that he became succes-
sively a teacher in the Teachers" Seminary at
Andover and Newburyport, and, finally. Principal
of the State Normal School at Westfield, Mass.
In 1856 he accepted the position of Superintend-
ent of Public Schools for the city of Chicago,
serving till 1864, when he resigned. He was an
organizer of the Massachusetts State Teachers'
Association, one of the first editors of "The
Massachusetts Teacher'' and prominently con-
nected with various benevolent, educational and
learned societies : was also author of several text-
books, and assisted in the revision of "Webster's
Unabridged Dictionary." Died, Jan. 21, 188.5.
WENONA, city on the eastern border of Mar-
shall County, 30 miles south of La Salle, has
zinc works, public and parochial schools, a
weekly paper, two banks, and five churches. A
good quality of soft coal is mined here. Popu-
lation (1880), 911; (1890), 1,0.53; (1900). 1,486.
WENTWORTH, John, early journalist and
Congressman, was born at Sandwich, N. H.,
March 5, 1815, graduated from Dartmouth Col-
lege in 1836, and came to Chicago the same year,
where he became editor of "The Chicago Demo-
crat, ' ' which had been estabUshed by John Cal-
houn three years previous. He soon after became
proprietor of "The Democrat,"' of which he con-
tinued to be the publisher until it was merged
into '"The Chicago Tribune," July ■24, 1864. He
also studied law, and was admitted to the Illinois
bar in 1841. He served in Congress as a Demo-
crat from 1843 to 1851, and again from 1853 to
1855, but left the Democratic party on the repeal
of the Missouri Compromise. He was elected
Mayor of Chicago in 1857, and again in 1860,
during his incumbency introducing a number of
important municipal reforms ; was a member of
the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and twice
served on the Board of Education. He again
represented Illinois in Congress as a Republican
from 1865 to 1867 — making fourteen years of
service in that body. In 1873 he joined in the
Greelev movement, luit later renewed his alle-
giance to the Republican party. In 1878 Mr. Went-
worth published an elaborate genealogical work
in three volumes, entitled "History of the Went-
worth Family." A volume of "Congressional
Reminiscences" and two by him on "Early Chi-
cago," published in connection with the Fergus
Historical Series, contain some valuable informa-
tion on early local and national history. On
account of his extraordinary height he received
the sobriquet of "Long John,"" by which he was
familiarly known throughout the State. Died,
in Chicago, Oct. 16, 1888.
WEST, Edward M., merchant and banker, was
born in Virginia, May 2, 1814; came with his
father to Illinois in 1818; in 1829 became a clerk
in the Recorder's oflSce at EdwardsviUe, also
served as deputy postmaster, and, in 1833, took a
position in the United States Land Office there.
Two years later he engaged in mercantile busi-
ness, which he prosecuted over thirty years —
meanwhile filling the office of County Treasurer,
ex-offlcio Superintendent of Schools, and Delegate
to the Constitutional Convention of 1847. In 1867,
in conjunction with W. R. Prickett, he established
a bank at EdwardsviUe, with which he was con-
nected until his death, Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. West
officiated frequently as a "local preacher" of the
Methodist Church, in which capacity he showed
much ability as a public speaker.
WEST, Mary Allen, educator and philanthro-
pist, was born at Galesbm-g, lU., July 31, 1837;
graduated at Knox Seminary in 1854 and taught
until 1873, when she was elected County Super-
intendent of Schools, serving nine years. She
took an active and influential interest in educa-
tional and reformatory movements, was for two
years editor of "Our Home Monthly." in Phila-
delphia, and also a contributor to other journals,
besides being editor-in-chief of "The Union Sig-
nal," Chicago, the organ of the Woman's Chris-
tian Temperance Union — in which she held the
position of President ; was also President, in the
latter days of her life, of the Illinois Woman"s
Press Association of Chicago, that city having
become her home in 1885. In 1893, Miss West
started on a tour of the world for the benefit of
her health, but died at Tokio, Japan, Dec. 1, 1893.
WESTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE IKSASiE,
an institution for tlie treatment of the insane,
located at Watertown, Rock Island County, in
accordance with an act of the General Assembly,
approved. May 22, 1895. The Thirty-ninth Gen-
eral Assembly made an appropriation of §100,000
for the erection of fire-proof buildings, while
Rock Island County donated a tract of 400 acres
584
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
of land valued at 840, 000. The site selected bj- the
Commissioners, is a commanding one overlooking
the Mississippi River, eight miles above Rock
Island, and Ave and a half miles from Moline, and
the buildings are of the most modern style of con-
struction. Watertown is reached by two lines of
railroad — the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and
the Chicago, Burlington & Quiiicy — besides the
Mississippi River. The erection of buildings was
begun in 1896, and they were opened for the
reception of patients in 1898. They have a ca-
pacity for 800 patients.
WESTERN MILITARY ACADEMY, an insti
tution located at Upper Alton, JIadison County,
incorporated in 1892 ; has a faculty of eight mem-
bers and reports eighty pupils for 1897-98, with
property valued at §70,000. The institution gives
instruction in literary and scientific branches,
besides preparatory and business courses.
WESTERN NORMAL COLLEGE, located at
Bushnell, McDonough County; incorporated in
1888. It is co-educational, has a corps of twelve
instructors and reported 500 pupils for 1897-98,
300 males and 200 females.
WESTERN SPRINGS, a village of Cook
County, and residence suburb of the city of Chi-
cago, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail-
road, 15 miles west of the initial station.
Population (1890), 451; (liiOO), 662.
WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY,
located in Chicago and controlled by the Protes-
tant Episcopal Church. It was founded in 1883
through the munificence of Dr. Tolman Wheeler,
and was opened for students two years later. It
has two buildings, of a superior order of archi-
tecture— one including the school and lecture
rooms and the other a dormitory. A hospital
and gymnasium are attached to the latter, and a
school for boys is conducted on the first floor of
the main building, which is known as Wheeler
Hall. The institution is under the general super-
vision of Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren. Protes-
tant Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Illinois.
WESTFIELD, village of Clark County, on Cin.,
Ham. & Dayton R. R. , 10 m. s -e. of Charleston;
seat of Westfield College; has a bank, five
churches and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 820.
WEST SALEM, a town of Edwards County, on
the Peoria-Evans ville Div. 111. Cent. R. R., 12
miles nortlieast of Albion; has a bank and a
weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 476; (1900), 7(J0.
WETHERELL, Emma Abbott, vocalist, was
born in Chicago, Dec. 9, 1849; in her childhood
attracted attention while singing with her father
(a poor musician) in hotels and on the streets in
Chicago, Peoria and elsewhere; at 18 years of
age, went to New York to study, earning her way
by giving concerts en route, and receiving aid
and encouragement from Clara Louisa Kellogg;
in New York was patronized by Henry Ward
Beecher and others, and aided in securing the
training of European masters. Compelled to sur-
mount many obstacles from poverty and other
causes, her after success in her profession was
phenomenal. Died, during a professional tour,
at Salt Lake City, Jan. 5, 1891. Miss Abbott
married her manager, Eugene Wetherell, who
died before her.
WHEATON, a city and the county-seat of Du
Page County, situated on the Chicago & North-
western Railway, 25 miles west of Chicago. Agri-
culture and stock-raising are the chief industries
in the surrounding region. The city owns a new
water-works plant (costing 860,000) and has a
public library valued at 875,000, the gift of a
resident, Mr. John Quincy Adams ; has a court
house, electric light plant, sewerage and drainage
system, seven churches, three graded schools,
four weekly newspapers and a State bank.
Wheaton is the seat of Wheaton College (which
see) Population (1880), 1,160; (1890), 1,622;
(1900). 2,34.5.
WHEATON COLLEGE, an educational insti-
tution located at Wheaton, Du Page County, and
under Congregational control. It was founded
in 1853, as the Illinois Institute, and was char-
tered under its present name in 1860. Its early
existence was one of struggle, but of late years it
has been established on a better foundation, in
1898 having 854,000 invested in productive funds,
and property aggregating 8136,000. The faculty
comprises fifteen professors, and, in 1898, there
were 321 students in attendance. It is co-edu-
cational and instruction is given in business and
preparatory studies, as well as the fine arts,
music and classical literature.
WHEELER, David Hilton, D.D., LL.D., clergy-
man, was born at Ithaca, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1829;
graduated at Rock River Seminary, Mount
Morris, in 1851; edited "The Carroll County
Republican" and held a professorship in Cornell
College, Iowa, (1857-61); was United States Con-
sul at Geneva, Switzerland, (1861-66) ; Professor of
English Literature in Northwestern University
(1867-75); edited "The Methodist" in New York,
seven years, and was President of Allegheny
College (1883-87); received the degree of D.D.
from Cornell College in 1867, and that of LL. D.
from the Northwestern University in 1881. He
is the author of "Brigandage in South Italy"
HISTOrJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ObO
(two volumes, 1864) <and "Bj'-Waj^s of Literature"
(1883), besides some translations.
WHEELER, Hamilton K., ex-Congressman, ,
was born at Ballstou, N. Y., August 5, 1848, but
emigrated with his parents to Illinois in 1832;
remained on a farm until 19 years of age, his
educational advantages being limited to three
months' attendance upon a district school each
year. In 1871, he was admitted to the bar at
Kankakee, where he has since continued to prac-
tice. In 1884 he was elected to represent the Six-
teenth District in the State Senate, where he
served on many important committees, being
Chairman of that on the Judicial Department.
In 189'2 he was elected Representative in Con-
gress from the Ninth Illinois District, on the
Republican ticket.
■WHEELIXtr, a town on the northern border of
Cook County, on the Wisconsin Central Railway.
Population (1890), 811; (1900), 331.
WHISTLER, (Maj.) John, soldier and builder
of the first Fort Dearborn, was born in Ulster, Ire-
land, about 1756 ; served under Bm-goyne in the
Revolution, and was with the force surrendered
by that officer at Saratoga, in 1777. After the
peace he returned to the United States, settled at
Hagerstown, Md., and entered the United States
Army, serving at first in the ranks and being
severely wounded in the disastrous Indian cam-
paigns of 1791. Later, he was promoted to a
captaincy and, in the summer of 1803, sent with
his company, to the head of Lake Michigan,
where he constructed the first Fort Dearborn
within the limits of the present city of Chicago,
remaining in command until 1811, when he was
succeeded by Captain Heald. He received the
brevet rank of Major, in 181.5 was appointed
military store-keeper at Newport, Ky., and after-
wards at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis,
where he died, Sept. 3, 1829. Lieut. William
Whistler, his son, who was with his father, for a
time, in old Fort Dearborn — but transferred, in
1809, to Fort Wayne— was of the force included
in Hull's surrender at Detroit in 1812. After
his exchange he was promoted to a captaincy, to
the rank of Major in 1826 and to a Lieutenant-Colo-
nelcy in 1845, dying at Newport, Ky., in 1863.
James Abbott McNiel Whistler, the celebrated,
but eccentric artist of that name, is a gi-andson
of the first Major Whistler.
WHITE, George E., ex-Congressman, was bom
in Jlassachusetts in 1848; after graduating, at the
age of 16, he enlisted as a private in the Fifty-
seventh Massachusetts Veteran Volunteers, serv-
ing under General Grant in the campaign
against Richmond from the battle of the Wilder-
ness until the surrender of Lee. Having taken a
course in a commercial college at Worcester,
Mass., in 1867 he came to Chicago, securing em-
ployment in a lumber yard, but a year later
began business on his own account, which he has
successfully conducted. In 1878 he was elected
to the State Senate, as a Republican, from one of
the Chicago Districts, and re-elected four years
later, serving in that body eight years. He
declined a nomination for Congress in 1884, but
accepted in 1894, and was elected for the Fifth
District, as he was again in 1896, but was
defeated, in 1898, by Edward T. Noonan, Demo-
crat.
WHITE, Horace, journalist, was born at Cole-
brook, N. H. , August 10, 1834 ; in 1853 graduated
at Beloit College, Wis. , whither his father had
removed in 1837 ; engaged in journalism as city
editor of "The Chicago Evening Journal," later
becoming agent of the Associated Press, and, in
1857, an editorial writer on "The Chicago Trib-
une," during a part of the war acting as its
Washington correspondent. He also served, in
1856, as Assistant Secretary of the Kansas
National Committee, and, later, as Secretary of
the Republican State Central Committee. In
1864 he purchased an interest in -"The Tribune,"
a year or so later becoming editor-in-chief, but
retired in October, 1874. After a protracted
European tour, he united with Carl Schurz and
E. L. Godkin of "The Nation," in the purchase
and reorganization of "The New York Evening
Post," of which he is now editor-in-chief.
WHITE, JnUus, soldier, was born in Cazen-
ovia,.N. Y., Sept. 29, 1816: removed to Illinois
in 1836, residing there and in Wisconsin, where
he was a member of the Legislature of 1849 ; in
1861 was made Collector of Customs at Chicago,
but resigned to assume the colonelcy of the
Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, which he
commanded on the Fremont expedition to South-
west Missouri. He afterwards served with Gen-
eral Curtiss in Arkansas, participated in the
battle of Pea Ridge and was promoted to the
rank of Brigadier-General. He was subsequently
assigned to the Department of the Shenandoah,
but finding his position at Martinsburg, W. Va.,
untenable, retired to Harper's Ferry, voluntarily
serving under Colonel Miles, his inferior in com-
mand. When this post was surrendered (Sept.
15, 1862), he was made a prisoner, but released
under parole ; was tried by a court of inquiry at
his own request, and acquitted, the court finding
that he had acted with courage and capability.
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
He resigned in 1864, and, in March, I860, -was
brevetted Major-General of Volunteers. Died,
at Evauston, May 12, 1890.
WHITE COUNTY, situated in the southeastern
quarter of the State, and bounded on the east by
the Wabasli River; was organized in 1816, being
the tenth county organized during the Territorial
period: area, 500 square miles. The county is
crossed by three railroads and drained by the
Wabash and Little Wabash Rivers. The surface
consists of prairie and woodland, and the soil is,
for the most part, highly productive. The princi-
pal agricultural products are corn, wheat, oats,
potatoes, tobacco, fruit, butter, sorghum and
wool. The principal industrial establishments
are carriage factories, saw mills and flour mills.
Carmi is the county-seat. Other towns are En-
field, Grayville and Norris City. Population
(1880), 23,087; (1890), 25,005; (1900), 25,3S6.
WHITEHALL, a city in Greene County, at the
intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the
Chicago, Burlington & Quiney Railroads, 65 miles
north of St. Louis and 24 miles south-southwest
of Jacksonville; in rich farming region; has
stoneware and sewer-pipe factories, foundry and
machine shop, flour mill, elevators, wagon shops,
creamery, water system, sanitarium, heating,
electric light and power system, nurseries and
fruit-supply houses, and two poultry packing
houises; also has Ave churches, a graded school,
t wo banks and three newspapers — one daily. Pop-
ulation (1890), 1,961; (1900). 2,030.
WHITEHOUSE, Henry John, Protestant Epis-
copal Bishop, was born in New York City, August
19, 1803; graduated from Columbia College in
1821, and from the (New York) General Theolog-
ical Seminary in 1824. After ordination he was
rector of various parishes in Pennsylvania and
New York imtil 1851, when he was chosen Assist-
ant Bishop of Illinois, succeeding Bishop Chase
in 1852. In 1867, by invitation of the Archbishop
of Canterbury, he delivered the opening sermon
before the Pan-Anglican Conference held in
England. During this visit he received the
degree of D.D. from Oxford University, and tliat
of LL. D. from Cambridge. His rigid views as a
churchman and a disciplinarian, were illustrated
in his prosecution of Rev. Charles Edward
Cheney, which resulted in the formation of the
Reformed Episcopal Church. He was a brilliant
orator and a trenchant and unyielding controver-
sialist. Died, in Chicago, August 10, 1874.
WHITESIDE COrXTY, in the northwestern
portion of the State bordering on the Mississippi
River; created by act of the Legislature passed in
1830, and named for Capt. Samuel Whiteside, a
noted Indian fighter ; area, 700 square miles. The
surface is level, diversified by prairies and wood-
land, and the soil is extremely fertile. The -
county-seat was first fixed at Lyndon, then at
Sterling, and finally at Morrison, its present
location. The Rock River crosses the county
anrl furnishes abundant water power for numer-
ous factories, turning out agricultural imple-
ments, carriages and wagons, furniture, woolen
goods, flour and wrapping paper. There are also
distilling and brewing interests, besides saw and
planing mills. Corn is the staple agricultural
product, although all the leading cereals are
extensively grown. The principal towns are
Morrison. Sterling, Fulton and Rock Falls. Popu-
lation (1880), 30,885; (]8;)0), 30.854; (1900), 34.710.
WHITESIDE, William, pioneer and soldier of
the Revolution, emigrated from the frontier of
North Carolina to Kentucky, and thence, in 1793,
to the present limits of Monroe County, 111.,
erecting a fort between Cahokia and Kaskaskia.
which became widely known as '"Whiteside
.Station." He served as a Justice of the Peace,
and was active in organizing the militia during
the War of 1812-14, dying at the old Station in
1815. — John (Whiteside), a brother of the preced-
ing, and also a Revolutionary soldier, came to
Illinois at the same time, as also did William B.
and Samuel, sons of tlie two brothers, respec-
tive!}'. All of them became famous as Indian
fighters. The two latter served as Captains of
companies of "Rangers" in the War of 1812,
Samuel taking part in the battle of Rock Island
in 1814, and contributing greatly to the success
of the day. During the Black Hawk War (1832)
he attained the rank of Brigadier-General.
Whiteside County was named in his honor. He
made one of the earliest improvements in Ridge
Prairie, a rich section of Madison County, and
represented that county in the First General
Assembly. William B. served as Sheriff of Madi-
son County for a nmnber of years. — John D.
(Whiteside), another member of this historic
family, became very prominent, serving in the
lower House of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and
Foui'teenth General Assemblies, and in the Sen-
ate of the Tenth, from Monroe County; was a
Presidential Elector in 1836, State Treasurer
(1837-41) and a member of the State Constitu-
tional Convention of 1847. General Whiteside, as
he was known, was the second of James Shields
in the famous Shields and Lincoln duel (so-called)
in 1842, and, as such, carried the challenge of the
former to Mr. Lincoln. (See Duel.f. )
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
5S7
WHITING, Lorenzo D., legislator, was born
in Wayne County, N. Y., Nov. 17, 1819; came to
lUiiiiiis in 1S38, but did not settle there perma-
nently until 1849, when he located in Bureau
County. He was a Representative from that
county in the Twenty-sixth General Assembly
(1869), and a member of the Senate continuously
from 1871 to 1887, serving in the latter through
eight General Assemblies. Died at his home
near Tiskilwa, Bureau County, 111., Oct. 10,
1889.
WHITINdi, Richard H., Congressman, was
born at West Hartford, Conn., June 17, 18'26, and
received a common school education. In 1862 he
was commissioned Paymaster in the Volunteer
Army of the Union, and resigned in 1866. Hav-
ing removed to Illinois, he was appointed Assist-
ant Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Fifth
Illinois District, in February, 1870, and so contin-
ued until the abolition of the office in 1873. On
retiring from the Assessorship he was appointed
Collector of Internal Revenue, and served until
March 4, 1875, when he resigned to take his seat
as Republican Representative in Congress from
the Peoria District, to which he had been elected
in November, 1874. After the expiration of liis
term he held no public office, but was a member
of the Republican National Convention of 1884.
Died, at the Continental Hotel, in New York
City, May 24, 1888.
WHITNEY, James W., pioneer lawyer and
early teacher, known by the nickname of "Lord
Coke"; came to Illinois in Territorial days (be-
lieved to have been about 1800) ; resided for some
time at or near Edwardsville, then became a
teacher at Atlas, Pike County, and, still later, the
first Circuit and County Clerk of that county.
Though nominally a lawyer, he had little if any
practice. He acquired the title, by which he was
popularly known for a quarter of a century, by
his custom of visiting the State Capital, during
the sessions of the General Assembly, when
he would organize the lobbyists and visit-
ors about the capital— of which there were an
unusual number in those days— into what was
called the "Third House." Having been regu-
larly chosen to preside under the name of
"Speaker of the Lobby." he would deliver a mes-
sage full of practical hits and jokes, aimed at
members of the two houses and others, which
would be received with cheers and laughter.
The meetings of the "Third House." being held
in the evening, were attended by many members
and visitors in lieu of other forms of entertain-
ment. Mr. Whitney's home, in his latter years.
was at Pittsfield. He resided for a time at
Quincy. Died, Dec. 13, 1860, aged over 80 j-ears.
WHITTEMORE, Floyd K., State Treasurer, is
a native of New Y'ork, came at an early age, with
his parents, to Sycamore, 111., where lie was edu-
cated in the high school there. He purposed
becoming a lawyer, but, on the election of the
late James H. Beveridge State Treasurer, in 1864,
accepted the position of clerk in .the office.
Later, he was employed as a clerk in the banking
house of Jacob Bunn in Springfield, and, on the
organization of the State National Bank, was
chosen cashier of that Institution, retaining the
position some twenty years. After tlie appoint-
ment of Hon. John R. Tanner to the position of
Assistant Treasurer of the United States, at Chi-
cago, in 1892, Mr. Whittemore became cashier in
that office, and, in 1865, Assistant State Treas-
rure under the administration of State Treasurer
Henry WulfE. In 1898 he was elected State
Treasurer, receiving a plurality of 43,450 over
his Democratic opponent.
WICKERSHAM, (Col.) Dudley, soldier and
merchant, was born in Woodford County, Ky.,
Nov. 32, 1819; came to Sprin,gfield, 111,, in 1843,
and served as a member of the Fourth Regiment
Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) through
the Mexican War. On the return of peace he
engaged in the dry-goods trade in Springfield,
until 1861, when he enlisted in the Tenth Regi-
ment Illinois Cavalry, serving, first as Lieutenant-
Colonel and then as Colonel, until May, 1864,
when, his regiment liaving been consolidated
with the Fifteenth Cavalry, he resigned. After
the war, he held the office of Assessor of Internal
Revenue for several years, after which he en-
gaged in the grocery trade. Died, in Springfield,
August 8, 1898.
WIDEN, Raphael, pioneer and early legislator,
was a native of Sweden, who, having been taken
to France at eight years of age, was educated for
a Catholic priest. Coming to the United States
in 1815, he was at Cahokia, 111., in 1818, where,,
during the same year, he married into a French
family of that place. He served in the House of
Representatives from Randolph County, in the
Second and Third General Assemblies (1820-24),
and as Senator in the Fourth and Fifth (1824-38).
During his last term in the House, he was one of
those who voted against the pro-slavery Con-
vention resolution. He died of cholera, at Kas-
kaskia, in 1833.
WIKE, Scott, lawyer and ex-Congressman, was
born at Meadville, Pa., April 6. 1834; at 4 years
of age removed with his parents to Quincy, 111.,
588
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
and, in 1844, to Pike County. Having graduated
from Lombard University, Galesburg, in 1857, he
began reading law with Judge O. C. Skinner of
Quincy. He was admitted to the bar in 1858,
but, before commencing practice, spent a year at
Harvard Law Scliool, graduating there in 1859.
Immediately thereafter he opened an office at
Pittsfield, 111., and has resided there ever since.
In politics he has always been a strong Democrat.
He served two terms in the Legislature (1863-67)
and, in 1874, was chosen Representative from his
District in Congress, being re-elected in 1888 and,
again, in 1890. In 1893 he was appointed by
President Cleveland Third Assistant Secretary
of the Treasury, which position he continued
to fill until March, 1897, when he resumed the
practice of law at Pittsfield. Died Jan. 15, 1901
WILEY, (Col.) Benjamin Ladd, soldier, was
born in Smithfield, Jefferson County, Ohio,
March 25, 1821, came to Illinois in 1845 and began
life at Vienna, Johnson County, as a teacher.
In 1846 he enlisted for the Mexican War, as a
member of the Fifth (Colonel Newby's) Regiment
Illinois Volunteers, serving chiefly in New
Mexico until mustered out in 1848. A year later
he removed to Jonesboro, where lie spent some
time at the carpenter's trade, after which he
became clerk in a store, meanwhile assisting to
edit "The Jonesboro Gazette" until 1853; then
became traveling salesman for a St. Louis firm,
but later engaged in the hardware trade at
Jonesboro, in which he continued for several
years. In 1856 he was the Republican candidate
for Congress for the Ninth District, receiving
4,000 votes, while Fremont, the Republican can-
didate for President, received only 825 in the
same district. lu 1857 he opened a real estate
office in Jonesboro in conjimction with David L.
Phillips and Col. J. W. Ashley, with which he
was connected until 1860, when he removed to
Makanda, Jackson County. In September, 1861,
he was mustered in as Lieutenant-Colonel of the
Fifth Illinois Cavalry, later serving in Missouri
and Arkansas under Generals Steele and Curtiss,
being, a part of the time, in command of the First
Brigade of Cavalry, and, in the advance on Vicks-
bvu-g, having command of the right \\ing of
General Grant's cavah-y. Being disabled by
rheumatism at the end of the siege, he tendered
his resignation, and was immediately ajipointed
Enrolling Officer at Cairo, serving in this capac-
ity imtil May, 1865, when he was mustered out.
In 1869 he was appointed by Governor Palmer
one of the Commissioners to locate the Southern
Illinois Hospital for the Insane, and served as
Secretary of the Board until the institution was
opened at Anna, in May, 1871. In 1869 he was
defeated as a candidate for County Judge of
Jackson County, and, in 1872, for the State Sen-
ate, by a small majority in a strongly Democratic
District; in 1876 was the Republican candidate
for Congress, in the Eighteenth District, against
William Hartzell, but was defeated by only
twenty votes, while carrying six out of the ten
counties comprising the District. In the latter
years of his life. Colonel Wiley was engaged quite
extensively in fruit-growing at Makanda, Jack-
son County, where he died, March 22, 1890.
WILKIE, Franc Bansrs, journalist, was born
in Saratoga County, N. Y., July 2, 1830; took a
partial course at Union College, after which he
edited papers at Schenectady, N. Y., Elgin, lU.,
and Davenport and Dubuque, Iowa ; also serving,
during a part of the Civil War, as the western
war correspondent of "The New York Times."
In 1868 he became an editorial writer on "The
Chicago Times," remaining with that paper,
with the exception of a brief interval, until 1888
— a part of the time as its European correspond-
ent. He was the author of a series of sketches
over the nom de plume of "Poliuto," and of a
volume of reminiscences under the title,
"Thirty-five Years of Journalism," published
shortly before his death, which took place, April
12, 1892.
WILKIJf, Jacob W., Justice of the Supreme
Court, was born in Licking County, Ohio, Jime
7, 1837; removed with his parents to Illinois, at
12 years of age, and was educated at McKendree
College ; served three years in the War for the
Union; studied law with Judge Scholfield and
was admitted to the bar in 1866. In 1872, he was
chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican
ticket, and, in 1879, elected Judge of the Circuit
Court and re-elected in 1885 — the latter year
being assigned to tlie Appellate bench for the
Fourth District, where he remained until his
election to the Supreme bench in 1888, being
re-elected to the latter office in 1897. His home
is at Danville.
WILKINSON, Ira 0., lawyer and Judge, was
born in Virginia in 1822, and accompanied his
father to Jacksonville (1835), where he was edu-
cated. During a short service as Deputy Clerk of
Morgan County, he conceived a fondness for the
profession of the law, and, after a course of study
under Judge William Thomas, was admitted to
practice in 1847. Richard Yates (afterwards Gov-
ernor and Senator) was his first partner. In 1845
he removed to Rock Island, and, six years later.
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
5S9
was elected a Circuit Judge, being again closen
to the same position in 1861. At the expiration
of his second term he removed to Chicago.
Died, at Jacksonville, August 24. 1894.
WILKISfSON, John P., early merchant, was
born, Dec. 14, 1790, in New Kent County, Va.,
emigrated first to Kentucky, and, in 1828, settled
in Jacksonville, III., where he engaged in mer-
cantile business. Mr. Wilkinson was a liberal
friend of Illinois College and Jacksonville Female
Academy, of each of which he was a Trustee
from their origin until his death, which occurred,
during a business visit to St. Louis, in December,
1841.
WILL, Conrad, pioneer physician and early
legislator, was born in Philadelphia, June 4, 1778;
about 1804 removed to Somerset County Pa., and,
in 1813, to Kaskaskia, 111. He was a physician
by profession, but having leased the saline lands
on the Big Muddy, in the vicinity of what after-
wards became the town of Brownsville, he
engaged in the manufacture of salt, removing
thither in 1815, and becoming one of the founders
of Brownsville, afterwards the first county -seat
of Jackson County. On the organization of
Jackson County, in 1816, he became a member of
the first Board of Coimty Commissioners, and, in
1818, served as Delegate from that county in the
Convention which framed the first State Consti-
tution. Thereafter he served continuously as a
member of the Legislature from 1818 to "34 — first
as Senator in the First General Assembly, then
as Representative in the Second, Third, Fourth
and Fifth, and again as Senator in the Sixth,
Seventh, Eighth and Ninth — his career being
conspicuous for long service. He died in office,
June 11, 1834. Dr. WiU was short of stature,
fleshy, of jovial disposition and fond of playing
practical jokes upon his associates, but very
popular, as shown by his successive elections to
the Legislature. He has been called "The Father
of Jackson County." Will County, organized by
act of the Legislature two years after his death,
was named in his honor.
WILL COUXTT, a northeastern county, em-
bracing 850 square miles, named in honor of Dr.
Conrad Will, an early politician and legislator.
Early explorations of the territory were made
in 1829, when white settlers were fe%v. The bluff
west of Joliet is said to have been first occupied
by David and Benjamin Maggard. Joseph
Smith, the Mormon "apostle," expounded his
peculiar doctrines at "the Point" in 1831. Sev-
eral of the early settlers fied from the country
during (or after) a raid by the Sac Indians.
There is a legend, seemingly well supported, to
the effect that the first lumber, sawed to build
the first frame house in Chicago (that of P. F. W.
Peck), was sawed at Plainfield. Will County,
originally a part of Cook, was separately erected
in 1836, Joliet being made the county-seat.
Agriculture, quarrying and manufacturing are
the cliief industries. Joliet, Lockport and Wil-
mington are the principal towns. Population
(1880), 53,422; (1890), 62,007; (1900), 74,764.
WILLAED, Frances Elizabeth, teacher and
reformer, was born at Churchville, N. Y., Sept.
28, 1839, graduated from the Northwestern
Female College at Evanston, 111., in 1859, and, in
1862, accepted the Professorship of Natural
Sciences in that institution. During 1866-67 she
was the Principal of the Geuessee Wesleyan
Seminary. The next two years she devoted to
travel and study abroad, meanwhile contribut-
ing to various periodicals. From 1871 to 1874 she
was Professor of ..'Esthetics in the Northwestern
University and dean of the Woman's College.
She was always an enthusiastic champion of
temperance, and, in 1874, abandoned her profes-
sion to identify herself with the Woman's Chris-
tian Temperance Union. For five years she was
Corresponding Secretary of the national body,
and, from 1879, its President. While Secretary
she organized the Home Protective Association,
and prepared a petition to the Illinois Legislature,
to which nearly 200,000 names were attached,
asking for the granting to women of the right to
vote on the license question. In 1878 she suc-
ceeded her brother, Oliver A. Willard (vrho had
died), as editor of "The Chicago Evening Post,"
but, a few months later, withdrew, and, in 1883,
was elected as a member of the executive com-
mittee of the National Prohibition party. In
1886 she became leader of the White Cross Move-
ment for the protection of women, and succeeded
in securing favorable legislation, in this direc-
tion, in twelve States. In 1883 she founded the
World's Christian Temperance Union, and, in
1888. was chosen its President, as also President
of the International Council of Women. The
latter years of her life were spent chiefly abroad,
much of the time as the guest and co-worker of
Lady Henry Somerset, of England, during which
she devoted much attention to investigating the
condition of women in the Orient. Miss Willard
was a prolific and highly valued contributor to
the magazines, and (besides numerous pamphlets)
published several volumes, including "Nineteen
Beautiful Years" (a tribute to her sister):
"Woman in Temperance"; "How to Win," and
590
niSTOPtlCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
"Woman in the Pulpit." Died, in New York,
Feb. 18, 1S98.
WILLAKD, Samuel, A.M., M.D., LL.U., phy-
sician and educator, was born in Luneuberg,
Vt., Dec. 30, 1821— the lineal descendant of Maj.
Simon Willard, one of the founders of Concord,
Mass., and prominent in "King Philip's War,"
and of his son, Rev. Dr. Samuel Willard, of the
Old South Church, Boston, and seventh President
of Harvard College. The subject of this sketch
was taken in his infancy to Boston, and, in 1831,
to CarroUton, 111. , where his father pursued the
avocation of a druggist. After a preparatory
course at Shurtleff College, Upper Alton, in 1836
he entered the freshman class in Illinois College
at Jacksonville, but withdrew the following year,
re-entering college in 1840 and graduating in the
class of 1843, as a classmate of Dr. Newton Bate-
man, afterwards State Superintendent of Public
Instruction and President of Knox College, and
Rev. Thomas K. Beecher, now of Elmira, N. Y.
The next year he spent as Tutor in Illinois Col-
lege, when he began the study of medicine at
Quincy, graduating from the Medical Department
of Illinois College in 1848. During a part of the
latter year he edited a Free-Soil campaign paper
("The Tribune") at Quincy, and, later, "The
We.stern Temperance Magazine" at the same
place. In 1849 he began the practice of his pro-
fession at St. Louis, but the next year removed
to Collinsville, 111. , remaining until 1857, when he
took charge of the Department of Languages in
the newly organized State Normal University at
Normal. The second year of the Civil War (1862)
he enlisted as a private in the Ninety-seventh
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon after
commissioned as Surgeon with the rank of Major,
participating in the campaigns in Tennessee and
in the first attack upon Vicksburg. Being dis-
abled by an attack of ]«ralysis, in February, 1863,
he wascoiii|"lli<l f nsi^n, when he had sufSci-
ently recovcifJ acccpliug a position in the office
of Provost Marshal General Oakes, at Spring-
field, where he remained until the close of the
war. He then became Grand Secretary of the
Independent Order of Odd-Fellows for the State
of Illinois — a position which he had held from
1856 to 1862 — remaining under his second appoint-
ment from 1865 to "69. The next year he served
as Superintendent of Schools at Springfield,
meanwhile assisting in founding the Springfield
public library, and serving as its first librarian.
In 1870 he accepted the professorship of History
in the West Side High School of Chicago,
which, with the exception of t%vo years (1884-86),
he continued to occupy for more than twenty-
five years, retiring in 1898. In the meantime,
Dr. Willard has been a laborious literary worker,
having been, for a considerable period, editor, or
assistant-editor, of "The Illinois Teacher," a con-
tributor to "The Century Magazine" and "The
Dial" of Chicago, besides having published a
"Digest of the Laws of Odd Fellowship" in six-
teen volumes, begun while he was Grand Secre-
tary of the Order in 1864. and continued in 1872
and '82; a "Synopsis of History and Historical
Chart," covering the period from B. C. 800
to A. D. 1876 — of which he has had a second
edition in course of preparation. Of late years
he has been engaged upon a "Historical Diction-
ary of Names and Places," which will include
some 12,000 topics, and which promises to be the
most important work of his life. Previous to the
war he was an avowed Abolitionist and operator
on the "Underground Railroad," who made no
concealment of his opinions, and, on one or two
occasions, was called to answer for them in
prosecutions under the "Fugitive Slave Act."
(See "Underground Railroad.") His friend
and classmate, the late Dr. Bateman, says of
him: "Dr. Willard is a sound thinker; a clear
and forcible writer; of broad and accurate
scholarship; conscientious, genial and kindly,
and a most estimable gentleman."
WILLIAMS, Archibald, lawyer and jurist,
was born in Montgomery County, Ky., June 10,
1801 ; with moderate advantages but natural
fondness for study, he chose the profession of
law, and was admitted to the bar in Tennessee
in 1828, coming to Quincy, 111., the following
year. He was elected to the General Assembly
three times — serving in the Senate in 1832-36, and
in the House, 1836-40 ; was United States District
Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, by
appointment of President Taylor, 1849-53; was
twice the candidate of his party (the Whig) for
United States Senator, and appointed by Presi-
dent Lincoln, in 1861, United States District
Judge for the State of Kansas. His abilities and
high character were widely recognized. Died,
in Quincy, Sept. 21, 1863 — His son, John H., an
attorney at Quincy, served as Judge of the Cir-
cuit Court 1879-85.— Another son, Ahraham Lin-
coln, was twice elected Attorney-General of
Kansas.
WILLIAMS, Erastus Smith, lawyer and ju-
rist, was born at Salem, N. Y., May 32, 1821. In
1843 he removed to Chicago, where, after reading
law, he was admitted to the bar in 1844. In 1854
he was appointed Master in Chancery, which
IIISTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
591
office he filled until 1863, when he was elected a
Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County.
After re-election in 18T0 he became Chief Justice,
and, at the same time, heard most of the cases on
the equity side of the court. In 1879 he was a
candidate for re-election as a RepubUcan, but
was defeated with the party ticket. After his
retirement from the bench he resumed private
practice. Died, Feb. 24, 1884.
WILLIAMS, James R., Congressman, was
born in White County, 111., Dec. 27. 1850, at the
age of 25 graduated from the Indiana State Uni-
versity, at Bloomington, and, in 1876, from the
Union College of Law, Chicago, since then being
an active and successful practitioner at Carmi.
In 1880 he was appointed Master in Chancery and
served two years. From 1882 to 1886 he was
County Judge. In 1892 he was a nominee on
the Democratic ticket for Presidential Elector.
He was elected to represent the Nineteenth Illi-
nois District in the Fifty-first Congress at a
special election held to fill the vacancy occasioned
by the death of R. W. Townshend, was re-elected
in 1890 and 1892, but defeated by Orlando Burrell
(Republican) for re-election in the newlj- organ-
ized Twentieth District in 1894. In 1898 he was
again a candidate and elected to the Fifty-sixth
Congress.
WILLIAMS, John, pioneer merchant, was
born in Bath County, Ky., Sept. 11, 1808; be-
tween 14 and 16 years of age was clerk in a store
in his native State; then, joining his parents,
who had settled on a tract of land in a part of
Sangamon (now Menard) County, 111., he found
employment as clerk in the store of Major Elijah
lies, at Springfield, whom he succeeded in busi-
ness at the age of 23, continuing it without inter-
ruption until 1880. In 1856 Mr. Williams was
tlie Republican candidate for Congress in the
Springfield District, and, in 1861, was appointed
Commissary-General for the State, rendering
valuable service in furnishing supplies for State
troops, in camps of instruction and while proceed-
ing to the field, in the first years of the war ; was
also chief officer of the Illinois Sanitary Commis-
sion for two years, and, as one of the intimate
personal friends of Mr. Lincoln, was chosen to
accompany the remains of the martyred President,
from Washington to Springfield, for burial.
Liberal, enterprising and public-spirited, his name
was associated with nearly every public enter-
prise of importance in Springfield during his
business career — being one of the founders, and,
for eleven years President, of the First National
Bank; a chief promoter in the construction of
what is now the Springfield Division of the Illi-
nois Central Railroad, and the Springfield and
Peoria line; a Director of the Springfield Iron
Company ; one of the Commissioners who con-
structed the Springfield water-works, and an
officer of the Lincoln Monument Association,
from 1865 to his death. May 29, 1890.
WILLIAMS, Norman, lawyer, was born at
Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 1, 1833, being related, on
both the paternal and maternal sides, to some of
the most prominent families of New England.
He fitted for college at Union Academy, Meriden,
and graduated from the University of Vermont
in the class of 1855. After taking a course in
the Albany Law School and with a law firm in
his native town, he was admitted to practice in
both New York and Vermont, removed to Chi-
cago in 1858, and, in 1860, became a member of
the firm of King, Kales & WilUams, still later
forming a partnership with Gen. John L, Thomp-
son, which ended with the death of the latter in
1888. In a professional capacity he assisted in
the organization of the Pullman Palace Car Com-
pany, and was a member of its Board of Directors ;
also assisted in organizing the Western Electric
Company, and was prominently identified with
the Chicago Telephone Company and the Western
Union Telegraph Company. In 1881 he served as
the United States Commissioner to the Electrical
Exposition at Paris. In conjunction with his
brother (Edward H. Williams) he assisted in
founding the public library at Woodstock, Vt.,
which, in honor of his father, received the name
of "The Norman Williams Public Library."
With Col. Huntington W. Jackson and J. Mc-
Gregor Adams, Mr. Williams was named, in the
will of the late John Crerar, as an executor of the
Crerar estate and one of the Trustees of the
Crerar Public Library, and became its first Presi-
dent ; was also a Director of the Chicago Pub-
lic Library, and trustee of a number of large
estates. Mr. Williams was a son-in-law of the
late Judge John D. Caton, and his oldest daughter
became the wife of Major-General Wesley Mer-
ritt, a few months before his death, which oc-
curred at Hampton Beach, N. H., June 19, 1899
— his remains being interred in his native town
of Woodstock, Vt.
WILLIAMS, Robert Ebenezer, lawyer, born
Dec. 3, 1825, at Clarksville, Pa. , his grandfathers
on both sides being soldiers of the Revolutionary
War. In 1880 his parents removed to Washing-
ton in the same State, where in boyhood he
worked as a mechanic in his father's shop,
attending a common school in the winter until
592
IIISTOEICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOI.-
he reached tlie age of IT years, when he entered
Washington College, remaining for more than a
year. He then began teaching, and, in 1845
went to Kentucky, where he pursued the business
of a teacher for four years. Then he entered
Bethany College in West Virginia, at the same
time prosecuting liis law studies, but left at the
close of his junior year, when, having been
licensed to practice, he remored to Clinton,
Texas. Here he accepted, from a retired lawyer,
the loan of a law library, which he afterwards
purchased; served for two years as State's Attor-
ney, and, in 1856, came to Bloomington, 111.,
where he spent the remainder of his life in the
practice of his profession. Much of his time was
devoted to practice as a railroad attorney, espe-
cially in connection with the Chicago & Alton and
the Illinois Central Railroads, in which he
acquired prominence and wealth. He was a life-
long Democrat and, in 1868, was the unsuccessful
candidate of his party for Attorney-General of
the State. The last three years of his life he had
been in bad health, dying at Bloomington, Feb.
15, 1899.
WILLIAMS, Samuel, Bank President, was born
in Adams County, Ohio, July 11, 1820; came to
Winnebago County, 111., in 1835, and, in 1843,
removed to Iroquois County, where he held vari-
ous local offices, including that of County Judge,
to which he was elected in 1861. During his
later years he had been President of the Watseka
Citizens' Bank. Died, June 16, 1896.
WILLIAMSON, Rollin Samuel, legislator and
jurist, was born at Cornwall, Vt., May 23, 1839.
At the age of 14 he went to Baston, where he
began life as a telegraph messenger boy. In
two years he had become a skillful operator, and,
as such, was employed in various offices in New
England and New York. In 1857 he came to
Chicago seeking employment and, through the
fortunate correction of an error on the part of
the receiver of a message, secured the position of
operator and station agent at Palatine, Cook
County. Here he read law during his leisure
time without a preceptor, and, in 1870, was
admitted to the bar. The same year he was
elected to the lower House of the General
Assembly and, in 1872, to the Senate. In 1880 he
was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of
Cook County, and. in 1887, was chosen a Judge
of the Cook County Circuit Court. Died. Au-
gust 10, 1889.
WILLIAMSON COUNTY, in the southern part
of the State, originally set off from Franklin and
organized in 1839. The county is well watered.
the principal streams being the Big Muddy and
the South Fork of the Saline. The surface is
undulating and the soil fertile. The region was
originally well covered with forests. AU the
cereals (as well as potatoes) are cultivated, and
rich meadows encourage stock-raising. Coal and
sandstone underlie the entire county. Area, 440
square miles: population (1880), 19,324: (1890)
WILLIAMSVILLE, village of Sangamon Coun-
ty, on Chicago it Alton Railroad, 12 miles north
of Springfield; has a bank, elevator, 3 churches,
a newspaper and coal-mines. Pop. (1900), 578.
WILLIS, Jonathan Clay, soldier and former
Railroad and Warehouse Conunissioner, was born
in Sumner County, Tenn., June 27, 1826; brought
to Gallatin County, 111., in 1834, and settled at
Golconda in 1848; was elected Sheriff of Pope
County in 1856, removed to Metropolis in 1859,
and engaged in the wharf-boat and commission
business. He entered the service as Quarter-
master of the Forty-eighth Illinois Volunteers in
1861, but was compelled to resign on account of
injuries, in 1863; was elected Representative i"?
the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1868),
appointed Collector of Internal Revenue in 1869,
and Railway and Warehouse Commissioner in
1892, as the successor of John R. Tanner, serving
until 1893.
WILMETTE, a village in Cook County, 14 miles
north of Chicago, on the Chicago & Northwestern
Railroad, a handsome suburb of Chicago on the
shore of Lake Michigan; principal streets paved
and shaded witli fine forest trees; has public
library and good schools. Pop. (1900), 2,300.
WILMINGTON, a city of Will County, on the
Kankakee River and the Chicago & Alton Rail-
road, 53 miles from Chicago and 15 south-south-
west of Joliet; has considerable manufactures,
two National banks, a graded school, churches
and one newspaper. Wilmington is the location
of the Illinois Soldiers" Widows' Home. Popu-
lation (1890), 1,576; (1900), 1,420.
WILSON, Charles Lush, journalist, %vas bom
in Fairfield County, Conn., Oct. 10, 1818, edu-
cated in the common schools and at an academy
in his native State, and, in 1835, removed to Chi-
cago, entering the employment of his older
brothers, who were connected with the construc-
tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal at Joliet.
His brother, Richard L., having assumed charge
of "The Chicago Daily Journal" (the successor
of "The Chicago American'"), in]1844, Charles L.
took a position in the office, ultimately securing
a partnership, which continued until the death
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
of his brother in 1856, when he succeeded to the
ownership of the paper. Mr. Wilson was an
ardent friend and supporter of Abraham Lincoln
for the United States Senate in 1858, but, in 1860,
favored the nomination of Mr. Seward for the
Presidency, though earnestly supporting Mr. Lin-
coln after his nomination. In 1861 he was
api^ointed Secretary of the American Legation at
London, serving with the late Minister Charles
Francis Adams, until 1864. when he resigned and
resumed his connection with "The Journal." In
1875 his health began to fail, and three years
later, having gone to San Antonio, Tex., in the
hope of receiving benefit from a change of cli-
mate, he died in that city, March 9, 18T8. —
Richard Lush (Wilson), an older brother of the
preceding, the first editor and publisher of "The
Chicago Evening Journal," the oldest paper of
consecutive publication in Chicago, was a native
of New York. Coming to Chicago with his
b''other John L., in 1834, they soon after estab-
lished themselves in business on the Illinois &
Michigan Canal, then in course of construction.
In 1844 he took charge of "The Chicago Daily
Journal" for a publishing committee which had
purchased the material of "The Chicago Ameri-
can," but soon after became principal proprietor.
In April, 184T, while firing a salute in honor of
the victory of Buena Vista, he lost an arm and
was otherwise injured by the explosion of the can-
non. Early in 1849. he was appointed, hj Presi-
dent Taylor, Postmaster of the city of Chicago,
but. having failed of confirmation, was compelled
to retire in favor of a successor appointed by
Millard Fillmore, eleven months later. Mr.
Wilson published a little volume in 1842 entitled
"A Trip to Santa Fe," and, a few years later,
a story of travel under the title, "Short Ea vei-
lings from a Long Yarn." Died, December, 1850.
— John Lush (Wilson), another brother, also a
native of New York, came to Illinois in 1834, was
afterwards associated with his brothers in busi-
ness, being for a time business manager of "The
Chicago Journal;" also served one term as Sher-
iff" of Cook County. Died, in Chicago, April 13,
1888.
WILSON, Isaac Grant, jurist, was born at
Middlebury, N. Y., April 26, 1817, graduated
from Brown University in 1838, and the same
year came to Chicago, whither his father's
famity had preceded him in 1835. After reading
law for two years, he entered the senior class at
Cambridge (Mass.) Law School, graduating in
1841. In August of that year he opened an
office at Elgin, and, for ten 3'ears "rode the cir-
cuit." In 1851 lie was elected to the bench of
the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit to fill a vacancy,
and re-elected for a full term in 1855, and again
in '61. In November of the latter year he was
commissioned the first Colonel of the Fifty-
second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but resigned,
a few weeks later, and resumed his place upon
the bench. From 1867 to 1879 he devoted him-
self to private practice, which was largely in
the Federal Courts. In 1879 he resimied his seat
upon the bench (this time for the Twelfth Cir-
cuit), and was at once designated as one of the
Judges of the Appellate Court at Chicago, of
which tribunal he became Chief Justice in 1881.
In 1885 he was re-elected Circuit Judge, but died,
about the close of his term, at Geneva, June 8,
1891.
WILSON, James (Jrant, soldier and author,
was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, April 28, 1832,
and, when only a year old, was brought by his
father, William Wilson, to America. The family
settled at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where James
Grant was educated at College Hill and vmder
private teachers. After finishing his studies he
became his father's partner in business, but, in
1855, went abroad, and, shortly after his return,
removed to Chicago, where he founded the first
literary paper established in the Northwest. At
the outbreak of the Civil War, he disposed of his
journal to enlist in the Fifteenth Illinois Cavalry,
of which he was commissioned Major and after-
wards promoted to the colonelcy. In August,
1863, while at New Orleans, by advice of General
Grant, he accepted a commission as Colonel of
the Fourth Regiment United States Colored
Cavalry, and was assigned, as Aid-de-camp, to
the staff of the Commander of the Department of
the Gulf, filling this post until April, 1865.
When General Banks was relieved, Colonel Wil-
son was brevetted Brigadier-General and placed
in command at Port Hudson, resigning in July,
1865, since which time his home has been in New
York. He is best known as an author, having
published numerous addresses, and being a fre-
quent contributor to American and Em-opean
magazines. Among larger works which he has
written or edited are "Biographical Sketches of
Illinois Officers"; "Love in Letters"; "Life of
General U. S. Grant"; "Life and Letters of
Fitz Greene Halleck"; "Poets and Poetry of
Scotland"; "Bryant and His Friends", and
"Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography."
WILSON, James Harrison, .soldier and mili-
tary engineer, was born near Shawneetown, 111.,
Sept. 2, 1837. His grandfather, Alexander Wil-
504
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
son, was one of the pioneers of Illinois, and
his father (Harrison Wilson) was an ensign dur-
ing the War of 1812 and a Captain in the Black
Hawk War. His brother (Bluford Wilson)
served as Assistant Adjutant-General of Volun-
teers during the Civil War, and as Solicitor of the
United States Treasury during the "whisky ring""
prosecutions. James H. was educated in the
common schools, at JIcKendree College, and
the United States Military Academy at West
Point, graduating from the latter in 1860, and
being assigned to the Topographical Engineer
Corps. In September, 1861, he was promoted to
a First Lieutenancy, then served as Chief Topo-
graphical Engineer of the Port Royal expedition
until March, 1862; was afterwards attached to
the Department of the South, being present at
the bombardment of Fort Pulaski; was Aid-de-
camp to McClellan, and participated in the bat-
tles of South Mountain and Antietam ; was made
Lieutenant-Colonel of Volunteers in November,
1863; was Chief Topographical Engineer and
Inspector-General of the Army of the Tennessee
until October, 1863, being actively engaged in
the operations around Vieksburg; was made
Captain of Engineers in May, 1863, and Brigadier-
General of Volunteers, Oct. 31, following. He
also conducted operations preliminary to the
battle of Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, and
for the relief of Knoxville. Later, he was placed
in command of the Third Division of the cavalry
corps of the Army of the Potomac, serving from
May to August, 1864, under General Sheridan.
Subsequently he was transferred to the Depart-
ment of the Mississippi, where he so distinguished
himself that, on April 20. 1865, he was made
Major-General of Volunteers. In twenty-eight
days he captured five fortified cities, twenty-
three stands.of colors, 388 guns and 6,830 prison-
ers— among the latter being Jefferson Davis. He
was mustered out of the volunteer service in
January, 1866, and, on July 28, following, was
commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty-
fifth United States Infantry, being also brevetted
Major-General in the regular army. On Dec. 31,
1870, he returned to civil life, and was afterwards
largely engaged in railroad and engineering oper-
ations, especially in West Virginia. Promptly
after the declaration of war with Spain (1898)
General Wilson was appointed, by the President, "
Major-General of Volunteers, serving until its
close. He is the author of "China: Travels and
Investigations in the Middle Kingdom" ; "Life of
Andrew J. Alexander"; and the "Life of Gen.
U. S. Grant," in conjunction with Charles A.
Dana. His home, in recent years, has been in
New York.
WILSON, John M., lawyer and jurist, was
born in New Hampshire in 1802, graduated at
Bowdoin College in 1824 — the classmate of Frank-
lin Pierce and Nathaniel Hawthorne ; studied law
in New Hampshire and came to Illinois in 1835,
locating at Joliet; removed to Chicago in 1841,
where he was the partner of Norman B. Judd,
serving, at different periods, as attorney of the
Chicago & Rock Island, the Lake Shore & Michi-
gan Southern and the Chicago & Northwestern
Railways; was Judge of the Court of Common
Pleas of Cook County, 18.53-59, when he became
Presiding Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago,
serving until 1868. Died. Dec. 7, 1883.
WILSON, John P., lawyer, was born in White-
side County, 111., July 3, 1844; educated in the
common schools and at Knox College, Galesburg,
graduating from the latter in 1865 ; two years
later was admitted to the bar in Chicago, and
speedily attained prominence in his profession.
During the World's Fair period he was retained
as counsel by the Committee on Grounds and
Buildings, and was prominently connected, as
counsel for the city, with the Lake Front litiga-
tion.
WILSON, Robert L., early legislator, was born
in Washington County, Pa., Sept. 11, 1805, taken
to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1810, graduated at Frank-
lin College in 1831, studied law and, in 1833,
removed to Athens (now in Menard County). 111. ;
was elected Representative in 1836, and was one
of the members from Sangamon County, known
as the "Long Nine," who assisted in securing the
removal of the State Capital to Springfield. Mr.
Wilson removed to Sterling, Whiteside County,
in 1840, was elected five times Circuit Clerk and
served eight years as Probate Judge. Immedi-
ately after the fall of Fort Sumter, he enlisted as
private in a battalion in Washington City under
command of Cassius M. Clay, for guard duty
until the arrival of the Seventh New York Regi-
ment. He subsequently assisted in raising
troops in Illinois, was appointed Paymaster by
Lincoln, serving at Washington, St. Louis, and,
after the fall of Vieksburg, at Springfield — being
mustered out in November, 1865. Died, in White-
side County, 1880.
WILSON, Robert S., lawyer and jurist, was
born at Montrose, Susquehanna County, Pa. , Nov.
6, 1812; learned the printer's art, then studied
law and was admitted to the bar in Allegheny
County, about 1833; in 1836 removed to Ann
Arbor, Mich. , where he served as Probate Judge
IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
505
ami State Senator; in 1850 came to Chicago, was
elected Judge of the Recorder's Court in 1853,
and re-elected in 1S58, serving ten j-ears, and
proving "a terror to evil-doers." Died, at Law-
rence. Mich., Dec. 23, 1883.
WILSO\, William, early juiist, was born in
Loudoun County, Va., April 27, 179-1; studied law
with Hon. John Cook, a distinguished lawyer,
and minister to France in the early part of the
century ; in 1817 removed to Kentucky, soon after
came to Illinois, two years later locating in White
County, near Carmi, which continued to be liis
home during the remainder of his life. In 1819
he was appointed Associate 'Justice of the
Supreme Court as successor to William P.
Foster, who is described by Governor Ford as
"a great rascal and no lawyer," and who held
oflace only about nine months. Judge Wilson
was re-elected to the Supreme bench, as Chief-
Justice, in 1825, being then only a little over 30
years old, and held office until the reorganization
of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of
1848— a period of over twenty-nine years, and,
with the exception of Judge Browne's, the long-
est term of service in the histor}' of the court.
He died at his home in White County, April 29,
1857. A Whig in early life, he allied himself
with the Democratic party on the dissolution of
the former. Hon. James C. Conkling, of Spring-
field, says of liim, "as a writer, his style was clear
and distinct; as a lawyer, his judgment was
sound and discriminating."
WINCHESTER, a city and county-seat of Scott
County, founded in 1839, situated on Big Sandy
Creek and on the line of the Chicago, Burlington
& Quincy Railroad, 29 miles south of Beardstowu
and 84 miles north by west of St. Louis. Wliile
the surrounding region is agricultural and largely
devoted to wheat growing, there is some coal
mining. Winchester is an important shipping-
point, having three grain elevators, two flouring
mills, and a coal mine employing fifty miners.
There are four Protestant and one Catholic
church, a court house, a high school, a graded
school building, two banks and two weekly new.s-
papers. Population (1880), 1,G2G; (1890), 1,542;
(1900), 1,711.
WINDSOR, a city of Shelby County at the cross-
ing of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St.
Louis and the Wabash Railways, 11 miles north-
east of Shelby ville. Population (1880), 768;
fl890), 888; (1900), 866.
WINES, Frederick Howard, clergyman and
sociologist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April
9, 1838, graduated at Washington (Pa. ) College
in 1857, and, after serving as tutor there for a
short time, entered Princeton Theological Semi-
nary, but was compelled temporarily to discon-
tinue his studies on account of a weakness of
the eyes. The Presbytery of St. Louis licensed
him to preach in 1860, and, in 1862, he was com-
missioned Hospital Chaplain in the Union army.
During 1862-64 he was stationed at Springfield,
Mo., participating in the battle of Springfield on
Jan. 8, 1863, and being personally mentioned for
bravery on the field in the official report. Re-
entering the seminary at Princeton in 1864, he
graduated in 1865, and at once accepted a call to
the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Churcli of
Springfield, 111., which he filled for four years.
In 1869 he was appointed Secretary of the newly
created Board of Commissioners of Public Chari-
ties of Illinois, in which capacity he continued
until 1893, when he resigned. For the next four
years he was chiefly engaged in literary work, in
lecturing before universities on topics connected
with social science, in aiding in the organization
of charitable work, and in the conduct of a
thorough investigation into the relations between
liquor legislation and crime. At an early period
he took a prominent part in organizing the
various Boards of Public Charities of the United
States into an organization known as the National
Conferehce of Charities and Corrections, and, at
the Louisville meeting (1883), was elected its
President. At the International Penitentiary
Congress at Stockholm (1878) he was the official
delegate from Illinois. On his return, as a result
of his observations while abroad, he submitted
to the Legislature a report strongly advocating
the construction of the Kankakee Hospital for
the Insane, then about to be built, upon the
"detached ward" or "village" jjlan, a departure
from then existing methods, which marks an era
in the treatment of insane in the United States.
Mr. Wines conducted the investigation into the
condition and number of the defective, depend-
ent and delinquent classes throughout the coun-
try, his report constituting a separate volume
under the "Tenth Census," and rendered a simi-
lar service in connection with the eleventh
census (1890). In 1887 he was elected Secretary
of the National Prison Association, succeeding to
the post formerljr held by his father, Enoch Cobb
Wines. D.D., LL.D. After the inaugm-ation of
Governor Tanner in 1897, he resumed his former
position of Secretary of the Board of Public
Charitie>5, remaining until 1899, when he again
tendered his resignation, having received the
appointment to the position of Assistant Director
59G
HISTOEIGAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
of the Twelfth Census, wliieh he now holds. He
is the author of "Crime and Reformation'" (1895) ;
of a voluminous series of reports ; also of numer-
ouo pamphlets and brochures, among which may
be mentioned "The County Jail System; An
Argument for its Abolition" (1878) ; "The Kanka-
kee Hospital" (1882); "Provision for the Insane
in the United States" (1885); "Conditional
Liberation, or the Paroling of Prisoners" (1886),
and "American Prisons in the Tenth Census"
(1888).
WINES, Walter B., lawyer (brother of Freder-
ick H. Wines), was born in Boston, Mass., Oct.
10, 1848, received his primary education at Willis-
ton Academy, East Hamnton, Mass., after which
he entered Middlebury College, Vt., taking a
classical course and graduating there. He after-
wards became a student in the law department
of Columbia College. N. Y., graduating in 1871,
being admitted to the bar the same year and
commencing practice in New York City. In 1879
he came to Springfield, 111., and was, for a time,
identified with the bar of that city. Later, he
removed to Chicago, where he has been engaged
in literary and journalistic work.
WINNEBAGO COUNTY, situated in the
"northern tier," bordering on the Wisconsin
State line ; was organized, under an act passed in
1836, from La Salle and Jo Daviess Counties, and
has an area of 552 square miles. The county is
drained by the Rock and Pecatonica Rivers.
The surface is rolling prairie and the soil fertile.
The geology is simple, the quaternary deposits
being underlaid by the Galena blue and buff
limestone, adapted for building purposes. All
the cereals are raised in abundance, the chief
product being corn. The Winnebago Indians
(who gave name to the county) formerly lived
on the west side of the Rock River, and the Potta-
watomies on the east, but both tribes removed
westward in 1835. (As to manufacturing inter-
ests, see Rockford.) Population (1880), 30,505;
(1890), 39,938; (1900), 47,845
WINNEBAGO WAR. The name given to an
Indian disturbance whicli had its origin in 1827,
during the administration of Gov. Ninian
Edwards. The Indians had been quiet since the
conclusion of tlie War of 1812, but a few isolated
outrages were sufficient to start terrified "run-
ners" in all directions. In the northern portion
of the State, from Galena to Chicago (then Fort
Dearborn) the alarm was intense. The meagre
militia force of the State was summoned and
volunteers were called for. Meanwhile, 600
United States Regular Infantry, under command
of Gen. Henry Atkinson, put in an appearance.
Besides the infantry, Atkinson had at his disposal
some 130 mounted sharpshooters. The origin of
the disturbance was as follows: The Winne-
bagoes attacked a band of Chippewas, who were
(by treaty) under Government potection, several
of the latter being killed. For participation in
this offense, four Winnebago Indians were sum-
marily apprehended, surrendered to the Chippe-
was and shot. Meanwhile, some dispute had
arisen as to the title of the lands, claimed by the
Winnebagoes in the vicinity of Galena, which
had been occupied by white miners. Repeated
acts of hostility and of reprisal, along the Upper
Mississippi, intensified mutual distrust. A gather-
ing of the Indians around two keel-boats, laden
with supplies for Fort Snelling, which had
anchored near Prairie du Chien and opposite a
Winnebago camp, was regarded by the whites as
a hostile act. Liquor was freely distributed, and
there is historical evidence that a half-dozen
drunken squaws were carried off and shamefully
maltreated. Several hundred warriors assembled
to avenge the deception which had been practiced
upon them. They laid in ambush for the boats
on their return trip. Tlie first passed too rapidly
to be successfully assailed, but the second
grounded and was savagely, yet unsuccessfully,
attacked. The presence of General Atkinson's
forces prevented an actual outbreak, and, on his
demand, the great Winnebago Chief, Red Bird,
with six other leading men of the tribe, sur-
rendered themselves as hostages to save their
nation from extermination. A majority of these
were, after trial, acquitted. Red Bird, however,
unable to endure confinement, literally pined to
death in prison, dying on Feb. 16, 1828. He is
described as having been a savage of sui^erior
intelligence and noble character. A treaty of
peace was concluded with the Winnebagoes in a
council held at Prairie du Chien, a few months
later, but the affair seems to have produced as
much alarm among the Indians as it did among
the whites. (For Winnebago Indians see puge 576.)
WINNETKA, a village of Cook County, on the
Chicago & Northwestern Railway, I6V2 miles
north of Chicago. It stands eiglity feet above
the level of Lake Michigan, has good schools
(being the seat of the AVinnetka Institute), sev-
eral churches, and is a popular residence town.
Population (1880), 584; (1890), 1,079; (1900), 1,833.
WINSTON, Frederick Hampton, lawyer, was
born in Liberty County, Ga. , Nov. 20, 1830, was
brought to Woodford County, Ky., in 1835, left
an orphan at 12, and attended the common
IlISTOlill'AL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
597
schools until 18, when, retm-ning to Georgia, lie
engaged in cotton manufacture. He finally
began the study of law with United States Sena-
tor W. C. Dawson, and graduated from Harvard
Law School in 1852; spent some time in the office
of W. M. Evarts in New York, was admitted to
the bar and came to Chicago in lSo3, where he
formed a partnership with Norman B. Judd,
afterwards being associated with Judge Henry
W. Blodgett; served as general solicitor of the
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Chicago,
Rock Island & Pacific and the Pittsbm-gh, Fort
Wayne & Chicago Railways — remaining with the
latter twenty years. In 1885 he was appointed,
by President Cleveland, Minister to Persia, but
resigned the following year, and traveled exten-
sively in Russia, Scandinavia and other foreign
countries. Mr. Winston was a delegate to the
Democratic National Conventions of 1868, '76 and
"84; first President of the Stock Yards at Jersey
City, for twelve years President of the Lincoln
Park Commission, and a Director of the Lincoln
National Bank.
WISCONSIN CENTRAL LINES. The Wiscon-
sin Central Company was organized, June 17,
1887, and subsequently acquired the Minnesota,
St. Croix & Wisconsin, the Wisconsin & Minne-
sota, the Chippewa Falls & Western, the St.
Paul & St. Croix Falls, the Wisconsin Central, the
Penokee, and the Packwaukee & ilontebello Rail-
roads, and assumed the leases of the Milwaukee
& Lake Winnebago and the Wisconsin & Minne-
sota Roads. On July 1, 1888, the company began
to operate the entire Wisconsin Central system,
with the exception of the W'isconsin Central
Railroad and the leased Milwaukee & Lake Win-
nebago, which remained in charge of the Wis-
consin Central Railroad mortgage trustees until
Nov. 1, 1889, when these, too, passed under the
control of the Wisconsin Central Company. The
W^isconsin Central Railroad Company is a re-
organization (Oct. 1, 1879) of a company formed
Jan. 1, 1871. The Wisconsin Central and the
Wisconsin Central Railroad Companies, though
differing in name, are a financial unit; the
former holding most of the first mortgage bonds
of the latter, and substantially all its notes, stocks
and income bonds, but, for legal reasons (such as
the protection of land titles), it is necessary that
separate corporations be maintained. On April
1, 1890, the Wisconsin Central Company executed
a lease to the Northern Pacific Raih-oad, but this
was set aside by the courts, on Sept. 27, 1893, for
non-payment of rent, and was finally canceled.
On the same day receivers were appointed to
insure the protection of all interests. The total
mileage is 415.46 miles, of which the Company
owns 2,58.90— only .10 of a mile in Illinois. A
line, 58.10 miles in length, with 8.44 miles of
side-track (total, 66.54 miles), lying wholly within
the State of Illinois, is operated by the Chicago &
Wisconsin and furnishes the allied line an en-
trance into Chicago.
WITHROW, Thomas F., lawyer, was born in
Virginia in March, 1833, removed with his parents
to Ohio in childhood, attended the Western
Reserve College, and, after the death of his
father, taught school and worked as a printer,
later, editing a paper at Mount Vernon. In 1855
he removed to Janesville, Wis., where he again
engaged in journalistic work, studied law, was
admitted to the bar in Iowa in 1857, settled at
Des Moines and served as private secretary of
Governors Lowe and Kirkwood. In 1860 he
became Supreme Court Reporter; served as
Chairman of the Republican State Central Com-
mittee in 1863 and, in 1866, became associated
with the Rock Island Railroad in the capacity of
local attorney, was made chief law officer of the
Company in 1873, and removed to Chicago, and,
in 1890, was promoted to the position of General
Counsel. Died, in Chicago, Feb. 3, 1893.
WOLCOTT, (Dr.) Alexander, early Indian
Agent, was born at East Windsor, Conn., Feb.
14, 1790; graduated from Yale College in 1809,
and, after a course in medicine, was commis-
sioned, in 1812, Surgeon's Mate in the United
States Army. In 1820 he was appointed Indian
Agent at Fort Dearborn (now Chicago), as suc-
cessor to Charles Jouett— tlie first Agent— who
had been appointed a United States Judge in
Arkansas. The same year he accompanied Gen-
eral Lewis Cass and Henry Schoolcraft on their
tour among the Indians of the Northwest; was
married in 1823 to Ellen Marion Kinzie, a
daughter of Col. John Kinzie, the first perma-
nent settler of Chicago ; in 1825 was appointed a
Justice of the Peace for Peoria County, which
then included Cook County; was a Judge of
Election in 1830, and one of the purchasers of a
block of ground in the heart of the present city
of Chicago, at the first sale of lots, held Sept. 27,
1830, but died before the close of the year. Dr.
Wolcott appears to have been a high-minded and
honorable man, as well as far in advance of the
mass of pioneers in point of education and intel-
ligence.
WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE OF CHI-
CA60. (See Northwestern University Woman's
Medical School.)
508
HISTC'IJIOAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
WOMAN SUFFRAGE. (See Suffrage.)
WOOD, Benson, lawj'er and Congressman, was
born in Susquehanna County, Pa., in 1839; re-
ceived a common school and academic education ;
at the age of 20 came to Illinois, and, for two
years, taught school in Lee County. He then
enlisted as a soldier in an Illinois regiment,
attaining the rank of Captain of Infantry ; after
the war, graduated from the Law Department of
the -old Chicago University, and has since been
engaged in the practice of his profession. He
was elected a member of the Twenty-eighth Gen-
eral Assembly (1872) and was a delegate to the
Republican National Conventions of 1876 and
1888 ; also served as Mayor of the citj- of Effing-
ham, where he now resides. In 1894 he was
elected to the Fifty-fourth Congress by the
Republicans of the Nineteenth District, which has
uniformly returned a Democrat, and. in office,
proved himself a most industrious and efficient
member. Mr. Wood was defeated as a candidate
for re-election in 1896.
WOOD, John, pioneer, Lieutenant-Governor
and Governor, was born at Moravia, N. Y., Dec.
20, 1798 — his father being a Revolutionary soldier
who had served as Surgeon and Captain in the
army. At the age of 31 years young Wood re-
moved to Illinois, settling in what is now Adams
County, and building the first log-cabin on the site
of the present city of Quincy. He was a member
of the upper house of the Seventeenth and Eight-
eenth General Assemblies, and was elected Lieu-
tenant-Governor in 1859 on the same ticket with
Governor Bissell, and served out the unexpired
term of the latter, who died in office. (See Bis-
sell, William H.) He was succeeded by Richard
Yates in 1861. In February of that year he- was
appointed one of the five Commissioners from
Illinois to the "Peace Conference" at Wash-
ington, to consider methods for averting
civil war. The following May he was appointed
Quartermaster-General for the State by Governor
Yates, and assisted most efficiently in fitting out
the troops for the field. In June, 1864, he was
commissioned Colonel of the One Hundred and
Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers (100-days' men)
and mustered out of service the following Sep-
tember. Died, at Quincy, June 11. 1880. He
was liberal, patriotic and public-spirited. His
fellow-citizens of Quincy erected a monument to
his memory, which was appropriately dedicated,
July 4, 1883.
WOODFORD COUXTY, situated a little north
of the center of the State, bounded on the west
by the Illinois River; organized in 1841; area.
540 square miles. The surface is generally level,
except along the Illinois River, the soil fertile
and well watered. The county lies in the north-
ern section of the great coal field of the State.
Eureka is the county-seat. Other thriving cities
and towns are Metamora, Minonk, El Paso and
Roanoke. Corn, oats, wheat, potatoes and barley
are the principal crops. The chief mechanical
industries are flour manufacture, carriage and
wagon-making, and saddlery and harness work.
Population (1890), 21,429; (1900), 21,822.
WOODHULL, a village of Henry County, on
Keithsburg branch Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railroad, 15 miles west of Galva; has a bank,
electric lights, water works, brick and tile works,
six churches and weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 774.
WOODMAN, Charles W., lawyer and Congress-
man, was born in Aalborg, Denmark, March 11,
1844; received his early education in the schools
of his native country, but took to the sea in I860,
following the life of a sailor until 1868, when,
coming to Philadelphia, he enlisted in the Gulf
Squadron of the United States. After the war,
he came to Chicago, and, after reading law for
some time in the office of James L. High, gradu-
ated from the Law Department of the Chicago
University in 1871. Some years later he was
appointed Prosecuting Attorney for some of the
lower courts, and, in 1881, was nominated by the
Judges of Cook County as one of the Justices of
the Peace for the city of Chicago. In 1894 he
became the Republican candidate for Congress
from the Fourth District and was elected, but
failed to secure a renomination in 1896. Died, in
Elgin Asylum for the Insane, March 18, 1898.
WOODS, Robert Mann, was born at Greenville,
Pa., April 17, 1840; came with his parents to Illi-
nois in 1842, the family settling at Barry, Pike
County, but subsequently residing at Pittsfleld,
Canton and Galesburg. He was educated at
Knox College in the latter place, which was his
home from 1849 to "58; later, taught school in
Iowa and Missouri untU 1861, when he went to
Springfield and began the study of law with
Milton Hay and Shelby M. CuUom. His law
studies having been interrupted by the Civil
War, after spending some time in the mustering
and disbursing office, he was promoted by Gov-
ernor Yates to a place in the executive office,
from which he went to the field as Adjutant of
the Sixty-fourth Illinois Infantry, known as the
"Yates Sharp-Shooters. " After participating,
with the Army of the Tennessee, in the Atlanta
campaign, he took part in the "Blarch to the
Sea." and the campaign in the Carolinas. includ-
IILSTOKICL\L KXCYCLOI'EDIA OV ILLINOIS.
599
ing the siege of Savannah and the forcing of the
SaLkahatchie, where he distinguished himself, as
also in the talking of Coluuibia, Fayetteville,
Cheraw, Raleigh and Bentonville. At the latter
place he had a liorse shot under him and won the
brevet rank of Major for gallantr}' in the field,
having previously been commissioned Captain of
Company A of his regiment. He also served on
the staffs of Gens. Giles A. Smith, Benjamin F.
Potts, and William W. Belknap, and was the last
mustering ofiacer in General Sherman's army.
In 1867 Major Woods removed to Chicago, where
he was in business for a number of years, serving
as chief clerk of Custom House construction
from 1872 to 1877. In 1879 he purchased "The
Daily Republican" at Joliet, which he conducted
successfully for fifteen years. While connected
with "The Republican," he served as Secretary of
the Illinois Republican Press Association and in
various other positions.
Major Woods was one of the founders of the
Grand Army of the Republic, whose birth-place
was in Illinois. (See Grand Army of the Repub-
lic; also Stephenson, Dr. B. F.) When Dr.
Stephenson (who had been Surgeon of the Four-
teenth Illinois Infantry), conceived the idea of
founding such an order, he called to his assist-
ance Major Woods, who was then engaged in
writing the histories of Illinois regiments for the
Adjutant-General's Report. The Major wrote
the Constitution and By-laws of the Order, the
charter blanks for all the reports, etc. The first
■ofiScial order bears his name as the first Adjutant-
General of the Order, as follows:
III..
■General Orders i.
\ The following named officers are hereby
.appointed and assigned to duty at these headquarters. They
-will be obeyed and respected accordingly:
Colonel Jules C. Webber, A.D.C. and Chief of Staff.
Colonel John M. Snyder, Quartermaster-General.
Major Robert M. Woods, Adjutant-General.
Captain John A. Lightfoot, Assistant Adjutant-General.
Cap*ain John S. Phelps, Aid-de-Camp.
By order of B. F. Stephenson, Department Commander.
KOBERT M. Woods,
Adjutant-General.
Major Woods afterwards organized the various
Departments in the West, and it has been con-
ceded that he furnished the money necessary to
carry on the work during the first six months of
the existence of the Order. He has never
accepted a nomination or run for any political
office, but is now engaged in financial business in
Joliet and Chicago, with his residence in the
former place.
WOODSOX, David Meade, lawyer and jurist,
was born in Jessamine County, Ky., May 18,
180G; was educated in private schools and at
Transylvania University, and read law with his
father. He served a term in the Kentucky Legis-
lature in 1832, and, in 1834, removed to Illinois,
settling at Carrolltou, Greene Coimty. In 1839
he was elected State's Attorney and, in 1840, a
member of the lower house of the Legislature,
being elected a second time in 1868. In 1843 he
was the Whig candidate for Congress in the
Fifth District, but was defeated by Stephen A.
Douglas. He was a member of the Constitutional
Conventions of 1847 and 1869-70. In 1848 he was
elected a Judge of the First Judicial Circuit,
remaining in office until 1867. Died, in 1877.
WOODSTOCK, the county-seat of McHenry
County, situated on the Chicago & Northwestern
Railway, about 51 miles northwest of Chicago
and 32 miles east of Rockford. It contains a
court house, eight churches, four banks, three
newspaper offices, foundry and machine shops,
planing mills, canning works, pickle, cheese and
butter factories. The Oliver Typewriter Factory
is located here; the town is also the seat of the
Todd Seminary for boys. Population (1890),
1,683; (1900), 2,503.
WORCESTER, Linus E., State Senator, was
born in Windsor, Vt., Dec. 5, 1811, was educated
in the common schools of his native State and at
Chester Academy, came to Illinois in 1836, and,
after teaching three years, entered a dry-goods
store at Whitehall as clerk, later becoming a
partner. He was also engaged in various other
branches of business at different times, including
the drug, hardware, grocery, agricultm-al imple-
ment and lumber business. In 1843 he was
appointed Postmaster at Whitehall, serving
twelve years ; was a member of the Constitutional
Convention of 1847, served as County Judge for
six years from 1853, and as Trustee of the Insti-
tution for the Deaf and Dumb, at Jacksonville,
from 1859, by successive reappointments, for
twelve years. In 1856 he was elected, as a Demo-
crat, to the State Senate, to succeed John 51.
Palmer, resigned ; was re-elected in 1860, and, at
the session of 1865, was one of the five Demo-
cratic members of that body who voted for the
ratification of the Emancipation Amendment of
the National Constitution. He was elected
County Judge a second time, in 1863, and re-
elected in 1867, served as delegate to the Demo-
cratic National Convention of 1876, and, for more
than thirty years, was one of the Directors of the
Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton
600
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
Railroad, serving from the orgauizatiou of the
corporation until his death, which occurred Oct.
19, 1891.
WORDEN, a viUage of Madison County, on the
Wabash and the Jacksonville, Louisville & St.
Louis Railways. 33 miles northeast of St. Louis.
Population (1890), 522; (1900), 544
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. An
exhibition of the scientific, liberal and mechan-
ical arts of all nations, held at Chicago, between
May 1 and Oct. 31, 1893. The project had its
inception in November, 1885, in a resolution
adopted by the du-ectorate of the Chicago Inter-
State Exposition Company. On July 6, 1888. the
first well defined action was taken, the Iroquois
Club, of Chicago, inviting the co-operation of six
other leading clubs of that city in "securing the
location of an international celebration at Chi-
cago of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of
America by Columbus." In July, 1889, a decisive
step was taken in the appointment by Mayor
Cregier, under resolution of the City Council, of
a committee of 100 (afterwards increased to 256)
citizens, who were charged with the duty of
promoting the selection of Chicago as the site for
the Exposition. New York, Washington and St.
Louis were competing points, but the choice of
Congress fell upon Chicago, and the act establish-
ing the World's Fair at that city was signed by
President Harrison on April 25, 1890. Under the
requirements of the law, the President appointed
eight Commissioners-at-large, with two Commis-
sioners and two alternates from each State and
Territory and the District of Columbia. Col.
George R. Davis, of Chicago, was elected Direc-
tor-General by the body thus constituted. Ex-
Senator Thomas M. Palmer, of Michigan, was
chosen President of the Commission and John T.
Dickinson, of Texas, Secretary. This Commis-
sion delegated much of its power to a Board of
Reference and Control, who were instructed to
act with a similar number appointed by the
World's Columbian Exposition. The latter
organization was an incorporation, with a direc-
torate of forty-five members, elected annuallj^ by
the stockholders. Lyman J. Gage, of Chicago,
was the first President of the corporation, and
was succeeded by W. T. Baker and Harlow N.
Higinbotham.
In addition to these bodies, certain powers were
vested in a Board of Lady Managers, composed
of two members, with alternates, from each
State and Territory, besides nine from the city
of Chicago. Mrs. Potter Palmer was chosen
President of the latter. This Board was particu-
larly charged with supervision of women's par-
ticipation in the Exposition, and of the exhibits
of women's work.
The .supreme executive power was vested in
the Joint Board of Control. The site selected
was Jackson Park, in the South Division of Chi-
cago, with a strip connecting Jackson and
Washington Parks, known as the "Midway
Plaisance,''' which was surrendered to "conces-
sionaires" who purchased the privilege of giving
exhibitions, or conducting restaurants or selling-
booths thereon. The total area of the site was
633 acres, and that of the buildings — not reckon-
ing those erected by States other than Illinois,
and by foreign governments — was about 200
acres. When to this is added the acreage of the
foreign and State buildings, the total space
under roof approximated 250 acres. These fig-
ures do not include the buildings erected by
jirivate exhibitors, caterers and venders, which
would add a small percentage to the grand total.
Forty-seven foreign Governments made appropri-
ations for the erection of their own buildings and
other expenses connected with official represen-
tation, and there were exhibitors from eighty-six
nations. The United States Government erected
its own building, and appropriated $500,000 to
defray the expenses of a national exhibit, besides
§2,500,000 toward the general cost of the Exposi-
tion. The appropriations by foreign Governments
aggregated about .S6,. 500, 000, and those by the
States and Territories, §6,120,000— that of Illinois
being 8800,000. The entire outlay of the World's
Columbian Exposition Company, up to March 31,
1894, including the cost of preliminary organiza-
tion, construction, operating and post-Exposition
expenses, was §27,151,800. This is, of course,
exclusive of foreign and State er:penditures,
which would swell the aggregate cost to nearly
§45,000.000. Citizens of Chicago subscribed
§5,608,206 toward the capital stock of the Exposi-
tion Company, and the municipality, §5,000,000,
wliich was raised by the sale of bonds. (See
Thirty-sixih General Assembly.)
The site, while admirably adapted to the pur-
pose, was, when chosen, a marshy flat, crossed
by low sand ridges, upon which stood occasional
clumps of stunted scrub oaks. Before the gates
of the great fair were opened to the public, the
entire area had been transformed into a dream of
beauty. Marshes had been drained, filled in and
sodded ; driveways and broad walks constructed ;
artificial ponds and lagoons dug and embanked,
and all the highest skill of the landscape garden-
er's art had been called into play to produce
IIISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
COl
varied and striking effects. But the task had
been a Herculean one. There were seventeen
principal (or, as they may be called, depart-
mental) buildings, all of beautiful and ornate
design, and all of vast size. They were known
as the Manufactiu-ers' and Liberal Arts, the
Machinerj'. Electrical, Transportation, Woman's,
Horticultural, Mines and Mining, Anthropolog-
ical, Administration, Art Galleries, Agricultm-al,
Art Institute, Fisheries, Live Stock, Dairy and
Forestry buildings, and the Music Hall and Ca-
sino. Several of these had large annexes. The
Manufacturers' Building was the largest. It was
rectangular (1087x787 feet), having a ground
area of 31 acres and a floor and gallery area of
44 acres. Its central chamber was 1280x380
feet, with a nave 107 feet wide, both hall and
nave being surrounded by a gallery 50 feet wide.
It was four times as large as the Roman Coliseum
and three times as large as St. Petei-'s at Rome;
17,000,000 feet of lumber, 18,000,000 pounds of
steel, and 2,000,000 pounds of iron had been used
in its construction, involving a cost of §1,800.000.
It was originally intended to open the Exposi-
tion, formally, on Oct. 31, 1892, the quadri-centen-
nial of Colmnbus' discovery of land on the
"Western Hemisphere, but the magnitude of the
undertaking rendered this impracticable. Con-
sequently, while dedicatory ceremonies were held
on that day, preceded by a monster procession and
followed by elaborate iiyrotechnic displays at
night, May 1, 1893, was fixed as the opening day
— the machinery and fountains being put in oper-
ation, at the touch of an electric button by Presi-
dent Cleveland, at the close of a short address.
The total number of admissions from that date
to Oct. 31, was 27,.530,460— the largest for any
single day being on Oct. 9 (Chicago Day) amount-
ing to 761,944. The total receipts from all sources
(including National and State appropriations,
subscriptions, etc.), amounted to $28,151,168.75,
of which §10,636,330.76 was from the sale of tick-
ets, and §3,699,581.43 from concessions. The
aggregate attendance fell short of that at the
Paris Exposition of 1889 by about 500,000, while
the receipts from the sale of tickets and con-
cessions exceeded the latter by nearly §5,800,000.
Subscribers to the Exposition stock received a
return of ten per cent on tlie same.
The Ilhnois building was the first of the State
buildings to be completed. It was also the
largest and most costly, but was severely criti-
cised from an arcliiteotm-al standpoint. The
exhibits showed the internal resources of the
State, as well as the development of its govern-
mental .system, and its progress in civilization
from the days of tlie first pioneers. The entire
Illinois exhibit in the State building was under
charge of the State Board of Agriculture, who
devoted one-tenth of the appropriation, and a like
proportion of floor space, to the exhibition of the
work of Illinois women as scientists, authors,
artists, decorators, etc. Among special features
of the Illinois exhibit were: State trophies and
relics, kept in a fire-proof memorial hall; the dis-
play of grains and minerals, and an immense
topographical map (prepared at a cost of §15,000),
drafted on a scale of two miles to the inch, show-
ing the character and resources of the State, and
correcting many serious cartograpliical errors
previously undiscovered.
WORTHEN, Amos Henry, scientist and State
Geologist, was born at Bradford, Vt., Oct. 31,
1813, emigrated to Kentucky in 1834, and, in 1836,
removed to Illinois, locating at Warsaw. Teach-
ing, surveying and mercantile business were his
pursuits until 1842, when he returned to the
East, spending two years in Boston, but return-
ing to Warsaw in 1844. His natural predilections
were toward the natural sciences, and, after
coming west, he devoted most of his leisure time
to the collection and study of specimens of
mineralogy, geology and conchology. On the
organization of the geological smwey of Illinois
in 1851, he was appointed assistant to Dr. J. G.
Norwood, then State Geologist, and, in 1858, suc-
ceeded to the office, having meanwhile spent
three years as Assistant Geologist in the first Iowa
survey. As State Geologist he published seven
volumes of reports, and was engaged upon the
eighth when overtaken by death, May 6, 1888.
These reports, which are as comprehensive as
they are voluminous, have been reviewed and
warmly commended by the leading scientific
periodicals of this coimtry and Europe. In 1877
field work was discontinued, and the State His-
torical Library and Natural History Muserma were
established, Professor Worthen being placed in
charge as curator. He was the author of various
valuable scientific papers and member of numer-
ous scientific societies in this country and in
Europe.
WORTHOGTON, Nicholas Ellsworth, ex-Con-
gressman, was born in Brooke Count}-, W. Va.,
March 30, 1836, and completed his education at
Allegheny College, Pa. , studied Law at Morgan-
town, Va. , and was admitted to the bar in 1860.
He is a resident of Peoria, and, by profession, a
lawyer; was County Superintendent of Schools
of Peoria Countv from 1868 to 1872, and a mem-
603
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLmOIS.
ber of the State Board of Education from 1809 to
1873. In 1882 he was elected to Congress, as a
Democrat, from the Tenth Congressional District,
and re-elected in 1884. In 1886 he was again a
candidate, but was defeated by his Republican
oiDponent, Philip Sidney Post. He was elected
Circuit Judge of the Tenth Judicial DLstrict in
1891, and re-elected in 1897. In 1894 lie served
upon a commission appointed by President Cleve-
land, to investigate the labor strikes of that year
at Chicago.
WRIGHT, John Stephen, manufacturer, was
born at Sheffield, Mass., July IG, 1815; came to
Chicago in 1833, with his father, who opened a
store in that city ; in 1837, at his own expense,
built the first school building in Chicago ; in 1840
established "The Prairie Farmer," which he con-
ducted for many years in the interest of popular
education and progressive agriculture. In 1853
he engaged in the manufacture of Atkins' self-
raking reaper and mower, was one of the pro-
moters of the Galena & Chicago Union and tlie
Illinois Central Railways, and wrote a volume
entitled, "Chicago: Past, Present and Future,"
published in 1870. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 36, 1874.
WULFF, Henry, ex-State Treasurer, was born
in Meldorf, Germany, August 34, 1854; came to
Chicago in 1863, and began liis political career as
a Trustee of the town of Jefferson. In 1866 he
was elected County Clerk of Cook County, and
re-elected in 1890 ; in 1894 became the Republican
nominee for State Treasurer, receiving, at the
November election of that year, the unprece-
dented plurality of 183.427 votes over his Demo-
cratic opponent.
WYAXET, a town of Bureau County, at the
intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
and the Chicago. Rock Island & Pacific Railways,
7 miles southwest of Princeton. Population
(1890), 670; (1900), 902.
WYLIE, (Rev.) Samuel, domestic missionary,
born in Ireland and came to America in boyhood ;
was educated at the University of Pennsylvania
and the Theological Seminary of the Reformed
Presbyterian Chiu'ch, and ordained in 1818.
Soon after this he came west as a domestic mis-
sionary and, in 1820, became pastor of a chm-ch
at Sparta, 111. , where he remained imtil his death,
March 20, 1872, after a pastorate of 53 years.
During his pastorate the church sent out a dozen
colonies to form new church organizations else-
where. He is described as able, eloquent and
scholarly.
WYMAN, (Col.) John B., soldier, was born in
Massachusetts, July 13. 1817, and educated in the
schools of that State until 14 years of age, when
he became a clerk in a clothing store in his native
town of Shrewsbury, later being associated with
mercantile establishments in Cincinnati, and
again in his native State. From 1846 to 1850 he
was employed successivel}' as a clerk in the car
and machine shops at Springfield, Mass., then as
Superintendentof Construction, and, later, as con-
ductor on the New York & New Ha%'en Railroad ,
finally, in 1850, becoming Superintendent of the
Connecticut River Railroad. In 1853 he entered
the service of the Illinois Central Railroad Com-
pany, assisting in the survey and construction of
the line under Col. R. B. Mason, the Chief Engi-
neer, and finally becoming Assistant Superin-
tendent of the Northern Division. He was one
of the original proprietors of the town of Amboy,
in Lee County, and its first JIayor, also serving
a second term. Having a fondness for military
affairs, he was usually connected with some mili-
tary organization — while in Cincinnati being
attached to a company, of which Prof. O. M.
Mitchell, the celebrated astronomer (afterwards
Slajor-General Mitchell), was Captain. After
coming to Illinois he became Captain of the Chi-
cago Light Guards. Having lef*^^ the employ of
the Railroad in 1858, he was in private business
at Amboy at the beginning of the Civil War in
1861. As Assistant- Adjutant General, by appoint-
ment of Governor Yates, he rendered valuable
service in the early weeks of the war in securing
arms from Jefferson Barracks and in tlie organi-
zation of the three-months" regiments. Then,
having organized the Thirteenth Illinois Volun-
teer Infantry — the first organized in the State
for the three years' service — he was commis-
sioned its Colonel, and, in July following, entered
upon the duty of guarding the railroad lines in
Southwest Missouri and Arkansas. The follow-
ing year his regiment was attached to General
Sherman's command in the first campaign
against "V^icksburg. On the second day of the
Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, he fell mortally
wounded, dying on the field, Dec. 28, 1862. Colo-
nel Wyman was one of the most accomplished
and promising of the volunteer soldiers sent to
the field from Illinois, of whom so many were
former employes of the Illinois Central Rail-
road.
■\VYOMIXG, a town of Stark County. 31 miles
north-northwest from Peoria, at the junction of
the Peoria branch Rock Island & Pacific and the
Ru.shville branch of the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railway ; has two high schools, churches,
two banks, flour mills, water-works, machine
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOLS.
GOo
shoiJ, and two weekly newspapers. Coal is mined
here. Pop. (1890), 1,116; (19(10), 1,277.
XEMA, a village of Clay County, on the Balti-
more & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 87 miles
east of St. Louis. Population (IDOO), 800.
YATES CITY, a village of Knox County, at the
junction of the Peoria Division of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railroad, with the Rushville
branch, 23 miles southeast of Galesburg. The
town has banks, a coal mine, telephone exchange,
school, churches and a newspaper. Pop. (1890),
687; (1900), 650.
YATES, Henry, pioneer, was born in Caroline
County, Va.. Oct. 29, 1786 — being a grand-nephew
of Chief Justice John Marshall ; removed to Fa-
yette County, Ky., where he located and laid out
the town of Warsaw, which afterwards became
the county-seat of Gallatin County. In 1831 he
removed to Sangamon County, 111., and, in 1833,
settled at the site of the present town of Berlin,
which he laid out the following year, also laying
out the town of New Berlin, a few years later, on
the line of the Wabash Railway. He was father
of Gov. Richard Yates. Died, Sept. 13, 1865.—
Henry (Y'ates), Jr. , .son of the preceding, was born
at Berlin, III., March 7, 1835 ; engaged in merchan-
dising at New Berlin; in 1862, raised a company
of volunteers for the One Hundred and Sixth
Regiment Illinois Infantry, was appointed Lieu-
tenant-Colonel and brevetted Colonel and Briga-
dier-General. He was accidentally shot in 1863,
and suffered sun-stroke at Little Rock, from
which he never fully recovered. Died, August
3, 1871.
YATES, Richard, former Governor and United
States Senator, was born at Warsaw, Ky. , Jan.
18, 1815, of English descent. In 1831 he accom-
panied his father to Illinois, the family settling
first at Springfield and later at Berlin, Sangamon
County. He soon after entered Illinois College,
from which he graduated in 1835, and subse-
quently read law with Col. John J. Hardin, at
Jacksonville, which thereafter became his home.
In 1842 he was elected Representative in the Gen-
eral Assembly from Morgan County, and was
re-elected in 1844, and again in 1848. In 1850 he
was a candidate for Congress from the Seventh
District and elected over Maj. Thomas L. Harris,
the previous incumbent, being the only Whig
Representative in the Thirty-second Congress
from Illinois. Two years later he was re-elected
over John Calhoun, but was defeated, in 1854,
by his old opponent, Harris. He was one of the
most vigorous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska
Bill in the Thirty-third Congress, and an early
participant in the movement for the organization
of the Republican party to resist the further
extension of slavery, being a prominent speaker,
on the same platform with Lincoln, before the
first Republican State Convention held at Bloom-
ington, in May, 1856, and serving as one of the
Vice-Presidents of that body. In 1860 he was
elected to the executive chair on the ticket
headed by Abraham Lincoln for the Presidenc}-,
and, by his energetic support of the National
administration in its measures for the suppression
of the Rebellion, won the sobriquet of "the Illi-
nois War-Governor." In 1865 he was elected
United States Senator, serving until 1871. He
died suddenly, at St. Louis, Nov. 27, 1873, while
returning from Arkansas, whither he had gone,
as a United States Commissioner, by appointment
of President Grant, to inspect a laud-subsidy
railroad. He was a man of rare ability, earnest-
ness of purpose and extraordinary personal mag-
netism, as well as of a lofty order of patriotism.
His faults were those of a nature generous,
impulsive and warm-hearted.
YORKVIILE, the county-seat of Kendall
County, on Fox River and Streator Division of
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles
southwest of Aurora; on interurban electric line;
has watei-power, electric lights, a bank, churches
and weekly newspaper. Pop.(1890) 375; (1900),413.
YOUNG, Brigliam, IMormon leader, was born
at Whittingham, Vt., June 1, ISOl, joined the
Mormons in 1831 and, the next year, became asso-
ciated with Joseph Smith, at Kirtland, Ohio, and,
in 1835, an "apostle." He accompanied a con-
siderable body of that sect to Independence, Mo. ,
but was driven out with them in 1837, settling
for a short time at Quincy, 111., but later remov-
ing to Nauvoo, of which he was one of the foun-
ders. On the assassination of Smith, in 1844, he
became the successor of the latter, as head of the
Mormon Church, and, the following year, headed
the exodus from Illinois, which finally resulted in
the Mormon settlement in Utah. His .subsequent
career there, where he was appointed Governor
by President Fillmore, and, for a time, success-
fully defied national authority, is a matter of
national rather than State history. He remained
at the head of the Mormon Church until his
death at Salt Lake City, August 29, 1877.
YOUNG, Richard Montgomery, United States
Senator, was born in Kentucky in 1796, studied
law and removed to Jonesboro, 111., where he was
admitted to the bar in 1817; served in the Second
604
HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
General Assembly (1820-23) as Representative
from Union County ; was a Circuit Judge, 1835-27 ;
Presidential Elector in 1838 ; Circuit Judge again,
1839-37 ; elected United States Senator in 1837 as
successor to W. L. D. Ewing, serving until 1843,
when he was commissioned Justice of the Su-
preme Court, but resigned in 1847 to become
Commissioner of the General Land Office at
Washington. During the session of 1850-51, he
served as Clerk of the National House of Repre-
sentatives. Died, in an insane asylum, in Wash-
ington, in 1853.
YOUNG JIEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION,
first permanently organized at Chicago, in 1858,
although desultory movements of a kindred char-
acter had previously been started at Peoria,
Quincy, Chicago and Springfield, some as early
as 1854. From 1858 to 1873, various associations
were formed at different points throughout the
State, which were entirely independent of each
other. The first effort looking to union and
mutual aid, was made in 1872, when Robert
Weidgnsall, on behalf of the International Com-
mittee, called a convention, to meet at Blooming-
ton, November 6-9. State conventions have been
lield annually since 1873. In that of 1875, steps
were taken looking to the appointment of a
State Secretary, and, in 1876, Charles M. Morton
assumed the office. Much evangelistic work was
done, and new associations formed, the total
number reported at the Champaign Convention,
in 1877, being sixty-two. After one year's work
Mr. Morton resigned the secretaryship, the office
remaining vacant for three years. The question
of the appointment of a successor was discussed
at the Decatur Convention in 1879, and, in April,
1880, I. B. Brown was made State Secretary, and
has occupied the position to the present time
(1899). At the date of his appointment the
official figures showed si.^teen associations in Illi-
nois, with a total membership of 3, 443, and prop-
erty valued at $126,500, including building funds,
the associations at Chicago and Aiirora owning
buildings. Thirteen officers were employed,
none of them being in Chicago. Since 1880 the
work has steadily grown, so that five Assistant
State Secretaries are now employed. In 1886, a
plan for arranging the State work under depart-
mental administration was devised, but not put
in operation until 1890. The present six depart-
ments of supervision are : General Supervision,
in charge of the State Secretary and his Assist-
ants; railroad and city work; counties and
towns; work among students; corresponding
membership department, and office work. The
two last named are under one executive head,
but each of the others in charge of an Assistant
Secretary, who is responsible for its development
The entire work is under the supervision of a
State Executive Committee of twenty-seven
members, one-third of whom are elected annually.
WilUs H. Herrick of Chicago has been its chair-
man for several years. This body is appointed
by a State convention composed of delegates
from the local Associations. Of these there were,
in October, 1898, 116, with a membership of
15,888. The value of the property owned was
§2,500,000. Twenty -two occupy their own build-
ings, of which five are for railroad men and one
for students. Weekly gatherings for young men
numbered 348, and there are now representatives
or correspondents in 665 communities where no
organization has been effected. Scientific phys-
ical culture is made a feature by 40 associations,
and educational work has been largely developed.
The enrollment in evening classes, during 1898-99,
was 978. The building of the Chicago branch
(erected in 1893) is the finest of its class in the
world. Recently a successful association has
been formed among coal miners, and another
among the first grade boys of the Illinois State
Reformatory, while an extensive work has been
conducted at the camps of the Illinois National
Guard.
ZAXE, Charles S., lawyer and jm-ist, was born
in Cumberland County, N. J., March 3, 1831, of
English and New England stock. At the age of
19 he emigrated to Sangamon .County, lU., for a
time working on a farm and at brick-making.
From 1853 to "55 he attended McKendree College,
but did not graduate, and, on leaving college,
engaged in teaching, at the same time reading
law. In 1857 he was admitted to the bar and
commenced practice at Springfield. The follow-
ing year he was elected City Attorney. He had
for partners, at different times, William H.
Herndon (once a partner of Abraham Lincoln)
and Senator Shelby M. CuUom. In 1873 he was
elected a Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fifth
Judicial Circuit, and was re-elected in 1879. In
1883 President Arthur appointed him Chief Jus-
tice of Utah, where he has since resided, though
superseded by the appointment of a successor by
President Cleveland. At the first State elec-
tion in Utah, held in November, 1895, he was
chosen one of the Judges of the Supreme Court
of the new Commonwealth, but was defeated
for re-election, by his Democratic opponent, in
SUPPLEME^^T.
The following matter, received too late for insertion in the body of this worli, is added in the form of a supplement.
COGHLAX, (Capt.) Joseph Bullock, naval
officer, was born in Kentucky, and, at the age of
15 years, came to Illinois, living on a farm for a
time near Carlyle, in Clinton County. In 1800 he
was appointed by his uncle, Hon. Philip B.
Fouke — then a Representative in Congress from
the Belleville District — to the Naval Academy at
Annapolis, graduating in 1863, and being pro-
moted through the successive grades of Ensign,
Master, Lieutenant, Lieutenant-Commander, and
Commander, and serving upon various vessels
until Nov. 18, 1893, when he was commissioned
Captain and, in 1897, assigned to the command
of the battleship Raleigh, on the Asiatic Station.
He was thus connected with Admiral Dewey's
squadron at the beginning of the Spanish- Ameri-
can War, and took a conspicuous and brilliant part
in the affair in Manila Bay, on May 1, 1898, which
resulted in the destruction of the Spanish fleet.
Captain Coghlan's connection with subsequent
events in the Philippines was in the highest
degree creditable to himself and the country.
His vessel (the Raleigh) was the first of Admiral
Dewey's squadron to return home, coming by
way of the Suez Canal, in the summer of 1899, he
and his crew receiving an immense ovation on
their arrival in New York harbor.
CRANE, (Rev.) James Lyons, clergyman,
army chaplain, was born at Mt. Eaton, Wayne
County, Ohio, August 30, 1823, united with the
Methodist Episcopal Chtirch at Cincinnati in
1841, and, coming to Edgar County, Illinois, in
1842, attended a seminary at Paris some three
years. He joined the Illinois Conference in 1846,
and was assigned to the Danville circuit, after-
wards presiding over charges at Grandview, Hills-
boro, Alton, Jacksonville, and Springfield — at the
last two points being stationed two or more
times, besides serving as Presiding Elder of the
Paris, Danville, and Springfield Districts. The
importance of the stations which he filled during
his itinerant career served as evidence of his
recognized ability and popularity as a preacher.
In July, 1801, he was appointed Chaplain of the
Twenty-first Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at
that time commanded by Ulysses S. Grant as
Colonel, and, although he remained with the
regiment only a few months, the friendship then
established between him and the futui-e com-
mander of the armies of the Union lasted through
their lives. This was shown by his appointment
by President Grant, in 1869, to the position of
Postmaster of the city of Springfield, which came
to him as a personal compliment, being re-
appointed four years afterwards and continuing
in office eight years. After retiring from tho
Springfield postoffice, he occupied charges at
Island Grove and Shelby villa, his death occurring
at the latter place, July 29, 1879, as the result of
an attack of paralysis some two weeks previous.
Mr. Crane was married in 1847 to Miss Elizabeth
Mayo, daughter of Col. J. Mayo— a prominent
citizen of Edgar County, at an early day — his
wife surviving him some twenty years. Rev.
Charles A. Crane and Rev. Frank Crane, pastors
of prominent Methodist churches in Boston and
Chicago, are sons of the subject of this sketch.
DAWES, Charles Gates, Comptroller of the
Treasury, was born at Marietta, Ohio, August 27,
1865; graduated from Marietta College in 1884,
and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1886;
worked at civil engineering during his vacations,
finally becoming Chief Engineer of the Toledo &
Ohio Railroad. Between 1887 and 1894 he was
engaged in the practice of law at Lincoln, Neb.,
but afterwards became interested in the gas busi-
ness in various cities, including Evanston, 111.,
which became his home. In 1896 he took a lead-
ing part in securing instructions by the Republi-
can State Convention at Springfield in favor of
the nomination of Mr. McKinley for the Presi-
dency, and during the succeeding campaign
served as a member of the National Republican
Committee for the State of Illinois. Soon after
the accession of President McKinley, he was
appointed Comptroller of the Treasury, a position
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
■which he now liolds. Mr. Dawes is the son of
R. B. Dawes, a former Congressman from Ohio,
and the great-grandson of Manasseh Cutler, who
was an influential factor in the early history of
the Northwest Territory, and lias been credited
with exerting a strong influence in shaping and
securing the adoption of the Ordinance of 1787.
DISTIN, (Col.) William L., former Depart-
ment Commander of Grand Army of the Repub-
lic for the State of Illinois, was born at
Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb. 9, 1843, his father being of
English descent, while his maternal grandfather
was a Colonel of the Polish Lancers in the army
of the first Napoleon, who, after the exile of his
leader, came to America, settling in Indiana.
The father of the subject of this sketch settled at
Keokuk, Iowa, where the son grew to manhood
and in Februar}', 1863, enlisted as a private in the
Seventeenth Iowa Infantry, having been twice
rejected previously on account of physical ail-
ment. Soon after enlistment he was detailed for
provost-marshal duty, but later took part with
his re.giment in the campaign in Alabama. He
served for a time in the Fifteenth Army Corps,
under Gen. John A. Logan, was subsequently
detailed for duty on the Staff of General Raum,
and participated in the battles of Resaca and
Tilton, Ga. Having been captured in the latter,
he was imprisoned successively at Jacksonville
^Ga.), Montgomery, Savannah, and finally at
Andersonville. From the latter he succeeded in
efliecting his escape, but was recaptured and
returned to that famous prison-pen. Having
escaped a second time by assuming the name of
a dead man and bribing the guard, he was again
captured and imprisoned at various points in Mis-
sissippi until exchanged about the time of the
assassination of President Lincoln. He was then
so weakened bj' his long confinement and scanty
fare that he had to be carried on board the
steamer on a stretcher. At this time he narrowly
escaped being on board the steamer Sultana,
which was blown up below Cairo, with 2,100
soldiers on board, a large proportion of whom lost
their lives. After being mustered out at Daven-
port, Iowa, June 28, 1865, he was emploj-ed for a
time on the Des Moines Valley Railroad, and as a
messenger and route agent of the United States
Express Company. In 1873 he established him-
self in business in Quincy, 111., in which he
proved very successful. Here he became prom-
inent in local Grand Army circles, and, in 1890,
was unanimously elected Commander of the
Department of Illinois. Previous to this he had
been an officer of the Illinois National Guard, and
served as Aid-de-Camp, with the rank of
Colonel, on the staff of Governors Hamilton,
Oglesby and Fifer. In 1897 Colonel Distin was
appointed by President McKinley Surveyor-Gen-
eral for the Territory of Alaska, a position which
(1899) he still holds.
DUMMER, Henry E., lawyer, was born at
Hallowell, Maine, April 9, 1808, was educated in
Bowdoin College, graduating there in the class of
1827, after which he took a course in law at Cam-
bridge Law School, and was soon after admitted
to the bar. Then, having spent some two years
in his native State, in 1832 he removed to Illinois,
settling first in Springfield, where he remained six
years, being for a part of the time a partner of
John T. Stuart, who afterwards became the first
partner in law of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Duni-
mer had a brother, Richard William Dummer,
who had preceded him to Illinois, living for a
time in Jacksonville. In 1838 he removed to
Beardstown, Cass County, which continued to be
his home for more than a quarter of a century.
During his residence there he served as Alder-
man, City Attorney and Judge of Pi'obate for
Cass County ; also represented Cass County in the
Constitutional Convention of 1847, and, in 1860,
was elected State Senator in the Twenty-second
General Assembly, serving four years. Mr.
Dummer was an earnest Republican, and served
that party as a delegate for the State-at-large to
the Convention of 1864, at Baltimore, which
nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency a
second time. In 1864 he removed to Jackson-
ville, and for the next year was the law partner
of David A. Smith, until the death of the latter
in 1865. In the summer of 1878 Mr. Dummer
went to Mackinac, Mich., in search of health, but
died there August 12 of tliat year.
ECKELS, James H., ex-Comptroller of the
Currency, was born of Scotch-Irish parentage at
Princeton, 111., Nov. 22, 1858, was educated in
the common schools and tlie high school of his
native to\^Ti, graduated from the Law School at
Albany, N. Y., in 1881, and the following year
began practice at Ottawa, 111. Here he con-
tinued in active practice until 1893. when he was
appointed by President Cleveland Comptroller of
the Currency, serving until May 1, 1898, when he
resigned to accept the presidency of the Com-
mercial National Bank of Chicago. Mr. Eckels
manifested such distinguished ability in the dis-
charge of his duties as Comptroller that he
received the notable compliment of being
retained in office by a Republican administration
more than a year after the retirement of Presi-
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
607
dent Cleveiand, while his selection for a place at
the head of one of the leading banking institu-
tions of Chicago was a no less marked recognition
of his abilities as a financier. He was a Delegate
from the Eleventh District to the National
Democratic Convention at Chicago in 1893, and
repiesented the same district in the Gold Demo-
cratic Convention at Indianapolis in 1896, and
assisted in framing the platform there adopted—
which indicated his views on the financial ques-
tions involved in the campaign of that year.
FIELD, Daniel, early merchant, was born in
Jefferson -County, Kentucky, Nov. 30, 1790, and
settled at Golconda, 111., in 1818, dying there in
1855. He was a man of great enterprise, engaged
in merchandising, and became a large land-
holder, farmer and stock-grower, and an extensive
shipper of stock and produce to lower Mississippi
markets. He married Elizabeth Dailey of
Charleston, Ind., and raised a large family of
children, one of whom, Philip D., became Sheriffi
while another, John, was County Judge of Pope
County. His daughter, Maria, married Gen.
Green B. Raum, who became prominent as a
soldier during the Civil War and, later, as a mem-
ber of Congress and Commissioner of Internal
Revenue and Pension Commissioner in Wash-
ington.
FIELD, Green B., member of a pioneer family,
was born within the present limits of the State of
Indiana in 1787, served as a Lieutenant in the
War of 1813, was married in Bourbon County,
Kentucky, to Miss Mary E. Cogswell, the
daughter of Dr. Joseph Cogswell, a soldier of the
Revolutionary War, and, in 1817, removed to
Pope County, Illinois, where he laid off the town
of Golconda, which became the county -seat. He
served as a Representative from Pope County in
the First General Assembly (1818-30). and was
the father of Juliet C. Field, who became the
wife of John Raum; of Edna Field, the wife of
Dr. Tarlton Dunn, and of Green B. Field, who
was a Lieutenant in Third Regiment Illinois
Volunteers during the Mexican War. Mr. Field
was the grandfather of Gen. Green B. Raum,
mentioned in the preceding paragraph. He died
of yellow fever in Louisiana in 1833.
GALE, Stephen Francis, first Chicago book-
seller and a railway promoter, was born at
Exeter, N. H., March 8, 1813; at 15 years of age
became clerk in a leading book-store in Boston ;
came to Chicago in 183.^, and soon afterwards
opened the first book and stationery establish-
ment in that city, which, in after years, gained
an extensive trade. In 1842 the firm of S. F.
Gale & Co. was organized, but Mr. Gale, having
become head of the Chicago Fire Department,
retired from business in 1845- As early as 1846
he was associated with W m. B. Ogden and John
B. Turner in the stejjs tlien being taken to j-evive
the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a
part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and, in
conjunction with these gentlemen, became
responsible for the means to jjurchase the charter
and assets of the road from the Eastern bond-
holders. Later, he engaged in the construction
of the branch road from Turner Junction to
Aurora, became President of the line and ex-
tended it to Mendota to connect with the Illinois
Central at that Point. These roads afterwards
became a part of the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy line. A number of years ago Mr. Gale
returned to his old home in New Hampshire,
where he has since resided.
HAY, Jolin, early settler, came to the region of
Kaskaskia between 1790 and 1800, and became a
prominent citizen of St. Clair County. He was
selected as a member of the First Legislative
Council of Indiana Territory for St. Clair County
in 1805. In 1809 he was appointed Clerk of the
Common Pleas Court of St. Clair Count}-, and
was continued in office after the organization of
the State Government, serving until his death at
Belleville in 1845.
HAYS, John, pioneer settler of Northwest Ter-
ritory, was a native of New- York, who came to
Cahokia, in .the "Illinois Country," in 1793, and
lived there the remainder of his life. His early
life had been spent in the fur-trade about Macki-
nac, in the Lake of the Woods region and about
the sources of the Mississippi. During the War
of 1813 he was able to furnish Governor Edwards
valuable information in reference to the Indians
in the Northwest. He filled the office of Post-
master at Caliokia for a number of years, and was
Sheriff of St. Clair County from 1798 to 1818.
MOULTOX, (Col.) George 31., soldier and
building contractor, was born at Readsburg, Vt.,
March 15, 1851, came early in life to Chicago, and
was educated in the schools of that city. By pro-
fession he is a contractor and builder, the firm of
which he is a member having been connected
with the construction of a number of large build-
ings, including some extensive grain elevators.
Colonel Moulton became a member of the Second
Regiment Illinois National Guard in June. 1884,
being elected to the office of Major, w-hich he
retained until January, 1893, when he was
appointed Inspector of Rifle Practice on the staff
of General Wheeler. A year later he was com
608
niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
missioned Colonel of the regiment, a position
which he occupied at the time of the call by the
President for troops to serve in the Spaniish-
American War in April, 1898. He promptly
answered the call, and was sworn into the United
States service at the head of his regiment early
in May. The regiment was almost immediately
ordered to Jacksonville, Fla., remaining there
and at Savannah, Ga., until early in December,
when it was transferred to Havana, Cuba. Here
he was soon after appointed Chief of Police for
the city of Havana, remaining in office until the
middle of January, 1899, when he returned to his
regiment, then stationed at Camp Columbia, near
the city of Havana. In the latter part of Jlarcli
he returned with his regiment to Augusta, Ga..
where it was mustered out, April , 26, 1899, one
year from the date of its arrival at Springfield.
After leaving the service Colonel Moulton
resumed his business as a contractor.
SHERMAN, Lawrence T., legislator and
Speaker of the Forty-first General Assembly, was
born in Miami County, Ohio, Nov. 6, 18.58; at 3
years of age came to Illinois, his parents settling
at Industry, McDonough Count}-. When he had
reached the age of 10 years he went to Jasper
County, where he grew to manhood, received his
education in the common schools and in the law
department of McKendree College, graduating
from the latter, and, in 1881, located at Macomb,
McDonough County. Here he began his career
by driving a team upon the street in order to
accumulate means enabling him to devote his
entire attention to his chosen profession of law.
He soon took an active interest in iioUtics, was
elected County Judge in 1886, and, at the expira-
tion of his term, formed a partnership with
George D. TunnicUtfe and D. G. Tunnicliffe,
ex-Justice of the Supreme Court. In 189-1 he was
a candidate for the Republican nomination for
Representative in the General Assembly, but
withdrew to prevent a split in the party; was
nominated and elected in 1896, and re-elected in.
1898, and, at the succeeding session of the
Forty-first General Assembly, was nominated
by the Republican caucus and elected Speaker,
as he was again of the Forty -second in 1901.
YIXTARD, Pliilip, early legislator, was bom
in Pennsylvania in 1800, came to Illinois at an
early day, and settled in Pope County, which he
represented in the lower branch of the Thirteenth
and Fourteenth General Assemblies He married
Miss Matilda McCoy, the daughter of a prominent
Illinois pioneer, and served as Sheriff of Pope
County for a nimiber of years. Died, at Gol-
conda, in 1863,
SUPPLEMENT NO. 11.
BL.4CK HAWK WAR, THE. The episode
known in history under the name of ' 'The Black
Hawk War," was the most formidable conflict
between the whites and Indians, as well as the
most far-reaching in its results, that ever oc-
curred upon the soil of Illinois. It takes its
name from the Indian Chief, of the Sac tribe.
Black Hawk (Indian name, Makatai Meshekia-
kiak, meaning "Black Sparrow Hawk"), who
was the leader of the hostile Indian band and a
principal factor in the struggle. Black Hawk
had been an ally of the British during the War
of 1812-15, served with Tecumseh when the lat-
ter fell at the battle of the Thames in 1813, and,
after the war, continued to maintain friendly re-
lations with his "British father."' The outbreak
in lUinois had its origin in the construction
put upon the treaty negotiated by Gen. William
Henry Harrison with the Sac and Fox Indians
on behalf of the United States Government, No-
vember 3, 1804, under which the Indians trans-
ferred to the Government nearly 15,000,000 acres
of land comprising the region lying between the
Wisconsin River on the north. Fox River of Illi-
nois on the east and southeast, and the Mississippi
on the west, for which the Government agreed to
pay to the confederated tribes less than §2,500 in
goods and the insignificant sum of 81,000 per an-
num in perpetuity. AVhile the validity of the
treaty was denied on the part of the Indians on the
ground that it had originally been entered into by
their chiefs under duress, while held as prisoners
niSTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
609
under a charge of murder at Jefferson Barracks,
during which they had been kept in a state of con-
stant intoxication, it had been repeatedly reaf-
firmed by x'arts or all of the tribe, especially in
1815, in 1816, in 1S22 and in 1823, and finally recog-
nized by Black Hawk himself in i831. The part of
the treaty of 1804 which was the immediate cause
of the disagreement was that which stipulated
that, so long as the lands ceded under it remained
the property of the United States (that is, should
not be transferred to private owners), ' 'the Indians
belonging to the said tribes shall enjoy the priv-
ilege of living or hunting upon them." Al-
though these lands had not been put upon the
market, or even surveyed, as "squatters" multi-
plied in this region little respect was paid to the
treaty rights of the Indians, particularly with
reference to those localities where, by reason of
fertility of the soil or some other natural advan-
tage, the Indians had established something like
permanent homes and introduced a sort of crude
cultivation. This was especially the case with
reference to the Sac village of "Saukenuk" on
the north bank of Rock River near its mouth,
where the Indians, when not absent on the chase,
had lived for over a century, had cultivated
fields of corn and vegetables and had buried their
dead. In the early part of the last century, it is
estimated that some five hundred families had
been accustomed to congregate here, making it
the largest Indian village in the West. As early
as 1823 the encroachments of squatters on the
rights claimed by the Indians under the treaty
of 1804 began; their fields were taken possession
of by the intruders, their lodges uurned and their
women and children whipped and driven away
during the absence of the men on their annual
hunts. The dangers resulting from these con-
flicts led Governor Edwards, as early as 1828, to
demand of the General Government the expul-
sion of the Indians from Illinois, which resulted
in an order from President Jackson in 1829 for
their removal west of the Mississippi. On appli-
cation of Col. George Davenport, a trader of
much influence with the Indians, the time was
extended to April 1, 1830. During the preceding
year Colonel Davenport and the firm of Davenport
and Farnham bought from the United States Gov-
ernment most of the lands on Rock River occupied
by Black Hawk's band, with the intention, as has
been claimed, of permitting the Indians to remain.
This was not so understood by Black Hawk, who
was greatly incensed, although Davenport offered
to take other lands from the Government in ex-
change or cancel the sale — an arrangement to
which President Jackson would not consent. On
their return in the spring of 1830, the Indians
found whites in possession of their village. Pre-
vented from cultivating their fields, and then-
annual hunt proving unsuccessful, the following
winter proved for them one of great hardship.
Black Hawk, having made a visit to his " British
father" (the British Agent) at Maiden, Canada,
claimed to have received words of sympathy and
encouragement, which induced him to determine
to regain possession of their fields. In this he
was encouraged by Neapope, his second in com-
mand, and by assurance of support from White
Cloud, a half Sac and half Winnebago — known
also as "The Prophet " — whose village (Prophet's
Town) was some forty miles from the mouth
of Rock River, and through whom Black Hawk
claimed to have leceived promises of aid in guns,
ammunition and provisions from the British,
The reappearance of Black Hawk's band in the
vicinity of his old haunts, in the spring of 1831,
produced a wild panic among the frontier settlers.
Messages were hurried to Governor Reynolds,
who had succeeded Governor Edwards in De-
cember previous, appealing for protection against
the savages. The Governor issued a call for 700
volunteers " to remove the band of Sac Indians ''
at Rock Island beyond the Mississippi. Al-
though Gen. E. P. Gaines of the regular army,
commanding the military district, thought tlie
regulars sufficiently strong to cope with the situa-
tion, the Governor's proclamation was responded
to by more than twice the number called for.
The volunteers assembled early in June, 1831, at
Beardstown, the place of rendezvous named in
the call, and having been organized into two regi-
ments under command of Col. James D. Henrj and
Col. Daniel Lieb, with a spy battalion under Gen.
Joseph Duncan, marched across the country and,
after effecting a junction with General Gaines'
regulars, appeared before Black Hawk's village on
the 2.5th of June. In the meantime General
Gaines, having learned that the Pottawatomies,
Winnebagos and Kickapoos had promised to join
the Sacs in their uprising, asked the assistance of
the battalion of mounted men previously offered
by Governor Reynolds. The combined armies
amounted to 2,. 500 men, while the fighting force
of the Indians was 300. Finding himself over-
whelmingly outnumbered. Black Hawk withdrew
under cover of night to the west side of the Missis-
sippi 'After burning the village, General Gaines
notified Black Hawk of his intention to pursue
and attack his band, which had the effect to
bring the fugitive chief to the General's head-
CIO
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
quarters, where, on June 30, a new treaty was
entered into by which he bound himself and his
people to remain west of the Mississippi unless
permitted to return by the United States. This
ended the campaign, and the volunteers returned
to their homes, although the affair had produced
an intense excitement along the whole frontier,
and involved a heavy expense.
The next winter was spent by Black Hawk and
his band on the site of old Fort Madison, in the
present State of Iowa. Dissatisfied and humil-
iated by his repulse of the previous year, in disre-
gard of his pledge to General Gaines, on April 6,
1832, at the head of 500 warriors and their fam-
ilies, he again crossed the Mississippi at Yel-
low Banks about the site of the present city of
Oquawka, fifty miles below Rock Island, with the
intention, as claimed, if not permitted to stop at
his old village, to proceed to the Prophet's Town
and raise a crop with the Winnebagoes. Here he
was met by The Prophet with renewed assurances
of aid from the Winnebagoes, which was still
further strengthened by promises from the Brit-
ish Agent received through a visit by Neapope to
Maiden the previous autumn. An incident of this
invasion was the effective warning given to the
white settlers by Shabona. a friendly Ottawa
chief, which probably had the effect to prevent
a widespread massacre. Besides the towns of
Galena and Chicago, the settlements in Illinois
north of Fort Clark (Peoria) were limited to some
thirty families on Bureau Creek with a few
cabins at Hennepin, Peru, LaSalle, Ottawa, In-
dian Creek, Dixon, Kellogg's Grove, Apple Creek,
and a few other points. Gen. Henry Atkinson,
commanding the regulars at Fort Armstrong
(Rock Island), having learned of the arrival of
Black Hawk a week after he crossed the Missis-
sippi, at once took steps to notify Governor Rey-
nolds of the situation with a requisition for an
adequate force of militia to cooperate with the
regulars. Under date of April 16, 1832, the Gov-
ernor issued his call for ' a strong detachment of
militia," to meet by April 22, Beardstown again
being named as a place of rendezvous. The call
resulted in the assembling of a force which was
organized into four regiments under command of
Cols. John DeWitt. Jacob Fry, John Thomas and
Samuel M. Thompson, together with a spy bat-
talion under Maj. James D. Henry, an odd bat-
talion under Maj. Thomas James and a foot
battalion under Maj. Thomas Long. To these were
subsequently added two independent battalions
of mounted men. under command of Majors
Isaiah Stil'.man and David Bailey, which were
finally consolidated as the Fifth Regiment under
command of Col. James Johnson. The organiza-
tion of the first four regiments at Beardstown
was completed by April 27, and the force under
command of Brigadier-General Whiteside (but
accompanied by Governor Reynolds, who was
allowed pay as Major General by the General
Government) began its march to Fort Armstrong,
arriving there May 7 and being mustered into the
United States service. Among others accompany-
ing the expedition who were then, or afterwards
became, noted citizens of the State, were Vital
Jarrot, Adjutant-General; C3-rus Edwards, Ord-
nance Officer; Murray McConnel, Staff Officer,
and Abraham Lincoln, Captain of a companj- of
volunteers from Sangamon County in the Fourth
Regiment. Col. Zachary Taylor, then commander
of a regiment of regulars, arrived at Fort Arm-
strong about the same time with reinforcements
from Fort Leavenworth and Fort Crawford. The
total force of militia amounted to 1.935 men, and
of regulars about 1,000. An interesting story is
told concerning a speech delivered to the volun-
teers by Colonel Taylor about this time. After
reminding them of their duty to obey an order
promptly, the future hero of the Mexican AVar
added: "The safety of all depends upon the obe-
dience and courage of all. You are citizen sol-
diers; some of you may fill high offices, or even be
Presidents some day — but not if you refuse to do
your duty. Forward, march!" A curious com-
mentary upon this speech is furnished in the fact
that, while Taylor himself afterwards became
President, at least one of his hearers — a volunteer
who probably then had no aspiration to that dis-
tinction (Abraham Lincoln) — reached the same
position during the most dramatic period in the
nation's history.
Two days after the arrival at Fort Armstrong,
the advance up Rock River began, the main force
of the volunteers proceeding by land under Gen-
eral Whiteside, while General Atkinson, with
400 regular and 300 volunteer foot soldiers, pro-
ceeded by boat, carrying with him the artillery,
provisions and bulk of the baggage. Whiteside,
advancing by the east bank of the river, was the
first to arrive at the Prophet's Town, wliich,
finding deserted, he pushed on to Dixon's Ferry
(now Dixon), where he arrived May 12. Here he
found the independent battalions of Stillman and
Bailey with ammunition and supplies of which
Whiteside stood in need. The mounted battalions
under command of Major Stillman, having been
sent forward by AVhiteside as a scouting party,
left Dixon on the 13th and, on the afternoon of
HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
611
the next day, went into camp in a strong position
near the mouth of Sycamore Creek, As soon dis-
covered, Black Hawk was in camp at the same
time, as he afterwards claimed, with about forty
of his braves, on Sycamore Creek, three miles
distant, while the greater part of his band were en-
camped with the more war-like faction of the Pot-
tawatomies some seven miles farther north on the
Kishwaukee River. As claimed b}' Black Hawk
in his autobiography, having been disappointed in
his expectation of forming an alliance with the
Winnebagoes and the Pottawatomies, he had at
this juncture determined to return to the west
side of the Mississippi. Hearing of the arrival of
Stillman's command in the vicinity, and taking
it for granted that this was the whole of Atkin-
son's command, he sent out three of liis young
men with a white flag, to arrange a parley and
convey to Atkinson his offer to meet the latter in
council. These were captured by some of Still-
man's band regardless of their flag of truce, while
a party of five other braves who followed to ob-
serve the treatment received by the flagbearers,
were attacked and two of their number killed, the
the other three escaping to their camp. Black
Hawk learning the fate of his truce party was
aroused to the fiercest indignation. Tearing the
flag to pieces with which he had intended to go
into council with the whites, and appealing to his
followers to avenge the murder of their comrades,
he prepared for the attack. The rangers num-
bered 275 men, while Black Hawk's band has been
estimated at less than forty. As the rangers
caught sight of the Indians, they rushed forward
in pell-mell fashion. Retiring behind a fringe
of bushes, the Indians awaited the attack. As
the rangers approached, Black Hawk and his
party rose up with a war whoop, at the same time
opening fire on their assailants. The further
hist ry of the affair was as much of a disgrace to
Stillman's command as had been their desecra-
tion of the flag of truce. Thrown into panic by
their reception by Black Hawk's little band, the
rangers turned and, without firing a shot, began
the retreat, dashing through their own camp and
abandoning everything, which fell into the hands
of the Indians. An attempt was made by one or
two ofiicers and a few of their men to check the
letreat, but without success, the bulk of the fu-
gitives continuing their mad rush for safety
through the night until they reached Dixon,
twenty-five miles distant, while many never
stopped until they reached their homes, forty
or fifty miles distant. The casualties to the
rangers amounted to eleven killed and two-
wounded, while the Indian loss consisted of two
spies and one of the flag-bearers, treacherously
killed near Stillman's camp. This ill-starred af-
fair, which has passed into history as "Stillman's
defeat," produced a general panic along the fron-
tier by inducing an exaggerated estimate of the
strength of the Indian force, while it led Black
Hawk to form a poor opinion of the courage of
the white troops at the same time that it led to
an exalted estimate of the prowess of his own
little band — thus becoming an important factor
in prolonging the war and in the bloody massacres
which followed. Whiteside, with his force of
1,400 men, advanced to the scene of the defeat
the next day and buried the dead, while on the
19th, Atkinson, with his force of regulars, pro-
ceeded up Rock River, leaving the remnant of
Stillman's force to guard the wounded and sup-
plies at Dixon. No sooner had he left than the
demoraUzed fugitives of a few days before de-
serted their post for their homes, compelling At-
kinson to return for the protection of his base of
supplies, while "Whiteside was ordered to follow
the trail of Black Hawk who had started up the
Kishwaukee for the swamps about Lake Kosh-
konong, nearly west of Milwaukee within the
present State of Wisconsin.
At this point the really active stage of the
campaign began. Black Hawk, leaving the
women and children of his band in the fastnesses
of the swamps, divided his followers into two
bands, retaining about 200 under his own com-
mand, while the notorious half-breed, Mike Girty,
ledaband of one hundred renegadePottawatomies.
Returning to the vicinity of Rock Island, he
gathered some recruits from the Pottawatomies
and Winnebagoes, and the work of rapine and
massacre among the frontier settlers began. One
of the most notable of these was the Indian
Creek Massacre in LaSalle County, about twelve
miles north of Ottawa, on May 21. when sixteen
persons were killed at the Home of William
Davis, and two young girls — Sylvia and Rachel
Hall, aged, respectively, 17 and 1.5 years— were
carried away captives. The girls were subse-
quently released, having been ransomed for $2,000
in horses and trinkets through a Winnebago
Chief and surrendered to sub-agent Henry
Gratiot, Great as was the emergency at this
juncture, the volunteers began to manifest evi-
dence of dissatisfaction and, claiming that they
had served out their term of enlistment, refused
to follow the Indians into the swamps of Wis-
consin, As the result of a council of war, the
volunteers were ordered to Ottawa, where they
612
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
were mustered out on May 28, by Lieut. Robt.
Anderson, afterwards General Anderson of Fort
Sumter fame. Meanwhile Governor Reynolds had
issued his call (with that of 1831 the third,) for
2,(100 men to serve during the war. Gen.
Winfield Scott was also ordered from the East
with 1,000 regulars although, owing to cholera
breaking out among the troops, they did not
arrive in time to take part in the campaign. The
rank and file of volunteers responding under the
new call was 3,148, with recruits and regulars
then in Illinois making an army of 4,000. Pend-
ing the arrival of the troops under the new call,
and to meet an immediate emergency, 300 men
were enlisted from the disbanded rangers for a
period of twenty days, and organized into a
regiment under command of Col. Jacob Fr}-,
with James D. Henry as Lieutenant Colonel and
John Thomas as Major. Among those who en-
listed as privates in this regiment were Brig.-
Gen. Whiteside and Capt. Abraham Lincoln. A
regiment of five companies, numbering 195 men,
from Putnam County under command of Col.
John Strawn, and another of eight companies
from Vermilion County under Col. Isaac R.
Moore, were organized and assigned to guard
duty for a period of twenty daj-s.
The new volunteers were rendezvoused at Fort
Wilbourn, nearly opposite Peru, June 15, and
organized into three brigades, each consisting of
three regiments and a spy battalion. The First
Brigade (915 strong) was placed under command
of Brig-Gen. Alexander Posey, the Second
under Gen. Milton Iv. Alexander, and the third
under Gen. James D. Henry. Others who served
as officers in some of these several organizations,
and afterwards became prominent in State his-
tory, were Lieut. -Col. Gurdon S. Hubbard of the
Vermilion County regiment ; John A. McClern-
and, on the staff of General Posey; Maj. John-
Dement; then State Treasurer ; StinsonH. Ander-
son, afterwards Lieutenant-Governor: Lieut.-
Gov. Zadoc Casey; Maj., William McHenry;
Sidney Breese (afterwards Judge of the State
Supreme Court and United States Senator) ; W.
L. D. Ewing (as Major of a spy battalion, after-
wards United States Senator and State Auditor) ;
Alexander "W. Jenkins (.afterwards Lieutenant-
Governor) ; James \V. Semple (afterwards LTnited
States Senator) ; and William Weatherford (after-
wards a Colonel in the Jlexican War), and many
more. Of the Illinois troops, Posey's brigade
was assigned to the duty of dispersing the Indians
between Galena and Rock River, Alexander's sent
to intercept Black Hawk up the Rock River,
while Henry's remained with Gen. Atkinson at
Dixon. During the next two weeks engage-
ments of a more or less serious character were
had on the Pecatonica on the southern border of
the present State of Wisconsinj at Apple River
Fort fourteen miles east of Galena, which was
successfully defended against a force under Black
Hawk himself, and at Kellogg's Grove the nest
day (June 25), when the same band ambushed
Maj. Demenfs spy battalion, and came near in-
flicting a defeat, which was prevented by
Dement's coolness and the timely arrival of re-
inforcements. In the latter engagement the
whites lost five killed besides 47 horses which had
been tethered outside their lines, the loss of the
Indians being sixteen killed. Skirmishes also
occurred with varying results, at Plum River
Fort, Burr Oak Grove. Sinsiniwa and Blue
Mounds — the last two within the present State of
Wisconsin.
Believing the bulk of the Indians to be camped
in the vicinity of Lake Koshkonong, General
Atkinson left Dixon June 27 with a combined
force of regiilars and volunteers numbering 2,600
men — the volunteers being under the command
of General Henry. They reached the outlet of the
Lake Juh- 2, but found no Indians, being joined
two days later by General Alexander's brigade, and
on the Ctli by Gen. Pose3''s. From here the com-
mands of Generals Henry and Alexander were
sent for supplies to Fort Winnebago, at the Port-
age of the Wisconsin; Colonel Ewing, with the
Second Regiment of Posey's brigade descending
Rock River to Dixon, Posey with the remainder,
going to Fort Hamilton for the protection of
settlers in the lead-mining region, while Atkin-
son, advancing with the regulars up Lake Koshko-
nong, began the erection of temporar}- fortifica-
tions on Bark River near the site of the present
village of Fort Atkinson. At Fort Winnebago
Alexander and Henry obtained evidence of the
actual location of Black Hawk's camp through
Pierre Poquette, a half-breed scout and trader
in the employ of the American Fur Company,
whom they employed with a number of Winne-
bagos to act as guides. From this point Alex-
ander's command returned to General Atkinson's
headquarters, carrying with them twelve day's
provisions for the main army, while General
Henry's(600strong), with Major Dodge's battalion
numbering 150, with an equal quantity or supplie.s
for themselves, started under the guidance of
Poquette and his Winnebago aids to find Black
Hawk's camp. Arriving on the 18th at the
Winnebago village on Rock River where Black
IIISTOIilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
613
Hawk and his band had been located, their camp
was found deserted, the Winnebagos insisting
that tliey had gone to Cranberrj- ( now Horicon)
Lake, a lialf-day's march up the river. Jlessen-
gers were immediately dispatched to Atkinson's
headquarters, thirtj-'fire miles distant, to ap-
prise him of this fact. When they had proceeded
about half the distance, they struck a broad,
fresh trail, which proved to be that of Black
Hawk's band headed westward toward the Mis-
sissippi. The guide having deserted them in
order to warn his tribesmen that further dis-
sembling to deceive the whites as to
the whereabouts of the Sacs was use-
les.s, the messengers were compelled to follow
him to General Henry"s camp. The discovery pro-
duced the wildest enthusiasm among the volim-
teers, and from this time-events followed in rapid
succession. Leaving as far as possible all incum-
brances behind, the pursuit of the fu_,iLives was
begun without delay, the troops wading through
swamps sometimes in water to their armpits.
Soon evidence of the character of the flight the
Indians were making, in the shape of exhausted
horses, blankets, and camp equipage cast aside
along the trail, began to appear, and straggling
bands of Winnebagos, who had now begun to
desert Black Hawk, gave information that the
Indians were only a few miles in advance. On
the evening of the 20th of July Henry's forces
encamped at "The Four Lakes," the present
site of the city of Madison, Wis. , Black Hawk's
force lying in ambush the same night seven or
eight miles distant. During the next afternoon
the rear-guard of the Indians under Neapope was
overtaken and skirmishing continued imtil the
bluffs of the Wisconsin were reached. Black
Hawk's avowed object was to protect the passage
of the main body of his people acrcss the stream.
The loss of the Indians in these skirmishes has
been estimated at 40 to 68, while Black Hawk
claimed that it was only six killed, the loss of
the whites being one kilted and eight wounded.
During the night Black Hawk succeeded in
placing a considerable number of the women a,nd
children and old men on a raft and in canoes
obtained from the Winnebagos, and sent them
down tiie river, believing that, as non-combat-
ants, they would be permitted by the regulars
to pass Fort Crawford, at the mouth of the Wis-
consin, undisturbed. In this he was mistaken.
A force sent from the fort under Colonel Ritner to
intercept them, fired mercilessly upon the help-
less fugitives, killing fifteen of their number,
while about fifty were drowned and thirty-two
women and children made prisoners. The re-
mainder, escaping into the woods, with few ex-
ceptions died from starvation and exposure, or
were massacred by their enemies, the IMenomi-
nees, acting under white officers. During the
night after the battle of Wisconsin Heights, a
loud, shrill voice of some one speaking in an un-
known tongue was heard in the direction where
Black Hawk's band was supposed to be. This
caused something of a panic in Henr3'"s camp, as
it was supposed to come from some one giving
orders for an attack. It was afterwards learned
that the speaker was Neapope speaking in the
Winnebago language in the hope that he might
be heard by Poquette and the Winnebago guides.
He was describing the helpless condition of his
people, claiming that the war had been forced
upon them, that their women and children were
starving, and that, if permitted peacefully to re-
cross the Mississippi, they would give no further
trouble. Unfortunately Poquette and the other
guides had left for Fort Winnebago, so that no
one was there to translate Neapope's appeal and
it failed of its object.
General Henry 'sforce having discovered that the
Indians had escaped— Black Hawk heading with
the bulk of his warriors towards the Mississippi —
spent the next and day night on the field, but on
the following day (July 23) started to meet General
Atkinson, who had, in the meantime, been noti-
fied of the pursuit. The head of their columns
met at Blue Mounds, the same evening, a com-
plete junction between the regulars and the
volunteers being effected at Helena, a deserted
village on the Wisconsin. Here by using the
logs of the deserted cabins for rafts, the army
crossed the river on the 37th and the 38th and the
pursuit of black Hawk's fugitive band was re-
newed. Evidence of their famishing condition
was found in the trees stripped of bark for food^
the carcasses of dead ponies, with here and there
the dead body of an Indian.
On August 1, Black Hawk's depleted and famish-
ing band reached the Mississippi two miles below
the mouth of the Bad Ax, an insignificant
stream, and immediately began trying to cross
the river; but having only two or three canoes,
the work was slow. About the middle of the
afternoon the steam transport, "Warrior," ap-
peared on the scene, having on board a score of
regulars and volunteers, returning from a visit
to the village of the Sioux Chief, Wabasha, to
notify him that his old enemies, the Sacs, were
headed in that direction. Black Hawk raised the
white flag in token of surrender , but the officer
614
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
in command claiming that he feared treacherj- or
an ambush, demanded that Black Hawk should
come on board. This he was unable to do, as he
had no canoe. After waiting a few minutes a
murderous fire of canister and musketry was
opened from the steamer on the few Indians on
shore, who made such feeble resistance as they
were able. The result was the killing of one
white man and twenty-three Indians. After this
exploit the "Warrior"" proceeded to Prairie du
Chien, twelve or fifteen miles distant, for fuel.
During the night a few more of the Indians
crossed the river, but Black Hawk, seeing the
hopelessness of further resistance, accompanied
by the Prophet, and taking with him a party of
ten warriors and thirty-five squaws and children,
tied in the direction of "the dells"' of the Wis-
consin. On the morningof t!ie 2d General Atkinson
arrived within four or five miles of the Sac
position. Disposing liis forces with the regulars
and Colonel Dodge's rangers in the center, the brig-
ades of Posey and Alexander on the right and
Henry's on the left, he began the pursuit, but
was drawn liy the Indian decoyr. up the river
from the place where the main body of the
Indians were trying to cross the stream. This
had the effect of leaving General Henry in the rear
practically without orders, but it became the
means of making his command the prime factors
in the climax which followed. Some of the spies
attached to Henry's command having accidental-
I3' discovered tlie trail of the main body of the fu-
gitives, he began the pursuit without waiting for
orders and soon found himself engaged with some
300 savages, a force nearly equal to his own. It
was here that the only thing like a regular battle
occurred. The savages fought with the fury of
despair, while Henry's force was no doubt nerved
to greater deeds of courage by the insult which
they conceived had been put upon them by Gen-
eral Atkinson. Atkinson, hearing the battle in
progress and discovering that he was being led
off on a false scent, soon joined Henry's force
with his main army, and the steamer " Warrior,"
arriving from Prairie du Chien, opened a fire of
canister \ipon tlie pent-up Indians. The battle
soon degenerated into a massacre. In the course
of the three hours through which it lasted, it is es-
timated that 150 Indians were killed by fire from
the troops, an equal number of both sexes and
all ages drowned while attempting to cross the
river or by being driven into it, while about 50
(chiefly women and children) were made prison-
ers. The loss of the whites was 20 killed and 13
wounded. When the "battle" was nearing its
close it is said that Black Hawk, having repented
the abandonment of his people, returned witliin
sight of the battle-ground, but seeing the slaugh-
ter in progress which he was powerless to avert, he
turned and, with a howl of rage and liorror, fled
into the forest. About 300 Indians (mostly non-
combatants) succeeded in crossing the river in a
condition of exhaustion from hunger and fatigue,
but these were set upon by the Sioux under Chief
Wabasha, through the suggestion and agency of
General Atkinson, and nearly one-half their num-
ber exterminated. Of the remainder many died
from wounds and exhaustion, while still others
perished while attempting to reach Keokuk's band
who had refused to join in Black Hawk's desper-
ate venture. Of one thousand who crossed to the
east side of the river with Black Hawk in April,
it is estimated that not more than 150 survived
the tragic events of the next four months.
General Scott, having arrived at Prairie du Chien
early in August, assumed command and, on
August 15, mustered out the volunteers at Dixon,
111. After witnessing the bloody climax at the
Bad Axe of his ill-starred invasion. Black Hawk
fled to the dells of the Wisconsin, where he and
the Prophet surrendered themselves to the Win.
nebagos, by whom they were delivered to the
Indian Agent at Prairie du Chien. Having been
taken to Fort Armstrong on September 21, he
there signed a treaty of peace. Later he was
taken to Jefferson Barracks (near St. Louis) in
the custody of Jeff:erson Davis, then a Lieutenant
in the regular army, where he was held a captive
during the following winter. The connection of
Davis with the Black Hawk War, mentioned by
many historians, seems to have been confined to
this act. In April, 1833, with the Prophet and
Neapope, he was taken to Washington and then
to Fortress Monroe, where they were detained as
prisoners of war until June 4, when they were
released. Black Hawk, after being taken to many
principal cities in order to impress him with the
strength of the American nation, was brought to
Fort Armstrong, and there committed to the
guardianship of his rival, Keokuk, but survived
this humiliation only a few years, dying on a
small reservation set apart for him in Davis
County, Iowa. October 3, 1838.
Such is the story of the Black Hawk W^ar, the
most notable struggle with the aborigines in Illi-
nois history. At its beginning both the State
and national authorities were grossly misled by
an exaggerated estimate of the strength of Black
Hawk's force as to niunbers and his plans for
recovering the site of his old village, while
HISTOrjCAL EA- CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.
615
Black Hawk had conceived a low estimate of the
numbers and courage of liis white enemies, es-
pecially after the Stillman defeat. The cost of
the war to the State and nation in money has been
estimated at §2,000,000, and in sacrifice of life
on both sides at not less tlian 1,200. The loss of
life by the troops in irregular skirmishes, and in
massacres of settlers by the Indians, aggregated
about 250, while an equal number of regulars
perished from a visitation of cholera at the
various stations within the district affected by
the war, especially at Detroit, Chicago, Fort
Armstrong and Galena. Yet it is the judgment
of later historians that nearly all this sacrifice of
life and treasure might have been avoided, but
for a series of blunders due to the blind or un-
scrupulous policy of officials or interloping squat-
ters upon lands which the Indians had occupied
under the treaty of 1804. A conspicious blunder —
to call it by no harsher name — was
the violation by Stillman's command of the
rules of civilized warfare in the attack made
ujjon Black Hawk's messengers, sent under
flag of truce to request a conference to settle
terms under which he might return to the west
side of the Mississippi — an act wliich resulted in
a humiliating and disgraceful defeat for its
authors and proved the first step in actual war.
Another misfortune was the failure to understand
Neapope's appeal for peace and permission for his
people to pass beyond the Mississippi the night
after the battle of Wisconsin Heights; and the
third and most inexcusable blunder of all, was
the refusal of the officer in command of the
"Warrior "' to respect Black Hawk's flag of truce
and request for a conference just before the
bloody massacre which has gone into history
under the name of the '' battle of the Bad Axe."
Either of these events, properly availed of, would
have prevented much of the butchery of that
bloody episode which has left a stain upon the
page of history, although this statement implies
no disposition to detract from the patriotism and
courage of some of the leading actors upon whom
the responsibility was placed of protecting the
frontier settler from outrage and massacre. One
of the features of the war was the bitter jealousy
engendered by the unwise policy pursued by
General Atkinson towards some of the volun-
teers— especially the treatment of General James
D. Henry, who, although subjected to repeated
slights and insults, is regarded by Governor Ford
and others as the real hero of the war. Too
brave a soldier to shirk any responsibility and
too modest to exploit his own deeds, he felt
deeply the studied purpose of his superior to
ignore him in the conduct of the campaign— a
purpose which, as in the affair at the Bad Axe,
was defeated by accident or by General Henry's
soldierly sagacity and attention to duty, although
he gave out to the public no utterance of com-
plaint. Broken in health by the hardships and
exposures of the campaign, he went South soon
after the war and died of consumption, unknown
and almost alone, in the city of New Orleans, less
two years later.
Aside from contemporaneous newspaper ac-
counts, monographs, and manuscripts on file
in public libraries relating to this epoch in State
history, the most comprehensive records of the
Black Hawk War are to be found in the " Life of
Black Hawk," dictated by himself (1834) ; Wake-
field's "History of the War between the United
States and the Sao and Fox Nations" (1834);
Drake's" Life of Black Hawk" (18.54); Ford's
"History of IlUnois " (1854); Reynolds' " Pio-
neer History of Illinois; and ''My Own Times";
Davidson & Stuve's and Moses' Histories of Illi-
nois; Blanchard's " The Northwest and Chicago" ;
Armstrong's "The Sauks and the Black Hawk
War," and Reuben G. Thwaite's "Story of the
Black Hawk War " (1892. )
CHICAGO HEIGHTS, a village in the southern
part of Cook County, twenty-eight miles south of
the central part of Chicago, on the Chicago &
Eastern Illinois, the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern and
the Michigan Central Railroads ; is located in an
agricultural region, but has some manufactures
as well as good schools — also has one newspaper.
Population (1900), 5,100.
GRANITE, a city of Madison County, located
five miles north of St. Louis on the lines of the
Burlington; the Chicago & Alton; Cleveland,
Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis; Chicago, Peoria
& St. Louis (Illinois), and the Wabash Railways.
It is adjacent to the Merchants' Terminal Bridge
across the Mississippi and has considerable manu-
facturing and grain-storage business; has two
newspapers. Population (1900), 3,122.
HARLEM, a village of Proviso Township, Cook
County, and suburb of Chicago, on the line of the
Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, nine miles
west of the terminal station at Chicago. Harlem
originally embraced the village of Oak Park, now
a part of the city of Chicago, but, in 1884, was set
off and incorporated as a village. Considerable
manufacturing is done here. Population (1000),
4,085.
HARTEY, a city of Cook County, and an im-
portant manufacturing suburb of the city of Chi-
616
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
cago, three miles southwest of the southern city
limits. It is on the line of the Illinois Central
and the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railways, and
has extensive manufactures of harvesting, street
and steam railway machinery, gasoline stoves,
enameled ware, etc. ; also has one newspaper and
ample school facilities. Population (1900), 5,395.
IOWA CEXTRAL RAILWAY, a railway line
having its principal termini at Peoria, 111., and
Manly Junction, nine miles north of Mason City,
Iowa, with several lateral branches making con-
nections with Centerville, Newton, State Center,
Story City, Algona and Northwood in the latter
State. The total length of line owned, leased
and operated by the Company, officially reported
in 1899, was 508.98 miles, of which 89.76 miles-
including 3.5 miles trackage facilities on the
Peoria & Pekin Union between Iowa Junction
and Peoria — were in Illinois. The Illinois divi-
sion extends from Keithsburg — where it enters
the State at the crossing of the Mississippi — to
Peoria. — (History.) The Iowa Central Railway
Company was originally chartered as the Central
Railroad Company of Iowa and the road com-
pleted in October, 1871. In 1873 it passed into
the hands of a receiver and, on June 4, 1879, was
reorganized under the name of the Central Iowa
Railway Company. In May, 1883, this company
purchased the Peoria & Farmington Railroad,
which was incorporated into the main line, but
defaulted and passed into the hands of a receiver
December 1, 1886; the line was sold under fore-
closure in 1887 and 1888, to the Iowa Central
Railway Company, which had effected a new
organization on the basis of 611,000,000 common
stock, §6,000,000 preferred stock and $1,379,625
temporary debt certificates convertible into pre-
ferred stock, and §7,500,000 first mortgage bonds.
The transaction was completed, the receiver dis-
charged and the road turned over to the new
company. May 15, 1889.— (Financial). The total
capitalization of the road in 1899 was §31,337,558,
of which §14,1.59,180 was in stock, §6,650,095 in
bonds and §528,383 in other forms of indebtedness.
The total earnings and income of the line in Illi-
nois for the same year were §.533,568, and the ex-
penditures §566,333.
SPARTA, a city of Randolph County, situated
on the Centralia & Chester and the Mobile &
Ohio Railroads, twenty miles northwest of Ches-
ter and fifty miles southeast of St. Louis. It has
a number of manufacturing establishments, in-
cluding plow factories, a woolen mill, a cannery
and creameries; also has natural gas. The first
settler was James McCIui-ken, from South Caro-
lina, who settled here in 1818. He was joined by
James Armour a few years later, who bough'
land of McClurken, and togetlier they laid cu'
a village, which first received the name of Co
lumbus. About the same time Robert G. Shan
non, who had been conducting a mercantile busi
ness in the vicinity, located in the town and
became the first Postmaster. In 1839 the name
of the town was changed to Sparta. Mr. McClur-
ken, its earliest settler, appears to have been a
man of considerable enterprise, as he is credited
with having built the first cotton gin in this vi-
cinity, besides still later, erecting saw and flour
mills and a woolen mill. Sparta was incorporated
as a village in 1837 and in 1859 as a city. A col-
ony of members of the Reformed Presbyterian
Church (Covenanters or "Seceders") established
at Eden, a beautiful site about a mile from
Sparta, about 1833, cut an important figure in
the history of the latter place, as it became the
means of attracting here an industrious and
thriving population. At a later period it became
one of the most important stations of the "Under-
ground Railroad" (so called) in Illinois (which
see). The population of Sparta (1890) was 1,979;
(1900), 2,041.
TOLUCA, a city of Marshall County situated
on the line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
Raib-oad, 18 miles southwest of Streator. It is in
the center of a rich agricultural district ; has the
usual church and educational facilities of cities
of its rank, and two newspapers. Population
(1900), 2,639.
WEST HAMMOND, a village situated in the
northeast corner of Thornton Township, Cook
County, adjacent to Hammond, Ind. , from which
it is separated by the Indiana State line. It is on
the Michigan Central Railroad, one mile south of
the Chicago City limits, and has convenient ac-
cess to several other lines, including the Chicago
& Erie; New York. Chicago & St. Louis, and
Western Indiana Railroads. Like its Indiana
neighbor, it is a manufacturing center of much
importance, was incorporated as a village in
1893, and has grown rapidly within the last few
years, having a population, according to the cen-
sus of 1900, of 2,935.
LEE COUNTY
H I T E SI
CO Vr 7>T T -y
DEKALB CO
LEE COUNTY COURT HOUSE, DIXON, 1900-1901.
THE O. B. DODGE LIBRARY r.UILDING, DIXOX.
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
BY
CHAPTER I.
GENERAL HISTORY.
INTRODUCTION — TREATY OF PRAIKIE DU CHIEN —
CESSION OF INDIAN LANDS — COUNTY AND
TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION EAKLY ROADS AND
BRIDGES COURTS AND COURT HOUSES — COUN-
TY-SEAT CONTESTS — CIRCUIT JUDGES — IMESIBERS
OF GENERAL ASSEMBLY COUNTY OFFICERS — LEE
COUNTY IN CIVIL WAR STEAM AND ELECTRIC
RAILROADS DRAINAGE SYSTEMS T(3RNAD0
EARLY MARKETS SCHOOLS — STATE ROADS.
FOREWORD. — In keeping with the general
aim and purpose of the foregoing "Historical
Encyclopedia of Illinois," the matter embraced
in the following pages, constituting a part
Of the Special Lee County Edition, does
not profess to be a narrative history,
but rather a bringing-together In as con-
cise form as practicable, of matters of
historic interest without elaboration or em-
bellishment. Much labor has been be-
stowed on verification of statements, names
and dates. To this end old settlers and oflBcial
records have been consulted as far as possible,
and the manuscript of most of the towns has
been submitted to persons well posted in the
early history of the particular locality In the
case of the towTis of Reynolds, Viola, East
Grove, South Dixon, May and Marion, the in-
formation has been obtained largely from his-
tories heretofore published; but in the case of
the remaining sixteen towns, facts have been
procured from various other sources as well,
with a constant eye to accuracy of statement
and avoidance of mistakes. By the exercise of
such precautions, many misstatements found
in other publications have been omitted and
considerable new matter incorporated. While
errors are well nigh unavoidable in a work of
this character, where so many names and dates
are involved and where the sources of infor-
mation are necessarily more or less fallible,
it is hoped that we have succeeded in reducing
such shortcomings to the minimum.
The reader is to understand that, when pres-
ent conditions are mentioned or the ■present
tense used, September 1, 1903, is the date re-
ferred to, unless otherwise indicated.
All the northern part of Illinois was ceded
to the United States by the United Nations of
Chippewa, Ottawa and Pottawatomie Indians,
by treaty made at Prairie du Chien. July 28,
1829. The language of the cession is: "All
lands comprehended within the following lim-
its, to-wit: Beginning at the Winnebago Vil-
lage on Rock River forty miles from the mouth,
and running thence down the Rock River to a
line which runs due west from the most south-
ern bend of Lake Michigan to the Mississippi
River, and with that line to the Mississippi op-
620
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
posite to Rock Island; thence up that river to
the United States reservation at the Mouth of
Ouisconsin (Wisconsin); thence with the south
and east lines of said reservation to the Ouis-
consin River; thence southerly passing the
heads of the small streams emptying into the
Mississippi to the Rock River aforesaid at the
Winnebago Village, the place of beginning.
And also one other tract of land described as
follows, to-wit: Beginning on the west shore
of Lake Michigan at the northeast corner of
the field of Antoine Ouilmette, who lives near
Gross Point, about twelve miles north of Chi-
cago, thence running due west to the Rock
River aforesaid; thence down the said river to
where a line drawn due west from the most
southern bend of Lake Michigan crosses said
river; thence east along said line to the Fox
River of the Illinois; thence along the north-
western boundary line of the cession of 1816
to Lake Michigan; thence northwardly along
the western shore of said lake to place of be-
ginning."
Certain reservations were made, and among
them this; "To Madeline, a Pottawatomie
woman, wife of Joseph Ogee, one Section west
of and adjoining the tract herein granted to
Pierre Leclaire at the PawPaw Grove." Two
sections were also reserved for Shab-eh-nay at
his village near PawPaw Grove.
In consideration of this extensive grant the
United States agreed to pay said Nations, at
Chicago, $16,000 in specie, annually forever, and
to cause to be delivered to them the next Octo-
ber $12,000 worth of goods as a present, and also
to deliver fifty barrels of salt annually to them
at Chicago, "and to make permanent for the use
of the said Indians the blacksmith's establish-
ment at Chicago."
This instrument is signed by the Government
Commissioners and by thirty-flve chiefs and
warriors; and among the witnesses are Zach-
ary Taylor, subsequently President of the
United States.
County and Toicnship Organization. — In
December, 1836, the original county of Ogle
was formed, embracing the present county of
Lee. Ogle having theretofore belonged to Jo
Daviess County. At a closely contested election
less than 200 votes were polled in the county,
a residence of six months being at that time
sufficient.
February 27, 1839, an act passed the General
Assembly creating the County of Lee. Com-
missioners from neighboring parts of the State
formally located the county-seat where the
Court House now stands. May 31, 1839.
From the organization of the county until the
adoption of the township organization system
in 1850, all the county and township business
was transacted by three County Commissioners,
under the style of the Commissioners' Court.
(See County Officers.) For convenience of vot-
ing, the county was divided into election pre-
cincts by the Commissioners who appointed the
judges of election. They appointed an assessor
and collector for the whole county.
The County Commissioners held their first
session September 13. 1839. At a meeting four
days later, their only business, besides allow-
ing bills, was to grant a license to Howe &
Sons "to exhibit a circus." Thus early was the
matter of amusements looked after by the
governing body. March 4, 1840, they divided
the county into sixteen road districts, and ap-
pointed a supervisor for each. On the 30th of
same month they established the following
election precincts: Gap Grove, Dixon, Frank-
lin, Malugin, Inlet and Winnebago.
July 19, 1850, Joseph Crawford, Harvey Mor-
gan and Lorenzo D. Wasson, commissioners ap-
pointed by the County Court, reported that, in
pursuance of act of the Legislature of Febru-
ary 12, 1849, relating to township organization,
they had divided the county into townships
as follows: PawPaw, Towns 37, 38 and 39
North, Range 2 E. of Third Principal Merid-
ian; Brooklyn, Towns 37, 38 and 39 N., R. 1 E.;
Hanno, T. 19 N., R. 11 E. Fourth P. M.; Lee
Center, T. 20 N., R. 11 E.; Bradford, T. 21 N.,
R. 11 E. and south half of T. 22 N., R. 11 E.;
Hamilton, Towns 19 N.. Ranges 8, 9 and 10 E.
and T. 20 N, R. S E. and south half of T. 20 N.,
R. 9 E.; Amboy, T. 20 N., R. 10 E. and north
half of T. 20 N., R 9 E.; Fremont, T. 21 N., R.
10 E. and south part of T. 22 N., R. 10 E. in Lee
County; Dixon, T. 21 N., R. 9 E. and that part
of T. 22 N., R. 9 E. in Lee County, and that
part of T. 21 N., R. 8 E. lying south of river;
Palmyra, that part of T. 22 N., R. 8 E. in Lee
County and that part of T. 21 N., R. 8 E., lying
north of river.
It is a little singular that, on the 14th day of
May. 1850. before the above report was made,
the Board of Supervisors met in its first ses-
sion: Present, Daniel Baird, David Searles,
C. R. Dewey, Charles Starks, Henry A. Coe and
G. R. Linn. Linn was chairman. What towns
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
621
were thus represented, or by what authority
they convened, does not appear. At this meet-
ing "the town formerly called Fremont" was
changed to China, and "the town formerly called
PawPaw" was changed to Wyoming.
In 1850 the assessed value of real estate in
the county was |215,360 and of personal prop-
erty $168,341. The average monthly wages to
farm hands was $12; the average pay to day
laborers was 63 cents per day, with board, and
75 cents per da,y without board; carpenters,
$1.50 per day; female domestics, $1.25 per week;
board for laborers, $1.50 per week.
In 1850 an academy was in operation at Lee
Center with two teachers and 40 pupils, and
there were 46 teachers and 1,518 pupils in the
public schools. In this year the capital invested
in the manufacture of harvesters, plows, lime,
lumber, flour and other products was $24,300,
and the output was valued at $5,000 per annum.
The population of the entire county in 1840
was 2,035. In 1845 it had increased to 3,282; in
1850, to 5,289; in 1870, to 27,138; in 1880, to
30,186; in 1890 it dropped to 26.187; in 1900
it rose to 29,894.
It may be worth while to observe that the
total amount of taxes to be collected by town-
ships in the County, in 1852, was as follows:
Amboy, $740.35; Harmon, $702.14; Bradford,
$223.66; Wyoming. $805.62; Hamilton, $448.88;
Palmyra. $1,135.53; Brooklyn, $368.42; Lee Cen-
ter, $463.55; Dixon, $8,738.65.
To P. R. Dutcher. who located in Dixon in
1838 and two years later at Rocky Ford, and
who became prominently identified with Am-
boy, belongs the honor of having given the
county its name. This seems to be conceded;
no one questions his right. It is supposed to
have been named for Richard Henry Lee, the
"Light Horse Harry" of Revolutionary fame.
The Kellogg Trail from Peoria to Galena,
which was . the first defined line of travel be-
tween the two points, was run by O. W. Kellogg,
who settled at Buffalo Grove (now Polo), and
was a brother-in-law to John Dixon, in 1827.
Mrs. E. B. Baker, still living in Dixon, was his
daughter. This trail is frequently referred to
in the histories of the northern part of the
State, particularly in connection with the Black
Hawk war. It entered the territory of Lee
County after passing "Dad Joe's Grove," and
crossed Green River on the west line of north-
west quarter of Section 35, in the Town of
Marion, early owned by David Welty and now
the property of his son Charles. Here was
constructed the only bridge in those days over
the river. The trail was the stage route from
Peoria to Galena. A turnpike was built about a
mile long which could be traveled only on pay-
ing toll. (See Marion.) At the north end of
the pike, Mr. Welty built a large log house,
forty-two feet long, which for years served as a
tavern for the wayfarers. It was also a stage
station and appears on early maps of the county
as Scottville.
Levels taken at the time of the original sur-
vey of the Illinois Central Railroad, indicate
that Sublette is 178 feet higher than Amboy,
while Eldena is 60 feet higher, and Dixon 54
feet lower than that city.
The first telephone line to enter the county
was that of the Central Union Telephone Com-
pany, which was granted a franchise by the
City of Dixon, July 6, 1881.
The Lee County Telephone Company was in-
corporated April 16, 1897, with J. H. Thomp-
son. I. B. Countryman, C. F. Emerson and W.
C. Dysart as its first Board of Directors. Its
present officers are L. D. Pitcher, President and
General Manager; Louis A. Pitcher, Superinten-
dent and Secretary; J. C. Ay res. Treasurer.
A bridge was built across Rock River at
Grand Detour and completed for travel, in the
spring or early fall of 1902, at the joint ex-
pense of Lee and Ogle counties. Special or-
ders were drawn on the Treasurer of Lee
County for $28,870.46, to meet its portion of
the cost.
While on the subject of bridges, it is inter-
esting to observe that, in 1843, the Legislature
passed an act for the incorporation of a com-
pany to build a bridge across the river at
Grand Detour to be known as the Rock River
Bridge Company. Solon Cumins, George Gush-
ing and Solomon C. Cotton were authorized to
open subscription of stock. Again, in 1855, an-
other company was organized by the Legisla-
ture, under the name of the Grand Detour
Bridge Company; Leonard Andrews (Andrus),
J. W. D. Gushing and Solon Cumins were the
commissioners to receive subscriptions of stock.
It does not appear that anything practical was
accomplished under either act.
Courts and Court Houses. — In September.
1837. the first Court in Ogle County was held at
Dixon, what is now Lee County being then in-
cluded in Ogle. Judge Dan Stone, of Galena,
presided, and appointed Thomas Ford, after-
622
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
wards Governor of the State, Prosecuting At-
torney. Later Ford became Judge of the same
court. The session was held In a building for-
merly used as a blacksmith shop, which had
been rendered reasonably suitable by laying
floor, plastering and other repairs.
In 1840 the first Court House was built in
Court House Square, at a cost of $7,000, which
was paid by donations. Father Dixon gave the
block or "square," and it is commonly under-
stood that he also gave eighty acres of land.
He conveyed the block to the county by deed,
dated March 7, 1840, and recorded in the Re-
corder's Office, in Book "A" of Deeds, p. 10. The
first jail was built the same year and was lo-
cated on the southeast corner of Second Street
and Ottawa Avenue, where the residence of Mr.
W. J. McAlpine now stands. No. 204 Ottawa
Avenue.
The Court House was a square two-story
brick building, and in the fall of 1867 its length
southward was nearly doubled, and a porch with
imposing columns added to the front at a cost
of $7,000. In 1871 a fire-proof one-story brick
addition was built as a vault and paid for by
the town of Dixon, with the aid of small ap-
propriations from the towns of Nelson and Pal-
myra, on the east side, costing $3,000. Prior to
this, and probably about 1860, a one-story brick
offlce-building was built in the northwest cor-
ner of the block. On the completion of the
vault, this was torn down and the records ta-
ken to the Court House.
The first term of the Circuit Court of the
new County of Lee was held on the third Mon-
day of April, 1840, Judge Dan Stone presiding;
Aaron Waklee, Sheriff: Shelton L. Hall, Circuit
Attorney; George W. Chase, Clerk. (See Law
Records A. p. 1.)
In 1872 the county jail and Sheriff's resi-
dence, now in use, was built at a cost of about
$25,000.
The present fine Court House is an orna-
ment to the city, which is so fortunate as to
possess it, and a credit to the county which
was so progressive as to erect it. The Board
of Supervisors to Avhom the honor must be
accorded was composed of E. W. Smith, Chair-
man; W. W. Gilmore. Hugh McGuirk, M. A.
Crawford, Thomas M. Philips. M. A. Girton
and Geo. W. Smith; Jas. Kirby, A. J. Tompkins,
J. M. Trostle, Wm. S. Frost, E. C. Parsons, N.
A. Cortright, Wm. Anderson, John W. Wads-
worth, John M. Gardner, Hugh Fitzpatrick,
Henry Shippert, W. W. Hardin, M. Sullivan,
Geo. J. Barth, E. C. Lamb, F. L. Childs and F.
B. Rogers — the first seven constituting the
Building Committee with Supervisor Smith as
chairman, he being also chairman of the Board.
R. S. Farrand, then County Judge, and other
county officers rendered valuable service by
their cooperation. W. J. McAlpine was the
contractor and Charles E. Bush the architect.
The actual cost of the improvement, as shown
by the records, is itemized thus: Building
alone, $103,394.94; wooden furniture, $8,818.70;
metal furnishings, $4,816; street wall, cement
walks, grading, etc., $7,174.14— Total, $124,-
203.78. To meet the cost $90,000 of county bonds
were issued, falling due in installments of $1,-
UOO each in annual payments, commencing in
1905. The balance was raised by direct tax.
The old Court House was vacated in March,
1900. The September term of the Circuit Court
of 1901 was held in the new building and the
county officers were on duty in their new quar-
ters. In the interim, while the building was be-
ing constructed, the Schuler building, 401-403
First Street, housed the various offices and
served as a Court House.
At the convening of the September term sim-
ple appropriate exercises were had in observ-
ance of the occasion. Judges Crabtree, Shaw
and Baume. the three Judges of the Circuit,
were on the bench, Judge Crabtree presiding.
The new court room was crowded with specta-
tors. Suitable remarks were made by members
of the bar and others, to which the Judges in
turn responded.
The new building covers the ground occupied
by the old. The cornerstone was laid by the
Grand Lodge of A. F. & A. M. of Illinois, July
17, 1900, and the event was otherwise honored
l)y a fitting program, Judge Kohlsaat, of the
United States District Court at Chicago, deliv-
ering the address.
County-seat Contests. — At the September
term, 1896, a petition was filed with the County
Clerk, praying that an election be ordered by
the County Court to be held November 10th, on
the question of removal of the County-seat from
Dixon to Amboy. The election was ordered
and the total number of votes cast on the sub-
ject were 6,725, of which 4,115 were against re-
moval. The fight was vigorous on both sides.
Among the inducements offered by the Amboy
party was the adoption of a resolution by the
City Council to appropriate $15,000 for the pur-
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
623
chase of a Court-house site, and a subscription
list filed in the County Clerk's office, payable
to the Board of Supervisors, for ?50,000 for the
erection of county buildings in Amboy.
The location of the county-seat had been a
bone of contention from an early date, and only
by the election above referred to was it finally
settled. That was the only time when It was
submitted to vote of the people; but a fight
which may be called stalwart, if not bitter, was
waged by Amboy in 1S60. and another less de-
termined, eight or nine years later. In those
years it was only by special act of the Legisla-
ture that the county-seat could be moved, and
hence the wars were waged in the halls of leg-
islation at Springfield. In 1S60 Lee and White-
side Counties were in one Legislative District,
and the Amboy party, by combining with White-
side, secured an enormous advantage in the elec-
tion of Dr. George Ryan, of PawPaw ( after-
v,ards of Amboy). as Representative in the Leg-
islature, and Dr. R. F. Adams of Lee Center as
Senator. The Dixon party set up Judge Heaton
against Adams, but the latter was elected.
Ryan and Adams, together with their home sup-
porters, made themselves busy by the means
prevalent in legislative bodies, in obtaining
pledges and clinching them. Indeed, everything
was culminating to their entire satisfaction
and every sign was auspicious, when a force
undreamed of appeared on the scene. It was
the venerable, much beloved Father Dixon. His
mildness of manner, his flowing white locks
and winning face, accomplished their undoing
as nothing else could have done. He met each
member, many of whom already knew him per-
sonally or by reputation; was invited to sit by
the Speaker during the deliberations of the
body; was the guest of honor at banquets, and
was the social lion of the hour. Members who
had promised to vote for the removal bill began
to weaken as the time for action approached,
saying they had not the heart to take the coun-
ty-seat away from the town the genial old man
had founded and which bore his honored name;
and with this leaven working against it, to-
gether with the shrewdness of James L. Camp,
B. F. Shaw, J. C. Ayres and others, the bill was
defeated. The attentions paid Father Dixon,
however, had prostrated him. The change from
his simple habits of life were too severe for his
system. A special car on the Illinois Central
was provided, and the old gentleman was car-
ried to it on a stretcher and hurried home.
Thus ended Amboy's first attempt to remove the
coveted seat of government from Dixon.
The next campaign was in 1S69 or 1870 when
Alonzo Kinyon of Amboy was in the Lower
House of the Legislature. This belated effort,
however, lacked the confidence and co-opera-
tion of the active men of Amboy which charac-
terized the former, and easily succumbed to the
organized opposition of the Dixon contingent.
Judges of Circuit Court. — For Circuit Court
purposes Lee County has formed a part of dif-
ferent circuits, as follows: Sixth Circuit from
1840 to 1849; Twenty-second, from 1857; Third,
from 1873; Thirteenth, from 1877, and from
1S97 the Fifteenth, to which it still belongs.
The Judges of the Circuit Court from the bar
of Lee County have been as follows: J. V. Eus-
tace, commissioned March 16, 1857, Twenty-sec-
ond Circuit; W. W. Heaton, July 1, 1861, and
June 7, 1867, Twenty-second Circuit; W. W.
Heaton, June 16, 1873, Third Circuit, died De-
cember 26, 1877, and was succeeded by J. V.
Eustace, who was commissioned to Fifteenth
Circuit. June 16, 1879, and June 16, 1885. He
died December 13, 1887, and was succeeded by
J. H. Cartwright, of Ogle County. J. D. Crab-
tree was commissioned to same circuit June
9, 1888, to succeed Judge Bailey, of Stephenson
County, deceased. He was again commissioned
June 16, 1891, and June 8, 1897; died May 22
1902, and was succeeded by R. S. Farrand, who
was commissioned August 1. 1902, and June 18^
1903, being the present incumbent. All were
elected, no vacancies having been filled by ap
pointment.
Members of the Legislature. — State Sena^
tors— Silas Noble, 1846-48; Richard F. Ad
ams, 1858-62; Jas. K. Edsall, 1870-72; Henry
D. Dement, 1876-80; John D. Crabtree. 1886
to May 29, 1888, when he resigned; Chas. H.
Hughes, 1902, present incumbent. Represent-
atives—Jos. Crawford, 1848-54; John V. Eustace.
1856-58; George Ryan, 1860-62 and 1866-68; De-
mas Harris, 1862-64; Obed W. Bryant, 1864-66;
Alonzo Kinyon, 1868-70; Norman H. Ryan, 1870-
72; Henry D. Dement, 1872-76; Abijah Powers,
1876-78; Bernard H. 'irusdell, 1876-80; Alex. P.
Dysart. 1878-82; Solomon H. Bethea, 1882-84;
John B. Felker, 1882-84; Chas. H. Ingalls, 1884-
86; Benj. H. Bradshaw, 1886-90; Sherwood
Dixon. 1888-92; Luther W. Mitchell. 1890-92;
Washington I. Guflin, 1892-1900; Chas. H.
Hughes, 1900-02.
624
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY*
County Commissioners — At the first election
in 1839 the full Board of three Commissioners
was chosen. After this the term of one expired
and his successor was elected each year. C. F.
Ingalls, Nathan Whitney and J. P. Dixon con-
stituted the first Board, and their successors
were as follows: A. E. Haskell. 1840; Joseph
Crawford, 1841: O. F. Ayres, 1842; J. C. Mor-
gan, 1843; D. Baird, 1844; D. H. Birdsell, 1845;
James Gohle, 1846, to fill vacancy caused by
Baird's resignation; Warren Badger, 1847; Ste-
phen Fuller, 1848; John Gilmore, 1848, to fill
vacancy to 1850, when township organization
went into effect.
County Judges — Harvey Morgan from 1839 to
1843; Otis A. Eddy to 1847; Lorenzo Wood from
November, 1849, to December 27, 1853; David
Welty, from December, 1853, to December. 1861;
William W. DeWolf, December, 1861, to No-
vember 6. 1869; John D. Crabtree, November
6, 1869, to December 1, 1877; James B. Char-
ters, December 1, 1877, to December 1, 1882;
Richard S. Farrand, December 1, 1882, to Au-
gust 9, 1902; Robert H. Scott, by appointment,
August 9, 1902, elected November 4, 1902, pres-
ent incumbent.
County c;<?rA-s— Isaac S. Boardman. from 1839
to June 7, 1843; Jas. P. Dixon, June to Septem-
ber, 1843; Charles T, Chase. September, 1843,
to 1849; J. B. Gregory, November 28, 1849, to
November, 1853; Thomas W. Eustace, Decem-
ber, 1853, to December 4, 1861; James A. Haw-
ley, December 4, 1861, to December 1, 1882;
Charles H. Gardner, to December. 1886; James
H. Thompson, December, 1886, to November 24,
1902; William C. Thompson, November 24, 1902,
present incumbent.
Clerks of Circuit Court— Geo. W. Chase,
April, 1840, to 1841; C. T. Chase, 1841-51; N. F.
Porter. 1851; Isaac S. Boardman, 1851-57; G.
E. Haskell, 1857-59; Isaac S. Boardman in 1859;
B. F. Shaw, 1859-68; J. N. Hyde, 1868-76; Rem-
ington Warriner, 1876 to December 1, 1882; Ira
W. Lewis, December 1. 1882, to December 7,
1896; Arvene S. Hyde, December 7, 1896, to
January 1. 1898; Ira W. Lewis, by appoint-
ment, January 1, 1898, to December, 1898,
elected November. 1898, to fill unexpired term
of Arvene S. Hyde to December, 1900; Ira W.
Lewis. December, 1900, present incumbent.
Recorders — Michael Fellows, 1839-44: Edwin
W. Kine, 1844-50, since which time the Clerk of
the Circuit Court has served as ex-officio Re-
corder.
County Treasurers — John Morse, 1840-43; Na-
than Morehouse, 1843-46; S. Parker, in 1846;
W. W. Bethea, to 1850; Elias B. Stiles, 1850-57;
Thomas B. Little. 1857-59; Elias B. Stiles, 1859-
63; Joseph T. Little, 1863-71; Josiah Little,
1871-75; Frederick A. Truman, 1875-79; Josiah
Little. 1879-86; Chas. H. Hughes. 1886-90; Mich-
ael M. Maloney, 1890-94; Chas. P. Welty, 1894-
98; John M. Sterling, 1898-1902; Walter B.
Merriman, November, 1902, present incumbent.
Sheriffs— A. Waklee, 1839-40; Aaron L. Por-
ter, 1840-42; James Campbell, 1842-48; James
Goble, 1848-51; Aaron L. Porter, 1851-53; Ozias
Wheeler, in 1853; William Butler, to 1856; Ozi-
as Wheeler, 1856-58; Lester Harding, 1858-60;
Aaron L. Porter, 1860-62; Charles F. LyBn,
1862-64; Rensselaer P. Treadwell, 1864-66; Tru-
man L. Pratt, 1866-68; George M. Berkley, 1868-
76; J. N. Hills, 1876-80; Walter Little, 1880-82;
Isaac Edwards, 1882-86; William H. Woodyatt,
1886-90; Geo. F. Stainbrook, 1890-94; Joseph
L. Gray, 1894-98: Michael J. McGowan, 1898-
1902; Chas. H. Wohnke, Nov. 24. 1902, present
incumbent.
Superitendent of Schools (First known as
School Commissioner) — E. R. Mason, to 1840;
Joseph T. Little, 1840-43; Daniel B. McKinney,
1843-46; Lorenzo Wood. 1846-50; John V. Eus-
tace, 1850-53; John Stevens, 1853-55; S. Wright,
1855-57; James A. Hawley, 1857-59; John Men-
roe, 1859-61; W. H. Gardner, 1861-63; B. P.
Atherton. 1863-65; James H. Preston, 1865-73;
Daniel Carey, 1873-76; James H. Preston. 1876,
to December, 1880; Samuel J. Howe. 1880 to
November 2, 1886; P. M. James, 1886-90; Jay
C. Edwards, 1890-94; J. P. Edwards, 1894 to No-
vember 4, 1902, elected for third term Novem-
ber, 1902, present incumbent.
Surveyors — Joseph Crawford. 1839-44; S. H.
Whitmore, 1844-46; S. Parker in 1846; C. Camp,
1846-49; Joseph Crawford, 1849-55; A. W. Tink-
ham, 1855-57; Milton Santee, 1857-61; K. P.
Booth, 1861-63: W. B. Andrus, 1863-65; C. R.
Hall, 1865-67; Wm. McMahan, 1867 to November
7, 1882; Henry E. Wylie. 1882-88; L. B. Neigh-
bor, 1888-92; Chas. C. Jacobs, 1892-96; Wm. B.
McMahan, 1896-1900; L. B. Neighbor, Novem-
ber, 1900, present incumbent.
Coroners — Samuel Johnson. 1839-41; John
Lord, 1841-48; Sol. Parker, 1848-50; .Jas. Goble,
1850-54; D. B. McKinney, 1854-56; H. 0. Kel-
sey. 1856-64; Jos. Hatch, Jr., 1864-66; H. Barrell,
1866-70; A. E. Wilcox, 1870-80; J. C. Church,
1880 to November, 1888; Wm. B. Andrus, 1888
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
625
to December, 1S99; Chas. T. Smith, 1S99 to No-
vember 6, 1900, at which date he was elected
for third term.
State's Attorney — Wm. E. Ives, 1S72-76; A. C.
Bardwell, 1S76-80; Chas. B. Morrison, Decem-
ber 1, 1880, to December 7, 1896; Edward H.
Brewster, 1896-1900; Chas. H. Wooster, Decem-
ber, 1900, present incumbent.
County Assessor, Overseer of Poor and Col-
lector— Under the first organization, the Coun-
ty Commissioners chose these officers. March
7, 1840, John Morse was appointed first Asses-
sor, April 16th of the same year, Joseph Saw-
yer was appointed first Overseer of the Poor
and David Tripp first Collector,
LEE COUNTY IN THE CIVIL WAR.
A good sized volume would be required to
fairly set forth the part which the people of
Lee County took in that memorable struggle.
The limitations of space therefore preclude the
effort, but a few interesting facts will be set
down.
The quotas assigned to the State by the Fed-
eral Government under the several calls were:
Call of 1861, 47,785; call of July, 1862, 26,148;
call of August, 1862, 26,148 for nine months, be-
ing equivalent to 6,537 for three years; draft
call of 1863, 36,700; of October 17, 1863, 27,930;
February 1, 1864, 46,309; March 4. 1864, 18.-
564; July IS, 1864, 52,057; December 19, 1864,
32,887. The total quotas of Lee County were
2,454, and the enlistments credited to the coun-
ty were eight short of this number.
To meet this constant drain, the county and
and the towns of Dixon, Palmyra, Lee Center
and Willow Creek, offered bounties as induce-
ment to enlistments. The records in the Coun-
ty Clerk's office are very meager on the subject,
but the reports of the Adjutant-General of the
State show that the county paid $405,214.75 in
bounties, and to soldiers' families $15,465.75,
besides $218,707.55 paid as interest on county
warrants or bonds — making a total of $639,-
388.05. This was more than was expended for
this purpose by any other county in the State,
Cook and Bureau alone excepted.
It is commonly supposed that no draft was
made to fill any of the quotas assigned to Lee
County, but the writer is obliged to dispel this
illusion. As clerk to John V. Eustace, Provost
Marshal, he took part in a draft which was
publicly made in the court room at the Court
House in Dixon. How many were drafted or
on what quota, he does not recall. The num-
ber was small, and it may be that subsequent
enlistments avoided the necessity of its being
reported to the Adjutant-General's oflace.
At a special session of the Board of Super-
visors held May 14, 1861, a resolution was
passed appropriating $6,000 to "equip' the vol-
unteers of Lee County, and John G. Fleck, Josi-
ah M. Davis and Louis M. Blaisdell were ap-
pointed commissioners to expend the same.
The resolution refers to the "Ten Regiment"
bill, then recently passed by the Legislature, and
recites that "two companies are from this coun-
ty," and that no provision had been made for
their equipment. The resolution authorized
scrip to be issued in denominations of ?1, $2,
$3 and $5, payable February 15, 1862. No other
business was transacted at this session. At the
September meeting, 1861, a tax of 25 cents on
the $100 was voted to pay this scrip.
The Thirteenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry
was recruited under the Ten Regiment bill,
above alluded to. It was mustered into the
United States service. May 24, 1861, by Capt.
John Pope of the regular army, at Camp De-
ment, Dixon, with John B. Wyman, of Amboy,
Colonel; B. F. Parks, of Aurora, Lieutenant-
Colonel, and A. B. Gorgas, of Dixon, Major.
Sunday. June 16, 1861, the regiment took train
for Caseyville near St. Louis, under Officers
John B. Wyman, Colonel, Benj. F. Parks, Lieu-
tenant-Colonel, and Fred'k W. Partridge, Ma-
jor. We quote from the Adjutant-General's
report: "The Thirteenth was the first regi-
ment organized from the then Second Congres-
sional District, and was composed of as good
citizens as Northern Illinois contained, many
that enlisted as privates rising to field offices
in later regiments. Its Colonel, John B. Wy-
man, organized and commanded the Chicago
Light Guards, the first crack corps the Garden
City ever had, and he soon brought the Thir-
teenth to a degree of proficiency in drill and
soldierly deportment that was never excelled
by any regiment with which it was afterwards
associated."
September 2, 1861, the Thirty-fourth Illinois
Infantry left for the South, with E. N. Kirk as
Colonel, Amos Bosworth, Lieutenant-Colonel,
and Chas. N. Levanway, Major. The companies
were raised by the surrounding counties and
first went into camp at Camp Butler, Spring-
field, where regimental organization was ef-
fected September 7, 1861. About 530— nearly all
the survivors — were mustered as a veteran or-
626
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
ganization while still at the front, and on Janu-
ary S, 1S64, started home on veteran furlough,
rendezvoused at Dixon and started back for the
field February 28.
January 14, 1S62, an artillery company was
organized in Dixon with John T. Cheney as Cap-
tain. Though commonly known as Cheney's
Battery, it was in fact Battery "F" of First
Illinois Artillerj-. In February, 1S65, the com-
pany organization was discontinued and, on
March 7th, it was consolidated with other bat-
teries in the Regiment.
September 2, 1862, the Seventy-fifth Illinois
Volunteers, which had been quartered in West
Dixon camp, was mustered into service with
Dr. George Ryan as Colonel, John E. Bennett,
Lieutenant-Colonel, and Wm. M. Kilgour,
Major. It was composed almost entirely of men
from Lee, Ogle and Whiteside counties. It re-
mained at Camp Dement until September 27,
when it went to the front, crossing the Ohio
on the evening of the 30th and, on the Sth of
October, was engaged in the battle of Perr,v-
ville, where its loss was severe.
RAILROADS. — The survey of the Illinois
Central Railroad through Lee County was com-
pleted in 1851, and construction was commenced
the following year. January 13, 1S55, regular
trains began running, though the bridge at
Dixon was not then completed. Passengers
were transferred by boat until February 8, when
the first train crossed the bridge. The section
through the county was formally opened for
traffic February 1.
February 12, 1855, trains commenced running
to Chicago on the "Galena & Chicago Union
Air Line." It was also called the Dixon Air-
Line, and is now the Chicago & Northwestern.
The Chicago & Rock River Railroad was char-
tered by the Legislature of 1868-9. Every town
through which it passed, except two. took stock
in the railroad and issued bonds in payment.
Amboy Town, by a vote of 517 for to 92 against,
issued $100,000 of bonds which, after long and
fruitless litigation, were refunded for another
issue, $65,500 of which are still to become due.
Wyoming bonded itself for $50,000 for the same
purpose. After stubborn litigation the town
found further resistance futile and, in settle-
ment, issued $102,380 in bonds, all of which
have been paid. Other towns had similar ex-
perience; the town of Harmon alone escaping
by means of an injunction restraining the issue
of the bonds which the people had voted. Lee
Center and Marion were the only towns on the
line that did not vote to issue bonds for stock.
In every case the stock thus purchased was
sold by the towns at a discount. The road was
completed in the summer of 1872. Later it be-
came a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
System.
In 1870-71 the Chicago & Iowa Railway was
constructed through Rochelle, Ogle County, on
to Aurora, passing through the body of Alto
Township, and a corner of Willow Creek. This,
too, was soon absorbed by the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy System.
In 1902 the Peoria & Northwestern Railway
was built, connecting with the Chicago & North-
western at Nelson and extending to Peoria,
passing through Nelson Township and the
northwest portion of Harmon.
The Rochelle & Southern Railway Company
is, at this writing, engaged in constructing
a railroad from a point on the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy. near Steward, to McNab in
Putnam County, extending southerly through
the eastern portion of this county.
Vigorous movements are now on foot to con-
nect the towns and cities of this part of the
State by electric roads, To this end com-
panies have been incorporated as follows:
The "Illinois and Rock River Railway Com-
pany," incorporated May 31, 1900, to construot
a railroad from Rockford to Rock Falls, via
intermediate cities, to Wisconsin line, to Wau-
kegan, to Cairo, to Galena, and to Chicago —
capital stock. $1,000,000; duration fifty years;
first Board of Directors, Glen E. Plumb. River
Forest. 111.; Thomas C. MacMillan. Chicago;
Allen F. Millikan, River Forest; Ephralm Ban-
ning and Thomas A. Banning, Chicago.
The "Northern Illinois Electric Railway Com-
pany," incorporated June 24, 1901, to consruct
a road from Steward to Dixon, via Lee Center
and Amboy; capital, $700,000: duration fifty
years; office at Steward. 111.; first Directors — E.
L. Titus, I. R. Titus. S. D. Frost. Sherman L.
Shaw. J. M. Durin, F. N. Vaughan and G. H. T.
Shaw.
The "Sterling. Dixon and Eastern Electric
Railway Company," incorporated August 18,
1902, with capital stock of $300,000. to construct
"the railroad" from Sterling and Rock Falls
to Dixon; principal business office to be at
Sterling; term of corporation, fifty years; in-
corporators— Henry C. Higgins, Neenah, Wis.;
J. F. Springfield, Rochester, N. H.; Ward S.
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
627
Arnold, Chicago; Harry E. O'Neill, Omaha,
Neb.; F. E. Andrews. Sterling, 111.; Charles
H. Hughes, Dixon, 111.
The "Dixon, Rock Falls and Southwestern
Electric Railway Company" was incoporated
March 21, 1903, with a capital stock of $50,-
000; duration fifty years; purpose, to con-
struct "said railroad" from Dixon to Rock
Island, via Rock Falls. Directors — O. E. Max-
son, A. S. Goodell, A. J. McNeil, R. L. Leitch
and H. L. Sheldon, all of Rock Falls, 111.; ofRce
at Rock Falls.
The pioneer, however, in this line, was the
"Rock River Electric Railroad Company," in-
corporated February 7, 1S94, to construct a rail-
road from Rockford to Dixon; capital $500,000;
duration fifty year^; first Directors— Jas. S.
Tieknon. George E. King. Harry B. Andrews,
Jason C. Ayres and Fred G. Jones. Consider-
able was done by this Company in procuring
right of way and other preliminaries, but hard
times following 189^, finally defeated the en-
terprise.
The "Illinois and Rock River Company" se-
cured franchises in Rockford. Dixon, and in-
termediate points, but after doing a trifling
amount of work in the way of grading and set-
ting poles, permitted these to expire by limita-
tion. The franchises have, however, been re-
cently extended for another year.
The "Sterling. Dixon & Eastern" has laid its
tracks in Sterling, where its steam-power plant
is located, and is now doing the same in Dixon.
Gangs are at work between the two cities, and
the prospects are that, in a few months, these
places will be connected by electric rail line.
SWAMP LAND DRAINAGE.— Inlet Swamp
comprises, including the tracts it directly af-
fects, about 30,000 i;cres of land distributed
among the towns of Alto, Willow Creek,
Reynolds, Viola, Bradford and Lee Center. In-
let Drainage District was formed as early as
the 70s, having the drainage of the swamp in
view, but without practical results. August 5,
1887, The "Inlet Swamp Drainage District"
was formally organized by proceedings in
the County Court under the drainage law.
Preliminary to tjie organization, the court
appointed E. C. P&,rsons, Wesley Steward and
John Nellis to lay out the proposed
ditches and report plans and probable cost.
After reducing the system to less than half
what they recommended, organization was ef-
fected. It may be said that, by subsequent ac-
tion, the system they advocated has been prac-
tically adopted. To meet the cost of the ditches,
and such expenses as pertain thereto, six assess-
ments have been made on the lands of the dis-
trict, aggregatings $165,800. The last work on
the ditches was finished in 1901. The result
has surpassed the hopes of the most sanguine.
Lands, practically valueless before, are now
among the choicest in the county, for which
credit is due to the Court {Hon. R. S. Farrand),
the Commissioners, as well as the more pro-
gressive land owners. On the organization of
the district, the court appointed William S.
Frost, of Bradford. Henry B. Cobb, of Viola, and
Wesley Steward of Alto, Commissioners. The
board continued unchanged until September,
1899, when Xavier Gehant was appointed by
the court in Mr. Steward's place. Owing to
resignation of Mr. FroSt, there are now but two
Commissioners serving: A. J. McGinnis and
Wm. Fell. The ditches were laid out by Engi-
neer Rutledge, of Rockford. G. H. T. Shaw.
C. E., of Dixon, succeeded him and has had
charge of the greater part of the excavation
work. The four main ditches have a total
length of thjrty-two miles, into which empty
over seven and one-half miles of smaller ditches
or laterals.
Brush Grove Drainage District, embracing
about 10.000 acres, was organized by the Coun-
ty Court, August 7, 1893, to drain a tract lying
in the town of Alto, and projecting over into
Ogle County in the vicinity of Rochelle. In
fact, a small section of the city is within the
district. The first Commissioners were Albert
Horton," Wesley Steward and Wallace Brown.
The first assessment was made for $30,000, in
October, 1893; the second, for $12,000 , in May,
1895, and a third, for $6,000. has been levied
and only awaits the confirmation of the Court.
The present Commissioners are Albert Horton.
Wesley Steward and Fred W. Craft.
Districts have also been formed to drain land
in the southwest part of the county, but they
have been organized before Justices of the
Peace and their records are not accessible to
the writer. The most active, and probably the
most efficient of these, is "Union Drainage Dis-
trict No. 1." in the town of Hamilton. Lee Coun-
ty, and Hahneman. Whiteside County, of which
C. B. Keig^-in, Jas. Foley and John W. Cashion
are now. and for four or five years past, have
been, the Commissioners. The other districts
are Harmon No. 1 and Harmon No. 2.
Tornado. — On Sunday. June 3. 1860, a fright-
ful tornado swept through the central portion
628
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
of Lee County, strewing death and destruction
in its path. It originated in Iowa, crossing the
Mississippi River near Comanche and Albany,
almost wiping out the former village. It con-
tinued eastward through Whiteside County, and
on through the central portions of the towns of
Harmon, Amboy, Lee Center, Bradford and Wil-
low Creek in this county. A number of per-
sons were killed and many buildings demol-
ished in these towns. A special meeting of the
Board of Supervisors was held on the 13th of
June, to consider the question of extending aid
to the sufferers from the tornado, but the Board
decided that it had not the power to afford the
relief.
Early Markets. Prices. Etc. — In the first
years, Chicago was the only market where the
farmer could dispose of his product for cash.
Hither, before the advent of the railroad, the
cattle had to be driven and the grain hauled.
One settler at Four Mile Grove, near PawPaw,
says: "We hauled corn eighty miles to mar-
ket in early days, and then sold it for 14 cents
a bushel; while, for oats, we received 10 cents
and for wheat 40 cents a bushel. We could not
pay any hotel bills out of that money. Provis-
ions for man and team were carried from home
and poor shelter gratefully accepted." An-
other says: "One year I raised 500 bushels of
wheat, doing all the work — except exchanging
labor for a reaper — with the help of my wife.
She had been tenderly reared in a Massachu-
setts home, but went into the field and bound
the grain. When the crop was sold, we had
left, clear of expenses, only ten dollars to pay
for our toil." A resident of Palmyra writes,
but of what year is not clear: "Corn remained
unsalable. Through August and September
there would be a long string of teams going
into Chicago with wheat through clouds of
blinding, choking dust. The wheat generally
sold at 50 and 60 cents. On these long drives,
requiring a week or ten days to accomplish,
the load was seldom more than twenty-five
bushels. With the wheat was taken food for
man and beast, a scythe to cut grass by the
way and axe and auger for repair work."
Schools. — From Superintendent Edwards' re-
port for the year. July. 1902. to July. 1903, the
following items are gleaned: Number of school
districts in the county, 162; males in the coun
ty under 21, 5,745; females, 5,824; pupils en
rolled. 6.349; teachers in service — males, 53; fe
males, 188; average monthly wages paid teach
ers — males, $58.96; females. $37.52. Total
amount earned by male teachers, $21,584.04;
females, $58,478. Total expended for all school
purposes. $124,728.12. High schools — Ashton,
with six teachers; Franklin Grove, with five;
Amboy, with eleven; North Dixon, with twelve;
PawPaw, with six; Dixon (South of River),
twenty-three. School libraries in county, 123,
with an average of 76 volumes in each.
The Lee County Old Settlers' Association
held its first meeting at Amboy, August 30,
1873, since which date meetings and picnics
have been held annually at different places in
the county, Amboy seeming to be the favorite.
State Roads. — The early sessions of the Leg-
islature were largely concerned with the estab-
lishing of public or State roads. By act, ap-
proved March 2. 1839, Commissioners were ap-
pointed to view, mark, locate and establish a
State road from Fox River in Kane County
westward, by a road running from Aurora in
said county, to Dixon's Ferry in Ogle County.
March 3. 1843, an act was approved appointing
commissioners "to lay out, mark and locate
a State road from Chicago, in Cook County, via
St. Charles, Sycamore, Coltonville and Brow-
die's Grove to Dixon on the nearest and best
ground." Others were, in like manner, pro-
vided for by special act of the General Assem-
bly, and are all properly called "State roads."
CH.\PTER II.
THE BLACK HAWK WAR.
TREATY OF 1804 — BL.^CK H.\WK .VXD HI.S BRITISH
B.4ND LANDS ABOUT MOUTH OF ROCK RIVER DE-
CLARED OPEX TO SETTLEMENT INDIAN DISSAT-
ISFACTION— RETURN OF BLACK HAWK AND HIS
FOLLOVi'ERS GOV. ReVnOLDS' PROCLAMATION
ARRIVAL OF TROOPS AT DIXON's FEHEY — STILL-
MAN RUN DISASTER PROMINENT ILI.INOISANS
IN SERVICE — BATTLE OF KELLOGG'S GROVE —
0\-ERWHELMING DEFEAT OF THE INDIAN.S AT BAD
AXE. WIS.
In the year 1804 a treaty was entered into
at St. Louis between the united tribes of the
Sac and Fox Indians, on the one part, and
the United States, on the other, whereby, for a
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
629
consideration, the tribes ceded to the latter a
large tract of country embracing the Rock
River valley and the Village of the Sacs at its
mouth. The Indians reserved the right to live
and hunt on the ceded lands until the Govern-
ment should part with its title. These Indians
or their ancestors originally had their homes
in the neighborhood of Montreal; and although"
tliey had been driven from Canada, many of
them were still loyal to the British and sided
with them in the effort which our Government
was putting forth to compel the English to
surrender and vacate certain western forts in
accordance with the treaty of Paris of Septem-
ber 3, 1783. Black Hawk served in the English
army in the war of 1812. Moreover, the Sacs
were loth to abandon their village at the mouth
of Rock River; and Black Hawk, though only
a brave — not a chief — became the leader of the
disaffected element of that tribe known as the
"British Band," which, by opposition to re-
moval from the ceded lands, brought on the
Black Hawk War. By another treaty at St.
Louis, May 13, 1816, the Sacs of Rock River re-
established and confirmed the treaty of 1804.
But still the British Band was restive, and
depredations on the white settlements contin-
ued as before the treaty, Other treaties fol-
lowed: one in 1822, with the Sacs and Foxes;
one in 1824 between the Sacs and Foxes; and
cne in 1825, in which all the former treaties
were recognized. Still the Indians continued
to harass the white settlers in ways known only
to savagery.
In 1828 the President proclaimed certain
lands open for settlement and sale. This in-
cluded Black Hawk's village at the mouth of
Rock River. The chiefs and most of the Indi-
ans of the two tribes promptly vacated the
lands according to treaty, but Black Hawk re-
fused, claiming that when he signed the treaty
of 1816 he had been deceived and never knew
that his village had been included in its terms.
Then commenced a course of marauding and
intimidation against the new settlers. Re-
peated appeals were made to the Governor of
the State and, through him, to the United
States military authorities. Volunteers and
detachments of the regular army finally
marched on the village. The Indians escaped,
but their homes were burned. Then came the
treaty of June 30, 1831, in which it is recited
that "the said British Band of Sac Indians
have, in violation of the several treaties en-
tered into between the United States and the
Sac and Fox nations in the years 1804, 1816
and 1825, continued to remain upon and to
cultivate the lands on Rock River ceded to the
United States by said treaties, after said lands
had been sold by the United States to individ-
ual citizens of Illinois and other States." The
band then agrees, by this treaty, to move to
their lands west of the Mississippi and never
return.
Black Hawk and his followers complied with
this requirement in apparent good faith, but
on the 6th day of April, 1832, defiantly re-
crossed to the east bank of the Mississippi near
the mouth of the lower Iowa, with about 2,000
men, women and children, including about 500
warriors under arms, and thence set out on
his march up Rock River, On the 16th of April
Governor Reynolds issued a proclamation, the
opening sentences of which were calculated to
startle the country: "Fellow Citizens: Your
country requires your services. The Indians
have assumed a hostile attitude and have in-
vaded the State in violation of the treaty of
last summer. The British Band of Sac and
other hostile Indians, headed by Black Hawk,
are in possession of Rock River country to the
great terror of the frontier inhabitants. I con-
sider the settlers on the frontier in imminent
danger." As in all other emergencies in our
history, men all over the State responded with
alacrity.
It is beyond our present purpose to give a
detailed or extended account of this war as it
progressed. We must be content with such
incidents as are directly connected with the
locality whose history we are endeavoring to
sketch.
Father Dixon was early advised of the ap-
proach of Black Hawk and his followers. He
was assured by a leading Winnebago Chief,
Pachinka, that the Winnebagoes held posses-
sion of the lands through which Black Hawk
would have to pass, and that they would not
dare to injure the white friends of his nation,
among whom Father Dixon was numbered.
Thus it came about that Father Dixon remained
at his home when the army of savages passed
in May. and camped a few hundred yards above
the ferry, at a spring which was submerged
by the building of the dam. He estimated the
force at 600 exclusive of women and children.
On the 12th of May, 1832, Governor Reynolds
was at Dixon's Ferry with about 1,800 mounted
630
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
riflemen under command of General White-
side, awaiting the arrival of General Atkin-
son's forces of the regular army, coming up
the river with army stores and provisions.
Immediately after the arrival of the forces,
General Whiteside sent a party of four men,
with a guide and interpreter under command
of Captain John Dement of Dixon (then State
Treasurer), to Shabhona's Grove, to warn the
friendly Pottawatomie chief, Shabbona, who
lived there on a small reservation with his
family and a few followers, not to allow Black
Hawk to locate on their lands. Losing their
way the second day out. they came across four
Sac Indians, from whom they learned that
Black Hawk was encamped on a stream only
a few miles distant, that his people were in
starving condition and were going over to Mud
Creek to hunt.
Just before Captain Dement and his party
returned Major Stillman was permitted, con-
trary to the advice of Father Dixon, to advance
up the river and spy out the hostile camp.
The locality where they found the foe — or more
correctly where the foe found them — has been
immortalized by what there happened. The
cowardice and unsoldierly bearing of the
troops at approach of the red-skins stamped
the site with the name "Stillman's Run." It
is said that many of the soldiers ceased not
their running until they reached Dixon's Ferry,
twenty-flve miles distant, or some other place
of refuge.
Immediately on receipt of the news of the
rout. 1,600 volunteers moved out on forced
march, leaving 200 to guard the Ferry. On
reaching the field they discovered that the
main body of the enemy had decamped north-
ward, while small bands had scattered among
the settlements to pillage, burn and murder.
The loss to Stillman's force was found to be
eleven killed. Being out of provisions, the pur-
suing party was obliged to return to Dixon's
Ferry to await the arrival of the boats.
By order dated May 22. 1832, General Atkin-
son made Dixon's Ferry his headquarters and
base of operations. At the same time a fort
was ordered erected on the north side of the
river. It was called Fort Dixon. It consisted
of two "block," or log, houses within an inclos-
ure consisting of a breastwork of earth and
sod, four and a half feet high and abutting on
the river bank near the west line of what is
now North Galena Avenue. The northeasterly
of these houses was at least four times as large
as the other, and was provided with loopholes.
The smaller one was probably a powder maga-
zine. The buildings stood many years after
the war, and persons now living were familiar
with them. As nearly as can be ascertained,
the larger building stood near the line between
Lots 3 and 10, Block 54.
Great dissatisfaction developed in the volun-
teer portion of the army among those who
were impatient to get back to their neglected
fields and other industries. They had been
sent on an expedition which brought them to
the mouth of Fox River, where they were mus-
tered out May 27. whither General Atkinson
repaired on the 29th. A new levy of 2,000 men
had already been ordered, and he urged that
1,000 of the discharged volunteers re-enlist for
twenty-day temporary service. Five companies
promptly responded, including that of Captain
lies, in which Abraham Lincoln (formerly
captain ) became a private. Men who were sub-
sequently conspicuous in the affairs of the State
were among them: Joseph Gillespie, Pierre
Menard. James Semple, John T. Stuart. John
Dement, John J. Hardin. It must be remem-
bered that the real war was still to come.
Captain lies, and another company were or-
dered to Galena by way of Dixon's Ferry, where
Col. Zachary Taylor had remained with a few
regulars to guard the supplies. lies, in his
book, "Early Life and Times," says that when
he reached the Ferry, he camped at a spring a
half mile above, and then sought Colonel Tay-
lor on the north side of the river and found
him "in a little fort built of prairie sod." He
further says, regarding the march. "John
Dixon, who kept a house of entertainment here
and had sent his family to Galena for safety,
joined us and hauled out wallets of corn and
grub, which was a great help." The company
returning reached Fort Wilbourn. between Peni
and LaSalle, June 16, and was there mustered
out by Lieutenant Robt. Anderson, of Fort
Sumter fame, who had mustered It into service
twenty days before.
Lincoln enlisted a third time and again came
to Dixon's Ferry, this time as private in Cap-
tain Early's company, which formed a part of
the new levy. The headquarters or place of
rendezvous of this new army was at the "Rap-
ids of the Illinois," where General Atkinson
caused Maj. John Dement's battalion to be de-
tached to scour the country, and join Colonel
I
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
631
Taylor at Dixon, to whom Lieut. Jetferson
Davis was acting as aid. It is said of Dement's
battalion, that it embraced men who had held
nearly every office in the State from Governor
down — Dement himself being, at this time,
Treasurer of the State.
From Dixon the battalion moved on to Kel-
logg's Grove, where a desperate battle was
fought with a band of mounted Indians,
stripped to the skin and in their war paint
under command of Black Hawk in person.
The brunt of the flght fell on the command-
ing officer and a few as plucky as himself. In
the annals of Indian warfare, few engagements
of small numbers will be found more desper-
ate and bloody. Without going into details it
must be said that no praise can exceed the
meed to which Major Dement is entitled for
bravery on that occasion. Black Hawk speaks
of him in his autobiography thus: "The young
chief deserves great praise for his courage and
bravery, but fortunately for us his army was
not all composed of such brave men."
The Quartermaster was ably assisted by John
Dixon, who accompanied the army to the end
of the campaign. John K. Robinson says, in
this connection: "During the Black Hawk
War, Father Dixon had the contract for sup-
plying the army with beef up to the final bat-
tle of the Bad Axe River," and hence, face-
tiously gave himself the title of Major of the
Steer Battalion. It is understood that the
troops, both regular and volunteer, were all
mounted.
The war closed with the defeat of the Indi-
ans at the battle of Bad Axe, Wis., and the
surrender of Black Hawk, August 2, 1832. The
treaty of peace was signed at Rock Island on
the 21st of September following. The troops,
then remaining in the service, were mustered
out at Dixon's Ferry. The pack horses used
in the war were gathered and corraled here,
preparatory to being driven further south for
sale in more densely settled portions of the
State.
That portion of the army which marched to
Dixon's Ferry from the southeast to take part
in the war, crossed Bureau Creek one-
half mile southwest of the point where the Illi-
nois Central Railroad now crosses it, near the
east line of the county, and marched thence to
the point where the residence of Mr. AVilliam R.
Long now stands near the north line of Sec-
tion 13 in the Town of May, and from there
to Roclvy Ford, where they crossed Green
River. Mr. M. Perkins, now of Perkins' Grove,
near the south line of the county, in LaSalle
County, came in 1834 when the evidences of
the line of march were plain to be seen.
In the course of the war troops of the regu-
lar army were brought to the field from St.
Louis under General Atkinson, from Fortress
Monroe under General Scott, and from Detroit
under General Brady, as well as those at
Prairie du Chien, Wis., under Lieut-Col. Tay-
lor, and those at Portage, Wis., under Lieut-
Col. Culter. To these were added the volunteer
militia of the State.
Lincoln became' well acquainted with Col.
Dement in these war days, and though belong-
ing to opposing political parties, each enter-
tained the highest regard for the other, and
their friendship was not allowed to wane In
after years. After Lincoln had been elected
President Mr. Dement called on him at Spring-
field, and Lincoln, grasping his extended hand
in both his, greeted him as "Jack," and ex-
pressed his delight at meeting him.
CHAPTER HI.
ALTO TOWNSHIP.
FIRST WtllTE SETTLERS — .\I.TO SET OFF FROM WIL-
LOW CREEK TOWKSHIP — FIRST TOWN OFFICERS
SI-BSCEIPTION TO RAILROAD CHURCH HIS-
TORY— THE VILLAGE OF STEWARD GRAIX ELE-
V.ATORS AND NATIONAL BANK.
On the northeast quarter of Section 21 grows
"Plum Thicket," the only natural grove in the
town. The propensity, universally followed by
the pioneers, to gather in or around the tim-
ber, prevailed in this instance, for the first set-
tlers located at this grove. Here John Grimes,
in 1847, built the first house, although he ar-
rived in 1843. About two years later came
Rev. J. Wood, of the Baptist faith, who re-
mained two or three years and removed to
Earlville, LaSalle County. Then followed
Jedediah Loveridge in 1853, who, after some
twenty years, emigrated to Nebraska. After
632
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
these came James Holcomb and his father's
family, and Hubbel Williams, Mason Herrick.
the Mills family, James Tyler, C. R. Hall, the
Kirbys, JIcDonnels, Stewards, Carpenters and
others.
Alto was set off from Willow Creek by reso-
lution of the Board of Supervisors, at its Febru-
ary meeting in 1860. At the first election in
the town 47 votes were polled, resulting in the
election of the following officers: Supervisor.
C. R. Hall ; Town Clerk and Assessor. James
Tyler; Collector. Josiah Carpenter; Justices of
the Peace, Daniel Carey and H. C. Holcomb;
Constables. Josiah Carpenter and John Dor-
son.
The town voted to take $32,000 of the stock
of the Chicago & Iowa Railroad when that
road was about to be built through the town-
ship, and to issue bonds in payment therefor.
This was in the early part of the winter of 1869.
Grading was commenced early the next summer
on this part of the road, and it was completed
into Rochelle on the night of December 31. at
10:25 o'clock. A compromise was finally ef-
fected by which the town, instead of investing
$32,000 in stock, donated the company $25,000
in bonds.
The Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church
organized. June 25. 1870. and built a church
building three miles east of Steward, at a cost
of about $2,300.
ISteicard.— The town of Steward was platted,
November 22, 1872, by Mr. Wesley Steward,
who owned the land and founded the town. It
was incorporated as a village, April 13. 1903,
by proceedings in the County Court.
The first dwelling to be erected in the vil-
lage was built by Patrick Casey on Lot 6, Block
1, and the first store was built by Henry A.
Robinson on Lot 3 of same block. The first
school house was built in 18S2 at a cost of
about $3,000, and was destroyed by fire Febru-
ary 8, 1903. A new building was erected on
the same site at a cost of $7,000 ready for
opening of the fall term of the school the same
year.
The first elevator in the place was put up by
Wesley Steward, who after two years took in
G. F. Henning as partner, and the business, in-
cluding dealing in lumber, coal, etc., was car-
ried on by them, under the firm name of Stew-
ard & Co., for twenty-five years, the firm of
Titus Brothers, the present owners, succeed-
ing them. Another elevator was erected in
1880 and is now owned by Titus Bros. It is
asserted that about one million bushels of
grain are shipped from this point yearly, and
that it ranks as the greatest grain-shipping sta-
tion in Northern Illinois.
The First National Bank of Steward fur-
nishes the banking facilities of the community.
It was organized January 6, 1903, with a capi-
tal of $25,000. Its directors are: E. L. Titus,
J. M. Durin. A. B. Titus, R. W. Hough, W. P.
Graham, George E. Stocking, Wesley Steward,
G. W. Durin and I. R. Titus. The officers are:
E. L. Titus. President; J. M. Durin, Vice-Presi-
dent; I, R. Titus, Cashier. Its deposits, at close
of business August 28, 1903. were $51,742.44.
Steward is a very prosperous village and is
looked upon as one of the best of the "smaller
towns in the county. According to the census
returns the township nad a population of 923
in 1890, and 924 in 1900. The census of the
village does not appear separately from that of
the township.
CHAPTER R'
AMBOY TOWNSHIP AND CITY.
KABLY SETTLERS VILLAGES OF BINGHAMTON AND
ROCKY FORD PALESTINE GKOVE SETTLEMENT —
AMBOY CITY AN OUTGROWTH OF THE ILLINOIS
CENTRAL RAILROAD EARLY BUSINESS HOUSES
DISASTROUS FIRES — SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES
NEWSPAPERS — LOCAL BANKS GEN. JOHN B.
WYMAN AMBOY'S FIRST MAYOR — LINCOLN AND
GRANT EARLY VISITOK.S LIST OF CITY OFFI-
CIALS.
A Frenchman by the name of Filamalee is
believed to have been the first white settler in
Palestine Grove, within the present limits of
Amboy Township. His shanty is said to have
been located about a mile below Rocky Ford.
He was a roving character and soon disap-
peared.
The first permanent settler was John Dexter,
who emigrated from Canada in the spring of
1835 and staked out a claim on the northwest
quarter of Section 14, north of Palestine Grove,
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
633
His nearest neighbors were at Inlet Grove. In
1S36 James Doan and wife settled at Palestine
Grove.
The district known as Palestine Grove was
not confined to the timber, but extended to the
site ot the city of Amboy. and also eastward
about two miles beyond the Lee Center town
line.
In 183-7 Dexter's brother-in-law. Andrew Pain-
ter, located in the neighborhood. In October
of the same year, Asa B. Searles arrived from
New York, whence he had driven with a horse-
team. He came by way of Peoria where Benja-
min Wasson joined him. Mr. Searles staked
off a claim in the south half of Section 14,
on which he later laid out the Village of Bing-
hamton. He was the first Postmaster in the
settlement. Warren Badger succeeded him.
His commission was dated May 28. 1840. and
made him Postmaster at Winooski. the name
by which Palestine Grove ofl5ce was then desig-
nated. Nathan Meeks, who acquired a reputa-
tion of the banditti order, was living about
four miles south and west of Rocky Ford the
same year. His "Corn Cracker," situated on
Green River, is claimed to have been the first
mill for grinding grain in Lee County.
When Mr. Searles arrived he found a saw-
mill in operation at Rocky Ford, owned by
Timothy Perkins and Horace Bowen. After
passing through several hands, in 1S48 it be-
came the property of F. R. Butcher. A log
dam created the mill pond, and the mill was
run by a "flutter-wheel."
The year 1838 seems to have been a notable
one for the arrival of settlers; for in this year,
James Blair and three sons, William, Win-
throp and Edwin, arrived, and John S. Sawyer
and four sons erected a cabin south of the
ground now occupied by the Illinois Central
shops. In 1841 Sawyer sold a part of his claim
to Joseph Farrell and the remainder to Joseph
Appleton. Alexander James likewise became a
resident that year, and a year later sold his
claim to Chester S. Badger, who, after working
as millwright, in the year 1837 returned to his
New York home in the fall. In 1838 Mr, Bad-
ger and his son Simon became permanent set-
tlers. In 1839 Warren, another son, arrived
bringing the mother and her two daughters,
Sarah and Roena. In the autumn Warren went
back to New York and remained until 1842,
when he again came west and resided in Amboy
Township until his death in 1861. In 1840
Chester Badger, a younger son, drove through
from New York with a two-horse team. He still
lesides in Amboy and is the only surviving
member of the family.
The Badger's located their homestead about
a mile and a half east of Amboy. Henry Bad-
ger came in 1849 and lived in Binghamton up
to the date of his death, a few years ago. The
father, Chester S., brought hardwood lumber
from Franklin Grove and built the first frame
house in the settlement. John C. Church, Wil-
liami Church, Curtis Bridgman and two sons,
and Wm. Hunt arrived in the summer and fall
of 1838. Also came this same year. Martin
Wright, Frederick Baldwin, Harvey Axtell,
Ransom Barnes and Frederick Bainter. About
this time Curtis Bridgman located about
two miles southeast of the present site of Am-
boy. James Daley was an arrival of 1842, as
was also William Rolf. John H. Gardner came
in 1844. In this same year J. Henry Adams,
then a child of eleven years, reached the neigh-
borhood with his father. Orris, and mother.
Cyrus Davis came in 1839. Space will not per-
mit us to name the settlers of subsequent
years.
Binghamton promised to be the town of the
section. It was laid out in 1848 by Asa B.
Searles. It had a store and a hotel. Robert
G. Ingersoll, who lived to impress the country
with his oratory and agnosticism, then about
fifteen, was a boy of all work about the inn for
a year or so. In 1844 the first flouring mill
in the county was built, and in 1858 passed
into the hands of Chester and Henry Badger.
Chester Badger made thirteen trips to Chicago,
some of which were with ox team, hauling
grain, going and bringing timber back for this
mill. It was burned in 1872. and immediately
rebuilt, but was finally destroyed by lightning
in 1881. The place also had two plow factories
at one time and a saw-mill, blacksmith shop,
shoe-shop, wagon-shop and carding machine.
A dozen or more of the residences still remain
in a good state of preservation. The removal
of the Badger dam was necessary to give suffi-
cient outlet to the ditches of Inlet Swamp
Drainage District. Proper proceedings to this
end resulted in its entire removal in the
summer of 1900.
RocTcy Ford (also known as Shelburn) was
likewise a place of activity in the early days.
The Indian trail from Council Bluffs to Chica-
go crossed Green River or Inlet Creek, at this
point. It had a saw-mill, a distillery and two
stores. In 1856 the Shelburn Manufacturing
634
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
Company erected an extensive distillery and
flouring mills combined, at a cost of $65,000,
In 1859 the property was wrecked by an ex-
plosion, and ten years later, Are finished 'the
work. This was practically the last of Shel-
burn.
A plat of "Palestine" was made May 10, 1854,
and serves to mark the probable center of the
Palestine Grove settlement. The plat was lo-
cated about a quarter of a mile northwest of
Rocky Ford, and consisted of three blocks of
ground, two of which were on the Dixon and
Peoria road. It was laid out for Rhoda E.
Hook who. it is to be presumed, owned the
ground. It was here on one of the Palestine
lots that those of the Mormon faith laid the
corner-stone of a temple which never rose
higher than this foundation stone.
CITY OF AMBOY.
Amboy is an offspring of the Illinois Cen-
tral Railroad. The town was laid out in 1854.
The first residences were those of L. W. Bor-
den, E. S. Reynolds and Dr. David Bainter,
erected that year. In 1855 the extensive shops
of the company were built. By the spring of
1856 the population was estimated at 1,000.
R. D. Peironett was the first merchant to start
business in the town, and Samuel Goldman the
second. Next came Josiah Little in 1854, his
line consisting of drugs, hardware and grocer-
ies. In the same year Wilcox & Wooster built
a store, the lumber for which, as well as that
for Little's store, was hauled from Mendota,
and the stone from, Lee Center. In 1855 the
business of the place greatly increased. The
first bank was started that year by G. H. Am-
brose and Francis Little. The "Lee County
Times," the first newspaper to be published in
the town, was started the same year. This
paper under date July 31, 1856, speaks of the
place thus: "We have now between 2,000 and
3.000 inhabitants, two churches and another
in process of construction, about thirty stores
and groceries, a steam planing mill and sash
factory, three hotels, two livery stables and, in
fact, establishments of almost every variety."
The town became incorporated as a village
under the general law in 1854-5. A. E. Wilcox
was President of first Board of Trustees. It
was incorporated as a city by act of the Legis-
lature, March 2, 1857. John B. Wyman was
its first Mayor. It was incorporated under the
general law, May 8, 1888.
The shops of the Illinois Central Railroad,
above referred to. frequently employed 400 men.
In 1885 reduction of the force was commenced,
so that in 1894 there were about 200 at work.
In that year the machinery was removed, prin-
cipally to Freeport and Clinton, and the ex-
tensive buildings were vacated. One is now
occupied by the bridge-building works of C.
C. Jacobs, and the others are rapidly going to
decay.
The loss of these shops was a severe blow
to Amboy, from which, however, she has slowly
recovered until she has at last reached a stage
of prosperity probably equaling, if not sur-
passing, that of the factory days, when the
shops dominated the town. She has water
works, electric lights, long stretches of cement
walks and shows evidence of general thrift
and steady growth. Her water supply is drawn
from a well 2,000 feet deep.
Fires. — Amboy has been visited by several
disastrous fires. The first occurred December
10, 1863, from which there was a total loss
of $35,000, with insurance amounting to $14.-
000. The next occurred in the same locality
November 10, 1864, and destroyed five business
houses; loss $45,000, with $38,000 insurance.
Another fire did its destructive work, March
10, 1865, sweeping away seven business build-
ings. Again, August 24, 1867. sixteen buildings
were licked up by the flames — the estimated
loss being $7,500, with insurance for about one-
half that amount. • April 2, 1868, four business
places were burned down. But by far the most
calamitous fire was that of August 25, 1871.
Twelve buildings were consumed, causing
a loss of $175,000, on which there was an in-
surance of $103,000. The most deplorable feat-
ure of this holocaust was the burning to death
of John Shannon, who was confined in the cala-
boose for the unlawful selling of mortgaged
property. Besides these were numerous fires
not general in their effect.
School Houses. — The first school building in
Amboy was the two-story brick now in use,
erected in 1857. Next, in 1864 came the one-
story frame-building in Gilson's Addition. Fol-
lowing this, the old Methodist church was
purchased and, in 1868, the two-story brick on
the west side was added to the number. About
1896 a modern building was erected for the use
of three departments, at a cost, all complete
and ready for school, of a trifle less than $15,-
000.
Churches. — Father Gorbus. a Methodist min-
ister, was the flrst to hold service in the section
covered by Amboy Township. Father Hetcher,
I
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
635
a German Baptist, was probably the next. It
is supposed that Rev. Curtis Lathrop was the
third, and Father White the fourth— both
Methodists. In 1843, the "Congregational
Church of Palestine Grove" was formed at the
home of Amos Crombie. the first of that de-
nomination in the county. The first pastor
was John Morrel, who was followed by the fa-
ther of the great agnostic, Robert G. Ingersoll.
Following him came Joseph Gardner and Mr.
Pierson. About 1849 the place of worship was
moved to Lee Center, and the society name
changed accordingly. From this the present
Amboy church of that denomination has de-
scended. In 1840 a Methodist class was organ-
ized in the vicinity of Binghamton where, in
1850, a house of worship was erected. When
Amboy came into being the building was aban-
doned for the one early erected there.
One branch of the Mormon church secured a
considerable foothold in the neighborhood of
Rocky Ford, near which they were instrumental
in having the town of Palestine laid out. At
one time there were sixty members. The
founder, Joseph Smith, visited friends at Pales-
tine Grove, where he was arrested in 1843 on
requisition of the Governor of the State, issued
at the instance of the Governor of Missouri. In
1860 the annual conference of the branch re-
ferred to convened in Amboy.
A meeting for the organization of the Bap-
tist church of Amboy was held March 24, 18.5.5,
resulting in the founding of the First Baptist
church of Amboy. Messrs. Hill and Bryant
were deacons and W. E. Ives clerk. Rev. P.
Taylor was the first pastor, and services were
held in a small church building, on Main
Street west of the railroad tracks, which cost
about $500. During Mr. Taylor's pastorate
the present church building was erected at a
cost of $4,500. The first public meeting held
in the new church was addressed by Owen
Lovejoy of Princeton, 111., and J. V. Eustace
of Dixon. Both were strong anti-slavery
champions. At the end of the second year, Mr.
Taylor resigned and was succeeded by T. H.
Ball. The church was dedicated September
13, 1857, the sermon being preached by Rev.
Silas Tucker, of Galesburg. Reverend Ball was
succeeded in September, 1858, by J. C. Miller,
who resigned to accept the Chaplaincy of the
Thirteenth Illinois Regiment. Company "C"
of which was composed of Amboy citizens, to
each of whom a new testament was presented
635—2
on their departure. This building had the
only large audience room in the place, and
was consequently the gathering place for war
meetings which were incident to the period.
Following Mr, Miller came W, R. Webb in May,
1861. During his pastorate the General Asso-
ciation of the State met here. Mr. Webb served
as pastor four years and was followed in June,
1865, by Rev. J. H. Hazen, during whose term
the parsonage was built and the church build-
ing put in thorough repair. Following Mr.
Hazen was Rev. James Buchanan, who, acting
as pastor, was in reality a supply. About 1870,
Rev. M. T. Lamb came to the pastorate. Au-
gust 27, 1871, the records were destroyed by
fire. New records were opened March 26th
following. September 8, 1S72, George Wes-
selius became pastor and resigned the last Sab-
bath in March, 1874. On the first Sabbath of
the succeeding November, W. D. Clark was
called. Succeeding Mr. Clark came N. A. Reed,
who resigned June 8, 1881, to be succeeded by
B. H. Humphrey on the 16th of the next Octo-
ber. He remained until September 25, 1882,
Then came Mr. Fuller, who served temporarily
for about a year. D. W. C. Hervey came to the
pastorate in November, 1884, and was followed
in February, 1887, by W. L. Jones, who re-
signed February 1, 1889. J. T. Mason followed
the next April. His labors continued to the
time of his death in 1896. T. B. Collins, the
next pastor, served for two years, and was suc-
ceeded by E. W. Anable, who has now been
serving the church for five years.
The second church to be built was by the
Methodists in 1857. It was afterwards con-
verted into a school house as already men-
tioned. A Rev. Mr'. Thayer was the first pas-
tor. The present church of this society was
dedicated April 1, 1866.
The earliest religious society in the place
came into being June 27, 1854, ante-dating the
sale of town lots. It named itself "Church of
Jesus Christ."
A Congregational Church was established
June 17, 1856. Its first regular pastor was
David Wert, and its first house of worship was
dedicated April 1, 1858. The present edifice
was dedicated June 10, 1866.
The Episcopal Church was established in
spring of 1859 by organization of St. Thomas
parish. Mr. Brodnax was the first rector. A
suitable church was built but the date of its
erection is not at hand.
6^6
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
The first Evangelical Lutheran Church in
Amboy was formed by Rev. William Angelber-
ger, of Franklin Grove, January 30, 1S70, who
acted as first pastor. Rev. Anthest was the
second. Following him in succession came:
\V. Framm, G. Hagemann, H. Schmidt. H. Lin-
den S. E. Hoffmeister, F. W. Kampmeier, S.
Pritschel, M. Ren and L. Lentz. Rev. H. F.
Schmidt, of Dixon, the present pastor, has been
in charge since Nov. 20, 1S97. In May, 1876,
it was changed to German Evangelical, a differ-
ent denomination. William Framm was the
first pastor. They purchased the old Congre-
gational church in 1S70.
In 1854 the Catholics of Amboy began holding
service at the residence of Michael Egan. Fa-
ther Anthony was the first to celebrate mass.
The first building for the use of the society
was erected in 18.57, but before completion it
was destroyed by fire. It was rebuilt and com-
pleted in the spring of 1859. The society
owns a priest's residence on the same lot.
Under the management of Father Gallagher,
the present incumbent, a commodious one-
story brick building was erected in 1900 for the
purpose of a hall to accommodate large gath-
erings.
The Free Methodists' Society was organized
about 1864. Rev. Miller was the first regular
preacher. The society was eventually merged
into and replaced by the United Brethren.
John Dobson and J. W. Lewis were the first
pastors. In 1871 a meeting house was built.
The Advent Christian Church was organized
at Binghamton in 1859, and later worshipped
at Amboy. The society never built a meeting
place.
Neicspapers. — In February, 1855. the "Lee
County Times" was launched with Augustus
N. Dickens, brother of the noted author,
Charles Dickens, as editor. It was fathered
by the Amboy Printing Association, of which
W. E. Ives, Alonzo Kinyon, Henry E. Badger,
A. E. Wilcox and others were stockholders. By
August 1st of that year it passed into the
hands of H. B. Judkins, and Dickens ceased to
be connected with the paper. When the paper
passed out of the control of Mr. Judkins does
not appear, but on February 6, 1856, H. C. Pratt
was editor and proprietor. April 3, 1856, the
name was changed to "The Amboy Times," with
Cottrell & Pratt proprietors and H. G. Pratt
editor. January 14. 1858, the name was
changed to "Amboy Weekly Times" with Cott-
rell, Pratt & Miller owners — the first two be-
ing the editors. H. G. Pratt, Joseph Lewis and
James F. Somes — by the firm name of Horace
G. Pratt & Company — became owners November
IS, 1858. April 19, 1860, it was changed to
"Amboy Times." Pratt, Shaw & Company pro-
prietors, the firm being composed of H. G.
Pratt, B. F. Shaw, of Dixon, and John Lewis.
Beginning in May, 1861, a daily edition was is-
sued, called the "Amboy Morning Daily Times,"
but survived only a few months. Mr. Pratt sold
his interest to W. H. Gardner. July 31, 1862,
and the new firm name was Gardner, Shaw &
Company. Sometime between July, 1862, and
March, 1863, the files for which period are in-
complete, the firm of Pratt, Shaw & Company
again appears, John Lewis being the "Co." Be-
tween June 30 and September 22, 1864. when
the files are again incomplete, Lewis returned.
August 10, 1865, A. J. Goff and B. F. Shaw
assumed the proprietorship and, on the 17th of
the following March, the name was changed to
"Lee County Journal." Mr. Shaw had been
elected Clerk of the Circuit Court in November,
1864. February 16, 1867, Burrington & Shaw
became the publishers. December 12lh of that
year the paper was discontinued for "lack of
support," but this diflSculty seems to have been
promptly removed, for the issue was resumed
with the lapse of only two numbers. Mr. Shaw
became sole proprietor January 16, 1868, and,
on January 6, 1870, sold out to Stimpson &
Corbus. March 24, of the same year, Stimpson
stepped out, leaving Dr. J. R. Corbus sole pro-
prietor. He sold out to Captain William Par-
ker September 22, 1870, who, on the 20th of the
next month, changed the name to "The Amboy
Journal," by which the paper is still kno-s^Ti.
Capt. Parker sold to W. H. Haskell, September
7, 1872, who. in turn, sold to E. W. Faxon &
Company, October 15, 1879, William J. Keho,
manager of the office for twenty years and still
at the same post, having an interest. October
2. 1881, Dr. Clark E. Loomis purchased it and
remained sole proprietor and editor until Jan-
uary 1, 1889, when it passed into the hands of
George A. Lyman, the present proprietor.
The" Amboy News" was first issued by W. M.
Geddes, proprietor, at PawPaw, May 6, 1878,
with Henry Adams local editor. With the is-
sue of July 1, 1882, the proprietorship changed
to the News Publishing Company, with Capt.
William Parker as editor in chief and Henry
Adams as local editor. Prom that date the
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
637
paper has continued to be printed and pub-
lished at Amboy. W. M. Geddes became pro-
prietor and editor June 30. 1S83. Henry Adams
still continuing as local. July 12, 18S4, J. H.
Adams and J. H. Preston became owners under
the firm name of Adams & Preston. October
18, 18S4, J. H. Preston became sole owner. Mr.
Preston having died from accidental injuries,
his widow assumed the publication of the pa-
per, February 19, 1897, with Chas. H. Eby, as
editor and manager. March 3, 1899, Mr. Eby
became editor and proprietor with C. P. Pres-
ton as assistant editor. January 5, 1900, E. E.
Chase acquired an interest and the paper ap-
peared under the firm name of Eby & Chase.
It passed into the hands of Mr. Chase August
3, 1900, and in December 14 following Henry
F. Gehant appeared as owner and editor. With
the next issue Riley J. Whitney became man-
ager. A. E. Dafoe succeeded to the ownership
August 5. 1902, with B. L. Vaughan assistant
editor, Riley J. Whitney continuing as manager
until September 5, 1902, when R. G. Sherwood
became editor and manager and was followed
by E. 0. Trickey November 28, 1902. G. L.
Carpenter, the present editor and proprietor,
purchased the paper and took charge July 3,
1903. The News issued a daily edition April
3, 1899, which was discontinued with number
22 of the same month.
Grand Army of the Repuilic. — The date of
the organization of the first Post (No. 65) of
the Grand Army of the Republic and particu-
lars regarding it, are not accessible, as the
records are supposed to have been lost or de-
stroyed. Amboy Post, No. 572, was mustered
in May 10, 1886, with twenty-four members.
The first officers were: George Ryan, P. C;
C. E. Loomis, S. V.; W. H. Hyde, J. V.; A. P.
Wenrick, Q. M.; George E. Young. 0. D.: 0. W.
Grant, Surg.; C. W. Freeman, 0. G.; C. D.
Knowles, Adjt.; A. Ousey. S. Maj.; Fred Kreahl,
Q. M. S. The present officers are: George
Blocker, Com.; C. D. Knowles, S. V. C; B. F.
Berkley, J. V. C: M. T. Spencer, Adjt.
Banks. — In 1868 Josiah Little established a
private bank which continued until November
1, 1899, when it was organized as a National
Bank, with $50,000 capital and $10,000 surplus,
with Josiah Little as . President; Lemuel
Bourne, Vice-President; Fred N. Vaughan,
Cashier, and H. H. Badger, Assistant Cashier,
Mr. Vaughan has been connected with the bank
continuously since 1864. The largest deposits
were last year, when the sum reached $640,-
000. Normally they run from $500,000 to $600,-
000. Loans and discounts have averaged from
$350,000 to $450,000. The bank occupies its own
building with fixtures, and recently its safety
devices have been greatly improved by the in-
troduction of a system of electrical protection,
and an additional vault lined with steel and
made fireproof. In this respect it has no su-
perior. Safety deposit boxes are being in-
stalled.
The "Amboy Bank" was organized in 1899,
with Henry Kline as President and Cashier,
and J. C. Preston as Assistant Cashier. It is a
private institution with $100,000 personal re-
sponsibility. The deposits of January 1, 1903,
were $100,000, and loans and discounts $150,-
000. Mr. Kline has been a resident of Amboy
for the past forty-five years.
Bonded IndeMedness. — In the summer of
1872 the Chicago & Rock River Railroad was
built through Amboy Township. To secure
the construction of this road the town, by vote
of 517 for the proposition to 92 against it, is-
sued $100,000 of bonds. A bitter contest was
waged in the courts against the payment of
these bonds, resulting in judgments in the
United States Courts against the town. These
judgments were in part compromised by two
issues of refunding bonds, some at the rate of
40 cents on the dollar, and some at 50 cents.
Seven or eight years were consumed in these
transactions and, when there seemed to be no
further chance of compromise, 6 per cent,
bonds were issued to the amount of $130,000 to
meet the balance of the unsettled judgments.
On July 1, 1899, this last issue had been re-
duced by payments to $93,500. Four per cent,
bonds were issued to take up this outstanding
balance. On this last issue $65,500 is still
outstanding, the balance having been paid.
The total amounts of judgments and costs, ex-
clusive of interest for which the town thus be-
canie indebted, aggregated about $275,000.
All the suits commenced by different bondhold-
ers were in the United States Courts and the
litigation reached the Supreme Court of the
United States. In all these contests the town
was defeated.
Miscellaneous.— The Illinois Central brought
to Amboy John B. Wyman as its Superinten-
dent, of whom the town came to be proud as a
638
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
General in the War of the Rebellion, where he
laid down his life. He was the city's flrst
Mayor.
August 5, 1856, a Fremont Club was organ-
ized in Amboy with John B. Wyman as Presi-
dent, Henry Badger as Secretary and W. E.
Ives Corresponding Secretary. This recalls
the visits of some of the men who afterwards
became great. In the days of the Illinois Cen-
tral building Geo. B. McClellan, in war times
Commander of the Army of the Potomac, was
the Civil Engineer of the road with headquar-
ters at Amiboy. And he who became Lieutenant
General of all the armies and one of the great-
est, if not the greatest, of commanders of mod-
ern times. Grant, was frequently in town buy-
ing hides for his Galena tannery. Abraham
Lincoln, whose name and fame pales all oth-
ers of his time, spoke to the people there in his
campaign against Douglas in 1858, from the
window-balcony of the office of W. E. Ives, who
vouches for the veracity of these statements as
to both of these great men,
September 11, 1856, Owen Lovejoy, who had
attended an abolition meeting ten years before
at the log school house west of Lee Center vil-
lage, spoke at the corner of Main Street and
Adams Avenue, and in October following, ad-
dressed the first meeting in the incompleted
Baptist church, as already mentioned.
Amboy once possessed a court, the like of
which was nowhere else to be found in the
county. Alonzo Kinyon, one of the ambitious
men of the period, was a member of the Legis-
lature in 1869, and procured the passage of
an act, approved, March 11th of that year, es-
tablishing "The Court of Common Pleas of the
City of Amboy." It was an effort to duplicate
the Circuit Court. The Judge and clerk were
to be elected and receive the same salaries as
the Judge and Clerk of the Circuit Court. The
City Marshal was given the powers of a sher-
iff, and the court was empowered to appoint a
Master in Chancery. The act, as approved,
gave the court chancery jurisdiction, but an-
other act was approved the same day taking
away this power. Mr. Kinyon's plan was car-
ried into effect by his own election as Judge,
and the tribunal became known as "Kinyon's
Court." It accomplished the purpose of its
creation until the Constitution of 1870 went
into effect and wiped it out. The records of
the court were all destroyed in the fire of
1871.
In the fall of 1846 Rev. John Cross, of "Tem-
perance Hill," now in China Township, called
a meeting at a log school house about one mile
west of Lee Center village, to form an abolition
society. Owen Lovejoy, the great anti-slavery
orator and leader, addressed the meeting, and
in the course of his speech said he had sworn
over the dead body of his brother eternal ha-
tred of slavery. At the close of the meeting a
"Free-Soil Club" was organized. Among those
who became members were Martin Wright,
Lewis Clapp, Sylvester Frisbee, Ransom
Barnes, Joseph Parwell, Benoni Harmon, Dan-
iel Frost, Ira Brewer. Moses Crombie and John
Cross. Lovejoy addressed another meeting
there that fall. In this same log school house,
which Ira Brewer helped to build, Robert G.
Ingersoll, the great agnostic of later years, at-
tended school, his father being minister of the
Congregational church in that section.
The Wasson school-house, which stood west
of the road at the center of Section 14 in Am-
boy, was built about 1846, and was the first
frame school building in the town. For many
years it was the meeting center and rallying
point of that section for miles around.
When the division of the county into towns
under the township organization law was about
to take place, it is said on good authority that
a meeting was held at the Wasson school house
to choose a name for the town. The choice
was "Bath." but Lorenzo Wasson, who went
to Dixon to meet the County Commissioners,
took the responsibility of changing the name
to "Amboy."
In the winter of 1854-5 the postoffices at
Binghamton and Shelburn were discontinued,
and one office was established at Amboy. with
Orange D. Reed as Postmaster.
The Mayors of the city have been: J. B.
Wyman. 1857; John R. Stevens, 1858: Jos.
Rosebrugh, 1859; J. B. Wyman, 1860: W. E.
Ives, 1861; C. M. Butler, 1864-5; C. D. Vaughan,
1866-7; Michael Egan, 1869-70; Isaac Edwards.
1871-3; Robt. Richards, 1874; Isaac Edwards,
1875-7; J. B. Pelker, 1878 to March. 1883; Geo.
Ryan, March, 1883, to March, 1884; J. B.
Graves, March, 1884, to March, 1885; C. H.
Wooster, two years, ending March, 1887; Mich-
ael Egan, March, 1887, to March, 1888; Geo,
Ryan, March. 1888, to March, 1893; C. A. Wil-
cox, March, 1893, to March, 1895; E. E. Chase,
March, 1895, to March, 1899; J. P. Johnson,
March, 1899, .present incumbent.
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
639
The Clerks have been: D. T. Wood, 1S57;
W. B. Andrus, 1S5S-9: R. H. Mellen, 1860-1; W.
C. Sears, 1S62-3; H. G. Pratt, 1S64; N. H. Ryan,
1865-7; Lee Cronkrite, 1869; Everett E. Chase,
1870 to 1883; A. E. Merwine, 1883-4; Geo. E.
Young, 1884-6; R. C. Bear, 1886-7; H. J. Mas-
terman, 1887-9; M. J. Monahan, 1889-94; S. E.
Appleton, 1894-5; H. Swisher, 1895-1901; F. A.
Flach, April, 1901, present incumbent.
The population of the city of Amboy, ac-
cording to the census of 1900, was 1,826. Its
population in 1890 was 2,257. The population
of the city and township in 1900 was 2,726,
while in 1890 it was 3,139.
CHAPTER V
ASHTON TOWNSHIP.
OEGANIZATION OF THE TOWNSHIP TOWN ORIGIN-
ALLY NAMED OGLE — FIRST SETTLER.S — EARLY
CHURCHES DESTRUCTIVE FIRES BUSINESS
HOUSES AND BANKING INSTITUTIONS BUILD-
ING STONE — SCHOOLS AND VILLAGE IMPROVE-
JIENTS.
What is now the Township of Ashton was set
off from the town of Bradford, by resolution of
Board of Supervisors, at its February meeting
in 1861, to be known as the town of Ogle. The
first settlers in the neighborhood were C.
Royce, J. Clark and I. Rosecrans, in 1835. In
1838 Andrew Dnimmond and John Weather-
Ington, with their families, settled on the west
side of Lafayette Grove. Erastus Anderson
was the first settler within the boundaries of
the township. His year was 1848. In a few
weeks his brother Timothy joined him, and in
December, his father. At that time there were
only four houses within view, some of which
are said to have been twenty miles distant.
In 1849 a man by the name of Hubbard settled
in the west part of the township. In 1852 Dan-
iel Suter located near the present site of the
German Baptist Church and Henry Sanders
farther to the west. These comprise about all
the settlers of what is now Ashton Township,
up to the time the railroad was built in 1854.
The railroad company named the station
"Ogle," which in time was dropped for the
present name. The site of the village is
claimed to be the highest point of ground be-
tween Chicago and the Mississippi River. It
was platted as the "Town of Ogle," May 9,
1855, by Joseph Crawford, County Surveyor,
for D. B. Stiles and Thomas D. Robertson. The
first house was built in what was to be the
village in 1854 by James L. Bates, and he kept
the first store. The first warehouse was put up
in the latter part of 1854. The next year S. M.
Kifnes started the first blacksmith shop.
The first meeting house put up in Ashton
was the Methodist Episcopal, in 1863. It was
considered a temporary structure. The next
year the Free Methodists erected a building,
which is claimed to be the first one built by
that denomination in the State. Indeed, the
birthplace of the sect or society is said to have
been just over the Ogle County line, where J.
G. Terrol started it in 1860. The third church
to be built was the Catholic, in 1866. The Ger-
man Baptists erected their house the same year
about a quarter of a mile south of the village.
Next was the Christian church built in 1868.
The Presbyterian church was erected in 1877.
The denominations now maintaining service
in the village, with present pastors, are the
Methodist Episcopal, J. E. Honeywell pastor;
Free Methodist (name of pastor not ascer-
tained); Evangelical, C. Marth pastor; United
Evangelical, W. Schuster pastor; Lutheran, H.
Stauffenberg pastor; Presbyterian, W. J. Mani-
fold pastor; Catholic. Thomas Finn pastor.
Fire has dealt cruelly with Ashton. In 1863
a grain elevator was burned, with etimated loss
of $2,000. Flour mills were burned the same
year; loss $60,000. In 1871 railroad property,
consisting of the depot, two tanks and the coal-
house containing 1.200 tons of coal, besides a
lumber yard and four dwelling houses, were
consumed; estimated loss, $75,000. In 1874 a
hay-press and elevator were burned; loss $30.-
000. In the summer of 1889 fire consumed
twenty-eight business houses in three hours.
The village was still without any protection
against fire, but the Dixon and Rochelle Fire
Companies were on the ground in time to check
the progress of the destroyer. The estimated
loss from the last fire was $65,000, with an in-
surance of $17,000. Within twenty-four hours
Mills & Petrie, bankers of the place, com-
menced preparations to erect new brick build-
640
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
mgs. not only for themselves but to supply
store-rooms for those who were not In position
to build. In the summer of 1891, fire again
did its work, consuming nearly all the frame
business buildings spared by the fire of 1889.
The estimated loss was $20,000 without insur-
ance. The village now has a fire company of
seventy-six members, equipped with fine hand
engine, hose and cart, hook and ladder truck
and two tank wagons.
The village possesses fifty-seven business
places and offices; has four doctors, five black-
smith shops and two meat markets. Four
grain elevators handle the grain of the sec
tion with a capacity of 45,000 to 60,000 bush
els. Three are o-mied and operated by A. L
Clark & Son and one by Zeller & Hutchinson,
The latter also conduct extensive sheep-feed'
ing sheds and yards, where as many as 1.5,000
head have been fed, at one time, in prepara-
tion for the Chicago market.
But probably the most important institution
of all, in a business sense, is the Ashton Bank,
because it is largely the mainstay of the busi-
ness interests. S. P. Mills and N. A. Petrie,
under the name of Mills & Petrie, commenced
banking in Ashton in September, 1869, and
sold out January 1, 1903, to the Ashton Bank,
which was incorporated about that time under
the State Banking Law, with $25,000 capital
and $5,000 surplus, and organized with N. A,
Petrie as President; Geo. H. Mix, Cashier; and
M. D. Hathaway, Vice-President. Deposits are
about $140,000. During the long experience of
Mills & Petrie, covering a number of financial
panics, their business stood on a conservative
basis, commanding the confidence of the com-
munity, and every check rightly drawn on them
was promptly honored. The banking facilities
have been added to by the establishment, early
in 1902, of the People's Bank of Ashton, a pri-
vate institution, with Booth & Lyons as propri-
etors.
Ashton village is underlaid with a superior
quality of building stone, which has been on
the market, in a small way, for a number of
years. It admits of high polish and stands the
action of acids better than most Illinois stone.
Experts give it the credit also of resisting a
higher pressure than any other building stone
in the State, with but one exception.
The village has a large two-story public
school building built of this stone. The school
is graded and employs six teachers.
The cemetery is controlled by the "Ashton
Cemetery Association." which was incorporated
August 14, 1902.
The village put in a gas plant in the sum-
mer of 1903, which supplies satisfactory gas
for street lighting and other purposes.
The population of the township, including
the village, was 1,031 in 1890, and 1,125 in
1900; that of the village alone, in 1890, being
680 and, in 1900, 756. The village was first in-
corporated March 5, 1867, and' again under the
general law, July 23, 1872.
CHAPTER VI.
BRADFORD TOWNSHIP.
ORGANIZATION AND NAMING OF THE TOWNSHIP
FIKST TOWN OFFICERS — EAELT LAND-OWNERS
AND FIRST SETTLERS — EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN
CHfECH — FARMERS" MTTUAL FIRE INSURANCE
COMPANY.
The present town of Ashton originally be-
longed to Bradford, and was set off as Ogle
by resolution of the Board of Supervisors in
February, 1861. Bradford acquired its name
from the circumstance that many of the! or-
ganizers were from Bradford County, Penn.
The first town meeting was held at the house
of Ralph B. Evitts, when the following officers
were elected: Charles Starks, Supervisor; Ira
Brewer, Town Clerk; E. W. Starks, Assessor;
Samuel S. Starks, Collector; Ralph B. Evitts,
Overseer of the Poor; Sherman Shaw, Stephen
Clink and George Yale. Highway Commission-
ers; Samuel S. Starks and Daniel Barber, Con-
stables; Elisha Pratt and LaFayette Yale, Jus-
tices of the Peace. Town meetings were held
at private houses until 1856, when a meeting
was held at the school house at Ogle Station
(now Ashton.)
Many of the early land owners of the town
first settled at Lee Center and, as their lands
became subdued and they grew able to build,
moved onto them. The first to erect homes
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
641
withiQ the bounds of the township were Sher-
man Shaw and Mr. Whitemore, the house of
the latter having been built prior to 1839.
Shawn's was built in 1840 on the northeast cor-
ner of Section 31. Owen Hillison soon followed
in the erection of a home, having prior to this
lived in a sod-house, and having made his way
on foot from New York to Chicago and thence
to Bradford. In 1838 Charles Starks located
at Inlet, and the next year filed a claim on the
east half of the northwest quarter and west
half of the northeast quarter of Section 32,
and built and moved onto it in 1842. About
this time the Whipples located their claim a
little north of this. In 1842 N. C. Yale moved
onto Section 1. Prior' to this Jesse Woodruff
settled on Section 32 and R, B. Evitts on Sec-
tion 29. About this time Stephen Clink built a
stone dwelling on Section 33. In 1842 Ellas
Hulbert moved onto the south half of the south-
east quarter of Section 19, and in 1845 John Hot-
zel, a bachelor, lived in a sod shanty on the east
half of the southwest quarter of Section 31. He
is said to have been the first German settler in
the township. Mr. Bender came in 1845. Ira
Brewer reached Lee Center in June, 1843, and
the same year bought of 0. W. Wright a claim
to the west half of the northwest quarter of Sec-
tion 32 for $40 in trade, and of a Mr. Sturdevant
a claim to the east half of the northeast quarter
of Section 31, with a ten-acre timber lot added,
for $100. In 1849 he built a dwelling on the
latter tract. In 1845 E. W. Pomeroy joined
the settlement and soon became the owner of
the west half of the northwest quarter of sec-
tion 31. He and J. H. Gardner are credited
with bringing the first reaper into the commun-
ity.
In 1859 an Evangelical Church was built on
Section 17 at a cost of $1,300. In 1874 an addi-
tion was made and a steeple erected, at a fur-
ther cost of $2,700. The society was first or-
ganized at the house of John Hotzel.
Egbert Shaw is said to have been the first
white child born within the township.
The Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Com-
pany, of Bradford, is one of the important in-
stitutions of the county. It was incorporated
by special act of the Legislature, March 30,
1869, Ira Brewer. R. B. Evitts, Thomas S. Hul-
bert, Charles D. Hart, Valentine Hicks, C. F.
Starks and George Hulbert being the incorpo-
rators. Ira Brewer was the first President and
continued to hold the office for twenty-five
years until advancing age forced him to retire.
Thomas Hulbert was the first Secretary, serv-
ing one year. C. D. Hart followed for a like
term. Samuel Dysart, the present Secretary,
has served continuously since 1871. The pres-
ent officers are: B. F. Lane, President; Sam-
uel Dysart, Secretary; H. W. Hillison, Treas-
urer; Christian Gross, William V. Jones, Geo.
Shafer and Wm. S. Frost. Board of Managers.
It has paid over $60,000 in losses. The aver-
age annual outlay for salaries, clerk hire and
all other expenses, has been less than $400.
The Company has 750 members holding 860
policies, representing a total insurance of $1.-
586.155.54. The amount insured is increasing
at the rate of about $50,000 yearly.
The population of Bradford, as showTi by the
Government census, was 720 in 1890 and 677
in 1900.
CHAPTER VH.
BROOKLYN TOWNSHIP.
PIONEER SETTLER.S — FIRST II.^RRIAGE — COIIPTOX A
PR0GRESSI\'E VILLAGE — WATER WORKS AXD ELEC-
TRIC LIGHT PLANT WEST BROOKLYX VILLAGE —
BUSINESS HOUSES, CHURCHES AXD SCHOOLS.
The earliest settler in Brooklyn Township
was Zachariah Melugin. who came in the spring
of 1834 and located on the northwest quarter
of Section 4, in the grove which has since borne
his name. The Chicago road ran along his
south line, and here he soon built a tavern.
A. V. Christiance and wife were the second to
arrive at the grove, and located at the south
side on the only thoroughfare, the Chicago
road. This was in 1835. His log house also
became an inn. Here a son, Cornelius, was
born that year, being the first white child born
in the township. In July, 1835, John Gilmore
settled on the nortnwest quarter of Section 2.
His son. W. W. Gilmore, was the second white
64--
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY,
child to be born in tlie township, his birth be-
ing only six weeks later than that of Cornelius
Christiance. W. W. Gilmore became Super-
visor of the town, and was one of the building
committee of the board which had charge of
the erection of the present Court House. Wil-
liam Guthrie located near by. In 1838 Oliver
P. Johnson and wife came. When the Black
Hawk War broke out, Mr. Melugin was living
in the vicinity of Springfield in this State.
He enlisted at Rock Island. After the close
of the war he went back to his home. In the
fall of 1833 he returned to Dixon's Ferry,
where he was persuaded by Father Dixon and
others to establish a stage station at the grove
on the mail route between Chicago and Galena
via Dixon's Ferry, on which stages commenced
running January 1, 1834. Being unmarried,
his sister Mary joined him the next spring and
made a home for him until the following Octo-
ber, when he was married to Mary Ross. Dur-
ing this summer his sister was the only white
woman at the grove. She visited Mrs. Dixon,
at Dixon's Ferry, that summer, and there met
John K. Robinson, who was the first school
teacher in Mr. Dixon's family and who became
her husband. The wedding occurred at the
grove September 10, 1835, and was the first
to be celebrated in that locality. Mr. Robin-
son built his log house about half a mile from
Mr. Melugin's.
Two buildings contend for the distinction
of being the first school house in the township.
At a very early date a log school house stood
within the grounds now occupied as a ceme-
tery at the "Berg," and was also used for
church purposes until 1859, when the first
meeting house was erected. There was like-
wise a building known as the "Red School
House," standing at an early date on the north-
east quarter of Section 4, near its southwest
corner. "\\Tiich one of these was the earlier
we have been unable to determine, but it is
probable that one of them dates back as early
as 1837. Prior to the coming of the school
house, Zachariah Melugin, the pioneer, con-
ducted in his own log cabin the first school in
the township.
The first church to be organized was the
Methodist, in 1S37, at the dwelling of Mr.
Melugin. The first pastor was Rev. Stephen
R. Beggs. The first Sunday School was started
by Rev. Haney of the Methodist Church, in
1847 or '48. A. V. Christiance was the first
postmaster and Charles Morgan & Son were
the first merchants in the place.
Compton. — Compton Village was platted in
1873 on land of Joel Compton, from whom it
received its name, the survey having been
completed May 8. The building of the railroad,
now the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, that
year, gave birth to the town. Located about
three miles from the hamlet of Melugin Grove,
most of the few buildings in the "Berg," as
the latter was called, were early moved over
to the railroad, as well to escape the inevitable
decline of the older settlement as to participate
in the prospective advantages of the new. The
Methodist church, built in 1860, was one of the
structures that migrated, and two hotel build-
ings, which took the names of the Compton
and Young's Hotel, were also in the procession.
Compton was a corn field when platted, and
the first house was a store built by Joel Comp-
ton in the corn stubble. It faced the railroad
and was completed in the spring of 1873. The
next house to go up was a small meat market,
built by M. M. Avery that same spring, and
the third was Mr. Avery's residence. The place
has a grain elevator, which is owned and oper-
ated by Warner & GufRn. Its banking demands
are provided for by the Farmer's & Trader's
Bank, of which Charles Bradshaw is Presi-
dent, L. Carnahan. Vice-President, H. L. Ford-
ham, Cashier, and A. B. Fordham, Assistant
Cashier. The capital stock is $25,000 and de-
posits about $40,000. It has recently become
a National Bank, and is about to occupy a fine
new bank building. The village has two
churches — the Methodist and United Brethren.
It is equipped with an efficient system of water-
works, for private use as well as fire protec-
tion. Its streets are lighted by electricity, as
are also many of its stores and homes. It has
a graded school embracing three grades. Comp-
ton was incorporated as a village December 6,
1875,
West Brooklyn. — This village was laid out
the same year Compton was. on land belonging
to O. P. Johnson, D. L. Harris and R. N. Wood.
The past few years has not witnessed a rapid
growth of the place. With a population now
claimed to be 425, it does a business in excess
of what would be expected from a town of its
size. It has two grain elevators, one operated
by Charles F. Guflin and the other by the Atlas
Grain Company of Chicago. The latter eleva-
tor, with its contents of about 15,000 bushels
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
643
of grain, was destroyed by fire February 19,
1903, and it was at once rebuilt. The village
has a prosperous private bank, which was
opened by the present proprietor and manager,
Henry F. Gehant, June 1, 1897. Its present
capital is $10,000, with a surplus of $5,000 and
deposits ranging from $50,000 to $75,000. It
not only serves the community in a banking
cacpacity, but meets the demand in matter
of insurance, conveyancing and other conven-
iences, such as usually attach to an institution
of its kind in a small town. The village is for-
tunate in being so provided.
Without referring to other lines of busi-
ness the bank and elevators are pointed to as
an index of the business transactions and im-
portance of the place.
Brick and tile of a superior quality have
been manufactured here, for about six years,
by J. M. Beale & Co., the demand largely ex-
ceeding the output.
The school house was erected in 1874 at a
cost of $1,200.
The first church to be erected in the place
was the Methodist, about twenty-four years
ago.
The membership of the Catholic Church, in
and around West Brooklyn, is both large and
wealthy, as is evidenced by the fact that, in
1902, they erected here a splendid church edi-
fice at a cost, including decorations and fur-
nishings, of $18,000. It is 48x98 feet and built
of brick, with a spire 125 feet high. In the last
five years at least $25,000 have been paid out
by this society on church, parsonage and
grounds, all of which has been accomplished
under the pastorate of the priest in charge.
Rev. A. H. Leising.
The church was dedicated September 5.
1902, with imposing ceremonies. Archbishop
Muldoon, of this diocese, officiating. Excursion
trains brought participants from neighboring
towns, and, although the day was rainy, it is
estimated that 5,000 people were brought to the
place in honor of the occasion.
The village was incorporated under the gen-
eral law, by order of the County Court, Sep-
tember 24, 1894.
According to census returns the township
had a population, including Compton and West
Brooklyn, of 1,154 in 1890, and 1,347 in 1900.
Compton had a population, in 1890, of 234 and,
in 1900, of 428. West Brooklyn does not appear
in the census table of 1890, but is credited with
a population of 279 in 1900.
CHAPTER VHI.
CHINA TOWNSHIP.
ORGANIZED AS FKEM0r«T TOWN'SHir FIRST TOWN
OFFICERS AND FIRST SETTLERS SOME NOTABLE
CHARACTERS FRANKLIN GROVE CHURCHES,
SCHOOLS, FACTORIES. BANKS AND NEWSPAPERS.
'\\Tien township organization was adopted in
1850, this town was named "Fremont." Later
the present name was substituted at the solici-
tation of Russell Linn, an early settler whose
native town in Maine was of that name. The
following were the first officers of the town of
Fremont: George R. Linn, Supervisor; Josiah
Wheat, Clerk; Christian Lahman, Assessor;
Moses Curtis, Collector; Jesse Hale, W. C. Rob-
inson, Nathan Whitney, Highway Commission-
ers; Robert B. Sproul, Justice of the Peace;
Moses S. Curtis and W. C. Robinson, Consta-
bles. The highest number of votes cast for
any one office at this election was 46.
According to the most reliable information.
Cummings Noe built the first cabin in China
Township, in 1835 or '36. It stood about eighty
rods north of the W. H. Hansen place. James
Holly and his father-in-law, Charles Harrison,
built in 1836. The "Minor House" was one of
the early buildings. It formed the western
part of the old "Bishop Hughes Hotel." Nathan
Whitney came in 1835, as did Cyrus Chamber-
lain and Lockwood Miner the same year. The
latter's father, Cyras R. arrived in 1836. Mr.
Whitney seems to have returned to his New
York home, and to have made trips back to
Lee County in 1836 and 1837, his family arriv-
ing February 8, 1838. In 1850 he introduced
one of the first, if not the first, threshing ma-
chines in the country. He built, probably in
1838, the house which afterwards became the
"vinegar house" at the nursery. In 1838 Amos
Hussey arrived with his family and located on
the south side of the grove.
In 1845 Christian Lahman and family and
his father-in-law, Mr. Emmett, from Pennsyl-
vania, were added to the meager settlement.
Edward Morgan and family came in 1836. His
son, John Wesley, was bom the next year, and
his is believed to have been the first birth in
644
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
the grove. Edward Morgan built a double log
cabin north of the timber, Jeremiah Whipple
and family located near the "cave" which
bears his name, in 1837. Hugh Moore and his
brother Rufus landed in 1836, and their brother
James the year before. They settled near
Grand Detour. Silas Tolman and family
reached Inlet in 1837 and joined the Franklin
Grove colony early the next spring. Henry
and Harrison Hansen, with Philip Stahl, came
in 1838. The father. Charles Hausen. Sr., fol-
lowed in 1840. leaving his son Charles at their
Maine home to bring the mother and younger
children later. The family in charge of the
young son Charles, reached Franklin in De-
cember, 1840.
As early as 1840 Whipple's mill, on Franklin
Creek near "Whipple's Cave." was sawing logs
cut from the near-by woods, into lumber for
building purposes.
E. C. Thomas and family arrived in 1839
and Nathaniel Yale and family came still ear-
lier, in 183(5. D. M. Bradstreet came in 1844.
James Dysart arrived in 1846 and, by 1849, had
secured land enough to provide each of his
several children with a half-section.
The northeast portion of the northwest quar-
ter of Section 34 was known as Temperance
Hill. Here, on the tract now owned by W. F.
Wolcott, lived John Cross, a Presbyterian min-
ister, who gave the "hill" the name "Theoka,"
but this early gave way to the more suggestive
one connected with sobriety. Cross was an
anti-slavery fighter and a recognized and self-
confessed conductor on the Underground Rail-
road. Indeed, he once boasted to Chester Bad-
ger that, in one load, he had sent twelve slaves
on their way towards freedom. His home was
one of the stations on the underground road.
In 1848 Mr. Cross moved to Wheaton and be-
came Principal of Wheaton College. Next east
of Cross, Sylvester Frisbee settled, and still
east of him, Mr. Hannum and family were liv-
ing in a sod house as early as 1842, when Mar-
tin Eastwood and wife came into the neigh-
borhood. Eastwood made a business of break-
ing prairie, and built a small house which
could be hauled from place to place wherever
his work happened to be. Nathaniel Lewis and
family took up their abode here in 1843. Fris-
bee and all the settlers in the vicinity were
zealous temperance people, and this fact is sup-
posed to have suggested the name for the local-
ity now marked by a row of hardy venerable
pines. The school house hard by perpetuates
the name.
In 1871 the west half of the town of China
was set off to form the town of Nachusa.
In the year when short-horn cattle (Dur-
ham ) were considered the best breed, China
was made prominent by its successful breeders.
As early as 1854-5 Christian Lahman intro-
duced high grade short-horns, and in 1867 Sam-
uel Dysart and Henry Hausen went a step fur-
ther with thorough-breds from Central Illinois.
Mr. Dysart exhibited his stock at many fairs,
at none of which he suffered defeat. He was
awarded thirty-five first premiums and eighteen
second premiums. Twice he was victorious in
Iowa State Fairs. In 1870 he Introduced the
first pure-bred Berkshire swine.
For a considerable time the Whitney nur-
sery was one of the leading tree distributors
in this part of the State. It was established
by Nathan ^\Tiitney in 1843, and was for many
years continued by his son, A. R. Whitney, un-
der whose management it became a large and
prosperous institution. Mr. Whitney's failing
health necessitated its abandonment some
years ago. To those who are disposed to ques-
tion the fitness of our soil and climate for fruit-
growing, the fact may be recalled that, in 1871,
W. H. Hausen sent from this town to the Iowa
State Fair ninety-seven varieties of apples and
fifteen varieties of pears.
Franklin Grove. — This name is said to have
been given to the grove after the youngest son
of Father Dixon.
In 1853 Christian Lahman. who owned the
tract south of the railroad, platted about ten
acres, now constituting the extreme south-west
portion of the village, and christened it "Chap-
lin." What are now Main and Hughes Streets
were its only thoroughfares, and the lots were
numbered from 1 to 35. The plat was recorded
in the Recorder's Office April 23, 1855. In 1851
George W. Pense started a blacksmith shop.
In 1852 Charles Bill put up the first shoe shop.
Charles Ambrose opened the first store in the
fall of 1851 or spring of 1852. In 1854 H. I.
Lincoln came with a stock of goods from Ken-
dall County and continued in trade until a few
years ago.
The first postoflfice was opened about 1848,
with Abram Brown as postmaster and A. R.
Whitney mail carrier. Dr. Clark was the sec-
ond postmaster and, during his term, the name
of the office was changed to Chaplin. In May,
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
645
1854, Dr. George \V. Hewitt located here, and
in 1855 John C. Blaclv came.
The town, as it at present exists exclusive of
additions, was platted by Adrastus W. Tolman,
Christian Lahman, T. D. Robertson and John
Dement in 1853. In 1854 the railroad was com-
pleted and the regular train made its first trip
December 3d of that year. A. B. Fitch was the
first station agent of the road. The station be-
ing located in the new part of the town, drew
business in that direction and changed the
trade center. W. Leake started the first
harness shop. The first elevator was built in
1854 by one Williams. S. J. Smith & Co. and
L. M. Blaisdell opened lumber yards and Rufus
Covin started a furniture store. Conrad
Durkes, hailing from Oregon, Ogle County, was
first to open a dry-goods store in the new sec-
tion of the town. Mix & Losey followed soon
after in the same line. In 1855 Jonas Clisbee
built the hotel building north of the track, and
Josiali Hughes put up the two-story stone hotel
in the old town, which was still known as
Chaplin.
Village incorporation was effected in 1857.
Josiah Hughes, Jonas Clisbee, L. M. Blaisdell,
S. J. Smith and A. W. Tolman were the first
Trustees, Blaisdell being President and Smith
Clerk. The village was again incorporated
under special charter in 1865, the first officers
under this organization being C. Durkes, Presi-
dent; Josiah Hughes, J. J. Lichty, Joseph Wil-
liams, Jonas Clisbee, George W. Brayton and
Geo. H. Taylor, Councilmen. Under the gen-
eral law it was once more incorporated in 1872.
Churches. — The first class of the Methodist
Church was formed by Rev. Jas. McKean, a
missionary, probably before 1840. Cyrus Minor
was leader. The first Methodist church build-
ing was erected in 1863 during the pastorate
of C. W. Wright. Prior to this the services
had been held at the homes of the members and
in school houses. Ministers having other
charges officiated for a number of years. In
1853 and 1854 R. R. Bibbins, of Light House
Point, preached every fourth Sabbath evening,
and in the fall of the latter year, Henry Martin
reorganized the class with James Welsh as
leader. In the fall of 1855 M. Decker, of Lee
Center, supplied the pulpit. Following him
came A. D. Field, H. Richardson and Penfield.
In 1860 W. T. Harlow, principal of the Semi-
nary at Mt. Morris, drove twenty miles to fill
appointments here. Other pastors have been:
C. Webster, L. M. Anderson, H. T. Giles, John
Williamson, A. P. Hatch, S. T. Snow, Jas.
Bush, A. J. Scott, J. Wardle, J. C. Cooper, A. H.
Schoonmaker, Revs. Stire, Stuff, Satterfield,
Bassett, Harris, O'Neal, Slaughter and Honey-
well, the present incumbent. In 1902 this so-
ciety tore down the old church and built a new
one on the same spot, at a cost of $8,100. It
was dedicated October 6. 1902.
January 1, 1861, Franklin Grove Presbyter-
ian Church was organized. The first Board
of Trustees consisted of G. W. Brayton, G. W.
Hewitt, G. W. Pitcher, G. H. Brewer and Jere-
miah Ketchum. W. W. Harsha, the pastor at
Dixon, also acted as first pastor of this soci-
ety. W. L. Lyons was the second pastor. Fol-
lowing him have been: W. Hare, A. F. Morri-
son, Spencer Baker, S. N. Vail, W. C. Cort,
F. C. Cochrane. H. S. Jordon (May, 1881, to De-
cember, 1882); A. L. Sarchet (March, 1883, to
March, 1884); William E. Holyoke (ApriT,
1884, to April, 1885); W. H. McKee (April,
1885, to April, 1886); C. W. Anthony (Decem-
ber, 1886, to December, 1897); R. F. Cressy
(May, 1898, to June, 1901); W. J. Manifold,
the present pastor, from September, 1902. In
1865 this society built a church conjointly with
the German Lutherans, which was used in
common by the two denominations. In the fall
of 1887 the Presbyterians built their present
church, the lot and building costing $4,000 and
the furnishings $995.
The German Lutheran Church was organized
by Rev. William Uhl, of Dixon, but at what
date we are unable to state. George Engel,
George Fishback, George Kreitzer and John
Genk were the first board of Trustee. A church
was built but in what year we have not ascer-
tained. The pastors have been: William Angel-
berger, Charles Young, C. A. Renter, H. Stauf-
I'enberg, Rev. Stolle. The writer has been un-
able to learn the names of any other, or to fix
the date when these served.
The German Baptist Brethren Church, famil-
iarly known as "Brethren" or "Dunkards." are
very strong, both financially and numerically,
in this section. The first families of the faith
to settle here were the Lahnuans and Emmerts,
who came in 1843. The following year came
the Riddlesbargers. Father Emmert was the
first preacher. Christian Lahman was also a
minister of the church. Their first house of
worship was a small grout house on the Dixon
road in the present town of Nachusa. It has
646
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
beea remodeled and enlarged. The society's
cemetery is in the same inclosure. They also
built a meeting house in Ashton and, in 1879,
erected their Central Church building a little
northwest of Franklin Grove. This denomina-
tion has no officiating pastors, but the office de-
volves on bishops and elders.
A Society of the Universalist Church flour-
ished in Franklin Grove at an early day. and
built a church here in 1856. The Hausens,
John Fish. Jonas Clisbee. John C. Black and
Isaac Twombly were early members. T. J.
Bartholomew was the first preacher. J. 0. Bar-
rett. C. F. Dodge. Chase and Cook were pas-
tors.
Schools. — The first and only school house
in Franklin Grove was built in part in 1856.
In 1867 it was enlarged and, in 1894, a new
brick building costing $9,000 took its place.
The first principal was T. W. Scott assisted
by his wife. The school was soon graded into
four departments — one primary, two intermedi-
ate and one high school. Five teachers are
now employed.
In the early years school was kept during
alternate weeks at Morgan's double log cabin
and at Whipple's Cave.
About the year 1840 Lorenzo Whiting taught
a school near "Tolman's Timber." a short dis-
tance from the present site of Franklin Grove.
Miss Sarah Edmonds, who married James Net-
tleton, was also one of the early teachers, her
service being in a school house east of the
Amos Hussey homestead. Harry Godger is
named among the very early instructors.
Cemetery. — In September. 1863, the Franklin
Grove Cemeterj' Association was formed with
Isaac Twombly as President. Conrad Durkes.
Secretary, Joseph Williams, Geo. H. Taylor and
W. S. Thompson, trustees, its purpose being to
take care of and improve the then existing
cemetery. This has been admirably done.
There is no record in the County Recorder's
office showing the incorporation of the associa-
tion. The burial of Mrs. Holly, in 1839. is said
to have been the first in these grounds.
Factories. — The Cheese Factory Association
of Franklin Grove was organized in February,
ISSl, with A. H. Schoonmaker as President;
N. Hansen, Vice-President, H. A. Black. Secre-
tary and Treasurer, and A. R. Whitney. C. L.
Anthony and Chas. Wertman, Directors,
The Wind Grist-Mill was built in 1874 near
the southeast limits of the village, by J. L.
Strock. J. C. J. D. and D. F. Lahman. at a
cost of $13,261. The wheel was 80 feet in diam-
eter and. at its top. was 105 feet above ground.
The enterprise did not prove to be profitable.
The property changed hands several times, and
was finally converted by J. L. Strock into a tile-
factory, which was successfully conducted for
a number of years until his death in 1888. and
afterwards by F. D. and C. W. Lahman and F.
A. Dow. A succession of dry seasons reduced
the demand for tile and. in 1900. the machinery
was exchanged for western land and the build-
ings sold.
In 1875 the copartnership known as J. D.
Lahman & Company was organized for the
manufacture of the Great Western Seeder, with
J. D. and J. C. Lahman and J. L. Strock part-
ners. A year or two later J. C. Lahman retired
from the firm and D. F. Lahman became a mem-
ber. J. L. Strock was the business manager. In
1889 J. D. Lahman bought D. F. Lahman's in-
terest. To simplify natural complications that
arise on the death of a copartner in conduct-
ing an industry of this kind. J. D. Lahman
bought the J. L. Strock estate's interest in the
factory and unsold goods, and closed the busi-
ness in the two years following. H. N. Brat-
ton & Company manufactured and sold a few
machines for several years succeeding. The
business grew from a small beginning to a brisk
little enterprise, as many as 2,400 seeders be-
ing manufactured in a single season.
Camp Meeting.— On July 12, 1881. the Dixon
District Camp-Meeting Asociation was organ-
ized with the following officers: Rev. Luke
Hitchcock. President; Isaac Rive, Vice-Presi-
dent; Rev. I. E. Springer, Secretary; Rev. A.
H. Schoonmaker. Treasurer. Executive Com-
mittee— Revs. Schoonmaker, F. P. Cleveland.
R. M. Smith, G, W. Carr, P. G. Petrie and
Messrs. R. B. Sproul and James Brown. Ten
acres of ground in the timber just outside of
the village was bought and suitably fitted up
for camp-meeting purposes. The first meeting
opened August 31. 18S1. and successful ses-
sions have been held yearly since then. It
soon became recognized as one of the estab-
lished institutions of the county.
Banks. — For a number of years Conrad
Durkes furnished banking facilities for the
community as an adjunct to his mercantile
business. At different times other merchants —
Henry A. Black. P. C. Rooney and possibly oth-
ers— did the same. Having retired from trade
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
647
Mr. Durkes, in 18S9, organized tlie "Franlvlin
Grove Bank" under the State law witli a capital
of $25,000. and with J. D. Lahman. President;
C. Durkes, Vice-President; W. C. Durkes, Cash-
ier. The organization stands the same to-day
except that, on the death of C. Durkes. his son
Warren C. succeeded him as Vice-President and
another son, Stelzer A., was made Cashier. The
deposits the first year averaged about $20,000.
They now average about $150,000 yearly.
Neivspapers. — The only newspaper now pub-
lished in the village is the "Franklin Re-
porter," which was started by .John Blocker
August 14, 1869. Dr. D. H. Spickler succeeded
him in the proprietorship, September 7, 1871.
May 8, 1875, T. W. Scott became its owner and
John Blocker acquired an interest with him Sep-
tember 4. 1875. They sold out to D. B. Senger.
August 5, 1876. October 16, 1886. E. E. Man-
ning became publisher. June, 1889, T. W. Scott
again became proprietor. W. T. Tuttle followed
him March 13, 1891, and September 1, 1894, G.'
W. Gaver, the present proprietor, took the helm.
Other papers have appeared from time to
time, but soon went out. The "Franklin
Grove Gazette," printed at Dixon, the "Enter-
prize" and "Electric Light" were of this class.
The population of China Township, includ-
ing Franklin Grove, according to census, was
1,361 in 1890, and 1,315 in 1900. The popula-
tion of Franklin Grove was 736 in 1890, and
681 in 1900.
CHAPTER IX.
DIXON TOWNSHIP AND CITY.
THE OGEE FEKKY ESTABLISHED — ARRIVAL OF .JOHIf
DIXON AND FAMILY OTHER EARLY SETTLERS^
GO\'ERNMENT LAND OFFICE AT DIXON THE
TOWN INCORPORATED — IMPORTANT EVENTS IN
LOCAL HISTORY VISITATION OF CHOLERA
SCOURGE DISASTROUS FIRES ■ — SKETCH OF
"FATHER" JOHN DIXON DISTINGUISHED VISIT-
ORS LINCOLN AND .TEFF DAVIS — CHURCH HIS-
TORY.
In 1828 a Canadian half-breed, named Jo-
seph Ogee, built a log cabin and established a
ferry across Rock River at the present site of
Dixon. John Dixon had, at this time, a con-
tract for carrying the mail between Galena and
Peoria, and induced Ogee- to establish the ferry
here on the mail route between the two points.
There is authority for the statement that li-
cense was granted Ogee by Jo Daviess County
— which then embraced Lee County — to keep
this ferry, while there is credible authority
stating that the ferry was unlicensed.
The banks of the river then sloped gently to
the water's edge, instead of being abrupt as at
present. This, it is said, was at that time the
only crossing below Rockford, and the few
settlers in that vicinity had to come to Ogee's
or Dixon's Ferry for their mail.
In 1829 a postofRce was established at the
ferry, and a man by the name of Gay appointed
postmaster.
April 11. 1830. John Dixon, with his wife
and family of five children, came to Dixon,
bought Ogee's claim and ran the ferry, and in
1834 the name of the postofRce was changed
from Ogee's Ferry to Dixon's Ferry.
Between the years 1832 and 1836 a plat of
a town called Burlington was laid out on a part
of the land now included in Adelheid Park. In
the latter year, it had three log houses. Some
years ago John K. Robinson wrote that, in
1834, "a Mr. Kirkpatrick attempted to start a
town one and a quarter miles below Dixon, on
the place now known as Dr. Everett's farm,"
and tried to establish a ferry, but both town
and ferry failed. Some time prior to 1840, the
"Town of Oporto" was platted. Its location is
not definitely ascertained; but from allusions
to it found in early conveyances, it was prob-
ably a small piece of ground on the north
side of the river, included in the triangular
piece between Everett and Fellows Streets in
Parson's Addition. Recently the plat of
Oporto was discovered among ancient papers
in the Recorder's Office at Galena, but was so
poorly prepared that it gave no assurance of the
exact ground it was designed to fit.
It must be remembered that, prior to 1840,
all plats, including the original plat of the town
of Dixon, were recorded at Galena, then, as
now, the county-seat of Jo Daviess County, The
first plat of the Town of Dixon to be recorded
in the Recorder's Office of Lee County, is found
in Book "A" of Deeds, page 62. It was made
by Joseph Crawford, October 28, 1840, for John
Dixon, Smith Gilbraith, William Wilkinson,
and Bowman and Lane, On the margin of this
plat is a note reading: "Numbers of lots in
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
led ink, are the same as those upon the orig-
inal plat recorded in Jo Daviess County." The
"red figures" indicate that boundaries of the
two plats were alike.
North Dixon was platted as "Town ot North
Dixon," April 22, 1842, by Joseph Crawford, for
and under the direction of John Dixon.
For his first dwelling. Father Dixon occupied
a log cabin partly built by Ogee and extended
by himself, standing at the northwest corner
of what is now First and Peoria Streets. It
was ninety feet long. The site is appropri-
ately marked by a bronze tablet, placed in the
wall of the building standing on this corner
by the Dixon Chapter of the Daughters of the
American Revolution. The original dwelling
was torn down in 1845.
In the spring of 1836, the first store was
started by Chapman & Hamilton in an addition
to Father Dixon's log house. Prior to this,
however, in 1833-4, a man by the name of Mar-
tin kept a small stock in the block-house form-
ing a part of the fort on north side of the river.
Father Dixon also carried on quite a busi-
ness, largely with the Indians, in the princi-
pal commodities in use in frontier life. In
1837 a dry-goods store was opened by S. M. Bow-
man & Co. on the corner of River and Galena
Streets.
Joseph Crawford came to Dixon in the spring
of 1835 and located on a farm in the "bend"
near Grand Detour.
Dr. Oliver Everett reached Dixon September
3, 1836, which then consisted of four log
houses, a frame house, a blacksmith shop and
two or three houses in course of erection.
At the Presidential election in 1836, polls
were opened in Dixon for Rock River precinct
of Jo Daviess County, Ogle County not yet
having been set off.
In the fall of 1840 the Government Land
Office was moved here from Galena. John
Dement was made Receiver and Major Hack-
elton Register. D. G. Garnsey became Receiver
soon after, and John Hogan Register.
In 1841 a small stone two-story building was
erected on the northwest corner of Ottawa and
Second Streets, and for four years was occupied
as the Government Land OSice. The office was
then moved to a grout two-story building stand-
ing at No. 115, Hennepin Avenue. It was taken
down about two years ago to give place to the
brick building now occupying the ground.
The Land Office remained in that building as
long as it was continued in Dixon.
In the winter of 1839-40, J. T. Little and S,
G. D. Howard opened a dry-goods store on the
corner of River and Hennepin Streets,
In June, 1841, William CuUen Bryant, the
poet, visited Dixon and, on his return to his
brother's home at Princeton, 111., wrote of the
place, in part, as follows: "Five years ago,
two cabins only stood on the solitary shore,
and now it is a considerable village with many
neat dwellings, a commodious Court House,
several places of worship for the good people,
and a jail for the rogues, built with a triple
wall of massive logs, but I was glad to see that
it had no inmates."
In 1841 the now quite dilapidated old frame ■
building on River Street, used as a livery sta-
ble (No. 114-116), was built by J. T, Little and
occupied by Little & Brooks as a dry-goods
store for a number of years, and afterwards
by Webb, Rogers & Woodruff. It was in this
store that P. M. Alexander took employment
when he first came to the town, and where he
continued to clerk until he embarked in busi-
ness for himself.
March 20, 1843, an election was held on the
question of village incorporation. Forty-four
votes were cast, all in the affirmative.
A business roll-call of the town of Dixon, in
the summer of 1845, would have shown: 6
lawyers, 3 physicians, 5 dry-goods and 3 gro-
cery stores. 4 blacksmith and 3 wagon-shops,
3 tailors, 2 shoe-makers, 1 painter, 2 cabinet-
makers, 2 harness shops, 1 bakery, 2 hotels.
In the first issue of the "Dixon Telegraph
and Lee County Herald," May 1, 1851, the dam
is referred to, and it is said that "a saw-mill is
already in operation on the north bank, and a
large flouring-mill is about to be erected on the
other, A rope ferry is the means of crossing
the river, which is in operation night and day.
The stages meet here from almost every direc-
tion." A time table of the "Chicago & Galena
Railroad," published in the same issue, closes
with, "stages will connect at Aurora and St.
Charles, for Dixon, Albany and Rock Island."
As early as 1845 Dixon boasted of a "Young
Men's Lyceum."
July 29, 1851, a brass band of eleven mem-
bers was organized, H, T. Noble, H. P. Wickes,
B. F. Shaw, Andrew J. Brubaker, Henry Brook-
ner, O. P. Herrick, T. H. Eustace and A. B.
Judd being members.
At the Presidential election November 2,
1S52, 327 votes were cast in the precinct, of
which Pierce received 185 and Scott 138.
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
649
December 18, 1S52, the first flour mill on the
water power was completed. It was built by
Brooks & Daley at a cost of $15,000.
March 7, 1853, Dixon was incorporated as a
town (not city). The first Trustees were John
Dixon, A. L. Porter, P. M. Alexander, Lorenzo
Wood and L. Wynkoop.
April 16, 1853, the local paper notes that,
after the murder of the Mormon high priest,
Joseph Smith, his brother William, with a
small band of followers, took up their resi-
dence about twelve miles south of town, where
they have kept up their organization and meet-
ings, and that, at the April term of the Cir-
cuit Court of that year, William's suit against
his wife for divorce came on and the jury
found in favor of the wife. May 4, 1854, he
was in jail for "jumping bail." The "resi-
dence" referred to was Palestine Grove, where
Mormonism gained quite a foothold. (See Am-
boy.)
May 21, 1853, "The Telegraph" records the
advent of a milk wagon and dray.
The pioneer "strike" of the community oc-
curred in March. 1854, during the construction
of the Illinois Central Railroad through the
town. The hands employed on the work struck
for $1.25 a day. Frequent rows and knock-
downs were the accompaniments.
In 1846 the first brick building in the town
was erected. It is still standing as Nos. 109
and 111 First Street. The west half was erected
by James and Horace Benjamin, and the east
half by A. T. Murphy.
In 1854 one of the buildings which formed
the nucleus of the present Grand Detour Plow
Works, was erected by John Dement for manu
facturing purposes. In this same year Ex
change Block (Nos. 102 and 104 Galena Ave-
nue) was erected by Stiles. Eustace & Webb,
and Nos. 84 and 86 Galena Avenue, were built
by P. M. Alexander and J. B. Brooks.
One hundred and thirty buildings were
erected in 1855, among which were the brick
building, corner of First and Hennepin (No. 124
First Street), erected by Davis Bros.; "Union
Block" (Nos. 105-107 First Street), erected by
Nash & Noble. This was originally four stories
high, but in April, 1862, the fourth story being
considered unsafe, was removed. The three-
story brick building on the north side of First
Street (No. 115) was erected in the fall of 1856.
In the fall of 1858 C. Godfrey & Sons, who
then owned the Brooks & Dailey mill on the
water-power, completed the "Farmers' Mill,"
located on present site of electric power-house,
lots 2 and 3, Mill Block.
The year 1854 was a very eventful one in
the annals of Dixon, not only in matters of
growth and development, but on account of the
cholera scourge which afilicted it. There had
been a few deaths from the disease prior to
July 21, including those of Mrs. Alanson Smith
and a few railroad hands; but on the 21st it
became epidemic, breaking out in full force
on Saturday the 22d. During that night many
of the inhabitants fled into the country. The
next day, Sunday, fourteen victims lay dead in
the town. The total number of deaths from
July 20th to Augtist 7th by cholera was 34.
Doctors Everett and Abbott, who were in at-
tendance, give the following as the death roll:
Mrs. Patrick Duffee and child. Michael Harris,
Mrs. Jacob Graver, Wm. Lahee, Daniel Brook-
ner and wife and Daniel Brookner, Jr., John
Finley, Joseph Cleaver (Postmaster) and cous-
in of same name, John Keenan, Mrs. Cooley,
Marsh, Mrs. Owen's child, John Connels, John
Barnes, Elijah Dixon. Wm. Patrick. Benj. Vann.
Mrs. Scheer, Cyrus Kimball and wife. Israel
Evans, Mrs. Catherine Dailey, Mr. Peck, Ed-
ward Hamlin, Roderick McKenzie and wife,
Mrs. Huff, Mr. Jones. Mr. C. Johnson, Owen
Gallinger and E. Boswick.
October 12, 1854, Mr. Ferris Finch was occu-
pied in the painting of the fine portrait of
Father Dixon, which for many years hung in
the Court House, and is now in the Public Li-
brary.
At an auction sale of town lots, made March
15. 1856, by Brooks, Eddy and Wood, the aver-
age price obtained was $52 a front foot for
business property. A corner lot on First and
Galena Streets (not stated which corner)
brought $72 a foot. Property bought in 1848
for $225 sold for $3,000.
At the first election under the city charter
298 votes were cast against licensing the sale
of liquor, and 170 votes in favor.
June 6, 1855, the Maine Prohibitory Liquor
Law was submitted to popular vote and received
318 votes for to 38 against.
February 20, 1856, the "Nameless Minstrels"
gave a concert, "the proceeds to go towards
purchasing a fire engine for the corporate town
of Dixon." The names of J. C. Ayres and H. T.
Noble appear among the "talent."
In 1856 the excitement over the Kansas-Ne-
braska issue ran high and $1,000 was raised
650
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
to aid bona fide emigrants to Kansas to assist
in maldng it free territory.
July 14. 185S, the Lee County Agricultural
Society was organized and held its first fair
on fair-grounds near the cemetery, in October of
that year. A similar society had been organ-
ized February 6, 1854.
July 30, 1858, the steamer "Rockford" ar-
rived on its first trip up the Rock River.
December 4, 1858, the proposed city charter
was submitted to vote of the citizens, and by
them indorsed. It was passed by the General
Assembly and approved February 19, 1859. Two
previous efforts to incorporate had been de-
feated at the polls.
August 10, 1859, the North Dixon depot of
the Illinois Central Railroad was opened, with
George L. Herrick as agent.
April 5, 1860, the "Dixon Improvement Asso-
ciation" was formed for the purpose of im-
proving and beautifying the city by planting
etc.
In the fall of 1862 the Illinois Central Rail-
road replaced its wooden bridge with an iron
one, on the same piers.
The "Quaker City" building (No. 209 First
Street) was erected by Isaac Jones in the sum-
mer of 1862.
June 22, 1863, a "Society of Vigilance" was
organized for the purpose of detecting and
bringing thieves to justice, and reclaiming
stolen property.
June 24, 1870, the Dixon Hose Company, No.
1, was organized with about thirty members —
H. S. Dey, Foreman — and a week later, the
Monitor Hook & Ladder Company was organ-
ized with W. N. Johnson as foreman.
June 2, 1870, the Dixon Park Association was
formed, and held its first fair that summer on
its grounds west of the city, now included in
Maple Park.
January 12. 1871, the City Hall building,
(frame) at the corner of Second and Henne-
pin Streets, was completed for use of the fire
department.
November 30, 1876. the Opera House, erected
by H. J. Stevens, F. A. Truman, J. D. Crabtree
and W. D. Stevens, was opened.
December 4, 1879, trains commenced run-
ning on switch track connecting depots with
water power. This track was paid for by citi-
zens of Dixon with funds raised by subscrip-
In 1892 a new frame passenger depot was
built by the Illinois Central Railroad Company,
about two blocks south of the old one. The
latter, a small brick building, was the first to
be occupied by the company and was permitted
to hold its ground until the summer of 1903,
when it was demolished.
Old Settlers. — It is well nigh impossible to
give anything like a complete list of the early
settlers of Dixon and immediate vicinity, but
the following is offered as a partial roll of ar-
rivals prior to 1850: John Dixon, 1830; Joseph
Crawford, 1835; Dr. J. B. Nash, 1838; J. H.
Moore, 1847; J. V. Eustace, 1843; Isaac S.
Boardman, 1837; Oliver Everett, 1836; Joseph
T. Little (who died this summer), 1839; Sally
Herrick, who recently died at an advanced
age, sister of Dr. Nash, 1840; Mrs. N. G. H.
Morrill, who also died recently, 1838; John
Richards and daughter Sarah, September 1,
1836; John L. Lord, 1838; Noah Beede and son,
A. A. Beede, 1836; A. T. Murphy, 1840; Reuben
Eastwood and son Sumner D., 1837; John De-
ment, 1840; W. W. Heaton, about 1840; Alexan-
ander Charters and son James, 1838; John
Clute, 1840; Philip M. Alexander, 1838; Hiram
Hetler and parents, 1837; David H. Law and
parents, 1839; Daniel McKinney and parents,
1846; Andrew J. Brubaker, 1848; John H. Page,
1834; Joseph B. Brooks, prior to May 15, 1844.
Mrs. E. B. Baker (Ann Elizabeth Kellogg)
passed through here in 1828 with her father's
family; they settled at Buffalo's Grove (Polo)
and she became a permanent settler of Dixon
in 1846; Stephen Fuller arrived In 1836; Joseph
Brierton and son Sylvester, 1838. (Wm. S., the
son of Joseph, was born the next year.) Of
these all but the following have passed to the
"great beyond:" Mr. Moore, Miss Sarah Rich-
ards, Mrs. Murphy, S. D. Eastwood, Mr. Clute,
Hiram Hetler, Dr. D. H. Law, Mr. Brubaker,
Mrs. Baker, Mr. Fuller, Sylvester and W. S.
Brierton.
FiKKS. — In 1846 the first recorded fire visited
the town, consuming the Phoenix Hotel, Stiles
& Eddy's Store (Bowman's old stand), corner
of Galena and River Streets.
October 14, 1859, a disastrous fire occurred
extending on both sides of First Street from
Hennepin west. Seventeen buildings were de-
stroyed. The estimiated loss was over $50,000;
insurance, $10,200.
January 29, 1860, John Dement's machine
shop, opposite the Mills on Water Street, was
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
651
burned out, ruining tlie machinery — loss $25.-
000; no insurance.
Marcli 7, 1S61, ttiree buildings on or near the
northwest corner of First and Galena Streets
were destroyed by Are.
March 3, 1871, three buildings in center of
the block on north side of First Street, be-
tween Hennepin and Peoria, were destroyed by
fire— loss $4,000.
November 30, 1871, St. James Hotel (formerly
Shabbona House) was burned to the ground.
March 12, 1873, the Western Knitting Mills
were entirely destroyed by fire — loss $20,000.
The Flax Factory adjoining waj damaged to'
the extent of $5,000.
December 7, 1875, a fire broke out in the
upper story of Becker & Underwood's Flouring
Mill, resulting in a loss of $13,000. The main
building of the Dixon Power & Lighting Com-
pany now occupies the ground.
April 8, 1880, the most disastrous fire that
ever visited Dixon broke out at one o'clock in
the morning, at the water-power. In an hour
all the buildings on the north side of the race,
were consumed. They consisted of the double
stone building — one-half of which was owned
by Caleb Clapp and the other half by John
Dement — Thompson's Flouring Mill and that
of Becker & Underwood. The only pumps af-
fording fire protection were on the race In
front of these mills, and they were soon dis-
abled. The Amboy Fire Company, with its
engine, was sent for and its timely arrival and
efficient work saved the buildings on the oppo-
site side of the street. When the fiames reached
the Becker & Underwood Mill there was a ter-
rific explosion, cause, it was supposed, by the
combustion of flour dust. Men were in the
building at the time striving to checlv the fire,
two of whom, Ezra Becker and William Schum,
were killed, while ten others were wounded
more or less seriously. The total loss was
$190,000; insurance, $66,900.
The interior of the Catholic Church was en-
tirely destroyed by fire May 7, 1887.
On the morning of June 3, 1903, all of the
Opera House above the first floor within walls,
was destroyed by fire; insurance paid, $12,000.
Biographical Sketch of Father Dixon. — John
Dixon was born in the Village of Rye, West-
chester County, N. Y., October 9, 1784. On
reaching his majority he moved to New York
City where, for fifteen years, he was the pro-
651-3
prietor of a clothing store and merchant tail-
oring establishment. He was actively inter-
ested in the temperance cause and religious
matters, and became one of the directors of the
"Young Men's Bible Society of the City of New
York," organized February 11, 1809. It was
the first Bible Society established in the United
States, and developed into the American Bible
Society of the present day. When Fulton took
his first steamboat on its trial trip up the Hud-
son, Mr. Dixon was a passenger and insisted on
paying fare against the inventor's protest. He
thus came by the distinction, not only of riding
on the first steamboat, but of paying the first
fare for such a ride.
Being threatened with pulmonary disease,
he left New York in 1820 for the West with his
wife and children, the means of transportation
being a covered wagon drawn by a single team.
On reaching Pittsburg a fiatboat was purchased
on which they embarked with their team and
belongings, and floated down the Ohio to Shaw-
ueetown. III., where they disembarked and pro-
ceeded with their wagon across the trackless
prairies to the locality where Springfield now
stands. On Fancy Creek, nine miles from the
site of the future capital, he located after OTer
seventy days' journey. Early the next year
Sangamon County was organized. At the first
session of Court in the new county, Jolm Dixon
was foreman of the grand jury. In 1825 he
was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court and
Recorder of Deeds for Peoria County, necessi-
tating his removal to Peoria, then also known
as Fort Clark. Northern Illinois was not then
divided into counties and. within the territory
attached to Peoria County were the voting pre-
cincts of Galena and Chicago. This whole
legion, which now embraces thirty counties,
then had but 1,236 inhabitants.
While Mr. Dixon was thus engaged at Peoria,
the Government established a mail route from
that point to Galena, crossing Rock River at
the present site of Dixon, mail to be carried
once in two weeks on horseback. Mr. Dixon
secured the contract. In order to effect safe
passage of the mails over the river, he induced
a French and Indian half-breed by the name
of Ogee to establish a ferry, which was later
purchased by Mr. Dixon, who with his family
moved to this point April 11, 1830, and the
crossing was thereafter known as "Dixon's
Ferry." Whether this is the same "Joseph
6^1
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
Ogee" referred to in the treaty of Prairie du
Chien, heretofore quoted, nowhere appears, but
it is highly probable.
The Winnebago Indians were occupants of
a large part of the country, and Mr. Dixon
soon established business relations with them
and secured their entire confidence which, on
the return of the Sacs and Foxes in 1832, proved
to be of great value to himself and family, and
he reciprocated with services equally valuable
to them. His unflinching integrity and strict
temperance habits served often to protect his
dusky friends from the exactions of unscrupu-
lous traders. Owanico, or "Jahro," chief of the
Winnebagoes, became an active disciple of tem-
perance. Even at that early day, Mr. Dixon's
hair was so white that he was known among
the Indians as "Na-chu-sa" (the white-haired.)
In 1838 Mr. Dixon was appointed by the Gov-
ernor of the State one of the Commissioners
to carry on the system of internal improve-
ment then inaugurated, and later was elected
to the position by the Legislature. Although
the movement was ill-conceived and resulted
in ridiculous failure, no fault was ever at-
tached to the Commissioners.
The acquaintance which Abraham Lincoln
made with Father Dixon, during the Black
Hawk War, was never forgotten by Mr. Lin-
coln; and when the great man had been elected
President, and before his departure from
Springfield to assume the office. Father Dixon
called on him. Mr. Lincoln eagerly recalled
the early friendship and volunteered a promise,
unsolicited on Mr. Dixon's part, that he would
see that his old friend was made Postmaster
of the city he had founded; but when the time
for the change came, another secured the post.
By some political trick the commission had
been obtained without Mr. Lincoln's knowledge.
On being apprised of it. the President was in-
dignant and mortified, "for," he said, "he had
promised it to Mr. Dixon." This incident is
vouched for by unquestionable authority.
In 1S40 Mr. Dixon visited Washington, his
mission being to procure the removal of the
Government Land Office from Galena to Dixon.
It is needless to say that he succeeded. He
enlisted the interest of General Scott, who had
made his acquaintance while serving in the
Black Hawk War, and thus reached President
A'an Buren, who promptly caused the desired
order to be made.
Mrs. Dixon was a woman of superior attain-
ments, who exerted an active moral and relig-
ious influence in the community, and was a
worthy companion for so exemplary a man.
Mr, Dixon died at his home in North Dixon,
July 6th, 1876, universally respected and be-
loved, having nearly attained his ninety-second
year. His wife and ten children had all de-
parted before him, but grandchildren and other
family connections were about him and ten-
derly ministered to him to the last. Though
he had once owned the tract on which the city
which bears his name now stands, and had
been afforded many opportunities to accumu-
late a fortune, he died a poor man. The preva-
lent craze for speculation seems to have passed
him by. He was modest, gentle and retiring by
nature, a great reader and a man of large in-
telligence. Current events and the affairs of
the nation and the world at large were of ab-
forbing interest to him up to a short time be-
fore he was taken. His generosity and public
spirit are well indicated by the fact that, in
platting the town of North Dixon, he dedicated
Oak Park to public use, and in laying out the
town of Dixon south of the river, he gave Mar-
ket Square to the public, and donated to the
county the Public Square on which the Court
House now stands. It is generally understood
that he also donated SO acres of land adjacent
to Dixon to aid in the erection of the flrst
Court House.
His funeral was the occasion of a demonstra-
tion seldom accorded a modest, private citizen
having no official claims to distinction. It oc-
curred on Sunday following his death. From
all the surrounding towns came delegations
and societies to pay their last respects to his
memory. Business houses and public buildings
were draped in mourning. The body lay in
state at the Court House under guard of Sir
Knights Templar, and for hours the people
streamed by to take a last look at the venerable
founder of the town. At a meeting of citizens,
held the Friday evening before his burial, a
touching memorial was adopted, in vvhich the
rare tribute was pronounced that he was a man
of great strength of mind, force of cljaracter
and determination of purpose; yet he had lived
and died without an enemy. Forgetful of him-
self, he lived for others a pure and unselfish
life. He was that "noble-t work of God"— "an
honest man." No life admits of a higher en-
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
653
comium, nor can any city boast of a name
which should carry with it, into all the arter-
ies of municipal life, more of manly virtue and
civic righteousness than the one which this
noble pioneer gave to the town he founded, and
on whose infant life he impressed the seal of
his fine personality. A monument to his mem-
ory was erected and dedicated in 1892, in Oak-
wood Cemetery, by popular subscription, at a
cost of ?1.000.
(For further notice of Father Dixon see
"Black Haivk War." )
Distinguished Visitors. — Dixonites. like all
the rest of creation, recall with satisfaction
the distinguished personages who have tarried
within their borders. Abraham Lincoln, the
Immortal, heads their list. He was first here
as a Captain of Militia during the Black Hawk
War, and again as private on a second and
third enlistment. Lieut. Jefferson Davis, of the
legular army, who became President of the
Southern Confedercy, and Lieut. Robt. Ander-
son, also of the regular army, who in April,
1861. defended Fort Sumter against the Con-
federacy's rebellious assault, were also here at
the same time. That Davis was here has been
questioned, but no longer admits of doubt.
Lieut. Col. Zachary Taylor, afterwards Presi-
dent of the United States, and Gen. Winfield
Scott were also of the numher. It has often
been asserted, and generally believed, that Lin-
coln was first mustered into the service of the
Government at Dixon's Ferry, and that, as a
part of the procedure, Lieut. Davis adminis-
tered the oath of allegiance to him. Father
Dixon and Col. John Dement so understood it,
and it is said upon creditable authority that
Mr. Lincoln so stated. But it may not be true.
Mr. Frank E. Stevens, who, by the way. was
Dixon born and bred, in his recently issued
exhaustive work on the Black Hawk War, re-
produces a letter from Maj. Buckmaster, under
whom Captain Lincoln's company was serving,
dated May 9. 1832. at mouth of Rock River, in
which he writes that they were mustered into
the service of the United States the day before
by Gen. Atkinson; and the author submits this
as conclusive proof of the fallacy of what has
been so long and fondly entertained as true.
Certain it is, that this letter casts another
shadow over the subject. If Mr. Lincoln was
sworn into the service at Dixon, it is of course
possible that Lieut. Davis was the mustering
officer, but rather more probable that Lieuten-
ant Anderson performed that function. We
have said in our notice of the Black Hawk War
that Lincoln entered the service three times
before the war terminated. He was discharged
from the first company at the mouth of Fox
River, and there re-enlisted for twenty days as
a private in Capt. lies' Company. Lieut. Ander-
son being the officer who then mustered the
company in. At the expiration of the twenty
days, these men .returned and were mustered
out at Fort Wilbourn, located between LaSalle
and Peru. On the following day Lincoln vifas
mustered in as a private in Capt. Early's Com-
pany, this being his third enlistment. June
21st the company reached Dixon's Ferry, and
thence moved north to Whitewater River, where
it was mustered out July 10, 1832, the men re-
turning homeward by way of Dixon's Ferry.
It follows, therefore, that there was only one
opportunity for Mr. Lincoln to have been mus-
tered in at Dixon, and that was when his com-
mand reached here on its march from the
mouth of Rock River, where Major Buckmaster
writes the troops were sworn into the service.
But it must be looked upon as little le=s than
marvelous, that Father Dixon and John De-
ment, both of whom were active participants
in the war and were brought in constant con-
tact with both Lieut. Anderson and Lieut.
Davis, and became well acquainted with Mr.
Lincoln, should be mistaken; and it is still
more remarkable that Mr. Lincoln himself
should state that he was sworn in here, if, in
fact, it occurred at Ihe mouth of the river, as
deduced from the letter from Maj. Buckmaster.
It is possible, of course, that, for some reason,
Lincoln may not have been with his company
at the time of the muster referred to by the
Major.
There is no question but what Lincoln was at
Dixon on other occasions. He had become well
acquainted with Joseph Crawford, who had
rerved with him in the Legislature, and who,
being a brother Whig, was a great admirer of
Mr. Lincoln. Lincoln is remembered to have
visited Dixon at one time, when he sought out
Mr. Crawford, if indeed he was not actually
entertained at the Crawford home. He also
knew Judge J. V. Eustace, whose acquaintance
he had formed at Springfield, and on one of his
visits here called on the Judge. One occasion
was when he spoke in Court House square.
September 8. 1S56, in the Presidential cam-
paign of that year. The probable spot where
654
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
he addressed the people has been recently
marked by a large boulder, placed there by the
Dixon Post G. A. R., bearing an inscription
commemorative of the event. A number of citi-
zens still living were present. A communica-
tion from one of the audience whose identity
is not revealed, is referred to in "Scribner's
Magazine" for April, 1878, p. 884, in which the
writer says: "Lincoln spoke in the grove in
the Court House square. Dixon, 111. I think
you (Noah Brooks, to whom the letter was ad-
dressed) and I sat together and made a little
fun of his excessively homely appearance. He
was dressed in an awkwardly fitting linen suit,
evidently bought ready made at a country
store, and intended for a man at least five
inches less in stature than he was, the vest
and trousers not meeting by at least an inch
and a half, and the last named garment being
short at the feet. Lincoln made, on that occas-
ion, his second speech on a Republican or Free-
Soil platform. No other speech I have ever
heard made such a lasting impression on my
mind."
In Herndon's "Life of Lincoin." it is stated
on authority of Mr. Horace White, then corre-
spondent of the Chicago Tribune, who later be-
came its editor, that Mr. N. B. Judd and Dr. C.
H. Ray, then editor of the Tribune, met Mr. Lin-
coln at Dixon in conference the day before his
memorable debate with Douglas at Freeport.
It is known by those intimately associated with
Mr. Lincoln at this time, t^at in the debate he
contemplated putting to Douglas the following
question: "Can the people of a United States
territory, in any lawful way, against the wish
of any citizen of the United States, exclude
slavery from its limits prior to the formation
of a State constitution?" The politicians close
to Mr. Lincoln feared the consequences which
would follow, and endeavored to persuade Mr.
Lincoln to desist. Mr. White writes that this
was the purpose of the conference at Dixon.
We are able to state, on authority of Mr. B.
F. Shaw of Dixon, who was then conducting a
Republican paper (The Telegraph) here and
was deeply interested in current events, as well
as a great admirer of Mr. Lincoln and a stanch
champion of the cause he advocated, that this
reported interview never, in fact, took place.
One thing is practically certain; that if such a
gathering occurred, he would have known of
It. On the contrary, he was at the Illinois
Central depot when the large excursion train,
with Mr. Lincoln aboard, passed through Dixon
on its way to Freeport on the day of the great
debate, and on a regular train, a few hours
later, he himself reached Freeport in time to
hear the discussion. It might be added that he
found on the train Owen Lovejoy, with whom
he was acquainted, who was likewise on his
way to Freeport. Mr. Lovejoy was very much
disturbed over certain references which Mr.
Douglas had made to him in his speech at Ot-
tawa; and, after the debate was over, Mr. Shaw
was a prime mover in bringing Mr. Lovejoy be-
fore the assembled crowd where, standing on a
dry goods box in front of the Brewster House,
he delivered one of the most eloquent, as well
as flery, philippics ever heard. In this con-
nection the writer may say that, in conversa-
tion he heard Gen. S. D. Atkins, of Freeport, re-
late that he was present in IJncoln's room in
the Brewster House on that eventful day, when
several intimate friends of Mr. Lincoln were
laboring with him to withhold the question
above quoted, which he still expected to pro-
pound to Mr. Douglas; that Mr. Lincoln patient-
ly listened to all that was said, and after re-
flecting some time without speaking, announced
his determination to stand by the question,
saying that while it might defeat him as a Sen-
ator, it would prevent Douglas from ever be-
coming President. The question was put and
the predicted result followed.
Albert Sidney Johnson and Joseph B. John-
son, both of whom became leading Generals
on the Confederate side in the War of the Re-
bellion, Col. Nathan Boone, a son of Daniel
Boone, John Reynolds, Governor of the State,
and Gen. E. D. Baker, one of the brilliant ora-
tors of the then future, who was killed early
in the war of the Rebellion at Ball's Bluff—
these, with many other notables, made the ac-
quaintance of Father Dixon at Dixon's Ferry.
Father Dixon's account book of those days
shows a loan to Gen. Scott of $6.50. for which
Scott gave his note.
In 1843 Margaret Fuller, a talented writer
and one of the literary circle of Boston
and Concord, which included Emerson, Chan-
ning, Alcott, Hawthorne and others who be-
came eminent, passed through Lee County in
what was doubtless an emigrant wagon or
"prairie schooner," en route from Chicago to
Oregon, Ogle County. In her book, "At Home
and Abroad," she speaks of a night spent in
a tavern at Paw Paw. The ladies of the party
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
655
slept in the bar-room, from which its drinking
visitors had been ejected at a late hour, the
supper table serving as Miss Fuller's couch
and the 'doors, of course, remaining unlocTved.
They crossed Rock River at Dixon's Ferry and
spent three days at Hazelwood, "place chosen."
she writes, "by an Irish gentleman ('Gov.'
Charters), whose absenteeship seems to be of
the wisest kind.'' "If you descended a ravine at
the side to the water's edge, you found there a
long walk on the narrow shore, with a wall
above of the richest hanging wood, in which
they said the deer lay hid." Reference is made
to the commodious dwelling and the log cabin,
the latter being at this writing still standing
on the spot. Dwelling on the beauty of the
surroundings, she adds: "It seems not neces-
sary to have any better heaven, or fuller ex-
pression of love and freedom, than in the mood
of Nature here." On parting she left a poem
entitled, "The Western Eden," which would be
quoted here but for lack of space.
In the days when the lecture platform at-
tracted the ablest and most talented men of the
country to appear before the people, several
whose names deserve to be mentioned addressed
Dixon audiences. Among these were Horace
Greeley, who was here twice; T. Starr King,
who later moved to California, and was one of
the great forces in that State for patriotism in
the days of the Civil War. Here also lectured
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Oliver Wendell Holmes,
Bayard Taylor, Henry Ward Beecher, Joshua
R, Giddings, Horace Mann, John G. Saxe and
others of less note.
That most charming poet, William Cullen
Bryant, who wrote so sweetly of nature, visited
Dixon, as indicated by letter already quoted,
and was the guest of his brother-in-law. Dr.
Oliver Everett, when this entire country was a
vast field of virgin prairie, covered with wild
flowers, and its lakes and river frequented by
birds of gorgeous plumage unharassed by the
sportsman's gun. It was on that visit that
Mr. Bryant was inspired to pen that most beau-
tiful of his poems, "To a Waterfowl." in which
this verse appears:
"There is a power whose care
Teaches the way along that pathless coast —
The desert and illimitable air —
Lone wandering, but not lost."
Ch iirches. — The first
preached
Dixon was in the fall of lS3t by a Methodist
missionary named Segg. His field of labor ex-
tended from Apple River, in Jo Daviess County,
to Prophetstown, in Whiteside County, and he
made the circuit once in four weeks.
In 1S37 a Methodist class was formed with
S. M. Bowman, E. A. Bowman, Maria McClure,,
John Richards, Ann Richards, Caleb Tallmage
and Amanda Tallmage as members, and in
1839 T. D. Boardman, Mr. and Mrs. Perry, Mr.
and Mrs. 0. F. Ayres were added. Preaching
services were held at intervals of six weeks
over Bowman's store. The circuit preachers
conducting services were Robert Dunlap, Bar-
ton Cartwright, Isaac Pool, Riley Hill, Luke
Hitchcock, Richard Blanchard, Philo Judson
and W. H. Cooley. W. Wilcox was appointed
to Dixon in 1843; David Brooks in July, 18-14;
S. P. Keyes, August, 1845; Milton Hawey and
R. W. H. Brent, August, 1846; R. P. Lawton,
1847; William Palmer, 1848; Thomas North,
1850: James Baume (father of Judge Baume
of our Circuit Court), September, 1852; J, W.
Agard, 1854; Wilbur McKaig, September, 1855;
N. P. Heath, 1857; L. A. Sanford, August, 1858;
S. G. Lathrop, 1859; O. B. Thayer, September,
1862; W. H. Smith, March, 1864; G. L. Stuff,
1864; T. C. Clendenning, 1865; George E, Stro-
brldge, 1867; J. H. Brown, 1869; John William-
son, 1871; Isaac Llnebarger, 1874; G. R. Van
Horn, 1876; A. W. Patton, 1879-80; F. P. Cleve-
land, 1880-81; 0. F. Mattison, 1881-84; M. E.
Cady, 1884-87; F. H. Sheets, 1887-88; C. A.
Bunker, 1889-90; S, Earngey, 1890-93; 0. H.
Cessna, 1893-98; J. D. Leek. 1898-1900; William
Phillips. 1900-02; William Craven, 1902, present
incumbent. (Beginning with 1864, the term of
service of each circuit rider began uniformly
in October, immediately after the adjournment
of the Annual Conference.)
In the summer of 1843 the first Methodist
church building was completed. It was a brick
structure and is still standing in good state
of preservation, at No, 117 Second Street, oppo-
site the Court House. It was dedicated that
summer by Presiding Elder John T. Mitchell.
The board of trustees consisted of J. P. Dixon,
E. Edson. O. F. Ayres, L. G. Wynkoop. Thomas
McCabe, Joseph Brierton and S. M. Bowman.
A Union Sunday School was organized which,
on July 15th of that year, had eight teachers,
sixty scholars and a library of ninety volumes.
O. F. Ayres was Superintendent; T. D. Board-
man, Secretary; J. W, Clute, Librarian.
656
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
In 1854 a Methodist chiircli was built where
the present one stands, corner of Second Street
and Peoria Avenue. March 1, 1855, it was dedi-
cated hy Rev. Wm. McKaig. The cost of the
building, including furnishings, etc., was about
$15,000. August 31, 1876, it was rededicated
after extensive repairs had been made. This
building was torn down to make room for the
present structure, which was completed in De-
cember, 1892, at a cost of $30,000. The next
year a parsonage was bitilt adjacent to the
church, at a cost of $3,500.
May 28, 1838, the "First Regular Baptist
Church of Dixon and Buffalo Grove" was or-
ganized at Buffalo Grove (now Polo.) Elder
Thomas Powell, a missionary, was Moderator
of the meeting. The original members were:
Houland Bicknell, Rebecca Dixon, Elizabeth
Bellows, Jerusha Hammond, Sarah Kellogg,
Martha Parks and Ann Clarley. At the end of
four years there were seventy-two names on
the membership roll.
January 13. 1841, the present corporate or-
ganization of the Baptist Church was effected
under the name of the "First Baptist Church of
Dixon." April 16, 1842, the congregation was
divided Into two churches, Buffalo Grove and
Dixon. The former has since become extinct.
Pastors since the organization have been:
B. B. Carpenter, June, 1840, to October, 1844;
Burton Carpenter, December, 1844. to March,
1845. William Gates filled the pulpit occas-
ionally, and William Walker about four months
between March, 1844, and April, 1847, when E.
T. Manning became pastor for one year. S. S.
Martin was pastor for one year in 1849. G. W.
Benton supplied the pulpit for about six
months between Martin's pastorate and Au-
gust, 1851, when John E. Ball became pastor
and remained about four years. Anson Tucker
served eleven months from May, 1855. W. R.
Webb came in June, 1856, and continued over
four years. William G. Pratt served one year
beginning in March. 1861. W. S. Goodno came
in September. 1862, serving two years. J. H.
Pratt became pastor in October. 1864, and con-
tinued nine years. D. F. Carnahan followed in
August. 1874, and 0, P. Bestor in August, 1877,
who remained until October, 1882: Rev. W. H.
Parker from January, 1883. to September, 1886:
John F. Howard, October 10, 1886, to Septem-
ber 1, 1890: William D. Puller, March 4, 1891,
to May 24, 1892: Hector C. Leland, from Sep-
tember, 1892, to February 1, 1899; Wm. C.
Spencer, the present incumbent, came March,
1899.
May 5. 1849, the Baptist congregation dedi-
cated their first house of worship. Rev. Jacob
Knapp preaching the sermon. It was a brick
building, situated on the west side of Ottawa
Street at corner of the alley next north of First
Street. It was abandoned as a church when
the present edifice was completed, but was used
in connection with a lumber yard until spring
of 1899, when it was torn down.
October 1, 1869, the corner-stone of the pres-
ent Baptist church was laid with appropriate
ceremonies, and the building was dedicated in
August, 1872. Rev. Mr. Ravlin delivering the
morning sermon and Rev. J. A. Smith the even-
ing sei-mon. June 23, 1878, the fortieth anni-
versary exercises of the Dixon Baptist Church
were held in its house of worship.
A correspondent, writing from Dixon to a
Rockford paper in summer of 1845, says the
place then had "four congregations: Metho-
dist, Baptist, Episcopal and Congregational,
and one church structure — that of the Metho-
dist."
"The First Evangelical Lutheran Congrega-
tion of Lee County" was organized August 20,
1848, in the barn of J. N. Burket. east of Dixon,
by Rev. Jacob Burket. The name was changed
November 12, 1853, to "St. Paul's Evangelical
Lutheran Church." The pastors have been:
Jacob H. Burket. who continued in charge un-
til August, 1850; Ephraim Miller, May, 1851, to
April, 1852; Charles Young, May, 1852, to Au-
gust, 1853; William Uhl, September, 1853, to
1855; D. Harbaugh, July, 1855, to July, 1856;
William Uhl, September, 1856, to July, 1858;
J. L. Guard, July, 1858. to 1861; J. R. Keiser,
September, 1861, to October, 1864; A. A. Trim-
per, spring of 1865 to 1870; N. W. Lilly, Octo-
ber, 1870, to 1874; S. S. Waltz, September, 1874,
to April, 1879; L. L. Lipe, October. 1879, to
1885; J. M. Ruthrauff. 1885, to 1895; T. F.
Dornblazer. fall of 1895, present incumbent. In
December. 1856, the German portion of the con-
gregation withdrew and organized a separate
congregation, but were united again under
the pastorate of Rev. Trimper.
A Lutheran church was in process of erection
in September, 1854, and was dedicated Septem-
ber 30. 1855. It was a brick building with
basement and spire, located on or near No. 309
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
657
Crawford Avenue. It was demolished in 1879
to make room for residences. In 1S68 the pres-
ent Lutheran church was built at a cost of $14,-
664.81, and was dedicated February 14, 1869.
Extensive additions were made and the whole
interior remodeled and equipped with an organ
in the summer of 1898, at a cost, including or-
gan, of about $7,000. A semi-centennial and
rededication of the improved church was cele-
brated December 16-19, 1898.
The Evangelical Lutheran Emanuel Church
was organized March 23, 1891, by Rev. H. Stauf-
enberg. The church building was erected the
same year and in 1899 the parsonage was built,
the cost of the entire property being $.5,000.
The pastors have been H. Staufenberg, who
served until October 14, 1894, L. Lentz from
1894 to 1897. H. F. Schmidt, the present pas-
tor, took charge November, 20. 1897.
The local paper of June 22. 1851. has this
item: "Some Presbyterians, wishing to have
worship in accordance with their own views
and customs," have preaching in the district
school house. January 29, 1853, the Presbyter-
ian Church was organized and held public serv-
ice in the stone school house. The original
members were: George Sharer, Nancy Sharer,
James Means, Isabella Means, John Beatty,
Nancy Beatty, Mary Richardson, Robert Mc-
Bride, Mrs. Jane Smith and Mrs. Jane Little.
\V. W. Harsha served as first pastor, being suc-
ceeded in December, 1862, by E. C. Sickels, who
continued in the pastorate until July 7, 1895,
when failing health necessitated his resigna-
tion. He wa= followed by A. R. Bickenback
from September 16, 1895, to September 30, 1899.
January 1, 1900, S. S. Cryor, the present in-
cumbent, took charge.
February 17, 1S56, the first Presbyterian
church building was dedicated. It was a grout
structure, 28 by 42 feet, standing on a portion
of the present site, now partly occupied by a
chapel addition. The main part of the present
church, which cost about $16,000, was dedi-
cated in October, 1860. In 1898 the chapel ad-
dition was built at a cost of about $3,000 and,
in 1902, the main church was redecorated, re-
seated and refurnished throughout, and the
first pipe-organ installed. The total outlay (in-
cluding organ, $3.000 ) was between $5,000 and
$6,000.
In 1S54 the Catholic Church was organized
under the labors of Father Mark Anthony, with
about twenty-five members. They worshipped
in the Court House until the completion of a
frame church building the same year, on the
west side of Highland Avenue near the south-
west corner of that street and Fifth Street.
The pastors in charge since Father Anthony
have been, in the order named: Father James
Fitzgerald, succeeded by T. Kennedy in 1856
M. Ford, 1859; James Power, 1862; H. Koehne,
1863; Louis Lightner, July, 1863; M. McDer
mott, J. P. Hodnett, Gray, Tracy, and the pres-
ent incumbent. Father Michael Foley, who tool-
charge in June, 1892.
June 23, 1873, the corner-stone of the present
Catholic church was laid, Rt. Rev. Bishop
Foley of Chicago officiating, and it was dedi-
cated by him the second day of the following
November. The foundation was laid during
the pastorate of Father Lightner, and the edi-
fice completed during the pastorate of Father
McDermott at a cost of $30,000. The
entire inside of the building, including
organ, crucifix and altar vases, were con-
sumed by fire Saturday, May 7, 1887. Fa-
ther Tracy held services the following Sunday
in the front yard of the parsonage. A contract
was immediately let to Contractor W. J. McAl-
pine to rebuild the edifice for $12,000. The in-
surance was $7,000.
In the summer of 1838 an Episcopal Church
was organized under labors of Rev. James De-
puy, but on his moving away active work was
suspended and all records up to 1S5-' were lost.
The first record, "after suspension of active la-
bors," proceeds: March 19, 1855, a meeting of
the vestry of St. Luke's Episcopal Church was
held at office of Robertson, Eastman & Co., Rev.
Bentley presiding. Addison Rice, S. C. Eells
and Geo. C. Chapman were elected memlrers of
vestry to fill vacancies caused by removals.
Soon thereafter services were regularly held
in Exchange Hall until 1856, when a frame
church was built on the lot immediately north
of the present one. First services were held
in this building September 28, 1856. When the
present edifice was erected, the first church
was converted into a dwelling and still stands
on its original ground. Mr. Bentley was the
first rector after this reorganization. Follow-
ing him were: C. J. Todd. August 1856; J. G.
Downing. May, 1857: John Wilkison. August,
1858. to August, 1859; A. J. Warner took
charge January, 1861, and was succeeded by
658
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
G. C. Street, in April, 1S62, and James W. Coe
in May. 1863. who continued in cliarge until
July, 1865; H. H. De Garmo was rector from
March to September, 1866; D. W. Dresser, No-
vember. 1866. to November. 1867; H. W. Wil-
lams. March 1868. to June. 1871; M. Byllesby.
November, 1871, to April, 1873; Samuel Edson,
May, 1873, to October, 1875; Joseph Cross, De-
cember, 1875, to October, 1876; W. H. Jones,
November, 1876, until his death, April 26, 1878;
W. W. Steel, September, 1878, to November 15.
1880; John Wilkison. as minister in charge
May. 1881. to June, 1885, when he became rec-
tor, remaining until November 26, 1887; Louis
A. Arthur, January 7, 1889, to February 12.
1889; Henry C. Granger, November, 1889, as
lay-reader until January, 1890, when he be-
came deacon in charge. On being ordained
priest, he became rector, June 24, 1890, and
continued until October 5, 1896; John C. Sage.
October 16, 1896, to December 31, 1901: John
]\rark Ericsson. January 1, 1902. present incum-
bent.
September 7. 1871. the corner-stone of the
present stone edifice was laid. Rev. John Wil-
kison officiating. It was opened for services
September 15. 1872. In 1900 a fine rectory was
built next east of the church (between it and
the public library), at a cost of $4,200.
July 7. 1870. the Universalist Church was
established. Services were first conducted in
Union Hall. From there the society moved to
Tillson's Hall, where services were continued
until the church at the corner of Second
Street and Hennepin Avenue was dedicated.
August 10. 1873. H. V. Chase was the first
pastor, continuing until December, 1876. when
he was succeeded by B. F. Rogers who served
one year. About the beginning of 1877 Mr.
Chase was recalled and remained three years.
Then the pulpit remained vacant for several
years with only an occasional service. Mr.
Skilling conducted services one year and a Mr.
Yates did the same about two years. Joseph
F. Newton, now in charge, was regularly called
and has entered on his third year.
September 29. 1854. a Congregational Church
was organized in Exchange Hall where, and in
the Court House, meetings were held until
October, 1856. when the society moved to the
brick church on Second Street built by the
Tilethodists ( Xo. 1171. Rev. Illesly started it.
and after two or three'years was compelled to
abandon it, moving to Roscoe, Ogle County,
where soon after a brick dwelling in which
the family lived was so undermined by a flood,
that it was precipitated into the river, and his
wife and seven or eight children were drowned,
he alone escaping.
The West Side Congregational Church was
organized, August 19, 1901. A church build-
ing was erected which, with lot and furnish-
ings, cost about 14.400. J. G. Brooks was the
first pastor, beginning his pastorate Septem-
ber 15, 1901. The society then consisted of
sixty-two members drawn from nine different
denominations. At the end of the first year
the membership was exactly doubled, and the
society was out of debt. They next purchased
a parsonage near by, which is also paid for.
July 25, 1855. the erection of a Unitarian
Church was commenced in North Dixon. It
was located on the north side of Boyd Street
between Galena and Hennepin, and was dedi-
cated April 9, 1856. Rev. Kelsey was the first
and. as far as can be learned, the only pastor.
It was torn down some time after 1863.
Grace United Evangelical Church is located
at the northwest corner of East Fellows and
Ottawa Streets. North Dixon. The society had
its inception in a Sabbath School, which
started with twenty-two members June 12,
1892, under the leadership of Mrs. I. Divan.
The church was organized September 14, 1892,
with thirteen charter members, by Rev, I. Di-
van, A lot on which to build was bought in
1892 and, in 1893, the building was erected.
The present membership of the church is ninety.
The pastors have been I. Divan. June. 1892, to
April, 1897; J. H. Keagle. April. 1897. to April,
1898; J. G. Finkbeiner. April. 1898. to March,
1902; E. 0. Rife. April. 1902, present incum-
bent.
Initial services which resulted in the found-
ing of the Christian Church in Dixon, were
commenced Sunday, September 1, 1895, in a
tent at the southeast corner of First Street and
Madison Avenue, under the leadership of Rev.
T. A. Boyer, of Eureka, 111. The t^ent was occu-
pied seven weeks, when the services were
moved to G. G. Rosbrook Hall, on Peoria Ave-
nue. The original membership, which was
small when the meetings began, was thus in-
creased to 187. A committee from the congre-
gation was selected by the District Board to
act as an executive board until the society
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
659
could be organized. C. E. Evans, of Walnut.
111., was called November 1, 1895, services being
conducted in Union Hall. Tlie church was
fully organized February 2, 1896. Mr. Evans
closed his pastorate in January, 1897, and was
succeeded the following May by S. H. Zendt,
of Eureka, 111., who continued until October
1, 1899. In the spring of 1896 a lot near the
northeast corner, of First Street and Madison
Avenue had been purchased for $1.3.50 and, in
the summer of 1897, the society erected its pres-
ent building on this lot at a cost of about ?3,-
500. It was dedicated June 29, 1897, J. H. Har-
din, then President of Eureka College, deliver-
ing the sermon. It was under Mr. Zendt's
labors not only that the building was secured,
but that a mortgage on it was paid off and com-
mitted to the flames on the first Sunday of
June, 1897. The next regular pastor was Finis
Idleman, the present incumbent, who has served
since June 1, 1900.
Young Men's Christian Association. — This in-
stitution is one of the leading influences in the
community for good. It was organized in
Dixon, June 24, 1889. with twenty-eight mem-
bers. During the last four years the member-
ship has fluctuated between 285 and 400, the
present membership being 317. The advan-
tages include a gymnasium, baths, games, gos-
pel meetings and bible classes, library of 140
volumes and a free reading room with foity-
flve periodicals, including daily and religious
papers. Baths have been availed of at an aver-
age rate of about 425 per month. Thus a whole-
some resort is provided for young men with a
nominal membership fee of $5.00 a year. The
first Board of Trustees consisted of Albert John-
son. Ira W. Lewis, N. F. Swartout, F. E. Wright,
A. p. Armington, E. L. Kling, John T. Laing.
E. B. Wingert and E. B. Raymond. The pres-
ent officers and Board of Directors are: Ira
W. Lewis, President; H. V. Baldwin, Vice-
President; Jno. T. Laing, Secretary; W. B.
Johnson, Treasurer; C. C. Kost. O. E. Clymer,
E. B. Raymond, H. W. Morris, L. W. Dach-
steiner, M. L. Christian, W. B. McMahon and
R. M. Ayres. Mr. Lewis has been President
from the first. The General Secretaries have
been: Phil. Bevis. H. L. Sawyer, L. L. Ev-
erly from about July 1, 1897, to December,
1899. since vrhlch time the present Secretary,
F. M. Smith, has filled the post.
CH.M'TER X.
DIXON TOWNSHIP AND CITY.
( Continued. )
JtA^'UFACTUKIXC ENTERrRISE.S XEWSP.VPERS
SCI-IOOLS, SE.MIXARIES AKD BUSI^'ESS COLLEGES
— EOCIC RIVER WATER POWER DAMS A^•D
BRIDGES HOTELS — BAKKIXG IXSTITUTIOKS
DIXOX I>- THE CIVIL AXD SPAXISH-AMERICAX
W-VKS — PATRIOTIC AXD BEXEVOLEXT ORGAXIZA-
TIOXS — PUBLIC LIBR.\RY — L0.\X AXD BUILDIXG
ASSOCIATIOX CITY LKiHTIXG AXD WATER
WORKS GROWTH AXD POPfLATIOX.
In July, 1855, J. W. Hollenbeck and J. H.
Cropsey completed a sash, door and blind fac-
tory on Third Street at No. 320. It was a
stone building 32 by 64 feet, four stories high,
with engine house 25 by 32 feet. It was torn
down in 1893 to make room for residences.
July, 1857, Mr. Daily bought the property to
convert it into a fiour mill, afterwards oper-
ated by Cheney & Co.
At a very early day a saw-mill stood on or
near Lot 1 in Block 7 of the original plat, at
the foot of Peoria Avenue. It is said to have
been erected by Judge Wilkinson, but who this
Judge Wilkinson was is not stated. The mill
was operated for a short time by Huff & Thomp-
son, and was afterwards used for a distillery
and vinegar factory. There are three lots lying
between the west side of Peoria Avenue and
Huff's Reserve, and it may be from Huff's con-
nection with the reserve that the building was
located on this piece of ground instead of the
lot mentioned.
In the spring of 1857 a joint stock company
was formed with a capital of $2,000 for the
erection of a starch factory. The building was
erected of stone on the bank of the river in
West Dixon, but never finished.
April 4, 1857, the Plow Works and Machine
Shop of Dement & Co. was employing seventy-
five hands and turning out thirty plows a day.
The shops were included in the projected
"Union Eagle Iron Works," the corner stone
of which was laid July 27, 1857. with ceremon-
66o
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY,
ies. They were afterwards utilized as the nu-
cleus of the group of buildings now constitut-
ing the Grand Detour Plow Works. During
this same year of 1857, the Plow Works were
moved from these buildings to the water-power
at the corner of Ottawa and River Streets.
The breadth of Col. Dement's powers is indi-
cated by the fact, well authenticated, that after
long experiments he succeeded in welding a
plate of malleable iron on the back of the steel
mould-board of a plow, thus protecting the
hardened steel against cracking or breaking. It
is confidently asserted that he was the first to
accomplish this feat. The device is now in,
universal use and has proven of inestimable
value, and, if patented, would have been the
source of large income to the inventor.
In the summer of 1858, W. C. Van Osdel
erected a three-story frame sash and blind fac-
tory in the west end of Dement Town. In 1862
it was converted into a sorghum mill and is
now a residence.
In August, 1859, Cheney & Co. vacated their
steam flouring mill on Third Street (No. S20)
and started a mill in building at water power
built by Godfrey & Sons, and known as "Farm-
er's Mills." February 29, 1860, Charles Godfrey
& Son succeeded Cheney & Co. as proprietors.
August 9, 1866, the Bucklin File Manufactur-
ing Company was incorporated with a capital
of $100,000 and erected a two-story factory
building of stone at the water-power, 40 by 140
feet, but the business failed in less than a
year. December 2, 1868, the "Western Knit-
ting Factory" was established in the same
building by Mcllroy & Crane. It was located
at the southeast corner of Ottawa and
First Streets. A few months later it passed
into the hands of W. H. Godfrey and Jas. B.
Charters. The building and contents were de-
stroyed by fire, March 12, 1873, entailing a loss
of $20,000.
In the summer of 1866 John Dement erected
the stone flax-factory building at the water-
power, 45 by 64 feet, and in the following Feb-
ruary the manufacture of flax-bagging or cotton-
baling was commenced by Jerome & Downing.
About 1870 the building was extended to its
present depth of 140 feet. ( It is now occupied
by the Reynolds Wire Company.)
In the spring of 1867 the wagon and car-
riage factory of Cheney & Mason was started in
stone building then standing at what is now
320 Third Street, and in August of the same
year, Severance & Cheney commenced the man-
ufacture of platform scales. In 1869 the latter
business was in the hands of John T. Cheney
and John P. Hutchinson, and the scale became
known as the "Victor." The factory was finally
moved to Moline, 111.
The Grand Detour Plow Works were estab-
lished at Grand Detour, Ogle County, by
John Deere and Major L. Andrus, in 1837.
At the start two men sufficed for the iron-work
and two for the wood-work. In about two
years a horse power was brought into requisi-
tion. The product was peddled about the coun-
try in wagons. In 1848, Mr. Deere went to
Moline and built up a very large plow-manu-
facturing business which is still in operation.
Sometime after the withdrawal of Mr. Deere,
Col. Amos Bosworth became associated with
Mr. Andsus. He died at his home in Grand De-
tour in March, 1862, from typhoid fever con-
tracted in the army. The shops were destroyed
by fire in 1857, but immediately rebuilt, Theron
Cumins became a partner in the concern in
August, 1863, the style of the firm becoming
Andrus & Cumins, so continuing until Mr. An-
drus' death in February, 1867. The business
was then carried on by Mr. Cumins alone until
June, 1869, when Col. H. T. Noble was admit-
ted as partner, and the firm name became T.
Cumins & Co. It was in this year that the
works were moved to Dixon and located on their
present site. In June, 1879, Mr. 0. B. Dodge
became connected with the firm, the style being
changed to Cumins, Noble & Dodge. In June,
1879, the business was incorporated under its
present name, the "Grand Detour Plow Com-
pany," with a capital of $120,000, which has
since been increased to $500,000, Theron Cum-
ins, Henry T. Noble, Orris B. Dodge and Charles
H. Noble being the incorporators and ofllcers.
Col. Noble died, April 15, 1891, and Mr. Cumins
August 3, 1898. The present officers are 0. B.
Dodge, President: Charles H. Noble, Vice Presi-
dent; L. D. Dement, Secretary: Amos Bosworth,
Assistant Secretary, and F. O. Coleman. Treas-
urer.
On July 1, 1SS9, the factory of the Anglo-
Swiss Condensed Milk Company received its
first milk from the farmers. It was erected
and equipped at a stated cost of $500,000. Since
then additions and improvements have been
made, which are said to have increased the
investment to $750,000. The largest quantity
of milk received in one day has been 150,000
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
pounds, while the average daily receipts have
exceeded 100.000 pounds. It is estimated that
about 10,000 cows are milked daily within a
radius of ten to sixteen miles of Dixon, to
yield this product, and that an average for the
year of about $40,000 is paid to the farmers
monthly for milk. This milk is condensed and
placed on the market in cans and large pack-
ages. In addition to this, an entire floor of one
of the large buildings is occupied in the manu-
facture of caramel candy, the average daily out-
put of which is from seven to eight thousand
pounds. Persons who have occasion to use the
products of this concern will find comfort In
the assurance that superlative cleanliness ev-
erywhere prevails, and every precaution Is ex-
ercised to safeguard the health of the con-
sumer. The city and community cannot too
highly honor the memory of Mr. George H.
Page (a Palmyra boy) who, as founder of this
splendid enterprise, and by a public spirit
which death cut short of its final aim, made
them his lasting debtor.
July 1, 1902, the Borden Condensed Milk Com-
pany succeeded the Anglo-Swiss and, after a
year's experience, has become thoroughly in-
trenched in the respect and confidence of pat-
rons and people.
C. M. Henderson & Co. located a shoe fac-
tory in Dixon in 1S87. the citizens having do-
nated about $27,000 to the concern as an induce-
ment for its coming. Two or three years later
a second purse of $6,000 was raised towards a
second factory building near the first, but $3,-
000 of this was afterward turned into the hos-
pital fund by Mr. Watson. (See Hospital.)
Three factories were here brought together from
Allegheny City, Penn., Fond du Lac, Wis., and
Jefferson City, Mo., where the work had been
done by State's prison labor. August 30, 1901.
the "Watson-Plummer Shoe Company" was in-
corporated with Frederick A. Watson, Joseph P.
Plummer and Frank N. Stackpole as the first
Directors; capital stock, $.50,000; duration,
ninety-nine years. This company purchased
the two Henderson factories, and also the Fargo
factory, elsewhere referred to. and is now oper-
ating them. Mr. Watson, who was Dixon born,
and occupied a very responsible position with
. C. M. Henderson & Co., and possessed the com-
pany's entire confidence, was the moving spirit
enabling Dixon to secure these extensive in-
dustries, and it is gratifying that he should in
due time be found standing at their head.
On the 25th day of August, 1891, the Citizens'
Association of Dixon entered into a contract
with C. H. Fargo & Co., of Chicago, which will
be found recorded in the Recorder's office of the
County, in Book "E" of Miscellaneous Records,
p. 597, whereby the Association agreed to donate
to Fargo & Co. a factory site and $27,500 in
money, as an inducement to locate their shoe
factory in Dixon. The agreement was carried
out by both parties, resulting in the erection
of the factory on the river bank in the east
part of the city. As a means of raising the
required sum, the Association bought land and
laid out the Fargo and the River View Ad-
ditions to the city and sold the lots. The
company failed in 1896, and the property re-
mained idle for a time, but having finally passed
into the hands of Mr. F. A. Watson, of the C.
M. Henderson Company, is now one of the fac-
tories which is conducted by the Watson-Plum-
mer Company.
The Reynolds Wire Company was organized
October 12. 1894, with a capital of $80,000. It
is engaged in the manufacture of wire cloth and
novelties into which wire cloth enters. The
present officers are: Horace G. Reynolds, Pres-
ident; S. S. Dodge, Vice President; Walter B.
Merriman, Secretary and Treasurer. It oper-
ates over 100 looms and does an extensive busi-
In September, 1892, A. C. Bardwell platted the
West End Addition to the City of Dixon, -wath a
view of making it a manufacturing district.
Lots were sold under contract to secure the
location of factories. The hard times of 1893,
coming on at a critical juncture, greatly em-
barrassed the enterprise, and the hopes of the
projector and patrons were but faintly real-
ized. A large factory was put up on the Addi-
tion immediately west of Lincoln Avenue, for
the Canton Steam Pump Company. This com-
pany reorganized and was incorporated as the
Miller Steam Pump Company, and had the
factory in motion in December, 1892. The
Miller Company failed in the summer of 1893.
and early in the spring of 1894. the Brosius
Sewing Machine & Motor Company came into
possession, but in August made an assignment,
the property passing into the hands of the
Spring Motor Company. In November. 1895,
the Nash Manufacturing Company became the
owner. April 1. 1896, the Terre Haute Manu-
facturing Company acquired the machinery and
soon moved it away. All these companies, fol-
662
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
lowing the Miller Company, were engaged in the
manufacture of a spring motor sewing-machine.
The factory remained unoccupied until the
Grand Detour Wagon Company became owner.
The Grand Detour Wagon Company was in-
corporated December 24, 1900, with $60,000 cap-
ital. Its first directors were C. H. Baldwin, J. C,
Frey, 0. B. Dodge, C. H. Noble and L. D. De-
ment. In January, 1900. it acquired title to
the sewing-machine factory just mentioned, and
is now using the property in the manufacture
of wagons.
As a part of the West End undertaking, a
three-story brick building was erected near the
railroad on an elevation some distance east of
Lincoln Avenue. The construction of a building
designed for a knitting factory was commenced
in January, 1S93, but it was never occupied for
that purpose. In the spring of 1894 Alanson H.
Reed and John W. Reed, under the firm name
of A. Reed & Sons, occupied this building under
a contract of "purchase for use in the manufac-
ture of pianos. They failed in the winter of
1898-9, since which time the building has been
unused.
The Dixon Cereal Company was incorporated
in 1900 -with capital of $10,000. John Forrest
is its President and Hugh McCartney Secretary
and Treasurer. Their business is milling and
buying and selling grain at the stone elevator
near the Illinois Central Railroad depot.
Xeicspapers. — The first paper printed in Lee
County appeared under date of May 1. 1S51.
named "Dixon Telegraph and Lee County Her-
ald," Charles R. Fisk publisher. October 5 of
the same year it passed into the hands of J. F.
Hooper and M. P. Bull. January 21. 1852, John
V. Eustace became editor and B. F. Shaw man-
ager. April 30, 1854, Eustace retired and Mr.
Shaw became sole proprietor.
June 27, 1855. the "Daily \MiiEper." to be
issued "semi-occasionally." made its first ap-
pearance.
October 20, 1S54. the "Transcript." a Demo-
cratic paper, made its appearance. Charles
Allen, its editor, was succeeded by Prof. Eber-
hart. May 2. 1855, who yielded the place to
A. C. Appier. August 8th following. January
5, 1856. it passed into the hands of John Stev-
ens and J. L. Johnson as proprietors, and Janu-
ary 15, 1857. became the "Dixon Weekly Re-
publican." with S. W. Beckwith and E. H. Leg-
gitt editors. July 9, 1S57. the "Telegraph" and
"Republican" combined under the editorship of
B. F. Shaw and S. W. Beckwith. March 3. 1859,
B. P. Shaw retired and I. S. Boardman became
editor and proprietor December 22d J. R. Bond
became associated with Mr. Boardman, but soon
sold his interest to his partner. The name of
the paper was reduced to "The Telegraph,"
February 7, 1867. Mr. Boardman retired, April
22, 1869, being succeeded by his sons. John D.
and William H.
February 14, 1868, the "Dixon Weekly Her-
ald" started -with A. C. Bardwell as editor and
proprietor. December 2, 1869, the "Telegraph"
and the "Herald" were united under the editor-
ship of A. C. Bardwell. and the business man-
agement of William H. Boardman. the name of
the new paper being the "Telegraph and Her-
ald." In January, 1870, B. F. Shaw became
associate editor, and on January 1, 1871, Mr.
Dardwell retired, leaving Mr. Shaw sole edi-
tor. Soon the "Herald" part of the name was
dropped, and the paper became "The Dixon
Telegraph." On the last Friday of November,
1883, the "Evening Telegraph" came out, the
first daily paper to be published in Dixon. The
weekly issue was continued as before until
November 21. 1899. it was supplanted by the
semi-weekly issue. Both daily and semi-weekly
still continue their regular issues. July 2. 1891,
B. F. Shaw and his son. Eustace E., incorpor-
ated the B. F, Shaw Printing Company, to carry
on the publication. B. F. Shaw & Son appeared
as editors and Eustace E. Shaw as managing
editor and publisher.
July 24, 1858, the "Dixon Weekly Monitor"
was started by Chas. Meigs, Jr.. but soon failed,
when E. B. Stiles, L. W. Atherton and J. V.
Eustace bought the office and launched the
"Dixon Advertiser" November 24. 1858, of
which W. H. Staunton took charge August 10,
1859. November 24 of the same year I. S.
Boardman bought the paper and it apparently
became merged in the "Republican and Tele-
graph."
July 9, 1S6S. the "Lee County Democrat" ar-
rived with E. Giles as proprietor and S. C.
Postlewait as editor. November 16. 1871, W. M.
Kennedy became proprietor and Eugene Pinck-
ney editor, and on March 6. 1S72. the name was
changed to the "Dixon Sun." December 9.
1874, W. M. Kennedy appears as editor and_
proprietor. March 29, 1890, Mr. Kennedy hav-
ing died, his widow. Mrs. Inez A. Kennedy, took
charge as proprietor and financial manager.
March 23, 1892. E. Everett Harrington appears
?{] STORY OF LEE COUNTY.
663
as editor, Mrs. Kennedy still being proprietor
and manager. The daily edition of the "Dixon
Sun" started December 23. 1S93, with Mrs. Ken-
nedy as proprietor and manager. January 4,
1S94, Frank J. Devlin became editor. January
30. 1S94, the paper passed into the hands of J.
T. Day, with Devlin still as editor. October 15,
1894, Mr. Devlin ceased to be editor and Day
was thenceforth both editor and proprietor.
November 14, 1S95. T. W. and E. C. Fuller, the
present proprietors, succeeded Mr. Day.
January 26, 1871, the "Rock River Farmer,"
a monthly, appeared with \V. M. Kennedy as
editor and proprietor. The last number found
in the files of the paper 1= the issue of Decem-
ber, 1878.
The first number of the "Dixon Evening Star"
was issued March 28, 1891, by Charles H. Keeler
and Gurdon E. Bishop, under the firm name of
the Star Printing Company, Mr. Keeler being
the editor and business manager and Mr. Bishop
general superintendent, thus consolidating the
job office run by each. The business office was
located temporarily over the store at No. 112
First Street, while the publication office was
in basement of the north building of the North-
ern Illinois Normal School. About the first of
May of that year, both departments were
brought together at 105 Galena Avenue. In De-
cember, 1891, Mr. Keeler purchased Mr. Bish-
op's interest. In the spring of 1893. he sold a
half interest to G. A. Fairfield, of Elkader,
Iowa. January 1, 1894, he sold the remaining
half to Mr. A. H. Swart. Fairfield & Swart
conducted the daily a few weeks as an evening
paper, when they converted it into a morning
paper, styling it the "Morning Star." A short
experience proved unprofitable and Mr. Swart,
having purchased Mr. Fairfield's interest, sus-
pended the daily and started a weekly named
the "Dixon Star." He carried it on as a weekly
until March, 1897, when he again entered the
daily field, taking in two of his employes as
partners. Bishop and C. H. Downs. About the
first of July of the same year, the daily was sus-
pended for lack of support, and the issue of the
weekly was resumed. Shortly afterwards
the plant was sold to Mr. Wilson, who
conducted it for three months and then let it
fall back into Mr. Swarfs hands. In the fol-
lowing February (1898) it was purchased by
the present proprietor. Mr. DeWitt C. Owen, who
took possession March 1st. For eight months
the weekly was continued, when it was changed
to a tri-weekly and has been conducted on that
plan up to the present time.
Schools. — North Dixon lies in Town 22, and
the line dividing that town from Town 21, in
which nearly all of the original Town of Dixon
is found, throws all of Mill Block, nearly all
of Block 1, more than half of Block 2 and a
small portion of Block 3 into the former town.
This line divides the city of Dixon for public
school purposes, the portion in Town 22 being
under a system independent of that in Town 21.
Undoubtedly the efficiency of the public schools
of the city would be greatly promoted, and the
burden of taxes diminished, if the two town-
ships could be brought under one management.
Several efforts have been made to this end, but
thus far without success.
John K. Robinson was a teacher in Father
Dixon's family in the winter of 1833-4. Follow-
ing him. Father Dixon employed a Miss Butler
of Bureau County. The children of O. W. Kel-
logg, of Buffalo Grove (now Polo), including
Mrs. E. B. Baker, still living in our midst, were
members of this school. It was the custom for
a few years for Mr. Kellogg to employ a teacher
one winter when Father Dixon would send his
children to Buffalo Grove, and for Mr. Dixon
to employ a teacher the next winter, when Mr.
Kellogg would reciprocate by sending his chil-
dren to Dixon's Ferry. When it is remembered
that the two points were about twelve miles
apart, the value which these pioneers placed on
education for their children may be appreci-
ated.
In the summer of 1837 the first school house,
a one-story frame building 20 by 30 feet, was
built on or near Lot 1, Block 69, near the ceme-
tery, and in 1839 was moved to the north end
of Lot 5, Block 17, east side of Ottawa Avenue.
For several years it served as school house,
court house, town hall, meeting house, etc. It
was built by subscription.
In 1838 the first school was opened in the new
building under charge of H. Bicknell, being
supported by individual tuition fees. The fol-
lowing were his successors: Mr. Bowen, part
of 1840; W. W. Heaton, winter of 1841-2: Miss
Ophelia Loveland (afterwards Mrs. J. B.
Brooks), summer of 1843. The district then in-
cluded both sfdes of the river as far up as
"Fuller's Cave," and yet the school numbered
only about 25 pupils. Lorenzo Wood taught
664
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
during the winter of 1S43-4: Mr. Cross and
James Lumm between 1846 and 1S48. and J.
D. McKay in 184S.
In the summer of 1S47 a stone school house
was in process of construction on Hennepin
Avenue, and a school probably opened in it that
winter. James Lumm was the first teacher and
Henry T. Noble one of the later ones. It is
still standing at No. 212 Hennepin Avenue, but
is disguised by a frame second story and by an
outer garment of clapboards. It is a dwelling
immediately in rear of Nachusa House. Doubt-
less it succeeded the school house built in 1837.
In 1840 Dixon's one school had 30 pupils. In
the summer of 1845 a correspondent writing
from Dixon, says it had "a select school and one
district school, with an attendance of 75 pupils
in the two and 149 children under twenty years
of age in the school district."
December 7, 1854, the first school house was
built in North Dixon and stood on the present
site of 417 North Crawford Avenue. It had
seats for 130 scholars.
January 30, 1855, a meting was held at Ex-
change hall to consider a plan proposed by
Rock River Presbytery through their agents.
Revs. Harsha and Mason, to locate a Presbyter-
ian college in Dixon. This school was opened.
May 17 of the same year, in the basement of the
Lutheran church, as "Dixon Collegiate Insti-
tute" under care of Rev. Mr. Harsha. Early
teachers beside himself were his wife, E. C.
Smith and wife and Miss Jennie L. Backus.
July 4 following, the corner-stone of the Insti-
tute was laid in presence of a large concourse
of people. Benjamin F. Taylor, the poet, of Chi-
cago, delivering the oration. The building was
a large brick structure located in a commanding
position on what is now Bluff Park. The school
had an endowment of $25,000, $12,000 being
contributed by the citizens of Dixon, in grounds,
equipment, etc. It was incorporated in 1857
by special act of the Legislature. It was insti-
tuted and continued under the care of Presby-
tery until 1S58, when the property passed into
other hands and, for a number of years, was
the home of different private schools. The
building was demolished in 1889 to give place
to residences.
November 5, 1855, a school was opened in the
Union School House on Peoria Avenue. The
building was a two-story brick 33 by 45 feet,
costing $6,000. It stood on the lot where J. C.
Ayres residence now stands, at No. 419 Peoria
Avenue. It was torn down in 1874. The old
wooden desks were here first discarded and pat-
ent furniture introduced.
July 15, 1857, a female seminary under charge
of the Episcopal Church was started by Rev.
J. W. Downing, in a dwelling house near the
Illinois Central Railroad depot.
August 27. 1857, Prof. A. M. Gow took charge
of the Collegiate Institute as Principal. April
18. 1861. the Institute building was purchased
by Rev. O. W. Cooley. of Wisconsin, for a fe-
male seminary.
In August. 1858. a high school department
of the public schools was established in the
old Methodist church on Second Street (No.
117), with A. H. Fitch as Principal. In 1859
A. M. Gow was employed as Superintendent of
Schools and James Gow as Principal of the
High School. The school then had five depart-
ments and an enrollment of about 400 pupils.
They continued in charge until 1S62. when E. C.
Smith was made Superintendent of Schools and
Principal of the High School.
September 3, 1863, "Dixon Seminary" was
opened in the Collegiate Institute building by
S. G. Lathrop and M. M. Took.
In 1866 the brick ward school house in De-
ment Town was built. It has since been en-
larged.
September 1, 1868. Knepper & "Wells took
charge of the Dixon Seminary, and were suc-
ceeded September 22. 1872, by Prof. Lummis.
Prof. S. W. Moses and E. A. Gurney started a
Conservatory of Music in the Institute build-
ing January 20, 1874, and November 1, 1875,
the "Rock River University" was opened in the
same building, with 0. G. May as President
and M. M. Took, Regent. October 4, 1877, Dan-
iel M. Graham was made President and on De-
cember 2, 1878, A. M. Hansen took charge. Sep-
tember 3, 1879, the university opened under
new management with J. R. Hinckley as Presi-
dent.
In the fall and winter of 1868-9. the large
brick public school building in North Dixon,
now in use, was erected at a cost of $20,000.
Dedicatory exercises were held January 15.
1869. During the following summer the "red
brick" High School building, crowning the hill
on the south side, now occupied for "grammar
grades," was built at a cost of $30,000. The
opening exercises occurred September 25th of
that year. About ten years ago a brick primary
school building was placed in the school yard
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
665
in North Dixon, at a cost of $4,000. Having
become unsafe it was torn down in 18S9, and a
high school building was erected on the spot
and completed in 1900 at a cost of $15,500.
The "White Brick" school house, on the
southeast corner of Block 55, (south side), was
completed in January, 1887, at a cost of about
$5,500. It was enlarged and greatly improved,
at a cost of $17,000, in the winter of 1892-3.
In 1902 the North Dixon schools entered on
the experiment of a kindergarten as one of the
departments of the public schools, and the south
side schools introduced manual training. Dur-
ing this year the first school house to be erected
in West Dixon was completed at a cost of $7,-
000. It is situated on the Block fronting Third
Street, and was named the "Truman School,"
after Mr. F. A. Truman, deceased, who was
President of the Board of Education for many
years and Mayor of the city.
In 1881 the Northern Illinois Normal School
and Dixon Business College was opened in the
old Institute, or Seminary Building, pending
the construction of buildings in the west part of
city, which were completed and occupied the
next year. Prof. J. B. Dille was Principal. As
an inducement to secure the location of this
school, citizens of Dixon and vicinity subscribed
for scholarships in the institution to the extent
of about $20,000. The school now occupies a
large brick building, and on either side is a dor-
mitory similarly constructed. The grounds em-
brace four city blocks in the west part of the
city. The two southernmost of these buildings
were completed in 1882, and the school became
permanently located in them. In 1888 the
northern dormitory was built. The school is
now operating under charter of July 15, 1902,
with J. B. Dille, J. C. Flint and J. W. Watts as
directors.
Steinman College was established in the fall
of 1882 by Mr. Chas. A. Steinman, its present
President and business manager. The build-
ings are located on the bank of the river adjoin-
ing Assembly Park, on the up river side, and
consist of a large three-story brick school
building, standing immediately on the high
bank of the stream surrounded by native trees,
and a dormitory near by. The campus embraces
many acres and the surroundings are quiet and
in every respect attractive. The main building
was erected in 1895 and the dormitoy in 1902.
St. Mary's Parochial School was founded in
1897. The residence property belonging to the
estate of George L. Schuler. Nos. 710-716 Peoria
Avenue, was purchased and a plot 300 feet on
Peoria Avenue by 200 feet deep, reserved for
school purposes. The dwelling was overhauled
and admirably arranged to meet the needs of
the school. It started with an attendance of
over 250 pupils, which has increased some-
what. The course includes primar.v and gram-
mar grades preparing pupils for the high school.
Seven teachers are employed, including a music
teacher, all of whom are Sisters of the Domin-
ican Order, whose home, as well as the home of
the Order, is at Sinsinawa Mound, Wis.
Dams and Bridges. — In the summer of 1845
measures were being taken for the incorpora-
tion of the Rock River Dam and Bridge Com-
pany, to erect a toll-bridge and "a good and
sufficient dam across Rock River." The bridge
was built at the foot of Ottawa Street in the
fall and winter of 1846-7. March 20, 1847, the
freshet took out the north half of the bridge,
and during the summer it was rebuilt two feet
higher at a cost of $2,000. It was a toll-bridge
at first, but became a free bridge June 13, 1855.
In the spring of 1849, the south half was swept
away by the ice and was not restored until
the summer of 1851, v/hen it was rebuilt four
feet higher than the north half, the ferry be-
ing the means of crossing in the Interim. In
1850 the dam was built. Father Dixon appar-
ently continued, in some degree, the ferry busi-
ness as late as December 31, 1851, on which
date he sold to the Rock River Dam and Bridge
Company all his "right, title and interest in
the ferry, as now established at Dixon, together
with ferry landing, ferry-boat, privileges," etc.
The estimate placed on Rock River in those
days is reflected in the act of the Legislature,
approved March 1, 1845, incorporating the Rock
River Dam and Bridge Company at Dixon,
wherein it is provided that, in erecting the pro-
posed dam, said company "shall construct and
maintain a lock in said dam for the passage
of steamboats, rafts and water-crafts of such
dimensions as were adopted by the State in
the contemplated improvement of the naviga-
tion of Rock River, and shall construct a draw
in said bridge immediately over said lock."
February 14, 1857, a free bridge had just
been completed below the railroad bridge, when
the ice wrecked it so badly as to render it use-
less. On the 24th of the same month the ice
carried away the bridge at foot of Ottawa
Street.
666
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
Jlay 23. 1S57, Jas. A. Watson commenced the
erection of a footbridge at the foot of Galena
Avenue. Sufficient money was raised, a few
days later, to convert it into a double-traclv
bridge.
December 10, 1857, the new bridge in West
Dixon was completed. February 20, 1859. the
dam was carried out by the ice and high water,
sweeping four bents of the Galena Street
Bridge. The West Dixon bridge was left as the
only means of crossing the river except by
boat.
April 23, 1859. "two factories and Brookner's
saw mill," standing at north end of the dam
were being undermined by high water, and in
danger of tumbling into the river and floating
against the toll-bridge just finished and demol-
ishing it. The factories were moved and the
saw mill burned to save the bridge. Mr. John
W. King, now living in Dixon, touched the
match to the mill by consent of the owner, Mr.
Brookner. From him we learn that the north
bank of the river.at the dam abutment, is from
100 to 150 feet farther north than it was then;
that the river is thus that much wider at this
point than it was then.
August 20 of this year the erection of an-
other free-bridge, at the foot of Galena Street,
was commenced to cost 112.000, Z. H. Luckey
being the contractor. The opening of this
bridge for travel, January 1, 1861, was cele-
brated by a procession with blare of band and
booming of cannon. In the spring of 1S63 the
dam was again repaired by J. H. Cropsey, at a
cost of $10,000.
May 20, 1866, a drove of nearly a hundred
head of cattle broke through a span of the
bridge near the center and were precipitated
into the river.
December 2, 1867. work was I'lmmenced by
James A. Watson in rebuilding the wagon-
bridge, which was swept away before com-
pleted. City bonds to the amount of ?8.000
were issued on account of this bridge.
March 7. 1868, the "free bridge" was taken
out by the ice, cooperating with a very high
freshet. One of the piers of the railroad bridge
was battered down by the ice and two spans
fell into the river. About 120 feet of the south
end of the dam was also washed out. A tem-
porary wagon bridge was erected within a few
weeks.
JanuaiT 21, 1869. the first iron bridge was
dedicated. It was known as the Trusdell
pattern, and cost, with the present stone piers
and abutments, $75,000. For most, if not all, of
its life it was a toll-bridge. Although it had
five spans, each 132 feet in length, it was a
continuous truss, each span being dependent
on the others. The opening was celebrated by
a procession, headed by the venerable founder
of the town in a carriage, followed by a brass
band, the City Council and citizens. On Sun-
day, the 4th day of May, 1873, (a beautiful day),
baptismal services were being held below the
bridge at its north end, at the hour when resi-
dents of the north side were returning from
church. A crowd had already gathered on the
down-river side of the northernmost span,
and many of those on their way from
church stopped to witness the ceremony
when, without warning, the span was precipi-
tated into the deep water beneath. The fall
was not directly downward but somewhat side-
wise, in a manner indicating that the accident
was caused by the crowd being massed on one
side. This was the sorest affliction Dixon has
ever been subjected to. Thirty-seven persons
were drowned or killed by portions of the iron
work falling upon them or by being held un-
der the water, while forty-seven were seriously,
and five mortally, injured. Of this number all.
but seven were women or girls. Some were
thrown against the abutment with such force
as to inflict fatal injuries; others were held
under the water by their clothing being caught
in the framework, while still others were
bruised and rendered helpless by the blows of
the falling iron. The collapse of this span
caused all the others to give way with varying
effect. The one next to the south bank fell into
the water while others, though broken, hung
suspended above the stream. The mortality list
from this terrible catastrophe was as follows:
Misses Clara and Rosa Stackpole, Kate Sterling,
Melissa Willhelm, Maggie O'Brien, Nettie Hill,
Ida Vann, Ida Drew, Agnes Nixon, Bessie
Reyne, Irene Baker, Emily Deming, Lizzie
Mackay; Mesdames Doctor Hoffman, J. W. Lat-
ta. Col. H. T. Noble, Benj. Gillman, Carpenter
(mother of J. W. Carpenter), William Took,
Jas. Goble, Ellas Hope, E. Wallace, E. Peters-
berger and little daughter, Thomas Wade,
Henry Sillman, William Merriman, C. W. Kent-
er; Messrs. George W. Kent. Frank Hamilton,
Edward Doyle, Thomas Haley, Robert Dyke. Jay
R. Mason, and two children of Mrs. Hen-
drix. Five died from injuries received, towit:
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
667
Mesdames P. M. Alexander, William Vann.
Charles March and W. Wilcox and Mr. Seth
Whitemore. All were residents of Dixon and
vicinity.
Up to this time, ten bridges in all had
spanned the river, including the Trusdell
bridge.
November IS. 1873. the Howe Truss wooden
bridge was completed at a cost of $18,000. In
time the timber became unsafe in spite of re-
pairs and, in 1885, its place was taken by the
iron bridge now in use, which cost $35,000.
The interests represented by the dam, race
and water-power have never been incorporated,
but have continued up to the present to be
owned in severalty as appurtenant to the abut-
ting land. Efforts were made to consolidate
the different properties into the owenrship of
an incorporated company, but the ideas of the
various owners and the valuations they placed
upon their holdings precluded this. In 1880,
however, an agreement was entered into by all
of the interested parties except Mr. W. H. God-
frey, recognizing the several holdings exclus-
ive of his, and furnishing a basis of assess-
ment for maintenance and repair, and prescrib-
ing procedure for collecting the same. The
instrument is dated May 19, 1880, and is re-
corded in the Recorder's Office in Book "C." of
Miscellaneous Records, p. 283. It seems to
have served its purpose satisfactorily up to the
present time.
Hotels. — In the winter of 1836-7 Peter McKin-
ney and H. Thompson started the "Western
Hotel," the building still being in existence as
Nos. 112, 114 and 116 Hennepin Avenue. Fa-
ther Dixon's log house had been converted into
a tavern, and was kept by the same parties.
In 1837 a third hotel was started known as
"Rock River House," and afterwards as "Phe-
nix Hotel." It was located about fifty feet
west of the corner of Galena and Water Streets
and was conducted by Crowell & Wilson, and
later by George Holly and Isaac Robinson. It
was destroyed by fire in 1846.
The foundation of the Nachusa House was
laid in 1838 by a company from Buffalo, N. Y.,
further progress being stopped by the strin-
gency of the money market. Nothing further
was done until March 19, 1853. when a com-
pany was formed with a capital of $10,000 to
complete the building, and, on the 10th of the
following December, it was opened for busi-
ness. November 23, 1854, one of the papers
667-4
says: "Mr. E. B. Stiles intends building a
long addition, 80 by '32 and four stories high,
to the Nachusa house.
The Washington House, corner of Ottawa
Avenue and First Street, was completed Octo-
ber 1, 1854.
About 1840 the Dixon House was built by
Henry McKinney on First Street, and in Au-
gust, 1855, was moved to the present site of
the Countryman Block (111-113 Galena Ave-
lodeled and enlarged.
) to make room tor the
Dement & Noble com-
the Shabbona House,
nue), where it was ren
It was demolished in 1S8£
latter block.
June 14, 1856, Cropsey.
menced the erection of
about a block north of the Chicago & North-
western Depot. It was an imposing brick
structure, located immediately south of No. 723
Depot Avenue. It was opened October 1, 1857,
by Mr. Benjamin from Vermont, under the
name of "Dement House." In the summer of
1868 it was leased by Crockett & Dake.
April 19, 1860, Cheney & Company opened
the Waverly House at the Northwestern Depot.
December 2, 1868, the Shabbona House was
opened by H. E. Gedney, as the "St. James Ho-
tel," and on November 30, 1871, it was destroyed
by fire — loss, $22,500.
Banks.— The firm of S. Noble & Co., consist-
ing of Silas Noble, Henry T. Noble and Jerome
W. HoUenbeck. was early condi^cting a real-
estate agency, which, about 1854, developed into
a banking business carried on in the identical
room which is now 108 First Street. In 1855
the firm joined J. B. Nash in building Union
Block, now 105-107 First Street. The first floor
of 107 was splendidly finished and well equip-
ped as a banking office, and as soon as com-
pleted, the firm moved into its new quarters.
They failed in the panic of 1857.
E. B. Stiles was in the banking business
here as early as 1854, and in 1854-5 built the
bank building where the City National Bank
is now located. He failed in 1864 or 1865.
In 1853 Robertson. Eastman & Co., of Rock-
ford, established a bank at what is now 202
First Street. Here, in 1854, Samuel C. Eells
found employment as clerk. In the spring of
1855 the firm became Robertson, Eells & Co.
In 1859 it was changed to Efells & Coleman.
On January 21. 1865, the Lee County National
Bank was organized as its successor, with a
capital of $100,000. and with Joseph Crawford
as President; Joseph Utley, Vice President; S.
668
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY,
C. Eells, Cashier; Jolm Coleman, Assistant
Cashier. On expiration of its charter the Lee
County National was succeeded by the City
National Bank, which was organized in 1885
with the same capital, and with Joseph Craw-
ford as President and S. C. Eells as Cashier.
The present officers are Samuel C. Eells, Presi-
dent; Leonard Andrus, Vice President; Warren
C. Durkes, Cashier; Charles E. Chandler, Assis-
tant Cashier. It is worthy of note that, for- al-
most fifty years. Mr. Eells has thus been identi-
fied with the banking interests of Dixon, and
that now, at the advanced age of eighty-one,
he is still actively engaged at the head of the
institution which he practically founded. His
conservative methods, together with the confi-
dence inspired, tided him over every financial
crisis and enabled him eventually to own. as
he does now, the banking houses of both of
his early competitors.
September 15. 1871. the Dixon National Bank
was organized with $100,000 capital, and with
H. B. Jenks, President; John Dement, Vice
President; H. S. Lucas, Cashier. The present
officers are Jason C. Ayres, President; S. S.
Dodge, Vice President; C. H. Hughes, Cashier,
and A. P. Armington, Assistant Cashier.
The Union State Bank was incorporated un-
der the State law, January 8, 1902, with I. B.
Countryman, President; C. J. Rosbrook, Vice
President; R. M. Moore. Cashier — capital. $50.-
000. It has the only savings deposit depart-
ment in the city, and makes a specialty of this
class of accounts. Its business, at this writing.
Indicates that by September 1. 1903. the num-
ber of savings depositors will reach 900, with
deposits to their credit of $120,000, exclusive
of commercial deposits.
Dixon in the War of the ReheUion. — It is
worth remarking that the war spirit began to
take form as early as March 14, 1857, when a
young men's military company was organized
with Capt. J. B. Wyman. of Amboy, as drill-
master, H. T. Noble Captain, B. P. Shaw First
Lieutenant, L. G. Mooney Second Lieutenant,
and Ellis Williams Third Lieutenant.
The first company to volunteer for the war
organized April 22, 1861. by electing A. B.
Gorgas. Captain; Henry T. Noble, First Lieu-
tenant; Henry D. Dement, Second Lieutenant;
Benj. Gilman, First Sergeant; 0. M. Pugh,
Second Sergeant. The company became Com-
pany "A." Thirteenth Illinois Volunteer In-
fantry. The promotion of Capt. Gorgas to the
office of Major of the regiment resulted in
Henry T. Noble becoming Captain; Henry D.
Dement First Lieutenant, Benj. Gilman Second
ond Lieutenant; George L. Aiken, First Ser-
geant, and A. J. Pinkham. Second Sergeant.
April 25th the company was presented with a
silk flag by the ladies of Dixon. Miss Mary Wil-
liams (later Mrs. H. D. Dement) making the
presentation address, and on June 1st the ladies
presented the company with uniforms made by
their own hands.
Two other companies, the "Dixon Cadets" and
"Dixon Blues," were organized within a few
days, but were not needed, as the regiments
under the first call of the President for troops
were already full.
October 1, 1861, a recruiting camp was es-
tablished on the bank of the river in West
Dixon.
December 5. 1861. "Dement Phalanx" went
into winter-quarters, in a vacant stone building,
now part of Grand Detour Plow Works, referred
to as Dement Barracks. It was organized as
"Co. H," Forty-sixth Illinois, John Stevens Cap-
tain, and left for Springfield, February 2, 1862.
to join the regiment.
June 20, 1861, the "Volunteer Aid Associa-
tion" secured subscriptions to the amount of
$2,625 for the benefit of the families of absent
volunteers, and, in 1864, the young men in the
public schools formed a "Patriotic Club," for
the purpose of assisting soldiers' widows and
families by chopping firewood, doing chores
and the like.
March 28, 1862. the ladies of Dixon formed a
Soldiers' Aid Society.
June 10, 1862, another company was organ-
ized with Jas. W. Reardon as Captain. Its
principal service was the guarding of rebel
prisoners confined in Camp Douglas, Chicago.
It was enlisted for three months and became
Co. H. Sixty-ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry.
May 21, 1863. John V. Eustace was appointed
Provost Marshal for this Congressional Dis-
trict, with office in Dixon.
November 26, 1863, the Board of Supervisors
offered a bounty of $100 to every accepted vol-
unteer from the county.
January 21, 1864, the Thirty-fourth Regi-
ment, which went cut 1.000 strong, returned
on thirty days' furlough oniy 340 strong. They
were given a public reception.
June 16. 1864, the One Hundred Fortieth Illi-
nois Volunteer Infantry, which had been in
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
669
camp at Dement Barracks about six weeks, de-
parted for Springfield, where it was mustered
into the service, with Lorenzo H, Whitney,
Colonel; Michael W. Smith. Lieute.nant
Colonel: and William 0. Evans. Major.
June 21. 1S64, Company A of the Thirteenth
Regiment returned. A concourse of people met
them at the depot and escorted them to the
Court House, where a sumptuous dinner
awaited them. ( See "Lee County in War of Re-
bellion.")
Dixon in Spanish-American War. — A com-
pany of 100 men left Dixon for the camp of
lendezvous at Springfield, at three o'clock on
the morning of April 27, 1S98. About half the
number were members of Company G. of tha
Sixth Regiment State Militia. They wei'e un-
der command of Capt. Philip McGrath. of Woo-
sung, and Maj. W. C. Baldwin, of Dixon. Mar-
tial spirit ran high up to the hour of their de-
parture. A farewell demonstration was held
in front of the Nachusa House, at which Mayor
Truman presided and stirring addresses were
made. A Sterling company joined the Dixon
company here en route to the State Capital, and
the night was taken up with attentions to the
soldier boys. After partaking of a supper
served at the Armory by the Woman's Relief
Corps, about midnight they were escorted to
the Illinois Central Railroad depot by the Grand
Army Post and civic societies, and sent on
their way midst the huzzas of the crowd and
strains of martial music.
September 21. 1898, the company returned,
after having served in Cuba and Porto Rico.
It was a bright day, and it seemed as if the
whole town was out to greet them on their
march to the armory on Second Street, where
a royal dinner, furnished by the citizens and
served by Mr. Young of the Nachusa House,
awaited them. In the evening a band concert
in Court House Park and a reception and dance
tendered the soldiers in Rosbrook's Hall, testi-
fied to the joy of the community at their re-
turn. The officers on return were, Philip Mc-
Grath, Captain: C. E. Frisby, First Lieuten-
ant; H. B. Trowbridge, Second Lieutenant: S.
Frisby, M. J. Doctor, H. T. Roherbeck, C. H.
Nye and Sam. Gushing. Sergeants. Corporals,
other subordinate officers and privates num-
bered 72. Maj. Baldwin contracted a disease
from which he died in hoHpital before reach-
ing home. He was buried at Oakwood Ceme-
tery, a few weeks later, with honors becoming
his rank and service.
Grand Army of the licpublic. — Dixon Post,
No. 299. Department of Illinois, was organized
June 29, 1883, in the court room of the Court
House, with Charles W. Dey as Commander;
Dwight Heaton, S. V. C; David Erisman, J.
V'. C: A. F. Robinson, Chap.; D. H. Law, Surg.;
G. G. Messer, Q. M.; H. W. Eatou, Adjt. ; Wm.
Coffey, 0. D.; Louis Allemand, 0. G.; H. S.
Palmer. S. M.; John Merriman. Q. M. S. The
post has prospered and now has a membership
of 123 in good standing. The present officers
are: M. 61. Avery, Com.: H. C. Cook, S. V.;
White, J. v.; S. W. Youngman, Q. M.;
William Post, Chap.; Alex. Depuy, Surg.; C. W.
Dey, Adjt.: L. W. Mitchell. Q. M. S.; Calvin
Frisbee, S. M.; S. P. Thomas. 0. D.; Wm. A.
Vann. 0. G.: L. W. Mitchell. C. H. Noble and
S. S Dodge. Trustees.
Wo)ne7i-s Relief Corps.— Dixon W. R. C.
No. 218, auxiliary to G. A. R.. was organized,
December 12, 1892. with one hundred members,
\vhich has increased to 223, ranking first In
the State in charter membership, and second
in present membership. Its first officers were
Dorothy N. Law, President; Grace Johnson, S.
v.; Hattie Dodge, J. V.; Mary A. Noble, Sec;
Catharine J. Thompson, Treas. ; Evelyn Street,
Chap.: Rachel M. H. Dey, Conductor; Rachel
Guthrie, Asst. Cond.; Ella Parkhurst. Guard;
Sarah A. Brubaker. Assistant Guard. The
present officers are: Clara Goodrich, President;
Nellie Eastman, S. V.; Carrie Meyers, J. V.;
Harriet Smith, Sec; Nettie Dixon. Treas.;
Nancy Prescott, Chap.; Katherine Greig, Cond.;
Nellie Johnson, Asst. Cond.; Lydia Cummings,
Guard: Ella Bresia. Asst. Guard: Lucy Ros-
brock. Ella Drew. Fannie Toot. Anna Gray,
Color-Bearers; Eda Honey, Instructor; Hattie
Reed, Musician. The Corps has done a splen-
did work in caring for afflicted soldiers and
those dependent upon them. It has been a
model of harmonious cooperation and efficient
work.
Hospital. — Dixon has a hospital of which it
is justly proud. It was built in 1896 at a cost,
including furnishings, of about $12,000, and was
opened for patients January 1, 1897. This
beneficent enterprise was made possible through
the Initiatory benevolence of one of Dixon's
citizens, Mr. Solomon H. Bethea. The beauti-
ful, and in every way suitable, site on which the
building stands, was purchased by him at a
cost of $3. .500 and donated to the city for this
purpose. To avail of this gift the hospital was
established by ordinance of the City Council,
6/0
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
passed November 1, 1895, "for use and benefit
of the inhabitants ot said city, with a Board of
Directors of nine women, to be chosen from the
citizens at large by the Mayor, with approval ot
the Council," and by resolution of the Board it
was very appropriately named the "Katherinb
Shaw Bethea Memorial Hospital." November
1, 1896. Mary A. Noble, Sarah J. Brubaker. Lou-
ise B. Cumins, Lizzie J. Shaw, Susan A. Smith,
Delia L. Watson. Nellie McMartin, Kittle Fin-
ley and Annie Geisenheimer were chosen as
the first Board of Directors, which was organ-
ized by the election of Mary A. Noble. Presi-
dent; Lizzie J. Shaw, Vice President; Kittle
Finley, Secretary, and Nellie JIcMartin, Treas-
urer.
Mr. Bethea conveyed the grounds to the "Dix-
on Public Hospital" by deed, daied May 26,
1896, and recorded in the Recorder's office, in
Book 71 of Deeds, p. 138, in memory of his wife,
Katharine Shaw Bethea. The conditions of the
grant, as set forth in the deed, are very ex-
plicit and in reality form the operative frame-
work of the institution.
The building was erected by contributions
from various sources. Citizens of Dixon had
raised a purse to secure the removal to Dixon
from Jefferson City. Mo., of the third of the
shoe factories of C. M. Henderson & Co. Mr.
F. A. Watson, manager of these factories, pro-
cured the consent of the contributors that three
thousand dollars of this purse might be turned
over to the hospital fund, instead of being used
for the benefit of his company, as intended.
The city appropriated $1,000 to the building.
The remainder of the cost was raised by indi-
vidual contributions and entertainments. We
would be glad to insert the names of all the
givers with amounts, did space permit, but can
only make room for subscriptions of $100 and
over: Theron Cumins, for sun room (since con-
verted into wards), $700; C. M. Henderson &
Co., $500; Grand Detour Plow Company. $500;
Geo. H. Squires, $200; J. C. Ayres, $200; Mrs.
Jos. Crawford, $200; Mrs. H. T. Noble, $200;
Loveland & Stitely, $150; C. F. Emerson Lum-
ber Co., $100; I. B. Countryman, $100; J. W.
Crawford, $100; J. D. Crabtree. $100; C. H.
Hughes, $100; C. H. Fargo & Co., $100. The
total raised up to December 31. 1896, was
$7,831.68.
Not less to be appreciated was the assistance
afforded by individuals and societies, in the
way of furnishing patients' rooms and equip-
ping the institution for its humane work. Mrs.
F. A. Watson furnished one room; Mrs. John
Heilly another; the ladies of Palmyra, one;
and the Lutheran, Methodist, Catholic and
Episcopal churches each did the same, while
Miss Lizzie J. Shaw furnished the reception
room. The room outfits consisted ot suitable
furniture, bedding, linen and other necessa-
lies and conveniences. In each instance, gen-
erosity and good taste regulated the supply. It
was estimated that the cost did not average
less than $200 per room; and, with only one or
two exceptions, the donors have kept up the
equipments of their respective rooms. The
contributions of Mrs. Crawford and Mrs. Noble
were applied to the equipment of the operating
and etherizing room, with all modern acces-
sories.
The hospital is supported by reasonable
charges where patients are able to pay, and by
a yearly appropriation from the City Council;
and for a number of years the Board of Super-
visors, recognizing the benefits to the county
as a whole from a humanitarian, as well as a
business standpoint, have annually voted $500
to its support. Mr. Theron Cumins, by his will,
bequeathed $5,000 as a permanent fund for its
benefit, the interest alone being available. In
addition to these sources of revenue, charitable
contributions in the shape of money or supplies
are received and highly appreciated. By the
terms of the deed referred to, provision is made
for the safeguarding of gifts or bequests which
may be made to the institution for any special
purpose, thus assuring those who are philan-
thropica'ily disposed that the terms of their
benefactions will be faithfully observed.
The present Board of Trustees consists of
Mrs. Susan S. Smith, President; Mrs. Louise
Cumins. Vice President; Miss Anna L. Geisen-
heimer, Secretary; Miss Nellie McMartin,
Treasurer; Miss Lizzie J. Shaw, Mrs. Delia L.
Watson, Mrs. Carrie Todd. Mrs. Jennie McAl-
pine and Miss Kittle Finley.
Library. — Dixon is not only proud of its Pub-
lic Library and Hospital, but of the public
spirit and generosity that prompted them. The
0. B. Dodge Library, a gift by deed to the city
trom the citizen for whom it is named, is not
only architecturally beautiful without and with-
in, but possesses all modern conveniences suited
to a library of its size, and is admirably adapt-
ed to the purpose to which it is devoted. Con-
struction was commenced in 1900 and the build-
ing opened and dedicated to public use, by ap-
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
67]
propriate exercises, February 16, 1901. The
building and grounds cost $22,000.
In admirable keeping with the spirit of this
noble gift, came a library endowment of $15,-
000 from the estate of another citizen, Theron
Cumins, deceased, which was placed in the
hands of the Trustees at the dedication, and the
income from which is to be used for the pur-
chase of books. In addition to this income, the
city makes an annual appropriation towards
the support of the library. Mr. Dodge's gift
carries with it the condition that the city shall
maintain the library and keep it open every
week day. The present Library Board are:
O. B. Dodge, E. C. Parsons, J. C. Ayres, B. P.
Shaw, Geo. H. Squires, E. E. Wingert, C. E.
Groves, H. W. Baldwin and J. B. Dille, O. B,
Dodge being President; E. CPai-sons, Secre-
tary, and J. C. Ayres, Treasurer.
Earlier efforts towards a public library must
not be overlooked. As early as 1S72 the Dixon
Hose Company got together a library of 500
volumes, mostly donated, Alexander Charters
alone giving 150 and the Women's Christian
Temperance Union 300. Started originally
solely for the beneht of the members of the
company, it became a public library in 1S73,
where persons paying an annual fee of one
dollar became entitled to its privileges. Under
this policy the volumes increased to 2,000 in
1S84.
In 1895 the City Council passed an ordinance
establishing a public library under the State
law, which was opened January 1, 1896. On
the 1st of the following June the Hose Company
library was merged In this public library. Up
to the date of the change the Hose Company
had raised $1,500 by means of memberships,
entertainments and fairs. The popularity of
the Company's undertaking will be appreciated,
when it is recalled that $875 was once cleared
in a single night's entertainment. All honor
to the Hose Company for its splendid work.
The volumes it accumulated are now in the
0. B. Dodge Library.
The first Library Board appointed by the City
Council at the organization of the Public Li-
brary consisted of O. B. Dodge, J. C. Ayres,
J. B. Charters, B. F. Shaw, G. H. Squires. J. E.
Dille, William Jenkins, J. C. Joselyn and E. E.
Wingert.
Rock River Assemlihj. — This, one of the most
highly prized institutions of which Dixon may
rightfully boast, is controlled by the Lutherans.
Its inception sprang from a movement at a
meeting of the Synod of that denomination,
held at Lena, III., September 27 to October 2,
1887, to inaugurate a summer Sunday School
Institute. Rev. J. M. Ptuthrauff, then pastor of
the church at Dixoa (recently deceased), sug-
gested that it be made a reunion occasion for
members and friends of the church and Sunday
school, and that an attractive grove, by some
body of water, be selected as the meeting place
where rest and recreation might combine with
church work. The outcome was a meeting be-
ginning on the night of July 17. 1888, and clos-
ing on the 18th at Hsizelwood, three miles up
the river from Dixon. The vacated residence
or the once owner, Alexander Charters, and the
log cabin, which was his first dwelling, and
seven tents accommodated the campers. Rev.
J. W. Ruthrauff was elected President and Rev.
W. H. Hartman Secretary. The total expense
of the session was about $50. About two hun-
dred were present from abroad. The next year
a ten days' session was held at the same place
and, by a small admission fee for persons and
conveyances, $700 was realized, which exceeded
expenses by ten dollars. The present name
was given to the enterprise, and a committee
appointed to secure a permanent location, as
the Charters estate had parted with Hazelwood.
The committee consisted of Revs. J. M. Ruth-
rauff, W. H. Hartman, J. J. Delo and Owen Cly-
mer, W. T. Schell and A. A. Krape, who selected
the present site. The ground was rented with
an option to purchase expiring September 1,
1890. At the August assemblage the stock of
a company with $10,000 capital was all sub-
scribed, and a permanent organization was ef-
fected with J. M. Ruthrauff, W. T. Schell, Geo.
W. Bruner, O. B. Blackman, F. Klosterman, 0.
Clymer, W. H. Hartman, H. A. Ott and A. A.
Krape, Directors, who made Ruthrauff Presi-
dent; Krape, Vice President; Hartman, Secre-
tary, and Schell, Treasurer.
The grounds, consisting of about thirty-four
acres, were purchased at $150 per acre by deed
dated November 1, 1890. A hotel was built and
a tabernacle 75 feet wide by 110 feet long, ready
for the session of 1891. This was superseded
in 1900 by a splendid auditorium costing about
$8,000. with a seating capacity of 5,000 people.
It is circular in form, 160 feet in diameter with-
out supporting posts anywhere to obstruct the
view. It was projected by Mr. R. J. Bennett of
Chicago, who contributed $1,000 towards its
cost. Mr. Morrison H. Vail, now of Dixon, was
the architect.
672
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
Cemetery. — The first burial was ttiat of a
man by the name of Lafferty, who died in the
fall of 1836.
In 1SS2 or 1883 a considerable extension of
the grounds was added on the south and east,
and in the summer of the present year (1903 J
the city entered into contract carrying the
grounds still further eastward. The cemetery
has always been owned and controlled by the
city. Scant attention was, however, paid to it
until about 1S90 or 1891, when, largely through
the efforts of Aid. C. C. Godfrey in preventing
the revenues of the cemetery from being di-
verted to other uses, means were at hand for
improvement. From that time the betterment
was manifest. A few years later the city ac-
cepted the aid and co-operation of a number of
ladies, under the name of the Cemetery Asso-
ciation, but for some time past their services
seem not to have been sought.
'ine Dixon Loan & Building Association was
organized in June, 1887. Its first officers were
Sherwood Dixon, President; A. C. Bardwell,
Vice President; Jas. A. Hawley, Treasurer; W.
D. Barge, Attorney; Lloyd R. Hawley, Secre-
tary. Its present officers: C. H. Hughes, Pres-
ident; M. Maloney, Vice President; A. P. Arm-
ington. Treasurer; H. S. Dixon. Attorney; J. N.
Sterling, Secretary.
Its first statement, December 1, 1887, showed
assets amounting to $3,335.05. Its last state-
ment, June 1, 1903, gave assets, $88,478.86. The
first statement show^ed loans in force, $3,200;
the last, $81,000 in force.
'ine total number of loans has been 272, ag-
gregating $304,400. The Association has fur-
nished the funds for buiding over 200 new
houses in Dixon, and has enabled its members
to ptirchase over fifty houses already built. In
the last sixty-five months, since the stock com-
menced maturing, it has paid its stockholders
$162,000 — certainly a valuable institution to the
community. During the sixteen years of its
existence it has had but one foreclosure.
Mayors. — At the election, March 7, 1859, John
Dement was elected Mayor, but failed to quali-
fy. Alderman Joseph Crawford served as act-
ing Mayor until a special election, April 4th,
when A. C. Stedman was chosen to fill the va-
cancy. The Mayors in succession have been:
A. C, Stedman, 1859-1860; G. L. Herrick, 1861;
Jas, B. Charters, 1862; Oliver Everett, 1863;
Jas. K. Edsall, 1864; Person Cheney, Jr., 1865-
6; Andrew McPherran, 1867-8; John Dement,
1869-72; Joseph Crawford. 1873-5; Jas. A. Haw-
ley, 1876-7; John Dement, 1878-9; John V.
Thomas, 1880-4; R. S. Farrand, 1885-6; A. C.
Warner, 1886-7; S. H. Bethea, 1888-9; H. T.
Noble, 1890-1; Geo. Steel, 1S91-2; J. F. Palmer,
1893-4; Chas. H. Hughes, 1895-6; F. A. Truman,
1897-9; Chas. H. Hughes, 1900-1; F. A. Truman,
1901-02; Henry S. Dixon, 1903, present incum-
bent.
City Clei-ks and Treasurers. — A. P. Curry,
1859; Jas. L. Camp, 1860; J. C. Ayres, 1861-84;
Geo. Steel, 1885-7; A. C. Warner, 1S88; E. W.
Smith, 1890, present incumbent.
Dixon is still governed under its original
special charter and amendments thereto, the
provisions of the general law relating to cities
and villages never having been adopted.
City Lighting.— December 22, 1874, the West-
ern Excelsior Gas Company commenced opera-
tion. Its franchise was, however, repealed
May 10, 1877, and in June, 1877, one was grant-
ed to J. D. Patton, under which Henry C. Hig-
gins and Thomas Higgins established the
gas plant now in operation. The com-
pany was known as the Dixon Gas Com-
pany, and was succeeded by the Dixon Gas
and Electric Light Company. November 13,
1889, the city granted a franchise to F. A. Wat-
son, and the Dixon Light & Power Company
was formed to operate under it. An electric
light plant was placed in the larger shoe fac-
tory of C. M. Henderson & Co., in West End,
and supplied electric light, while the Gas &
Electric Light Company limited its product to
gas. In the winter of 1891 the two companies
consolidated under the name of the Dixon
Power & Lighting Company, its first officers be-
ing: F. A. Watson, President; Geo. Steel, Vice
President; Geo. C. Loveland, Secretary. In Au-
gust, 1892, the company purchased the proper-
ty at the water power, then known as the Beck-
er & Underwood Flour Mills, and moving its
machinery from the shoe factory, commenced
running there April 1, 1893. In fall of 1898
the company commenced the erection of an ad-
dition on the adjoining lot, formerly known as
the "Farmers' " or "Thompson's" Mill, and on
April 1, 1899, the machinery there installed was
set in motion. This company now supplies
electric light and gas to the city and its in-
habitants. Its officers are: F. A. Watson, Pres-
ident; H. E. Paine, Vice President; I. B. Coun-
tryman, Secretary; F. E. Stiteley, Treasurer;
E. P. Maxwell, superintendent.
The city has recently granted a franchise to
the Sterling, Dixon & Eastern Railway Com-
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
673
pany, to use the streets in supplying gas and
electric light in competition with the former
company. The gas plant is now being erected
and pipes laid. The franchise has passed into
the hands of the Lee County Lighting Com-
pany, a corporation with $100,000 capital. The
first Board of Directors consists of Henry C.
Higgins, John Van Dyke, Jr., Scrynton Stock-
dale, John I. Biggs and Charles H. Hughes.
Watei- Works. — During the winter of 1871-2
water mains were laid, from a rotary pump
which had been installed at the water power,
extending to the corner of Galena and First
Streets, at a cost of $600.
July 18, 1883, the city granted a franchise to
Alex. H. McNeal. S. S. Murphy was his agent
and the real projector of the enterprise. The
Dixon Water Works Company was incorporated
May 10, 1884, with a capital of $75,000, to take
over the McNeal franchise. The capital was re-
duced to $60,000, June 28, 1890. The duration
of the franchise was thirty years. The com-
pany is now operating under this franchise.
The works were in operation in 1884. Bonds
were issued to the extent of the capital, and
the mortgage securing them was ultimately
foreclosed in the United States Court, Chicago,
and sale made to the bondholders; but before
the deed was issued, A. K. Trusdell, J. D. Crab-
tree, J. A. Hawley and S. S. Murphy purchased
the works. The first officers under the new
management were: J. D. Crabtree, President;
J. A. Hawley, Secretary and Treasurer; Jno.
Wasley, superintendent. This was continued
until after Mr. Hawley's death, when, on May
9, 1899, his son, Geo. Hawley, succeeded his
father as director and a. K. Trusdell was
made President and J. D. Crabtree, Secretary
and Treasurer. After Judge Crabtree's death,
his son, John B., succeeded him as Director and
also as Secretary and Treasurer; and the or-
ganization so stands at this date.
The water is obtained from three flowing
artesian wells, which draw their supply from
water-bearing rock (St. Peter's sandstone). In
the winter of 1890-91 two wells were put down,
one to a depth of 1600 feet, the other to a
depth of 1650 feet. In 1894 another was sunk to
a depth of 1700 feet. By these wells an ample
supply of superior water for all purposes is
assured. As originally constructed the water
was pumped directly from the river. The
main carrying the water across the river rests
on the bed of the stream a short distance below
the Galena Street bridge.
The water is distributed to consumers
through about fifteen miles of mains, on which
are 165 hydrants for fire protection. The con-
sumers number about one hundred. The actual
average pumpage in twenty-iour hours is about
2,500.000 gallons. The natural flow from the
wells into the reservoir at the works is 600 to
700 gallons per minute. The capacity of the
reservoir is a half million gallons, and of the
standpipe near the cemetery, 270,000 gallons.
Analysis of the water shows: The total solids
in a gallon. 17.5875 grains, distributed in grains
and fractions of a grain, thus; Silica, .6424;
oxide of aluminum and iron, .2219; carbonate
of lime, 7.8006; carbonate of magnesia, 7.5154;
chloride of sodium, 1.3472.
The Citizens' Association of Dixon was incor-
porated April 18, 1887, with Jason C. Ayres,
C. F. Emerson, E. W. Smith, Joseph F. Palmer,
S. S. Dodge, Chas. H. Noble and Geo. D. Laing,
as directors for first year. Purpose: "To pro-
mote the interest of the City of Dixon and de-
velop its natural resources." The present or-
ganization is J. C. Ayres, President; C. H. No-
ble, Vice President; E. C. Smith, Secretary;
A. C. Warner, Corresponding Secretary; I. B.
Countryman, Treasurer; R. S. Farrand, 0. B.
Dodge, M. Maloney, W. B. Page, E. C. Parsons.
The association is governed by by-laws, and had
an original membership of 88. It was through
this association that the Fargo Shoe Factory
was secured, and other good work for the city
has been done.
Growth. — The growth of Dixon in recent
years may be judged of to some extent by its
Postoffice receipts. In 1899 they were $19,-
710.38; 1900, $21,236.87; 1901, $22,706.47. In
1902 they fell off somewhat, owing to reduc-
tion in classification of matter other than vol-
ume of business. The receipts that year were
$21,600.35.
The following statement of improvements for
the five years named, was compiled by insur-
ance agencies and published in city papers:
Business improvements of all kinds, except
"roads, sidewalks and sewers," 1897, $48,410;
1898, $97,657; 1899, $84,125; 1900, $195,000;
1901, $61,000. Number of new dwellings and
cost of same: 85 in 1897, costing $111,325: 90
in 1898, $135,575; 111 in 1899, $147,675; 76 in
1900, $109,650; 77 in 1901, $154,500. No state-
ment was made for 1902, but building that year
was less than in previous years.
Population. — In 1837 there were 13 families
residing at or near the ferry. In 1839 the
674
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
number had increased to 40 families. By 1S50
the township numbered 1,073. November 7,
1855, It reached 3,054. In 1860 It was
3,408. In 1870 the number was 4,687; 1880.
4,241. (Whether the figures for 1855. 1860 and
1870 are limited to the village or embrace the
entire township, we have no means of ascer-
taining.) The population of the township, in-
cluding the city, as shown by the census, was
5.804 in 1890, and 9,128 in 1900. The population
of the city, by wards, the latter year, was:
First Ward, 2,027; Second Ward, 1,522; Third
Ward, 2,643; Fourth Ward, 1.725. The school
census of June, 1903, showed persons under 21 —
south side. 2.321, north side, 843.
Postmasters, in order of service: Gay, John
Dixon, from Sept, 29, 1830, to summer of 1837;
D. B. McKenney, Smith Gilbraith, Abram
Brown, David H. Birdsall, A. T. Murphy, Joseph
Cleaver, E. B. Baker, J. L. Camp. Mary A. Camp,
Jas. B. Charters. Michael Maloney, Benj. F.
Shaw, present incumbent.
CHAPTER XI.
EAST GROVE TOWNSHIP.
a claim of one John Kasbier. At the time of
the land sale at Dixon, in 1844, S. P. Mcintosh
purchased the east half of Section 36, but did
not move onto it until 1856. John Downey,
A. A. Spooner, John Flynn, M. Coleman. A.
Barlow. D. Sullivan, Henry Hubbell and Sam-
uel Tubbs were also early settlers.
In 1842 John W. Harrison, a Deputy Sheriff
!vom Toronto, Canada, while on a visit in this
region, was murdered by James S. Bell, near
the north-west corner of Section 35. Bell was
rinally tried in Whiteside County, on change
of venue, and sent to the penitentiary.
On the northeast corner of the southwest
quarter of Section 10 stands a church, known as
the "Union Church," which was built a num-
ber of years ago by contributions of citizens
without regard to denominational distinction.
The old State road from Peoria to Dixon
and Galena passed through the centers
of Section 10 and 13 and jogged east on or near
the Marion town line, for a distance of about 20
rods west of the east line of Section 34, and
thence passed directly north until it crosses
Inlet Creek, or Green River. This road was
turnpiked under authority from the Legisla-
ture. (See "Marion Township.")
The population of the township in 1890 was
G59; in 1900 it was 653. as appears by Govern-
ment census.
EAST GROVE SET OFF FROM HAMILTON TOWNSHIP
THE FIRST SETTLER LATER ARRIVALS AN
EARLY MURDER THE "UXION CHURCH" PE-
ORIA, nixnx ANn galena state road.
CHAPTER XII.
HAMILTON TOWNSHIP.
At the November session, 1864. of the Board
of Supervisors. East Grove was set apart from
Hamilton Township. In 1837 Charles Falvey
occupied a claim on the north half of Section
34 in the grove, from which the town took its
name. On the north his nearest neighbor was
a Mr. Robinson, six miles distant. In 1849
Fenwick Anderson settled on the south half
of Section 34. having purchased the claim of
Robert Tate. The house, which was built of
logs, was for a number of years a stopping
place for the stage on the line from Peoria to
Dixon and Galena. In 1852 Mr. Anderson burnt
a kiln of 200.000 brick in the south part of the
grove, which proved to be of excellent quality
and with which he built his residence. Thomas
Shehan moved onto Section 5 in 1S49. buying
original DIMEN.SIOX.S of the township FIRST
supervisors and early .settlers PASTOR
N. G. COLLINS — EARLY SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES.
This town originally included what are now
the towns of Harmon, East Grove, May and the
south half of Marion. By the organization of
these towns, Hamilton has been shaved down
until it is now limited to a government town-
ship. William B. Stuart was the first Super-
visor of the original town. After serving two
years he was succeeded, by R. B. Viele. who con-
tinued in office three years, when Mr. Stuart
was again elected for two years.
What is further said here will relate to the
township as at present formed. The first
PIISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
675
dwelling house in the township was of logs
and built by Charles and Roos Freeman, on
the south half of Section 32, and was occupied
by the former, but as their sojourn was of a
temporary character. Jacob Pope, who came in
1854 and located on the south half of the south-
east quarter of Section 26, is considered the
first permanent settler. Dolph Freeman, a
brother of Roos and Charles, built a small one-
story house several years later on the southeast
corner of Section 31, and he and his mother
lived there two or three shears, v/hen, in the
spring of 1S65, the school directors bought the
house for $163 and moved it to the southeast
corner of Section 34, where it was fitted up for
a school-house. The first teacher who taught
in it was Electa J. Minnerley, who afterwards
was a candidate before the Republican County
Convention for Superintendent of Schools. In
the spring of 1871 the house was moved to the
present site near the northwest corner of the
northwest quarter of Section 35. In the sum-
mer of 1872 a new house was built. A. T. Ksig-
win bought the old house and it again started
on its last journey to the old homestead, where
it now is.
A. T. Keigwin built on the northwest quarter
of Section 27 in the spring of 1858, and a Mr.
Carpenter built on the northeast quarter of
Section 26 in the spring of 1859. Mr. Carpenter
farmed that season and moved to La Moille in
the winter or fall, and from there went to Men-
dota, where he embarked in the manufacture of
organs under the firm name of Tewksbury &
Carpenter, having been engaged in the same
business in Vermont, nis old home. Anson
Stone and his sons, H. P. and S. 0., bought out
Mr. Carpenter and occupied the place in 1860.
Morris Logue occupied the north half of the
northeast quarter of Section 27, built a shanty
and broke his land during the same year, and
the next season brought his family. David and
John Knight arrived the same year, purchased
Section 35 and erected a house on his land the
following year. In 1857 David Griggs located
on the southeast quarter of Section 34, a house
having been erected for him during the previ-
ous year. J. F. McMurray also came the same
year and settled on the southeast quarter of
Section 33. J. Shields bought and occupied the
north half of the northeast quarter of Section
24 and most of the southeast quarter of Section
13 in 1858. William Skully settled on the east
half of the northwest quarter of Section 24 in
that year. Michael Dunn came a year later
and located on the southeast quarter and south
half of the northwest quarter of Section 24.
Bennett Havens, who served as Super-
visor several yearo, purchased the south
half of the northeast quarter of Section 36,
and was one of the early comers. L. B. Moore,
on the southwest quarter and west half of the
northwest quarter of Section 24, and Michael
Flemming, on the south half of the southwest
quarter of the same section, were early settlers.
J. L. Reed located on the west half of the south-
east quarter of Section 23 in 1862.
It will be noted that all of these settlements
were south of the swamp. That portion lying
north of the swamp remained unsettled for
many years, and served as a range for cattle.
A. T. Anderson, of Polo, owned a large farm
on the north part of Section 7. Perhaps the
first to break any of the prairie on this side
for cultivation was William Rink, on Section
5. John D. Shaffer built his cabin on Section
8, and herded cattle for several years. James
Durr was on the northwest quarter of the
northwest quarter of Section 19 in 1862.
Rev. N. G. Collins was a considerable factor
in the early history of the town. A man of
great energy, he was ambitious to own and
farm large tracts of land. He became Chaplain
of the Fifty-seventh Illinois Infantry in the
Vv'ar of the Rebellion. Though not a success as
a farmer, his ambition was in part realized,
for at the close of the war he had saved of his
holdings Sections 8, 28, 29, 30 and the west half
of 31. At the marriage of his daughter, his
wedding gift was a deed to Section 8. Mr. Col-
lins was pastor of a Baptist church at LaMoille
for a number of years.
The first school in the town was taught in the
residence of David Griggs. Mrs. Cornelia Ma-
ona, daughter of A. T. Keigwin, was the
teacher. This was in 1861 or 1862. Miss Lizzie
Larkins succeeded her the following summer,
and later, Miss Lavina Swisher presided. Mr.
McMurray moved into Bureau County and the
house he left was made into a school house
and Mrs. Maona taught there. All this was
before school districts were organized. The
teachers were paid by private subscription. In
the fall of 1863 or '64 school district No. 1 was
organized. The new school house was erected
on the west side of the west half of the north-
west quarter of Section 35 in 1874. District
No. 2 was organized about the same time as
District No. 1. The first school was opened in
a portion of Thaddeus May's dwelling on Sec-
676
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
tion 26 by Miss Lydia Havens. The first school
house in this district was built in 1864 or '65, at
the southeast corner of Section 25. It was
moved afterwards to the southwest corner of
the same Section.
The first preaching the settlers had was in a
little school house known as the Dodge school-
house, on the prairie over the line in Bureau
County. The abundance of game encouraged
the gunning propensity on the Sabbath in the
early days: and to reform this habit, David
Griggs, William Griggs, Solomon Welsh, J. F.
McMurray, Johnson Griggs and J. H. Knight
contributed to pay for preaching and employed
their neighbor. Rev. Ford, who lived at the
east end of Red Oak Grove, paying him fifty
cents for each Sunday. A Baptist church was
early organized at Walnut in Bureau County,
Amos T. Keigwin and wife, Ezekiel Sayers and
wife, S. H. Sayers and Lydia Stone, of Hamil-
ton, being among the organizers. For a number
of years meetings were held in the township at
the residences of the members. When the vil-
lage of Walnut sprang into existence, the serv-
ices were confined to that place where, in 1S71,
a fine church building was erected.
The population of the township in 1S90 was
329. and in 190n. 498, as shown by the Govern-
ment census.
CHAPTER Xni.
HARMON TOWNSHIP.
ORCA^'IZATIOX OF THE TOW.XSHIP — SOME E.VRLY
SETTLERS FIRST ELECTION — WILD GAME — HAR-
JIOX VILLAGE LAID OUT GRAIK ELEV.VTORS,
CHURCHES AXD BL'SINESS HOUSES.
The Township of Harmon was set off from
Marion by resolution of the Board of Super-
visors, at its March meeting, 1S67. The peti-
tion asked to have the town named Dayton, but
the Board took the responsibility of substi-
tuting the present name. The writer has been
informed by one who ought to know, that this
name was given the township in honor of Har-
mon Wasson, the son of Benjamin Wasson of
Amboy Township.
In 1853 John D. Rosbrook, with three sons,
settled at the lake, a clear body of water cov-
ering nearly forty acres on the northwest quar-
in the village wa? built by J. M. Ja-
ter of Section 25. There was no other dwelling
nearer than eight miles. The following spring
the two remaining sons came, In 1854 Mrs.
Robert Tuttle, a widowed sister of Mitchell
Rosbrook, with her family of five children, set-
tled in the township. During the same year
came Thomas Sutton and settled with his large
family one mile south of the lake. This fam-
ily eventually, including nineteen children, be-
came conspicuous in that part of the country,
not only for their number but for their rugged
and boisterous methods. In 1854 Mitchell Ros-
brook, with his wife and five children, joined the
settlement. To him is credited the founding
of the first Sunday-school in Harmon, it being
very successfully conducted in John D. Ros-
brook's granary.
The first two elections in the township were
held at the house of Mitchell Rosbrook. James
McManus was elected Supervisor; Rosbrook,
Town Clerk; and George Stillings, Constable.
In the winter of 1856-7, Austin Balch came with
his wife and two children. About this time the
Brills reached the settlement, and also Patrick
Grogan. The years 1856 and '57 witnessed large
accessions. Joseph Julien, a brother of Anton
and John; E. A. Balch, C. H. Self ken, Israel
Perkins, James Porter, George Stillings and
Charles Craby were among the early settlers.
In 1855 Lewis Hullinger settled on the south-
west quarter of Section 7.
In Harmon in pioneer days wild game
abounded. We have it on good authority that
one hunter brought down one hundred geese in
a single day, and that another shot sixty-six
mallard ducks at one discharge, a drove of
thirteen deer were chased by men on horse-
back past the Rosbrook place, and five were
killed after pursuit of several miles. These
statements seem a little incredible now, but are
well authenticated. One of the early settlers
ventures to say that it was not an uncommon
sight to see a thousand acres covered with sand-
hill cranes — a bird which has now almost dis-
appeared.
In 1856 a drove of 5,000 Texas steers were
driven through Harmon on their way to Chi-
cago. The summer had been consumed on the
drive. In 1857, 2.000 very large, fat hogs were
also driven through the town, but headed west-
ward.
Viilarie of Harmon. — The village of Harmon
was platted, March 15, 1872. for Joel H. Wicker,
Charles G. Wicker. Jonas S. Meekling
and Alon;!o Kinyon. The first elevator
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
677
ques & Bro., and is now operated by the Neola
Elevator Company. The second elevator was
built by 0. E. Mclntyre and is now operated
by the Atlas Elevator Company. The third
was built, and is now operated by Frank Het-
tinger.
The Wesleyan Methodist Church was organ-
ized. September 20, 1S62, Rev. J. Pinkney
being the first pastor. The Methodist Episco-
pal Church was organized in 1871, Rev. Rive
being the first pastor. The Catholic church
was built about 1874, and has been recently
remodeled and repaired. It had no resident
priest until it was made an independent par- '
ish about four years ago, under the pastorate
of Father McGrath. Father Ryan was his suc-
cessor and is now in charge. Prior to the estab-
lishment of the village the Wesleyan Methodists
had a church building which is now used for
a town hall. In 1882 the Methodist Episcopal
Society erected their present church.
Sam Boyer, now of Dixon, started the first
store In the new town, and Hempstead & Van
Alstine the second general store. The first
school-house to be built after the village was
platted was located where the present one
stands. This was followed by a larger frame
building, which was consumed by fire In the
early part of the winter of 1899. In its place
was erected, in the summer of 1900, the present
brick structure, which does credit to the com-
munity.
The population of the entire township was
S40 In 1890, and 936 in 1900, as shown by the
Government census.
CHAPTER XIV
LEE CENTER TOWNSHIP.
FIRST WHITE SETTLER OTHER EARLY ARRIVALS
CHLTICH AXD SCHOOL HISTORY — LEE CEJJTEE
ACADEMY' AXD VILLAGE.
Adolphus Bliss and wife were the first set-
tlers within the territory later known as Lee
Center, having located there in May, 1834. Mrs.
Bliss was the first white woman to reside in
the township, and the second in the county.
It was a year before she had a neighbor nearer
than Dixon. Mr. Bliss entered a claim on west
half of southwest quarter of Section 4, and
the north half of the northeast quarter of Sec-
tion 9. The first to follow him was Corydon R.
Dewey, who came in the following spring and
entered a claim on the east half of the north-
west quarter of Section 9, and later, but during
the year, Cyrenus and Cyreno Sawyer joined
them, and together took up a claim on the
northeast quarter of Section 1. In the spring
of 1836, Lewis Clapp settled on the northwest
quarter of Section 8. In this year Charles F.
Ingalls and his brother, George A., entered
their claims in the southern part of Lee
Center Township, on which a Pottawatomie In-
dian village then stood.
In 1837 Mr. David Tripp and family, with
his brother-in-law Grange Webster, settled at
Inlet. Mr. Birdsell was an arrival of the
following year. During that year Dr. R. F.
Adams arrived and was the first physician in
the neighborhood. Roswell Streator filed a
claim in 1833, on the land on which Lee Cen-
ter is situated, and the following year built
a log house in the edge of Inlet Grove, which
was near his claim. He gave a portion of the
land towards the erection and maintenance of
an academy, which will be hereafter referred to.
George E. Haskell early settled at the Grove.
Two of the Ingalls brothers, Henry and Addi-
son, first settled on the Illinois River near
where Chandlerville now stands, and Abraham
Lincoln surveyed the farm for one of them.
Mr. Ralph Ford was also one of the early ar-
rivals.
In the spring of 1836 the first sermon in the
neighborhood was preached by Peter Cartwright
in Mr. Dewey's house. In that year the first
Methodist class was organized, with John Fos-
dick as leader. Mr. David Tripp was a Bap-
tist, and services were now and then held in
his house until he built a new barn, which
was dedicated with protracted meeting. A Bap-
tist society was organized with Mr. Webster
as deacon and Mr. Tripp as clerk. Here meet-
ings were held regularly until a school-house
was built near the Dewey Mill. In 1835 Rev.
Luke Hitchcock and Oscar P. Ayres came, and
the former preached the first funeral sermon
in the town. It was over the body of a young
■'circuit rider" by the name of Smith, who died
at Tripp's homestead.
678
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
The first school-house was built in the edge
of the timber on the Bliss land. George E.
Haskell was teacher. It was a typical log
structure. Moses Crombie settled in the village
of Lee Center in 1840. Prior to the erection of
this school house, Mrs. Crombie conducted a
neighborhood s<;Jiool in her own house.
The first building occupied as a store stood
on the ground where David Tripp's grout house
stood. It was sold to George E. Haskell, who
moved it nearer to Inlet Creek, where it stood
a tew years, when it was moved to the town of
Lee Center and was occupied for some years
by Joseph Gary.
The pioneer teacher was Ann Chamberlain,
who in the summer occupied a room in Adol-
phus Bliss's house for her school. In the
log school-house already referred to, Otis Timo-
thy taught, and later settled at Franklin Grove
where he died. His teaching was for three
months in the winter of 1837-8. He had twenty
to twenty-five pupils under his charge, and was
paid at the rate of $15 per month. A log tav-
ern kept by Benjamin Whittaker stood where
Mr. Cephas Clapp lived in recent years. This
was as early as 1S39. The first wedding in the
town was that of Albert Static and Elmira Car-
penter, in 1836, Daniel M. Dewey, Justice of the
Peace, performing the ceremony. Mr. James
Brewer reached Inlet in 1843, having ridden on
horseback from Montgomery, Ala., and later
became principal of the academy.
There were other schools than those already
mentioned. Mrs. Sallie P. Starks taught a
class of five boys and five girls, ranging from
one year old to near twenty-one; her teaching
was for 12 hours a day all the year round.
Lee Center Academy. — The main part of the
Academy building was constructed of brick and
built in 1847, at a cost of ?2,000. Mr. Moses
Crombie was the contractor, and the school
opened the same year and soon advanced to a
leading rank among the educational institu-
tions in .that section. A certificate is found
recorded in the Recorder's Office of the county,
stating that Lewis Clapp, Luke Hitchcock, N. P.
Swartwout, Martin Wright, Daniel Frost, Moses
Crombie and R. F. Adams were elected Trustees
of the Academy, March 3, 1847. The first Prin-
cipal was Hiram McChesney, a graduate of
Rensselaer Institute, of Troy, N. Y. He served
one year, when he was succeeded by H. E. Len-
ard, of Naperville. After two years Rev. James
Brewer, a graduate of Jamestown College,
Mass.. took charge remaining one year. After
him came Simeon Wright, during whose three
years of service the Academy reached a degree
of prosperity never exceeded either before or
after. The average attendance of the school
in this year was 150 pupils. Prof. Nash came
after Mr. Wright and remained until 1859, in
which year he died. By this time other schools
of importance had sprung up at Paw Paw,
Dixon, Amboy and elsewhere, and the Academy,
remote from railroads, began to decline, so that,
in the year 1859, it became a graded district
school. In 1853 a stone addition to the school-
' house was erected to acommodate the increasing
needs of the institution.
In these days Lee Center was indeed a flour-
ishing village, with an academy as its center
of interest and activity. Lyceums, lectures and
traveling entertainments were frequent in the
chapel.
A Congregational Church was organized in
1843, at the home of Amos Crombie, near Bing-
hamton in Amboy Township, with eleven mem-
bers. The first pastor was Rev. Joseph Gard-
ner. It was called the Congregational Church
of Palestine Grove. Worship was conducted
until 1849 in the Wasson school house, in Am-
boy Township, after which it was changed to
Lee Center, when a building was erected in
1856 at a cost of $1,500. In another account of
this society (see Amboy) John Worrell is men-
tioned as first pastor and Joseph Gardner as
third. We are unable to determine which
statement is correct.
A Methodist Church was organized in 1837,
at the residence of Corydon R. Dewey, at Inlet
Grove. Their first church building was erected
in 1842, in which services were held until 1858,
v.-hen a larger and more commodious one was
built. For many years Luke Hitchcock was
pastor. Philo Judson, afterwards an eminent
ioreign missionary, preached here, and "Father
Penfleld" often filled the pulpit. The building
was badly racked by the tornado of June 3,
1860, and was finally demolished by a storm
on October 30, 1882. Its place was supplied
by a fine new structure erected in 1883-4.
It appears by a certificate, recorded in the
Recorder's Office, that I. G. Dimick, C. R. Dewey,
Daniel Frost, D. H. Birdsall and G. R. Lynn
were elected Trustees of the "Methodist Epis-
copal Church at Inlet," December 12, 1840. On
June 4, 1848, Daniel Frost, Solomon Matteson,
A. W. Crombie, C. S. Frost. M. S. Curtis and
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
679
Hezekiah McCune. were elected trustees of the
•■Methodist Episcopal Church of Lee Center."
In 1S49, trustees of a parsonage were elected,
but we have been unable to learn when the
building was constructed.
An Episcopal Church was organized in 18-55,
and a building erected in 1S57, costing $2,500.
The windows of the cnurch were presented
to the congregation by Bishop Whitehouse. The
title was vested in the Bishop by instrument
dated May 4, 1S57. Dr. Charles Gardner and
Garrett M. La Forge were the principal sup-
porters, and after they left the town the serv-
ices here declined until the building was aban-
doned and sold for other uses a very few years
ago.
The country was greatly disturbed in the
period from 1843 to 1850, by a succession of
* ■ crimes indicating a thorough organization
among the lawless class. The principals in the
nefarious business are known in the annals of
this and adjoining counties as the "Banditti of
the Prairies." The vicinity of Inlet furnished
one of their bases of operation. Counterfeiting,
robbery and murder were included among their
offenses. Two leading citizens of Inlet Grove —
one of them a magistrate — were implicated in
a robbery, and sent to the penitentiary where
both died. Other citizens were found to be
involved in like transactions. One turned
state's evidence, which resulted in more arrests
and the recovery of considerable stolen prop-
erty. As a means of better contending with
the law-breaking element, an "Association for
Furthering the' cause of Justice" was formed.
The preamble of the constitution recited that,
"appearances have plainly shown that Inlet
Grove has been a resting place and depot for
the numerous rogues that infest the country."
A vigilance committee was appointed to hunt
out and run down the rascals, by which effective
work was done for the protection of the people
and punishment of criminals.
The lands on which the pioneers settled were
not open to purchase until 1844, when the first
land sale occurred at Dixon. Hence the early
settlers were known as "squatters," having no
that the lands they occupied would
their own. To protect themselves
against the cupidity of interlopers who might
seek to enter the lands of the first comers se-
cretly, and also as a means of adjusting any
differences which might arise between them
touching their respective claims, the set-
tlers of this neighborhood formed a
"Squatters' Association," with a formal
constitution containing rigia provisions for
the mutual protection of its members.
Similar movements were resorted to in
other sections, and became known as "Grove
Associations." The constitution of the one in
the vicinity of Amboy was preserved by Ira
Brewer, and bore date, "Inlet, Ogle County, Illi-
nois, July 10th, 1837," and was subscribed by
sixty-six members. The field of the association
extended from Inlet half way to Knox. Dixon,
Malugin, Palestine and Franklin Grove. George
E. Haskell was the first president and Martin
Wright the first clerk. The scheme called for
a bond to be signed by each member, obligating
him to convey to the adjoining claimant any
land occupied by the latter which might, inad-
vertently or otherwise, be purchased by the
former. Difficulties were apt to arise owing
to the fact that the Government survey had
not then been made. In a committee report of
choice diction and marked seriousness, having
much of the tone of a plea addressed to the
membership, it is said: "The claims of all
have been respected and a just regard had to
the growth and prosperity of the neighborhood,
in the accommodations afforded to all that
wished to unite themselves to this community
in nearness of settlement. But a change in our
circumstances is about to take place. The
rightful owner of the soil upon which we are
located is to call upon us for his dues, and that
too at a period not far distant. Some, and it
is hoped all the members of this association,
will be able to answer the call and obtain a title
to the land which they now claim. In paying
for land, whether at general laud sales or under
the preemption law, the individual so paying
receives his title to the same, which no right
of the claimant can ever reach."
The situation was manifestly one of grave
peril to these frontiersmen who were in danger
of losing the property — the home — which they
had braved so much and forsaken so much to
secure. As a rule, however, the community,
by the intimidating force of a law of its own
making, was able to protect the bona-fide settler
against the barbarous greed of the "claim
jumper." The early settlers brought v/ith them
much of the spirit of colonial days, and vigor-
ously used all that was needed to meet the
emergency.
Shatc Station was platted as "Shaw" on land
of Sherman Shaw October 24, 1878. The place
has an elevator operated by Chas. Guffin, a Con-
68o
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
gregational church, which was built five or
six years ago. and a public school.
The population of the township in 1S90 was
789. while in 1900 it w^as 876.
CHAPTER X\'.
JIARION TOWNSHIP.
Oi;il.\NlZ.\TIOX (IF TIIK TOWNSHIP .\>-D FIRST OFFI-
CERS— FIR.ST PER.MAXEXT SETTLERS — SOIIE L.V-
TER ARKHALS TCWN OF WALTO.V PT.ATTICI).
At the September session. 1854, of the
Board of Supervisors, the north half of Town
20. Range 9. which had belonged to Amboy
Township, the south half of Town 20, Range 9,
and all of Town 20. Range S, which had be-
longed to Hamilton Township, were set off as a
town called Marion, to talM effect from the first
Tuesday in April, 18.55. At the March meeting,
18G7, the tOYv-n of Harmon was created, leaving
Marion a simple Government township, as it
now exists. The first Supervisor of the new
town was Alford Wolcot; Assessor. Sherman W.
Caldwell: Justices of the Peace, Abram Morri-
son and A. S. Phillip; Tcvi'n Clerk. Simon Dyk-
man: Collector. David Morrison.
The first permanent settler in the town was
David Welty, who came, as did many others,
in pursuit of health. Starting from Buffalo.
N. Y.. in 1838, on a thorough-bred mare pre-
sented to him by a friend, he made the entire
distance to Dixon's Ferry on horseback. His
wife and son, John M., with Mr. and Mrs.
Scott, her father and mother, reached Chicago
by way of the lakes, and thence by stage to
Dixon the next year. In 1840 he preempted
land on Sections 34 and 35, Town 20. Range
9. Mr. Welty soon built a double log-house on
the stage road leading from Peoria to Dixon.
The lumber for the doors, window sash, floors,
shingles, etc., was hauled from Chicago by
team. He was considered wealthy, as riches
were rated at that early date, while both he
and his wife were educated and refined people
who had been reared under the advantageous
conditions afforded^ by the city of Buffalo, the
home from which they emigrated. The floors
of their log house were covered with velvet and
Brussells carpets and costly rugs. The furni-
ture was of mahogany and walnut, all brought
from the East. The son, John M., writes: "The
contrast between the log house and its belong-
ings was so great, as to excite the wonder and
admiration of strangers from Uie East who
chanced to alight from the stages and enter
our pioneer home. There were, for many years,
only three houses between Dixon and Prince-
ton, one at Dad Jo's Grove, one on the south
side of Palestine Grove and the other in which
we lived."
Near by was Green River, then known as
Inlet Creek, which flowed through Mr. Welly's
land, and here was. for many years, the only '
bridge across that stream. This bridge and a
turnpike through the swamps were constructed
under an act of the Legislature, approved Feb-
ruary 19, 1839, granting authority to Henry W.
Cleaveland to "erect a toll bridge across Green
River and a causeway across the Winnebago
Swamp, at or near the same." An act, approved
February 3, 1843, provides for the selection of
three inspectors to examine the work, and re-
fers to it as located in Lee County, and requires
their report to be filed in the oflice of the Clerk
of that county. One toll gate was near the
Welty house. The log house soon became an
inn. where the traveling public were both fed
and lodged. Although there was no other house
in the settlement, it acquired the name of
Scottville. by which it was for some time
known. It may be that this was adopted out
of regard for Gen. Scott, or was simply the use
of the name of the old people, Mrs. Welly's
lather and mother.
With Mr. Welty came A. L. Porter, who set-
tled in Dixon and was at one time Sheriff of the
county. Contemporaneous with the coming of
Mr. Welty to the township, was that of W. H.
Blair, who located on Section 24. In 1841 J. C.
Haley located on Section 13. In 1846 R. Scott
settled on Section 15. George Keith arrived
in 1861-62; Benjamin Brooks, long identified
Y/ith the township, in 1856 bought the west half
of the northwest quarter of Section 9, and soon
became a resident. John R. Hawkins was an
early settler, but in what year we are unable to
ascertain. In 1856 Franklin H. Church settled
on Section 2.
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
68 1
May 4, 1S7S, "Walton" — or "Town of Walton"
— was platted on land of Price Jones. Marion
Township had a population in 1890 of 750. and
in 1900 of 741. as shown by Government census.
CHAPTER X\'I.
MAY TOWNSHIP.
TQ-WN SET APART FROM HAMILTON TOW.N'SHIl' IN'
1855 EARLY .SETTLERS CATHOLIC CHURCH AXn
ACADEMY.
At the meeting of the Board of Supervisors.
September. 1854. the Town of May was set
apart from the Town of Hamilton, to which
it had theretofore belonged. By the resolution
the change was to take effect the first Tuesday
in April, 1855. The name is said to have been
selected in honor of a military officer of the
name who fell in the battle of Palo Alto. The
first settler in the township was Joseph Bay.
v/ho located on Section 13, south of Palestina
Grove. The next was Ira Axtle, who located
the same year on Section 6. In 1840, William
Dolan, who became prominent in the town, set-
tled on Section 14. Martin McGowen. J. Moran
and John Darcy also came in 1840. In 1850
Andrew Kessler settled on Section 13. Joseph
Hall came in 1857. In the latter year George
Ash came and settled on Section 10. Also.
in this year. Silas W. Avery arrived and settled
on the northeast quarter of Section 7, while
Hugh Fitzpatrick located on Section 19.
The township has always been strong in
the number of its citizens belonging to the
Catholic communion. In an early day the
"Sandy Hill" church was built on the northeast
corner of the southwest quarter of the northeast
quarter of Section 14. A brick building was
erected and a cemetery started adjacent there-
to. On the southeast corner of the southwest
quarter of Section 17, St. Patrick's church was
built at a later date. On the southwest corner
of Section 25, St. Mary's church was erected
in more recent years. At a very early date an
academy was erected on the northwest corner
of the southwest quarter of Section 24, where
a school was, for many years, successfully
conducted. This institution was the result of
a bequest of Patrick Riley, who settled on Sec-
tion 23 in 1848 and died in 1868, leaving his
property for the establishment of a school.
Martin McGowen and Patrick McCann were the
trustees. The building was dedicated early in
September. 1880, and the school soon had six
sisters of the order of Benedictine nuns for
teachers. It was a boarding-school for young
ladies, but boys were received as day pupils.
The situation, however, proved unfavorable,
and the school was finally discontinued.
Across the road from this academy building
was also erected a parsonage. The "Sandy Hill"
church has been abandoned, but the furniture
has been moved to the academy where weekly
services are held. Father Kilkiney has been
priest in charge for a number of years. At St.
Mary's church services are conducted in Ger-
man on the fourth Sunday of every month, by
some priest from a near by parish.
The township had a population, in 1890, ac-
cording to the Government census, of 703 and
in 1900 of 654.
CH.\PTER XVU.
NACHUSA TOWNSHIP.
XACHUSA SET OFF FROM CHIXA TOWNSHIP — SOME
ROAD AND BRIDGE HISTORY EARLY SETTLERS
A FAMILY QUARREL^SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES
— NACHUSA VILLAGE.
Nachusa was set off from the Town of China,
by resolution of the Board of Supervisors of Lee
County February 7, 1871, being made up of the
west half of the latter town. Dixon Township
remai'ned intact as first formed until the Feb-
ruary meeting of the Board of Supervisors in
682
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
1S72, when all lying east of the following line
was detached and added to Nachusa: Com-
mencing at the river and following the half
section lines south to center of Section 31,
thence east to center of Section 35. thence south
to center of Section 2, thence west 80 rods,
thence south to the north line of South Dixon.
After two petitions had been rejected, a third
was unanimously granted, without opposition,
at the July meeting, 1877, restoring to Dixon
the east half of Sections 10, 15, 22, 27 and the
northeast quarter of Section 34. The construc-
tion of the bridge across the river at Grand
Detour, in 1902. with its south terminus rest-
ing in the town of Nachusa, necessitated the
lepair of the approaching roads and rendered
desirable the opening of a new and more direct
highway to the bridge. Nachusa having failed
— indeed, practically refused — to take the
needed action, and having manifested such in-
difference on the subject as to arouse the indig-
nation of the people most interested in the
bridge, two petitions were placed before
the Board of Supervisors, asKing that the
territory embracing the roads calling for
repair and the projected new road be
added to Dixon. Both of these petitions
were defeated, but a third petition offered
at the September meeting, in 1903, resulted in
detaching from Nachusa all the territory em-
braced in Towns 21 and 22, Range 9, and adding
it to the Town of Dixon. Thus Nachusa has
been brought back to its original boundaries.
(For further information as to bridge history,
see "Lee County.")
The proximity of Grand Detour to the north-
ern boundary of the township drew an unusual
number of early settlers to this locality. Among
this class was Cyrus Chamberlain, who located
on Section 18. Mr. Hollingshead, coming a
little later, settled on Section 19. In 1835 Jo-
seph Crawford arrived, and after living one
year with Mr. Hollingshead. then settled in
Dixon Township. Solomon Shelhamer joined
the settlement a year or two afterwards. In
183G John Chamberlain bought the Hollings-
head farm and, in this same year, a Mr. Fisk
came from the Best with a stock of goods, with
which he opened a store in the Hollingshead
house.
A number of dwellings, including Cyrus
Chamberlain's, in time, grouped about the point
on the southwest quarter of Section IS. Town
22. Range 9, where a road leads off to the upper
Grand Detour ferry, in such manner as at the
present day to suggest a village. This settle-
ment has been known for many years as "The
Kingdom." Old settlers trace this name to dif-
ferent sources, but all agree that it became
attached to the place about 1844-6. One says
that Sabbath-breaking, profanity, horse-racing
and other irregularities caused the law-abiding.
Sabbath-observing people of Grand Detour to
asiaciate locality with the devil's aitairs.
Another (Harvey Herrick, now living in Dixon)
relates how, when a boy of twelve or fourteen
years of age. he and an older brother quarreled
with the boys of the only other family then in
the place (Chamberlain's), and how their re-
spective fathers took sides with the sons until
finally one of the former charged that Satan
had reigned ever since the other family had
come into the neighborhood; that this was taken
up by others in jest, and was circulated until it
became firmly fixed to the place. The ac-
companying circumstances are told with such
particularity that the latter seems to be the
more probable of the two accounts. In time
the Satanic part of the name was dropped.
In 1844 Harvey Herrick, Sr, (father of the
Harvey Herrick above mentioned ) settled here,
having brought a house from over the county
line, which was the second, Cyrus Chamber-
lain's being the first.
The first school house in the township was
built of stone by Cyrus Chamberlain on his
land, and its use was given to the pioneers. It
was built on the southwest quarter of Section
18, Town 22. Range 10. and is still standing
on the Weatherbee farm at "the Kingdom."
Chester Herrington was the first teacher. Prior
to the building of the school house, school was
taught in private houses by a man named Shel-
don, who is supposed to have been the first
teacher in this section. The second school
house was also built of stone and stood on the
south half of the southwest quarter of Section
26. Town 22, Range 10.
Mr. Chamberlain was the first Justice of the
Peace in this part of the town, and was also
Co\inty Commissioner when Ogle and Lee Coun-
ties constituted one county. He is also credited
with building the first saw-mill in that section.
It was located east of the road on the southwest
quarter of Section 18, on the north side of
Franklin Creek, from which the power was
obtained through a mill race which tapped the
creek about a mile further upstream. Harvey
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
683
Herrick, Sr.. took advantage of this power for
blast purposes, to start a foundry here — un-
doubtedly the first in the county — which he had
been operating by horse power at Grand Detour.
On the county map of 1S63 appears the name
"Galena & Chicago Union Railroad" across the
south half of Section IS and the southwest quar-
ter of Section 17. When the road (now the
Chicago & Northwestern) was being con-
structed, timber was cut from these lands for
ties and fuel.
In 1S42 a settlement was started on the
Dixon and Franklin Grove road, where Ludlum
Ayres. Levi Green, Thomas Hopkins, William
Parker, William Richardson, James Goddard
and Don Cooper took up claims and built their
huts. Most of these disposed of their claims
in a few years and moved further west. In
1845 quite a number selected land near where
the village of Nachusa stands. At the west
end of the Franklin Grove timber and within
the present town of Nachusa, Joseph Emmert
bought a claim of Don Cooper where he erected,
in 1845-6, a two-story dwelling and a large barn.
In 1850 he put up quite a large fiouring-mill
on the creek at heavy expense. He was a min-
ister of the German Baptist, or Dunkard, faith,
and about 1850 erected the first church of that
denomination, where the present one stands,
on the Dixon and Franklin road, on the south-
east quarter of the southeast quarter of Section
5. In 1847, A. P. Dysart purchased the claim of
Thomas Hopkins, which included the northwest
quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 6,
where Col. Dysart continued to reside up to the
date of his death, and where he erected an at-
tractive and expensive dwelling. This building
Mrs. Mary E. B. Shippert has recently given
to the Northern Illinois Lutheran Synod, to be
turned over to the proper committee or trus-
tees of the Northern, Central and Southern Illi-
nois Synods, the Synods of Iowa, Nebraska
and Kansas, and the two German bodies for an
orphanage. The property, embracing forty-six
acres, is valued at $6,000. The gift in such
hands will prove a great blessing to the parent-
less through long years yet to come.
John M. Crawford and Samuel Crawford,
brothers, came in 1846, the first establishing
a permanent home on the east half of the south-
west quarter of Section 5, and the other the west
half of Section 9. Jonathan Depuy reached the
county in 1S42. and before long settled down
in this township. About 1844 or '45 William
Fiscel bought in Section 32. John P. Brubaker
located on Sections 5 and 6, about the year
1850, and it was in this year that Benjamin
Kesler also settled on Section 6. In 1852 Henry
Wingert settled on Section 4, and John W. Win-
gert also came to the town. Joshua Wingert
arrived in 1846. Jacob Wertman arrived still
earlier, reaching the township in 1838. William
Brandon reached Dixon in 1837. and in a few
years moved to Nachusa Township, where he
resided many years. Marshall McNeel came to
the county with his parents in 1847, and Jacob
Hittle reached the county as early as 1841, both
of them spending the remainder of their days
in this township. Chester Harrington arrived
in 1837 and soon secured the land in Section
13. Town 22, Range 9, on which he now re-
sides with his son. William Garrison landed
in the county in 1845 and eventually, some ten
years later, settled in Nachusa.
Prior to the building of the Dunkard church,
above mentioned, by Joseph Emmert, and prior
to his coming, the society was in existence
over the river in Ogle County. Mr. Emmert
first preached to its members there; but this
was so inconvenient to him and the members
in this county, that a society was formed in
his neighborhood composed of himself and fam-
ily, Christopher Lahman and wife, Jacob and
Samuel Riddlesbarger and their wives. Oliver
Edmunds and wife, Isaac Seits and wife, An-
drew Dierdorf and wife, Benjamin Kesler and
wife, with a few others. Adjacent to the church
is the cemetery, in which the first burial was
that of Debbie Beever.
At an early date a Methodist minister by the
name of Benjamin preached to the settlers in
their homes; but the first church building to
be erected in the north part of the township
was the Mt. Union church, dedicated November
9, 1890, for the use of the denominations desir-
ing to hold service there. It stands on the
northwest corner of the northeast quarter of
Section 26. a prominent point, giving the white
building a conspicuous place in the landscape.
Separated from the church yard only by a
fence is the Mooers Cemetery, which was given
by one of the pioneers, Josiah Mooers, whose
lemains were the first to be interred within its
precincts. It dates prior to 1860. In 1887 the
Lutheran Church erected a neat meeting house
in the village of Nachusa, which is now occu-
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
pied by the society. In May. 1900, Trinity
Evangelical ctiurch dedicated a new building
erected by its members at "the Kingdom."
Turning to the southern portions of the town-
ship, it is found that the first settler was a Mr.
Jones, who located on Section 20, Town 21.
In 1839 Dr. Charles Gardner settled on the
northwest quarter and north half of the south-
west quarter of Section 20, where he resided
until his death at a good old age. Most of the
pioneers emigrated from the East by means
of horse or ox-teams, or by way of canals and
lakes, but Dr. Gardner entered the new country
by an altogether different route. He reached
New Orleans by sloop from Newport, R. I., and
thence by steamboat up the Mississippi and
Illinois to Peru, where wagons and teams were
purchased with VN^hich the remainder of the
journey was accomplished. His wife followed
the track across the States a few months later.
Dr. Gardner belonged to the Thomsonian school
of medicine, and was the first physician in that
section. He brought with him a large supply
of seeds, cuttings, grafts and slips, with which
to start the much desired fruit and ornamental
tree culture. These were freely distributed
and, besides his own planting, laid the founda-
tion for taste and interest in trees which have
characterized the locality. In 1873 he built a
large hay barn, the heavy timber for which
was cut from the grove which he himself
had planted. This southern part of the town-
ship had the advantage of the Chicago road,
which was the artery of travel from Chicago
to Dixon's Ferry, and, naturally, the first set-
tlements were thickest along its course. About
six months later than the coming of Mrs. Gard-
ner, her aunt and Jlrs. Hannah DeWolf arrived
and purchased a home about a mile west on the
northwest quarter of Section 19. Here Mrs.
Gardner and Mrs. DeWolf started the first
Sunday School in that vicinity, and here, in
Mrs. DeWolf's house, the first public school in
the township was taught. The first teacher
was Miss Betsey DeWolf. On the northeast
corner of Mrs. DeWolf's farm she donated a plat
for a cemetery, which is still in use. This was
about the year 1840, and the first person to
be buried there was "Old Michael," a man who
worked for her. Adjacent to this site, the first
school house was built in 1841 or '42, when Miss
DeWolf again taught, also a Miss Hunter. The
house was afterwards moved to the southwest
corner of Dr. Gardner's farm, where it was
known for many years as "Locust Street School
House." Later it was moved to the crossroads,
where it took the name of "Hollister."
In 1841 John Leake settled in the township
at Temperance Hill, having emigrated from
England in 1840. His wife and three sons,
William. John C, Thomas, and a daughter, Mary
Ann, together with Mrs. Lake's two sisters,
Mrs. Edward Willars and Mrs. Daniel Leake
and their husbands, all came over in a party
in 1841. Isaac Means and William Moody ac-
companied Mr. Leake. John Leake (2d) with
his wife and two children, Clarissa, and Will-
iam, made the passage from England in 1843
and settled on the highest ground at Temper-
ance Hill, that part of the southwest quarter
of the southwest quarter of Section 27, lying
south of the road. The two Johns became
distinguishable in the neighborhood by names
coined for the purpose: John, the first-comer-,
being called "Butcher John, from his early
occupation in the old country, and the other,
"Miller John," or "John on the 'illtop," from the
elevation of his land. Miller John and Daniel
were brothers, and cousins of Butcher John.
Alva Hale was one of the early settlers, enter-
ing a claim on Section 33.
Xaclwsa Tillape. — The station was called
Taylor when the railroad was in process of con-
struction, but when the plat was made in the
fall of 18-53 by Col. Dysart and George Baugh,
it was given its present name — the one by
which Father Dixon was known among the In-
dians. The first business enterprise in the
place was launched by its founder. Col. A. P.
Dysart, who built a warehouse, bought grain
and dealt in coal and lumber. In 1855 or '56
he opened a general store in partnership with
a Mr. Cunningham. They were succeeded in
1860 by the firm of (John) Dysart & Riley, who
built the present elevator. The business finally
passed into the hands of William C. Dysart,
and now is owned and conducted by :\Ir. C. B.
Crawford.
The first postmaster was Col. Dysart, and the
office has always remained in the store where
he opened it, the successive proprietors of which
have held the commission, except during the
first four years of President Cleveland's admin-
istration, when C. D. Hart held the office.
The first school house to be erected in the
village was the one now in use. It was built
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
685
in 1S6S and J. A. D. Barnes was the first teacher
to hold forth in it. The first blacksmith shop
was started in 1S55 or 1S56, by Mr, Farwell.
According to the census the township had a
population in 1890 of 913 and in 1900 of 886.
Note— The government survey of the different towns
in the county was made in the following years: Town 21
range 9 in 1834; Town 22 range 9. Town 22 range 10 in 1839;
Town 21 range 8 and Town 21 range 10 in 1S39-40; Town 22
range 8, Town 22 range II, Town 30 range 1 and Town ^S
rang; 1 in 1S40; Town 20 range 10 and Town 37 range i i~n
1S42; Town 37 range 2 in 1842-3: the remaining towns in the
vedi
1843-
CHAPTER X\in.
NELSON TOWNSHIP.
JNELS0>- TO\V>-SHIP ,SET OFF FROM DIXOX ITS EARLI-
EST SETTLER OTHER EARLY ARRIVALS THE
"BLUFF BOTS" ZION LrTHEEA?,- CnURCH XEL-
SOX VILLAGE PLATTED.
At the February meeting, 1860. of the Board
of Supervisors that part of the Town of Dixon
lying south of Rock River, in Town 21, Range
8, was set apart as the Town of Nelson. The
earliest settler in the township was Luther
Stone, who, with his sons, Burrell and Samuel,
settled in 1836, on Section 29. Abner Coggswell
settled on Section 30 in 1S43. Uriah Gruver
has been considered an old settler, but it was
as late as 1854 when he came to Dixon, and it
was 1865 when he settled on Section 26 in Nel-
son Township. Charles F. Hubbard settled on
the northeast quarter of Section 11 at an early
day, but we have been unable to ascertain the
year. Nathan Morehouse located a short dis-
tance north of the southeast corner of the south-
west quarter of Section 17 in 1847. William
Bivens bought the farm and moved onto it in
the spring of 1849. Lewis Brauer settled some-
where east of Bivens about the year 1849.
It is a singular fact that this township was
backward in attracting early settlers, being
sparsely settled prior to 1854. In the latter
year Jacob and Solomon Harding, Daniel Uhl,
John and Eli Geiger came. William Uhl settled
on the northwest quarter of Section 23 about
1852. Frederick Haupt and his son, Fred, and
Gerhard H. Missman settled in the township
in 1855, and Eli Lloyd the next year. Arthur
Phillips, John Mooers, Michael Trautman, Eli-
jah Walker, Henry Heaton, Albert Hubbard and
Conrad Hartman were among the settlers of the
early or middle '50s.
Mention should be made of a set of young
fellows who were known as the "Bluff Boys,"
and who made the cabin of Charles F. Hubbard,
on the river bluff, Iheir headquarters. Among
them were Ale.xander Charters, commonly
known as the "Governor," Carleton Bailey,
Capt. William Graham and Mr. Hubbard. The
group was composed of young scions of wealthy
families in the East or across the waters, who
had enjoyed the privileges of city schools and
life, and had come to a new country for fun
lather than business or the opportunities which
pioneer life afforded. They, to a man, were
jovial, high-spirited and not indifferent to the
cup. "Gov." Charters became the host of Hazel-
vv'ood; Carleton Bailey settled in Dixon Town-
ship in the Bend opposite Grand Detour Town-
ship: Capt. Graham acquired land in Palmyra
Township. All were congenial companions and
became endeared to those about them.
Zion Lutheran church was organized in the
township at an early date, and services were
held in a little school-house located on south-
west quarter of the northwest quarter of Sec-
tion 23, which was built about the year 1856.
In a short time a larger school-house was
erected on the spot, which was also used for
church services until about the year ISSO, when
it was torn down. The present church building
owned and occupied by the society, was built in
18S0 and stands on the southeast corner of Sec-
tion 22. The cemetery which was started within
the same enclosure where the small school
house stood, has been enlarged and is controlled
by the Pine Grove Cemetery Association, which
was recently incorporated under the State law.
December 22, 1862, the "Town of Nelson"
was platted on land of Willard S. Pope and
Samuel Nelson. In 1902 and 1903 the Chicago
& North-Western Railroad Company built a
branch, leaving its main line at Nelson, and
running thence to Peoria, and here at Nelson
they erected large coal sheds. This has given
something of an impetus to the little village
and it is manifesting unmistakable signs of
growth.
Nelson had a population in 1890 of 454 and,
in 1900, of 586, as shown by the Government
census.
686
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
CHAPTER XIX.
PALMYRA TOWNSHIP.
ITS EARLY SETTLERS — ARRIVAL OF THE NEW YORK
COLOXY — CHURCHES AND SCHOOLS — CEHETERIES
PRAIRIEVILLE .AXD ITS SOLDIERS' JIOXIMENT
PALMYRA IN.SURANCE COMPANY.
For the names and time of arrival of early
settlers in Palmyra Township, the following
quotation is made from an article by Miss Jane
Johnson, appearing in "Recollections of Pio-
neers of Lee County" (p. 497):
"The first settlement was begun in the spring
of 1S34 by old Mr. Morgan and his sons, Harvey
and Jchn, and Benjamin Stewart, who settled
in the south side of the Grove, known as "the
Gap." They were followed in the autumn by
John H. Page and wife, and Stephen Fellows,
with a large family.
"The following spring (1S35) the new acces-
sions included W. W. Bethea, Absalom Fender
with a large family. Capt. Oliver Hubbard, a
numerous family of Gastons, Smith Gilbraith,
William T. and Elkanah Bush, Daniel Beards-
ley, old Mr. Thomas and his sons, Enoch and
Noah; Daniel Obrist, Nathan Morehouse, Jeff
Harris, Anson Thummel, brother of Rev. C. B.
Thummel; James Power and sons, Thomas and
Jeptha. From 1836 to 1S45 large additions were
made to the infant settlement, most of the
following being well known families: John C.
Oliver, Noah Beede, Abijah Powers, Frederick
and Henry Coe, Walter Rogers, Reuben East-
wood, William Myers (afterwards known as the
"Prophet"), Hiram Parks, W. W. Tilton, T
thy Butler, Hugh Graham, John T. Lawrence,
John Lawrence, Abner Moon, John Lord and his
son John L,, Jarves N. and David Holly, Wm
Martin and his nephews, James, Jacob and Ty-
ler Martin; Capt. Jonas M. Johnson and his
sons, William Y. and Morris, with their fam
ilies and a son-in-law; Eben H. Johnson and
wife, Joshua Seavey and sons, Jesse and Win
throp; Joshua Harden and son William; Al
bert and John Jenness, Harvey E. Johnson
Charles and Dana Columbia, Levi Briggs and
father. Thomas Monk, William and John Benji
min, Truxton and Lemuel Sweeney, John and
Joseph Thompson, John Norris, William and
Lockwood Harris, Wm. Burger, Wm. Stackpole,
Rev. William Gates, James Gates, William
Ayres, Thomas Ayres, L. Deyo, E. Deyo, Col.
Leman Mason and sons Sterne, Volney and Rod-
ney; Moses Warner and sons Henry, Moses and
George; Major Sterling, Henry and Gustavus
Sartorius; Nehemiah, William, Fletcher and
Morris Hutton; Abram O'Brist, Jlartin Blair,
We.sley Atkinson, Thomas and Moses Scallion,
John Carley, Hardin, Beach, Tomlin, Martin
Richardson, Benjamin Gates, Mathias Schick,
Anton Harms, Charles A. Becker, Henry Miller,
Becker Miller, Mr. Curtis, Martin and William
Brauer, William Miller, John Morse." The
names of David Law (father of Dr. David H.)
and family, who came in 1839, and their rela-
tives, the McGinnisses, who came at or about
the same time, should be added to this list. It
should also be noted that John Lord and family
first settled in Dixon, near the point where
Peoria Avenue crosses the Chicago & North-
ern Railway.
Between 1839 and 1844 the New York Colony
(so called) settled in Palmyra. Capt. Hugh
Graham was its acknowledged head. William
Graham, John T. Lawrence and brother were
tl.e first to arrive, C. F. Hubbard came later.
The colony was made up for the most part of
highly educated young men and women from
New York City and across the sea. They were
lured westward by imaginary attractions of a
new and fertile country. It was to be their
El Dorado, but proved quite otherwise. Their
lack of e.xperience in agricultural pursuits, and
their unfitness for pioneer life, its hardships
and problems, defeated their hopes, financially,
but it is not too much to say that the communi-
ty was still a distinct gainer. Their influence
was always exerted in the direction of better
educational conditions, and they contributed in
the press and by example to raise the in-
telectual standards of the neighborhood. Mr.
Lawrence, Mr. Geyot and Mr. Hubbard spent
their lives in the locality where they first set-
tled, and were gathered to their fathers only a
few years ago. An article contributed by Mr.
Lawrence to that excellent collection of essays
on early days, "Recollections of the Pioneers of
Lee County" (above quoted from), gives a most
graphic account of their experiences, is rich in
local incident and suggests the scholarly cast
of the New York Colony. Mr. Lawrence says,
in the paper referred to, that Palmyra was
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
687
named by Fred Coe. from the town of that
name in New York.
The Indians were gathering sweetness from
the maple trees of Sugar Grove when the white
man came, and under the latter's care the "sap
bush" soon became a fixed institution.
At an early date a double log house stood in
front of the spot on which now stands the John
Lord family residence, of which Smith Gil-
braith's family occupied one side.
It seems that there was a postoflice at the
Gap in the early days, E. B. Bush being the first
Postmaster and having a deputy at Buffalo
Grove. This same Bush ran a ferry near where
the center line of Section 10 strikes the river.
Joshua Morgan also served as Postmaster. The
office was continued until the recent introduc-
tion of postal delivery service.
In 1S40 the settlement had sixty voters.
As early as 1S43 Matthias Selricks had a
blacksmith shop at Prairieville, and there were
others in the town.
O'Brlst had a saw-mill on Sugar Creek where,
after a heavy rain, a little sawing of the native
logs could be done. There were two brothers;
Daniel was drowned in Elkhorn Creek and
Abram then ran the mill. Aside from the as-
sistance of this mill, nearly all the buildings
were made of hewed logs, shakes or split shin-
gles for the roof, and puncheons or boards split
from logs for the floor.
There was a time not many years ago when
the carriage and wagon shops of John L. Lord
did a large business, considering their inacces-
sibility by rail. The business was founded by
John Lord in 1841, and twelve years later
passed into the hands of his son John L. Comp-
petition having eventually proven too formida-
ble for works so situated, the business was, a
few years ago, abandoned. The first church in
Palmyra was at Gap Grove on the site where
the school house now stands. Its dimensions
were 24 by 36 feet and it was built in 1839
jointly by the Congregationalists and the Meth-
odists, and was occupied on alternate Sundays
by those two denominations. It was aban-
doned at least forty years ago and transformed
Into a school house and used for a number of
years, when it was moved off and sold for $20,
and in its place the present school house was
built. The old school house was converted into
a barn, in which capacity it is still doing serv-
ice for H. M. Gilbert.
About the year 185.5 the Jlethodists built a
church at a point on the south side of the pub-
lic road, near the west line of the southwest
quarter of Section 34. Near it stood a frame
school house, but when built or what figure it
cut in the neighborhood we have been unable
to find out. It is, however, at present
used as a milk-house on Howard Martin's farm.
Ine church was sold and torn down many years
On the southwest corner of the farm now
owned by Gustav Selig (southeast quarter,
Section 27), near the forks of the road, once
stood a log house, which is claimed by some to
have been the true historic school house of the
section. At one time the number of pupils here
taught reached fifty.
In 1857-8 a brick church, with basement for
school purposes, was erected at Sugar Grove.
At an early day there was also a log school
house near the John Lord residence on Section
36. and. in the '■Hall" at "the Gap," which was
originally a saw-mill built by W. W. Tilton, a
Mr. Judd once taught an advanced school, to
which many came from a distance on horse-
back to enjoy its advantages.
Old settlers are not agreed touching the first
school teacher of the. town. Mr. J. T. Law-
rence awards the mantle to Mary Hill, who in
time became Mrs. Michael Fellows, while Rev.
S. N. Fellows, brother of Michael (both of
whom were sons of Stephen Fellows), gives the
honor to his sister Margaret. Another accords
it to Mrs. Hubbard, afterward wife of W. W.
Tilton. However this may be. no regular
school was established until 1838, when a small
frame school house was erected in the center of
Sugar Grove, but never finished, in which W.
W. Bethea was master for two winters. In
1837 there was a school house at the Gap nearly
opposite the ground where the town hall now
stands. In 1847, a frame school house was
built on or near the spot where the combined
school and church building at Sugar Grove, on
the south line of the southeast quarter of Sec-
tion 22, was later erected. On the former com-
ing into use the log house on the Selig
tract was abandoned. In 1856 the house
of 1847 was moved off and became a
part of the dwelling on the farm now
owned by Fletcher Seavey, where it still may
be found. In its stead a building, with stone
basement and brick second story, was put up
by the voluntary contributions of the neigh-
borhood. The basement being desirable for
school purposes, was. in some way, soon sold
to the school authorities of the town. The walls
688
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
of the second story proving too light to safely
support the roof, they were taken out without
disturbing the roof and replaced with a suita-
ble frame inclosure. About the year 1880 the
building was entirely consumed by fire. It
was promptly rebuilt substantially as before,
and as it is now seen, except that the first
story is of wood instead of stone.
Cem.eteries. — In 1840 a cemetery was located
at the Gap and the first interment was that of
Samuel Fellows, on February 8th of that year.
It was situated on the south side of the half-sec-
tion line at the northwest corner of the south-
west quarter of Section 34, and at the northeast
corner of the southeast quarter of Section 33. A
number of bodies were removed, but a number
are still there, though the spot has long been
abandoned to weeds and underbrush. A con-
siderable burial ground also existed at one time
about the middle of the tract south of the road
in the southwest quarter of the southeast quar-
ter of Section 26, on what is known as the
Beede farm. The bodies here buried were all
removed, some finding a temporary resting
place on the east side of the forks of the road
on the west line of said quarter section;
but nearly all of them reposed at last in the
cemetery at the Grove church and school house,
which was opened in 1855, the remains of an
infant child of Asa Seavey being the first in-
terred here. By the bestowal of much labor
and taste, for which the ladies are largely to
be credited, it is now an ideal little burial plot.
The cemetery north of Prairieville, at the
northeast corner of the southeast quarter of
Section 31, was established by deed from Abi-
jah Powers, dated April, 1861. Its location is
a beautiful spot for which nature has done
much, and while considerably less has been ex-
pended upon it than on the other, it is still a
respectable rival.
frairieviUe was located and platted at the
instance of Abijah Powers, Phillip Schock, Sam-
uel Shaw and Winthrop Seavey, April 10, 1855.
On its site a blacksmith shop was in full blast
in 1843.
liie village school house is a two-story brick
structure surmounted by a belfry. It was built
at a cost of $3,000.
In the schoolyard inclosure a soldiers' monu-
ment, costing about $900, was erected June 3,
1869. by the voluntary contributions of the
patriotic citizens of the township. It is a nota-
ble fact that this is the only monument, thus
far set up anywhere in the county, to the mem-
ory of the brave men who served their country
in the War of the Rebellion.
On September 3, 1902, this monument was
moved to the cemetery one-half mile north of
Prairieville, through the interest and agency
of the W. C. Robinson Post, G. A. R., of Ster-
ling. To make this practicable, the heirs of
the late Samuel Shaw donated their beautiful
lot in the center of the grounds where had re-
posed, until removed to the cemetery at Dixon,
the remains of Timothy Shaw, the son of Sam-
uel Shaw, and brother of Miss Elizabeth J.
Shaw. He was the first Lee County boy to en-
list in the War of the Rebellion. The date of
his enlistment appears by the records to have
been April, 1861. He was at school at Jackson-
ville at the time, and became a member of Com-
pany B, Tenth Illinois Infantry.
The marble shaft was rededicated in its new
position by appropriate ceremonies, Mr. S. H.
Bethea, an honored son of Palmyra, delivering
the address. On this occasion the shaft bore
the following names of the country's defenders
credited to Palmyra: Timothy Shaw, Jerome
D. Morgan, Benj. E. Berry, Solomon Stewart,
Joseph Brown, Jefferson Seavey, Michael 0'-
Kane. Charles Becker. Henry Peek, John
Strothman, Norman D. Smith, Morris Hutton,
Theodore Gaston, William Hackett, Edward S.
O'Brien. Emanuel Schick, Henry D. Wood,
George P. Bhrman, Louis Gleichman, Deidrich
Kruger. Albert Slater and Homer Clink.
There is at present the school house re-
ferred to, and a church edifice in the village of
Prairieville (if the few houses there now can
be so called), in which the Congregationalists
and Lutherans hold service. A blacksmith
shop and small store cater to the wants of the
neighborhood in their respective lines.
The town hall at the Gap was built about
the year 1880.
To encourage enlistment in the War of the
Rebellion, Palmyra, as a town, paid $12,470 in
bounties.
Palmyra Insurance Company. — One of Pal-
myra's permanent institutions is the "Farmer's
Mutual Fire Insurance Company of Palmyra,"
which was incorporated by special act of the
Legislature, February 15, 1865, since which
time it Jias done a large business in Lee and
surrounding counties. When the company com-
menced doing business in the following July,
it had applications for over $100,000 of insur-
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
ance to start with. Its business lias increased
until It is now carrying risks aggregating over
?1. 500, 000. It is what is called a "District
Company," and is one of the largest of its kind
in the State. Its operations are coniined to
Lee, Ogle, Whiteside and Carroll counties, and
it insures all kinds of farm property, but never
enters cities or incorporated villages. Its first
officers were John H. Page, President, and C. B.
Thummel, Secretary. Its present officers are
F. M. Coe, President, and Fletcher Seavey, Sec-
retary.
The population of Palmyra Township was
1,016 in 1890, and 1.019 in 1900, as shown by
the Government census.
CHAPTER XX.
cated at Brush Grove, and was the first settler
in the township.
The society of the Methodist Episcopal church
was organized in the fall of 1S75. and soon af-
terwards a church building was erected on the
"Flats." The building committee consisted of
F. F. Farmlow, C. W. Ament, C. F. Van Patten,
John A. Edgar, Daniel C. Miller and B. F.
Parker.
At the southeast corner of Section 19 stands
the Emanuel church of the Evangelical Associ-
ation (German). It was built at a cost of
$4,000. and was dedicated October 13. 1872, free
from debt. In 1881, ?900 was expended in im-
provements and repairs. The building commit-
tee consisted of John Kersten. George Sand-
rock. George Bolei. Martin Wagner and Ernst
Weiner.
The population of the township, according to
census, was 674 in 1890. and 743 in 1900.
REYNOLDS TOWNSHIP.
CHAPTER XXI.
OEIGIXAL DIMENSI07>'.S — NEW ORGAN'IZATIOX IN 1859
— FIRST ELECTION AND BOARn OF OFFICERS —
EARLY SETTLERS CHrRCHES.
The Town of Brooklyn originally embraced
all of Towns 37, 38 and 39. Range 1. Town 38.
Range 1 (now Viola) was set off under the
name of Stockton, by the Board of Supervisors
at the February meeting, 1861. A year prior
to this the northern township of these three
was. in like manner, set apart by the name of
Reynolds Township. The first election under
the new organization was held April 5, 1859,
at which Thomas Minier was elected Supervis-
or and Assessor; John C. Piper. Town Clerk
and Constable; Dudley C. Whitehead, Collector
and Constable: Daniel Brink, Jr., Overseer of
the Poor; E. F. Gatten. Job Whitehead and
David Douthett, Commissioners of Highways;
Peter Mills and Robert M. Piel. Justices of the
Peace. The election and town meeting was held
in the residence of Horace Stearns, a cabin 13
by 16 feet and six feet high, located on Section
li-.. It was later used as a pigpen and corn
crib.
The early settlers were Sewell Reynolds,
Thomas Minier. Jonathan Whitehead. John
Herrington. Dudley C. Whitehead, Daniel
Brink, Jr.. and Charles Gooch. Reynolds lo-
SOUTH DIXON TOWNSHIP.
THE TOWNSHIP SET APART FROJI DIXON — FIRST
PERMANENT SETTLER OTHERS WHO FOLLOWED —
FIRST SCHOOL — CHL'RCHES — A PIONEER DEBATING
SOCIETY TOWN OF ELDENA PLATTED.
At the February session. 1867. of the Board
of Supervisors, the town of South Dixon was
detached from the Town of Dixon, embracing
all of Town 22, Range 9, except the north tier
of sections. The town remained with these
boundaries until the March session, 1877, when
the territory lying north of the Chicago &
Northwestern Railway was restored to thle
Town of Dixon. The earliest permanent set-
tler in the township was Joseph Cartwright,
who settled there in 1838 and died the follow-
ing year. Prior to this, however, in 1S36. a
young man staked out a claim for himself close
to the three mile branch on the Chicago road,
near the northeast corner of Section 15.
Abram Brown, who settled in the town in 1849
on that part of Section 13, where he continued
to live until his death a few years ago, relates
that Uncle Peter and Aunt Rhoda McKenney,
through some misunderstanding, jumped the
6go
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
young man's claim and built a small shanty
and set up housekeeping, by reason of which
the "Claim Society" ousted them. The shanty
was loaded on a wagon, much against their
will, and moved off the premises.
The second permanent settler was Charles
Edson, who located here in 1S39. Mr. Edson
and his wife did much to foster everything
that was calculated to uplift and advance the
interests of the community. The family after-
wards occupied the farm across the road from
the brick school house, which circumstance and
their relations to the school gave it the name
of the Edson school, by which it was known for
many years. As soon as they moved into their
first house, Mrs. Edson gave up her largest
room for a school, and this was the first school
to be taught in the vicinity. The teacher was
a Miss Robinson, later a preceptress in Mt.
Morris Seminary, where she married Judge
Fuller of Ogle County, and after his death be-
came the wife of Bowman Bacon, a nephew of
Mrs. Joseph Crawford of Dixon. In the early
'60s the Edson family moved to California.
The next family to locate in the town con-
sisted of James Campbell, his wife and two
daughters. Mr. Campbell did not live long,
and on his death his widow married Isaac
Boardman, of Dixon. The- father of Reuben
Trowbridge settled near Eldena very early, and
reared a large family of boys. Hiram and He-
man Meade joined the settlement soon after,
and a man of a different stripe by the name of
Hamill, who brought his wife from the poor-
house at Buffalo, New York, came to the town-
ship. His abuse of one of his children so ex-
cited the kind N. G. H. Morrill, the County
Poormaster, and other large-hearted people of
Dixon, that they administered to the brute a
thorough coat of tar and feathers in Dixon, in
the vicinity of where the Western Hotel then
stood.
Other early settlers were Christian Stevens,
Henry B. True, Caldwell Bishop, Henry Page,
Jacob McKenney, Jacob Groh, and son E. H.,
James Rogers, Matthew McKenney, William A.
Judd, Nathan Hill, John Fritz, Sr., William J.
Fritz, William Rink, John Anderson, Barnhard
Wissman and others.
St. James Evangelical Lutheran Church was
early organized and, in 1877, built a church
edifice north of the Chicago road near the
southeast corner of the northeast quarter of
Section 14. Another church of the same de-
nomination was built on the southwest corner
of Section 20, known as Emanuel Church. In
the village of Eldina the Methodist Episcopal
Society built a church in 1870, which has also
been used by other denominations.
Further mention should be made of the Ed-
son school house, later known as "The Brick,"
on the northwest corner of the southwest quar-
ter of Section 13, which was built at an early
day, and was for many years the center of intel-
lectual activity in that sectign. Mr. E. B. Edson
was the first teacher in this building. At one
time the attendance reached 120. In the days
when Abram Brown, Ephraim Groh and others
were at the height of their activity, this school
house was the scene of periodical debates, which
attracted a large attendance, it being a com-
mon thing for disputants from Dixon to take
part. In 1858 the Edsonville Literary and De-
bating Society was formed, with Mr, Brown as
its first President, and it was under the aus-
pices of this organization that, for many years,
the forensic contests went on during the win-
ter months.
The only poor-farm in the county is situated
on Section 26. and contains 100 acres.
July 10, 1863, the "Town of Eldina" was
platted on land of the Illinois Central Rail-
road. The first store and house in the village
was built by Reuben H. Cheney. The first
grain-house was built by Reuben Trowbridge,
Reuben H. Cheney and Daniel Brown. To this
was later added an elevator.
The population of South Dixon, according to
the government census, was 841 in 1890, and
854 in 1900.
CHAPTER XXH.
SUBLETTE TOWNSHIP.
FIKST SETTLERS — THE ORIfilXAL N.\ME II.\NN0
.( n.iXGEn TO .SUBLETTE FIRST ELECTION' .\XD
TOWN OFFICERS CHURCHES AND EARLY SCHOOLS
HEXKEL .\ND SUBLETTE VILL,\i;ES BUSINESS
SES.
Charles F. Ingals settled just over the line
in Lee Center Township, in 1836. Sherman
Hatch reached Dixon in 1837, and soon found
his \vr^ to Mr. Ingals' place. During that sum-
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY,
691
mer or fall he settled on the southwest part of
Section 7, t&king possession of and completing
a loi; house that had been partly built by pre-
vious claimants who had abandoned their
claim. He went back to Vermont that fall and
returned the next year with his bride. Jona-
than Peterson laid claim, in the summer of
1S37, to the northwestern part of Section 4,
and after building a log cabin near by in Lee
C'en'er, he, too, repaired that fall to his New
England home for a wife, returning with her
the next year. In the fall of 1838 Thomas and
William Fessenden arrived with their families,
and built a log house near the southeast cor-
ner of the northwest quarter of Section 7, and
moved into it in December. In the following
year William Fessenden built on the southeast
corner of the southwest quarter of Section 6.
Sometime in the '30s William Knox and family
settled on the south side of the eastern portion
of the grove which bears their name. It was
on the Chicago and Galesburg road, east of the
center of the southeast quarter of Section 24.
Sylvanus Peterson, brother of Jonathan, lo-
cated on the southeast quarter of Section 5.
Earlier than 1840, John Morton and R. E. Good-
all settled on Sections 5 and 8. One of the old
settlers, Daniel Baird, located in LaSalle
County in the fall of 1836, and came on to
Sublette in 1839, planting his home on the La-
Salle and Grand Detour road, near the north-
east corner of the south half of the northeast
quarter of Section 17. It was in this year that
Phineas Rust built the first frame house in the
township, on the northeast quarter of Section
31. He never lived there, however, but sold his
claim late in 1840 to Philo Stanard and Thomas
Angier. During the year 1839 Thomas Tour-
tillott built a frame house near the center of
Section 31 and Obed W. Bryant settled on the
Chicago and Galesburg road on Section 35. In
1843, Ephraim Reniff, with his family, located
on the south half of the northeast quarter of
Section 33, and Hiram Anderson did likewise
on the northeast quarter of the southeast quar-
ter of the same section. It was over the latter
claim that the Settlers' Claim Society applied
a law of their own making to a claim-jumper
by the name of Bull. A force, sixty-five in
number, well armed, repaired to Dixon and
captured the offender. The difficulty was so
adjusted, however, that Anderson held the
land, and the vigorous remedy protected the
settlement from "jumpers" ever thereafter.
Early in the '40s Stephen Richardson located
near the southwest corner of the northeast
quarter of Section 31. Jacob Vertrees came in
1843 or '44, and John Skinner in 1844 or '45.
Hezekiah and John McKune were also settlers
in the early '40s, the former locating on the
north half of the northeast quarter of Section
8, and the latter on the southwest quarter of
Section 17. In 1848 or '49 William Coleman
settled on the northeast quarter of Section 7.
In 1843 Alpheus Crawford bought a claim to
the south half of Section 13 for $75. This was
within the Knox Grove settlement, where Levi
Camp had settled that year and Daniel Pratt
the year before. Prescott Bartlett claimed the
east half of Section 27, and built a log house
near the northwest corner of the tract in 1844.
Silas D. Reniff also settled on the north half
of the north half of Section 20. and John Betz
on the southeast quarter of Section 33, near the
southeast corner, the same year. It was in this
year, too, that R. P. Hubbard settled east of
the road on the northeast quarter of the north-
west quarter of Section 17. In 1846 Bartholo-
mew Theiss made a claim to 120 acres in Sec-
tions 29 and 32. where his sons, John, Jacob and
Gotfreid Theiss, subsequently lived. John W.
Skinner located on the southwest quarter of
Section 13 in 1846; Stephen Averill settled on
the same section about the same time. John
Clink located on the southwest quarter of Sec-
tion 12 in 1847, and about 1848 William Clink
settled on the northwest quarter of the same
section. Jacob, Andrew and Michael Lauer
came in 1849 or '50. Other settlers on the
south side of Knox Grove were Solomon Por-
ter who bought out William Knox in the fall
of 1845; Samuel and Nathaniel Ellsworth, who
settled on the southwest quarter of Section 25,
the same year, and David Maxwell, who came
to the southwest quarter of Section 35 about
the same time. George Hoffman settled on the
southwest quarter of Section 33 about 1845. and
Henrj' Schwab located the next year, just south
of the center of Section 34. John Spielman
came in 1846 and located on the eastern part of
Section 34, in Perkins Grove neighborhood,
and also a German family by the name of
Smith. In 1849 or '50 Carl Buettner bought
part of the southwest quarter of Section 35 and
692
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
made it his home. About the same time the
Pohls and Andrew Henkel came to the town-
ship, the former locating on the southwest
quarter of Section 36, and the latter on the
southeast quarter of Section 26. May 22, 1846,
Eleazer Barton, father of J. B. Barton, settled
on the northeast quarter of the northwest quar-
ter of Sec. 25. William A. Miller and son-in-law,
George Gheer, settled on the northeast quarter
of Section 35 in 1846. Miller sold out to H. N.
Erskine, who later sold to P. H. Kapser and
bought the east half of Section 12. William
and Thomas Ireland and Jacob Schneck came in
1849-50, and Jacob Wolf and father, Nicholas,
Jacob Eich and Andrew Hatzenberger in 1850.
In 1846 what was known as Knox Grove set-
tlement covered a radius of two to three miles
around the grove, and numbered fourteen fami-
lies. Not a house had been built on the Chi-
cago and Galesburg road between the settle-
ment and Paw Paw Grove, a distance of twelve
miles. There- was no settlement to the south
nearer than the Illinois River. To the south-
east Troy Grove settlement, eight miles dis-
tant, was the nearest. On the north. Inlet
Grove was eight miles away; on the northeast,
Me'iugin Grove, ten miles, and Four-mile Grove,
eight miles distant, were the nearest settle-
ments in those directions.
The town was first called "Hanno" from
"Hanau," a city on the- Rhine above J'rankfort
in Nassau, Prussia. It was so named at the
suggestion of James Tourtillott. By act of the
legislature, approved February 18, 1857, it was
enacted "that the name of Hanno Township, in
the county of Lee" be changed to "Sublette
Township." The new name Sublette has been
accounted for in other histories as having been
derived from the practice of "subletting" con-
tracts for the building of the railroad. This is
clearly erroneous. In the first place, if that
had been its origin, the name would have been
spelled "Sublet" without the final "te." In the
second p'ace there was little, if any, subletting
on this section of the road, and hence the word
was not brought into prominence. But, con-
clusively, the name on the recorded plot of the
village is spelled "Soublette," and, in the Com-
pany's certificate attached, the place is named
"Town of Soublett" without the final "e."
Moreover the name on the station house for
years was "Soublette." There is nothing
to indicate where the name was found, but
clearly the history commonly given it is wide
of the mark.
The first town meeting was held on the sec-
ond Tuesday of April, 1850, at which the fol-
lowing officers were elected: Daniel Baird,
Supervisor; Henry Porter, Clerk; Whitlock T.
Porter, Assessor; Silas D. Reniff, Collector;
Daniel Pratt, Overseer of the Poor; Hiram An-
derson and W. H. Hamblin, Highway Commis-
sioners; Daniel Avery and Thomas S. Angier,
Constables; Alpheus Crawford and Andrew Ber-
tholf. Justices of the Peace. The number vot-
ing at this election is not given, but two years
later forty-seven votes were cast. Town meet-
ings were held at private residences as follows:
1853, at Daniel Pratt's, Knox Grove; 1854, at
Daniel Wilcox's; 1855, at David Maxwell's. At
the latter meeting $1,000 was voted for the
erection of a town house in the village of Sub-
lette.
In 1S4S Alpheus Crawford and others killed
a black bear north of Knox Grove, which
weighed 400 pounds.
The first postoffice in the township was
opened in Daniel Baird's house, about 1840.
The office was called Brookfield. The second
postoffice was established at Knox Grove in
1847 or '48, and named Ovid; the first postmas-
ter was Solomon Porter.
In 1841 O. W. Bryant burned a kiln of brick
on the northwest corner of Section 35. As
early as 1850 a man by the name of McBirney
had a blacksmith shop near the southwest cor-
ner of the town.
The Baptist church was organized in 1843 in
Jonathan Peterson's log house, with thirteen
members. It was known as the First Baptist
Church of Palestine Grove. To accommodate
the members, meetings were held alternately
on opposite sides of the grove at the homes of
worshipers until the school house came, when
that, as a rule, became tlfe meeting place in the
different localities. In 1854 meetings began to
be held in Benton's Hall, about half a mile
west of the site of the church where they now
assemble. Here they continued until Novem-
ber, 1858, when the building in the village,
where the congregation now worships, and
which had been built at a cost of $5,000, was
dedicated. The society also had a parsonage,
which has been sold.
The first organization of the Methodist Epis-
copal Church was effected at the house of Levi
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
693
Camp, at Knox Grove, about 1S46. Meetings
were held at private residences and at Knox
Grove school house, until the town hall was
available at the village, when the meetings
became localized at that place. In 1870 a
church was built in the village and dedicated
the next year. Services continued seven or
eight years, when the society was abandoned
and the property sold, since which time Sub-
lette has been without a Methodist church.
A Congregational church was established
April 20, 1871. This, like the other societies,
held its meetings in the Town Hall. Soon,
however, a building was begun and when com-
pleted nad cost about $5,000.
The Society of the Evangelical Association
of North America erected a building in 1S64,
on the northeast quarter of Section 35, north of
the southwest corner. It is now closed and the
organization, once strong, is now weak.
The organization of the Roman Catholic
Church took place in 1848, and, in 1853, a
church building and parsonage were erected on
the northeast corner of Section 32. The par-
sonage was destroyed by fire in 1869, and no
services are now held in the church. In 1868
a Catholic church was built in the village,
which is now being superseded by a splendid
edifice of pressed brick with slate roof, which
will cost, unfurnished, not less than $30,000.
Its extreme length is 115 feet and its extreme
width 74 feet, and the building is surmounted
by a spire 141 feet high. The old church in
which services are conducted while the building
is going on, was moved aside so that the new
structure could rise on the site of the old one.
Work was commenced in August, 1902, and the
building will probably be ready for occupancy
in the summer of 1904. Father Tasche is the
priest in charge.
The pioneer school was started in the west
part of the township in a log house on Thomas
Fessenden's farm. The next was in a slab
building on the farm of Thomas Tourtillott.
It was a structure used at first as a shelter for
tne purpose of preempting land, and was after-
wards known as the "Sheep Pen." Maria
Coleman was the first to keep school in it. The
next school in the neighborhood was taught in
the winter by Joseph Carey, in Mrs. Tourtil-
lott's house, and the next of any importance
was taught by John Bacon, about 1850. in Mrs.
Richardson's house. The third school in the
township was in a log school house on Section
5. where Mrs. Clute, sister of Jonathan Peter-
son, taught the first summer school about the
year 1844. The winter school kept here was
for several years quite important, being well
attended by an advanced class of pupils.
The first school taught at Knox Grove was in
a vacant log house (the first built in that neigh-
borhood), in which William Knox had lived,
being taught by Stephen Barton. The second
term was kept in a "lean-to" about 12 by 16
feet, attached to Daniel Pratt's log house. The
Brst Sunday School was organized in these
same narrow quarters. This was in the sum-
mer of 1847. Later, meetings and Sunday
school were held in Levi Camp's log house until
the log school house was erected.
The first school house in Knox Grove settle-
ment was built on the county line on the north
side of the Chicago and Galesburg road. It
was built in 1848 of logs and accommodated
pupils from Sublette. Brooklyn and Jlendota
townships. It also served the purposes of a
church for a number of years.
For a number of years the Lee County
Guards, a distinctively Sublette organization,
designated as Company F, Twelfth Infantry,
Stale Militia, has reflected on the township
the credit due to superior drill, discipline and
soldierly bearing. They were regularly mus-
tered into the service of the State May 30, 1879,
with 98 members, which increased to 103 at
the annual inspection March 31, 1880. It was
iiien the largest infantry company in the State,
and was frequently honored by being called to
participate as escort on important occasions in
different parts of the State. It owned a large
armory in the village, and was prosperous for
a number of years, but in time the members
scattered, recruiting became difficult and the
company finally disbanded.
Henkel. — Where the Illinois Central Railroad
crosses the south line of Section 25 is a station
called by this name. It is a grain buying point
where a single elevator serves the purpose of
storing grain.
Suilette Yillage. — The village was platted as
"Soublette," or the "Town of Soublett." May
8, 1855, on land of the Illinois Central Railroad
Company.
A railroad depot and warehouse were erected
in the summer of 1854. During the following
winter Daniel Cook built the first dwelling.
694
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
Ihe next summer, A. L. Wilder built a small
store in the back part of which he lived, Jesse
Hale began a store a few months earlier.
George A. Richmond also put up a house and
Mr. Swartout moved into his new house in the
winter of lSo5-6. In .1855 Frank Bartlett built
what was afterwards the Catholic parsonage.
Paul Lindstraum completed a tavern the next
year. Dr. Smith moved into his residence that
winter. "Uncle Alva" Hale, as well as the
families of James Colvin and Robert Ash, came
to the village in 1S56 and, in that year, J. B.
Barton opened a drug store.
The first elevator in the place was built by
Fred Oberhelman in 1874. It was enlarged in
1898 by an addition much larger than the orig-
inal building. Its present capacity is 42,000
bushels. The business is conducted by F. Ober-
helman & Bro. A second elevator was built in
1900 by J. H. Ebersole, who is now operating it.
It has a capacity of about 20,000 bushels.
The banking interests of the community are
looked after by the Sublette Exchange Bank,
with a capital of $12,500 and deposits amount-
ing to $102,946 at a given date. The officers
are: Geo. F. Maloch, President; John P. Ma-
loch, Vice-President; Anton H. Lauer, Cashier.
The village was incorporated under the gen-
eral law December 27, 1892. According to the
Government census, the population of the town-
ship, including the village, was 1,000 in 1890
and 1,004 in 1900, of which number the village
furnshed 306 in the latter year.
CHAPTER XXHI.
VIOLA TOWNSHIP.
STOCKTON TOWNSIIIl" OI!(:.\XIZED — .\A5IE CHAKGED
TO VIOL.A — FIIi.ST TOW.X OFFICERS — EARLY SET-
TLERS— SOME FIK.ST EVE.\TS.
At the February meeting, 1861, of the Board
of Supervisors, Town 3S, Range 1, was formed
into a to\^Tiship by the name of Stockton, hav-
ing theretofore been a part of Brooklyn Town-
ship. This name was selected in recognition
of the large amount of stock then being raised
in the town. The name was changed to Viola,
some time during the following spring or early
summer, because of the fact that there v/as al-
ready at least one town by the name of Stock-
ton in the State.
The first officers of the town were chosen at
the April town meeting, 1861. Fifty-two bal-
lots were cast, resulting in the election of Sam-
uel L. Butler for Supervisor; Simeon Cole, As-
sessor; Samuel Vosburg, Town Clerk; John
Melugin, Constable; Ford and Moses B. Van
Campen, Highway Commissioners. The meet-
ing and election were held at Van Campen's
house.
Little Melugin Grove, in the southeast part
of the town, was the focus of early settlement.
William Guthrie, the first settler in the town-
ship, settled here in 1834 or 1836 and gave his
name to the grove. It was also sometimes
known as Lawton's Grove, from William Law-
ton, one of the early comers. Guthrie's build-
ings were placed at the extreme south end of
the timber. Melugin Grove, lying southwest
of Little Melugin, spreads itself into the two
towns of Viola and Brooklyn. It took its name
from Zachariah Melugin, who located in the
grove but on the Brooklyn side of the timber,
in 1834. Later came Evins Adrian, but prior
to 1840. Walter Little came to the township
about the year 1837.
It is claimed that the first marriage in the
township was that of Evins Adrian to Marilla
Goodale, October, 1840; that Walter Little was
the first adult to die in the towTiship, and that
the first birth was that of a child of William
Lawton, who died in infancy.
The first school in the township was kept at
the house of M. Van Campen for three terms,
and the first school house was built at Little
Melugin Grove.
The town being purely agricultural without
a village center, little is to be gleaned of his-
torical character regarding it. Its history is to
be traced in the development and increasing
value oj: its farm lands, which is difficult of re-
duction to details. Its land-owners have been
large participants in .the drainage of Inlet
Swamp, elsewhere noticed, and have received
great benefits therefrom.
The population of the township was 598 in
1890, and 694 in 1900, as shown by the Govern-
ment census.
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
69:
CHAPTER XX I\"
WILLOW CREEK TOWNSHIP.
THE FOUR GROVES FOREIGX-BORX SETTLERS — EARLY
SCHOOLS ORIGIXALLY A PART OF PAW PAW
In this town are to be found four groves, often
referred to in early history and by early set-
tlers as landmarks, by names which they still
retain; Smith's Grove, Allen's Grove and Twin
Grove, or Groves — for there are two of the lat-
ter, as the name implies.
The township may perhaps be distinguished
from all others in the county by the large per-
centage of inhabitants of either foreign birth
or extraction, the Norwegian and German pre-
dominating. An enumeration made in 1S80
placed the population at 1.214. of whom one-
half were of foreign birth. Add to this the
probable number of descendants of such par-
ents, and the number will be greatly increased.
We have been unable to find the census of 1890
covering such statistics, and that of 1900 is not
yet obtainable.
Settlements were made almost simultaneously
at the several groves. Peter Gonzolas, a French-
man, put in his appearance at Allen's Grove
in the fall of 1S36; John Smith, a Scotchman,
at Smith's Grove in 1837; and William Moore
at the south one of the Twin Groves, in the
latter year.
The Gonzolas tract (the Shoudy farm of re-
cent years) was acquired in the spring of 1878
by Richard M. Allen, whose name was given to
the grove, and this farm was the first in the
township to be improved. Allen sold in 1840 to
a man by the name of Bond, who sold to a
Mr. Price in 1842. Mr. Smith bought a claim
on Section 35, and there settled, and the name
"Dry Grove," by which the timber was first
known, soon surrendered to the name of the
proprietor. With Mr. Smith came another
Scotchman. John Colville. who was postmaster
for many years at Paw Paw, dying there in
October, 1893. Mr. Smith's log cabin, roofed
with mowed grass, was the second to be built
in the township, in mid-winter following its
construction, fire caught in the inflammable
loof, and the cabin burned to the ground. As
soon as possible another was erected in its
place. Soon after moving into the first cabin
Jlr. Smith's son John died — the first white
person in the township to be taken away. Mr.
Smith sent to Ottawa, the nearest point, for a
doctor, who vv'as guided across the prairie by
Robert, a brother of the sick boy, now residing
in Dixon.
Robert and David Smith, sons of the first
settler, still survive and own parts of their
father's original claim.
Israel Shoudy came in 1844 and bought the
Gonzolas or Allen tract from Price, and lived
there until his death, which occurred in Cali-
fornia at an advanced age only a few years
ago. His remains were brought back and are
buried over the line in DeKalb County. Hora-
tio G. Howlett settled at Allen's Grove in 1839,
having spent the two preceding years at Dixon.
Nathaniel Allen settled in the vicinity of
Smith's and Allen's groves, in 1845 with four
of his five sons and daughters, his son. Chand-
ler, coming a year later. Benjamin Nettleton
had joined the settlement as early as this. Isaac
Ellsworth came in the spring of 1846 and Chris-
topher Vandeventer in 1848. The Littletons ar-
rived at Smith's about 1845.
The Indian Trail from Ottawa north to the
hunting grounds in Wisconsin ran through
Allen's Grove.
Twin Groves were first named Moore, from
William Moore, the earliest settler there, who
began his improvements in 1837 at the South
Grove. James Thompson and Levi I^athrop
came here together about 1842. and in partner-
ship bought Moore's claim. The first birth at
the grove was that of Robert Blair, son of
Robert Blair, Si-., in 1846. Cummings Noe set-
tled here probably as early as 1846, and to-
gether with James Thompson and James Smith,
entered all of the South Grove. James Smith
and Nathan Koons. Jesse Koons and A. N. Dow
arrived in 1847. Cyrus Gotf came in these early
days and built between the two groves where
he kept a tavern. Lewis G. and Gilbert Durin,
brothers, joined the Twin Grove settlement in
1849. Wesson Holton's coming was in 1853.
The station "Scarboro" on the Rochelle South-
ern Railway, now being built, is located on L,
G. Durin's farm.
696
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
The pioneer among the German settlers was
Gotlieb Hochstrasser in 1854. A little later,
but probably in the same year, came Joseph
Herman. In 18.56, Frank Bates, Frank Herman
and John Herman were added, and the next year
witnessed the arrival of Archeart Hochstrasser.
Of the Norwegians. Ommor Hilleson was the
forerunner of the large settlement, having, it
is said, landed in New York in 1837 and walked
all the way thence to Chicago. He settled in
Bradford Township a year or two later and, af-
ter accumulating a goodly fortune, died there.
Though the pioneer of his nationality, the
greater portion by far settled in Willow Creek
Township. Lars Larsen Rissiter located there
in 1847.
In this township, as elsewhere, schools v,'ere
early looked after. The first school in the
tov.Tiship was at Allen's Grove. It was started
in 1848 in one of Israel Shoudy's log houses,
and Martha Vandeventer, sister of Christopher
Vandeventer, was the teacher. Preceding her.
however, were Miss Frice, Eliza Nettleton and
Laura Brace. In the fall of 1849 a frame school
house was built by subscription, one-half mile
east of the present one. Prior to the building
of this school house, school was taught by the
ladies mentioned in the dwellings of Dr. Bas-
ford, Shoudy and Hewlett, The first Board of
Examiners to pass on the qualifications of
teachers for this school consisted of John
Smith, Sr.. H. G. Howlett and Colville, Smith
examining as to Geography and Grammar,
Howlett in Mathematics and Reading, Colville
in Writing and Spelling. At Twin Groves the
first school was taught in James Thompson's
original log cabin, but in what year we are not
informed. Later, in 1854, a school house was
built at the Groves by subscription and was
purchased by the school district three years
later. It was destroyed by fire in the winter
of 1863-4. The Ellsworth school house was
built in the spring of 1855, and Mrs. Ellsworth
was the first teacher.
It will be recalled that the territory now
embracing the town of Wyoming. Willow
Creek and Alto, was first set off as Paw Paw
Township, but v,-as soon changed to Wyoming.
In 1855 the north two-thirds was made into
the Township of Willow Creek. The first
town meeting in tne new township was con-
■\ ened at Twin Groves School House, April 3,
1855. A. N. Dow acted as Moderator and G.
Bishop as clerk. In 1861 Alto Township was
set apart. In 1874 the town house was built
on the southeast corner of Section 16, Willow
Creek, at a cost of $1,100, including one acre
of ground. At a meeting to pass on the ques-
tion of building, the proposition was carried
by a vote of 50 to 47.
When the Chicago & Rock River Railroad
Company (now the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy) was seeking township aid toward the
construction of its line, at an election held
October 16, 1869, Willow Creek gave one vote
in favor to twenty-four against the proposal.
But when the Chicago & Iowa Railroad Com-
pany applied for a subscription of $50,000 to its
stock, the to-mi, at a meeting held ilarch 26,
1870, by a vote of seventy-five in affirmative
and fifty-one negative, agreed to subscribe for
tne stcck en condition that the road be located
within one mile of the center of the tov\-n. This
condition not having been complied with, the
town wholly escaped railroad taxation.
The town was one of four to levy a bounty-
tax to encourage enlistments in the War of the
Rebellion, Dixon, Lee Center and Palmyra being
the two others. The reports of the Adjutant
General of the State credits Willow Creek with
$5,200 bounty paid at an expense of $232.70.
being a total of $5,432.70. The patriotism of
the community was further evidenced, not only
by the volunteers it sent to the front, but by
the fact that, although it was then a purely
agricultural district, with no village to in-
crease its population, a "Union League" was
organized in the dark days of 1862 with a
membership of seventy.
Churches. — As early as 1S44 and for eight or
ten years thereafter, regular preaching was held
at Allen's Grove, and about 1848 a Presb>-te-
rian Society was formed and existed several
years. In 1868 a church building, under con-
trol of the Methodist denomination, was
erected on the southwest corner of Section 16,
at a coit of $3,500, owned jointly by the Metho-
dist, Congregationalist and United Brethren
denominations. It was dedicated November
9, 1868, Rev. F. A. Hardin and A. P. Beach offi-
ciating. The date of the organization of the
Methodist Society is not accessible to the
writer. The Congregational Society was
formed in 1859. It never numbered over seven-
teen members, the removal of whom from the
section gradually accomplished its dissolutio.n.
The Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran
church was formed in the fall of 1858, by Rev.
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY.
697
iJidrikson. The members were then scattered
through several townships, but in time the
most of them were found in Willow Creek.
A church building was erected on a command-
ing site (northeast corner of the west half of
northeast quarter, Section 11), at a cost of ?3,-
500. A parsonage, with a twenty-acre tract ad-
joining, belongs to the society. The Zion
church of the Evangelical Association was
formed in 1868, its membership being confined
to Germans. The first trustees were John Yet-
ter. William Dunkelberger and J. L. Lutz. In
1875 a house of worship was erected on the
southeast corner of Section 5. at a cost of $3.-
000, including ground.
The German Catholics had readings of mass
about 1863, by Father Westkam, of Mendota,
at the house of Peter Kimbler. The following
year a stone building was put up on the north-
west corner of the southwest quarter of Sec-
tion 16, at a cost of $3,000.
In 1863 a society of Dunkards was formed
and, in 1870, a German Lutheran Society was
organized by Rev. William Halleherg.
In the spring of 1878 a Catholic church was
built in the village of Lee, at a cost of $3,200,
John Kennedy, James Kirby and Stephen Kirby
being the principal contributors to the under-
taking. It was dedicated in the autumn of
1878 by Father Verdin, of St. Ignatius College,
Chicago. Father Edwards, of Rochelle, was
the priest in charge when it was built.
A Methodist church was built in the vil-
lage in 1877, at a cost of nearly $2,000. It is
located in the DeKalb County section of the
village.
It is doubtful if any other agricultural
township in the county has as many churches
and distinct denominations ministering to the
religious wants of its people.
The tornado which swept over the county
from the west on Sunday, June 3. 1860. en-
tered Willow Creek about nine o'clock in the
evening, midway of the west line of Section 18.
and left it midway of the east line of Section
13, on the county line. Devastation was strewn
in its path. Mrs. Abram Miller, Mr. James
Nealis, A. N. Dow and family, consisting of
eight persons, and Mrs. McConeky were all
more or less seriously injured, while Mr. Mc-
Coneky and his eldest and youngest boys were
killed outright. All 01 the buildings in the
path of the storm were either injured or to-
tally demolished, and a windrow of twisted.
splintered and uprooted trees, ten to twenty
yards wide, was left through the southern por-
tion of the Twin Groves.
Village of Lee. — That portion of the village
lying in Lee County was platted for Francis
E. Hinkley and John Kennedy August 19, 1872.
The first building to be erected was the
small grain office and grocery of Christopher &
Jorgens. About the same time J. Cheasbro put
up an office for trading in grain, coal and lum-
ber. The first store was at the corner of Main
and B Streets, and was built by R. J. White,
who became the first Postmaster in the new
town. J. Johnson was the next to start a gen-
eral store, his location being on Main Street,
between A and B Streets. Abel Downer's, at
the southwest corner of Main and B streets, was
the third general store, and included drugs.
Ostewig & Leyder started in hardware the same
season. The first dwelling was built by James
Minnihan, in 1872. W. H. Emmett erected the
second in March, 1872. The first hotel was
built by Frank Bacon on B Street, and in 1874
A. B. Trask built the second. The first ele-
vator was erected by J. Cheasbro in the fall of
1872, and that winter Christopher & Jorgens
built one. A third elevator was erected in 1901
and is operated by James E. Johnson. The
other two are now owned and operated by M.
P. Harris. The first brick structure to be put
up in the new town was the store of Sardis
Vosburg, at the northwest corner of Main and
B Streets. The first school was opened in De-
cember, 1874, in the Dyas building, with W. H.
Emmett as teacher. Different vacant rooms
were occupied until the summer of 1876. when
the first school house was put up.
Lee has the distinction of belonging to two
counties, the center line of B Street being the
dividing line between Lee and DeKalh. It was
incorporated as a village June 23, 1874.
About three o'clock on the morning of July
5, 1902. the place was visited by a disastrous
fire, which licked up one entire block of build-
ings on the west side of Main Street. Substan-
tial brick buildings are gradually taking the
place of the ones destroyed.
According to the census, the population of
the township, including the Lee County part of
the village of Lee. was 1,034 in 1890 and 959 in
1900. The part of the village lying in Lee
County was 153 in 1890 and 151 in 1900. The
total population of the village in 1890 was 264
and in 1900, 286.
698
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY,
CHAPTER XX\'
WYOMING TOWNSHIP.
OBIGINAI.LY PAW PAW TOWNSHIP — I'IO>-EER SET-
TLERS— EARLY HOTELS AND POSTOFFICE — UN-
DERGROUND RAILROAD REGION INFESTED BY
HORSETHIEVES AND COUNTERFEITERS. PAW
PAW VILLAGE. — NEWSPAPERS. CHURGIIKS
SCHOOLS. BANKS AND BUSINESS HOUSES.
When Lee County was divided into town-
ships in 1S50, Towns 37, 38 and 39, Range 2.
v.'ere given the name of "Paw Paw" by the
commissioners appointed to make the divi-
sion. Their report was dated July 19, 1850.
On the 14th of the preceding May, six repre-
sentatives of the different localities met in Dix-
on, as a "Board of Supervisors," convening at
their first session, and at this meeting changed
the name of the "town formerly called Paw
Paw" to Wyoming. (See ante, "Lee County.")
The authority for this action is at least open
to question, and but for acquiescence in the
change. Paw Paw might still be legally Wyom-
ing. The latter name is said to have been
adopted at the suggestion of James Goble, in
memory of Wyoming Valley, Pa., from which
his family and others came.
Levi Kelsey and Joel Griggs were the first
to locate a claim and build a house at Paw
Paw Grove. This was in the winter of 1833-4;
but supposing that they were on the Indian
reservation, whose boundaries had not yet been
defined, Mr. Griggs abandoned his claim and
moved to Troy Grove. Tracy Reeves, writing
from Princeton, 111., under date of July 27,
1881, says that he was with a party at Paw
Paw Grove in May, 1834, and camped over night
in Indian huts, and that "they saw no one
there, white or Indian."
We have the authority of Mrs. Sarah Terry,
now of Earlville, 111., a daughter of David A.
Town, for the following statement: "David
A. Town and family arrived in 1834, and
stopped at the east end of the grove, where he
put up an unhewed log house ( on land after-
ward owned by Pierpont Edwards), in which
he lived until 1835, when his brother Russell
came and occupied the cabin he moved out of.
On moving from this cabin, David A. Town
built a log house north of the Chicago road,
on the southeast quarter of the southwest quar-
ter of Section 11, on or near the spot where
the residence of H. L. Roberts now stands. He
soon erected a hewed log house ( the first of its
kind ) close to this. The two houses were sep-
arated by so short a space that they were occu-
pied as one, and the hewed portion was given
the dignity of a parlor of the pioneer home.
In this log house was held the first wedding in
this section, George Town, the son of David A.
Town, being the groom, and Fidelia Sawyer,
the daughter of George Sawyer, of Lee Center
Township, being the bride.
"The first store at the east end of the Grove
was operated by one Harris, and the first store
at the west end was built and operated by
Wheeler Hedges, until it was purchased by
Willard Hastings, whose property it continued
to be until consumed by fire, this being the first
building to burn in the settlement. It was lo-
cated on the triangular piece of ground east of
the town plat formed by the crossing of the
Chicago road and the railroad. George Town
built a hewed log house where the residence
of W. I. Guffin now stands, near the southwest
corner of Lot 6, Block 5, Harper's Addition."
0. P. Johnson, who settled in Brooklyn
Township and died tnere at an advanced age,
stated that he rived the shingles for Town's
cabin, and, with three others, put it up in a
day and a half in November, 1834. Edwin (or
Edward) Town, a brother of David, settled at
Shabbona Grove, and Hosea Town, a half-
brother, located at Melugin's Grove about the
same time.
About two years later than Town came
Benoni Harris, then a man approaching
eighty years of age. and his equally aged wife,
with a large family of children. Mrs. Harris
was the first in the settlement to be taken
away. They were accompanied by a son-in-law,
Edward Butterfield. John Ploss, John Wilcox
and William McDowell. In the spring of 1836
Butterfield built a log cabin near the county
line and close to the north line of the south-
west quarter of Section 19, DeKalb County, on
south side of the road now leading to Earl-
ville. It was on the east edge of the tract
which became South Paw Paw. He later
moved about a mile northeast of this point,
and in 1854 went to black Hawk, Iowa, whence
he finally returned and is buried near his old
home. Wilcox located on the fractional south-
west quarter. Section 18; Stephen Harris on
the fractional northwest quarter of Section 19,
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
699
LeClaire reservation; Benjamin Harris on the
northwest quarter ot Section 19, and Joseph
Harris on the northeast quarter of the same
section — all in DeKalb County. These were
sons of Benoni Harris. John Ploss had a claim
which embraced the larger part of South Paw
Paw. Here, some rods east of the county line,
he built his house on the creek about the time
Butterfleld put up his cabin.
As late as 1840 the only tavern at the Grove
was that afterward known as Simms' Tavern.
It was a hewed log house, the second of its
Ivind in the neighborhood. Simms' son, hav-
ing been indicted for counterfeiting, the father
sold out to raise money to satisfy the bail bond,
and the criminal was permitted to escape.
Isaac Robinson purchased the tavern of Simms
and added a small stock of goods to his busi-
ness. It was on an elevation on the north
side of the road, probably on the west half of
the northwest quarter of Section 12, but earlier
a hewed log house on the opposite side of the
road had been used as a tavern. In 1840 a log
house stood on the north side of the Chicago
road, on Section 12, nearly opposite the junc-
tion with the present road from South Paw
Paw. This house was occupied by Charles
Morgan, who came with his wife and a number
of children in 1836. Here was kept the first
postoffice in the town, Morgan being the Post-
master. Afterward, Hiram Wood held the of-
fice in the house then standing next west of
the Robinson, or Simms', Tavern. On the
south side of the Chicago road and on the east
half of Section 12, a small log house stood in
1840. It was never occupied for residence pur-
poses after that year, but was used for a time
for a public school, the first in the township.
It is supposed that Jacob Alcott. who had mar-
ried a squaw, built it. A little east of this
cabin, and on the same side of the road, a frame
house, believed to have been the first in the
township, was built in the hollow by one Mus-
selman, and hence was then, and has ever
since been, known as the "Hollow House." It
is still standing and is used as a barn. For a
number of years Musselman kept a tavern
here, and the house became noted for its dance
hall and bar.
On the south side of the road and about
thirty rods east of David Town's house, stood
a log blacksmith shop in the early '40s. where
once Alonzo Osborne was the smith. Later, per-
haps in 1845, a blacksmith shop stood on
ground in the village now occupied as the store
of R. A. Hopps, and here this same Osborne
held forth for a time. A man by the name of
Alger settled at Four Mile Grove in 1835 or '36.
Alcott. above mentioned, married the Potta-
watomie woman, Madaline, the former wife of
Joseph Ogee, the half-breed, the one favored in
the treaty of Prairie du Chien reserving to
"Madaline, a Pottawatomie woman, wife of
Joseph Ogee, one section." etc. (See ante, "Lee
County.") David A. Town eventually pur-
chased the west 170 rods of this Reserve Sec-
tion for $1,000, and William Rogers the re-
mainder. The tract has always been desig-
nated in conveyances and on maps as the "Ogee
Section." In 1880 William McMahan. County
Surveyor, surveyed and platted the section and
recorded the plat. The section granted to
Pierre LeClaire by the Prairie du Chien treaty,
was surveyed and platted by Wheeler Hedges
in 1843. which plat was recorded. The County
Atlas of 1900 shows these sections and their
relation to each other.
William Rogers, son of Charles, arrived in
1836, and was the first Postmaster. His office
was located near Morgan's tavern, which was
presumably the "Hollow House." Jacob D.
Rogers landed in 1837. His claim included the
west part of the site of Paw Paw village. He
was a conductor, and his house was a station,
on the "Underground Road," over which negro
slaves were transported to freedom. His log
house was built in 1837 on Section 10. where
Mr. Ritchie's house stood in recent years. In
the latter year James Goble. afterward Sheriff,
came with Jacob D. Rogers. Rogers's wife be-
ing Coble's sister. Goble's father, Ezekiel, and
his brother, Timotiy, came at the same time.
William Jenkins and family were also acces-
sions of 1837, while Henry and Medard Corn-
stock, both blacksmiths, were a year earlier.
Reference is made in other works to a "Butter-
field or George Town" cabin, when, in fact, But-
terfield never built or owned a cabin in this
part of the grove. His holdings were confined
to the south side of the grove.
Rev. Caleb Morris joined the settlement in
1848 with his widowed daughter, Nancy Rob-
inson, and children, all of whom settled south
of the grove. About this time a man by the
name of Dunbar became the second settler at
Four Mile Grove. In 1840, Deacons Orlando
Boardman and Hallock were added to the set-
tlers on the south side of the grove, at which
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
time there were eighteen families encircling
the grove, thirteen being within what is now
Wyoming Township. This year, also, came
Baily Breese and started a cooper shop and
bought of William Rogers nearly all of the
land on which East Paw Paw is situated. Peter
May and family were added in 1841. He bought
all the land now covered by Paw Paw village,
but disappeared mysteriously, ten years later,
without having received a deed. Elder Nor-
man Warriner came in 1843 and Obed W. Bry-
ant settled at Four Mile Grove in 1842.
In the later '40s two saw-mills were in
operation in the grove, both propelled by horse-
power. One was put up by Stanley Ruggles on
the southeast corner of the west half of the
northwest quarter of Section 19, DeKalb
County. The other was in Lee County on the
road between the LeClaire and Ogee Sections.
Without being able to make anything like
an exact comparison, it would seem that, in
1840. Paw Paw Grove was the focus of the
largest settlement in the county — Dixon and,
possibly Sugar Grove, in Palmyra, excepted.
This is accounted for by two facts: that it was
on the stage road from Chicago to Galena, and
also was one of the largest, most beautiful and
attractive pieces of timber in all the country.
All the early settlers sought the shelter and
other advantages of groves, and were slow to
reach out for the now valuable prairie lands.
John D. Rogers was not the only abolition-
ist in the colony who, by the "Underground
Road,"- dealt frequent, but Ineffective, blows
at slavery. He expressed the sentiments of
many when he said: "Whether I am an aboli-
tionist or not, my best mares are."
The township and range lines were surveyed
in 1836, but the section lines were not run
until the winter of 1842-3. Prior to this peo-
ple had held their lands only by right of pos-
session, awaiting the market or pre-emption
day. Consequently the "claim-jumper" found
the same scope and temptation to operate here
as elsewhere, and as in nearly every other sec-
tion, protective societies were organized to de-
feat his dishonest efforts. The remedy was al-
ways adjusted to the emergency and the out-
come was never satisfactory to the rascal. The
law was of the home-made kind, but its princi-
ples were founded in justice, and hence it was
never appealed from.
The horsethief and the counterfeiter plied
their vocations all over the country. Condi-
tions favored them and they prospered. Paw
Paw and Inlet seem to have been their favorite
rendezvous or bases of operation. Nn other
settlements in the county are as notoriously
identified with them as these two. As a rule,
all newcomers were under suspicion. As a set-
tler of 1837 put it: "Paw Paw was a strange
place then. It seemed to me that every other
man I met was hunting a horsethief, and you
couldn't tell which was the thief — generally it
was both." One horsethief buried a sack con-
taining $900 in gold and, on being sent to
prison, told his wife how he had marked the
spot by a notched stake, but she was unable to
find it. The secret having leaked out later,
Harris Breese noticed such a stake and, to-
gether with his neighbor, Hampton, dug for
and recovered the treasure. The latter's share
is said to have been to him the nest-egg of fu-
ture wealth.
In 1834 a thousand Indians were encamped
for a week at the Big Spring, at the northwest
corner of the grove. They were being moved
from Indiana west, and the Government made
them a payment here. The local Indians had
already been sent to their western reservation
the same year, but the old chief Shabbona, who
is held in grateful memory for the protection
he afforded the settlement in the days of the
Black Hawk War, afterwards returned to the
scenes of his early life and died on the Illinois
River July 17, 1859, aged eighty-four. He was
buried in a lot set apart to him in the cemetery
at Morris, Grundy County, where a fitting
monument was raised to his memory a few
years ago. His oldest wife and several chil-
dren rest beside him. Waubunsie, Chief of the
tribe at Paw Paw Grove, and Shabbona were
on the most friendly relations. The latter was,
however, the leader and the former loyally fol-
lowed. The Indian trail from Chicago to the
Indian village at Rock Island ran along the
south side of Paw Paw Grove.
Schools. — The first school in Wyoming
Township is supposed to have been started as
early as 1836, in what was called "The Little
Pole School House," which was not more than
twelve feet square, and was erected ex-
pressly for school purposes. The probability
is that it was the same cabin heretofore men-
tioned as having been built by Jacob Alcott.
The schools were all necessarily small and
were started and maintained entirely by indi-
vidual contributions, the public school system
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
701
not having then been established. Vacant
cabins were sometimes utilized for this purpose,
and at other times private houses sheltered
the school. The first frame school building in
the township was erected about 1844 on or
near the northeast corner of Section 24. Hers
Charles Dickinson and Orlando Boardman
wore the first teachers, Dickinson probably
preceding Boardman. In two or three years
the building was moved half a mile east, and
now serves as a roosting place for chickens.
Postmasters. — Before a postofiice was
opened at Paw Paw, the nearest one was at
Somonauk. fifteen miles eastward. A "star
n'ail-route" was established through Paw Paw
in 1837, William Rogers being the first Post-
master there. Isaac Robinson took charge of
the office as early as 1838 or 1839. In 1841 a
Mr. Brittain, who lived in Princeton, carried
the mail from that place to Paw Paw by way
of Knox Grove. Willard Hastings was the car-
rier between Paw Paw and Ottawa. Hiram
Wood held the office of Postmaster from 1845
to 1849, when William H. Robinson succeeded
him, remaining until 1853, when Wood came in
again. He was followed in 1857 by James Si-
mons, and he in 1861 by John Colville, who re-
mained at the post many years. Then came
C. F. Preston, in Cleveland's first term. Ezra
G. Cass, J. H. Braffett and Sadie Case, the
present incumbent.
At the first organization of the township
in 1850, 113 votes were cast for town officers.
David A. Town was the choice for Supervisor
and John Colville for Clerk.
Paw Paw Village. — Paw Paw Village was
first incorporated as a village June 7, 1882.
George Town's log house, already mentioned,
was the first to be erected on the site of the
village. Peter IVlay's cabin stood close to the
location, in recent years, of the Sutter house,
west of Siglin & Potter's brick store, and his
blacksmith shop, started in 1842, was on the
south side of the road nearly opposite the store.
The Hastings house, formerly on the site of the
Roberts dwelling, was built in May, 1841, and
was the first frame house in the village or in
the township. About this time Hastings put
up the first brick building in the township,
about one-half mile south of the village, on
t'onda's corners, and it was later clap-boarded.
In 1844 Rodolphus Hawley built on the south
side of the Chicago road, opposite George
Town's, on site of the place now owned and oc-
cupied by John E. Edwards. The next year
Amos Sawyer built a cabin where the Deta-
more house now stands. In 1846 George Town
moved out of his log cabin into the house
known, many years afterwards, as the "Grum-
mond" house. In those days John Colville and
Jacob Rogers were partners in the manufac-
ture of shingles by horse power. They also had
such a mill over in DeKalb County. Probably
this was the same mill moved from one local-
ity to the other.
This was the settlement in 1847. Not a store
was then in the place. Enterprising peddlers
traveled the roads and undertook to supply the
simple wants of the people. In the latter year,
however, settlers began coming in and the vil-
lage entered on' a career of healthy develop-
ment which, though slow, has had no appre-
ciable check up to the present. We should be
glad to follow its business growth, building by
building, but space will not permit. Plodding,
indeed, was its headway up to 1871, when lots
and buildings together were assessed at only
$3,809. Allowing for the assessor's discounts,
this will still prove to be very small.
Tillage Schools. — Prior to 1S80 the demands
of the village school had led to the erection
of a two-story frame building situated on the
west side of North Street at the west end of
East Avenue. In 1S83 a two-story addition
was built on the west end of this building,
thus making four rooms in all. In December,
1S84, the building was destroyed by fire, and,
in 1885, a two-story brick structure, with large
hall above, was erected on the same spot. Dr.
J. H. Braffet was one of the school directors,
and was chiefly instrumental in having this
building erected. January 27, 1897, this struc-
ture was also consumed by fire. A long con-
test followed over the selection of a new site,
which was finally settled in favor of the pres-
ent location by a majority of twelve votes. In
the summer and fall of 1897, the school house
now in use was erected on the ground thus
chosen, occupying a campus of four acres. The
building, furniture and grounds are valued at
$15,000. The building furnishes ample accom-
modations, and is in every respect thoroughly
modern. The full course of study embraces
twelve years, eight in the graded departments
and four in the high school course. The school
is on the accredited list of the State University,
the Northern State Normal, Oberlin College, as
well as others. Six teachers are employed.
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
Xeicspaijers. — The first number of the 'Paw
Paw Herald" was issued November 23, 1877, by
R. H. Ruggles, editor and proprietor. In Janu-
ary, 1S78, E. G. Cass and J. B. Gardner became
publishers, Ruggles still owning the plant. On
the 22d of the next month they were succeeded
by W. M. Geddes. who soon purchased the out-
fit. The paper was Republican in politics, but
ceased publication some years ago.
The "Lee County Times," originally a Dem-
ocratic paper, appeared March 21, 1878, with
E. G. Cass and J. B. Gardner as proprietors.
In August following Mr. Gardner retired. It
became a strong Republican paper and. as such,
is now owned and edited by 0. W. Briggs.
Churches. — The Baptist church is the pioneer
religious organization of the township. In
February, 1841, it was organized with Orlando
Boardman and wife, Mrs. Hallock, wife of Is-
rael Hallock. James Goble and wife. Rev. Bur-
ton Carpenter, Sr.. Hiram Harding and wife,
Cyrus Whitford and wife and Mr. Sampson
and wife as its first members. The meetings
were held in Deacon Boardman's log cabin.
Cyrus Whitford and wife belonged to Johnson's
Grove, twelve miles to the northeast. Harding
and wife and Sampson and wife came from
Harding (now Freedom), La Salle County,
about the same distance southeast. The others
were all living at South Paw Paw. Israel Hal-
lock, who is now living and is respected and
known as Deacon Hallock, joined the society
the' next year and became its second deacon,
Boardman being the first. Rev. Thomas Pow-
ell preached the sermon at this first gathering.
Assisting him were Rev. Burton Carpenter, Jr..
from Dixon, Rev. Hadley and Mr. Stannard of
La Moille. Rev. Mr. Carpenter preached a few
sermons, and was succeeded by Rev. Charles
Harding in March. 1841, who continued as pas-
tor until his death, February 3, 1843. Feeling
the need of an assistant in his work Mr. Hard-
ing sent for Elder Norman Warriner, of Indi-
ana, who arrived just in time to help bury Mr.
Harding. Mr. Warriner occupied the pulpit
for twenty years until he resigned. In 1843
the first meeting house was commenced at
South Paw Paw and was finished in 1846. Un-
til then services were held in Boardman's log
cabin, which stood on the spot where now
stands the home of Deacon Hallock. The mem-
bership reached its highest point in 1859, when
it numbered 162. On Mr. Warriner's resigna-
tion, J. D. PuUis became pastor serving from
July of that year until December 31, 1865. Dur-
ing his pastorate the present house of worship
was built at South Paw Paw at a cost of about
$3,000, and a parsonage purchased at the cost
of $1,000. In March, 1866, G. W. Scott became
pastor and continued until July, 27, 1867. C.
H. Perritt served from October 12, 1867, for a
little over one year, and was succeeded Decem-
ber 26, 1868, by William Sturgeon, who re-
mained until October 26, 1872. In 1873 the
church building was moved from South Paw
Paw to its present location in the village, and
a basement was constructed under it at a cost
of a little over $2,000. The parsonage at South
Paw Paw was disposed of and a lot purchased
in the village, on which a parsonage was built
in the winter of 1873-4. January 24, 1874, H.
R. Hicks became pastor, continuing pntil Sep-
tember, 1881. S. B. Gilbert was pastor from
December 10, 1881, until July, 1885. September
26th, following, H. F. Gilbert became pastor
and served until May 21, 1887, after which the
church was for a while without a regular pas-
tor. R. H. Shaftoe served from June 3, 1888,
to April 1, 1891. On May 10th of the latter
year, R. S. Sargent was called and continued
to May 10. 1896. During his term an addition
was made to the rear of the church and other
improvements at a cost of $1,000. A. C. Jones
became pastor, June 14, 1896, and served until
September 1, 1898. He was succeeded January
1, 1899, by William A. Mathews, who continued
until October 1, 1892. In April, 1901, the par-
sonage on Flagg Street was sold for $800, and
a modern residence as a parsonage was erected
on Wheeler Street, at cost of about $2,500. No-
vember 16, 1902, H. J. Wheeler, the present
pastor, assumed charge. The church celebrated
its fiftieth anniversary June 18, 1891.
About 1870 a class of the Methodist Episco-
pal Church was formed with James Fonda,
Jane E. Fonda, Sarah E. Swarthout, Edward
Patrick and Harriet Patrick as members, the
way being prepared by the preaching of Elder
Lazenby at the school house the previous year.
In 1875, while Rev. Pomeroy was pastor, their
church building was erected. Paw Paw was
made a separate charge in Rock River Con-
ference in October, 1879.
In 1864 the Protestant Episcopal Society,
organized in 1857, but long in a somnolent
state, was revived by Rev. Jacob Fowler and
built up to a membership of thirty or forty. A
church was built in 1866 on the northeast quar-
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
703
ter of the northwest quarter of Section 6. at a
cost of $2,600. The building was finally sold at
Sheriff's sale, on a Judgment for $500 recovered
by the minister, A. C. Wallace, for arrears of
salary. Being bid in by him he sold it to the
United Brethren in 1874.
The Presbyterian Church of Wyoming, at
Cottage Hill, was organized under the labors
of John Flemming as missionary pastor from
Earlville, in 1857, with the following members:
Barton Bisbee, Joseph Blee, William Winter,
Sally C. Bisbee, Euphemia Blee, Mrs. William
Winter, Mrs. William Sproul and James Sproul.
Mr. Flemming continued to preach once in two
weeks in the school house, but for how long
we have been unable to ascertain. In 1858
or '59 a building was put up at a cash outlay
of $200. Being too small it was sold and be-
came James Blee's granary. A new church
30 by 60 feet was erected a little north of the
first one at a cost of $2,200. It was remodeled
in 1861. No pastor was settled until about
1870, when Alexander S. Peck was installed,
serving at Paw Paw at the same time. Rev.
McFarland succeeded him for a year and. in
1878, Mr. McCullock, the pastor at Paw Paw, be-
came the supply and continued for three years.
About 1870 the Presbyterians began holding
meetings in the school house at the village.
Rev. Alex. S. Peck, of Cottage Hill, preaching
every two weeks. The society was regularly
organized May 26, 1873, the first members be-
ing Miss Sarah A. Wilson, Andrew J. Fuller,
Susan C. Fuller, Jane Nettleton, Jane Bulen-
tine. Mr. and Mrs. Simeon Cole, Henry Cole,
Anderson G. Radle/ and Mrs. Jane Howell.
Rev. Mr. Peck was the first pastor. In 1875 a
church was built at a cost of $1,900. Mr. Peck
remained until the close of 1876. Revs. McFar-
land and E. N. Lord filled the pulpit until
April, 1878, when George D. McCullock was in-
stalled, continuing until July. 1881. "The
Presbyterian church of Paw Paw" was formally
incorporated May 8, 1901. On the same date
the society voted to sell the old church, par-
sonage and grounds, and purchase the Siglin
property, where the new church and parsonage
now stand, the latter having been moved to
make a place for the church. The project was
inaugurated with an offer from Mr. David
Smith to give $1,000 towards the expenses on
condition that a church building, costing not
less than $5,000, should be erected. Robert
Pogue, David Smith, W. S. Yingling, William
Moffatt and T. H. Stettler were chosen building
committee. The church was completed at a
cost of $10,000, and the improvements on the
parsonage, with cost of ground on which both
buildings stand, came to $3,000. The pastors
succeeding Rev. McCullock have been: John
H. Carpenter, C. E. Schaible, Edgar D. Keys,
Henry A. Furgeson, Charles H. Herald, Samuel
Olerenshaw, W. A. Bass and Joseph W. Mann,
the present incumbent. The first Board of
Trustees of the church were Jacob Hender-
shot, A. C. Radley and A. J. Fuller.
Banks. — A bank was organized in the spring
of 1880. under the name of the Union Bank, by
M. M. Morse and P. C. Ransom, Mr. Ransom
transferring his interest to Mr. Morse in 1882.
B. J. Wheeler and Teal Swarthout succeeded
Mr. Morse, in June, 1887. In 1901 the bank
was reorganized under the State law. as the
State Bank of Paw Paw, with a paid up capital
of $25,000, B. J. Wheeler being President; Da-
vid Smith, Vice President; Teal Swarthout,'
Cashier, and Frank Wheeler, Assistant Cash-
ier. Its first Board of Directors consisted of
David Smith, B. J. Wheeler, S. B. Miller, T. H.
Stettler and Teal Swarthout. In July, 1902, the
capital stock was increased to $40,000, and the
Board of Directors from five to eight members,
W. I. Guffin, Alonzo La Porte and A. H, Rosen-
krans being added to the former list. On No-
vember 1, 1902, they bought out the interest
of the First National Bank of Paw Paw, which
had been organized June 1, 1902, and the capi-
tal stock was increased to $50,000. At this
time W. I. Guffin, A. H. Rosenkrans and Alon-
zo La Porte resigned as directors, their places
being filled by the election of William Moffatt,
B. F. Frantz and A. C. McBride, the latter be-
ing elected Assistant Cashier. The Bank has
a line of deposits averaging close to $200,000.
Loans and discounts amount to $150,000, and
the institution is in every way doing a con-
servative and satisfactory business.
Water System. — Natural Gas. — The village is
equipped with an efficient water system for fire
protection and general use. While drilling a
well for the water supply an obstruction was
encountered which required the use of dyna-
mite, the explosion of which opened up a
powerful stream of natural gas necessitating
lae abandonment of the well. B. J. Wheeler
purchased it and piped gas from it to several
houses, but the gas soon gave out. Another
gas supply was struck on the west half of the
704
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
southeast quarter of Section 1. which still fur-
nishes fuel for the houses and for the power
used on the farm. The village standpipe, or
water tank, stands over the first mentioned
well.
East Paw Paw. — This settlement, as well as
that of South Paw Paw, is so near the real
Paw Paw in the grove that, to a certain ex-
tent, the early history of one runs through all
of them. William Rogers' hotel was evidently
within the bounds of what became East Paw
Paw. Baily Breese settled in 1841, and a part
of East Paw Paw was platted on his land.
Jacob Wirick bought out William Rogers about
1842 or 1843, and thus was, for a while, land-
lord of the hotel in that part of East Paw Paw
lying in DeKalb County. A man by the name
of Meade landed in 1838 and located in the
grove south of East Paw Paw. At that time
Paw Paw grove extended into DeKalb County.
Hiram Gates came in 1845 and bought Meade
out. Charles Pierce also arrived in the latter
year. The first store at "the grove" was opened
here by one Harris, and another was started
a little west on the Chicago road by Charles
Howard, in 1847. and a postoffice was opened
in 1850 with Andrew Breese as Postmaster.
About 1855 the Teachers' Institute and Class-
ical Seminary was erected with funds sub-
scribed for the purpose. The building stands
in DeKalb County, and is now used for public-
school purposes. Before 1848, S. B. Warren had
a general store and Jos. Harris a grocery and
saloon in East Paw Paw. and there was also a
blacksmith shop in the place.
A Union Church has been standing here since
1868, but is no longer used for services.
South Paw Poi(-.— Most of the first settlers of
South Paw Paw have already been mentioned,
including John Ploss in 1835, and Deacons
Boardman and Hallock in 1840. Eber St. John
seems to have arrived prior to the latter date.
Ralph Atherton arrived in 1844. as also did
Dr. George S. Hunt, the first physician in the
township as well as at the grove. Deacon
Daniel Pine settled here in 1845, while Timothy
Goble, brother of James, did the same in 1843.
Once the place supported a graded school which
is reputed to have done excellent work. Prior
to 1859 a postoffice was opened here and con-
tinued until about two years ago, and was al-
ways called LeClaire Postoffice. Daniel Robin-
son was the first postniastei'. About 1855 the
Union Academy was started in South Paw Paw
and was continued for several years, with H.
H. Hoffman as first Principal. A two-story
building was erected by subscription — the up-
per floor being used for the academy and the
lower for a district school. It now stands
about fifty rods east of the original site, being
used as a barn.
Railroad. — September 22, 1869, the town, by
a vote of 142 yeas to 62 nays, decided to take
$50,000 stock in the Chicago & Rock River
Railroad, issuing ten per cent, interest-bearing
bonds for that purpose. The bonds were issued
July 1, 1871. The town resisted payment by
i.Tstituting suit to enjoin collection of the
bonds, but was defeated. In 1881 new bonds
were issued to take up the first issue, and were
made payable in annual installments, the last
of which fell due in 1901, the principal and in-
terest aggregating $102,380. The stock was
purchased at this cost to aid in the construc-
tion of the road, which went into operation
in 1872 and has been of inestimable value to
the community.
Elevator. — The only grain elevator in Paw
Paw was erected by Capt. D. M. Roberts in
1872, and was operated by him until it was
sold in 1873 to J. H. Hurlbut & Company of
Chicago, and rented to Warner & Guffin. who
bought it the following year. The original
building collapsed in 1880, w^hile loaded with
wheat, oats, corn and timothy seed. It was
rebuilt at once on the old site and is now owned
by the estate of A. J. Warner, and operated by
the firm of Warner & Guffin. Mr. W. I. Guffin
has been a member of the firm from the begin-
ning, and is now actively engaged in the busi-
ness.
A prosperous tile and brick business is car-
ried on in the village by J. M. Beal & Co. Their
drying sheds have 15,600 feet floor space, and
with their two kilns, give them a capacity of
30,000 brick per day and about the same pro-
portion of drain tile.
The population of Paw Paw village, accord-
ing to census of 1900, was 675. The population
of the township and village combined, was 1.-
455 in 1890, and 1.546 in 1900.
The editor's work ends here. The persona
sketches following are furnished by others.
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
705
CITIZENS OF LEE COUNTY,
The verdict of mankind has awarded to the
Muse of History the highest place among the
classic Nine. The extent of her office, however,
appears to be, by many minds, but imperfectly
understood. The task of the historian is com-
prehensive and exacting. True, History reaches
beyond the doings of court or camp, beyond the
issue of battles or the effects of treaties, and
records the trials and the triumphs, the fail-
ures and the successes of the men who make
history. It is but an imperfect conception of the
philosophy of events that fails to accord to
portraiture and biography its rightful position
as a part — and no unimportant part — of his-
torical narrative. Behind and beneath the
activities of outward life the motive pov.-er
lies out of sight, just as the furnace flres that
work the piston and keep the ponderous screw
revolving, are down in the darkness of the hold.
So, the impulsive power which shapes the
course of communities may be found in the
molding influences which form its citizens.
It is no mere idle curiosity that prompts
men to wish to learn the private, as well as
the public, lives of their fellows. Rather, it is
true that such desire tends to prove universal
brotherhood; and the interest in personality
and biography is not confined to men of any
particular caste or avocation.
The list of those to whose lot it falls to play
a conspicuous part in the great drama of life
is comparatively short; yet communities are
made up of individuals, and the aggregate of
achievements — no less than the sum total of
human happiness — is made up of the deeds of
those men and women whose primary aim,
through life, cs faithfully to preform the duty
that comes nearest to hand. Individual influ-
ence upon human affairs will be considered
potent, or insignificant, according to the stand-
point from which it is viewed. To him who,
standing upon the sea-shore, notes the ebb and
flow of the tides and listens to the sullen roar
of .the waves, as they break upon thei beach in
.seething foam, seemingly chafing at their limit-
ations, the ocean appears so vast as to need no
tributaries. Yet, without the smallest rill that
helps to swell the "Father of Waters," the
mighty torrent of the Mississippi would be
lessened, and the beneficent influence of the
Gulf Stream diminished. Countless streams,
currents and counter-currents — sometimes
mingling, sometimes counteracting each other
—collectively combine to give motion to the
accumulated mass of waters. So is it — and so
must it ever be — in the ocean of human action,
which is formed by the blending and repulsion
of currents of thought, of influence and of life
yet more numerous and more tortuous than
those which form "the foundation of the deep."
In the foregoing pages is traced the begin-
ning, growth, and maturity of a concrete thing
— Lee County. But the concrete is but the ag-
gregate result of individual labor. The acts
and characters of men, like the several faces
that compose a composite picture, are v.'rought
together into a compact or heterogeneous
whole. History is condensed biography; "bi-
ography is history teaching by example."
It is both interesting and instructive to rise
above the generalization of history and trace,
in the personality and careers of the men from
whom it sprang, the principles and influences,
the impulses and ambitions, the labors, strug-
gles and triumphs that engrossed their lives.
In the pages that follow are gathered up,
with as much detail as the limits of the work
allow, the personal record of many of the men
who have made Lee County what it is. In
each record may be traced some feature which
influenced, or has been stamped upon, the civic
life.
Here are pioneers, who, "when the fullness of
time had come," came from widely scattered
sources, some from beyond the sea, impelled
by diverse motives, little conscious of the im-
port of their acts, and but dimly anticipating
the harvest which would spring from their
sowing. They built their little cabins, toiling
for a present subsistence while laying the foun-
dations of private fortunes and future advance-
ment.
Most havQ passed away, but not before they
beheld a development of business and popula-
tion surpassing the wildest dreams of fancy.
A few yet remain, whose years have passed the
allotted three score and ten. and -^vho love to
recount, among the cherished memories of
their lives, their reminiscences of early days
in Lee County.
7o6
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
Among these early, hardy settlers, and those
who followed them, may be found the names of
many who imparted the first impulse to the
county's growth and home-likeness; the many
who, through their identification with agricul-
tural pursuits, aided in her material progress;
of skilled mechanics, who first! laid the founda-
tions of beautiful homes, and productive indus-
tries; and of the members of the learned pro-
fessions— clergymen, physicians, educators and
lawyers — whose influence upon the intellectual
life and development of a community it is im-
possible to over-estimate.
Municipal institutions arise; Commerce
spreads her sails and prepares the way for the
magic of Science that drives the locomotive en-
gine over iron rails. Trade is organized,
stretching its arms across the prairie to gather
in and distribute the products of the soil.
Church spires rise to express, in architectural
form, the faith and aspirations of the people,
while schools, public and private, elevate the
standards of education and of artistic taste.
Here are many of the men through whose
labors, faith and thought, these magnificent re-
sults have been achieved. To them, and to
their co-laborers, the Lee County of today
stands an enduring monument, attesting their
faith, their energy, their courage and their
self-sacrifice.
FATHER JOHN DIXON (deceased) was
born at Rye, Westchester County, N, Y., Oct.
9, 1784, son of John and Elizabeth (Purdey)
Dixon. In 1804 he established himself in the
tailoring business in New York City, which
he conducted until 1820, when he came to Illi-
nois and settled at Springfield, where he erec-
ted the third house built in that city. At the
expiration of four years, he removed to Peoria,
111., where he was County Clerk, Justice of the
Peace, etc.. remaining there five years. The
follov/ing year (1829) he spent In Bureau
County, 111., and on April 11, 1830, arrived at
the ferry on Rock River. Mr. Dixon pur-
chased the ferry, which was henceforth known
as Dixon's Ferry, but later the word "ferry"
was dropped and the village has since been
called Dixon. In 1808 he married Rebecca
Sherwood, a native of New York, and to them
twelve children were born, four of whom grew
to maturity. Father Dixon died July G, 1S76;
JOHN DIXON.
his v.'ife dying in February, 1847. He was a
Republican in political sentiment, and in his
younger days was a member of the Baptist
church. Mrs. Dixon was a charter member
of the Baptist church at Dixon.
BENJAMIN F. SHAW, editor and proprietor
of "The Telegraph," Dixon, 111., was born at
Waverly, N. Y. March 31, 1831, of English and
Colonial ancestry, being a descendant of Wil-
liam Bradford who kept the log of the ship
"Mayflower" in 1620, and became the first
Governor of Plymouth Colony. His grand-
mother on the paternal side was. previous to
her death, the last survivor of the "Wyoming
Massacre" of 1778, her father and two uncles
being killed during the battle which preceded
the massacre. His mother's father. Major Zeph-
on Flower, was a soldier of the Revolution. Mr.
Shaw engaged in journalism in Dixon, 111.,
previous to 1856 and, on February 22d of that
year, as editor of the "Dixon Telegraph," took
part in the convention of Illinois editors held
at Decatur for the purpose of outlining a policy
in opposition to the further extension of slav-
ery, serving upon the committee which framed
the platform. It was in accordance with reso-
lutions adopted at this convention that the
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY.
707
first Republican State Convention was held at
Bloomington, 111., May 29, 1S56. Mr. Shaw's
journalistic career, extending over a period of
over fifty years, has been almost entirely iden-
tified with the "Dixon Telegraph," of which
BENJAMIN F. SHAW.
he is now the editor and proprietor, although
he spent sometime in 1S67 and 18G8 as the
Washington correspondent of a Chicago paper.
The official positions held by him include two
terms as Clerk of the Circuit Court and Re-
corder of Lee County, six years as Canal Com-
missioner, and Postmaster of the city of Dixon,
in which he is now serving his second term.
EUSTACE E. SHAW (deceased), late associ-
ate editor and joint proprietor of the "Dixon
Evening Telegraph," was born at Dixon, 111.,
March 28, 1857, the son of Mr. and Mrs. B. F.
Shaw, and died in that city, Sept. 5, 1902. Mr.
Shaw learned the printing trade in his father's
office, and gave his best efforts to assisting his
father to build up the business of the B. F,
Shaw Printing Company,^ during the latter
years of his life serving efficiently as associ-
ate editor and business manager of the "Even-
ing Telegraph." The following tribute to his
memory was paid by the Rev. J. F. Newton at
the funeral, which was largely attended by
neighbors who deeply mourned his untimely
death:
"He lived with Nature — a life of simple
sweetness. He loved his fellow man and was
kind of heart. There are none who knew
him but who are eager to vouchsafe these
lovable attributes to Eustace Shaw. He was
always in touch with the subtle, tender influ-
ences that are akin to a. manly nature; and to
know him v/as to love him in turn. It might
fittingly be re-iterated. 'If every one to whom
he had done some kindly act should drop a
flower upon his grave, ha would sleep beneath
a bower of roses.' Eustace Shaw was ener-
getic in every-day life and the soul of honor.
With all who knew him his word was a sacred
pledge, and the ties that bound him to his
friends were as inseparable as the strongest
links oj gold. There were none too poor, none
too lowly, to receive his every-day challenge
of good will and friendship, and when he passed
to his reward he was simply and truly among
EUSTACE E. SHAW,
hosts of loving friends who had preceded him.
"His memory cannot die with those who were
privileged to know him in his true light.
-oS
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
There are many who have accomplished more
in worldly affairs, but we Know that the spirit
of Eustace Shaw rests at peace, content with
the love he inspired in others while living
his worldly life. The earnest prayers that
went up from so many hearts the day of his
death must have reached him and given him
quiet and peace. Eustace Shaw lo^ed the
woods and the flowers; he loved everything
in Nature. He loved his native river; and
his repose was assuring and keen v/hen he
might feast his eyes upon the gentle waters
as they murmured by. He saw the pretty
things in life, and more — he wanted others
to see them and share their simple beauty
with him. He knew no selfishness. He never
deliberated over a sacrifice to be made for
a friend — no. it came spontaneous; and many
a noble tender has he made at the altar of
friendship. He was never so quick to act as
when the friend was in the direst distress
— any conceivable reward unlooked for and
an impossibility. He worshipped at the shrine
of home, wife and children, and God has taken
him as tenderly to his heart as he would
take the most innocent babe; for how could
God but love a man who was loved by all his
fellov.' men and who despised hypocrisy,
shunned bad habits and was honest and true
to himself, as well the world at large? He
passed av.-ay with a smile on his lips and a
word of assurance to those about him; and
this was but the crowning example of his great
bravery and his solicitious concern for those
whom he loved. Then the Guardian Angel
said. 'Peace be with thy soul.' aikd the life
of Eustace Shaw was ended."
Deceased was descended from Puritan stock;
Governor Bradford, of Massachusetts Bay, be-
ing of the fifth (5) generation; three of his
ancestors were in the Revolutionary War. He
leaves a widow. Mabel (Smith) Shaw, and
three sons. George Boules. Benj. T. and Rob-
ert Eustace Shaw.
JOHN DAWSON CRABTREE (deceased),
lawyer and late Judge of the Circuit Court.
Thirteenth Judicial District, was born in Not-
tingham. England, Nov. 19, 1837; came to
America in 1.S4S and to Dixon, 111., in 1853;
was educated in the district schools and in
the public schools of Dixon. In 1861, In re-
sponse to the first call for troops to repress
the rebellion, he enlisted in Company A, Thir-
teenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry,
and was successively advanced to the rank
of Lieutenant and Captain, and at the date
of his discharge. August 16. 1864. was bre-
vetted with the rank of Major. Returning
home after the close of the war, he resumed
study of the law, which he had begun previous
to his enlistment, and v/as admitted to the
bar In 1866. In 1SS6 he was elected State
JOHN DAWSON CRABTREE.
Senator on the Republican ticket, but resigned
in 1888 to accept the position of Judge of Cir-
cuit Court to which he was elected the same
year, was re-elected without opposition in 1891,
and again reelected in 1897, but died May 22,
1902, one year before the expiration of his
term of oflSce. Judge Crabtree was a member
of Friendship Lodge. No. 7. A. F. and A. M..
Dixon.
JASON C. .-WRES. President of Dixon Na-
tional Bank. Dixon. 111., was born in St. Law-
rence County, N. Y.. August 22. 1835. son of
Sylvanus and Anna (Bean) Ayres. He located
in Dixon in 18.5.5 and has since been promi-
nently connected with its growth and devel-
opment, as well as with real estate interests
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY.
709
of his locality. He was admitted to the bar
in 1870. In political sentiment Mr. Ayres is
a Republican and has served as City Clerk
and Treasurer of Dixon for many years. On
May 7. 1861. he married Lavina Crawford,
JOHN C. AYRES.
daughter of Dr. John S. and Delia A. (Preston)
Crawford, of Williamsport, Penn. Fraternalh
he is a member of Friendship Lod?e No 7
A. F. & A. M.: Nachusa Chapter, No 5(, R
A. M.: Dixon Council, No. 21, R. & S M an 1
Dixon Commandery. No. 21, K. T.
CHARLES W. CHADWICK. retired taimer
Lee Center, III, was born at Windsoi Me
June 18, 1822, son of Lott and Sarah (Lmn)
Chadwick. He came to Lee Countj with his
father in 1838, where, for three years, he as-
sisted the latter in his trade as mill-right. In
1841 he removed South, where he remained
eight years, and then (in 1849) crossed the
plains to California in search of gold. Return-
ing from the gold fields in 1851, he located at
Lee Center, where he engaged in the manufac-
ture of plows; afterwards engaged in farming
at Palestine Grove: later spent several years
in Missouri and Colorado, but since 1SS3 has
lived retired at Lee Center. In 1S47 he mar-
ried Nancy J. Holderby, who died tv,'c years
later, leaving one child. Sarah J. (Mrs. Silas
Whitney). In 1853 he married his second wife,
Phebe Whitney, by whom there were the fol-
lowing named children: Alice (Mrs. John
Jacobs), Ida (Mrs. W. W. Allen, of California).
Fred C, now residing in California, and Harry,
who resides in Mexico. In politics Mr. Chad-
wick is a Republican, and fraternally is a
member of the A. F. & A. M.
SAMUEL C. EELLS. President City National
Bank. Dixon. 111., was born at Walton. Dela-
ware County, N. Y., March 19, 1822, son of
Nathaniel G. and Betty (St. John) Eells.
natives of Connecticut. He came to Dixon. 111.,
in 1S54, and engaged as bookkeeper with Rob-
ertson, Eastman & Company, bankers. In the
spring of 1855 the firm was changed to Rob-
ertson, Eells & Company: in ISGO to Eells &
Coleman: in 1S65 to Lee County National
Bank, and since 1885 has been known as the
SAMUEL C. EELLS.
City National Bank. Mr. Eells has been
President of this institution since the death
of Joseph Crawford. August 11. 1891. although
he has been manager of the business since
April, 1855. On October 12. 1854. he married
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
Anna Moore, and they have three children —
Caroline W.. Anna S.. and Bessie P. In politi-
cal relations Mr. Eells is a Republican, and
in religious faith is a member of St. Luke's
Episcopal church in which he has served as
vestryman since 1855.
ABALINO C. BARDWELL, Dixon. 111., born
Oct. 23, 1844, at Conneautville. Penn.. son of
Dr. George A. and Julia A. (Cutler) Bardwell;
parents moved to Prophetstown, Whiteside
County, 111., in 1853. Came to Dixon, Feb, 10,
1864, and read law in office of George P. Good-
v/in. Esq.; enlisted Feb. 10. 1865, as private; on
oiganization of the One Hundred and Forty-
seventh Illinois Infantry, was elected Captain
of Company G; served as Provost-Marshal at
Resaca, Americus and Savannah, Ga. Admitted
to the bar Sept. 24, 1867, and commenced prac-
tice that fall at Rochelle, 111., but owing to im-
paired health shortly after abandoned it. In
February, 1868, he established the "Dixon
Weekly Herald;" on Dec. 2. 1869, the Herald
and Telegraph were united under his editor-
ship. January 1. 1871. he retired from the
tice, excepting from the spring of 1892 to the
fall of 1894. Elected State's Attorney in No-
vember. 1876, and served one term. In January,
1899. was appointed Master in Chancery of
Lee County Circuit Court, which position he
continues to hold.
JOSEPH UTLEY (deceased), Dixon, 111., was
born at Western, Oneida County, N. Y., July
27, 1815, the son of Henry and Sarah (Morse)
Utley. After completing his education in the
ABALINO C BARDWELL.
papei an<l m Au-,ust tollo > ing resumed prac-
tice m paitneiship with Hon James K. Ed-
sall. since whirh date he has ci ntinued in prac-
JOSEPH UTLEY.
neighborhood schools, he entered his father's
tannery, learned the trade and succeeded to
the business in 1838, which he followed until
1859, when he removed to Dixon and opened
a saddlery hardware store, continuing until
1867, when he retired from active business. He
was deeply interested in water transportation,
and was a recognized authority on this sub-
.iect; was appointed Canal Commissioner of
the State in 1869 and served eight years, most
of the time as President of the Board. He
was one of the prime movers in the improve-
ment of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and
to his efforts is largely due the Hennepin
Canal, now being constructed, in the interest
of which he did effective work before com-
mercial bodies. Committees of Congress and
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
711
state Legislatures. The whole project met
with fleroe opposition from the Sterling people,
and it was years after his death that sentiment
changed, a dam at that point instead of Dixon
having been pronounced the more feasible. Mr.
Utiey died at Dixon, III., March 19. 1S89.
THERON CUMINS.
THERON CUMINS (deceased), manufac-
turer. Grand Detour and Dixon, 111., was born
in the town of Tunbridge, Orange County.
Vt, son of Joseph and Hannah (Con-
verse) Cumins, who were natives of Vermont;
was educated in the public schools and, in
1842, came to Grand Detour, Ogle County,
111., where he became clerk in a general store,
remaining there three years, when he went
to Newark, Ohio, remaining four years. Then,
returning to Grand Detour, he was engaged for
two years in the mercantile business with
his brother Solon, when going a second time
to Ohio, he became a contractor on the Ft.
Wayne & Pittsburg Railroad, but two years
later (1863) again came to Grand Detour and
there entered into partnership with Leonard
Andrus for the manufacture of plows. Owing
to ill-health of Mr. Andrus the management
of the concern devolved largely upon Mr.
Cumins, and after the death of his partner he
conducted the business alone until 1869, when
Col. H. T. Noble acquired an interest in the
establishment, followed in June, 1874, by the
admission of O. B. Dodge to the firm. In June,
1879, the business having assumed large pro-
portions, the concern was incorporated by
Theron Cumins, Henry T. Noble, O. B. Dodge
and Charles H. Noble, under the name of the
Grand Detour Plow Company. In the mean-
time (1867) the plant was moved to Dixon, 111.,
where it new occupies five acres of ground.
Mr. Cumins served as President of the Com-
pany for many years, was also a director of the
Dixon National Bank, and was an important
factor in the development of Dixon as an in-
dustrial center. Politically he was an earnest
Republican. Mr. Cumins died August 2, 1898.
RICHARD S. FARRAND, lawyer, Dixon, 111.,
was born in St. Joseph, Ind., Oct. 1, 1852; left
home when a boy of eleven years and after-
wards was dependent upon his own resources,
earning his livelihood by his own efforts and
improving all a\ailal)lo opportunities to acquire
RICHARD S. FARRAND.
an education. In 1877 he came to Dixon, and
soon after began the study of law with A. C.
Bardwell. w-as admitted to the bar in 1879
and in 1882 was elected County Judge of Lee
712
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
County, serving continuously until 1902, when
he was chosen Circuit Judge for the Fifteenth
Judicial Circuit to succeed the late Judge Crab-
tree. Judge Farrand has also served one term
as Mayor of the city of Dixon. January 30,
1873, he was married to Miss Catherine Jane
Marsh, daughter of Harry and Catherine
(Smith) Marsh. Judge Farrand is a Republi-
can in politics and is fraternally associated
with Brooklyn Lodge, A. F. & A. M.; Na-
chusa Chapter, No. 56: R. A. M. Lodge, No.
137; the A. O. U. W. and Camp No. 56. M.
W. A.
J. B. MERRIMAX, M. D.. (deceased), a
prominent early settler of Lee County, 111.,
was born in Hartford County, Conn., May 2.
1814. of English extraction. Nathaniel Mer-
riman. born in England in 1614, was the
founder nf the family in America and settled
J. B. MERRIMAN, M. D.
in New Haven, Conn., in 1639. Anson Merri-
man, father of Dr. J. B. Merriman, was born
in Hartford County. Conn., and died at the age
of thirty-two years. J. B. Merriman was the
second child in his father's family and ob-
tained a good education in his youth, deciding
at that time to become a physician. Gradu-
ating from the medical department of Yale
College in 1837, he began practicing in Berk-
shire County, Mass., where he rose rapidly in
his profession, but after ten years of steady
service his health failed and he removed to
Long Island. N. Y. His large and increasing
practice at the latter place wore so rapidly on
his physical powers that, six years later, he de-
termined to abandon the medical profession
and seek a new home on the western prairies
with the hope of restoring his impaired health.
Coming to Lee County in 1855, he located on
a quarter section of unimproved land in South
Dixon Township, to which he made subsequent
additions until he owned between 700 and 800
acres of valuable land in that locality. He
also purchased large tracts of land in Iowa,
which he later disposed of. The doctor first
married in Berkshire County, Mass.. Miss
Eliza Curtis, who bore him one child, Grace
(Mrs. E. W. Curtis, of Chicago), who died
March 3, 1893. His second wife was Elizabeth
Smith, a native of Long Island, N. Y, who
died at the age of twenty-one years, leaving
one son, Walter B. His third marriage was
with Angeline Judd, who died Sept. 2, 1891,
aged seventy-four years. When Doctor Merri-
man came to Lee County he intended to aban-
don the medical profession, but his reputation
as a skillful physician had preceded him, and
thus many demands were made ..upon him for
his services. In 1884 he left his home in South
Dixon to reside with his son Walter B., whose
home is now in the suburbs of Dixon City,
where he died in 1898. The Doctor was a well-
informed man, possessing excellent business
qualifications, and made many friends during
his long and influential career in Lee County.
In political sentiment he was a Republican and
served his township as a member of the Board
of Supervisors and two terms as Justice of the
Peace.
WALTER B. MERRIMAN. County Treasurer
of Lee County, Dixon. 111., was born on his
father's farm in South Dixon Township, Lee
County, Nov. 5. 1859, son of Dr. Joel B. and
Elizabeth (Smith) Merriman. Dr. Joel B.
Merriman, whose biography may be found else-
where in this volume, came to Lee County in
1855, where he practiced medicine and con-
ducted a farm for many years. Walter B.
Merriman remained on his father's farm until
twenty- four years of age, and in the meantime
=HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
received his educational training in ttie district
sciiools of Soutli Dixon Townsliip, the public
school at Dixcn, and the Dixon College. He
married for his first wife Mattie Lee. who died
WALTER B. MERRIMAN.
Feb. 27, 1893, leaving four children— Verna E.,
Guy H., Grace E., and Walter Earl. In 1S9(;
he married his second wife, Ida PJachin, and
of this union there were three sons — Glenwood
B., George C. and Clifford F. Mr. Merriman
retired from active farm life in 1896, but is
still an extensive land owner, his farms ag-
gregating 970 acres, and during his connec-
tion with the agricultural interests of the
county, v.'as well known as a breeder of thor-
oughbred Norman horses. In political views
he is a Republican, and is serving as County
Treasurer, having been elected to that office
in 1902.
ELMER COTTON, farmer, Hamilton Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Vermilion
County, 111., April 13, 1862, son of Henry and
Elizabeth G. Cotton. During the year 1S81
Mr. Cotton worked in the coal mines and then
removed to McLean County, III., where he con-
ducted a rented farm for seven years, and after-
wards purchased 240 acres upon which he lived
until 1901. Coming to Lee County in the latter
year, he bought his present 240-acre farm. Mr.
Cotton was married March 4, 1886, to Mary E.,
daughter of William and Electa Wright, of Mc-
Lean County. 111., and of this union two chil-
dren— William H. (deceased) and Charles E. —
have been born. In politics Mr. Cotton is a
Republican.
JOHN L. LORD (deceased). Palmyra, Lee
County, 111.: born in Hopkinton, N, H., June
10, 1829, son of John and Achsah (Gary) Lord;
in 1838 came to Lee County with his parents,
who first settled in Dixcn, but in 1841 located
on a farm in Palmyra Township, whence John
L. was accustomed to walk to Dixon to attend
school: besides working on the farm learned
the trade of blacksmith with his father, who
had established a wagon-factory: in 1850 pur-
chased his father's interest in the wagon-fac-
tcry, which some years before his death, he
transferred to his son, Paul G. Mr. Lord's
mother died about a year after the family re-
moved to Dixon, and his father in IS73. June
JOHN L, LORD.
17, 1851, he was united in marriage with Mary
L. Warner, daughter of Moses M. and Orrel
(Smith) Warner, v/ho came to Lee County in
1838, and they had six children: August W.
714
HISTORY OF LEE COU\'|■^■
and Paul G. Lord, of Dixon, 111.: Dr. John P.
Lord, of Omaha, Neb,: Mary E.. Fred and
Grace, who reside with their widowed mother
on the farm. Mr, Lord died March 15, 1901,
as the result of a stroke of apoplexy four dayo
previous. An ardent Republican and a man of
pronounced views and thorough conviction, he
was of too modest and retiring a disposition to
be a prominent factor in political affairs, but
served his township as a member of the Board
of Supervisors, and was active in connection
with agricultural and horticultural institutes in
his section of the State; was one cf the found-
ers and President of the Palmyra Mutual Fire
Insurance Company, and for several years
President of the Lee County Old Settlers' As-
sociation. Mr. Lord was a member and liberal
supporter of the Universalist church.
HON. JAMES B. CHARTERS v.'as born in
Belfast, Ireland, July 11, 1831, sen of Alexan-
der Charters, who long made his residence at
Hazlewood, Dixon. Judge Charters graduated
from Trinity College, Dublin, in 1S52, and
sion, which he followed continuously until his
death, Feb. 4, 19n2. He was elected County
Judge in 1877, and prior to holding this ofiBcial
position, had served as Mayor of Dixon one
term. In 1858 he married Miss Fanny J. Chart-
ers, daughter of Mr. Samuel M. Charters,
who died in 1883, and on July 9, 1885, he mar-
ried Miss Blanche Soule, of Dixon, daughter of
Br. James Kent Soule. He was a Director of
the Public Library from its founding, and a
\n ued member of St. Luke's Episcopal church,
in which he served as vestryman for thirty
years. Ever identified with the best interests
of Dixon, his many friends pay tribute to his
qualities of mind and heart, and his gracious
personality endeared him tc
JAMES B. CHARTERS.
studied in The Inner Temple, London, England,
and immediately thereafter came to Dixon, 111.,
where, in 1856, he began practicing his profes-
LEONARD ANDRUS, Vice President City
National Bank, Dixon, 111., was born at Grand
Detour, Ogle County, 111.. Nov, 10, 1853, son
of Leonard and Sarah Ann (Bos^.'crth) Andrus.
Leonard Andrus, Sr., located at Grand Detour
in 1834 and gave that village its name, but
shortly afterwards went to Michigan, return-
ing to the former locality about May 1, 1835,
where he made a permanent settlement. In
1837, in company with John Deere, he made
the first steel plow manufactured in America,
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
and from this humble beginning developed an
extensive business. He died in 1867. Leonard
Andrus. Jr., came to Dixon in 1882 and has
since been prominently identified with the in-
terests of that city. On October 4. 1882, he
married Elizabeth M. Alexander, daughter of
Philip M. and Eliza (Howell) Alexander, and
they have one son, Leonard A., a student of
Harvard University. In politics Mr. Andrus
affiliates with the Republican party.
PHILIP m. ALEXANDER.
PHILIP M. ALEXANDER (decease!) was
born at Pompey Hill, X. Y., Oct. 1. 1S19. the
son of Solomon Alexander. In 1S37 he came
to Dixon. 111., and v.'as variously employed un-
til 1854, when he and George L. Howell, estab-
lished a hardware business on Galena Avenue,
which was conducted until the time of Mr.
Alexander's death at Wauwatosa, Wis., May
17, 1898. July 20, 1848, he married Eliza
Howell, daughter of Nicholas and Betsy (Wil-
son) Howell. Mrs. Alexander died May 5, 1873.
To Mr. and Mrs. Alexander two children were
born: Ida Louise, born March 12, 1857, mar-
ried June 1, 1882, George A. Morris, and died
Jan. 12. 1901; Elizabeth Maude, born August 7.
1860, and married Leonard Andrus, Oct. 4. 1882.
Mr. Alexander was a stanch Democrat in po-
litical sentiment.
HON. JOSEPH CRAWFORD (deceased) was
born in Columbia County, Penn., May 19, 1811;
located in Lee County in 1835; appointed Dep-
uty Surveyor for Northwestern Illinois in 1836;
elected County Surveyor of Lee County in
1840, serving eighteen years; served as a mem-
ber of the First Board of Supervisors of Lee
County in 1841; elected to represent Lee and
Whiteside Counties in the State Legislature in
1849; re-elected to the same office in 1853. He
was one cf the charter members of the Lee
County National Bank (now the City National
Bank of Dixon), which was organized in 1865,
and served as its President until his death;
elected Mayor of Dixon in 1873 and re-elected
the two following terms. He died August 11,
1891.
GEORGE L. HOWELL (deceased) was born
near Syracuse, N. Y.. August 2-t, 1820, son of
Xichol and Betsy (Wilson) Howell, natives
GEORGE L. HOWELL.
of Ne
w York. Geori:e L. Howe
Dixon
111., in 1854. and the same ^
a par
nership with P. M. Alexan
'II came to
year formed
ider in the
7i6
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
hardware business, whicli was cmitinueil for
nearly forty years, or until the time of his
death, March 23, 1893. On July 17. 1845, he
married Julia Thomas who bore him three
children — Clarence N. (deceased), Frank S.
and Emma (deceased). Mrs. Howell died, and
on Dec. 22, 1859. Mr. Howell married his sec-
ond wife. Emma P. Little, who was born in
Castine. Maine, and of this union there were
four children — Edward N., Agnes P. (Mrs. Wil-
liam E. Ajipleford). Louise A. (deceased) and
George L. Mr. Howell was a Republican in
political views, and in religious belief a Pres-
byterian.
REV. EDWARD C. SICKELS, D. D
emeritus of the First Presbyterian
. paste
churcl
EDWARD C. SICKELS, D. D.
Dixon. 111., was born in Indianapolis. Ind.. April
24, 1835, the son of Rev. William and Alma C.
(Coe) Sickles, both of New York State birth
and ancestry. Dr. Sickels received his pre-
paratory education in his native city, graduat-
ing from Hanover College. Ind., and later
(1858) in theology at Princeton, N. J., having
spent the years 185C and '57 studying in Ber-
lin, Germany. While in Berlin he was soci-
ally intimate with Timothy Dwight, former
President of Yale College; the late Gov. Ogles-
by, the late Neal Dow. and many other promi-
nent Americans who visited the Geirman capi-
tal. The year of his graduation from Prince-
ton, he began preaching at Kirkv/cod, Mo., but
in the summer of 1862, came to Dixon, 111.,
shortly after becoming pastor of the First
Presbyterian church there — a position which
he continued to occupy until the spring of 1895
when, after thirty-three years of continuous
service, he retired with the position of pastor
emeritus. During his pastorate at Dixon, Dr.
Sickels served twenty-flve years as Stated
Clerk of his Presbytery and was twice chosen
Moderator of the Synod of Illinois. He re-
ceived the degree of D.D. from Lake Forest
University in 1889. February 19, 1863, Dr.
Sickels was united in marriage to Caroline
P. Dunham, a native of Ohio but reared in St.
Louis. Mo., the daughter of James S. and Jane
(Cutler) Dimham. of New York. Dr. and Mrs.
Sickels have had seven children born to them,
viz.: Alma (deceased), Edward E., Gracia Gay
(wife of Alfred G. Welch), James D., William
C, Amy C. and Lewis N. In his retirement
Dr. Sickels enjoys the ardent friendship of
a large circle of former parishioners and ac-
quaintances.
EDWARD A. SICKELS. physician and sur-
geon. Dixon. 111., was born at North Dixon. 111,.
Oct. 3. 1866. son of Rev. E. C. and Caroline P.
(Dunham) Sickels. Rev. E. C. Sickels was
pastor of the First Presbyterian church at Dix-
on for thirty-five consecutive years. Edward
A. Sickels attended the North Dixon public
schools and graduated from the high school
when seventeen years of age. He afterwards
attended the Dixon Normal School for five
years, graduating from the commercial and
scientific departments, and. during his attend-
ance, paid his own expenses by manual labor
in the brick and tile factory at Morrison, 111.,
where, for a time, he had charge cf a large
force of men. In 1887 he entered the railway
mail service, running ten years, and as his
duties would permit during the last five years
of his service, attended the Hahnemann Medi-
cal College, graduating with honors from that
institution in 1897. Resigning his position in
the mail service in the latter year, he entered
the Hahnemann Hospital. Chicago, where he
remained one year, and then came to Dixon.
111., v.'here he has since practiced his profession
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY
with successful results. In 1S99 the Doctor
lectured weekly on the subject of anatomy in
the Hahnemann College, and also had charge
of the surgical clinic in that institution. He
is a member of the Rock River Institute of
Homeopathy, Clinical Society of Chicago, Na-
tional Institute of Homeopathy, is on the hos-
pital staff at Dixon, formerly held a position
on the surgicaal staff of the Hahnemann Hospi-
tal, and is Examining Physician for the Bank-
er's Life Insurance Company, Des Moines,
Iowa. Socially he is a member of the Knights
of Maccabees, Knights of the Globe and Royal
Circle. September 25, 1901, the Doctor was
married to Jeanne Wood, daughter of the Rev.
Wood, who is now connected with the mission
work of the Dutch-Reformed church. In re-
ligious belief he is a Presbyterian, and in poli-
tical views a Republican.
HON. ABIJAH POWERS (deceased) was
born in Greenwich, Hampshire County, Mass.,
Dec. 16, 1814, son of Joseph and Sally (Powers)
Powers, and a grandson of Col. Thomas
Powers. In the spring of 1838 Joseph Powers
and his son Abijah came west, and after reach-
ing Rock Island, proceeded by boat to Dixon
(then Dixon's Ferry) and entered land in Sec-
tion 31, Palmyra Township, where the former
died April 28, 1853; his wife surviving him sev-
eral years, and dying at the age of seventy-
six, Abijah Powers began life in the West
without capital, working at first by the month
as a farm-hand. He entered land in Lee County
in 1838, which he later purchased of the Gov-
ernment with money saved while employed at
farm labor. By industrious habits and careful
management, Mr. Powers developed his land
into a modern farm, and at the time of
his death — July 24, 1891 — owned, in addition
to his home farm of 300 acres, several other
valuable farms in Lee and Whiteside Counties.
In September, 1839, he married Miss Amanda
M. Sprout, born in Greenwiah, Mass.. daugh-
ter of Ezra and Dency (Newland) Sprout, also
natives of the Bay State. Six children were
born to Mr. and Mrs. Powers, viz.: Alfred A.,
who died at the age of six years; Helen, who
became the wife of Anson Thummel of Pla-
myra Township and died in 1889; Elvira, wife
of Capt. Charles Eckles. a soldier in the Fed-
eral army during the late Rebellion and now a
prominent farmer near Marshalltown, Iowa;
Mary, who married J. C. Nickerson, a com-
mission merchant in Chicago; Warren F., who
married Mary Miller and is now a prominent
farmer in Whiteside County, 111.; Austin, who
married Adella Tallman and now owns and
conducts the home farm in Palmyra Township.
Mrs. Powers resides on the old homestead with
her son Austin. Abijah Powers was a Repub-
lican in political views, and, held a number of
local offices including that of Township Super-
visor in which he served five years. In 1S76
ABIJAH POWERS,
he was elected Representative from his dis-
trict to the Thirtieth General Assembly of Illi-
nois. Mr. Pov.-ers was a member of the Con-
gregational church at Pralrieville, in which
he served as deacon fcr many years.
CLYDE L. WICHER, Superintendent of the
Lee County Almshouse, South Dixon Township,
was born in Anamosa, Jones County, Iowa,
Nov. 15, 1S72, son of Henry and Georgiana
(Stott) Wicher, the former a native of Cowes,
Isle of Wight, England, and the latter, of
Susquehanna, N. Y. Henry Wicher came west
in 1867, and settled in Iowa. In spring of 1895,
Clyde L. came to Dixon, and was employed in
the mercantile establishment of I. B. Country-
7iS
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY.
man until Nov. 7, 1900. when he was appointed
Superintendent of the County Farm, and has
since filled that position to the satisfaction
of all concerned. January 1. 1S9S. he married
CLYDE L. WICHER.
Jesse B. Burright, and they have one daughter,
Enid, born Sept. 30, 1900. Mr. AVicher is a
member of the Knights of the Globe, and
Dixon Lodge. No. 779. B. P. O. E. In religious
belief Mr. Wicker is an Episcopalian, while
Mrs. Wicher is identified with the Methodist
Episcopal Church.
AUSTIN POWERS. Section 31. Palmyra
Township. Lee County, 111., was born in the
township where he now resides. Oct. 18, 1S57,
son of Abijah and Amanda M. (Sprout)
Powers, being the youngest in a family of six
children. His father and paternal grandfather
(Joseph Powers) settled in Palmyra Township
in 1S38. Abijah Powers was a man of practi-
cal ideas and was elected to represent his
township as Supervisor for five years, and in
1876 was elected to the General Assembly of
Illinois. He was prominent as a breeder of
thoroughbred short-horned cattle and through
his industrious habits accumulated a large
estate. He died July 24. 1891. Austin Powers
grew to maturity on his father's farm, and ob-
taine-d his elementary education in the public
schools at Prairieville, 111., later becoming a
student in Cornell College, Mt. Vernon, Iowa.
On January 6, 1881, he married Adella Tall-
man, daughter of Jesse H. Tallman and wife,
early settlers of Clinton County, Iowa. To Mr.
and Mrs. Powers four children have been
born, viz.: Grace (died in infancy), Leroy, Lu-
ella. and Edna. Mr. Powers became owner of
his father's estate at the time of the latter's
death in 1891. This farm is kept in a high
state of cultivation, shade and fruit trees are
planted as occasion requires, barns and other
buildings are arranged so as to shelter stock
and grain to the best advantage, and the gen-
eral appearances of his well-kept premises give
evidence of the owner's constant and careful
supervision. Mr. Powers has a constant and
increasing demand for select seed-corn, as he
makes a specialty of cultivating that cereal,
and by scientific tests retains only the choicest
grain for planting. In politics Mr. Powers is
-AUSTIN POWERS.
a Republican and was Assessor of his town-
ship two years, at the present time is Trustee
o£ the School Board, and is also crop reporter
in Lee County for the Illinois State Board
of Agriculture. He and his family are mem-
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
bers of the Fourth Street Methodist church.
Sterling, 111., and he is Superintendent of the
Sunday School in the PrairieviUe Union
church.
V-'. I. GUFFIN.
HON. W. I. GUFFIX. grain and coal dealer.
Paw Paw, 111., was born at Carlisle, Schoharie
County, N. Y.. Jan. 17, 1840. He came to Lee
County in the fall of 18G8, locating at Mslugin's
Grove, where he conducted a dairy farm until
1872. Locating at Compton. 111., in the latter
year, he engaged in the grain and stock busi-
ness at that village until 1889, when he re-
moved to Paw Paw, where he has since con-
ducted his present enterprise. In 1869 he
married Laura W. Fisk, who died in 1870, leav-
ing one son, Edward F, In December, 1879,
Mr. Guffin married Mary E. Bradshav.' of Comp-
ton, and they have two children — Homer and
Grace. In political sentiment Mr. Guffin is a
Republican and served eight consecutive years
(1892-1900) in the Lower House of the Illinois
(jeneral Assembly. Fraternally he is a mem-
ber of Corinthian Lodge. No. 205. A. F. & A. M.
BENJAMIN F. FRANTZ. Paw Paw, III., son
of Joseph and Charlotte (Pike) Frantz. was
born at "The Cove," Alleghany County, Md..
Oct. 29. 1848. In 1859 his family removed to
Somerset County. Penn.. and in 1866. to Prince-
ton, 111., where Mr. Frantz was engaged with
his brother, A. J. Frantz, in agricultural pur-
suits for a number of years, when moving to
Pav/ Paw in 1873, he later entered the "Teach-
ers' Institute and Classical Seminary," where
he finally graduated with his class-mates,
Frank Stevens, Sadie Van Patten and Anna
Flewellen, June 10, 1881. During his connec-
tion with the Seminary he taught several terms
in district schools in De Kalb and Lee Coun-
ties, and in the spring of 1882 was chosen
Principal of the Paw Paw public school. On
August 23, 1882. he was united in marriage to
Mary J. Taylor, daughter of Thomas G. and
Lucy (Moysey) Taylor, and with his wife con-
tinued teaching together in the Paw Paw
school for one year. Mr. Frantz' then engaged
with his father in the sale of buggies, harness
and agricultural implements, which they car-
ried on successfully until 1890. when his father
having retired on account of advancing years.
BENJAMIN F. FR.ANTZ.
the son assumed the entire responsibility of
the business, conducting it alone for two years.
He then turned his attention to the real estate
and general mercantile business, in which he
has been engaged to the present time. In the
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
spring of 1S'J3, W. B. McMahoii surveyed and
platted for Mr. Frantz what is known as "The
Frantz Grove Cemetery,'" located about a half-
mile south of Paw Paw, and containing about
nine acres of ground, which has been improved
and beautified until it is now one of the most
beautiful and attractive "cities of the dead"
in this part of the country. The cemetery
grounds include a handscme grove, where
Decoration Day exercises in honor of the sol-
diers of the Civil War are held annually. Dur-
ing the same year (1S93) Mr. McMahon also sur-
veyed and platted fcr Mr. Frantz the "Frantz
Addition to Paw Paw." Mr. Frantz is a mem-
ber of the Board of Directors of the State Bank
of Paw Paw. holds the office of Deacon of the
Methodist Episcopal church, and fraternally is
a member of the Knights of the Globe and In-
dependent Order of Odd Fellows. His family
consists of his wife and one daughter — Eula
Mae.
JAIVES A. WATSON.
MAJOR JAMES A. WATSON (deceased) was
born in 1812. and came to Dixon in 1850; con-
tracted to build, and in 1852 built the Illinois
Central Railway running through Dixon: raised
a company of volunteers in 1802 for the Sev-
enty-fifth Illinois, and after the battle of Per-
ry vUle, v,'as promoted to the rank of Major:
served during the war, and mustered out at
Camp Douglas in 1865; was Superintendent of
the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and, for several
years, subsequently, engaged in farming near
Dixon, following this occupation up to the time
of his death in 1893. He was first married in
1840, and in 1853 married Mrs. Richard Love-
land for his second wife. There were three
children of the second marriage; Frederick
A.. Sam N., and Eleanor E.. two of whom are
living. Mr. Watson was an enthusiastic mem-
ber of the G. A. R. He was accidentally killed
at the Dixon dam. May 8. 1893.
FREDERICK A. WATSON, President Wat-
son-Plummer Shoe Company, Chicago and Dix-
on, was born Oct. 3, 1854. From 1866 to 1868 he
clerked in the store of W. G. Stevens & Co.,
Dixon,, and from 1868 to 1870, was train-boy on
the C. & N. W. Ry. From 1872 to 1874 he
clerked in a store in St. Joseph, Mich., and from
the latter year to 1901, was salesman, stock-
holder and manufacturing superintendent for C.
M. Henderson & Co., locating their factories at
Dixon, 111., in 1887. He organized the Watson-
Plummer Shoe Company in 1901. and succeeded
to the business of C. M. Henderson & Co.,
in 1902. In politics he is a Republican: is
President of the Dixon Power & Lighting Co.,
and Dixon Ice Company.
S. F. MILLS, retired Banker of Ashton, Lee
County, 111., and New York State, was born in
the town of Columbia, Herkimer County, N. Y.,
June 21, 1831, son of Lorin A. and Eva (Petrie)
Mills, who were parents of a family of six
children — three sons and three daughters. S.
F. Mills graduated from a high school in his
native State, later took a seminary course and
in 1857 came to Ashton, Lee County, 111., then
a small hamlet, where he engaged in buying
grain which he stored in a small warehouse
capable of holding about three car-loads. He
was a man of genial temper, hospitable and
won many life-long friends, no deserving per-
son ever appealing to him for aid in vain, and
took a foremost place in charitable work and
in public improvements in his village. In his
successful business career he was closely Iden-
tified with his friend and partner, N. A. Petrie.
December 22. 1879, Mr. Mills was married at
Ashton to Miss Louise Getman, daughter of
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
Daniel and Mary (Vrooman) Getman of Pa-
lermo, Oswego County. N. Y., but formerly of
Herkimer County. In 1890, desiring to retire
from active business, Mr. Mills erected an up-
S. F. MILLS.
to-date home at Parish. Oswego County, N. Y.,
and there resides nine months each year,
spending the remaining three months with his
friends and partner, Mr. Petrie. at Ashton.
111. In action and appearance he would be
taken for a man in the prime of life. He is
a member of the Methodist Episcopal church,
and adopts as his motto. "Good will to all.
malice to none." Mr. Mills' father v.'as a
Colonel of the New York State militia and pa-
ternally he is of Scotch extraction, and mater-
nally of English descent.
NATHAN A. PETRIE. Cashier of the Ashton
Bank, Ashton, 111., was born in Oswego, N. Y.,
Nov. 14, 184.3, the seventh son of Rudolph and
Elizabeth (Vrooman) Petrie, natives of New
York. His early ancestors were German. The
maternal grandfather v.-as captain of a fort in
New York in early colonial days, and was killed
and scalped by the Indians, as were also his
wife and son John. N. A. Petrie was raised
on a farm, received his educational training in
a country school, and came to Ashton in the
winter of 1860, v;here he worked one year for
his cousin, S. F. Mills, for $50.00 and board,
and was employed a second year at a salary
of $75.00. In the meantime he studied and read
good books in the evenings after a hard day's
work, and in this manner completed his edu-
cation. He now owns a valuable library. In
1862 Mr. Petrie entered into partnership with
S. P. Mills in the grain and lumber business,
which they sold in 186.5 and erected a large
two-story frame building in Ashton, and en-
gaged in the general mercantile business
under the firm name of Mills & Petrie, in which
they established an extensive trade, employing
seven clerks. Disposing cf their mercantile
business in 1869 they established a bank at
Ashton, which was conducted as a private in-
stitution until Jan. 1, 1903, when it was re-
organized into a State Bank with a capita! of
$25,000 and a surplus of $5,000, the officers be-
ing S. F. Mills, President; M. D. Hathav.-ay.
Vice President: N. A. Petrie, Cashier. Mr.
Petrie is a Republican and has represented
NATHAN A. PETRIE.
his town as Supervisor two terms; has been
a Notary Public for twenty-four consecutive
years; was school treasurer eighteen years,
and has administered in the settlement of
about sixty estates during his business career
722
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
in Ashton. He pays a high tribute to the
county officers, with wliom lie has been closely
associated for more than thirty years, ant! is
a man of kind and generous disposition al-
ways thinking more of his fellow citizens than
of himself. On December 22, 1S79. he nian-ied
Sarah E. Howard, daughter of William and Mary
(Hollingsworth) Howard, natives of I.'iU'oln-
shire. England, who came to America in ISoT.
Mrs. Petrie died Feb. 11, 1899, leaving no chil-
dren. Mr. Petrie is a member of the Method-
ist Episcopal church. The life-long friendship
of Mr. Petrie and Mr. Mills has never been
interrupted by a hasty or cress word, and in
this respect their association has been r. spc-
ond example of Damon and Pythias.
C. K. IMORTHRUP.
C. K. NORTHRUP, Postmaster, Ashton, 111.,
was bcrn at Tyringham. Berivshire County.
Mass., March 30, 1845, son of Gilbert D. and
Eliza B. (Phillips) Northrup. Gilbert D. North-
rup died in 1852, but his wife still survives
at the venerable age of ninety-five years. C.
K. Northrup obtained his education in the
public school of his native State and came to
Lee County in 1860. In 1862 he enlisted in
Company G.. First Wisconsin Cavalry, remain-
ing until the close of the war. and participated
in the battle of Cap? Girardeau. Bloomfield,
Chalks Bluff, Langee Ferry, Stone River, aud
Chickamauga. On September 19, 1863, during
the engagement last mentioned, he received
a sever wound in the right forearm. After
the close of the war he entered Wheaton Col-
lege, Wheaton, 111., remaining in that institu-
tion four years, and for several years after
that was engaged in farming in Bradford Town-
ship, but eventually disposed of his holdings
and engaged in the mercantile business at Ash-
ton. Mr. Northrup was appointed Postmaster
in 1897, reappointed in 1901, and is still an
incumbent of that office. On November 25,
lSt;9, he married Mary M. Wright, daughter of
William Wright, an early settler of Lee Cotmty,
and of this union there were two sons, one of
whom — Gilbert W. — is living and is a student
in the State University, Rolla, Missouri. Mr.
Northrup is a member of the Masonic order,
M. W. A., G. A. R. and Knights of the Globe.
He and his wife are communicants of the Pres-
byterian church, and in politics he is a Re-
pi-.blican.
.JOHN L. CLAPP, merchant, Compton, 111.,
was bcrn in Brooklyn Township. Lee County,
111.. Feb. 5. 1873, son of John F. and Sarah
(Smith) Clapp, natives of Massachusetts and
New York, respectively. In partnership with
J. W. Rhodes, Mr. Clapp is engaged in the
general merchandise business at Compton, 111.
On October 21, 1897, he married Nellie Hold-
ren. daughter of Benjamin F. and Zarah (Cow-
ing) Holdren. In politics he is a Republican,
and in fraternal affiliations a member of the
Masonic Order, I. O. O. F. and M. W. A. Mr.
Clapp is a member of the Methodist Episcopal
church, and is superintendent cf the Sunday
school.
HON SAMUEL DYSART, ex-President State
Board of Agriculture; born in Huntingdon
County, Penn., Sept. 4, 1834, son of James and
Elizabeth (Roller) Dysart, who came to Illi-
nois in 1855, settling near Franklin Grove. Lee
County, where they both died. In 1855 Mr. Dy-
sart settled on Section 14, China Township,
and has resided there ever since. On February
24, 1858, he was married to Miss Margaret J.
Henderson, daughter of David and TJargaret
(Conrad) Henderson, natives of Huntingdon
County. Penn.. and of this union nine c'lildren
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
7 23
have been born, viz.: Harry W.. U. (Ii'ant, Hor-
ace H., Jesse R., Drucilla D. (Mrs, Dr. Banker
of Franklin Grove), Birdie B. (Mrs. T. B. Pet-
erson, of Chicago), Mary Janet, Virginia L,
(deceased) and Lola W. (deceased). From
1866 to 1S83 Mr. Dysart was one of the lead-
ing breeders of short-horn cattle in Illinois;
in 1S7-1 he was elected Vice President of the
State Board of Agriculture for his District,
v.'as chosen President cf the Board serving two
years and, during the last year of his incumb-
ency (1888), visited Europe for the purpose
of investigating the breeding of French draft
horses. During 1878, by appointment of Presi-
dent Hayes, he served as one of the Live-Stock
Commissioners to the Paris Exposition and,
on July 1, 1891, was appointed by Gov. J. W.
Fifer, Commissioner of the World's Columbian
Exposition for the Seventh Congressional Dis-
trict of Illinois.
HENRY CASPER BROOKXER (deceased),
born near Osnabruck, Hanover, Germany, June
15, 1827, son of George and Marie (Engle)
Brookner; came to America at nineteen years
of age, arriving with four dollars in his pocket,
and having learned the carpenter's trade with
an uncle, by persevering industry and prudent
management acquired a handsome competency.
In 1847 he came to Dixon, 111., which continued
to be his home for the remainder of his life,
although absent much of the time for twenty
years on official duty in connection with the
Illinois Central Railroad. He was a trained
musician, was a member of the first band or-
ganized in Dixon, and sang in the choir of the
First Methodist Episcopal church, of which
he y.-as a member. His first home was just
north of the Nachusa House. Mr. Brookner
was twice married, his first wife leaving one
daughter, Adella May, who died of cholera at
the age of sixteen years. April 4, 1S75, he
married at Litchfield. 111. Emily Reid Keith-
ley, born at Greenville, Ind., the daughter of
Seth McCoUum Keithley, who was a native of
Elizabethtown, Ky., born Oct. IS, 1812, and
died at Litchfield, 111., March 18, 1887. Seth
McCollum Keithley's father, John Keithley,
was a native of Germany, born Jan. 1, 1788,
died Sept. 28, 1830, and his mother, Phebe
(McCollum) Keithley, a native of Scotland,
born in 1787, died April 11, 1868: his grand-
father, John Keithley, born Jan. 1, 1750, died
July 28, 1835, and his grandmother, whose
maiden name was Ballon, was a native of Hol-
land. The last named John Keithley served in
the commissary departmeni of the patriot army
during the Revolutionary War. Henry Casper
Brookner and v,-ife had three children: Mae
Adella, Paul Henry and George Keithley. Mr.
Brookner died Jan. 10, 1889. Mrs. Brookner's
mother, nee Anna Theresa Miller, was born
at Elizabethtown, Ky., Nov. 13, 1808, and died
at Litchfield, 111., Nov. 22, 1869. Her parents,
David and Elizabeth (Wise) Miller, were na-
tives respectively, of Germany and Holland,
and the mixture of German and Scotch blood
in Mrs. Brookner's veins has tended to the de-
velopment of a woman of strong vitality and
much mental energy. Besides other business,
she oversees two milk farms, has been a mem-
ber of the Phidian Art Club for thirteen years,
and served as delegate of this club to the Bi-
ennial Congress of Federated Women's Clubs
held at Los Angeles, Cal., in 1902. She is also
a charter member of the Woman's Relief
Corps, is serving her second year as President
of the Dixon Woman's Club, and is Worthy
724
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
Matron of the Order of the Eastern Star — an
organization which encircles the globe. Mrs.
Brookner holds a commission from Governer
Yates as inspector of insane wards of Lee
HENRY CASPER BROOKNER.
County, and is Pre-sideut uf the rommittee.
She lives in quiet retirement v.'ith her children
in the home erected by her deceased husband
nearly fifty years ago. at -511 Peoria Avenue.
Dixon. 111.
WILLIAM W. BETHEA (deceased) was bcrn
in Marion District. S. C. May 15. 1812. He
removed to Lee County in lS3o, locating in
Palmyra Township. Upon the organization of
Lee County in 1839, he was elected Justice cf
the Peace and served continuously until 1877:
elected County Treasurer in 1845 and served
two terms. In 1833 he married Irene Fender,
who died in 1838, and in 1S50 he was' united in
marriage -'vith his second wife. Mrs. Emily
(Green) Ferguson.
years of age, he came with his father to Cham-
paign County, 111,, and for four years assisted
in opening up a new prairie farm; at the age
of twenty he engaged in general merchandis-
ing at Rantoul, 111., remaining until 1867, when
he located in Dixon, 111., where he conducted a
dry goods store for several years, and was
the first merchant to establish the one price
cash system- in that city. In 1872 he purchased
an interest in the Grand Detour Plow Works —
established at Grand Detour in 1837 and re-
moved to Dixon in 1867. He held the office
of Secretary and Treasurer of the company
for twenty-five years, and is now serving as
President. Mr. Dodge is a member of the
Masonic Order in which he has been Master,
High Priest and Commander. He is a member
of St. Luke's Episcopal church, was for thirty-
five years a member of the vestry and is now
Senior Warden. He has been President of
the Business Men's Association, and was for
ORRIS BISSELL DODGE.
ORRIS BISSELL DODGE, Piesident Grand four years a membt
Council
Mr
Detour Plow Company, Dixon, 111., was born at
Twinsburg. Ohio, Dec. 8, 1838. He obtained his
education in the T-'vinsburg Seminary and
Shaw Academy, the latter institution being lo-
cated at East Cleveland, Ohio. When sixteen
Dodge assisted in establishing the Dixon Pub-
lic Library in 1895, and has been President of
the Board of Directors since that time. In 1900
he erected and donated to the city the library
building now in use.
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
'25
GEORGE ALEXANDER LYMAN, Pistmaster.
Amboy. Illinois: born in Winchester, N. H.,
June 26th, 1S38; educated in the public schools
of his native tov.'n, and at Northfield Institute
(now. Moody School), Northfield. Mass. In 1S5C
he removed to Bradford Township. Lee County,
111., with his father's family, who settled on
the farm he now owns. In 18S8 he bought the
"Amboy Journal," of which he is now editor
and proprietor; was appointed Postmaster of
Amboy, March 1, 1898, and is now (January),
1904) serving his second term. He has been a
member of the Congregational Church in Lee
Center and Amboy since ISfiO: is an influential
Republican, serving for many years as a mem-
GEORGE ALEXANDER LYMAN.
ber of the Republican County Commit tee. ant
for four years as secretary of the Committee
Mr. Lyman has been actively identified, as ar
■editor and otherwise, with the religious, edu-
cational and political progress of his county
and this has been recognized by his election to
membership in "The American Institute
Civics." organized in 1885 to "inspire and per
petuate the spirit of Intelligence, and unselfish
and incorruptible patriotism:" is a member o
the Order of Runnymede by virtue of direc
descent from Saier de Quincy. one of the
twenty-five English Barons who compelled
King John to sign the Magna Charta in 1215;
is also a member of the Society of Colonial
Wars, of the sons of the American Revolution,
the Knights of the Globe, and of the Masonic
Fraternity.
The Lyman family trace their descent in an
unbroken line from Albert the Great, first King
of England, and through his line of ancestors
back to Woden or Odin, King of North Europe
in the third century, about the year 225 A. D.
Richard Lyman, the first of the name in Amer-
ica, came from England in 1631, landed at
Boston, became a settler of Charlestown.
Mass.. and was one of the founders of Hartford.
Connecticut, and of the First Congregational
church of that city, and his tombstone may still
be seen in the churchyard there.
Mr. Lyman was the first man in Bradford
Township to offer his services to the Govern-
ment at the beginning cf the Civil War in 1861.
but failed to be mustered in on account of
physical defect. He continued active in the
support of the Union cause, however: and Feb.
13. 1865. was elected and commissioned recruit-
ing officer for the township of Bradford, Lee
County, and enlisted by his own personal efforts
alone, twenty-nine recruits who went to the
front to fill the quota of Bradford Township;
and in recognition of his enlistment and subse-
quest services, his name is enrolled in the ros-
ter of enlisted men of Company D. Thirty fourth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and he receives
favorable mention by the historian of the regi-
ment in the recently published history,
Mr. Lyman married in 1866. Mary E. Jones,
and they have two children: Dr. James Alex-
ander Lyman, Professor of Chemistry in Port-
land Academy. Portland. Oregon: and George
Richard Lyman. Assistant Professor of Botany
in Dartmouth College. Hanover. N. H. Both
sons are married, and Dr. Lyman has two
daughters. Mary Ethel, born July, 1S99, and
Ida Grace, liorn April, 1902.
ALBION P. CHASE (deceased), physician,
son of Mayhew and Anne (Merrill) Chase, was
born in Livermore, Oxford County, Me., (later
incorporated with Androscoggin County). Feb.
18, 1817. His grandfather. Sarson Chase, with
brothers. Captain Thomas Chase (who was
with John Paul Jones in the famous naval en-
gagement between the Bon Homme Richard
726
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
and the Serapis). and Captain Tristram Chase
(who was lost at sea in 18UU), shipmasters,
came to Livermore from Tisbury, Martha's
Vineyard, before Maine was separated from
Massachusetts. Some sixty families came from
Massachusetts to Livermore about that time,
and the town had for its first settlers, faithful
and stanch men with an honest purpose for
every duty; men who made sacrifices for their
children's education, and who living in peace,
read the newspapers with interest, discussed
questions of state and country, and were only
intolerant of injustice, oppression, meanness
and Iving. An old resident writes; "I will
ALBION P. CHASE. M. □.
rememlier a neighborhcad quarrel. I lock back
with pleasure, not unmixed with pride, upon
their honest, useful lives, and feel thankful for
the lessons they imparted." The first physi-
cian was Dr. Cyrus Hamlin, grandfather of
■Vice-President Hannibal Hamlin; the first
minister was Rev. Sulvanus Boardman, father
of George Dana Boardman, the missionary to
Burmah. in the mountains of Tavoy. Both of
these men came from Tisbury. Mass. Israel
Washburn, father cf the noted "Washburn
Brothers" — Israel. Elihu and Cadwallader — who
have served their country so acceptably. was the
first merchant. Nearly all had large families.
The district schools, with their "spelling
.schools." their "debating clubs" and library
(kept in the kitchen cupboard and parlor
alcove of "the doctor"), formed the "Alma
Mater" of many a man who has served his
State honorably both in Maine and Washing-
ton, the v.-inter schools sometimes numbering
eighty pupils of all ages, and taught by young
men who afterwards were Senators from other
States. It was in this school that Doctor
Chase prepared for the academy from which he
went to Loudon County. Va.. where he taught
school for several years before going to Bow-
doin College for a course of instruction in
medicine, from which place he went to Boston,
remaining for some time in the hospital there.
He v.-as a member of the Massachusetts Medi-
cal Society, contemporary with Dr. Oliver Wen-
dell Holmes. He practiced successfully in
South Abington (now Whitman). Mass., from
1S4.5, coming to Amboy, 111., in 1856. He was
long surgeon for the Illinois Central Rail-
road; also surgeon for the United States Pens-
ions Department. He was conscientious and
sympathetic, with remarkably quick perception
and correct judgment and retentive memory.
He had a fund of pleasant anecdotes which
were "as good as medicine," when it was the
right time to relate them. He lived sixty-two
years, dying May 27, 1879, sincerely mourned.
A letter from a high officer of the Illionis Cen-
tral Railroad stated that, during all the years
of his service for their company, which com-
menced years before his appointment as regu-
lar surgeon, "not a single complaint of him had
ever ccme to them and no operation had ever
caused them unnecessary expense."
Dr. Chase was twice married; first to Miss
E. R. Yale, of Stoneham. Mass.. who died in
1>..50, leaving two children — Mrs. J. E. Fisher, of
Houston. Texas, and Amerton Y. Chase, of Co-
lumbus. Texas. In December. 1852, he married
Miss D. C. Howland. of Abington. Mass. Their
son. Henry H. Chase, M. D., is a resident of
Rock Island. 111. A daughter, Mary N.. died in
ISG.S. Mrs. Chase still resides in the old home.
ABRAHAM B. TITUS, retired farmer, Stew-
ard. Lee County, was born in Onondaga County.
N. Y., Nov. 8. 1828. the son of Leonard and
Maria (Becker) Titus, who were both natives
of New York State. The father was a black-
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY
-27
smith by trade, but late in life turned his at-
tention to farming. In 1835 the family moved
to Gallia County, Ohio, and there Abraham B.,
who was the oldest son by his father's second
marriage, grew up on the farm attending the
ABRAHAWl B. TITUS.
district school during the winter months. The
father died in 1S47, but the mother survived
until 1899, dying at the age of ninety-three
years. In February, 1S50, the suoject of this
sketch came to Illinois, spsnt three seasons
in farm work in Morgan County, when he re-
moved to Richland County, and was married
near Olney in that county, to Elizabeth J.
Chauncey, the daughter of Isaac and Cynthia
(Morehouse) Chauncey. Mr. Titus carried on
farming in Richland County for ten years,
when, in 1863. he removed to Champaign
County, settling near Rantoul. Mr. and Mrs.
Titus became the parents of seven children —
five sons and two daughters — viz.: A. Leonard,
Helen M., Edgar L., Ira R., Charles C, Mattie
S. and Jesse R. Mr. Titus had a farm of 160
acres in Champaign County, which he sold in
1895, and bought a farm of 320 acres in White-
side County. He had already retired from act-
ive farm life, and in 1902 removed to the vil-
lage of Steward. Lee County, where he now
resides. He is still the owner of a farm of 160
acres in Whiteside County, besides holding an
interest with his two sons, Edgar L. and Ira
R., in 400 acres in Viola Township, Lee County.
About 1859 Mr. Titus spent a short time gold-
mining with success in Colorado. He is a di-
rector of the First National Bank of Steward,
is a Republican in politics and has been a
member of the Odd Fellows fraternity since
185S.
IRA R. TITUS, member of the firm of Titus
Brothers, bankers and grain-dealers. Steward,
III., was born in Richland County, III., Dec. 29,
1862, the son of Abraham B. and Elizabeth
(Chauncey) Titus; when one year old was
brought by his parents to Champaign County,
III., where he grew up on a farm about ten
miles north of Urbana. Remaining with his
father imtil tv,'enty-two years of age. in the
meantime he received his education in the dis-
trict schools and a business college at Cham-
paign, then engaged in the mercantile busi-
ness at Rantor.l with bis lirother-in-law. F.
B. Hitchcock. This partnership lasted one
year, when Mr. Titus' brother, F. B. Titus, hav-
ing purchased the Hitchcock interest, the firm
became "Titus Brothers." A year later A. L.
Titus was succeeded by another brother. C. C.
72b
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
Titus, the firm name remaining unchanged for
four years, when they* sold out and C. C. Titus
engaged in farming. The subject of this sketch
then engaged in the grain business at Dewey,
Champaign County, in partnership with J. M.
Coon, continuing one year, when the firm hav-
ing sold out, he spent some time at Walnut,
Bureau County, but without completing his ar-
rangements to engage in the elevator business
there as contemplated. Then, having formed a
partnership with his brother, Edgar L. Titus,
in November, 1894, they purchased the elevator
and agricultural implement business of Merritt
Meller, at Steward, Lee County, v.'hich they
carried on under the firm name of "Titus
Brothers," later acquiring ownership of the
"Steward & Henning Elevator," purchased
from the L. E. Birdsall Company, and for the
next eighteen months carried on an extensive
grain, coal and lumber business. In the fall
cf 1902 they sold out the Steward & Henning
Elevator and their lumber business, but still
retain the ownership of the elevator first pur-
chased. On January 1, 1903, in connection with
a number of the leading business men of Stew-
ard, the Titus Brothers organized the First
National Bank of Steward, v.'ith a capital stock
of $25,000, of which Ira R. Titus is at present
(1903) the Cashier, and his brother, Edgar L.,
the President — the Titus Brothers being own-
ers of the controlling interest. May 21, 1889.
Mr. Titus was married at Rantoul, 111., to Lulu
Coon, and two children have been born of this
marriage — Lyle, born in 1892, and Ray, born
in 1899. The Titus Brothers are associated
with G. H. T. Shaw and S. D. Frost in con-
structing the Northern Illinois Electric Rail-
way, extending from Dixon to Amboy by way
of Lee Center, Steward and DeKalb, of which
Ira R. Titus is Secretary. Mr. Titus Is a Re-
publican in politics, a member of the Modern
Woodmen of America, and cf the Methodist
Episcopal church, in which he holds the posi-
tion of treasurer and is teacher of the Young
Men's Sunday School class.
EDGAR L. TITUS, President First National
Bank, Steward, Lee County. 111., was born in
Richland County, 111.. Sept. 29, 1860, the son
of Abraham B. and Elizabeth (Chauncey)
Titus, who were natives, respectively, of the
States of New York and Illinois. Edgar L.
Titus received his education In the public
schools of Illinois, and remained on his fath-
er's farm until he reached the age of thirty
years, when he was employed in his brother's
store at Rantoul, and in the grain business. In
the spring of 1892 he came to Lee County and
there engaged in farming for the next two
years, but in 1894 entering into partnership
with his brother, Ira R., under the firm name
of "Titus Brothers," ptirchased an elevator,
grain and agricultural implement business,
later bought another grain elevator, and car-
ried on a very extensive business in grain.
EDGAR L. TITUS.
coal and lumber. The elevator last mentioned,
with the coal and lumber business, they sold
out in 1902, retaining the first elevator with
the grain business attached to it. January
1, 1903, in conjunction with several leading
business men, they organized the First Na-
tional Bank of Steward, with a paid-up capital
of $25,000, in which the Titus Brothers hold
a controlling interest and of which Edgar L.
Titus was made President. The Titus Broth-
ers are associated with G. H. T. Shaw and
S. D. Frost in the construction of the North-
ern Illinois Electric Railway, extending from
Dixon to Amboy and through Lee Center
to Steward and DeKalb. of which Edgar L.
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY
729
Titus was the oi-iginal promoter and is now Vice-
President. Mr. Titus was married June 3, 1891,
to Minnie G. Staubus. who was born in McLean
County, III., the daughter of Alexander F. and
Frances (Miller) Staubus. Mrs. Titus' parents
came to McLean County in 1866, but in 1S73
removed to Champaign County, where they now
reside. Her father served as a soldier through
the Civil War. Five children have been born
to Mr. and Mrs. Titus, viz.: Lee Edgar, Paul
Bardwell, Luella Audrey, Helen Neleta and Gor-
don Alexander. Mr. Titusi is a member of the
Methodist church, a Republican in politics and
fraternally a member of the Modern Woodmen
and the Mystic Workers; Mrs Titus is also
a member of the latter order.
WILLIAM W. SEAVEY (deceased) was born
on his father's farm in Palmyra Township, Lee
County, 111., Oct. 18. 1840. son of Winthrop and
Elizabeth (Curtis) Seavey, natives of New
Hampshire who came to Lee' County in 1839,
locating in the western part of Palmyra Town-
ship. Winthrop Seavey and his wife were
became owner of the estate, and by judicious
management greatly increased its area and
value. In 1885 he erected a modern residence,
which is surrounded with stately trees, and
together with other well-constructed farm
buildings, presents an attractive rural picture.
Mr. Seavey was an extensive breeder of Short-
horn and Aberdeen Angus cattle. On Novem-
ber 17, 1870, he married Augusta Moses, born
in Palmyra Township, and to thsm one child —
Albion M. — was born, Mr. Seavey died August
14, 1897, and his widow resides with her son
on the old homestead in Section 30, Palmyra
Township.
WILLIAM W. SEAVEY.
among the pioneer settlers of Lee County, and
founded what later became a valuable estate.
At the time of their death William W. Seavey
ALBION M, SEAVEY,
ALBION M. SEAVEY was born in Ports-
mouth, N. H., in 1871, son of William W. and
Augusta (Moses) Seavey. He grew to matur-
ity on his father's farm in Palmyra Township.
Lee County, and obtained his educational
training in the district schools and Steinman's
Business College. Dixon, 111. On April 6, 1897,
he married Elizabeth Comerer, who was born
in Pennsylvania, and they have two daughters
— Lola and Bessie. Mr. Seavey's farm consists
of 440 acres, which, with the exception of his
home farm and fifty acres adjoining, is rented
to good tenants.
730
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
ALBERT T. TOURTILLOTT. farmer antl
stock-raiser. Sublette Township. Lee County;
born Sept. 27. 1858. in the house in which he
now lives, the son of John and Mary J. (Dexter)
Tourtillott, and grandson of John Dexter, the
first settler in Amboy Township; on the pater-
nal side is descended from a member of the
"Boston Tea Party." of Revolutionary times.
Both branches of the family were pioneers in
Maine. John Tourtillott, the father, born in the
State of Maine. June 26. 1827. died Oct. 6. 1888;
Mary (Dexter) Tourtillott. born at Vaughan,
York) County. Upper Canada. Nov, 8. 1832. died
Oct. 10. 1878. The paternal grandfather.
ALBERT -r. TOURTILLOTT.
Thomas Touitillott. born at Orono. Me., April
22, 1789, came with his family to Sublette
Township in is:i9, the journey occupying sev-
enty days. A, T. Tourtillot was educated in
the common schools of his neighborhood and
at Naperville. 111.; spent two years (1869-1871)
with his father's family in California, and
during his business life has been a farmer.
September 20, 1878. he enlisted in the Illinois
National Guard, cf which he had been a mem-
ber ever since, having re-enlisted three times
— ISSii. 18SS and 1895— and in which he has
held the following offices: Corporal, Dec. 29.
1889; Sergeant. August 1, 1885; Elected Cap-
tain, Feb. 23, 1889. by subsequent re-elections
serving in this capacity until May 11, 1898,
when he was mustered into the United States
service at Springfield as a member of the Sixth
Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, Col.
D. Jack Foster commanding, after which he
saw service in Cuba and in Porto Rico, part of
the time in the capacity of Major of his regi-
ment, to which he was formally elected as a
member of the I. N. G., August 5, 1899; also
served as Captain of his company during the
coal-miners' strike at Braidwood and the rail-
way strike in Chicago in 1894. Major Tour-
tillott is the owner of a farm of 185 acres, and
also follows the business of feeding stock of
which he has 100 head. August 25, 1881, he
was married to Hattie Welch, daughter of
Enoch and Eliza (Richardson) Welch. The
father, born at Groton, Vt., July 2, 1825, and
the mother at Dalton, N. H., Sept. 8, 1834, were
married at LaMoille, III., June 1856; the father
died at Sioux City, Iowa, April 5, 1893, and the
mother at LaMcille, June 14, 1866. Major
Tourtillot and wife have had five children:
Arthur J. and Alfred J. (twins), Mary E., Min-
nie E. and Frank H. Major Tourtillott has
served as School Director, eight years as Con-
stable, and in April. 1903. was elected Supervis-
or of his township. He and his family are
members of the Congregational church.
AMBROSE N. ANGIER, farmer, Sublette
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in the
house where he now resides, Jan. 3. 1843. son
of Thomas and Fannie (Morse) Angler, and is,
in all probability, the oldest person born in
Lee County, who has always resided within
its borders. Thomas Angler was born at Fitz-
william. N. H.. August 11. 1822. and died June
5, 1893, while his wife was born at the same
place, April 15, 1821, and died Dec. 28. 1900.
They were the parents of ten children, eight of
whom grew to maturity. Mr. Angler came to
Lee County in 1840 and entered 100 acres of
land. He became a prominent citizen in his
community, and was Chairman of the Board
of Supervisors seventeen years, and Justice of
the Peace for many years. Ajnbrose N. Angier
was married on Oct. 30. 1869. to Annie M.
Barrett, and they are the parents of four chil-
dren, viz.: Laura, wife cf Dr. Wallace E. Eddy
HISTORY OF LEE COL'XT^'
of LaMoille, III.; Martha, v.ife of Martin Clark:
Thomas R., who married Lizzie Clark, and
Oliver R., who died aged fourteen years. Mrs.
Angier's parents. Jonathan T. and Caroline E.
AMBROSE N. ANGIER.
(Isham) Barrett, came to Lee County in 1S4'.K
the former dying at Amboy in 18CS. aged sixty-
one years, and the latter in Lamoni. Iowa, in
her seventy-eighth year. Mr. Angler owns 230
acres of land, which includes his father's home-
stead, and here he has passed the whole (jf
his life. He and his wife are members of the
Baptist church.
EVERETT E. CHASE (deceased), soldier of
the Civil War, was born in Pawtucket, R. I.,
Sept. 27, 1840; came to Amboy, 111., in lS.5ti.
and at first was employed as a clerk and
Deputy Postmaster, later becoming a partner
of R. H. Mellen in the book and stationery
business. In 1864 he enlisted in Company A,
Eleventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, serving
until November, 1865, when he was mustered
out at New Orleans. Mr. Chase was a Repub-
lican and held various offices, including City
Clerk twelve years; Collector of Taxes, two
terms; Mayor of Amboy, two years, and Just-
ice of the Peace for many years. For a num-
ber of years he was private clerk to John C.
Jacobs (Supt. of the Illinois Central Railroad),
a position he resigned in 1875. He vras editor
of the "Amboy News" for some time, but dis-
posed of the business in 1900. In 1867 Mr.
Chase was married to Mary Jacobs, daughter
of John C. Jacobs. She died in 1868, and on
June 15, 1875, he was married to Grace (Cow-
drey) Wells, widow of Capt. M. W. Wells. Mr.
Chase died Oct. 28, 1901.
WILLIAM MEPPEN, farmer. Nelson Town-
ship, Lee County, was born in Hanover, Ger-
many, August 16, 1836, son of Peter and Mar-
tha (Becker) Meppen; emigrated to America
in 1863, and coming directly to Lee County,
III., worked for a time in Palmyra Township,
after which he removed to Nelson Township,
where he has since resided. January 21. 1875,
WILLIAM MEPPEN.
he was married to Wilhelmina Brauer. daugh-
ter of Louis and Louise (Toel) Brauer, who
came from Germany to the United States in
the early '40s. Mr. and Mrs. Meppen are the
parents of seven children, viz.: Mabel (de-
ceased), Martha L.. Lucy H., Louis G.. Wil-
liam H., Arthur J., and Minnie Alice. Mr.
Meppen served as Highway Commissioner of
his township nine years. The family are mem-
bers of the Lutheran church.
732
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTS'
HON. WILLIAM H. VAN EPPS (deceased)
was born in Schenectady, N. Y., August 12.
1812, son of John A. and Deborah (Hausman)
Van Epps. the former having been a soldier in
WILLIAM H. VAN EPPS.
the War of 1S12. William H. Van Epps came
to Illinois in 1837. locating in Fulton County,
but later returned to New York. In 1854 he
located in Dixon. 111., where for twenty years
he v.'as a prominent merchant and did much in
the upbuilding of business interests of that
city and in the development of Lee County. Mr.
Van Epps was first married to Charlotte R.
Churchill, and one son — William H. — of this
union survives. For his second wife he mar-
ried Mary A. Peck, Mrs. Louisa P. Steel being
the only surviving child of that union. Mr.
Van Epps died Oct. 8. 1877.
LEMUEL BAURNE, Vice President of the
First National Bank of Amboy, 111., was born
in Sandwich (now Bowen), Mass.. Jan. 21. 1830,
and came to Lee County in 1855, where for
eight years he served as agent for the Illinois
Central Railway at Amboy. In 1862 he estab-
lished a general mercantile business at Am-
boy. which he conducted until 1902 when he
retired. He was one of the organizers of the
First National Bank of Amboy, and has served
as Vice President since the date of its orga-
nization. In 1859 he married Anna M. Smith
and they have six children. In politics he is a
Republican, and served as a member of the
Board of Review two years, and was President
of the Board of Education for several years.
In reli.sioi-.s belief Mr. Baurne is an Episcs-
HON. GEORGE STEEL (deceased), ex-Mayor
of Dixon. Ill,, was born in Will County, 111.,
May 10, 1842, the son of George and Annie
Steen (Morrison) Steel. George Steel was a
native of Scotland and one of the prominent
pioneers of Chicago, where he was largely in-
strumental in organizing the Board of Trade
of that city, serving as its first President.
George Steel, Jr.. was also a well-known char-
acter in Chicago, building the first crib for
the water-works and the second lake tunnel.
On July 11, 1S71, he married Louise P. Van
Epps of Dixon, and to them four children v.-ere
GEORGE STEEL.
born, viz.: William, Louise L. (deceased),
Georgia (wife of Theo. Fuller, editor of Dixon
Sun), and Gladys. From 1871 Mr. Steel was
prominently connected with the interests of
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
?33
Dixon, where he served as a member of the
City Council and School Board, and as Mayor
during 1891-92. In political sentiment he was
a Democrat. He died March 31, 1896.
G. H. T. SHAW, dealer in real estate and in-
vestments, Dixon. 111., was born in Lee Center
Township, Lee County, 111., June 14, 1869, son
of James Monroe and Rebecca (Linn) Shaw.
Sherman Shaw, grandfather of G. H. T.. was
born in Windsor County, Vt., and, in 1833, came
with the early pioneers to Lee County, where.
in the same year he entered land in Bradford
Township, upon which he made a permanent
settlement in 1835, and became an influential
citizen as well as an extensive dealer in live
stock and land. Monroe Shaw was born in
Bradford Township, Lee County, in 1S40, and
in early manhood engaged in the mercantile
husiness at Lee Center. In May. 1861, he en-
listed in Company A, Thirteenth Illinois Vol-
unteer Infantry, serving three and a half years.
He died Dec. 24, 1876, his death being caused
by drinking poisonous water during his term
of military service. G. H. T. Shaw received
his educational training in the public school
at Lee Center. 111.. Cornell College (Mt. Ver-
non. Iowa), and the State University at Ann
Arbor, Michigan, pursuing the course of civil
engineering in each of the higher institutions.
In 1892 he began practicing his profession for
different railroad companies, and in 1893 as-
sisted in the survey for a railroad in the Re-
public of Colombia, S. A. In the fall of 1893
he opened what v.'as intended to be a perma-
nent office in Dixon, 111., for the practice of
his profession, but finding a few years later
that his real estate interests demaided the
whole of his time, he discontinued the former
department of business and has since devoted
his attention exclusively to the latter, being
at the present time extensively interested in
lands and rice culture in Texas and Louisiana.
In 1899 he married Sarah S. Clark, daughter o£
0. M. and Mary (Wright) Clark, who came to
Lee County in the early '50s, and to them two
children have been born — Mary Gwendolin and
Clark Monroe. Mr. Shaw is a member of the
Sons of Veterans, and is President of the
Northern Illinois Electric Railway Company,
lu national politics he is a Republican.
E. S. MURPHY.
IV. D.
E. S.
ee Cour
MURPHY,
ty. 111.. Jan
l.hysiei
in Eas
25. 187
an and surgeon.
Grove Township,
. son of John and
734
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY
Bridget A. (Fogarty) Murphy, natives respect-
ively of Ireland and La Salle County, 111. E. S.
Murphy obtained his elementary education in
the public schools of East Grove Township,
later attended the Northern Illinois Normal
School and Business College at Dixon, and in
1894 entered Rush Medical College. Chicago,
graduating from the latter institution in 1897.
He at once began practicing his profession at
Eldena, 111., where, in youth, he had taught
school for two years, and in January, 1S99, re-
moved to Dixon where he has since conducted
an extensive and successful practice. On June
2. 190(1. he married Katherine Lally, who, be-
fore marriage, resided with her mother in
Dixon. The Doctor is a member of the Knights
of Columbus, and in religious convictions is a
Catholic. Politically he affiliates with the
Republican party.
ANDREW J. NICHOLS (deceasel) born in
Niagara County, N. Y.. June 2G. 1S2S, son of
John and Maritta (Leach) Nichols, pioneer
settler of Le? County, 111. Andrew J. Nichcl.'^
ANDREW J. NICHOLS.
remained under the parental roof until twenty-
eight years of age. when he established a home
of his own in China Township, v,-here he re-
sided thirty-six years, dying there on June 21.
18S8. In Feljruary, 1852, he married Mary A.
Miller, who died March 15, 1867, leaving the
following children: Ida E. (Mrs. William H.
Hausen). Frankie E. (who died aged three
years). Flora M., Nellie I. and Ruby A. Mr.
Nichols later married Nancy Wilson, who died
in China Township. Jf.ly 14. ISSl.
WILLIAM H. HAUSEN.
WILLIAM H. HAUSEN (deceased) was
born in Lincoln County, Me., August 25, 1816,
son of Charles and Jane (Hilton) Hausen. Mr.
and Mrs. Charles Hausen were also natives of
the Pine Tree State and came to Lee County
in, 1840, where the former died in 1859 and the
latter in 1S7S. William H. Hausen was the
oldest in a family of eleven children, and, ac-
companied by his brother, Harrison Hausen.
came v.-est in 1838, arriving in Lee County in
October of the same year. Here they pur-
chased a claim of 960 acres of land, and the
first improvements made in that section of the
country were upon the Hausen homestead in
Section 2, China Township. In October, 1850,
Mr. Hausen married Mrs. Julia Felker, who
died Feb. 2, 1895, and on March 15. 1900, he
married his second wife, Miss Ida E. Nichols,
daughter of Andrew J. and Mary A. (Miller)
Nichols, and granddaughter of John Nichols,
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY
r35
who came to Lee County iu 1S32. Politically
Mr. Hausen was a Democrat, and fraternally a
member of Blue Lodge and Nathan Whitney
Chapter No. 129, Masonic Order, at Franklin
Grove. He was one of the first to introduce
short-horn cattle In his section of the country,
and was a leading member of horticultr.ral and
agricultural societies of the county. He died
Dec. 6, 1901.
CHARLES F. HAUSEN, farmer, China
Township, Lee County, was born in Lee County,
III., March 10, 1863, the son of Sylvanus and
Sabrina J. Hausen. (See sketch of Sylvanus
Hausen.) Charles F. began life as a farmer
in China Township, and has had a successful
business career, being now the owner of 210
acres of land. April 23, 1885. he was married
to Josephine Stevens, daughter of Parker and
Mary (Tweed) Stevens, natives respectively
of Vermont and Massachusetts, who came to
CHARLES F, HAUSEN.
Illinois in 1840. Mr. and Mrs. Hausen have
one daughter, Bessie. Politically, Mr. Hausen
is a Democrat and fraternally a member of the
Knights of the Globe. In his religious views he
is liberal.
DEACON ISRAEL F. HALLOCK, retired
farmer. Paw Paw, 111., was born in Orange
County, N. Y., June 16. ISIS.1 the son of Joseph
and Ester (Young) Hallock, and is of the
eighth generation from Peter Hallcck, a pil-
grim from England, who landed at Hallock's
Neck, Long Island, in 1640. In December, 1840,
SRAEL F. HALLOCK.
Israel F. came to Lee County. HI., settling at
Paw Paw Grove, where he was engaged in
farming until 1892, v,-hen he retired and moved
to Paw Paw in 1899. On December 19, 1839. he
married Persis P. Boardman, daughter of Dea-
con Orlando and Mary (Brace) Boardman, and
of this union two children were born: Jane E,
(Mrs. S. A. Tarr), and William H. (deceased).
Mrs. Hallcck died May 5, 1892, aged seventy-
three years. She is one of the thirteen who,
in 1841, organized the Paw Paw Baptist church.
Mr. Hallock was the second member received
by baptism into the church, uniting with it in
1842. He was appointed deacon in 1850, and
has served continuously in that capacity to
the present time. Politically he is a stanch
Republican.
WILLIAM C. FABER. meat dealer. Paw Pav.-,
III., was born in Clarion Township. Bureau
County, 111.. Feb. 21, 1S67, son of Peter and
736
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
Margaret (Mueller) Faber, natives of Germany,
who came to Illinois and located at Clarion.
Mr. Faber was engaged in farming in Clarion
Township until 18S9, and in 1S90 crossed the
WILLIAM C. FABER.
ocean, visiting Germany and other European
countries, his trip being principally for pleas-
ure and obtaining ideas of the customs of dif-
ferent countries in regard to business meth-
ods and agriculture. He located at Paw Paw in
1891. and entered the firm of Faber Brothers,
dealers in meats, and has since been identified
with that enterprise. In 1S99 he bought land
at Paw Paw. III., and at Algona, Iowa, and in
connection with the meat business is engaged
in farming and breeding Aberdeen-Angus cat-
tle, and expects to devote his entire atten-
tion to the latter industry in the future. On
February 24. 1S96, he married Eva A. Smith,
daughter of Edmund D. and Helen (Huntley)
Smith, of Paw Paw, and of this union there are
four children: Helen M., Leonard M. C, Henry
C. and Edmund E. Mr. Faber is a member of
the Lutheran church, and politically affiliates
with the Demicratic party.
born in Onondaga County, N. Y., March 22,
1837, the son of H. G. and Amanda M. (Can-
fleld) Howlett, natives of New York. H. G.
Howlett was a farmer by occupation, an old
line Whig in politics, and in 1837, came to
Dixon. 111., where he secured a claim to 120
acres of land in what is now Section 36, Willow
Creek Township. He was a pioneer in Dixon,
and conducted there the "Hotel Western," being
one of the first hotel keepers in the place. The
first Democratic County Convention was held
in the bar-room of his hotel at Dixon, Mr. How-
lett himself taking an active part in the pol-
itics of his day. James C. Howlett obtained
his education in the seminary at Lee Center,
and at Paw Paw. III., and afterwards taught
school one year in Missouri and sixteen years
in Illinois. He served three years in Company
K, Seventy-fifth Illinois during the Civil War,
and participated in many engagements, in-
cluding Perryville, Nashville, and Franklin. Mr.
Howlett was never wounded in battle, although
in several instances his clothing was pene-
JAMES C.
Willow Creel.
HOWLETT, farmer. Section U.
Township, Lee County. 111., was
JAMES C. HOWLETT.
trated with bullets. Returning from the war,
he became Deputy Postmaster to his brother
George M.. at Cedar Rapids. Iowa, but later
returned to his father's farm, and now, after
HISTORY OF LEE COL'XTY
"37
purchasing the interest of the other heirs, owns
the estate consisting of 276 acres of valuable
land. Mr. Hov/lett was married April 4. 1867.
to Sarah J, Fowler, and they became the par-
ents of five children, four of whom are living.
VIZ.: George G., a professional base-ball player;
Mary: Wilbur, who married Helen Melzer, re-
sides on the homestead and assists his father
in the management of the farm; Florence, wife
of Louis Pitcher, who is largely interested in
the telephone system of Lee County, and they
have one daughter Eleanor Marie: Bel, who
died aged twenty-tv.'o years. Mr. Hewlett is
a Republican in politics, and has served as
Supervisor five years. School Director thirty
years. Town Clerk many years. He is a; mem-
ber of the G. A. R., Masonic Order and Eastern
Star. Mr. Howlett directs his attention to gen-
eral farming and to the breeding of full-blood
Hereford cattle. His family stands deservedly
high in their community, and are highly es-
teemed for their hospitality.
Granite State. On January 17, 1S57, he mar-
ried Harriet Frances Burnham, of Wentworth,
Grafton County, N. H., and of this tmion the
following children were born, viz.: Charles
PERSON CHENEY.
PERSON CHENEY, farmer. South Dixon
Township, Lee County. 111., was born at Hold-
erness (now Ashland). Grafton County, N. H.,
May 19, 1831, son of Person and Anna Wad-
leigh (Morrison) Cheney, also natives of the
MRS. PERSON CHENEY.
Olney and Harry (twins), born March 31, 1860,
the latter dying on the day of his birth, and the
former Feb, 15, 1862— Samuel T., born Sept.
14. 1S67. Mrs. Cheney died Jan. 20, 1901. Mr.
Cheney came to Dixon in October. 18.58.
HENRY B. COBB, farmer, Viola Township.
Lee County, 111., v.'as born at Tolland, Conn.,
Nov. 27, 1834, the son of Daniel and Wealthy
(Crandal) Cobb. In 1850 Mr. Cobb removed
to Palmer, Mass., where he worked in a cot-
ton factory until 1S52, when, he came west and
settled at LaMoille, 111., being variously em-
ployed during the following year. From 1853
to 1856 he rented land, but in the latter year
removed to 160 acres of land in Viola Town-
ship, which he had purchased from the United
States Government in 1852. His estate now
consists of 960 acres of well-improved land.
Mr. Cobb was married on May 15, 1859, to
Ellen C. the daughter of Adam and Ann C.
(Evans) Beemer, of Willow Cieek Township,
Lee County, and to them six children have
738
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
been born: Minnie J., Lillie, George H.. Birdie,
Louis (deceased), and Laura. In religious be-
lief Mr. Cobb is a Methodist, in politics a Re-
HENRY B. COBB.
publican, and has served as School Treasurer
for fifteen years and Township Supervisor nine
years.
GEORGE ,J. BARTH, Sublette, 111., was born
in Lee County, 111., Jan. 14. iaB4. son of Mat-
thias and Margaret (Buck) Barth. Matthias
Barth is a native of Wurtemburg. Germany,
and came to Lee County in 1857, was later en-
gaged in farming in Bureau County. 111., but
is now retired. He was a member of the Fifty-
second Illinois Volunteer Infantry from 1861
to 1863, during the War cf the Rebellion. His
wife, Margaret Buck, was a native of Wurtem-
burg and came to America with her parents.
When twenty-one years of age George J. Barth
rented a farm of his father, continuing farm-
ing business until 1891. He removed to Sub-
lette in the latter year, where for ten years,
he engaged in the general mercantile busi-
ness with his brother-in-law, William Easter.
On October 22. 1885, he married Emma Easter,
daughter of Henry and Margaret (Schmidt)
Easter, and of this union there are four chil-
dren— John I., Verna. Leona. and Leroy. Mrs.
Barth died Feb. 9, 1895, and Mr. Barth married
for his second wife Emma A. Oberhelman, and
their children are Roemer, Hilda and Gilbert.
He has served as Supervisor of Sublette Town-
ship since 1897; was Village Trustee two years,
and Village Treasurer four years; is President
of the Rescue Fire Company. He and his wife
are members of the Evangelical Lutheran
church. Fraternally he is a member of Sublette
'Lodge. No. 349, A. F. & A. M., of which he is
Senior Warden, and is also a member of the A,
O. U. W. of Sublette.
EDWIN W. SMITH. City Clerk and Treasur-
er, Dixon, 111., was born in Twinsburg, Ohio,
July, 1846, son of Orris B. and Anna (M.)
Smith, who were also natives of the Buckeye
State. Edwin W. came to Dixon in 1874, where,
for the following thirteen years, he was en-
gaged in the dry goods business. In 1890 he
was elected City Clerk and Treasurer, and
has since served in that capacity. In 1891 he
was elected Supervisor, serving until 1903;
EDWIN W. SMITH.
v/as also Chairman of the Board of Supervisors
five years, and of the building committee for the
erection of the new court house. On February
22, 1SS7, he married Emma Kelsey, born in Dix-
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
739
on. 111., and they have two children — Edwina
(Mrs. Charles Leake) and Ruth. In political
viev.'s M. Smith is a stanch Republican, and in
fraternal relations belongs to the Masonic Or-
der. Friendship Lodge No. 7, A. F. & A. M., Na-
chusa Chapter No. 56 R. A. M., Dixon Com-
mandery No. 21 K. T. and Dixon Lodge No.
779 B. P. O. E.
NATHAN A. CORTRIGHT, farmer, Dixon
Township, Lee Coimty, 111., was born in Lu-
zerne County, Penn., Sept. 27, 1852, the sou
of Isaac and Molly (Pollock) Cortright. nat-
ives of Pennsylvania, who came to Lee County
in April, 1862, and settled on the farm now
owned by their son Nathan A. This farm was
entered from the Government in 1810 by Elisha
Cortright, an imcle of the subject of this art-
icle. Isaac Cortright was a Republican, and
served as Justice of the Peace in Pennsylvania
for sixteen years. He died April 6, ISSI, while
NATHAN A. CORTRIGHT.
his v.'ife survived until Jan. 19, 1885. On the
death of his father. Nathan A. Cortright as-
sumed control of the farm, and now owns 145
acres. On December 9, 1873. he married Cath-
erine A. Burket. daughter of John N. and Molly
(Fleck) Burket. and to them six children have
been born, viz.: John Wilber, Charles Nathan.
Shelby Miller. Nellie Burket, Clyde Clifford and
Cecil Jennie. Mr. Cortright is a stalwart Re-
publican in politics, and is now serving his
fourth term as Supervisor of Dixon Township.
He also served as School Director twenty-one
years. Mr. and Mrs. Cortright attend) the
Methodist Episcopal church at Dixon.
MICHAEL SULLIVAN
MICHAEL SULLIVAN, farmer and Supervis-
or of Reynolds Township, Lee County, 111., was
born in Flagg Township. Ogle County, 111.. Feb.
15, 1871, son of Jeremiah and Bridget (Sulli-
van) Sullivan, natives of Ireland, the former
born in County Cork in 1826, and the latter in
County Kerry in 1836. Jeremiah and Bridget
Sullivan came to America with their respect-
ive parents about 1849, landing in New York,
but proceeded to Massachusetts, where the
heads of the families found employment in
railroad construction. The maternal grand-
parents of Michael Sullivan died at Rochelle,
111., but those on the paternal side died in Mas-
sachusetts. Jeremiah Sullivan came to Ogle
County, 111., in 1853, and found employment
on the North-Western Railroad then in course
of construction. In 1863. he bought 170 acres
of land in Flagg Township, where he was en-
gaged in farming until 1880, but in the fall of
740
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTV
the latter j'ear purchased a half section of land
located in Sections 10. 9, 15, and 16, Reynolds
Township, Lee County. A few years previous-
ly he had married Bridget Sullivan, and they
became the parents of twelve children: Philip.
Cornelius (died at the ago of thirty-eight
years). Mary, Daniel, Michael. John. Eugene.
Jeremiah. Nora. Nellie and two who died in in-
fancy. Mr. Sullivan was a practical farmer and
improved his farm by erecting a comfortable
house and barn, planting trees, and bringing
the land into high state of cultivation. He
died Sept. 9. 1S99, but his v.'ife still survives
and resides at Rochelle. 111. Michael Sullivan
was raised on his father's farm and obtained
his education in the public schools. On Nov.
19. 1901, he married Maggie Spaulding. daugh-
ter of Patrick and Elizabeth (Leonard) Spauld-
ing. natives cf Ireland who came to Illinois in
1851, and located at Rochelle. where they still
reside. When Jeremiah Sullivan died, his farm,
consisting' of 360 acres, was left to his widow,
but it is now rented and' conducted by Michael
Sullivan and his brother Jeremiah. Michael
Sullivan is a Democrat in politics, and was
elected Collector of his township in 1896 and
'97, and has served an Supervisor since 1899.
JOHN C. McCLEARY. farmer and present
Supervisor. Palmyra Township. Lee County.
111., was born in Lawrence County, Penn., Jan.
9, 1841, son of William and Selinda (Morehead)
McCleary, who were the parents of eight chil-
dren. William McCleary brought his family
to Lee County in 1865, locating in Nelson Town-
ship, where he died in 1879. and his wife now
resides with their son J. C. J. C. McCleary
obtained his education in the district schools
of his native State, and during the late Re-
bellion served nine months in Company I, One
Hundred and Thirty-fourth Pennsylvania Volun-
teer Infantry. His oldest brother. James, also
served in the Union ranks, and was killed in
the battle of Gettysburg. On Jan. 21. 1869. Mr.
McCleary was married to Mary E. Gruver.
daughter of Uriah and Katherine (Reitz) Gruv-
er who came ficm Pennsylvania and settled in
Lee County in 1848. To Mr. and Mrs. McCleary
six children have been born — Laura (Mrs.
Merrit Scholl). Alice. Emma. Edward. Ethel ami
William Jason, bcrn March 8. 1SS3, and died
Nov. 2. 1SS9. In 1876 Mr. McCleary purchased
his present farm of 143 acres, upon which he
has built a comfortable residence and spa-
cious barns, besides planting a great many
shade and fruit trees. He is independent in
political views, and in 1903 was elected Super-
JOH.N C. McCLEARY.
visor of his township, but had previously
served six years as Highway Comissioner, be-
ing an incumbent of the latter office at the
time of beginning the construction of hard
roads in Palmyra Township. Mr. and Mrs. Mc-
Cleary are members of the Presbyterian
church.
J. S. BRIGGS. dealer in- drugs and groceries,
Amboy, 111., was born in Schoharie County,
N. Y.. first removed from his native State to
Michigan, and in 1856 came to Amboy, 111.,
where he has been continuously in business
longer than any other man in the village. He
married Etta L. Jones, and they have two
children. In politics he is a Republican, and
in religious belief a Congregationalist.
CHARLES F. WELTY. farmer. Marion
Township. Lee County, 111., v.'as born in Dixon,
111., Nov. . 1858. the son of Judge David Welty
(see sketch of latter) : was educated in his
native place and. in 1881. went to South Da-
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY.
741
kota, where he remained two years, when he
returned to Illinois and, with the exception
of one year, has since heen identifieJ with Lee
County affairs. April 14. 1SS4, he married Mary
A. McKevitt, and of this union have been born
CHARLES F. WELTY.
Six children, viz.: George H.. Frances J.. Anna
D., Charles D., Helen and Adelaide. Politically
Mr. Welty is a Republican, served five years as
Supervisor of Marion Township, when he re-
signed and was elected County Treasurer, serv-
ing four years; is now Treasurer of his town-
ship.
REINHART ASCHENBRENNER. farmer
and stock-feeder, Bradford Township, Lee Coun-
ty, 111., was born Oct. 20, 1860, the son of John
and Catherine (Reinhart) Aschenbrenner. His
fatherl was born in Germany in 1833. and came
to the United States when twenty years of age.
The mother, also a native of Germany, was
born Oct. 24. 1832, the daughter of Christian
and Christine Reinhart, and first married
Oman Hillison, by whom she had two children
— Henry W.. of China Township, and Betsy .!.,
wife of Conrad Brandau, of Dysart, Iowa. She
married Mr. Aschenbrenner in 1855. and bore
him three children: Christian, now of Dysart.
Iowa; Reinhart. and Andrew A. John Aschen-
brenner. who became an Evangelical minister,
is still living at the age of sixty-nine years,
and has spent the later years of his life away
from his family. Mrs. Aschenbrenner was a
woman of more than ordinary ability, and
brought up her family in a pains-taking man-
ner, giving to each of her children a 160-acre
farm, besides leaving other property at the
time of her death, July 20, 1900. Reinhart
Aschenbrenner was married May 26, 1892, to
Helen Muerner, daughter of Peter and Louisa
(Knopf) Muerner, natives of Switzerland, who
are now living at Naperville. 111., where their
daughter Helen was born. Mr. and Mrs. Muer-
ner came to America when the former was
eighteen and the latter four years of age. Mr.
and Mrs Aschenbrenner have one child. Cath-
erine Elizabeth. Mr. Aschenbrenner owns
320 acres of land, and in partnership with his
REINHART ASCHENBRENNER.
brother. Andrew A., who also owns a 320-acre
farm, is engaged in general farming and feed-
ing cattle, the brothers turning out 200 head
each year. In politics he is a Republican,
and his wife is a member of the German Evan-
gelical church.
742
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY.
ANDREW ASCHENBRENNER, farmer and
stock-feeder, Bradford Township. Lee County,
111., was born in the township where he now
resides, April 1, 1865, son of John and Gather
ine (Reinhart) Aschenbrenner. Mr. Aschenbren
ner owns 2S0 acres of land besides a half in
terest in 320 acres in partnership with his
ANDREW ASCHENBRENNER.
brother Reinhart, and devotes his attention to
raising hogs and feeding cattle. February 22.
1890. he married Malinda S. Frost, daughter of
Capt. William S. and Sophia E.(Shaw) Frost,
of Bradford Township, and of this union three
children — Delia E.. Marion Eva and Andrew
Reinhart — have been barn. In political re-
lations Mr. Aschenbrenner is a Republican,
and has served as Town Clerk three years and
School Director twelve years. Mr. and Mrs.
Aschenbrenner attend the Congregational
church.
first employed as a farm-hand, but later rented
a farm in partnership with his brother Sabin.
Augustus Trowbridge came to Lee County in
the early '40s. bringing with him a soldier's
warrant for forty acres of land, which he enter-
ed and deeded to his son Reuben, as remu-
neration for supporting himself and wife as
long as they should live. Reuben Trowbridge
made subsequent additions to this 40-acre tract,
and at one time owned 500 acres of excellent
farming land, but later disposed of a part of
his holdings, having at the time of his death
an estate of 256 acres. On April 1, 1855, he
married Mary A. Warner, born near Hagers-
town, Md., daughter of David and Mary (Shaw)
Warmer, natives of Boltimcre, Md. Mr. and
Mrs. Trowbridge were the parents of six child-
ern viz.: Harriet Z.. wife of Frank Cart-
wright; Reuben H.. living in Nebraska: Henry
B. of Dixon; Mary L.. wife of C. P. Jackson,
REUBEN TROWBRIDGE.
REUBEN TROWBRIDGE (deceased) was
born in Broome County. N. Y.. Oct. 4. 182:5. son
of Augustus and Lucy (Bierce) Trowbridge,
natives of New York State, but of English
extraction. Reuben Trowbridge was raised on
a farm and came to; Lee County in 1842. locat-
ing near the present site of Amboy. He was
a farmer of Lee County; Austin L.. residing in
Salt Lake City. Utah; Clara M., wife of Albert
H. Hammerstorm, of Parker, S, D. In 1850
Mr. Trowbridge made an overland trip by ox-
team to California, where he remained three
years, and then returned to Illinois via the
Isthmus of Panama and New York. In political
HISTORY OF LEE COLWrV,
743
sentiment he was a Prohibitionist and served
as Road Commissioner and Sdiool Trustee a
number of years. He was a man of sterling
character, a devout Christian and a member of
the Methodist Episcopal church, and was
Superintendent of the Sunday School at El-
dena, 111., for twenty years. In 1887 Mr. Trow-
bridge retired from active farm life and re-
moved to Dixon, where he passed the remain-
der of his life, dying in that city on Nov. 3.
1901. Mrs. Trowbridge still survives and re-
sides on Second Street. Dixon.
HERMAN LINDEMAN (deceased) w-as born
in Carroll County, Md.. Oct. 1. 1835, son ot
John B. and Elizabeth Lindeman, natives of
Germany who came to the United States in
the early '30s and located in Lee County in
1844, -where they both died. Herman Linde-
man was married in 1858 to Nancy Fritz,
daughter of John and Eva (Monery) Fritz,
natives of Pennsylvania, who settled in Lee
County in 1851, where they both died. Mr
HERMAN UINDEMAN.
and Mrs. Lindeman were the parents ot nine
children, viz.: Clara (wife of A. J. Lyndes),
Alice (Mrs. Edward Burket), Ida (Mrs. Luther
Burket), Mary (Mrs. D. L. Groverl, Clinton,
Gilbert, John Mason (died Feb. 21, 1868),
Hattie (died Feb. 24, 1869), and Jennie E.
(died April 18, 1881). Mr. Lindeman was a
successful manager and, at the time of his
death, owned 280 acres of land in Lee County.
In political views he was a Republican, and
in religious convictions a Lutheran. During
the latter years of his life. Mr. Lindeman
had lived retired in Dixon, 111., where he died
in 1901.
HENRY J. SCOTT.
HENRY J. SCOTT (deceased), who for many
years was a contractor and builder, Dixon,
111., was born in Vermont in 1820. He learned
his trade in his native State, where he also
obtained his education, later engaged in teach-
ing and became Captain of the local militia
at Linden, Vt. January 5, 1852, he married
Annie R. Robbins, and to them two children
were born: Herbert and Ida (Mrs. William
Morgan). Mr. and Mrs. Scott came to Lee
County in 1852. Mr. Scott was a partner of
Lyman Adams for about thirty years under the
firm name of Scott & Adams, contractors and
builders, and during this period built many
fine residences and business blocks in Dixon
and the surrounding country. In political
views he was a stanch Republican and serv-
'44
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
ed as City Alderman. Mr. Scott was a success-
ful business manager and owned considerable
property in Dixon. He died April 3. 1896. Mrs.
Scott was born in Peru. Bennington County.
Vt, July 31. 1S30, daughter of David and Eliza
(Davis) Robins of Dublin, N. H. Mrs. Scott's
father, David Robins, was a farmer in the
Green Mountain State and served in the War
of 1812, as also did her maternal grandfather
Davis, while her paternal grandfather Robins
was a patriot soldier of the Revolution, and
two of her brothers served in the Unoin ranks
during the late Rebellion. Mr. and Mrs. Scott
gave their childern good educational advan-
tages. Their son Herbert: is a graduate of the
Dixon high school and at present is in the
employ of the Grand Detour Plow Company
while their daughter is a graduate in the de-
partment of music of Dixon College. Mrs.
Scott still survives and occupies a pleasant resi-
dence erected by her late husband in North
Dixon, where she has resided for fifty-one
years.
JOHN DYSART.
CAPT. JOHN DYSART (deceased) was
born in Huntingdon County, Penn., Oct. 4,
1834, son of Joseph and Mary A. (Davidson)
Dysart. He received his educational training in
the 'niblic schools of his native State, and
came to Illinois in 1S57. locating near Nachusa,
where he engaged in the grain and lumber
business. On Aug. 25. 1861, he enlisted in
Company D, Bowen's Cavalry Battalion of Vol-
nnteers — later a part of the Army of the Miss-
issippi— in which he served three years, in the
meantime being promoted to the rank of Cap-
tain. On March 9, 1865, he married Miss E. L.
Crawford of Pennsylvania, and to them two
children — Grace and Blanche — were born. In
political sentiment the Captain was a Repub-
lican, and fraternally belonged to the Masonic
order. Sir Knight and G. A. R. In religious be-
lief he was a Presbyterian. He died Dec. 30,
1899. Mrs. Dysart and her daughters have a
pleasant home on Depot Avenue. Dixon. 111.,
where thev now reside.
WILLIAM C. DYSART.
WILLIAM C. DYSART (deceased), for many
years a prominent merchant and grain and
lumber dealer of Lee County, was born in
Huntingdon County, Penn., July 9, 1837. son
of Joseph and Mary A. (Davidson)' Dysart. and
a brother of Captain John Dysart. His early
life was spent on a farm and in the meantime
he obtained a liberal education in the Mountain
Seminary. Birmingham. Penn. In the spring
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
■45
of 1866 he came to Lee County, and in part-
nership with his brother. Captain John Dysart,
erected the first grain elevator at Nachusa,
which they operated for one year. Returning
to his native State in 1867, he established
himself in the grocery business at Altoona,
which he conducted until 1879, when he re-
turned to Nachusa, where he became a general
merchant and lumber dealer, and retired from
active business in 1887. On Jan. 23, 1872, he
married Sophia Barlow, daughter of Augustus
Barlow, and to them two children were born
— Anna May (Mrs. Guy Furley of Iowa) and
Lela. Mr. Dysart was appointed Postmaster
of Nachusa in 1869, holding office until 1887,
when he retired and removed to Dixon. He
died July 28, 1902, and was buried with honor
by the Knights Templar. Mrs. Dysart sur-
vives her husband and with her youngest
daughter, resides on Depot Avenue, Di.xon.
HENRY B. MILLER, retired farmer. Palmyra
Township, Lee County, was born on his father's
farm in Palmyra Township, Dec. 22, 1844. the
son of William and Anna (Obrist) Miller, the
former a native of Germany and the latter of
Switzerland. His parents came to America
in 1833, and to Lee County, 111., in 1842, first
bought a farm in Palmyra Township near
Prairieville, but later one on Section 9, in the
same township on which the subject of this
sketch is now living. There were nine children
of the family, of whom five are now living
viz.: Henry E., B. F. and three maiden ladies
— Anna. Louise and Sarah — who live together
on the old homestead near their brother Henry
E. The father died in May, 1871, and the
mother in 1873. William Miller, the father,
was a Democrat, served as School Director
and organized the first school in his neighbor-
hood, now district No. 5. Henry E. spent his
youth on his father's farm, and owing to the
absence of school facilities, at an early day,
acquired most of his education between his
twentieth and twenty-third year. December 23,
1869, he married Margaret Leivan, daughter of
Mathias and Margaret (Miller) Leivan, who
were early settlers of Lee County. Mr. and
Mrs. Henry E. Miller have had eight children,
of whom five are now living, viz.: Charles M.,
who married Ellen Lawrence: Edward H.,
married Mary Plummer: John F.. married
Bessie Plummer: Oscar L. and Frederich P. Mr.
Miller is a member of the Lutheran church,
politically a Republican and served many years
as School Director of his district. He retired
from active life as a farmer in 1902, but still
occupies a pleasant residence on the home
HENRY E. MILLER.
farm, which is managed by his son. At pres-
ent (1903) he is actively interested in the
projected electric railroad between Dixon and
Sterling.
CHRISTIAN GROSS, farmer, China Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born in the township
where he resides, March 22, 1854. son of Rein-
hart and Martha (Reinhart) Gross, natives of
Germany, the former coming to the United
States in 1847, and the latter in 1846. They
are both deceased. On Sept. 22, 1875, Chris-
tain Gross was married to Henrietta W. Hat-
zel, daughter of Conrad and Elizabeth (Eck-
hart) Hatzel, natives of Germany who were
early settlers in Lee County, Conrad Hatzel
is now deceased, but his wife still survives.
Mr. and Mrs. Gross have three children —
Lillie A., Reinhart C. and Frederick C. Mr.
Gross owns an estate of 529 acres of land
located in China and Bradford Townships, and
746
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
is agent of the Bradford Mutual
aace Company of Lee County, 111.
Fire Insur-
In political
CHRISTIAN GROSS.
opinions Mr.Gross i
ligious convictions
gelical church.
a Republic
i member
and in re
the Evan-
GUSTAVE P. BRECHON. farmer. South
Dixon Township, Lee County, was born near
the city of Belfort. France, the son of Joseph
and Margaret (Blanc) Brechon. who came to
Lee County, 111., in 1864 and settled in Bradford
Township — the father dying there Oct. 6, 1887.
November 21, 1893, the subject of this sketch
was married to Mary Fattat. daughter of Peter
and Sylva Pattat. who were also natives of
France, and Mr. and Mrs. Brechon are the par-
ents of live children: Rosa M.. Adeline S.,
Mary M., Adel F. and Joseph F. Mr. Brechon
is the owner of eighty acres of land in .South
Dixon Township. Religiously he is a Catholic
and in politics a Democrat.
on. He obtained his education in Canandaigua
Academy near Rochester, N. Y.. and when a
youth worked for a few years in his maternal
grandfather's flouring mill. Later he moved
to Green Lake, Wis., where on April 30, 1847.
he was married to Sophia E. Preston, daughter
of Charles and Susan (Burgess) Preston, na-
tives of New York State, and they became the
parents of six children, viz.: Harriet, Sophia,
Abner. Augustus. Annie and Etta— all born in
Wisconsin. In 1866 Mi. Barlow came to Dixon,
making that city his home for sixteen years
and then removed with his family to Minnesota,
l)ut in 1892 returned to Dixon, where he died
Sept. 12, 1894. During his business career Mr.
Barlow had accumulated considerable property,
and owned a 160-acre farm near the city of
Dixon, which now belongs to his son Abner.
In later life he did an extensive business in
loaning money on real-estate. In political
sentiment he was a Republican, and. while a
AUGUSTUS BARLOW.
AUGUSTUS BARLOW (deceased) was born
in Ontario Coimty. N. Y.. May 13, 1819, son of
Abner and Harriet (Short) Barlow, also na-
tives of the Empire State. Augustus Barlow
was a farmer and capitalist and resided in Dix-
resident of Minnesota, served one term in the
State Legislature. Fraternally he was a mem-
ber of the Masonic Order. Mrs. Barlow still
survives and resides on Third Street. Dixon,
111.
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY
747
JOHN YETTER. retired farmei
Lee County III., born in Rlieinpfalz
Steward,
Germany,
JOHN YETTER.
Dec. 18, 1835, the son of John G. and Katrina
(Meyer) Yetter, was educated in the German
schools, and in 1854 came to America landing
at New Yory City, where he found employ-
ment for the next nine months. His parents
having come to New York still later, in 1855
they came to Putnam County. 111., where his
father rented a farm near Hennepin, of which
the subject of this sketch, being the oldest son
of the family, soon after assumed tha manage-
ment. In the fall of 1859 he removed to Lee
County. November 23, 1857, he was married to
Magdalena Schoenholz, who was a native of
Germany, and they became the parents of
nine children, all of whom (1904) are now
living, viz.: John P., who is Postmaster at
Steward; Carl T., a farmer of Willow Creek
Township; Lena E., wife of W. H. Clinite:
Mary M., wife of Frank Van Patten; George
W., a farmer of Willow Creek Township;
Jacob J., who rents from his father the old
homestead farm in Willow Creek Township;
Frederick M., who resides in Davenport Iowa;
Franklin B., of Davenport, Iowa; Julia May,
wife of Robert W. Hough, who is engaged
with Shearer Brothers, grain-dealers at Stew-
ard, 111. Mr. Yetter, Sr.. is a member of the
Steward Methodist Episcopal church, has serv-
ed his township eight years as Supervisor. In
1896 he retired from active farm life, but re-
tains 180 acres of land in Willow Creek Town-
ship out of 300 acres which he formerly owned.
In his active days as a farmer he was engaged
in the breeding of Short-horn Durham cattle.
Mrs. John Yetter died Sept. 29, 1899.
SIMON P. YOUNG, farmer. Nelson Town-
ship, Lee County, born in Somerset County,
Penn., March 26, 1858, the son of Peter and
Lucinda Young, natives of Pennsylvania, who
came to Lee County, 111., in 1864. There were
nine children of the family. Peter Young, the
father, is now deceased ; the mother makes
her home at Rock Falls, 111. Simon P. Young
resides on his farm of 160 acres in Nelson
Township. January 21, 1891, he married Re-
becca J. Ranch, daughter of Henry and Julia
SIMON P. YOUNG.
Ranch, both natives of Pennsylvania, and they
have had six children viz.: Paul H.. Ruth L.,
Raymond R., Hester C, Helen J. and Irene V.
The famiy belong to the Lutheran Church, and
fraternally Mr. Young is a member of the
Knights of the Globe.
748
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
LESTER D. PITCHER. President and origi-
nator of the Lee County Telephone System,
and originator of the Jo Daviess County Tele-
phone System, which has been recently incor-
LESTER D. PITCHER.
porated and named in honor of him, "The
Pitcher Telephone Co.." was born in Lewis
County, N. Y., July 2S. 1839, son of Philander
and Mary (Ager) Pitcher. He obtained his
elementary education in the common schools,
and when, a youth worked on a farm. In 1861
he enlisted in Company I, Fifth New York
Heavy Artillery, later came to Jo Daviess
County, 111., and engaged in the mercantile
business at a place named Pitcherville in his
honor, afterwards appointed Postmaster dur-
ing Lincoln's administration. He came to Lee
County in 1871. being then patentee of the
■ barley fork," a tool much in use for handling
grain without binding, but later superseded
by the self-binder. Mr. Pitcher sold this im-
plement to jobbers over a territory extend-
ing from the New England coast to California,
and realized a fortune from the same. Later
he engaged in the implement and coal trade
at Dixon, which he conducted successfully
until 1900. In 189(5 he inaugurated the County
Telephone Company, a system covering Lee
County and connecting it with other counties
and adjoining States. This enterprise has
proved to be a great success, and is much ap-
jireciated by residents of the village and rural
districts in that territory. Mr. Pitcher owns
a large amount of stock in the Pitcher Tele-
phone Company of Jo Daviess County, of which,
his son Grant W. Pitcher is manager with of-
fices at Galena. In 1860 he married Harriet
Graves, by whom there were three children,
viz.: R. Everett. Mayor cf Alma. Neb.; Mary,
wife of William Peters. Stockton, 111., and
Grant W.
Mr. Pitcher was married to his second wife
Abbie Cramer, in 1871, and of this union there
are tv.-o children, Bessie E and Louis A., Supt.
and Sec'y of t he Lee County Telephone
Company. Mr. Pitcher has served in the City
Council several terms; was a member of the
Board of Education fifteen years, and is a
member of the G. A. R.. and A. O. U. W. In
political views he is a Republican.
FRANK F. DIXON.
FRANK F. DIXON (deceased), formerly a
leading merchant tailor. Dixon. 111., was born
in County Mayo, Ireland, in 1830. When a
youth, he came with his parents to America
and lived for many years in New York City.
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
749
where he learned the tailor's trade. He came
to Lee County in the latter '60s, and for sever-
al years was employed as a cutter for the late
Isaac Jones. He was married to Lizzie Cun-
ningham, daughter of Nicholas and Mary
(Welch) Cunningham, and to them two child-
ren, Frank C. and Mamie were born, the for-
mer dying in infancy, and the latter April 6.
1903, Mr. Dixon established himself in the
tailoring business at Dixon in 1870, and con-
ducted a profitable business until his death.
May 4, 1896, and accumulated considerable
property. In political views he was a Repub-
lican, and served as City Alderman two terms.
In religious faith he was a member of the
Catholic church. Mrs. Dixon still survives and
resides at 422 E. Second Street. Dixon. 111.
JABEZ ABELL (deceased) was born near
Aylmore, Ontario, Canada, Jan. 18, 1807, the
son of Daniel and Rebecca Abell, In 1847 he
came to Illinois, locating at St. Charles, Kane
County, where he remained ona year and then
removed to Ogle County, but shortly afterwards
(in 1848) settled on his homestead of 106 acres
in Lee County, In 1843 he was married to
Susan Miller of Scotland, Ontario, Canada, and
to this union nine children were born: Melissa
(drowned at Inlet, in June, 1860), John M.,
Benjamin F., Melvina (deceased), Mary E.,
Henry A., Daniel L., Annie and Josephine
(deceased). During the Civil War Mr. Abell
served sixteen months in the Eighty-ninth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He died March
16, 1866, his wife surviving until Dec. 16,
1899. Mr. Abell was a Republican in political
affiliations, and in religious belief a Methodist.
JOHN M. ABELL, farmer, Viola Township,
Lee County. 111., was born at St. Charles, Kane
County, 111., Dec. 25, 1844, the son of Jabez and
Susan (Miller) Abell. He was brought by his
parents to Lee County in 1848 and remained at
home until the outbreak of the Civil War. when,
on Dec. 25j 1863, he enlisted in Battery G, Sec-
ond Illinois Light Artillery and served until
the close of the war. Returning to Lee County,
after having valiantly served his country on
the battlefield, he took possession of the home-
stead, v.'here he has since resided. On March
12, 1869, he married Leonora Lazarus, daugh-
ter of Silas and Mary Lazarus, and to them ten
children have been born, all of v.-hom are liv-
ing, viz,: Charles J., Philip S., Harry H., Laura
L., Cecil, Millie, Stella, R. Leslie, Rtith and
Hope. Mr. Abell is a member of Brooklyn Lodge,
No. 282 A. F. & A. M., Anchor Lodge No, 510,
I. O. O. F. of Paw Paw, Knights of the Globe,
and Eastern Star of Compton, his wife also
JOHN M, ABELL.
being a member of the latter organization. In
politics he is a Republican, and has served his
fellow-citizens one year as Supervisor, four
years as Tax Collector, one year as Assessor,
and eight years as Justice of the Peace. Mr.
and Mrs. Abell are members of the United
Brethren church.
HENRY C. MENZ. farmer and Township
Treasurer, Section 3, Reynolds Township, Lee
County, III., was born in Kur-Hessen, Germany,
Aug. 29, 1857, son of Henry and Annie C, (Wag-
ner) Menz. Henry Menz, Sr.,' brought his fam-
ily to America in 1867. Coming direct to Lee
County, he bought land in Reynolds Township,
where he was engaged in farming until 1900.
when he retired from active life and has since
lived at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Martin
Smith. Seven children were born to Mr. and
Mrs. Menz. viz.: Justus (deceased): John E..
'50
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
a farmer residing in Minnesota: Henry C;
Charles, who is engaged in farming in Lee
County; Dora, wife of Martin Smith: Christina,
wife of Peter J. Hahnen. foreman in the office of
HENRY C. MENZ.
the United States Express Company. Chicago:
and Martin, who is engaged in farming in Lee
County. Henry C. Menz obtained his elemen-
tary education in the Fatherland, which was
supplemented by a course in the English
branches after coming to America. He grew to
maturity on his father's farm, and on Oct. 25.
1884, married Miss Emma L. Wiener, daughter
of Ernst Wiener, a retired farmer who settled
in Lee County in 18.58. Mr. and Mrs. Menz
are the parents of the following named child-
ren: Lily. Annie. Hilda Eliza, Olive Mattie.
and Minnie Dora. (who died in 1896, aged seven
years). In political views Mr. Menz is a Repub-
lican and is now serving as Township Treas-
urer, having tilled that oifice for the past six
years: has also served as Township Collector
and School Director. Fraternally he belongs
to the Masonic Order. Mystic Shrine. Knights
Templar. B. P. O. E. E.. M. W. A., and Dixon
Commandery. He and his wife are members
of the Evangelical church. Mrs. Menz has a
well-improved farm of :120 acres.
JOSEPH E. HENRY, retired farmer. West
Brooklyn, 111., was born in Department of
Murthe, Loraine, France. Jan. 19, 1851, son of
Francis and Marguerite M. (Maire) Henry,
natives of France, who landed at New Orleans
in 1854 and immediately removed to Joliet, 111.,
coming to Bradford Township, Lee County,
in the spring of 1864. Both of his parents are
now deceased. For many years Joseph E.
Henry was engaged in farming in Bradford
lownship, Lee County, but is now living re-
tired in West Brooklyn. On March 29, 1875, he
married Mary J. Gehant, daughter of Laurent
J. and Julianne (Toillian) Gehant, natives of
France, and of this union there are five child-
ren viz.: Mary L., Edna F., Laura M., Laurent
F. and Joseph E. In politics he is a Demo-
crat and was Justice of the Peace sixteen years
in Bradford Township, and is serving his sec-
JOSEPH E. HENRY.
ond term in the same capacity in West Brook-
lyn; is also Notary Public. He and his family
are members of the Roman Catholic Church.
DAVID J. FISCHER, fanner. South Dixon
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Lee
County Feb. 9. 1870, the son of Edward E. and
Frederica K. (Dittman) Fischer, the former
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY,
751
born in Middle Hansen, and the latter near
Berlin. Germany. The father came to the
United States in 1850 and the mother in 1854.
David J. Fischer was married Sept. 28, 1893, to
and i
Paw.
can.
I member of the Baptist church of Paw
In political relations he is a Republi-
DAVID J. FISCHER.
Lydia M., daughter of Oliver and Elizabeth
Fellows, who are now residents of Minnesota,
and to Mr. and Mrs. Fischer have been born
two children — Orville E. and Bessie I. Polit-
ically Mr. Fischer is^ a Democrat and has serv-
ed four years as School Director; fraternally
he is a member of the Independent Order of
Red Men.
ALFRED BURNETT was born in England,
Sept. 15, 1867. At the age of sixteen years he
came to Ontario, Canada, where he remained
six years, removing in 1890 to Wyoming Town-
ship, Lee County, III., where he worked for
a monthly salary for four years. In 1894 he
was married in Ontario, Canada, to Miss Ida
L. Lambkin, and of this union three children
have been born, who. in 1903, were aged as
follows: Wilbur, eight years; Annie, seven
years; Mabel, five years. In 1901 Mr. Burnett
purchased 110 acres of land at Cottage Hill.
Wyoming Township. Lee County. Fraternally
he is a member of the M, W. A. and I. O. O. F.,
FRANCIS J. TILTON, farmer. Section 33,
Palmyra Township, Lee County, was born in
the house in which he now resides, Aug. 15,
1846, son of William W. and Eliza A (Martin)
Tilton. William W. Tilton came to Lee County
in 1836 and entered land in Palmyra Township,
where he devoted his attention to farming.
Francis J. Tilton obtained his education in the
public schools of Palmyra Township and Whea-
ton College, Wheaton 111. In 1860 he made a
trip across the plains by wagon to Pike's Peak,
Colo. In 1864 he enlisted in Company D. One
Hundred and Fortieth Regiment Illinois Volun-
teer Infantry, and in the following year re-
enlisted in Company D, Thirty-fourth Illinois.
FRANCIS .J. TILTON.
After the close of the Rebellion, he was dis-
charged at Louisville, Ky., in 1865. and return-
ed to Lee County, where he now owns 282 acres
of land, but of late has rented his farm, ex-
cepting three acres near his residence. Mr. Til-
ton was never married. In fraternal relations
he is a member of the G. A. R. and I. O. O. F,
/:>■
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY,
JEREMIAH GLESSNER, retired farmer,
1024 Cooper Street, Dixon, 111., was born in
Somerset County. Penn.. April 11. 1824, son of
Jacob and Susanna (Oldfathcr) Glessner, na-
tives of the same State. In 1864 Jeremiah
JEREMIAH GLESSNER.
Glessner came to Lee County, 111., settling near
Eldena. where he now owns a 200-acre farm.
On April 20, 1845, he married Amy A. Laub.
and to them ten children wore born, five of
whom are now living. Mrs. Glessner died
Feb. 25, 1868, and on Jan. 4, 1870, Mr. Gless-
ner married his second wife, Ellen C. Elsrode,
and of this union there were five children,
three of whom are deceased. While a resident
of Pennsylvania, Mr. Glessner held the office
cf Justice of the Peace for twelve years, and
served his fellow-citizens of Lee Cov.nty in a
similar capacity for five years. In religious
convictions he is a Methodist and is a mem-
ber of the church at Dixon.
AID BRADSHAW. hardware and implement
dealer, Compton, III., was born in Winnebago
County, 111., Sept, 15, 185.3. son of George and
as Deputy Sheriff of Lee County for two
years. Fraternally he is a member of the
Masonic Order and Eastern Star. Mrs. Brad-
shav." is a Presbyterian in religious belief, but
attends the Methodist Episcopal church at
Compton.
RICHARD PHILLIPS, farmer, Viola Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born in the north-
eastern part of Ireland, July 25, 1825, the son
of George and Sarah (Staddart) Phillips, na-
tives of England and Ireland, respectively, who
came to the United States in 1849. Mr. Phil-
lips is engaged in general farming and stock-
raising, and owns 160 acres of land in Viola
Township. May 24, 1859, he married Amelia
Davenport, and to them four children were
born, of whom William W. is the only one
surviving. Mrs. Phillips died Sept. 7, 1884, and
in 18SC Mr. Phillips married Elizabeth M. Har-
ris for his second wife, from whom he is sep-
arated by divorce. They were the parents of
one child who is deceased. His third mar-
riage was with Susan Williams, who died in
October. 190(1. nnd February 16, 1901, Mr.
RICH-ARD PHILLIPS.
Phillips was married to his present wife —
Maggie Pfiefer. — daughter of John and Eliza-
beth (Souer) Pfiefer. In politics he affiliates
with the Republican party, and has served as
School Director eighteen, years. He is a mem-
l)er of the Episcopal church.
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
753
WILLIAM MOFFATT, retired farmer and
stock-breeder. Paw Paw, 111., was born in the
Township of Whitby, County of Ontario. Can-
ada. August 24. 1837. son of Joseph and Mary
(Harrison) Moffatt. natives of England, who
came to Canada in 1S32. In 1861 Joseph Mof-
WILLIAM MOFFATT.
fatt started on a trip to his native country,
and on June 4th. of that year, the steamship
("Canadian") on which he had taken passage
went down in the Straits of Belle Isle,; and he.
with many others, perished, in the wreck. Wil-
liam Moffatt grew to manhood in Canada,
where he also received his educational training;
came to Ohio in 1870, and to Paw Paw, 111., in
1873. He purchased a farm at the latter place,
where, for more than thirty years, he devoted
his attention to the breeding of short-horn.
Hereford and Aberdeen-Angus cattle. Clydes-
dale horses, Cotswold sheep and Berkshire
swine, as senior member of the partnershiii
of Moffatt & Brother, his brother Robert Mof-
fatt being junior member. Mr. Moffatt was
among the first to introduce the Cruickshank
short-horn cattle into this country, and was
one of the first breeders of Clydesdale horses
in Illinois. During his connection with this
industry, he was one of the best-known breed-
ers in the United States, and his stock has won
highest honors at many of the leading stock
shows of the country. On October 29, 1860, he
married Annie E. Leaming, a native of York-
shire, England. Mr. Moffatt is a member of
Blue Lodge at Paw Paw, Mendota Chapter and
Conimandery. He is a devout Christian, and
with his wife is a member of the Presbyterian
church.
NICHOLAS MOSSHOLDER. retired farmer,
North Dixon. 111., was born in Somerset County,
Penn,, August 16. 1837, son of Jacob and
Mary (Flamm) Mossholder. Jacob Mossholder
brought his family to Lee County, in 1854, and
in the spring of 1855 purchased a 240-acre
farm in South Dixon Township, where he
passed the remainder of his life, dying there
in 1876. His wife survived him ten years.
Nicholas Mossholder grew to maturity on his
father's farm, obtained his education in the
public schools of his native State, and in 1859
NICHOLAS MOSSHOLDER.
assumed the management of his father's farm.
In 1862 he enlisted in Company A, Fifteenth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served until
the close of the war. Hei participated in many
engagements, including the battle of PerryviUe.
754
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
stone River, Chickamauga, and Buzzard's
Roost. Mr. Mooshokler received a severe wound
in the last named battle, from the effects of
which he remained in hospital three months
and, after a furlough of one month, joined
Sherman's army in the Atlanta campaign. He
was mustered out of service in Tennessee, and
later discharged in Chicago. Returning to his
father's homestead in Lee County after the
close of the war, he inherited the estate at
the time of the latter's death, and has subse-
quently added two farms, owning at the present
tim© 373 acres of well improved land. In 1897
Mr. Mossholder built a substantial residence
at 521 North Dement Avenue, Dixon, 111., where
he has since lived retired. On September 27,
1866, he married Mary Isabell Evans, and to
them four children were born, viz.: Emma,
Jane (deceased), William J., Mary Francis and
Bertha J. (deceased). In October, 1877, Mr.
Mossholder married his second wife. Miss Hat-
tie E. Young, and of this union there were
two children — Jemima Grace, deceased wife of
Arthur Missiman, and Charles Henry, who is
now conducting his father's farms in South
Dixon and Nachusa Townships. In political
views Mr. Mossholder is a Republican and
was formerly School Director in his township.
Socially he is a member of the G. A. R. On
January 19, 1897, Mr. Mossholder was married
to his third wife. Miss Ada M. Young.
HENRY BOTHE, farmer and dairyman, Na-
chusa Township, Lee County, was born in Min-
den, Prussia. Dec. 26, 1840, son of Frederick
and Christina (Wiese) Bothe. Frederick Bothe
came to America in 1847 and to Lee County in
1848 or '49. His family came to the United
States in 1859, and on July 8th of the same
year, located on land in Nachusa Township.
Mr. Bothe died in 1872, aged fifty-seven years;
his wife surviving until 1894, dying in her
eighty-flrst year. Henry Bothe enlisted in the
Twelfth Illinois Volunteer Infantry and par-
ticipated in the battles of Donelson and Shiloh.
but was discharged after one year's service on
account of disability. On September 4. 1864,
he married Catherine Hotzel, daughter of Con-
rad and Annie E. (Eckhardt) Hotzel. and they
are the parents of nine children, viz.: William
F., Lizzie (Mrs. Conrad Seebach), John H..
Kate (Mrs. John Hnyett), Christian F., Minnie
(Mrs. James B. Macklin), Elvina (Mrs. Newton
Hemminger), Lillie (Mrs. Warren Sheppard)
and Henry C. Mr. Bothe is a Republican in
political relations and he and his family are
members of the Evangelical church. His farm
embraces 212 acres, upon which he keeps a fine
herd of cows and conducts a first-class dairy.
JOHN W. ANDERSON (deceased) was born
in Chester, Penn., Feb. 17, 1823, son of Julius
and Harriet (Davis) Anderson, also natives of
the Keystone State. John W. Anderson came
to Lee County in 1854, where for several years
JOHN W. ANDERSON.
he was engaged in farming, but was later en-
gaged in the drug business in Dixon for a
number of years. In 1848 he married Elizabeth
Biddle, daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth
(Leightall) Biddle. of Blair County, Penn.. and
to them six children were born, William M. be-
ing the only one now living. Mr. and Mrs.
Anderson also raised an adopted daughter, Mrs.
Edith Miller, who resides in Dixon, 111. Mr.
Anderson died Jan. 1. 1898.
LOUIS STEPHAN (deceased) was born in
Germany". Jan. 4, 1834, son of Martha and Lena
Stephan. natives of the same country. Louis
Stephan came to the United States in 1854.
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTV
"55
and after being engaged in various parts of
the country, came to Dixon, 111., in 1S66, where
for a number of years he was engaged in
business, but during the last fifteen years of
his life, has lived retired. He was married in
LOUIS STEPHAN.
Chicago in 1862 to Barbara Faulhaber, a native
of Germany, and of their children, Louis, Otto,
and Anna are living. Mr. Stephan was a Re-
publican in political views, and in religious
belief an attendant of the Lutheran church.
He was a member of Rucker Lodge, No, 493, I.
O. O. F., and Forrest Home Lodge, No. 137, A.
O. U. W. Mr. Stephan died July 13, 1902.
ISAAC S. BOARDMAN; born in Tioga
County, N. Y., Jan. 3, 1816; located in Dixon,
in 1837. On the organization of Lee County
he was elected County Clerk, serving in that
capacity four years; elected Clerk of the Cir-
cuit Court in 1850, filling that office seven
years, and in the meantime purchased the "Re-
publican and Telegraph" and conducted that
paper for about ten years under the name of
"Dixon Telegraph." Mr. Boardman was mar-
ried in 1840 to Mary L. Dixon, daughter of
Father John Dixon. For more than forty years
Mr. Boardman was prominently identified with
political campaigns of his communit.v — first in
connection with the Whig, and later with the
Republican party. He cast his first vote for
General Harrison.
MILTON A. CRAWFORD, farmer, China
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Na-
chusa Township, Lee County, August 8, 1852,
son of John M. and Mary A. (Dysart) Craw-
ford, natives respectively of Blair and Hunting-
don Counties, Pennsylvania. John M. Crawford
came to Lee County in 1842, later returned to
Pennsylvania, but in 1848 made a permanent
settlement in Nachusa Township, Lee County,
where, for many years, he was a prominent and
successful farmer and stock-raiser. He died
in May, 1881, while his wife passed away in
1SS3. They were the parentg of nine children,
three of whom are now living, viz.: Milton A.,
A. W., and Mrs. Frances J. Clifton of Chicago.
On February 10, 1876, Milton A. Crawford mar-
MILTON A. CRAWFORD.
ried Mary M. Emmert, daughter of Solomon
and Mattie (Kring) Emmert, and of this union
there are three children — Howard W.. Anna E.,
and Milton A. Mr. Crawford owns 160 acres of
land and devotes his attention to general farm-
ing and stockraising. He is now serving as
756
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
Supervisor of China Township, having filled
that official position for the past twelve years;
was member of the Building Committee during
the erection cf the Lee County Court House.
S. DONALD FROST, stock-dealer and real
eseate agent, Amboy, 111.; born at Lee Center,
Lee County, Feb. 3. 1871, son of Capt. William
S. and Sophia E. (Shaw) Frost, natives of
Maine and Michigan, respectively, who came
to Lee County about 1837. Donald Frost at-
tended public school at Bradford, later took a
course at Dixon College, graduating in 1890.
after which he worked on a salary for his
father, buying live-stock, until 1896, when he
became a partner of his father in the stock-buy-
ing business. This partnership v.'as dissolved
in 1901, since when Mr. Frost has carried on
the business alone; is also engaged in the coal
and lumber trade. He owns 240 acres of land
in Amboy Township, and is a Director and Pro-
moter of the Northern Illinois Electric railroad.
S, D, FROST.
On August 22, lyiiii. he was married to Miss
Blanche Smith, daughter of Anson Augustin
and Sarvia (Collier) Smith, Mrs. Frost is a
member of the Baptist church. Mr. Frost be-
longs to the Masonic Fraternity, and in politics
is a Republican.
JAY M. SMITH, farmer, Wyoming Township,
Lee County, 111., was born in Cleveland, Ohio,
Feb, 18, 1859, son of Leon and Sarah (Barrett)
Smith, natives of Ohio and Canada, respect-
ively. In 1863 young Smith came, with his
mother, to Oneida, III, and after working as a
J. M, SMITH,
farm-hand and at railroad work, removed to
Wyoming Township in ISSO. He rented a farm
for a few years and then purchased 120 acres
of land, which he later sold and bought his
present farm of 143 acres. December 25, 1883,
he married Delia A. Griffin, daughter of Albert
and Helen (Bolton) Griffin, Mr, Smith is a
Republican in politics, and has served as
School Director, Township Treasurer and Road
Commissioner. Fraternally he is a Mason and
a member of Blue Lodge, Paw Paw, 111.
FRANK L. CHILDS, prominent farmer and
Supervisor of Willow Creek Township, Lee
Coimty, 111., '>vas born in Bureau County, 111..
Oct. 8, 1860, son of Charles and L.iza (Smith)
Childs. Charles Childs was a carpenter and
contractor and later in life became a farmer.
He removed with his family to Willow Creek
Township, Lee County, when Frank L. was an
infant and settled on 160 acres of land in
Section 12. where he engaged in farming and
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY,
increased his holdings to 270 acres. The
children born to himself and wife were: Viola
(deceased I.Frank L., Lyman W. (a physician
in Cleveland, Ohio) and Nellie (Mrs. William
Wilcox). Frank L. Childs grew up on his
father's farm, attended the village school at
Lee and the Jennings Seminary at Aurora, 111.
He later returned to the farm and purchased
the old homestead (270 acres), where he has
since been engaged in general farming and
breeding of thoroughbred Hereford cattle.
His father died in January, 1898, but his mother
(1903) still survives and lives at Aurora, v.'here
she and her husband retired In 1888. February
5, 1890, Mr. Childs married L, Alice Fowler,
and they have two children, Mildred E. and
Edmond L. Mr. Childs Is a Republican in poli-
tics, and is now serving his fourth term as
Township Supervisor. Fraternally he is a mem-
ber of the Masonic Order, M. W. A. and Mystic
Shrine. His family are attendants of the Meth-
odist church, of which Mrs. Childs is a member.
Mrs. Childs is second In order of birth In a
family of five children of James and Mary
(Nichols) Fowler, natives of Ireland and New
York State respectively, who came to Lee
county in 1885, having previously reside-d on
a farm in Dekalb County, 111. She obtained
her education in the public school at Lee.
REV. CONRAD TASCHE, pastor of St.
Mary's Catholic church, Sublette, 111., was born
in Wiedersheim, Kreis Mindeu, Westphalia,
tiermany, August ±2, 1872. son of Philip and
Maria (Schaefer) Tasche. He obtained his ed-
ucation at Paderhorn in his native country and
at St. Francis; was ordained to priesthood at
St. Francis in 1895, and for six years following
v.'as Assistant-priest at St. Theresa's and St.
Paul's churches, Chicago. Octobei 1, ICOl. '.le
came to Sublette and has since been pastor of
the church in that city; and also has charge of
the parochial school, which has an enrollment
of about fifty pupils. Rev. Tasche preaches
both in English and German, and also teaches
those languages in the school under his super-
vision. On August 5, 1902, the construction of
a new church edifice was begun, which is now
(1903) under roof, and when completed will
cost $27,500.00. The parish was formed in
1868, and the first church edifice was erected
in that city in 1868 or 1869.
HARRY ADRIAN, farmer. Viola Township,
Lee County, 111., was born in the township
where he now resides, Nov. 2, 1845, the son
of Evans and Marilla (Goodall) Adrian. In 1861
Mr. Adrian began farming on his own, account,
and in 1867 moved to Taylor County, Iowa,
where he purchased 440 acres of land, but in
1886 returned to Lee County, 111., where he
has since been identified with the interests of
his community and owns 125 acres of land.
February 21. 1868, Mr. Adrian was married to
Emma Brady, daughter of Levi and Emily
(Enslow) Brady, natives of Scioto County, Ohio.
To Mr. and Mrs. Adrian six children have been
born: Blanche (deceased). Pearl, Maud. Dove.
Hollle and Annie. Mr. Adrian is a Republican
in political sentiment, and has served his fel-
low citizens as School Director sixteen years.
He is a member of the United Brethren church.
JOHN ADRIAN, farmer, Brooklyn Township.
Lee County. 111., was born in Viola Township.
Lee County. 111.. Oct. 13, 1854, son of Evans
and Marilla (Goodall) Adrian. Evans Adrian
was born in County Antrim, Ireland, Oct. 15.
1815, and located in Viola Township in 1837.
On October 13, 1840, he married Mrs. Marilla
Adrian, daughter of Deacon Goodall and wid-
ow of the Rev. Smith Adrain, and to them
six children were born. Mrs. Adrain died Jan.
28, 1857, and Mr. Adrain married his second
wife on July 22, 1857, there being four chil-
dren of this union, two of whom are still
living. Mr. Adrain died Oct. 10. 1891. John
Adrain was married Feb. 21. 1884. to Alberta
M., daughter of Charles and Martha (Harris)
Jones of Wyoming Township, Lee County, who
were natives of Pennsylvania and New York
respectively, and of this union three children
—Ethel E., Robert S. and Eda B.— have been
born. In politics Mr, Adrain is a Republican,
and fraternally a Mason and Odd-Fellow. He
owns 256 acres of land in Brooklyn Township,
and is engaged in general farming and stock-
raising.
JOHN ALTHAUS. farmer, Sublette Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born at Simpsa-
husen, near Marburg Kur-Hessen, Germany,
June 23, 1851, son of Peter and Anna Kather-
ine (Mueller) Althaus. Peter Althaus came
to America in 1857 and earned the means
necessary to transport his family, who came in
758
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTS'
186(1. They first settled in Putnam Cottnty.
111., then moved to McLean County, later set-
tled in Livingston County and afterwards in
LaSalle County of the same State. Peter
Althaus died at Ransom, La Salle County, in
1887, aged sixty-eight years; his wife died in
Lee County, in 1897, in her eightieth year.
John Althaus came to Lee County in 1895. In
February, 1875, he married Katie Baker, who
was born in Amden, Hanover, Germany, May
29, 1856, daughter of Henry and Ella (Wal-
rath ) Baker, and came to America when eleven
years of age. Mr. and Mrs. Althaus have eight
children — Peter, Henry, Katie, Ella, George,
John B., Albert R., and Charles. Mr. Althaus
is a Republican in political views and with
his family belongs to the Evangelical Associa-
tion. He owns two farms aggregating 480 acres
of land.
Mr. Argraves is a member of Spartan Lodge
No, 272, and 1. O. O. F. of Compton, 111.
LAWRENCE W. ARGRAVES, farmer, Viola
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in the
township where he now resides, Feb. 2, 1873,
son of Winfleld S. and Ellen (Mittan) Argraves.
In 1894 he began farming operations for him-
self on rented land, and In 1899 purchased
forty acres, which he sold in 1900 and bought
his present farm of 120 acres. August 20, 1893,
he married Delia Beemer, the daughter of
Henry and Elizabeth (Miller) Beemer of
Brooklyn Township, and to them five children
have been born, viz.: Erdenia D., Elliott B.,
Hobart D., Ellen and Scott. In political views
Mr. Argraves is a Republican, and in religious
belief a Presbyterian. He is a member of the
M. W. A.
SAMUEL O. ARr.RAVES. retired farmer,
Compton, III., was born at Mendota, III, August
9, 1867, son of Samuel and Martha (Miller)
Argraves, natives respectively of England and
Canada, who came to Lee County in the early
'40s. The father is now deceased, but the
mother still survives, and resides at Dixon,
111, Mr, Argraves was engaged in, the mercan-
tile business at Compton for fourteen years,
but now owns 440 acres of land in Lee and
Whiteside Counties and 160 acres in Iowa. On
October 16, 1889, he was married to Margaret
E. Carnahan. daughter of Dr. Hiram and Sarah
(Christiance) Carnahan, and they have one
son, Wendel O, In political relations Mr. Ar-
graves is a Republican, and in religious faith a
Methodist. Fraternally he belongs to the I.
O. O. F.
LINN C. ARGRAVES, farmer, Viola Town-
ship. Lee County. 111., was born in Viola Town-
ship, Jan. 28, 1875, son of Winfield S. and Ellen
(Mittan) Argraves. In 1895 Mr. Argraves be-
gan farming operations for himself on rented
land and five years later purchased his pres-
ent farm of 130 acres. He was married Feb.
23, 1899, to Mae McKirgan, daughter of Alex-
ander and Elizabeth (Darah) McKirgan of La
Salle County, 111., and they have one child.
Vera I. Mr. and Mrs, Argraves are attendants
on the Methodist church. In politics he is a
Republican, and has served his fellow towns-
men three years as Constable. Fraternally
WILBUR M. AVERY, physician, Compton,
111., was born in the village where he now
resides, June 9, 1S76, son of Minor M, and An-
geline (Argraves) Avery, natives respectively
of Pennsylvania and Lee County, 111., who now
reside at Dixon. Wilbur M. Avery received his
medical training in the Rush Medical College,
Chicago, graduating from that institution with
the class of 1901, and in the same year located
at Lee 111,, where he practiced his profession
until the spring of 1903, when he made a per-
manent location at Compton, 111,
VINCENT C. ARNOULD farmer and stock-
man. Section 20, Ashton Township. Lee County.
Ill,, was born in Lea Voges, Hautsone, France,
Oct, 14, 1860, son of Remy and Eleanor (An-
toine) Arnould. Remy Arnould and his family
emigrated to America in 1869. They landed
at New York and came direct to Ashton, Lee
County, where friends of theirs were located.
Mr. Arnould bought a farm in Bradford Town-
ship, where he resided twelve years and then
bought the "Early Dawn" farm in Ashton Town-
ship, which he sold four years later to William
Ireland, and he and Mrs, Arnould have since
lived retired in Ashton 111. They are the
parents of nine children, three of whom are
still living, viz.: Julius, a retired farmer re-
siding in Compton, 111,; Edward, a merchant
at Ashton, 111.; and Vincent C. Mr. and Mrs.
Arnould are members of the Catholic church.
Vincent C. Arnould remained under the paren-
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
759
tal roof until twenty-three years of age. and
in tlie meantime obtained a common-scliool
education. On May 1, 1883. he married Mary
L. Kelly, daughter of Peter and Catherine
(Griesse) Kelly, pioneer settlers of Lee
County. To Mr. and Mrs. Vincent C. Arnould
six children have been born, four of whom are
living — Vincent E., Hazel G., Garnet M. and
Remy A. Mr. Arnould bought his present farm
in 1895, which he has improved in,- a substan-
tial manner, erecting on it a good house, barn
and other farm buildings. With the exception
of three years spent on a farm in Ogle County,
111., he has resided in Lee County continuously
since 1869. Socially he is a member of the
M. W. A. and Knights of the Globe. In poli-
tics he is a Republican.
Henry County. 111. Mr. Barge began life in Il-
linois as a school teacher, and after teaching
at several different points in the State, came
to Dixon in 1854. where he followed that pro-
fession for several years, and to him is due the
honor of organizing the first graded school in
Lee County. He- v.'as admitted to the bar in
1860 and opened an office in Dixon, where he
has since practiced his profession. For the
past thirty years he has been employed as at-
torney for the Chicago & Northwestern Rail-
way, and has been connected with the Illinois
Central Railroad, in a similar capacity for
twenty-five years. In 1856. Mr. Barge married
Elizabeth Dixon, daughter of James P. and
granddaughter of Father John Dixon. In poli-
tics Mr. Barge is a Democrat.
ERASTUS ANDERSON, retired farmer. Ash-
ton. 111., was born in Ontario, Canada, May 19,
1824, the son of John H. and Martha (Martin)
Anderson, natives of the same province. In
184& Mr. Anderson came to Illinois, arriving at
Chicago May 27, and three days later reached
Light House Point, Ogle County, where he re-
mained over two years. November 13, 1848,
he married Mary Halverd, and on March 27.
1849, went to Lee County, 111. locating on a
farm, on v.'hich he continued to reside until
1892, during the latter year removing to Ash-
ton, Lee County, his present home. Mr. Ander-
son's first wife bore him three children: Rhoda
A. (now Mrs. W. F. Clark), John H. and Mary
A., who are deceased. His second wife was
Mrs. Mary J. Lundy (nee Vosburg). He and
his wife are communicants of the Methodist
church, and in political views Mr. Anderson is
a Republican.
WILLIAM BARGE, attorney-at-law. Dixon.
111., and Nestor of the Lee County bar, v/as
born in Armstrong County, Penn., Feb. 26,
1832, son of John and Jane (Elliott) Barge,
the former of French and the latter of Scotch
ancestry. His paternal grandfather was a sol-
dier in the Continental Army during the Revo-
lutionary War. and was killed at the battle of
Brandywine, while his father was a soldier in
the War of 1812 and participated in the battle
of New Orleans. His father having died. Wil-
liam Barge, together with hisi mother and two
sisters, left Ohio, to which place the family
had removed in the early '3tis. and drove to
VOLNEY BLISS (deceased) was born at
Milan. Huron County, Ohio, in 1827. son of
Adolphus and Hannah (Barber) Bliss. Adolph-
us Bliss brought his family to Lee County in
1834, locating at Inlet Grove, where the youth-
ful Volney was reared amid the scenes of pio-
neer life and had Indian children for his play-
mates. For nearly fifty years Volney Bliss was
a prominent farmer of Lee Center Township,
and during hisi career, served as Postmaster of
Lee Center, Justice of the Peace, and Assess-
or. In March, 1864, he enlisted in Company
D, Fifteenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in
which he served as First Lieutenant. On De-
cember 24. 1853. he married Pauline Tredwell,
daughter of Allen and Staciann (Squares) Tred-
well, natives, respectively, of Connecticut and
Pennsylvania, who came to Lee County in
1850, locating at Temperance' Hill.
CAPTAIN PRESCOTT BARTLETT. retired
farmer. Sublette Township. Lee County, was
born in Franklin County, Mass.. August 19,
1821, the son of Prescott and Narcissa (Robin-
son) Bartlett. The former, a native of the same
county, died in 1831, at the age of forty-four
years: the mother was born in Goshen, Mass.
Captain Bartlett's grandfather, Amos, was a
Major in the Revolutionary War, and his father
raised a company for the) War of 1812 but saw
no service. The subject of this sketch came to
Lee County at the age of twenty-two years and
took up a claim of 160 acres of land in Sub-
lette Township, but in 1854 settled on his
present farm now embracing 320 acres, on
760
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY
which he made extensive improvements, in-
cluding the erection of a large stone house.
August 12, 1861, he enlisted in v/hat became
Company C, Seventh Illinois Cavalry, in, which
he served as Captain, being honorably dis-
charged Oct. 15, 1864. For a time his company
served as escort of General Grant and later,
for over one year, as escort cf Gen, John M.
Palmer. Captain Bartlett spent his civil life
chiefly as a farmer until fifteen years ago,
when he retired. For a number of years he
was engaged in the horse-trade, buying horses
in the Southwest, and shipping them to Boston
and other eastern points. January 4, 1849, he
married Caroline Wbitney, born Jan. 30. 1829.
in Warren County, Ohio, daughter of Ephraim
and Mary (Livingston) Whitney. The former,
born in Maine, June 18, 1801, and the latter
in Warren County, Ohio, Dec. 26, 1803, were
married in Warren County, Ohio, April 22,
1824, and in 1845, settled in Palestine Grove.
Lee County. 111., where they became owners of
a farm of 160 acres. Captain Bartlett and
wife have had four children, born as follows:
Silas Wilton, March 24, 1853: Eugene Prescott,
March 26, 1858; Howard R., Nov. 26, 1865: and
Cora May, March 13. 1869— the latter now the
wife of J. C. Stough. Captain Bartlett is a
Republican in politics, and is identified with
the Masonic Fraternity, being formerly a mem-
ber of Social Lodge. No. 70, A. F. & A. M..
and later a charter member of Sublette Lodge.
H. A. BREMMER, phy.sician and surgeon.
Ashton. 111., was born in Waldeck, Germany,
in 1851, son of Henry and Caroline (Shreiber)
Bremmer. Henry Bremmer and his family
came to America in 1866, locating in Palmyra,
Mo., and with the exception of Mrs. Bremmer,
who died in February, 1900, all the members
of his family are now living in Illinois. Ht
was a wagon-maker by trade, but retired from
active business several years ago. To himself
and wife three children were born, viz.: John,
Lizzie (Mrs. Henry Knipple of Missouri) and
Dr. H. A. H. A. Bremmer obtained a good
elementary education in the Fatherland, which
was supplemented by a thorough course in the
English branches while living in Missouri, and
afterwards attended Chaddock College at
Quincy. 111., graduating from the medical de-
partment of that institution in 1S86. later tak-
ing a post-graduate course in Philadelphia. He
began his professional career at Merritt. 111.,
remaining there until 1899, when he removed
to Ashton, where he has since resided and has
established an extensive practice. On Febru-
ary 21, 1878, he married Mary S. Berghofer,
born in Missouri of German extraction, and
they have one child, Katherine. The Doctor
is a self-made man, having paid his own ex-
penses for educational training with money
earned by hard manual labor. He owns a large
and well-selected library, and his residence is
considered the most attractive one in the vil-
lage. He is a member of the Military Tract,
the State and the American Medical Asso-
ciations.
PERRY A. BURRIGHT, farmer and fruit-
grower. Dixon. 111., was born in Ogle County,
111., April 6, 1848, son of Ashbel and Sally
(Cavett) Burright, natives of Ohio, who came
to Illinois in 1840. Ashbel Burright made an
overland trip to California in the days of the
gold excitement. Perry A. Burright spent
about twenty years in the West, and then
returning to Illinois, purchased a small farm
adjoining the city of Dixon, where he is now
engaged in farming and fruit-growing. On
March 9, 1876, he married Eva L. Tilton, and
they have four daughters: Blanche A., Nellie
K., Nina B. and Georgia.
CLARK S. BROWiN (deceased) was born in
Otsego County. N. Y., June 18, 1826, son of
Clark and Elizabeth (Davidson) Brown, na-
tives of Rhode Island and New York respect-
ively. Mr. Blown came to Dixon in 1856 and
'conducted a machine shop and iron-foundrv
in that city until 1880, when he removed to
Sterling, 111., where he was employed for
twenty years. Returning to Dixon in 1901. he
afterwards resided in that city. In November,
1857. he married Mary J. Genung of Janesville,
Wis., and of this union there are two children
now living— Clarence E. of Dixon, and Char-
lotte Louise, now Mrs. William B. Rood of
Rogers Park. 111. In political opinions Mr.
Brown was a Republican and served as Alder-
man in Dixon six years, and as a member of
the School Board eight years. Fraternally he
was a member of the Masonic Order. Mr.
Brown died Sept. 8, 1903, while on a visit at
Almond, N. Y.
HISTORY OF LEE COL'NTY.
761
ALBERT Z. BODINE. wheelwright, Lee
Center, 111., was born in Richmond County,
Staten Island, N. Y., Feb. 8, 1830. son of Na-
thaniel and Maria (Garretson) Bodine, both
natives of Staten Island. John Bodine, pater-
nal grandfather, and John Garretson, maternal
grandfather of Mr. Bodine, were both Colonels
in the War of 1812. Nathaniel Bodine died
young leaving a widow and four children, who
came west in 1841 and settled eighteen miles
north of Chicago. In 1847 Albert Z. Bodine
came to Lee Center, where, for two years, he
v/as employed as clerk in the store of L. & C.
I. Hitchcock, and then returned to Chicago,
where he learned the carpenter's trade. In
1851 he returned to Lee Center, and since 1862
has carried on wagon making. He married in
1856, Matilda, daughter of Samuel and Lucretia
Bixby, natives of New York, by whom he had
two children — Rosalie (deceased), who v.'as the
wife of James McGee, and Annie, wife of David
May. Mrs. Bodine died in 1862. and subse-
quently Mr. Bodine married Catherine Colviu,
a native of Sublette Township, and they have
three children: Mary, wife of Fred Starks;
Leslie A., manager of a large saw-mill in Mis-
sissippi; and Genevieve, wife of William S.
Frost, of Bradford Township. Mr. Bodine is
a Republican and held the office of Justice of
the Peace from 1857 to 1897, and has been a
Notary for many years.
FRANK B. BRYANT, farmer. Wyoming
Township, Lee County, 111., was born at Four
Mile Grove, Lee County, 111., Nov. 4. 1851, son
of Hon. Obed W. and Sarah (Lindsay) Bryant,
natives of Maine who came to Illinois in 1837.
locating at Dover. Bureau County, where
they resided until 1842. In the latter
year Obed W. Bryant removed to Wyom-
ing Township. Lee County, where he purchased
land. On April 24. 1840, he married Lucy
Lindsay, who died in 1843, leaving two chil-
dren—Mary E. (Mrs. West) and Wilson C.
On October 15, 1844, he married his second
wife, Sarah Lindsay — a sister of his first wife
— and five children were born of this union,
viz.: William H., Frank B.. Mrs. Emma Blee,
Mrs. Eva Lewis and Charles S. For some
time after the death of his first wife, Mr. Bry-
ant was engaged in trade on flat-boats between
Red River and New Orleans. Later he located
on a farm in La Salle County. 111., where he
resided until 1854, when he disposed of his
property in that vicinity and bought his farm
comprising 600 acres in Wyoming Township,
which he occupied until the time of his death,
August 2, 1882. In political views he was a
Republican and served one term in the State
Legislature, and six years as County Supervis-
or of Lee County. In religious belief he was
a Baptist, and assisted in building Hillsdale
College. Frank B. Bryant owns 146 acres of
valuable land in Wyoming Township, and is
engaged in general farming and stock-raising.
December 16. 1880, he married Ada E. Jones,
daughter of Charles and Martha (Harris)
Jones, and of this union thera are six children
—Tessa A.. Emma E., Carl B., Wilson H.. Earn-
est O.. and John D. Mr. Bryant and family
attend the Baptist church. In politics he is a
Republican, and in fraternal affiliations a mem-
ber of the Masonic Order and M. W. A.
EZRA BERRY (deceased), bcrn in Simonton,
Me., July 9, 1815. son of Elisha and Hannah
(Cousins) Berry. In 1841 he settled at Mel-
ugin's Grove, Lee County, where he purchased
a small tract of land, and built a log cabin. On
September 9th of the same year he married
Ellenor Melugin, daughter of Jonathan and
Sarah (Mitchell) Melugin, natives, respective-
ly, of Tennessee and Pennsylvania, who set-
tled at Melugin's Grove in 1837. Zachariah Me-
lugin. brother cf Mrs. Berry, came to Lee
County in 1833 and located at the grove now
bearing his name. He served during the Black
Hawk War and died in 1842. In 1849 Mr.
Berry went overland to California, returning
to Lee County in 1853 and resided on his farm
in Brooklyn Township from that time until
his death, June 11, 1903. Mr. and Mrs. Berry
were the parents of eight children, lour of
whom — Wilson S., Ezra U., Frances A. and
Elizabeth J. — are living. In politics Mr. Berry
v/as a Republican, and in religious associations
belonged to the United Brethren church. Mrs.
Berry still survives and resides on the old
homestead where she settled in 1841.
WILSON S. BERRY, retired farmer. Paw
Paw. 111., was born at Melugin's Grove, Lee
County, 111., August 6, 1847, son of Ezra and
Eleanor (Melugin) Berry. Mr, Berry began
business life for himself as a farmer in Viola
Township, but later purchased the 160-acre
762
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
farm which he now owns in Wyoming Town-
ship. In December, 1871. he married Mary
Carnahan. daughter of Allen and Elizabeth
(Clark) Carnahan. and of this union there are
four children— Glenn, Claude, Irene and Ma-
bel. In political views Mr. Berry is a Republi-
can, and has served his fellow-citizens as Con-
stable and on the school board. Fraternally
he belongs to the Modern Woodmen of Amer-
ica.
CHESTER BADGER, retired farmer, Amboy,
111., was born in Broome County. N. Y.. May
27, 1823, son of Chester S. and Lois Badger,
of whom the former came to Lee County in
1838. May 19, 1840, Chester Badger came to
Lee County, locating at Binghamton, where his
father built the first grist mill in the county.
In 1847 he enlisted in Company E, BMrst Illinois
Regiment, for services during the Mexican
War, he was discharged at Alton in October,
1848. On March 16. 1853, he married Mary A
Cushman. In political sentiment Mr. Badger
is a Democrat and served as Supervisor of Am-
boy Township eight years.
WARREN H. BADGER, retired farmer. Am-
boy. 111., was born in Corning, N. Y.. in 1S47.
son of H. E. and Catherine (Clark) Badger,
times in farming, milling, and in the mercan-
From 1872 to 1902 he wasi engaged at different
tile business. In 1874 he married Emetine
Green of Jo Daviess County, 111., and to them
three children — Henry H., Frances E. and Ar-
thur— have been born. In political sentiment
Mr. Badger is a Republican and in fraternal
affiliations is a member of the Masonic Order.
WILLIAM D. BAUM, contractor and builder.
Dixon, 111., was born in Onondaga County, N.
Y.. August 31, 1859. son of Jacob and Rachel
(Ellwood) Baum. Jacob Baum was a farmer
and. when William D. was five years of age.
removed from New York State to DeKalb
County. 111., where he was engaged in farm-
ing for a number of years, and afterwards re-
Mary (Holdren) Bradshaw. George Bradshaw
was born in England in 1801, and came to the
United States in the early '40s, locating at
Rockford, 111., while his wife, Mary Holdren,
was born in Pennsylvania. They are now de-
ceased. On December 20. 1SS2. Mr. Aid Brad-
shaw wa.s married to Ella Pierce, daughter of
Samuel and Sarah (Cole) Pierce, natives of
Pennsylvania, and of this union there were
three children: Alma L., Ada Arline, and one
who died in infancy. Since August, 1902, Mr.
Bradshaw has been in the hardware, imple-
ment and vehicle business at Compton. In
politics he is a Republican, and has served
tired to the village of Malta, where he died.
William D. Baum learned the carpenter's trade,
and for nine or ten years followed that occu-
pation in Chicago. Coming to Dixon in 1892,
he formed a partnership with W. T. Greig,
with whom he has since been associated in con-
tracting and building. The firm conducts a
profitable business, occasionally employing a
large force of men, and many of the principal
residences and leading business houses of that
city have been erected under their supervis-
ion. In 1884 Mr. Baum married Mary Spicker-
man. who died at the birth of their first child,
and in 1897 he married his second wife. Flora
Rogers. In politics Mr. Baum is a Democrat,
and socially belongs to the Knights of Macca-
bees.
LUTHER E. BURKET, farmer, Dixon Town-
ship. Lee County. 111., was born on the farm
where he now resides, Dec. 27, 1860, son of
John N. and Mary (Fleck) Burket, natives of
Pennsylvania. John N. Burket was a son of
Peter and Barbara (Neff) Burket, also natives
of the Keystone State. He came to Dixon
Township in 1854. built the brick residence
now occupied by his son Luther E. in 1858,
and engaged in farming until his death, Jan. 3.
1865. His wife survived him until March 27,
1866. Luther E. Burket obtained his educa-
tion in the public schools of Dixon Township
and his present farm, consisting of 200 acres,
has always been his home. On December 10,
1884, he married Ida L. Lindeman, daughter
of Herman and Nancy (Fritz) Lindeman, and
to them three children have been born — two
who died in infancy, and Leon R., born July 4,
1892. In political opinions Mr. Burket is a
Republican. Mrs. Burket is a member of the
Lutheran church.
THOMAS W. BROWN (deceased) was born
in Newport, R. I., August 14, 1820, son of
Thomas W. and Rebecca (Vial) Brown, who
were also natives, as v.'ell as life-long residents
of the Stale above mentioned. Thomas W.
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY
763
Brown came to Lee County in 1839 and en-
tered land, which he subsequently sold and
removed to Inlet, 111., where he engaged in
the merchant tailoring business. In 1856 he
removed to Franklin Grove, where he conducted
a tailoring establishment until 1871, but from
1875 until his death was engaged in fruit cul-
ture. April 10, 1840, he married Ruth F. Simp-
son, born in Newport, R. I., Feb. 12, 1819,
daughter of Samuel and Harriet Simpson. Mr.
and Mrs. Brown were the parents of nine chil-
dren, viz.: Matilda, who died at the age of
sixteen years; Ella, who died aged six years;
two who died in infancy; Thomas W. ; Robert
P.; Mary E. K.; Harriet and Charlotte. Mr.
Brown died Feb. 20, 1903; his wife dying Feb.
3, 1893. Mrs. Brown w^as a member of the
Presbyterian church.
C. W. BOWERS, farmer. Section 20, Ashton
Township, Lee County, 111., was born on the
farm where he now resides. Oct. 15, 1867, son
of Lawrence and Dianah (Vogle) Bowers, na-
tives of Germany. C. W. Bowers attended the
public schools at] Ashton and for a brief period
Mt. Morris Seminary, working during the in-
tervening summer months on his father's
farm, where, in youth, he became qualified to
undertake its management, consisting of 280
acres of valuable land. February 25. 1901, he
was married to Amelia Dreschler, a native of
Germany. Having carefully studied Veterinary
Surgery, and given much attention to the study
of law, Mr. Bov.-ers could readily qualify for
either profession, but prefers to give his entire
attention to farming and to the breeding and
feeding of stock. In politics he is a Republi-
can, fraternally a member of the Knights of
the Globe, and in religious belief a Methodist.
His father, Lawrence Bowers, died in .luly,
1900.
JOHN W. BANKS, manager of the Warner
& Guffln grain elevator company, Compton,
111., was born in Paris, Canada, Jan. 26, 1861.
son of Joseph and Hannah (McDonald) Banks,
natives of England and Canada respectively.
Joseph Banks settled with his family in Lee
County in 1860, and for several years carried
the United States mail between Melugin's
Grove and Mendota, 111., and was the first post-
master in Compton, Lee County, 111. He now
resides in Los Angeles. Cal. John W. Banks
was married on Jan. 23. 1895, to Elizabeth
McBride of Bloomsburg. Penn., daughter of
Jonathan S. and Abby (Carnahan) McBride.
and they have two sons, Stanley M., and Joseph
S. In politics Mr. Banks is a Republican, and
at present is one of the village trustees, having
served in that capacity for ten years. Socially
he belongs to the Masonic order, I. O. O. F.,
M. W. A. and Eastern Star. In religious con-
victions he is a Methodist.
WILLIAM H. BRUCKER. farmer and stock-
raiser. Sublette Township, Lee County, was
born on the farm where he now resides, June
27, 1870, son of Christian and Mary
(Schwingle) Brucker, the former born at Mie-
thal, Alsace, May IS, 1825, and the latter in
Buffalo, N. Y., August 3, 1842, the daughter of
Fred and Christine (Smith) Schwingle, who
were natives, respectively, of Saxe-Coburg,
Germany, and Dimeringen, Alsace. Christian
Brucker came to Lee County, III., in 1865, and
on March 6, 1860, married Mary Schwingle and
settled on a tract of 260 acres of land, embrac-
ing a part of Sections 14 and 15 in Sublette
Township. Here they reared a family of nine
children who ,grev/ to years of maturity, the
father dying Nov. 5. 1901. The mother still
lives in Sublette Township. February 6. 1894,
William H. Brucker married Carrie Trucken-
brod, daughter of John and Elizabeth (Faber)
Truckenbrod, natives, respectively, of Bavaria
and Saxe-Coburg. but now residents of Clarion
Township, Bureau County, 111. Mr. and Mrs.
Brucker have three children: Hattie M., Harvey
F.. and Gilbert. Mr. Brucker pursues the occu-
pation of farmer and stock-raiser on the pa-
ternal homestead of 260 acres, which he now
ov.'ns, and where he has spent the whole of
his life, except six years he was engaged in
farming in Mendota Township, LaSalle County.
In politics he is independent.
PAUL BIEBER. farmer, Sublette Township,
Lee County, 111., was born in the township
where he now resides, April 2, 1864, son of
George and Elizabeth (Burger) Bieber, natives
of Germany, who came to Lee County in 1858,
locating at Sublette. George Bieber located
in Chicago in 1853, where he was employed
for some time as a shoemaker, and, during
his residence there, had the opportunity of
purchasing what are now the sites of principal
764
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
business blocks of that city at $10 each. He
went to the Fatherland in 1859 and there mar-
ried Elizabeth Burger, and he and his wife
are the parents of three children — George.
Katie (Mrs. George Leffleman) and Paul. Mr.
Bieber died In 1894. but his wife, still survives.
Paul Bieber was married in 1890 to Elizabeth
Strubel. daughter of John and Rigina (Amer-
ine) Strubel. and they have three children —
Clara, Claremont and George. In political
views he is a Democrat, and in religious, faith
a Catholic. In 1892 he purchased his present
farm consisting of 130 acres of valuable land,
improved with substantially constructed and
well-kept buildings.
C. T. BEITEL farmer. Section 8, Alto Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born in DeKalb
County, 111.. March 11. 1860. son of J. T. and
Emma L. (Troeger) Beitel natives of Pennsyl-
vania who came to Illinois in 1852 and settled
in DeKalb County. Mr. J. T. Beitel died April
29, 1892. his wife surviving' until April 9. 1901.
They were the parents of thirteen children, the
subject of this sketch being seventh in their
family. C. T. Beitel worked on his father's
farm and gained his education in the DeKalb
County schools. He remained at home during
his boyhood and youth, and, on reaching man-
hood, first operated a cheese factory for three
years, and was afterwards engaged as a book-
keeper eight years at Hinckley, DeKalb County.
In 1891 he purchased his present farm in Lee
County, then known as the "Mahanna farm,"
for which he paid $35 per acre, and by sub-
sequent improvements he has greatly increased
the value of his property, having refused offers
of $125 per acre. On April 21, 1883, Mr. Beitel
was married to Hattie R.. daughter of L. D.
and Clara (Sutliff) Wilcox, and they are the
parents of three children, viz.: Grace D.. Les-
ter D. and Perry A. In religious belief Mr.
Beitel is a Methodist, and in political opinions
a Prohibitionist; is serving at the present time
as School Director. Fraternally he is a member
of the M. W. A.
BURNS BROTHERS, grocers. Harmon. 111.,
are the sons of Owen and Catherine (Larliin)
Burns, both of whom were natives of County
Louth, Ireland, and came to the United States
in 1861. and to Lee County, 111., in 1868. To
Mr. and Mrs. Owen Burns thirteen children
were born, two of whom are now deceased.
Those living are: Margaret M., Owen E.. Mary
A.. Thomas E., Catherine E.. Elizabeth A.,
Rose. Emma, Joseph P.. Julia and Florence.
Owen E. Burns, of this family, was born at
Ohio. Bureau County. 111.. Dec. 2. 1866, attended
the public school and graduated at Dixon Col-
lege in 1884. In 1897 he was married to Bridget
Riley, daughter of Peter and Mary (Carlin)
Riley, natives of County Cavan. Ireland. He
is a member of the Order of Columbian
Knights.
Thomas E. Burns was born in. Marion Town-
ship, Lee County. 111., July 27. 1872. attended
the public school at Harmon, and also took
a business course at St. Viaturus College. Bour-
bonnais. 111., leaving there in 1893.
In 1900 Thomas and Owen Burns opened up
a grocery store at Harmon. 111., under the
name of Burns Brothers, which they conducted
in partnership for over three years, when, in
the latter part of 1903. Owen retired and en-
gaged in the laundry business in Chicago, his
residence being at 872 West Monroe street,
Chicago. The Burns Brothers are both mem^
bers of the Catholic church.
O. W. BRIGGS, editor and proprietor ot
"Lee County Times," Paw Paw, 111., was born
in Willow Creek Township, Lee County, 111.,
Oct. 9, 1866, son of John B. and Alfred Briggs.
In 1883 he came to Paw Paw, where, for four
years, he was engaged in school teaching, after-
wards entered the newspaper field, and in
1891 purchased the "Lee County Times," which
he has since conducted. November 27, 1889,
he married Jennie Pulver. daughter of James
Pulver of Paw Paw, and they have two children
— Harold A. and Stanley. In political views
Mr. Briggs is a Republican, and socially belongs
to the Masonic Order, Corinthian Lodge No.
205. and Mendota Chapter.
GEORGE W, I. BROWN, physician and sur-
geon. Dixon, 111., born in Greensboro, Penn.,
Oct. 26, 1846, son of John Cox and Elizabeth
(Hcpton) Brown, grandson of George Moss
and Latetia (MacFarland) Brown, and great-
grandson of Richard Brown, who was a son
of Sir Richard Brown of England. Richard
Brown, born in England in 1760, came to Phila-
delphia in 1781. married Frances Moss and
became an extensive land-owner in Greene
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY,
765
County. Penn.. and Monongalia County, Va.,
(now West Virginia), whicli he entailed to
his descendants. Latetia (MacFarland) Brown,
daughter of John and Susanna (Cox) MacFar-
land, natives of Wales, married George Moss
Brown in Philadelphia, and they resided there
all their lives. Dr. George W. I. Brown's
mother, nee Elizabeth Hopton, was the daugh-
ter of Jesse and Sarah (Finch) Hopton. who
were Quakers, of English descent, and settled
in Western Pennsylvania in 1810. When Dr.
Brown was three years old. his father, who
had been a glass manufacturer at Greensboro,
removed to Monongalia County, Va., and turned
his attention to farming, but later returned to
Greene County, Penn.. where he had come into
possession of a part cf the Brown estate. Here
the son grew up on the farm, attending the dis-
trict schools during the winter, took a two
years' course in Greene Academy at Carmich-
aels, and at eighteen years of age began the
study of medicine with Dr. George F. Burch. of
Greensboro, while teaching during the winter
months; later continued his studies with Dr.
George W. John, of Stewartstown, W. Va., and
in 1867 entered Philadelphia University of Med-
icine and Surgery, where he graduated in ISfifl.
He then succeeded to the practice of his pre-
ceptor. Dr. John, at Stewartstown, W. Va. ;
in 1870 removed to Meyersdale, Penn., where
he remained seven years, meanwhile filling the
position of Assistant Surgeon of the Baltimore
& Ohio Railroad Company, Physician and Sur-
geon of the Keystone Coal & Manufacturing
Company, and a similar position with the Sav-
age Fire Brick Company. Having sold his
practice to Dr. J. Ernest Meiers, of Washing-
ton, D. C, in 1877, he came to Illinois,; entered
Hahnemann Medical College at Chicago, and
graduated in 1878. Then having entered into
partnership with Dr. J. A. Hoffman, of Men-
dota, he practiced for a time at LaMoille. but
in the fall of the same year removed to Dixon,
where he succeeded to the practice of Dr.
Steele, of the firm of Steele & Blackman. the
firm taking the name of Blackman & Brown
This partnership was dissolved in 1880, and
Dr. Brown has since practiced alone. In 1900
he took a post-graduate course at the Chicago
Polyclinic Institute in Surgery. Gynecology and
Dermatology, is now a member of the staff of
Physicians and Surgeons of the Dixon Public
Hospital; Surgeon of the Sterling, Dixon &
Electric Railv.-ay and of the Lee County Light-
ing & Fuel Company. The medical organiza-
tions with which he is affiliated include the
Lee County Medical Society; Rock River Insti-
tute, of which he has been President; the Illi-
nois State Medical Society; Illinois Homeopa-
thic Medical Association; American Institute of
Homeopathy, and the American Medical As-
sociation.
From boyhood Dr. Brown has been identified
with the Methodist church, and for thirty-
three years a member of the Official Board,
being the sixth member to join the church at
Meyersdale. Penn., in 1870, which, in six years,
grew to a membership of 250. He has also
been prominently identified with educational
matters, serving for six years as member of
the Board of Education at Meyersdale, Penn.,
and for fifteen years at Dixon, three years of
this time serving as President; has also served
two years as director cf the Dixon Buildin.g
and Loan Association. Since he was twenty-
one years of age he has been an enthusiastic
member of the Masonic Fraternity, having
taken all the higher degrees of the order, and
has filled numerous official positions, includ-
ing Commander of Dixon Commandery, No. 21.
K. T.; member cf Freeport Consistory, S. P. R.
S.; Grand Lodge of the State; Grand Royal
Arch Chapter, and Grand Commandery K. T.
of the State of Illinois. Politically he is a Re-
publican, casting his first vote for Gen. Grant
for President in 1868. and has often, served his
party in State and minor conventions. In 1872
the Doctor was united in marriage to Magda-
lene Miller, daughter of Josiah and Matilda
(Beachy) Miller, of Meyersdale, Penn.. and they
have three children: Charles LeRoy, born in
1874, now an attorney-at-law in Chicago; Edna
Florence, born in 1877, at home; and George
Harold, born in 1S87, who is completing his
senior year in the Dixon High School.
REV. DANIEL S. CLARK (deceased), born in
Ellington. Conn.. Jan. 24. 1822. sen of David
and Sarah (Bartlett) Clark; in early life moved
to West Woodstock, Conn., and there learned
the carpenter's trade; then in 1853, coming to
Amboy, Lee County, 111., was employed for
some yeai's by the Illinois Central Railroad
Company, as superintendent of many of its
buildings. In 1859 Mr. Clark became an exhorter
in the Second Adventist Christian church, and
766
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
the following year was formally ordained as a
preacher in that denomination, continuing
this worlv until his death, March 20, 1900. In
1844 Mr. Clark was married to Nancy M. Vin-
ton, daughter of Hosea and Clementine Vinton,
who were natives of Connecticut. Mrs. Clark,
who still survives, is a member of the Advent-
ist church at Mendota. 111.
FERNANDO H. CHAFFEE, retired farmer.
Paw Paw, 111., was born in Athens, Vt.. Nov.
21, 1827, son of Eber and Annie (Davis) Chaf-
fee. In 1839 the family came to Kane County,
111. In 1852 Mr. Chaffee went overland to
California, and after an absence of four and
a half years returned to Lee County, where he
has since resided. July 15, 1858, he married
Delia Barber, daughter of Lahira and Annis
(Nichols) Barber, and to them the following
named children have been born, viz.: Edmund
W.. Elmer S., Wilbur T., Ella M., Minnie A.,
Marcia M., Ernest L., Carrie B.. John F. and
C. Bernard — the last five named being de-
ceased. To a former marriage was born Abby
F. Tabor, wno now resides at Paw Paw, 111.
In politics Mr. Chaffee is a Democrat.
WILBUR T. CHAFFEE, Paw Paw, 111., was
born in Wyoming Township, Lee County, Sept.
15, 1867, the son of Fernando H. and Delia
(Barber) Chaffee. He attended the district
schools until fifteen years of age. when the
family removed to Paw Paw, III. In 1886 he
entered Lake Forest University, graduating
from the classical course of that institution
in 1893. From 1895 to 1901 he was in Califor-
nia attending to his father's interests in that
State, but at the present time is engaged in
lead and zinc mining at Leadville, Colorado.
On September 18, 1901, he married Mary R.
McBride, daughter of John B. and Sarah (Bry-
son) McBride, and of this union there is one
child, Helen Margaret. In political sentiment
Mr. Chaffee is a Democrat, and in religious
faith a Presbyterian. He is a member of the
I. O. O. F.
SAMUEL CRAWFORD, retired farmer. Dix-
on. 111., was boirn in Pennsylvania, May 23,
1823. son of William and Fannie (Moore)
Crawford, also natives of the Keystone State.
Mr. Crawford came to Lee County in 1848.
locating in Nachusa Township, where he de-
voted his attention to general farming and
stock-raising until 1883, when he removed to
Dixon, and has since lived retired. He was
married on Feb. 10, 1848, and of his children
three are now living — William J., Wilson and
Calvin B. Mrs. Crawford died in July, 1886.
In political sentiment Mr. Crawford is a Repub-
lican, and in religious belief a Presbyterian.
CALVIN B. CRA^\TORD, merchant, Na-
chusa, 111., was born in Nachusa Township, Lee
County, 111., April 18, 185S, son of Samuel and
Mary A, (Burket) Crawford. Mr. Crawford
bought an inteirest in his present business
in 1885, but one year later purchased the en-
tire stock, and has since conducted the enter-
prise alone. Since 1898 he has been proprietor
of a grain elevator at Nachusa, and also owns
and manages a 200-acre farm. On February 17,
1881, he married Anna M., daughter of Wilson
and Frances (Wallace) Dysart. Mrs. Craw-
ford died in December, 1887, leaving three chil-
dren: Grace, Edgar L., and Leslie R. In May,
1890, Mr. Crawford married his second wife,
Ina O. Dysart, who died in September, 1890.
She was a daughter of Philip and Ruth (Igo)
Dysart. la politics Mr. Crawford is a Republi-
can, and is a member of the County Central
Committee, has been Postmaster at Nachusa
since 1888. Fraternally he belongs. to the Ma-
sonic Order at Franklin Grove.
WILSON CRAWFORD, farmer, Nachusa
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in the
township where he now resides, July 18. 1850,
son of Samuel and Mary Ann (Burket) Craw-
ford. Mr. Crawford began his business life in
1872, and first conducted his father's farm for
two years, afterwards engaged in the grain
business at Nachusa for the same length of
time, and then removed to Dixon, 111., where
he was employed by the Chicago & Northwest-
ern Railroad Company for twelve and a half
years. In 1894 he removed to his present 200-
acre farm, where he has since been engaged in
general farming and stock-raising. On Novem-
ber 8, 1887, he married Allie Rhodes, and to
them four children were born — Arthur Leroy,
Roscoe Wilson, Florence, and Elizabeth. In
political views Mr. Crawford is a Republican
and has served as School Director for nine
years.
:i STORY OF LEE COUNTY.
767
ALBERT W. CRAWFORD. I'aimer, China
Township, Lee County, 111., was born at Na-
chusa, Lee County. 111.. July 16, 1854, son ot
John M. and Mary A. (Dysart) Crawford. Al-
bert W. Crawford began business life for him-
self as a farmer in 1877, which he continued
until 18S2, when he removed to Iowa. Return-
ing to Lee County in 1889, he located in Frank-
lin Grove, where he resided until 1900. and then
removed to the A. R. Whitney farm in China
Township. On June 24, 1879, he married Carrie L.
Whitney, daughter of Alexis R. and Mary J.
(Oakley) Whitney, and ot this union there are
five children— Mary (Mrs. R. C. Gross). John R..
Albert W., Jr., Robert D., and Charles L. In
politics Mr. Crawford affiliates with the Repub-
lican party. Fraternally he belongs to the Ma-
sonic order, Blue Lodge and Chapter at Frank-
lin Grove. Dixon Commandery, and Medinah
Temple, Chicago.
JOSEPH D. CRAWFORD (deceased) was
born in Nachusa Township. Lee County, 111.,
Feb. 11, 1858, son of John M. and Mary (Dy-
sart) Crawford. During his life he was actively
identified with the farming interests of his
native township. On January 4, 1882, he mar-
ried Carrie B., daughter of Zacharlah and
Hannah (Wingert) Emmert, and to them five
children were born — J. Blair. Blanche. Frank
E., Lucy B. (deceased), and Lizzie M. (de-
ceased). In political views Mr. Crawford was
a Republican. He died April 1, 1892.
JAMES CAHILL, farmer. Marion Township,
Lee County, born in County Tipperary, Ireland,
in August, 1833, son of Patrick Cahill, also a
native of Ireland, and in June, 1853, came to the
United States: after spending three years near
Boston, Mass.. came west to Lee County, 111.,
where he became the owner of 240 acres of
land. July 4, 1860, Mr. Cahill married Miss
Johanna Healy. born at Ottawa, 111., March 9,
1842, the daughter of John Healy, who emi-
grated from Ireland to the United States in the
early '30s. Mr. and Mrs. Cahill have had eleven
children, of whom six are living, viz.: Wil-
liam. Edward, Mary. Joseph. Austin and Ellen.
Mr. Cahill is a Democrat politically and has
served six years as Pathmaster of his town-
ship and about the same length of time as
School Director. He and his family are mem-
bers of the Catholic church.
THOMAS A. CARUTH. farmer. Wyoming
Township, Lee County, 111., was born at Paw
Paw, 111., Nov. 24, 1869, the son of Alexander and
Mary Jane (McCarrell) Caruth. He was reared
on the farm, and now owns the old homestead,
comprising 200 acres. On October 3, 1894, Mr.
Caruth was married to Josie, daughter of Avery
and Josephine (Merriman) Merriman, and of
this union three children — Eva V.. Howard A.
and Mabel E. — have been born. In political
opinions he Is a Republican, and has served as
School Director for twelve years. In religious
belief he is a Presbyterian.
WILLIAM W. CADY. retired farmer. Har-
mon, 111., was born in Rhode Island. April 21,
1862, the son of Wesley and Elsey (Brown)
Cady, who were also natives of the same State.
William W. Cady came to LaSalle County, 111.,
in 1850, and in 1878 moved to Harmon Town-
ship, where he now resides. February 20, 1848,
he married Louisa Bennett, and bo them one
son, George, was born, who is now deceased.
Mrs. Cady died March 9, 1903, and on^ June 14,
1903, Mr. Cady married Fanny Williams, daugh-
ter of John H. and Adelia (Toby) Williams.
During the Civil War Mr. Cady served one year
in Company C. Fifty-ninth Illinois Volunteer
Infantry. He is a Republican in political views,
and served seven years as School Director, and
tha same length of time as Pathmaster. He is
a member of the Methodist Episcopal church.
ALEXANDER CARUTH (deceased) was
born in Ireland in 1831. and came with his
parents — Andrew and Jennie Caruth— to Amer-
ica about 1850, and settled near Cottage Hill
Lee County, 111. He married Mary Jane Mc-
Carrell, who was also a native of the Emer-
ald Isle, and to them seven children were born,
viz.: Jennie, Lizzie, Sadie, Hannah, Cynthia,
Thomas and Eva (deceased). In politics he
was a Republican, and was a member of the
Presbyterian church. Mr. Caruth died in, 1872.
His wife still (1903) survives, and resides at
Paw Paw. 111.
DR. HIRAM CARNAHAN. retired physician,
Compton, Lee County, 111., was born in Colum-
bia County. Penn.. June 10. 1S30, son of Samuel
and Elizabeth Carnahan. who were also natives
768
HISTORY OF LEE COCNTY
of the Keystone State and settled at MaUigin's
Grove in 184S. Doctor Carnahan practiced his
profession in this vicinity for over thirty years.
In 1857 he married Sarah Christiance, daughter
of Abraham and Caroline C. Christiance. na-
tives of New York State. Doctor and Mrs. Car-
nahan are the parents of nine children, four of
whom are now living. The Doctor is a Repub-
lican in politics, a Royal Arch Mason in fra-
ternal relations, and a member of the Metho-
dist Episcopal church.
ANDREW J. CARNAHAN (deceased! was
born in Columbia County, Penn., in 1816. In
18.50 he came to Lee County, 111., and purchased
land in Brooklyn Township, where he farmed
until 1872. Through his influence a railroad
station was built on his land, where he after-
wards erected a number of buildings and con-
ducted an extensive mercantile business for
a number of years. In 1834 he married Eliza-
beth Holdren, and they became the parents of
nine children. For many years Mr. Carnahan
served as Justice of the Peace. He was a
member of the Methodist Episcopal church.
ALPHEUS H. CLINK, farmer and stcck-
raiser, Sublette Township, Lee County, was
born in Bradford County, Penn., April 6, 1829,
the son of William and Rebecca (Hulbert)
Clink, natives, respectively, of Nev/ York and
Pennsylvania; came to Lee County, 111., in 184.3.
with his parents, who settled at Lee Center.
The family consisted of nine children. William
Clink, the father, born Sept. 20. 1800. died in
June, 1856: the mother died May 28, 1886.
Alpheus H. Clink has lived on the farm, of
which 160 acres bought by his father when the
family settled there in 1848, forms apart.
March 3, 1850, he was married to Julia A. Can-
fleld, who was born in Bradford County, Penn.,
Feb. 8, 1831, daughter of Andrew and Loraine
(Gay lord) Canfleld, natives of Pennslyvania,
and one son was born of this marriage, How-
ard M., December, 1854. December 11, 1855,
Mr. Clink married, as his second wife, Melissa
M. Robinson, who was born in Ohio, Aug. 9.
1837, daughter of Alexander and Sarah (Avery)
Bobinson, who came to Lee County in 1852.
Five children were born of this marriage:
Nina, wife of John Ellsworth: William H., who
was drowned in British Columbia in 1891-
Frank, a barber in Dixon. 111.; Haney, who re-
sides on the old farm, and Sadie R., who died
in 1896, aged twenty-six years. Mr. Clink has
served as School Director twenty years. High-
way Commissioner nine years, and as, delegate
to many political conventions.
FRANK W. CASE, liveryman. Paw Paw, 111.,
was born in Earlville, 111., Sept. 5, 1872, the son
of John A. and Phoebe (Warren) Case. With
the exception of two years spent in Iowa, Mr.
Case was engaged in farming until the spring
cf 1903, when he formed a partnership with S.
E. Smith in the livery business. On February
24. 1898. he married-Lucy M. Patrick, daughter
of William and Mary Patrick, and they have
one son, Frederick W. In political sentiment
Mr. Case is a Republican, and he and his wife
are members of the Methodist Episcopal
church at Paw Paw.
JOHN ALVIN CASE, retired farmer. Paw
Paw, 111., was born in Wyoming County, Penn.,
Aug. 4, 1831, son of Chauncey and Mary E.
(Roberts) Case. He came to Lee County in
1845. and in 1851 went to California, where he
remained fourteen years. In 1862 Mr. Case en-
listed in Company I, Fourth California Volun-
teer Infantry, and served until 1865. Return-
ing td La Salle County, 111., in the latter year,
he engaged in farming until 1901, and then
moved to Paw Paw, where he has since lived
retired. In 1870 he married Phoebe Warren,
and they have three children: Julia M.. Frank
W.. and Armand P. Mr. Case is Independent
in politics. He is a member of the G. A. R. at
Paw Paw.
FRANCIS M. CASE, farmer, Wyoming Town-
ship, Lee County, 111,, was born in Wyoming
County, Penn., Feb. 15, 1839, son of Chauncey
and Mary E. (Roberts) Case, natives of Con-
necticut and Pennsylvania, respectively. In
1845 Frank M. was brought by his parents to
Lee County, the following year locating with
them on the farm where he now resides. In
early manhood he taught school for several
terms, but for many years has been engaged
in farming, his holdings now comprising 290
acres. In August. 1862. he enlisted in Com-
pany K, Seventy-fifth Illinois Volunteer In-
fantry, but was discharged in 1863 on account
of physical disability, having been twice
wounded in battle. On October 10, 1867, he
married Cynthia J. Clark, daughter of John and
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
769
Euphemia (Marshall) Clark, natives of Penn-
sylvania, who came to Ogle County, 111., in 1850,
and located in Marion Township. Three chil-
dren have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Case,
viz.: Stella M., Harry L., and Charles C. In
political views Mr. Case is a Republican, and
in religious convictions a Methodist, being a
member of the church at Paw Paw, III.
GEORGE W. CHRISTEAXCE, farmer. Brook-
lyn Township, Lee County, 111., was born in the
township where he now resides, Jan. 20, 1841,
son of Abram V. and Caroline C. (Borhight)
Chrlsteance, natives of Schenectady, N. Y., but
originally of Holland-Dutch ancestry. Abram
V. and Caroline C. Christeance came to Lee
County in 1835, and were the parents of six-
teen children, six of whom grew to maturity.
George W. Christeance was reared on a farm,
and in October, 1861, enlisted in Cheney's Bat-
tery, Company F, First Illinois Artillery, serv-
ing three years and four months. In 1865 he
re-enlisted in Hancock's Veteran Corps, serving
one year, one month and nineteen days. For
many years he has been engaged in farming on
his 160-acre farm in Brooklyn Township. On
April 5, 1871, Mr. Christeance was married to
Eliza A., daughter of Conrad and Mahalee
(Goff) Rutzee, natives of Germany, who settled
in Lee County, 111., in 1869, and to this union
nine children have been born, viz.: Eva, Cora,
Nellie. Joseph, Caroline, Fannie, Harry, Burton
and Ida May. The three oldest are now
deceased. Mr. Christeance is a member of the
Methodist Episcopal church and fraternally is
associated v/ith the I. 0. 0. F. and G. A. R.
Post. In political sentiment he is a Repub-
lican.
SHERWOOD DIXON (deceased), born at
Dixon, III., Nov. 15. 1847, son of James P. and
Fanny (Reed) Dixon, and grandson of Father
John Dixon; admitted to the bar in 1868; mar-
ried in November. 1869, Melissa G. Mead, of
Dixon, 111.; practiced law at Dixon from 1868
to 1874, in partnership with John V. Eustace
and William Barge, under the firm name of
Eustace, Barge & Dixon; removed to Chicago
where he resided from 1874 to 1877 and prac-
ticed law there in partnership with William W.
O'Brien and William Barge, under the firm
name of O'Brien. Barge &. Dixon; returned to
Dixon in 1S77, and entered into partnership
with Solomon H. Bethea, remaining with him
until 1884, when he formed a partnership with,
John D. Crabtree, which continued until 1888,.
when Mr. Crabtree was elected Circuit Judge;
partnership with Mr. Bethea was then resumed
and continued until the death of Mr. Dixon. He
was for seven years a member of the Board of
Education, and for three years President of the
Board; from 1880 to 1888 he was Master in
Chancery of Lee County. In politics he was
a Democrat and a delegate to the Democratic
National Conventions in 1884 and 1892; was a
member of the Thirty-sixth and Thirtj'-seventh
General Assemblies of the State of Illinois,
and drafted the Australian ballot law, v.-hich is
now in force U903); while in the Legislature
he v/as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee
and of the Democratic steering committee;
was Democratic candidate for Congress for this
Congressional District in 1886, but was de-
feated; in July. 1894, was appointed United
States Attorney for the Northern District of
Illinois and removed to Chicago ■where he died,
Dec. 2, 1894. His children were: Henry S..
Louis M. and George C. — all of whom are yet
living.
HENRY S. DIXON was born at Dixon, 111.,
Aug. 28, 1870, son of Sherwood and Melissa G.
(Mead) Dixon, and a great-grandson of Father
John Dixon; graduated from Dixon High
School in 1888, and from Kent Law School,
Chicago, 1893; read law with his father, Sher-
v.'ood Dixon, at Dixon, and with William J.
Hynes. of Chicago; private, corporal, sergeant
and Second Lieutenant of Company G, Sixth
Regiment Illinois National Guard, lSSS-1891;
admitted to the bar in June, 1893; Assistant
United States Attorney at Chicago, 1894-95;
returned to Dixon in 1895, and entered into
partnership with S. H. Bethea, continuing un-
til 1897; since the latter date has been practic-
ing law at Dixon alone; appointed Referee in
Bankruptcy for the Northern District of Illi-
nois by Judge P. S, Grosscup in 1899, and is
yet acting as such; elected Mayor of the City
of Dixon in March, 1903; married July 24, 1895,
Margaret C. Casey of Chicago, and they have
four children; John Sherwood. Marion E.,
Jerome F., and Robert A.
ERNEST E. DYSART, farmer. Nachusa
Township. Lee County, III., was born in Na-
■70
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
chiisa Township. March 9. 1S65. the son of Wil-
son and Fi-ances M. (Wallace) Dysart. He ob-
tained his elementary education in the public
schools, and attended Dixon College one winter.
February, 20. 1S90. he married Emma Zarger.
daughter of Jacob and Frances (Shellar) Zar-
ger, natives of Franklin County. Penn., who
came to Lee County about 1876. Mr. Zarger
died in 1892. Mr .and Mrs. Dysart have two
■children— Glen H. and Cecil Edith. In politi-
cal sentiment he is a Republican.
WILSON DYSART (deceased), born in
Huntingdon County, Penn.. Nov. 27, 1829. son
of Joseph and Mary (Davison) Dysart; came
to Lee County in 1857. and became a success-
ful farmer and stock-raiser. On January IS.
1853. he married Frances M. Wallace, daughter
of Samuel P. and Susan (Rathfon) Wallace,
natives of Pennsylvania, and to whom twelve
children were born, eight of whom are now liv-
ing, viz.: Warren P.. Joseph W.. Clarinda
(widow of Jacob Zarger). Ernest S.. Edith L..
Lee JI.. Edward E. and Fanny E. (Mrs. John S.
Herbst). In political sentiment Mr. Dysart
was a Republican. He died Aug. 12. 1901.
COL. JOHN DEMENT (deceased) was born
at Gallatin, Tenn., April 26, 1804; removed with
his parents to Franklin County. 111., in 1817;
in 1S26 elected Sheriff of Franklin County,
which also included the duties of Collector and
Treasurer of public funds: elected to the State
Legislature in 1828: re-elected in 1830; was
subsequently elected by the General Assembly
as State Treasurer for three successive
terms. In 1837 he was appointed Receiver of
the land oflSce at Galena. 111., which was re-
moved to Dixon in 1840; chosen Presidential
Elector for James K. Polk in 1844. and was a
member of three State Constitutional Conven-
tions (1847-8. 1862 and 1870); served as Mayor
of Dixon four terms. In 1835 he married Maria
Louisa Dodge, daughter of Governor Dodge, of
Wisconsin. Colonel Dement also rendered
efficient services during the Black Hawk War.
He died Jan. 17. 1883.
HON. HENRY D. DEMENT. ex-Secretary of
State for Illinois, was born at Galena. Jo
Daviess County. 111., in 1840. son of Col. John
and Mary L. (Dodge) Dement. He enlisted as
a private in the Thirteenth Illinois Voluuceer
Infantry when twenty years of age. and was
successively promoted until he received the
commission of captain. Soon after the fall of
Vicksburg, he resigned his command and re-
turned to Dixon, where for several years, he
was interested in different manufacturing
establishments. In November, 1872, he was
elected to the lower house of the Illinois Legis-
lature, and was re-elected in 1874. In 1876 he
was elected to the State Senate from the coun-
ties of Lee and Ogle, serving four years, and in
November. 1880, was elected Secretary of
State.
HARRY W. DYSART. grain dealer, Franklin
Grove. 111., was born in the village where he
now resides, Dec. 26, 1858. son of Samuel and
Margaret (Henderson) Dysart. Mr. Dysart
came to Franklin Grove in 1882, and purchased
the O. G. Smith Elevator & Grain business,
which he has since conducted, and in 1903
built an elevator having a capacity of 20.000
bushels. On November, 7. 1883. he married
Etta Girton and they became the parents of
three children— Virginia, Myrtle, and Byron.
Mrs. Dysart died April 7. 1891. and on June 26,
1894. Mr. Dysart married for his second wife,
Elizabeth Burch. and they have one son, Ray-
mond. In political sentiment Mr. Dysart is a Re-
publican, and fraternally is a member of the Ma-
sonic Order, Blue Lodge, and Chapter of Frank-
lin Grove, Commandery of Dixon, and Medinah
Temple of Chicago.
EDWARD E. DYSART. farmer. Nachusa
Township, Lee County. 111., was born in
Nachusa Township. Aug. 15. 1872. sen of Wilson
and Frances M. (Wallace) Dysart. He ob-
tained his education in the public schools and
attended Mount Morris Academy one year,
where he took a course in commercial
branches. On December 14, 1898, he married
Ida May, daughter of John and Malinda (Groh)
Shank, all of whom are natives of Lebanon
County, Penn.. and came to Lee County in 1868.
After marriage Mr. Dysart settled on his pres-
ent 200-acre farm, which was a part of his
father's homestead. In political views he is
a Republican, and Mrs. Dysart is a member of
the Lutheran church.
JIRS. MARY E. DYER, farmer, Amboy Town-
ship. Lee County. 111.. %vas born in Steuben
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
County, N. Y., Feb. S. lSo7, daughter of Jesse
and Annie (Conderman) Maydole, who came to
Lee County in 1S55. On September 17, 1856.
she was married to Sheffield Dyer, and to them
three children were born, viz.: Seymour (de-
ceased), Marion C. and Frank S. Mr. Dyer
died April 11, 1881. Socially he was a member
of the I. O. O. F.; in politics a Democrat, and
served his fellow-townsmen as constable for
fourteen years. Mrs. Dyer's farm in Amboy
Township comprises sixty-tv/o acres. She is a
devout member of the Methodist Episcopal
church.
MARTIX DETRICK. farmer, Nelson Town-
ship, Lee County, was born in Monroe County.
Penn., Bee. 7, 1833, son o? Jacob and Margaret
(Rowe) Detrick, both natives of Pennsylvania.
The subject of this sketch grew to manhood
in Wyoming County, Penn., and in. 1854, came
to Lee County, 111., beginning life there as a
laborer, after which he was engaged in farming
on rented land for six years. In 1864 he pur-
chased his first tract of land and has since
been successfully engaged in farming. January
11, 1860, he married Rachel Atkinson, who was
born in Wyoming County, Penn., in August,
1833, and they became the parents of four chil-
dren: George A., Myron H., Mary L. and
Lydia A. (deceased). Mr. Detrick has been
identified with the Republican party since the
date of its organization in 1856; the family are
members of the Methodist Episcopal church.
■ttaLLlAM DAEHLER. farmer, Sublette
Township, Lee County, was born in Germany,
eighteen miles from Frankfort-on-the-Main.
May 20, 1843, son of Frederick and Margaret
(Clarius) Daehler, both of whom were natives
of the son's birth-place. William Daehler came
td America in 1867, and settled at Portsmouth,
O., where he worked in the machina shops tor
several years, in 1880 coming to Lee County,
111., where he has since been engaged in farm-
ing, for the first eleven years as tenant on the
Gardner farm, and for eight years on the Aus-
tin farm of 236 acres; is the owner of 160 acres
of land in Wilkin County, Minn. Mr. Daehler
is a Republican in politics, ana a member of
the Evangelical Lutheran church — has served
one year as Highway Commissioner of his
township, and holds that office at the present
time. October 10, 1869, he was married to
Rosie Stoll, born in Wurtemburg, Germany, in
1843, and at three years of age came with her
parents to America, the family settling in Ohio.
Mr. and Mrs. Daehler have had seven children:
William, who married Sadie Hafner; Kate,
married Edward White; Charles, married Mary
Page; Augusta, married Henry Reckinger;
John, married Martha Cropsy; Albert, married
lona Casch; and Edward, who is unmarried.
HENRY J. DURR, merchant, Harmon, 111.,
was born in Montgomery Township, Whiteside
County, 111., Aug. 2, 1862, son of Michael and
Bridget (Raferty) Durr. On March 21, 1861,
his parents came from Ballaghderreen, Ireland,
and located at Sterling, 111., but shortly after-
wards engaged in farming in Whiteside County,
III., and on March 1, 1869, removed to Section
3. Harmon Township, Lee County. They were
the parents of six children, two of whom died
in infancy, and those living are: Henry J.;
ilrs. Sarah A. Haley, of Marion Township;
Thomas F., who resides on the homestead; and
Mrs. Mary A. Condon, of Dixon, 111. Michael
Durr died, Aug. 25, 1886, and his wife April
13, 1896. Henry J. Durr grew to manhood on
his father's farm and followed farming until
Jan. 1, 1897, when he purchased a half in-
terest in the business then owned by Thomas
P. Long, and the firm now conducts an exten-
sive trade in lumber, coal, hardware, imple-
ments and vehicles. In 1899 Mr. Durr built the
first brick store in Harmon village. February
20, 1887, he married Mary A. Long and to them
six children have been born, two of whom are
living, viz.: Clarence J., born June 13, 1889;
and Mary D.,- born April 23, 1891. On political
questions Mr. Durr affiliates with the Demo-
cratic party, and has served as Township
Treasurer since 1898, and is also President of
the village board of trustees. Fraternally he
is a member of the M. W. A. and Mystic Work-
ers of the World. He and his family are mem-
bers of the Catholic church.
JOHN B. DOUGLASS, station agent. Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, Paw Paw,
111., was born in Niagara County, N. Y., Aug. 22,
1847, son of George W. and Malinda J. (Stock-
ing) Douglass, natives of New York, who came
to Illinois in 1853, locating at Wyanet, Bureau
County, and engaged in farming. John B.
Douglass first entered the railway service at
Rock Falls, Feb. 1, 1875, was later stationed at
772
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY,
Harmon, and came to Paw Paw as agent in
18S3. October 20. 1876, lie married Clara D.
Yearnshaw, of Wyanet, and they have six
children — Ralph, Fred, Ray. Edgar. Thomas
and Ira. In political views Mr. Douglass is a
Republican, and was a member of the school
board. Socially he belongs to the I. O. O. F.
and M. W. A. In religious belief he is a
Methodist, and attends the church at Paw Paw.
Mrs. Douglass died, June 20, 1900.
JAMES M. DURIN. physician and surgeon.
Steward. III., was born on his father's farm
March 4, 1867. son of Gilbert E. and Catherine
(Norris) Durin, the former born in Vermont in
1825. and the latter in Indiana in 1836. Gilbert
E. Durin came to Lee County in 1850. and his
wife. Catherine Norris, came with her adopted
parents in 1843. After marriage they settled
in Willow Creek Township, and became the
parents of three children — Warren H., who re-
sides at Cedar Rapids. Iowa; Mary, who died
aged six years, and James M. Gilbert E. Durin
died May 29J 1891, while his wife survived him
until Feb. 8. 1899. Mr. Durin had been a suc-
cessful farmer, and at the time of his death
owned 280 acres of land, but had lived retired
since 1876. James M. Durin attended the pub-
lic schools at Steward, graduated from the
Rochelle (Illinois) High School in 1887. and
afterwards attended the Hahnemann Medical
College, Chicago, completing his course in that
institution in 1889. Locating at Steward in
the latter year, he has since conducted a suc-
cessful practice in that village. On December
6, 1896. he married Margaret Parker, daughter
of Abbie A. Parker, and they have one child
Gilbert E. The Doctor is a member of the
Masonic order. Blue Lodge. Chapter at Rochelle,
Commandery at Sycamore, M. W. A.. Knights
of the Globe. Mystic Workers, and of the State
Homeopathic Medical Association. In political
views he is a Republican.
LEWIS G. DURIN. retired farmer. Section 8,
Willow Creek Township. Lee County. 111., was
born in \ermont, March 8, 1820. son of Ethan
and Mary (Gates) Durin. He was reared on
his father's farm in the Green Mountain State,
and attended the near-by district schools.
After reaching manhood, he worked at farm
labor for $10 per month, and in 1849 came to
Rockton. 111., where he worked for a farmer
one year, and then, in partnership with his
brother. Gilbert, entered a half section of land
in what is now Willow Creek Township, Lee
County. Two years later Lewis G. purchased
his brother's interest and has subsequently
added to his holdings until he now owns 640
acres adjoining the homestead and 120 acres
in Viola Township. Mr. Durin retired from ac
tive labor in 1891, and removed to Rocktord
111., but is now erecting a new dwelling house
on his farm, which will be his future residence.
February 8. 1854. he married Margaret Rees,
and to them four children have been born, two
of whom survive, viz.: Ida M. and George Wil
liam. George William has managed his fath-
er's estate for a number of years, and occupies
the old homestead. He married on Sept. 16
1892. Julia Ambler, and they have five ch
dren: Fred E., Ada M.. Glenn R., Vernie L,
and Lewis W. Mr. Durin is a Republican in
politics, and has served as Assessor, Road Com-
missioner and School Trustee. He has been
an extensive breeder of short-horn cattle and
Norman and Morgan stock-horses. The
Rochelle & Southern Railway, which will be
in operation in May. 1904. crosses Mr. Durin's
farm, and the village of Scarborough, where
two large grain elevators have recently been
erected, is platted on land belonging to his
estate.
PETER DIXGES. farmer. Sublette Township.
Lee County, 111.. W'as born in Oberhechstadt.
Hesse-Nassau. Germany, in 1844. son of John
and Christina (Port) Dinges. John Dinges
was bora Jan. 18, 1815, and his v/ife Jan. 13,
1820. They are both living (1903) and reside
on a 244-acire farm owned by Mr. Dinges. Peter
Dinges remained under the parental roof until
twenty-seven years of age. On April 20. 1876.
he married Christine Shaup. born in Hesse-
Darmstadt. Germany, in 1850. daughter of Cor-
nelius and Margarita (Michel) Shaup. who came
to America in 1854. locating in Lee County. Mr.
and Mrs. Dinges are the parents of eight chil-
dren, viz.: Maggie (Mrs. Martin Theisl. Jacob
(who married Mary Reis). John (who mar-
ried Elizabeth Reis). Cornelius. George. Fred.
Katie and Elizabeth. In political views Mr.
Dinges is a Democrat. He and his family are
members of the Catholic church. His estate
embraces SOO acres of valuable land.
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY.
REV. JOHN JIARK ERICSSON, rector St.
Luke's Episcopal church, Dixon, 111., was born
April 25, 1S64. He received his early educa-
tion in the schools of Georgetown and Ridge-
fleld. Conn., and in 1S94 graduated from the
collegiate department ot the Northwestei-n
University, Evanston, 111., and took a post-
graduate course in the Western Theological
Seminary, Chicago. From 1895 to 1898 he had
charge of St. Ann's Mission, Chicago, and from
1898 until the spring of 1901 was assistant rec-
tor of Grace Episcopal church, Chicago, was
priest in charge of the same church from the
latter date until Jan. 1, 1902, when he came to
Dixon; 111. February 1, 1902, he married Annie
Louise Patrick. In political sentiment he is a
Republican, and belongs to the Phi Kappa Psi
and the Phi Beta Kappa, Greek letter fraterni-
ties.
ZACHARIAH EMMERT, retired farmer. Na-
chusa Township, Lee County, 111., was born
in Washington County, Md., March 22, 1833,
son of Jacob and Mary (Newcomer) Emmert,
natives of Maryland, who came to Lee County
in 1844, locating in Nachusa Township in 1845,
where the former died in 1888, and the latter
in 1899. Zachariah Emmert taught school in
Nachusa Township during the winter of 1855-6,
and in 1857 located on his present) farm of 480
acres, v/here he has since resided. In 1857 he
married Hannah Wingert. daughter of Henry
and Anna (Beartz) Wingert. natives of Penn-
sylvania, who came to Lee County in 1852.
Mr. and Mrs. Emmert are the parents of seven
children, viz.: Oscar V. (deceased), Carrie B.
(widow of James D. Crawford), Frank G., Lur-
ten S., Olive L., (Mrs. Harvey E. Spangler, of
Nachusa Township), and Harry L. In politics
Mr. Emmert is a Democrat, and has served as
Township Supervisor two terms.
LURTEN S. EMMERT, farmer, Nachusa
Township, Lee County, 111., was born June 1,
1866, son of Zachariah and Hannah (Wingert)
Emmert. He was married on Jan. 8, 1889, to
Sarah J., daughter of Daniel and Rebecca
(Spangler) Lady, natives of Pennsylvania, and
of this union there are three children — Wilbur.
Ruth, George, and Glen B., who died in infancy.
Mr. Emmert located on his present farm in
1891. and has since been engaged in general
farming and stock-raising. In political senti-
ment he is a Democrat, and socially is a mem-
ber of the Knights of the Globe.
HENRY EMMERT (deceased) was born in
Washington County, Md., Jan. 22, 1819, son of
Rev. Joseph and Catherine (Avy) Emmert, na-
tives respectively of Pennsylvania and Mary-
land, who came to Lee County in 1845, locating
in Nachusa Township. Henry Emmert was
married March 11, 1852, to Mary Kessler, born
in Montgomery County, Ohio, April 1, 1831,
daughter of Benjamin and Sally (Burket)
Kessler, and they became the parents of nine
children, viz.: Joseph, Jennie A., Lora, Sarah
(Mrs. Joseph Johnson). Anna E., George R.,
H. Hugh. F. Winfred. and Jessie T. In politi-
cal views Mr. Emmert was a Republican, and
in religious belief a German Baptist. He died
Dec. 12, 1896.
FRANK G. EMMERT. farmer, Nachusa
Township. Lee County, 111., was born in the
township where he now resides, Aug, 8, 1864,
son of Zachariah and Hannah (Wingert) Em-
mert, natives of Maryland and Pennsylvania
respectively., Frank G. Emmert began business
life for himself in 1889. He first conducted a
farm in the eastern part of Nachusa Township,
then located on the J. D. Crawford place, where
he remained twelve years, and in 1902 pur-
chased his present homestead containing 87
acres. On December 27. 1889, he married
Martha A. Hartzell, daughter of J. Z. Hartzell
and wife, and cf this union there were two
children— Lee (deceased), and Harold. In poli-
tics Mr. Emmert is a Democrat, and is serving
as Township Assessor: was Director of the
School Board for twelve years. Socially he is
a member of the Knights of the Globe, Na- ^
chusa Garrison.
CHARLES EWALD, farmer, Reynolds Town-
ship, Lee County, was born in Germany, Feb
5, 1865, son of Henry and Martha (Peck
Ewald. His father, Henry Bwald, born in ES'
sen-Cassell, Germany, Aug. 5, 1837, son of Mar-
tin and Martha Ewald. learned the stcne-ma-
son's trade and became a builder in Germany,
where he worked as a journeyman for fifteen
years. Having married in his native country,
in 1873. he came to America, settling in Ogle
County. 111., where he remained six years,
when, in 1879, he removed to Reynolds Town-
774
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
ship, Lee Ccunty, becoming a prosperous and
well-to-do farmer. He had a family of seven
children, of whom Charles was the oldest.
The latter was educated in the pubic schools
of Ogle Ccunty, and remaining with his father,
assisted on the farm until twenty-six years of
age, v.'hen he married Lizzie Wagner, daughter
of Martin Wagner, an early settler of Lee
County, and they have four children: Ralph
M., Harry J., Rosie A. M.. and Hilda C. In
1899 Mr. Ewald bought of his father 160 acres
.of land on Section 23, Reynolds Township,
where he now resides. He has greatly im-
proved his farm since becoming its owner, and,
while chiefly engaged in the cultivation of
grain, has a small herd of cattle. In politics he
is a Republican, and has served his township
as School Trustee, Tax Collector and School
Director. He and his family are attendant^
of the Methodist Episcopal church.
MARTIN P. EDEN, farmer. Section 11, Wil-
low Creek Township. Lee County, 111., was born
on the old Eden homestead, where he now re-
sides, Jan. 6. 1869, son of Haldor and Betsy
(Johnson) Eden, natives of Norway. Haldor
Eden came to America in 1856. and was at first
employed as a farm-hand in Lee County, but
later bought eighty acres in Section 11, Willow
Creek Township, to which he made subsequent
additions until, prior to his death, he owned 880
acres in Lee County, besides a 240-acre farm
in the State of Iowa. He married Dec. 27, 1864,
Betsy Johnson, and their children were: Arne
O., Martin P., Charles A., John H., Anna A. and
Benjamin. Mr. Eden was a Republican in poli-
tics, and served as School Director and School
Trustee. He died Sept. 3. 1898. but his wife
(1903) still survives, and resides with Martin P.
and other members of her family on the old
homestead. Martin P. Eden was raised on
his father's farm and obtained his elementary
education in the village school' at Lee, later at-
tending Luther College, Decorah, Iowa, from
which he graduated in 1892. Later taking a
three-years course at, Luther Theological Semi-
nary, Robinsdale, Minn., he graduated in 1895,
and then engaged in ministerial work at Mil-
nor. N. D.. for one year. He afterwards at-
tended the Chicago University for nearly five
years, in the meantime taking a post-graduate
course in Greek and Latin, and taught the lat-
ter branch in the Manual Training Department
of the same institution. Returning to the old
homestead, in 1900, he has since given his at-
tention to general farming.
ISAAC EDWARDS (deceased) was born in
England. July 31, 1828. son of Marmaduke Ed-
wards; came to Canada in 1S49. and to the
United States in 1850; located at Amboy in
1S53, where he graded seven miles of track for
the Illinois Central Railroad, then in course of
construction. In 1855 he engaged in the livery
and ice business, continuing the same until
1881; elected Sheriff of Lee County in 1882,
serving until 1886. Returning to Amboy he
again engaged in the livery business, but re-
tired Aug. 1. 1896. In 1853 he was married to
Elizabeth Saul, born in Ireland and came to
the United States in 1852. To Mr. and Mrs.
Edwards eight children were born, four of
whom are now living, viz.: William J., John
H.. I. Frank and James A. In politics he was
a stanch Republican, and served as Township
Collector four terms. Assessor. Supervisor
several years. Alderman, Mayor of Amboy six
years, and Sheriff of Lee County four years.
Mr. Edwards was a member of the Baptist
church. He died April 14, 1901.
WILLIAM J. EDWARDS, liveryman. Amboy,
111., was born in the village where he now re-
sides, Sept. 15, 1855, son of the late Isaac Ed-
wards. He attended the public schools at Am-
boy, and completed his educational training at
the Chicago University. In 1881 he purchased
his father's livery business at Amboy. and,
with the exception of two years, has continued
to conduct the business to the present time.
In 1880 he married Rose Nannery, a native of
New York State, and they are the parents of
five children — Elizabeth G., Annie, Eva. John
J., and William. In political relations Mr. Ed-
v.'ards is a stanch Republican; has served as
Collector ten years; Alderman of Amboy. six
years; Assessor, six years, and is now serving
as Deputy Sheriff of Lee Coimty.
DR. OLIVER EVERETT (deceased) was
born at Worthington, Mass., Sept. 12, 1811, son
of James and Phoebe Everett. He graduated
in the science of medicine in his native State
and, in 1836. removed to Dixon. 111., where he
began practicing his profession, and was the
first physician to locate permanently in that
city. He took a deep interest in the establish-
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
775
ment of the Northern Hospital for the Insane at
Elgin and was a member of the first Board of
Trustees of that institution, serving from 1S69
to 1873. In 1838 he married Emily Everett, of
Princeton. 111., who died a few years later, and
in 1846 he married his second wife, Bessie Law.
who died May 4, 1881.
HON. JOHN V. EUSTACE (deceased), born
in Philadelphia, Penn., Sept. 9, 1821, son of
Thomas and Fanny (Olmstead) Eustace; edu-
cated in his native city, graduating from the
University of Pennsylvania in 1839; admitted
to the bar in 1841. He came to Dixon in 1843.
where he practiced his profession until 1857.
when he was elected to the Circuit Bench, but
resigned before serving his full term. In 1861
he was appointed Provost Marshal, serving un-
til the close of the war; again elected Judge
of the Circuit Court in 1877 to fiU the vacancy
caused by the death of Judge W. W. Heaton,
and in 1879 was re-elected for a full term of six
years. Judge Eustace also served as a mem-
ber of the State Legislature, was a Presiden-
tial Elector in 1864, and in 1876 was candidate
on the Democratic ticket for Attorney-General
of Illinois.
ISAAC EDMONDS (deceased) was born in
the Dominion of Canada, Nov. 6, 1820, son of
Oliver and Elizabeth Edmonds, natives of
the same country. Mr. Edmonds came to the
United States in 1853, locating near Melugin's
Grove, where he was engaged in farming for
many years. In 1839 he married Rosanna
Roberts, and of their twelve children four are
now living, viz.: John, George. Melissa and
Charlotte (Mrs. Peter Fleming). In political
sentiment Mr. Edmonds was a Republican, and
was a member of the Presbyterian church. He
died in 1891 : his wife dying in December. 1896.
PHILIP ERBES. farmer and feeder of pedi-
greed stock, Sublette Township, Lee County,
111., was born in Bureau County, 111., Oct. 5.
1862, son of Daniel and Kuhnigunde (Knauer)
Eirbes. Daniel Erbes. a native of Hessen-Darm-
stadt, Germany, was born in 1824. while his
wife. Kuhnigunde Knauer, was born in Horb,
Saxe-Coburg, Germany, March 26, 1827, and
came to America in 1850. They were married
in 1853. Mr. Erbes owned 320 acres of land
in Bureau, and 80 acres in Lee County. On
April 17, 1885, Philip Erbes married Lydia Kap-
ser. born March 29. 1864, daughter of Philip H.
and Katherine (Richert) Kapser, and of this
union there are foup children — Daniel P. H., J.
Orlando. Emma Lorena. and Clarence R.
Philip Kapser was born in Darmstadt, Ger-
many, Sept. 20, 1825. and at the age of eigh-
teen years came to Bureau County, 111., where
he owned a farm of 226 acres, but, with his
wife, who was born in Alsace, Jan. 16, 1830, is
now living retired at Mendota, 111. Mr. Erbes
owns 167 acres of land on the south line of Lee
County, known as the "Pike Creek Stock
Farm," where he is engaged in breeding the
well-known pedigreed Scotch and Scotch-top
Short-horn cattle, Poland-China hogs. Oxford-
Down Sheep and Golden Wyandotte chickens.
In politics Mr. Erbes is a Republican.
PETER FLEMING, retired farmer, Paw Paw,
111., was born in Renfrewshire, Scotland, April
21, 1822, son of Peter and Ann (Scott) Flem-
ing, natives of Scotland. Peter Fleming came to
Canada in 1845, and removed to DeKalb County,
111., in 1855. In the spring of 1859 he settled
in Willow Creek Township. Lee County, where
he devoted his attention to general farming
until 1892. when he removed to Paw Paw and
has since lived retired. On December 2S. 1858,
he married Charlotte Edmonds, daughter of
Isaac and Rosanna (Roberts) Edmonds, and of
their children four are living, viz.: Anna (Mrs.
Robert Taylor), George I., Lillie E. (Mrs. S. A.
Wright) and Edmond P. In politics Mr. Flem-
ing is a Republican, and in religious belief a
Methodist.
CHAMPION FULLER, farmer, Dixon Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Luzerne
County, Penn,, Jan. 21, 1826, son of Stephen
and Anna H. (Pratt) Fuller, natives of Penn-
sylvania and Connecticut respectively. In 1836
Stephen Fuller and his family started west
from Ohio — where they had removed in 1829 —
with three yoke of oxen and two wagons, arriv-
ing at Dixon's Ferry. Lee County, in September
of the same year, and passed the following
winter in a log cabin near the "Big Elm." In
1837 they removed to the farm now owned by
Champion Fuller and built a log cabin on the
site of his present residence. Here Stephen
Fuller died in 1882; his wife dying in 1852.
They were Baptists in religious faith. Champion
776
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
Fuller remained on his father's farm from 1S37
to 18(54. except during 1854-5, when he resided
in Dixon. In 1864 he removed to California,
where he remained until 1884, when he re-
turned to Lee County and has since occupied
the old homestead. He was married in Hum-
boldt County. Cal.. in Nov., 1870. to Julia A.
Reynolds, a native of Luzerne County. Penn.,
and they have two sons — Theodore W. and
Edward C. — v,'ho are now proprietors of the
"Sun" of Dixon. In politics Mr. Fuller is a
Democrat.
GODFREY FUESTMAN (deceased) was born
in Germany, Oct. 5, 1822, son of Herman and
Catherine (Dickman) Fuestman, who were na-
tives of the same country. Mr. Fuestman
settled in Lee County in 1852, and frcm that
time until his death, Aug. 13, 1882, was' identi-
fied with the farming interests of the county.
On March 10. 1860, he married Catherine
Scheuer, daughter of Henry and Mary (Ruehl)
Scheuer, natives of Germany, of whom the
latter came to La Salle County, 111., in 1857.
To Mr. and Mrs. Fuestman ten children were
born, viz.: Emma C, Henry G., William F.,
August H., Albert F., Olga A.. Frederick R..
Catherine L.. George O. and Eleanor M. The
family are members of the Lutheran Church.
REV. MICHAEL FOLEY, pastor St Patrick's
Catholic church, Dixon, 111., was born in Ire-
land, Sept. 26, 1850, and came to the United
States in 1863, locating in Iowa. He was or-
dained priest in Milwaukee, 'Wis.. June 26, 1881.
and was assistant pastor in Chicago for ten
years. Also served one year in Evanston and
two years in Sycamore. 111., coming to Dixon,
June 11, 1892.
HENRY FISCHER (deceased) was bcrn in
Germany, Oct. 3, 1818; came to America in
1849, but returned to his native country, where
he married Miss Rosalia Buchmann. Return-
ing tO' the United States in 1859, he located in
Lee County, where for many years, he was a
successful farmer, owning at the time of his
death (Nov. 7, 1894) ISOi acres of land. Of the
children born to Mr. and Mrs. Fischer, six are
now living, and two of their sons carry on the
home farm, while Mrs. Fischer resides in
Dixon. Mr. Fischer was a member of the
German Lutheran Church, and his wife is also
of the same religious faith.
DAVID O. FAIRCHILD. farmer. Brooklyn
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Canada,
Oct. 2. 1839, son of Samuel P. and 'Wilmot
(Ogden) Fairchild. who carie to Brooklyn
Township in 1854. His father (Samuel P.
Fairchild) is now deceased, but his mother is
still living at the venerable age of ninety-seven
years. In August, 1861, David O. Fairchild
enlisted in Company C, Thirteenth Illinois
Volunteer Infantry, in which he served three
years and then re-enlisted in the Fifty-sixth
Illinois, remaining with the latter regiment
until the close of the v.'ar. He had three
brothers who also fought for their .country's
honor during the rebellion. On January 26.
1868. Mr. Fairchild was married to Ella Davis,
and to them six children have been born, viz.:
Daniel D., "William T., Samuel T. (deceased),
John A., Addle E. and David O. In politics
he is a Republican, fraternally, a member of
the Masonic Order, and in religious belief a
Methodist. Mr. Fairchild devotes his attention
to general farming on his 120-acre farm in
Brooklyn Township.
CAPTAIN -WILLIAM S. FROST. Amboy. 111.,
was born in "Windsor, Maine, Oct. 7, 1832, son
of Daniel and Ella (Stinson) Frost, natives of
New Hampshire and Maine respectively. The
family came to Lee County in 1838 and settled
in Lee Center Township, where the father
became an extensive land-owner. During the
winter of 1852, Captain Frost went overland
to California, remaining there until 1858, when
he returned to Illinois. In 1859 he made a
second trip to California, returning to Illinois
in 1861. In the spring of 1862 he enlisted in
Company E, Seventy-fifth Illinois Volunteer In-
tatnry, and was commissioned Captain, serving
until Jan. 23. 1865. Returning to Lee Center
Township after the close of the war, he en-
gaged in farming until 1871. when he removed
to Bradford Township, where, until 1900, he
was extensively engaged as a farmer, stock-
raiser and shipper. Since the last named date,
he has been engaged in buying and selling
farm lands. On November 3, 1865, Captain
Frost was married to Sophia E., daughter of
Sherman and Melinda (De-Wolf) Shaw, who
settled in Lee County in the early '40s, and to
this union five children have been born, viz.:
Frank E.. Melvina, S. Donald. William S.. Jr.,
and Mary A. Mrs. Frost died April 28, 1901.
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY
777
Captain Frost is a Republican in politics, and
served as Supervisor of Lee Center and Brad-
ford Townships for twenty-five years, during
which time he was Chairman of the Board for
ten years. For twelve years he served as Presi-
dent of the Inlet Swamp Drainage Commission,
which drained over 30.000 acres of swamp
land in Lee County at an expenditure! of $170,-
000. He is a member of Amboy Post, No. 572
G. A. R.. and Lee Center Lodge, No. 146, A. F.
& A. M.
DR. JOHN B. FELKER (deceased) was born
at Hagerstown. 111., in 1839; graduated from
Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1859. and
practiced his profession at Ashton. 111., until
1861. He enlisted in the Federal army in 1S62,
but, on account of physical disability, was
discharged without seeing active service. He
located at Amboy in 1862, where he practiced
medicine until his death in 1888. He repre-
sented his District in the Lower House of the
Illinois General Assembly one term.
JOHN P. FASSIG, farmer. Brooklyn Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born in the town-
ship where he now resides, March 23, 1860,
son of Philip and Charlotte (Erbis) Fassig,
natives of Germany, who came to La Salle
County, 111., in 1849 and located^ in Lee County
in 1853. Mr. Fassig owns 240 acres of land in
Brooklyn Township, and is engaged in general
farming and stock-raising. In January. 18S4.
he married Sophia Florschutz, daughter of
Gecrge and Margaretta (Zietler) Florschutz,
natives of Germany and early settlers of Lee
County. Mr. and Mrs. Fassig have five chil-
dren: Charles A., Carrie B.. George J.. Tena
L. and Ella A. In political opinions Mr. Fassi.g
is a Democrat, and in religious belief a
Lutheran.
HARRY L. FORDHAM. banker, Compton,
III., was born at Green Ridge, Penn., Jan. 6,
1869, son of Albert P. and Eliza (Litts) Ford-
ham, natives of Pennsylvania, who came to
Compton, 111., in 1874, v/here the former died
in 1885, while the latter is still living and re-
sides at Compton. Harry L. Fordham was mar-
ried on March 23, 1893. to Addie B, Cole, daugh-
ter of Joseph F. and Ellen (Carnahan) Cole, na-
tives of New York and Pennsylvania, respec-
tively, and to Mr. and Mrs. Fordham two chil-
dren have been born — an infant (deceased)
and Frank A. In political relations Mr. Ford-
ham is a Democrat and served six years as
Chairman of the Democratic County Central
Committee; was Secretary of the same three
years; served as Township Clerk three years,
Assessor five years. Village Clerk three years,
and for the past five years has been President
of the Village Board. Fraternally he is a
member of the Masonic Order — being at the
present time Master of Brooklyn Lodge No.
282 — and member of the Eastern Star, belongs
to Knights of the Globe, M. W. A. and I. O. O.
F.. having served as Noble Grand in the last-
named organization.
ANTON F. FREESE. farmer, Amboy Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Germany,
April 5, 1831, and came to the United States
in 1857, locating in Lee County, 111. Two years
later he removed to Colorado, where, in 1861,
he enlisted in the Second Colorado Cavalry,
serving three years and nine months in the
Union army. In 1865 he returnea to Lee County,
where he has since been engaged in farming,
and noT/ owns 137 acres of land in Amboy
Township, On March 15, 1866, he married
Mrs, Amelia C. (Harms) Jaelfe, daughter of
A. and Helen Harms, of Lee County, and they
have four children — Helen, William M., Anna
and Anton. Mrs. Freese died March 29, 1902.
Mr. Freese is a member of the G. A. R., and
politically a, stanch Republican. He is a mem-
ber of the German Lutheran church.
WILLIAJI E. FRANKLIN (deceased) was
born in New York State, May 25, 1861. He
came to Chicago in 1881, and ten years later
removed to Harmon Township, Lee County,
where he engaged in farming and merchan-
dising. On November 15, 1882, he married
Marietta A., daughter of Henry and Angela
(Printz) Nash, of Wisconsin, and to them seven
children were born, viz.: Gecrge E., Francis M.,
Henry A., Edwin Leo, Angela M. and William
(deceased. Mr. Franklin died Jan. 14, 1902.
He was a member of the M. W. A., and of the
Catholic church. Mrs. Franklin is now en-
gaged in the mercantile business at Harmon.
DAVID M. FAHRNEY. real-estate dealer and
auctioneer. Dixon. 111., v.-as born in Washington
County, Md.. April 4. 1850. son of David and
778
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
Barbara (Bowser) Fahrney, natives of Mary-
land who came to Dixon in 1S57. and in the
same year located in Ogle County, 111., where
they both died. David M. Fahrney grew to
maturity on the farm and has since been em-
ployed as school teacher, real-estate dealer and
auctioneer. On December 12, 1878, he married
Barbara L. Bovey. daughter of Samuel and
Barbara L. (Funk) Bovey. who located in Ogle
County about 1850. Of this union there are
two sons — Clinton and Elmer L. In political
opinions Mr. Fahrney is a Republican, and is
a member of the Christian church.
PHILIP G. FAUBLE, farmer and stock-feeder,
Sublette Township, Lee County. 111., was born
in the township where he now resides, April
19, 1851, son of John and Christine (Traut-
v/ein) Fauble. John Fauble and wife were born
in Germany, came to Lee County in 1846 and
purchased 140 acres of land. They were the
parents of seven children. Mr. Fauble died in
Lee County in 1866, aged fifty-five years, while
his wife survived until 1895, dying at the age
of sixty-four years. Philip G. Fauble was mar-
ried in 1877 to Barbara Pope, born in Bureau
County, 111., April 5, 1851, daughter of Jacob
and Kunigunde (Schmidt) Pope, natives of
Germany, and to them two children — George
and Luella — have been born. Mr. Fauble is
a Republican in politics and has served as
School Director two terms. School Trustee
many years. Justice of the Peace one term, and
Pathmaster. He and his wife are members of
the German Evangelical church.
JOSIAH FRY, retired farmer, Dixon, 111., was
born in Lee County, within three and a half
miles of Dixon, Dec. 10, 1843, son of John and
Mary C. (Klinetop) Fry, natives of Pennsyl-
vania. John Fry and wife came to> Lee County
in 1837, entered a homestead in what was then
Dixon Township, and here Josiah Fry, the only
child in their family, was raised. Mr. Fry died
Dec. 5, 1885, his wife dying in December. 1870.
Josiah Fry obtained his education In the dis-
trict schools of Dixon Townshp, the high school
at Dixon, and a college at Mt. Verncn, Iowa.
He was engaged in farming until 1872, when he
opened an office on Depot Avenue and dealt in
lumber and coal. Continuing in the lumber
and coal business until 1885, he closed out his
business and returned to the farm, where he
remained until 1891, when he retired from
active life and has since resided on I)epot
Avenue, Dixon, but still owns the old home-
stead of 160 acres. September 13, 1866. Mr.
Fry was married to Mary Catherine Stettler,
and to them seven children were born, viz.:
John E., Mary Elizabeth (deceased), Bert,
Anna U., Ollie M., Ernest O. and Elsie E. In
political views Mr. Fry is a Republican, and
served six years as Highway Commissioner,
and also served as a member of the Board of
Education.
CHRISTIAN C. FABER, meat dealer. Paw
Paw, 111., was born in Clarion Township,
Bureau County, 111., Dec. 26, 1863, son of Peter
and Margaret (Miller) Faber. natives of Ger-
many, of whom the former came to America
in 1851 and the latter in 1850. Christian C.
Faber was engaged in farming until 1885, and
coming to Paw i^aw in the latter year, he
became a member of the firm of Faber Broth-
ers, retail dealers in fresh and cured meats.
On November 20. 1886, he married Myrtle
Smith, daughter of Henry and Louisa (Adams)
Smith of Brooklyn Township, Lee County, and
they are the parents of two children, Clifton S.
(deceased) and Leone A. Mr. Faber is a Demo-
crat in political convictions, and in religious
belief a Lutheran, being a member of the
church of that denomination at Clarion.
GEORGE FABER, meat dealer. Paw Paw,
111., was born in Clarion, Bureau County, 111..
April 20. 1852, son' of Peter and Margaret (Mil-
ler) Faber. He came to Paw Paw, Oct. 1, 1882,
and engaged in the meat-trade and has since
been identified with the business in that vil-
lage. On February 8, 1883, he married Emma
Meisenbach, daughter of Daniel and Mary
(Roeter) Meisenbach, and to them three chil-
dren have been born, viz.: Daniel C. Clayton
B. and Myron W. In political sentiment Mr.
Faber is a Democrat. an<l in religious belief
a Lutheran.
EDWARD FAGAN. farmer. Harmon Town-
ship. Lee County. 111., was born in County
Mayo, Ireland, and came to Lee County. 111.,
over fifty years ago, where he has since been
engaged in farming and now owns 160 acres of
land in Harmon Township. In 1862 Mr. Fagan
married Mary Shanahan, daughter of Dennis
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
779
Shanahan. of Whiteside County. III., and tliey
are ttie parents o( seven ctiildren. viz.; Jane,
Elizabeth. William P., Julia, Edward, Anna and
Joseph. In political opinions Mr. Fagan is a
Democrat.
EDWARD FITZSIMONS, farmer. Harmon
Townshp, Lee County, III., was born in Province
of "Ulster, County Cavan, Ireland, in 1830, and
came to the United States in 1852. He was
employed in Chicago until 1859, when he re-
moved to Lee County and now owns a fine
farm of 240 acres in Harmon Township. In
1857 he married Miss Alice Smith, and to them
eight children were born, five of whom are now
living, viz.: Peter L.. Hugh J., Edward, John
and Anna. Politically Mr. Fitzsimons is a Re-
publican, and has served as Highway Com-
missioner three terms, and as Township Treas-
urer two terms. He is a member of the Catholic
church.
FRANK J. GEHANT. farmer. Viola Town-
ship, Lee Coimty, 111., was born at Lee Center,
Jan. 24, 1858, son of Laurent and Juliane (Toil-
lian) Gehant. He accompanied his parents on
their removal to Shelby County, III., in 1858,
and ten, years later returned with them to Lee
County. He remained at home until 1882. when
he began farming operations for himself, hav-
ing purchased an 80-acre tract of| land in Viola
Township, to which he has made subsequent
additions until his estate now embraces an
area of 370 acres. On January 17. 1882, Mr.
Gehant was married to Victoria Henry, daugh-
ter of Alexander and Margaret (Jengunet)
Henry, of Scioto County, Ohio, and they are
the parents of nine children, viz.: Henry L.,
Alexander H., Anna M., Gustave, Isabella R.,
Frank J., William J.. Walter and Mabel. In
religious belief Mr. Gehant is a Catholic, and
in political opinions a Democrat.
LAURENT GEHANT. farmer, Viola Town-
ship. Lee County, III., was born in Shelby
County 111., July 3, 1860, son of Laurent and
Juliane (Toillian) Gehant. Coming to Lee
County with his parents in 1868, he remained
at home until 1882, when he purchased 150
acres of land in Viola Township, to which he
made subsequent additions until his estate is
now increased to 312 acres. January 17. 1882.
he married Mary Henry, daughter of Gustave
and llary (Vernier) Henry, of Scioto County,
Ohio, and to them eight children have been
born, viz.: Louis L., Mary. Louise, Frances,
George, Albert (deceased), Edna and Pauline.
Mr. Gehant is a Democrat in politics, and in
religious belief a Roman Catholic.
HENRY F. GEHANT, banker. West Brooklyn,
111., was born in Shelby County, III. May 4,
1863, son of Laurent J. and Juliane (Toillian)
Gehant, natives of the Department of Haute
Saone, France, who came to America in 1856,
locating at Lee Center, Lee County, where they
remained two years and in 1858 removed to
Shelby County, 111., but returned to Lee County
in 1868. Both parents are now deceased. Henry
F. Gehant opened his present banking house
on June 1, 1897. October 17, 1887, he married
Eliza Py, daughter of Syllvan and Mary
(Henry) Py, natives of France. Mr. and Mrs.
Gehant have six children, viz.: Oliver L., Julian
M., Henry W., May S.. Albert and Ruth M. In
political convictions Mr. Gehant is a Democrat
and is serving his third term as Supervisor of
Brooklyn Township and sixth term as Presi-
dent of the Village Board of West Brooklyn.
WILBER W. GILBERT, Agent New York
Life Insurance Company, Dixon, III., was born
on his father's farm in Palmyra Township, Lee
County. March 31, 1864, son of Howard M. and
Elizabeth (Williamson) Gilbert. How^ard M.
Gilbert married Elizabeth Williamson in Pitts-
burg, Penn.. and came to Dixon. 111., in the
early '50s. He v,-as a wagon-maker by trade
and followed that occupation for some time at
Gap Grove, Palmyra Township, but later pur-
chased a farm in Palmyra Township, where he
died in: 1868, and the year following his widow
removed to the city of Dixon. Wilber W. Gilbert
obtained a liberal education in the North Dix-
on High School and Normal College at Dixon,
and afterwards clerked in a grocery store for
six years, and was later engaged for four and
a half years in a shoe factory, where he learned
the shoe cutter's trade. In 1892 he obtained a
position with the New York Life Insurance
Company, and was shortly afterwards appoint-
ed General Agent, a position he holds at the
present time. On May 20, 1891, he married
Lura I. Blake, daughter of Carey A. and Susan
I. (Conlee) Blake of Mendota. 111.
78o
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
ADAM GRIM, physician. Franldin Grove. Lee
County, 111., born in Greene County, Penn.. Oct.
23, 1850, son of Harvey and Permelia (Headley)
Grim; in 1876 came to Douglas County, 111.,
where he engaged in teaching two years; in
1878 entered Rush Medical College. Chicago,
graduating in 1881. February 23 of the same
year, he located In Franklin Grove, where he
has since been engaged in practice. February
28. 1887. he married Florence J., daughter of
Joseph C. and Lorenda Lahman, and three chil-
dren have been born of this union: Lorenda
(deceased), Margery A. and Roger A. Dr. Grim
is Surgeon for the North-Western Railroai at
Franklin Grove. He is a Republican in politics,
fraternally a Mason, and member of the Blue
Lodge and Chapter. Franklin Grove; a member
of the Lee County Medical Society, of the Rock
River Medical Association, of the American
Medical Association, the Chicago Medical So-
ciety and International Association cf Railway
Surgeons.
SAMUEL M. GANTZ, Dixon, 111., salesman
and general agent Deere & Company Plow
Works, Moline, 111., was born in Washington
County, Md.. Sept 16, 1850, son of John and
Elizabeth (Landes) Gantz. In 1856 John Gantz
removed with his family to Ogle County 111.,
where he v/as engaged in farming until the
time of his death. Samuel M. Gantz obtained
his education in the public schools and Mount
Morris Seminary, after which he taught school
for ten years, meanwhile owning a farm in
Ogle County. In 1877 he engaged with Deere
& Company in the position he now holds. On
December 25. 1872, he married Margaret A.
Wadsworth, daughter of Christopher and Ma-
tilda (Feaster) Wadsworth who came to Ogle
County in 1837, and of this union there are
two children, Florence J. and Nellie G. (Mrs.
Frederick J. Millar). Frederick J. Millar is
a partner of Mr. Gantz in the Millar-Gantz Gas
Machine, a valuable invention designed to econ-
omize good lighting power. In political opinions
Mr. Gantz is a Republican, and in religious
belief a Presbyterian.
ABRAM GILBERT (deceased) was born in
Northamptonshire. England, Nov. 9, 1827; came
to Kane County. 111., in 1858, and shortly after-
wards removed to Lee County where he passed
the remainder of his lite, dying at Franklin
Grove. Feb. 21. 1898. In 1856 he married Lucy
Smith, born in England, and to them twelve
children were born, eight of whom are now
living, viz.; Carrie E., Laura E., Junia T., Eva
A., Joseph J., Eunice L.. Lucy M. and Rebecca J.
Mr. Gilbert was an extensive land owner, and
at the time of his death his holdings comprised
600 acres. In political sentiment he was a
Democrat, and in religious belief a Presby-
terian.
FERDINAND GAERTNER (deceased), born
April 6. 1832, in Leipsic, Germany, son of Fred-
erick and Maud Gaertner, also natives of Ger-
many; came to the United States in 1851, lo-
cated at Peru, 111., in 1858, and in 1863, re-
moved to Amboy, Lee County. For seventeen
years he was employed in the round-house of
the Illinois Central Railroad at Ambcy, and for
the next fifteen years was engaged in private
business there, retiring from active life in 1895.
January 12, 1856, he married Mary Keppler,
who was born in Wurtemberg. Germany,
daughter of Andrew and Christina Keppler. and
came to America in 1851. There were three
children born of this union: Henry (died April
17. 1901), Lillie (died April 2, 1866), Emma,
who is now the wife of Robert Remboth, a
merchant of Amboy. Mr. Gaertner died July
4. 1902. In politics he was a Democrat, and
the family are members cf the Lutheran
church.
JAMES GOBLE (deceased) was, born in Lu-
zerne Coimty. Penn.. July 22, 1811, and in 1837
settled in Lee County, 111., where he was ever
afterwards identified with its development. He
v/as a Democrat in politics and cast his first
vote for Andrew Jackson in 1832. In 1846 he
was elected County Commissioner, and County
Sheriff in 1848; also held the office of Coroner,
besides other offices of minor importance.
ALEXANDER GILMORE. retired farmer,
was born in New York City, in 1826. and was
brought to Lee County by his parents in June,
1835. For many years he was one of the suc-
cessful farmers of the county, but is now re-
tired. In 1855 he married Mary L. Frost, who
died in 1865, and his second wife was Eliza
Fisk. who is noy/ deceased. Mr. Gilmore is a
member of the Methodist Episcopal church.
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
781
HENRY A. GRUBE, grain dealer. West
Brooklyn, Lee County. 111., was born in Brook-
field Township. La Salle County. 111.. Jan. 16,
1874, son of Charles and Fredericka (Luerdut)
Gruhe, natives of Mecklenburg, Germany, who
came to La Salle County, in 1854 and 1861 re-
spectively. Mr. Grube was married April 23.
189S, to Lovina Leach, the daughter of Temple
Leach of Lacota. Mich., where he settled in
1883. In 1896 Mr. Grube located in Lee County,
where he engaged in the farming industry, but
on Nov. 1, 1903, removed to Tipton, Ind., and
engaged in the cigar business. In politics he
is a Democrat, and fraternally a Mason and a
member of the M. \V. A. He is a communi-
cant of the Lutheran church.
CONRAD GONNERMANN. furniture dealer
and undertaker. Dixon, III., was born in Hesse.
Germany. Sept. 28. 1845. son of John; and Mag-
dalene (Doll) Gonnermann. Young Gonner-
mann obtained his education in the schools of
his native country, and in 1864, at the age of
nineteen years, came to America, his point of
destination being Franklin Grove, Lee County,
where his brother Marcus was engaged in
farming. Before leaving the Fatherland. Mr.
Gonnermann had learned the cabinet maker's
trade, and, shortly after reaching America,
found work v/ith Christ Brockner of Dixon,
111. Three years later he formed a partner-
ship with a Mr. J. Fruchtenicht, afterwards
engaged in contracting and building for two
years, and then opened a furniture and under-
taking establishment at ■ Dixon. In 1873 Mr.
Gonnermann bought his partner's interest in
the business, and has since conducted the
enterprise alone, having at the present time
an expensive and well stocked establishment
in First Street, and also owns the building in
which his business is conducted. In 1868 he
married Katherine Fernau, of Germany, and
their children are; Bertha, Edward E., Lillian,
Clara (Mrs. Louis Clark), Nettie, Harry and
Arthur. In politics Mr. Gonnermann is a Re-
publican, and in religious belief a Lutheran.
Socially he is a member of the I. O. O. F..
M. W. A.. National Union and B. P. O. E.
JOHN J, GARLAND, farmer. Harmon Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Palmyra
Tov.-nship, Lee County. Aug. 15, 1865, son of
John and Agnes (Kent) Garland, natives of
Ireland, the birthplace of the former being in
County Louth and that of the latter in Kilken-
ny. They came to the United States in 1849
or '50. and located in Lee County in the early
'50s. Both are now deceased. John J. Garland
has devoted his life to farming, and now owns
260 acres of land in Harmon Township. On
December 31, 1891, he was married to Bridget
Mclnerney, daughter of Michael and Bridget
(Downs) Mclnerney, natives of Ireland, and to
them seven children have been born: Frank,
Thomas. John, Agnes, Olive, Edward and Paul.
In political views Mr. Garland is a Democrat,
and in religious belief a Catholic.
MICHAEL GAFFANEY. liveryman. Dixon,
111., was born in Osv.'ego. N. Y., Sept. 16, 1848,
son of Thomas and Bridget (McAlister) Gaf-
faney, who came with their family to Dixon
in 1854. Thomas Gaffaney was a contracting
mason and died in 1858. leaving a widow and
six children. Michael being second in the fami-
ly. In his boyhood Michael Gaffaney attended
the public schools, worked on the farm, later
owned considerable land, and is still interested
in farming. 'When a youth he learned the
blacksmith's trade and followed that occupa-
tion for seventeen years, but afterwards opened
a livery stable on First Street, Dixon, and in
1897 erected the large brick building on Second
Street, where he now conducts an extensive
and v.'ell-established business. February 29,
1864. Mr. Gaffaney enlisted in Company D,
Thirty-fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry (usu-
ally called Yates' Phalanx) and served until
the close of hostilities. He was wounded in
the battle of Bentonville, N. C, and among
other engagements in which he participated
were the first battle of Buzzard's Roost, Resaca,
Rome, Big Shanty. Lost Mountain, Kenesaw,
siege of Atlanta, Jonesboro, and he was with
Genera] Sherman's division in the memorable
March to the Sea. Mr. Gaffaney was married
in December. 1876, to Katherine O'Malley.
Socially he is a member of the G. A. R., K. of P.
and Code of Honor. In politics he is a Jack-
sonian Democrat.
MRS. ABIGAIL L. HASKELL, Lee Center,
111., was born at Windsor. Maine. Nov. 6. 1820,
daughter of Lott and Sarah (Linn) Chadwick.
Lott Chadwick was born at China. Me.. Sept.
24. 1792; came to Lee County in 1838. locating
782
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
at Inlet Grove, and his wife was bom at
Coleraine. Mass., Sept. 29, 179S. Mr. Chadwick
was a mill-wriglit by trade and built several
mills in Gardner, Me.; Grand Detour and other
places in Ogle County 111., and at Inlet Grove.
He also owned a farm near the latter place.
M,r. Chadwick died in 1883, his wife surviving
until, 1886. Mrs. Haskell was her father's Dep-
uty during his term of service as Postmaster
at Windsor, Me. In 1830 she came with her
parents and their family to Inlet Grove, Lee
County, and in 1841 was married to George E.
Haskell, who was born in Augusta, Me., May
5, 1807. Mr. Haskell was a man of high edu-
cational attainments, taught school in Augusta,
Me., later became a merchant at Windsor, in
the same State, where he also held office as
Selectman, and came with Lott Chadwick to
Inlet in 1838. He engaged in the mercantile
trade at the latter place, but later removed
his business to Lee Center, and retired in 1856.
In political views Mr. Haskell was a Repub-
lican; served many years as Justice of the
Peace, and was elected County Clerk in 1856,
but resigned the following year on account of
ill health. Fraternally he was a member of
the Masonic order and I. O. O. F. Mr. Haskell
entered land in Lee County, but never engaged
in farming. He died June 12, 1S67.
CHARLES D. HART (deceased), for many
years a prominent farmer of Bradford Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Shelburne,
Mass., Jan. 12, 1831, son of HoUoway L. and
Mary (Carter) Hart. At the age of ten years
he removed to Greenfield, Mass., later went to
Conway, same State, where he remained one
year, then returned to Greenfield, and in the
spring of 1855 came to Lee County, v/here he
purchased 160 acres of land from the Illinois
Central Railroad Company on Section 20, Brad-
ford Township, where he engaged in farming.
Mr. Hart was married in Franklin County
Mass., to Lucy R. Jenkins, and four children
were born| of this union, two of whom are now
living, viz.: Charles J. and Henry S. Mrs. Hart
died Feb. 12, 1867, and on July 11, 1867, Mr.
Hart was married to Miss Katherine S. Wright,
and to them five children were born. Mr. Hart
died April, 14, 1897, and was buried at Wood-
side Cemetery, in Lee Center Township. In
the fall of 1900 Mrs Hart left the farm and is
now living at Ashton. Lee County, with her
daughters, Mary and Lucy. Of Mr. Hart's
children, William H., married Miss Nellie
Smith, June 14, 1901; Frank S., married Emma
Wagner, Nov. 12, 1901; Mabel M., died Sept. 29,
1901; Charles J., married Annie Wicks, Dec.
23, 1895, and Henry S., married Kate Albright,
Feb. 17, 1891. Mr. Hart was elected to many
positions of trust and responsibility, and in
every office performed the duties pertaining
thereto in a most conscientious and satisfactory
manner. He took an active part in politics,
and the Republican party counted him as one
of its stanch supporters. In religious matters
he was of liberal views. In 1S68 he became
identified with the Masonic Lodge of Franklin
Grove. No. 268. In the death of Mr. Hart, Lee
County lost one of her most enterprising and
upright citizens, and his family a noble and
conscientious husband and father.
DR. WILLIAM HENRY, physician and drug-
gist, Harmon, 111., was born in Franklin
County, Penn., Sept. 15, 1839, son of Samuel
and Sarah (Linn) Henry, natives of Pennsyl-
vania who came to Ogle County, 111., in 1844,
but are now deceased. Dr. Henry received
his classical education in the Rock River Semi-
nary. Mt. Morris, 111., and later attended a
course of lectures and worked in the chemical
laboratory at the State University, Ann Arbor.
Jlichigan. The Doctor is also a graduate of
Rush Medical College, Chicago, and since 1881
has practiced his profession at Harmon, 111.
On November 3, 1870, he married Annie S.
Miller, daughter of Franklin and Rhoda (Strod)
Miller, natives of Pennsylvania, and to them
tv/o children have been born, viz.: a daughter
who is deceased, and William F., now a resi-
dent of Polo, 111. Socially Dr. Henry is a mem-
ber of the Knights of the Globe, and in political
sentiment a Republican.
HON. WILLIAM W. HEATON (deceased),
born in Oneida County, N. Y.. April 15, 1814,
son of John and Sarah (Weed) Heaton; ad-
mitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind., in 1838;
removed to Dixon in 1840, where he practiced
law until 1861, vifhen he was elected Judge of
the Circuit Court, serving in that capacity until
1877. In the latter year he was appointed one
of the Justices of the Appellate Court for the
First District of Illinois, and when court as-
sembled in October, he was chosen Chief Just-
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
783
ice. Judge Heaton died very suddenly in Clii-
cago, Dec. 26, 1S77.
DEACON ISAAC E. HUNT (deceased) was
born in Union County, Ind., Nov. 11, 1819, son
of William H. and Elizabeth Hunt, natives of
North Carolina, v/ho came to Lee County in
the tall of 1852 and engaged in farming. Feb-
ruary 20, 1844, he married Eliza A. Patterson,
who died March 31, 1858, leaving one son,
James. On March 10, 1859, Deacon Hunt mar-
ried for his second wife Ann Eliza McBride,
who bore him two sons, Fred R. and Milton K.
He united with the Baptist church in 1839.
and was appointed deacon in 1859. He died
August 28, 1900.
CHARLES F. HUBBARD (deceased), one of
the pioneer settlers of Lee County, was born in
New York City in 1817, son of Ruggles and
Catherine Hubbard; settled in Lee County in
1837, purchasing a squatter's claim from Father
Dixon, and here passed the remainder of his
days. He married Helen Graham, a native of
New York City, and to them five children were
born. He served as Town Clerk and Supervisor
of Nelson Township for a number of years. He
died Feb. 11, 1881, his wife surviving him
until March 1, 1901.
ROBERT A. HOPPS. merchant. Paw Paw.
111., was born in Wheeling, Cook County, 111..
Dec. 23, 1S53, son of William and Martha
(Smith) Hopps. R. A. Hopps came to Lee
County in 1864 and, for sixteen years, made his
home with his uncle, David Smith; afterwards
conducted a farm three years. He then re-
moved to Paw Paw and established himself
in the mercantile business, and now carries
the largest stock of general merchandise Jn
that city. In 1890 he married Mary Staufter
of Compton, and they have three children —
R. Smith, Gladys and Howard. In political
opinions Mr. Hopps is a Republican and has
served as Constable and Collector of Willow-
Creek Township. His wife is a member of the
Presbyterian church.
SHERMAN J. HOLDREN. farmer, Viola
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Brook-
lyn Township, Lee County, July 17, 1865, son
of John H. and Phoebe Holdren. His father
died Feb. 3, 1900. and his mother Dec. 6, 1899.
Sherman J. Holdren lived with his parents un-
til his marriage, and then settled on his present
farm of 150 acres in Viola, Township. October
3, 1S90, he married Helen Klein, daughter of
Peter and Rose Klein, of La Salle, 111., and to
them tour children have been born: Rose M.,
Myrtle (deceased), Eva and Albert. In relig-
ious views Mr. Holdren is a Catholic and is a
member of the Catholic Order of Forresters.
In political opinions he is a Republican and
has served as Township Clerk three years, and
for the same length of time v.'as a member of
the Republican County Committee.
A. E. HUTCHINSON, grain dealer, was born
Dec. 25, 1S65, near Williamsville, Sangamon
County, 111., son of C. A. and Emma (Fulker-
son) Hutchinson, both natives of New Jersey,
who came to Illinois with their respective par-
ents. They settled in Sangamon County in
1854, where the grandfather and father both
died, the latter in 1889; his wife is still living.
C. A. Hutchinson enlisted in the One Hun-
dred and Fourteenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry,
and served until the close of the war. A. E.
Hutchinson was raised on his father's farm and
attended the district school. He was married
Feb. 15, 1888, to Esther, daughter of Joseph
Fletcher, and to them have been born eight
children: May and Mabel (twins), Bessie, Dor-
othy, Bertha, Myrtle, Florence and Albert. At
the age of eighteen, A. E. Hutchinson began
work at farming, and in 1888 engaged in this
occupation on his own account in Champaign
County, continuing there until 1894, when he
removed to Lee County. In 1895 he left his
farm and engaged in the grain business at
Harmon in partnership with S. T. Zeller. This
partnership was dissolved for a time, but on
Jan. 1, 1901, it was renewed and together they
purchased the elevator and grain business
from Knapp & Jennings, at Ashton, with the ex-
tensive stock yards, where stock is fed in
transit on the North-Western Railroad. Under
the firm name of Zeller & Hutchinson they are
conducting a successful business in buying
and shipping grain. Mr. Hutchinson is a mem-
ber of the Modern Woodmen, also a member of
the Methodist church, and in politics a Republi-
can.
FRED HARCK, retired farmer, Lee Center,
111., was bcrn in Freienwalde, Pomerania. Prus-
sia. Dec. 28, 1S46; came to America in 1868,
784
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
locating in Lee County, where he was employed
nine years as a farm hand, then conducted a
rented farm for several years, and purchased
land in 1881. Later he retired from active lite,
owning at the time a quarter section of land,
which is now occupied by his son, William F.
On March 9, 1877, he married Martha Heiben-
thal, born in Bradford Township, Oct. 19, 185fi,
daughter of Charles and Martha (Kreig) Heib-
enthal, natives of Kur-Hessen. Germany. Three
children have been born to Mr. and Mrs.
Harck. viz.: William F., who married Mabel
Bailey; Lilla, wife of Harvey Miller, of Dixon;
and Ella May. Mr. Harck is a Republican, and
he and his family are members of the Evangel-
ical church.
BENJAMIN F. HOLDREN, contractor and
builder, Compton, 111., was born in Columbia
County, Penn., Jan, 13, 1823, son ot Edward
and Abigail (Demott) Holdren, natives of New-
Jersey, who came to Chicago in 1842, removed
from there to Rockford, 111., and came to Lee
County in 1845, Mr. Holdren has followed his
trade for many years. In August, 1862, he en-
listed in Company I, Eighty-ninth Illinois Vol-
unteer Infantry, serving two years. In July,
1849, he married Zuriah Cowan, and they are
the parents of nine children — Edward, Frank,
Clarence, Jerry, Charley, Benjamin, John G.
(deceased). Donna and Nellie. In political views
Mr. Holdren is a Republican; has served sev-
eral years as School Director, and three terms
as a member ot the Village Board. Socially he
is a member of the G. A. R., and in religious
belief is a Baptist.
WILLIS N. HIIJ:>S, Postmrster and druggist
Compton, 111., was born in Brooklyn Township,
Lee County, Dec. 19, 1864, son of J. N. and
Nancy (Merwin) Hills, natives of New York
State, who came to Lee County in the '40s, and
located in Brooklyn Township. They are now
deceased. Willis N. Hills was married June
16, 1897, to Susie Pope, daughter of George and
Bertha (Dorst) Pope, and they have tT,-o chil-
dren, Inez M. and Kenneth. In political con-
victions he is a Republican, and is now serv-
ing his second term as village trustee: has
served as postmaster of Compton for six years,
and conducts the only drug store in the village.
He is a member ot the Masonic order, I. O. O.
F., and Knights of the Globe. Mrs. Hills is
a Methodist in religious belief
ber of the church at Compton.
ind is a mem-
EUGENE A. HENRY, farmer. Viola Town-
ship. Lee County, 111., was born at Portsmouth,
Ohio, Feb. 8, 1876, son of August and Mary
(Vernier) Henry. In 1896 Mr. Henry came to
Illinois, and for four years thereafter was em-
ployed as a farm-hand. In 1900 he began farm-
ing on his own account and is now conducting
a farm with H. B. Cobb. On January 30, 1900,
Mr. Henry was married to Pauline Holbmeier,
daughter of William and Elizabeth (Lauer)
Holbmeier, of West Brooklyn, 111., and they
have one daughter, Hilda K. In political opin-
ions he is a Democrat and in religious belief a
Catholic.
NATHAN HETLER (deceased), one of the
pioneer settlers of Lee County, was born in
Pennsylvania. He learned the carpenter's
trade in his native State, and in 1838 started
with team and wagon for Illinois, bringing
with him his wife and three children and a
few household goods. He arrived at Dixon,
111., on Jime 6, 1838, and had at that time
seventy-five cents in currency. In 1842 he lo-
cated on the farm, now owned by his son, Hi-
ram Hetler, and there spent the remainder of
his life, dying in 1877. He married Catherine
Culp, a native of Pennsylvania, who died in
1894, leaving seven children — four boys and
three girls — viz.: Margaret, Mary A., Hiram,
Jesse. Jeremiah, Amanda and John. In poli-
tics Mr. Hetler was a Republican, and he and
his wife were charter members of the Lutheran
church at Dixon.
JEREMIAH HETLER, farmer, Dixon Town-
ship, Lee County, born Oct. 4, 1841, the son of
Nathan and Catherine (Culp) Hetler (see
sketch) ; was reared and educated in Dixon
Township, and engaged in farming for himself
in 1867. In 1883 he purchased the farm he
new occupies, at that time consisting of 120
acres. December 25, 1S68. he was married
to Mary E.. daughter ot William and Salinda
McCleary, and they became the parents of three
children: Grace M.. who became the wife of
Charles Senneff, of Corvina, Cal.; Kittie, v.'ife
of Clyde Mellick, of Carpenteria, Cal.: Nettie
S.. who died Oct. 4. 1890: and Florence, who
is still at home. Mrs. Hetler died Sept. 5, 1902.
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
7S5
Mr. Hetler is a Republican politically, and has
served as Highway Commissioner and School
Director. He is a member of the Dixon Presby-
terian church.
HIRAM HETLER. retired farmer and soldier
of the Civil War, Dixon, 111., was born in Co-
lumbia County, Penn., Jan. 19, 1838, son of Na-
than and Catherine (Culp) Hetler. (See
sketch of Nathan Hetler.) In 1859 the subject
of this sketch went to Pike's Peak, whence
he returned In 1860, remaining at home until
August, 1862, when he enlisted in Company F,
First Regiment Illinois Light Artillery
(Cheney's Battery), and was assigned to serv-
ice in the Army of the Tennessee. During the
next three years his company took part in
many of the most important movements and
engagements in the South, including the siege
of Vicksburg, the battles of Chattanooga and
Missionary Ridge, the Atlanta campaign and
the battle of Nashville, being discharged July
12, 1856. Returning to his home in Dixon
Township, Mr. Hetler engaged in farming, and
has since followed that occupation. Iri August,
1862, he married Nancy Crippen, daughter of
Seth and Elizabeth (Smith) Crippen, who were
natives of New York, and, three children were
born of this union, viz.: Ida and Lola (both de-
ceased), and Minnie, still living. Mr. and
Mrs. Hetler are members of the Methodist
Episcopal church. Politically he is a Republi-
can and has served as Supervisor of Dixon
Township seventeen years, and Schocl Director
twenty-one years; is a member of Dixon Post,
No. 299, G. A. R.
JESSE HETLER, farmer. Section 10, Pal-
myra Township, Lee County, 111., was born in
Dixon Township. April 27, 1839, son of Nathan
and Katherine (Kulp) Hetler, who were early
settlers of Lee County and became prominently
identified with its development. Jesse Hetler
obtained his education in Dixon Township at
the Bend school house, and on Sept. 17, 1863,
married Mary E. Beal, by whom there were
five children, viz.: John T., Imogene (Mrs.
Ernest Feldkirchner), Alice A. (Mrs. Frank
Montgomery), Nathan and Katherine (Mrs.
Howard Barrhead). Mrs. Hetler died August 23,
1880, and Mr. Hetler married for his second
wife Alice E. (Mellon) Atkins. Mr. Hetler is
a member of the A. O. U^ W. and M. W. A.
In religious belief he is a Lutheran, and in po-
litical opinions a Republican, casting his first
vote for Abraham Lincoln, i In connection with
farming Mr. Hetler conducts quite an extensive
dairy and keeps a fine herd of cows.
JOHN HETLER, farmer, Dixon Township,
Lee County, was born in the township where
he now resides, Nov. 25, 1847, son of Nathan
and Catherine (Culp) Hetler. (See Sketch of
former.) Mr. Hetler remained at the paternal
home until 1882, when he was married to Lu-
cetta Miller, daughter of Samuel W. Miller, of
Franklin Coimty, Penn., and since then has
devoted his attention to farming and stock-
raising on his farm of 430 acres on Section
15, Dixon Township, Lee County. Besides this
he is the owner of ninety acres of land in Na-
chusa Township. To Mr. and Mrs. Hetler have
been born four children: Delia, Harry, Nellie
and John M. Mr. Hetler is a Republican in
politics and for twelve years served as School
Director of his district. Socially he is identi-
fied with the order of Modern Woodmen of
America, Home Guardian and Knights of the
Globe.
RALPH H. HENDRIX, who resides in Na-
chusa Avenue, Dixon, 111., was born in Dixon,
Oct. 20, 1863, son of George B. and Eliza J.
(Andrews) Hendrix. He obtained his educa-
tion in the public school at Dixon and learned
the painter's trade. His father, George B.
Hendrix, was a carpenter by trade. Mr.
Hendrix was married in 1889 to Mary E. Fry,
daughter of Josiah and Katherine Fry, and they
are the parents of two children — George and
Florence.
JOHN S. HERBST, farmer, Nachusa Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Adams
County, Penn., March 13, 1870, son of Henry
and Annie E. (Wible) Herbst who were also
natives of the Keystone State, the former be-
ing born August 9, 1827, and the latter Oct. 9,
1830. Henry Herbst and wife came to Lee
County in March, 1884, and now reside in Na-
chusa Township. They were the parents of
eight children, all of whom grew to years of
maturity. John S. Herbst obtained his edu-
cation in the public schools, and on Nov. 17,
1897, married Fannie Dysart, daughter of Wil-
son and Frances (Wallace) Dysart. Mr. Herbst
786
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
owns 160 acres of valuable land in Nachusa
Township, upon which he has recently erected
an attractive dwelling house. In political re-
lations he is a Republican.
FRANK HOERNER, farmer, Brooklyn Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Lee County,
May 6, 1863. sen of Godfrey and Sophia
(Rhodes) Hoerner, natives of Germany, who
came to Illinois in 1848. Frank Hoerner owns
a farm of 201 acres located in Brooklyn and
Lee Center Townships, and is engaged in gen-
eral farming and stock-raising. In August, 1884,
he married Emma Burkhart, daughter of Peter
and E. (Burkhardt) Burkhart, natives of
Germany, but now residents of Lee County.
Mr. and Mrs. Hoerner have eight children,
viz.: Rosa M., Louis P., Carrie S., Minnie,
Sadie L., Albert F., Clara and Alma. In politi-
cal sentiment Mr. Hoerner is a Democrat and
in religious belief a Catholic.
JOHN HARPER, retired farmer. Paw Paw,
111., was born at Ross Grove, DeKalb County,
111., July 15, 1856, son of William and Sarah
(Kirk) Harper. He was engaged in farming
in DeKalb County, 111., until 1892, when he re-
moved to Paw Paw, and for four years follow-
ing, was engaged in the hardware and imple-
ment business. In Paw Paw he married Mary
C. Davis, daughter of Albert G. and Martha
(Robinson) Davis, of DeKalb County, and they
have one son, Bayle G. Mr. and Mrs. Harper
are members of the Jlethodist Episcopal
church. In political views he is a Republican.
HENRY HOFFMAN, retired farmer, Sublette
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Ger-
many, Dec. 23. 1825, son of George and Kath-
erine (Link) Hoffman, George Hoffman came
to America in 1845, arriving near Perkins'
Grove. Lee County, 111., in July of the same
year, and one month later, removed to Lee
County, where he became the owner of 240
acres of land. Five children were born to
himself and wife, three sons and tv.'o daughters.
Mr. Hoffman died July 7. 1849, his wife suiwiv-
ing until Sept. 22, 1885. Henry Hoffman was
married Dec. 19. 1850. to Margaret Smith, who
was born Dec. 22, 1830, daughter of John and
Margaret (Theis) Smith, natives of Germany,
who came to America in 1846 and located in
Lee County. Mr. and Mrs. Hoffman are the
parents of eight children, viz.: George E., Mar-
garet, Henry W., Philip J., Frederick W., Steph-
en J., Ezra G. and Julius A. In political
views Mr. Hoffman is a Republican; has served
as School Director and Road Commissioner,
and in religious faith is a member of the Evan-
gelical church.
HELGE A. HILLESON, farmer, Section 15.
Willow Creek Township. Lee County, 111., was
born on the farm where he now resides, April
13. 1849, son of Amond and Ingaborg (Maland)
Hilleson. natives of Norway. Amond Hille-
son came to America in 1850, where he worked
for wages five years, and then purchased 160
acres of land, upon which his son, Helge A.
now resides. In 1857 he married Miss Inga-
borg Maland, and to them two children were
born: Helge A. and a daughter. Engeliev, who
died at the age of three years. Amond Hille-
son lived to be seventy-five years of age, and
died on his farm in 1895, leaving an estate
of 300 acres of well-improved land. He was a
member of the Norwegian Lutheran church.
His wife (1903) still survives, and resides
with her son, Helge A. Helge A. Hilleson was
raised on the farm, attended the district school,
and after two years' attendance at the Minona
.Academy, Madison, Wis., returned home and
conducted a part of his father's estate. He was
married in July, 1883, to Anna Nelson, daugh-
ter cf Haider Nelson, an early settler of Lee
County, and to them eight children have been
bcrn: Amanda, Thomas, Harvey (deceased),
Julia, Hilda, Emma. Lawrence and Anna H.
Mr. Hilleson and family are members of the
Norwegian Lutheran church. In politics he is
a Republican.
LEWIS HENRY, farmer. Wyoming Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Scioto
County, Ohio, June 7, 1857, son of August and
Mary (Vernier) Henry. Mr. Henry came to
Lee County, 111., in 1885, and settled at Ma-
lugin's Grove, where he remained imtil April
1, 1891, when he removed to his present farm
of 166 acres. On May 29, 1886, he was married
to Josephine Gehant, daughter of Modest and
Olymphia Gehant, and of this union three chil-
dren were born, viz.: Albert (deceased), Pau-
line and Arthur. Mrs. Henry died Sept. 25,
1899, and on Feb. 20, 1900, Mr. Henry married
for his second wife Josephine Ryne. daughter
of John and Mary (O'Brien) Ryne, of Amboy,
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
787
111. Politically Mr. Henry is a Democrat, and
in religious belief a Roman Catholic.
LINCOLN A. HARTZELL, farmer. Nachusa
Township, Lee County, born in the township
where he now resides. Sept. 16, 1860. the son of
John W. and Catherine (Trostle) Hartzell,
natives of Adams County, Penn., who came to
Lee County, 111., in 1851, settling in Nachusa
Township. The father is a farmer, now living
in Franklin Grove, at seventy-four years of age,
and the mother at sixty-five. They had five
children, all of whom are now living. Lincoln
A. Hartzell started in business life for him-
self in 1884, on the Dr. T. D. Palmer farm,
which he rented for seventeen years, but in
1903 bought a 200-acre farm in Nachusa Town-
ship. March 4, 1886, he was married to Lydia
P. Newcomer, born in Ogle County, 111., daugh-
ter of Zachariah and Sarah (Adams) New-
comer, natives of Adams County, Penn., who
came to Illinois in 1846. Mr. Newcomer died
in 1897, but Mrs. Newcomer (1903) is still
living. Mr. and Mrs. Hartzell have had three
children: Hale D., Hazel B. and Charles Col-
lin. Mr. Hartzell is a Republican in politics.
ROBERT J. HANNE, farmer. South Dixon
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Grundy
County, 111., Dec. 21, 1876, son of John and
Elizabeth (Gantzert) Hanne, the formeir a na-
tive of Switzerland and the latter of Grundy
County, 111. January 10, 1900, Robert J. Hanne
was married to Nettie E. Grosh, daughter of
Ezra and Elizabeth (Hack) Grosh, of Dwight,
111. Politically he is a stanch Republican, and
he and his wife are members of the Evangeli-
cal church. Mr. Hanne owns a valuable farm
of 160 acres in South Dixon Township.
JOHN HANNE. farmer, South Dixon Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born near Berne,
Switzerland, Feb. 16, 1848, sen of John and
Ann (Brune) Hanne natives of Switzerland,
who came tc the United States in 1855 and set-
tled in Kendall County, 111. On March 9, 1876.
John Hanne, Jr., was married to Elizabeth
Gatznert, daughter of John P. and Anne (Scheff-
line) Gantzert, who were natives of Germany,
and came to Illinois in 1852. Mr. and Mrs.
Hanne have seven children, viz.: Robert J.,
Benjamin F., Anne J., Matie E., George O..
Cora M. and Edna N. Mr. Hanne has for a
number of years been prominently identified
with the farming and dairying interests of
Lee County. He and his family are members
of the Evangelical church.
JACOB C. HECKMAN, farmer and dairyman,
Nachusa Township, Lee County, 111., was born
in Bedford County, Penn., August 10, 1849,
son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Rollins) Heck-
man. Joseph Heckman and wife were also
natives of Bedford County, Penn.. and came to
Illinois in 1863. locating in Lee County, where,
in 1869, they bought and settled on the 120-acre
farm now owned by Jacob C. Joseph Heckman
died June 19, 1881, his wife dying May 23, 1879.
Jacob C. Heckman remained on his father's
farm until the latter's death, when he became
owner of the homestead, where, in connection
with general farming, he keeps a herd of thirty
fine cows. On October 19, 1899, he married
Cora E. McCardel, and they have one child,
Bertha E. Mrs. Heckman was born in Indi-
ana, but for over twenty years has been a resi-
dent of Lee County. She is a member of the
Methodist Episcopal churcn. In politics Mr.
Heckman is a Democrat, and socially belongs
to the Royal Arcanum.
DENNIS C. HARDEN, farmer. Nelson Town-
ship, Lee County, born in Maryland, Oct. 4,
1849, son of Jacob and Catherine (Cook) Hard-
en, natives of Pennsylvania, who came to Lee
County in 1853, settling in Nelson Township.
In 1873 Dennis C, purchased the farm in this
township on which he has since resided. Decem-
ber 25. 1875, Mr. Harden was married to Kate
McCleary, daughter of William and Belinda
(Moorhead) McCleary, natives of Pennsylvania
and pioneer settlers in Lee County. To Mr.
and Mrs. Harden four children were born:
Eva J.. Olive R. (deceased), William J, and
Lawrence D. Mrs. Harden died Dec. 3, 1889,
and on Dec. 15, 1892, Mr. Harden married El-
vena Bollman. daughter of Henry and Christina
(Grobe) Bellman, natives of Germany and early
settlers in Lee County. Of this second union
three children have been born: Earl E., Her-
bert H. and Vernon L. The family are attend-
ants of the Evangelical Lutheran church, and
Mr. Harden is a member of the Knights of the
Globe and Modern Wo-odmen rf America.
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
LEVI E. HART, farmer, Nachusa Township,
Lee County, 111., was born in Venango County,
Penn., Aug. 30. 1846, son of Erastus and Ruth
(Wilcox) Hart, natives of New York. Mr. and
Mrs. Erastus Hart came to Lee County in June,
1865, and after living in Dixon for several years,
removed to the farm now owned by Levi E.
Hart, where they both died. On August 30,
1864, Levi E. Hart enlisted in Company I,
Fourth Pennsylvania Cavalry, serving until
June 10, 1865. He came to Lee County in 1865
and has since been identified with the agri-
cultural interests of that section of country.
In December, 1868, he married Emetine B.,
daughter of A. and Jane (Fowler) Himes, early
settlers of Lee County, and of this' union there
are two children: Sybil (Mrs. A. A. Dinwiddle
of Jacksonville 111.) and Leon. In political
opinions Mr. Hart is a Republican, and has
served as School Director for tv,'enty-five years.
Fraternally he is a member of the Masonic
Order, Blue Lodge. Chapter and Commandery
at Dixon. 111.
JOHN R. HECKMAN. farmer. Nachusa
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Bed-
ford County, Penn.. Oct. 17, 1851, son of Joseph
and Elizabeth (Rollins) Heckman. who settled
in Nachusa Township Dec. 12, 1863. They were
the parents of the following named children:
James M., Mary Ellen, Josiah, Jacob C, John
R. and Addison L. John R. Heckman remain-
ed on his father's farm until 1892, when he
purchased the farm where he now resides,
locating there in 1894. In 1892 he married
Emma Lowery, who was born in China. Town-
ship, Lee County, daughter of George and Cath-
erine (Miller) Lowery, natives of either Somer-
set or Bradford County, Penn.. who settled in
Lee County about 1865. Mr. and Mrs. Heck-
man have two children, Edith May and John
L. In political views Mr. Heckman is Inde-
pendent.
JACOB H. HUYETT. farmer, Nachusa Town-
ship, Lee County. III., was born in Berks Coun-
ty, Penn., Dec. 1, 1850, son of John H. and
Eliza (Hain) Huyett, who were also natives
of the Keystone State. Jacob H. Huyett lo-
cated in Nachusa Township, in October 1876,
and has since devoted his time to general farm-
ing and stock-raising. On September 1, 1871.
he married Emma C. Hain. born in Pennsyl-
vania, and to them eight children have been
born with dates of birth as follows: John F.,
May 7, 1873; Sarah E., Sept. 21, 1875; Charles
F., Feb. 14, 1878; James R., June 11, 1880:
Harry B., May 26, 1883; Edna C, Oct. 22, 1885;
Polly B.. Aug. 4, 1887; and George J., March
7, 1892. In political views Mr. Huyett is a
Republican and has served as School Director
for more than twenty years; was Supervisor
of Nachusa Township in 1901-2. He and his
wife are members of the Lutheran church at
Nachusa.
SYLVANUS C. HAUSEN, farmer, China
Township. Lee County. 111., was born in Lincoln
County, Maine, Oct. 15, 1825, son of Charles
and Mary J. (Hilton) Hansen. In 1840 he
accompanied his parents to Lee County and
grew to manhood under the parental roof in
China Township. He chose farming as his life
occupation and has been uniformly successful
in that industry, and is now one of the leading
farmers and stock-raisers of China Township.
December 20, 1859, he married Sabina J., daugh-
ter of David and Harriet (Lobdell) Fellows, of
Boone County, 111., and to them five children
have been born: Ida C, Charles F.. Lillian A.,
Grace E. and May E. In political convictions
Mr. Hansen is a Democrat.
COLUMBUS D. HUSSEY, lumber and coal
dealer, Franklin Grove, Lee County, 111., born
in Franklin Grove. Sept. 4, 1852, son of Amos
and Jane (Fredonia) Hussey, natives, respec-
tively, of Pennsylvania and New York State.
Fredonia, N. Y.. was named after the family
of the mother, the latter being the first white
child born there. The father came to Franklin
Grove in 1838, became a farmer and was iden-
tified with the early development of that
section. He died in 1895, and his wife May
1. 1876. Columbus D. Hussey established him-
self in his present business in 1876, and, ex-
cept a few years spent in farming, has pursued
it ever since. In December, 1883, he married
Maud H. Secrist, who was born in Pennsyl-
vania and came v/ith her parents to Lee Coun-
ty, 111., in 1866. Of this union seven children
have been born: Blaine. Margaret, Amos, Don-
ald. Mary. Medrick and Jennie. Mr. Hussey
is a Republican, served as Supervisor of his
township three terms, and has been a member
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
789
of the Republican County Central Committee
for many years.
MARCUS 0. HARTZELL, farmer and dairy-
man, Nachusa Township, Lee County, 111., was
born in Adams County, Penn., Nov, 13, 1S62,
son of John Z. and Lizzie (Hamilton) Hartzell.
Marcus O. Hartzell came to Lee County in
February, 1S81, where in 1888 he engaged in
farming operations for himself, and for the
past seven years has been one of the leading
dairy farmers of that vicinity, managing at
the present time 166 acres of land and owning
a herd of forty cows. On March 27, 1889, he
married Hattie E. Madden, born in Fort Wayne,
Ind., daughter of Benjamin and Permelia
(Gardner) Madden. Socially Mr. Hartzell is
a member of the M. W. A., Knights of the
Globe and Sons of Veterans.
JOHN Z. HARTZELL, farmer. Nachusa
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Carroll
County, Md., Aug. 21, 1838, son of John and
Susan (Hiner) Hartzell, natives of Pennsyl-
vania and Maryland, respectively. John Hart-
zell died when John Z. was ten years of age.
and the care of the farm eventually devolved
upon the latter. In 1863 John Z. Hartzell
enlisted in Company K, One Hundred and
Eighty-fourth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry,
and served in the Army of the Potomac. Among
the important engagements in which he par-
ticipated were the battles of Hatcher's Run,
Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Richmond and Ap-
pomattox. He was mustered out of the service
on June 7, 1865, and then returned to Mary-
land, where he engaged in farming until 1882,
when he removed to Nachusa Township, Lee
County. In 1861 he married Lizzie Hamilton,
a native of Pennsylvania, and of this union
there are nine children, viz.: Marcus O., Laura
E., Martha A. (Mrs. Frank Emmert), Robert
H., Gertie E., Fannie O., Mary E., John M. and
Charles H. Mr. Hartzell is a Republican in
politics and has served as School Director five
years. Socially he is a member of Dixon Post
299 G. A. R.
GEORGE W. HOWELL, Sr.. contractor and
builder, Dixon III., was born in New York City,
Aug. 27, 1835, son of Josiah and Phoebe (Post)
Howell. He obtained his education in the
public schools of Nev/ York, where he also
learned the carpenter's trade. On January 1.
186U, he married Josephine Rapelyea, and they
became parents of five children, four of whom
survive, viz.: Josephine (a trained nurse),
George W., Eugene and John Wesley. The
parents of Mrs. Howell were John Liqueer
and Margaret (DeGroat) Rapelyea, and her
earliest ancestors, of whoiru she has any know-
ledge, were Huguenots who, at the close of the
sixteenth century, escaped from France to
Holland and sailed to America on the "May-
flower." Their desendants became scattered
over the New England States and the State of
New York Mr. Howell came to Lee County
in 1879, where he carried on a farm for seven
years, but for the past twenty years has been
engaged in constructing and building, and during
that time has erected a great many fine resi-
dences in the city of Dixon and the surround-
ing country. In 1898 his two sons, George W,
and John W., became his partners in this
business. In political views Mr. Howell is a
Republican, and in religious belief a Methodist.
Mr. Howell's father, Josiah Howell, was a
minute man in the War of 1812, while his
grandfather was one of three brothers who
were living on Long Island at the time the
Revolutionary War broke out, and he served
seven years as a patriot soldier during the
struggle for liberty. His mother, Phoebe
(Post) Howell, was a Quakeress.
JOHN N. HUTCHINSON, farmer, Viola
Township, Lee County, III., was born in the
township where he now resides, July 11, 1869,
son of James S. and Anna (Harper) Hutchin-
son, of whom the latter died May 14, 1881. John
N. Hutchinson was reared to a life on the farm,
and in 1885 began farming operations for him-
self on rented land, which he continued until
1891. when he bought 160 acres, and now owns
a 120-acre farm. November 14, 1894, he was
married to Pearl Adrian, daughter of Harry
and Emma (Braidy) Adrian, of Viola Township,
and they have one son, John N. Prior to her
marriage, Mrs. Hutchinson taught school in
Viola Township. Mr. and Mrs. Hutchinson
are communicants of the Methodist Episcopal
church. In political opinions he is a Repub-
lican.
EDWARD L. JOHNSON, retired farmer,
748 Forrest Avenue, Dixon ,111., was born at
Stockbridge, Mass., Feb. 17, 1836, son of Jona-
■go
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
than and Eunice (Bradford! Johnson, natives
of Rhode Island and Connecticut, respectively.
Edward L. Johnson came to Lee County in
1S60. remaining until 1867, when he returned
to his native State, where he remained until
1889. In the latter year he returned to Dixon,
and has since made his home in that city.
February 17, 1862. he married J. Louisa Nettle-
ton, and to them four children have been born,
three cf whom are deceased. The only son,
Charles A., resides in Benton Harbor, Mich.
RALPH E. JOHNSON, dairy-farmer and
stock-raiser. Section 22, Palmyra Township,
Lee County. 111., was born on the farm where
he now resides, Jan. 22. 1842, son of Eber H.
and Sarah (Johnson) Johnson, who came from
New York State to Lee County in 1838. Eber
H. and Sarah Johnson were married in New
York, Aug. 13, 1838, just previous to coming
west, and came with horses and wagon to Lee
County, the journey occupying five weeks. Mr.
Johnson bought a squatter's claim of 160 acres,
and shortly afterwards added another quarter
section to his holdings. To himself and wife
seven children were born, Ralph E. being
fourth. Mr. Johnson was an active, upright
man. a stanch Republican and served his
township as Supervisor for several terms be-
sides holding other offices. He died August
29, 1887. his wife dying May 15 of the same
year. They were both members of the Union
church. Ralph E. Johnson attended the district
school in boyhood and worked on his father's
farm, where he has continued to reside to the
present time. He assumed management of his
father's farm several years previous to the
latter's death, and afterwards bought the es-
tate consisting of 417 acres of land upon which
he keeps from 150 to 175 head of cattle and
about twenty-five horses. The present at-
tractive residence was built by Mr. Ralph E.
Johnson in 1876. On March 10. 1875, Mr.
Johnson married Abigail M., daughter of
George and Jerusha (Knox) Knox, all of whom
were natives of Broome County, N. Y. Mr.
and Mrs. Johnson have three children: Anna
G. (Mrs. W. L. Prescott, of Nebraska), Rena E.
(Mrs. Howard S. Gigons, of Madison. Wis.),
and Myra L.. who is attending school.
CONSTANT A. JEANBLANC, farmer. Brook-
lyn Township. Lee County. 111., was born in
France, July 17, 1S57, son of Charles F. and
Justine F. (Laforge) Jeanblanc, natives of the
same country who came to Lee County, 111.,
in 1866. Constant A. Jeanblanc was raised on
a farm and now owns his homestead of 244
acres in Brooklyn Township. On May 14. 1885,
he married Sarah O.. daughter of Laurent and
Julienne (Tuillion) Gehant, of Lee County, and
to them ten children have been born, viz.:
Albert L., Alexander C, Theresa S., Leo. F.
(deceased), Veronica A., Benedict C, Laurent
H., Julienne F. (deceased), Wilbur M. and
Marie C. Mr. Jeanblanc is a Democrat in
politics, and is now (1903) serving his third
term as School Director. In religious belief
he is a Catholic.
PRYCE JONES (deceased) was born in
Wales, and came to the United States in 1854,
settling in Connecticut, where on Feb. 3, 18C3,
he was married to Miss Mary D. Cutler, of
South Coventry, Conn. He and his wife came
to Lee County in 1868. and from that time
until his death, Jan. 23, 1899, he was identified
with the agricultural interests of the county.
To Mr. and Mrs. Jones seven children were
born, four of whom are living, viz.: Joseph A.,
Addie L., Edward H. and Emily M. Mrs. Jones
now resides in the village of Walton. The
family are attendants of the Methodist Epis-
copal church.
BENJAMIN F. JOHNSON, farmer. Viola
Township, Lee County. 111., was born in Kane
Cotmty, 111., March 4, 1846, son of Smith H. and
Ziba K. (Thompson) Johnson. Benjamin F.
Johnson remained at home until 1863, when he
enlisted in Company I, One Hundred and Fifty-
sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry and served
until the close of the war. He then returned
to Lee County and bought 160 acres of land,
but in 1869 went to Helena, Mont., where he
engaged in placer-mining until 1876. Return-
ing to Lee County in the latter year, he there
resumed farming operations until 1887, when
he took charge of a creamery at Compton, 111.,
and conducted the enterprise for six years. In
1893 he again returned to the farm, locating
on his present homestead of 260 acres in Viola
Township. On February 24, 1877, Mr. Johnson
was married to Arvilla, daughter of Joel and
Nancy (Compton) Compton, of Compton. 111.
To them eight children have been born, viz.:
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY,
Lewis E., Andrew F., Levi, Linn. Joel L.. Pearl
v., Luella, M., and Charlotte 1. Fraternally Mr.
Johnson is a Mason, in politics a Republican,
and has served as Commissioner of Highways
twelve years, and Township' Trustee ten years.
OLIVER P. JOHNSTON (deceased) was born
in Erie County, N. Y., in 1S12. In 1S38 he came
to Lee County, 111., and settled in Brooklyn
Township. For twenty years he kept a hotel
to Melugin's Grove, where, in early days, he
had many unpleasent experiences in connec-
tion with the business, but later engaged in
farming with successful results, and became
the owner of a large tract of land. In 1834 he
married Elizabeth Ross, a native of Virginia,
and they were the parents of six children.
WALLACE A. JUDD, retired farmer, Dixon,
111., was born in Berkshire County, Mass.. Sept.
30, 1821, son of Arden and Sarah (Hubbard)
Judd, who were also natives of the Bay State.
Mr. Judd came to Illinois in the spring of 1852,
locating in Dixon, and he has the distinction
of bringing the first car load of coal to that
city. On October 11, 1847, he married Jerusha
Merriman. born in Connecticut, and to this
union six children were born, three of whom —
Ellen L., Asa G. and Homer A. — are now living.
Mr. Judd's farm adjoining the city of Dixon
comprises 3.50 acres.
ROYAL JONES, embalmer and undertaker.
Dixon, 111., was born In Meiggs County, Ohio,
Dec. 30, 1869, son of Edward and Emily (Wood-
ard) Jones. Royal Jones was raised on his
father's farm in Ohio, attended the public
schools and. prior to coming to Dixcn, held an
official position in the Hospital for the Insane
at Elgin, 111. Coming to Dixon in 1894, he en-
gaged in the grocery business for two years,
and then took a thorough course of training
in the Chicago School of Embalming. Return-
ing to Dixon, he opened his present extensive
establishment, which is the only one in the
city devoted exclusively to that particular line
of business. On June 27. 189.5. he married
Celia A. O'Malley, daughter of Mr. and Mrs.
Austin O'Malley, early settlers of Les County.
Of this marriage five children have been born:
Lucille. Edward. Gerald. Willard and Herbert.
Fraternally Mr. Jones is a member of the
Modern Woodmen of America and Knights of
Columbus. Politically he is a Republican.
MRS. HARRIET E. KNIGHT, Dixon, III.,
was born in Bloomingdale, Du Page County,
111., daughter of Royal D. and Lydia E. (Ben-
nett) Meacham, natives of New York State who
became early settlers of Illinois. June 4, 1885,
she was married to Charles Hale Knight, son
of Capt. Hale and Fanny (Carpenter) Knight,
natives of Vermont. Capt. Hale Knight was
for many years, the commander and part
owner of the "New World," a large vessel
employed in carrying mail and passengers be-
tween New York and Liverpool and other
European ports. To Mr. and Mrs. Charles
Hale Knight were born four sons: Hale, Robert,
Royal and William. In early life Mr. Knight
was engaged in merchandizing in the city of
Chicago. Mrs Knight is a member and Treas-
urer of the Dixon's Women's Clul).
CHARLES C. KOST, physician and surgeon,
Dixon 111., was born in Astoria, 111., Jan. 3,
1867, son of George W. and Susan Lemon
(Nelson) Kost. natives of Ohio. He received
his early educational training in the public
schools, and graduated from the Astoria High
School in 1885. He then entered the Missouri
Medical College. St. Louis. Mo., graduating in
18SS, and began practicing his profession at
Literberry. 111., where he remained three years.
Coming to Dixon in 1891, he has since con-
ducted a successful practice in that city, and
has also taken a post-graduate course in Chi-
cago and New York City. He is a member of
the American Medical Society, the Illinois Med-
ical Society and the Lee County Medical So-
ciety. In November, 1890. he married Ollie
Dinwiddle, daughter of Samuel and Ellen
(Crum) Winwiddie. and they have one son —
Byron D. The Doctor and his wife are mem-
bers of the Christian Church. He is also a
member of the K. T. and K. of P. In politics he
is a Republican.
JOHN M. KILLMER. farmer. Bradford
Township. Lee County. 111., v.-as- bcrn at Bing-
hamton. Lee County, 111., Oct. 28, 1857, son of
Nicholas and Mary (Halpmeyer) Killmer. The
fathei' was born in 1830 in Reichensachsen,
Kreis Eschweg. Kur-Hessen, Germany, and
died Feb. 28. 1893. The mother was born in
■92
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
1S31. in Baden, ami died Jan. 31, 1S92. Nicho-
las Killmer came to America when about
twenty-one, and after coming to Lee County,
worked in a plow factory at Binghamton. Later
he bought land and at the time of his death
owned 360 acres. He and his wife were mar-
ried in Binghamton about 1855, and were the
parents of eight children, two of whom are now
living, — John M. and William. The former
worked for his fatheil until Feb. 18, 1883, when
he married Martha Katherine Kersten, born
June 8, 1858, daughter of John and Christine
Kersten. who now reside at Ashton, 111. John
M. Killmer and wife have two children living:
Frank J„ born April 21, 1886, and Emma C,
bcrn Feb, 26, 1894. Their son. Willie N., born
July 13, 1884. died when ten years of age. Mr.
Killmer has 405 acres of land, besides four lots
in the village of Ashton. and for many years
has been Road Overseer and School Trustee.
He is a Republican and a member of the United
Evangelical church,
WILLIAM KILLMER. farmer. Bradford
Township. Lee County. 111., was born Jan, 31.
1859. son of Nicholas and Mary (Halpmeyer)
Killmer. natives of Kur-Hessen and Baden. Ger-
many. The father's first land purchase was
one of the '80s now occupied as a homestead
by his son William, who married on Jan. 10,
1884, Mary E„ daughter of William and Kather-
ine Lizzie (Aschenbrenner) Ross, William
Boss was born in Malckelsdorf, Hessen-Nas-
sau, Germany, May 28, 1836, and died in Brad-
ford Township, April 4, 1902. He came to Lee
County at the age of eighteen, was one of the
first members and, during his life, manager of
the Bradford Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance
Company, and member of the Evangelical
church. Those of his children now living are:
W. F., Charles W., George J., Mary, (wife of
William Killmer), and Annie (wife of Frank
Mynard). Mr. and Mrs. William Killmer have
four children: George M., Alfred W., Lizzie M.,
and Anna M. Mr. Killmer has 200 acres of
land in his home farm, and a house and lot
in Ashton. Mrs Killmer also ov.'ns a quarter
section of land near Hallock. Iowa. William
Killmer raises registered Galloway cattle and
also feeds for the market. He is a Republican
and has for years held the office of Pathmaster
and School Trustee. He is also trustee of the
Evangelical church, cf which he and his family
are members: is at present (19041 conducting
a first-class livery and feed stable at Ashton,
and owns the lot on which his building is
located.
ELIJAH L. KING, retired farmer, Lee Cen-
ter, 111., was born in West Hampton, Hamp-
shire County, Mass,. March 9, 1852, son of
George N. and Arlina (Kingsley) King, natives
ot Hampsnire County, Mass., who came to
Lee County, 111., in 1855 and located on a 110-
acre farm in China Township in 1859. George
N. King died in October, 1890, in his eighty-
first year, his wife dying May IG, 1887, aged
fifty-nine years. Three of their children grew
to maturity. Elijah L. King was married in
1873 to Sarah J., daughter of Austin B. and
Ann (Lewis) Trowbridge, and they have one
son, Frank N.. who is a farmer in Amboy Town-
ship. Elijah L. King began business life for
himself at the age of twenty-one years. He
first rented a farm for three years, and then
he and Mrs. King bought eighty acres of land
in China Township. He afterwards spent five
years in the livery business in Omaha. Neb .
and two years conducting a farm in Mercer
County. 111., but later returned to Lee County,
where he and his family now own 426 acres
of land. In 1892 Mr. and Mrs. King removed
to Lee Center, where they built an attractive
residence and have since lived retired. Mr.
King is a Republican in political views, and
socially belongs to the M. W. A. He is a mem-
ber of the Congregational Church. Mrs. King's
father and mother were natives, respectively,
of New York and Pennsylvania, coming tci Lee
County in the early '40s, and were the parents
of three sons and two daughters.
PETER KELLEY, farmer, Bradford Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born in County
Roscommon, Ireland, son of Peter and Mar-
garet (Kelley) Kelley. When eight years of
age, Peter Kelley, accompanied by a brother
v.'ho was two years his senior, came to America
and lived for several years with an older
sister in Rhode Island. In 1858 he came to
Lee County, and five years later made his
first purchase of land, owning at the present
time (1903) a 160-acre farm in Bradford Town-
ship, besides 320 acres in Dakota, In 1863 he
married Katherine Griese, born in Heinebach,
Germanv, in 1841, daughter of Justus and Anna
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
E. (Hunner) Griese. who came to Lee County
in 1864. To Mr. and Mrs. Kelley the following
named children have been born; Mary (Mrs.
Vincent Arnold), Ann (Mrs. George Russell),
John P., Maggie (Mrs. George Ludsy), Peter
A., Katie (Mrs. Daniel Utz), Charles A. and
Louise J. Mr. Kelley is a Democrat in political
relations and a Catholic in religious faith,
while his wife is a member of the Lutheran
church.
EDWARD B. KNIGHT, farmer, South Dixan
Township, Lee County. 111., was born in Wor-
cester, Mass., Dec. 21, 1850, son of E. B. and
Mary A. (Stone) Knight, natives respectively
of Massachusetts and Connecticut, who came
to Amboy, Lee County, in 1854, finally removing
to Dixon, where they died. They were both
prominent members of the Presbyerian church.
Edward B. Knight purchased nis present farm
in 1884. On October 16, 1873, he married
Emma B. Woodruff, daughter of E. J. and Ada-
line (Doty) Woodruff, residents of Dixon who
came to Lee County in 1865, and with the ex-
ception of a few years spent in South Dakota,
have since made their home in Lee County.
To Mr. and Mrs. Knight six children have been
born, four of whom — Lucy E., Laura E., Olive
A. and Ruth M. — are living, and two — Frank
L. and George L. — are deceased. In political
opinions Mr. Knight is a Republican, and so-
cially he belongs to the M. W. A.
EDWARD H. KREITER. farmer, Amboy
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Blocm-
ington, 111., Feb. 18, 1868, son of Peter L. and
Augusta (Wentzel) Kreiter, natives of Germany
v/ho came to America in 1848 and settled in
Lee County in 1877. where they were engaged
in farming until 1898, but have since lived
retired. Edward H. Kreiter grew to maturity
on his father's farm, and with his two brothers.
Theodore and William, operated the Bing-
hamton mill for twelve years. From 1888 to
1900 he rented his father's farm, purchasing the
same in the latter year, and now owns a
valuable estate of 132 acres in Amboy Town-
ship, upon which he devotes his attention to
general farming and stock- raising. In political
views he is a Republican, and in religious be-
lief a Methodist, being a member of the church
of that creed at Amboy. He was married
to Miss Bertha Herzfeldt. daughter of Albert
and Jlinnie (Teich) Herzfeldt, of Amboy. Lee
County. Aug. 17, 1903.
MICHAEL KEARNS, retired farmer, Dixon,
111., was born in County Sligo, Ireland, in 1838,
and came to the United States in June, 1856.
In 1861 he enlisted in Company F, First Illinois
Artillery, and served four years and two months,
being discharged at Louisville, Ky. Mr. Kearns
came to Lee County. 111., in 1866, and in
August, 1867, was married to Mary McGowan,
and to them six children have been born, viz.;
Mary, Frank, Catherine, Joseph, Sadie and
John. Mr. Kearns now lives retired on a
5-acre tract of land belonging to his wife in
North Dixon.
WILLIAM H. KUGLER, merchant and Post-
master, Harmon, 111., was born in Oswego.
111.. August 18, 1857. the son of Christian and
Eva (Hage) Kugler, natives of Wurtemburg,
Germany, v/ho came to Aurora, III., about 1848.
Both are now deceased. Mr. Kugler was mar-
ried Sept. 12, 1886, to Mary E., the daughter
of James and Eliza (De Pew) Richardson,
of Montmorency, 111. Mrs. Kugler died May 3,
1896. and on Jan, 18. 1899, Mr. Kugler married
Mrs. May (Delanuny) Moses, of Manson, Iowa,
daughter of L. E. Delanuny, and to them two
children — William L. and Ralph — were born.
By her former marriage Mrs. Kugler had one
daughter, who has been adopted by Mr. Kugler,
and now bears the name of Ina Mae Kugler.
Mr. Kugler has been in business in Lee County
since 1889. He is a prominent Mason, being a
Knight Templar; is also a member of the M.
W. A., Mystic Workers and Knights of Pythias.
In religious belief he is a Methodist.
FRED KNETSCH, farmer, Wyoming Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born at Troy Grove,
La Salle County, 111., Feb. 11, 1869, the son
of Henry and Fhillipine (Harmon) Knetch;
the former died Oct. 21, 1896, and the latter
May 15, 1871. Fred Knetsch was engaged in
farming in LaSalle County until 1896, when
he came to Wyoming Township and purchased
the Edwards farm of 184 acres. February 20,
1883, he married Mary Kleinschmit, of Free-
dom, La Salle County, 111., daughter of Martin
and Mary (Stockman) Kleinschmit, and to them
six children have been born: Henry A., Gladys
P., Laura B., Freddie (deceased), Ethel A.,
and James D. Mr. Knetsch is a Republican
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
and a member of the M. W. A. He and his
wife are memljers of the Methodist Episcopal
church.
ALEXANDER J. KIRKE, optician, Dixon, 111.,
was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Jan. 27, 1855,
son of John and Agnes (Sanderson) Kirke.
A. J. Kirke obtained his education in the public
schools, graduating from the high school at
Pleasant Hill, Mo. He learned the jeweler's
trade at the latter place, and afterwards spent
the years 1875-6 at Phillips Exeter Academy,
New Hampshire. In 1891 he moved to Chicago
and entered a cour?e of study in the Chicago
Ophthalmic College, graduating from that insti-
tution in 1893, The Doctor traveled in the
interest of the optical business for seven years,
lived at Carthage, Mo., for fourteen years (1877-
1891), and in Chicago five years, v/orking and
studying along the lines of his business and
profession. He came to Dixon in 1900 and
has since successfully practiced his profession
in that city. In February, 1879, he married in
Carthage, Mo., Luella Haughawout, and they
have two children, Pauline and Irene. The
Doctor is a member of the American Associ-
ation of Opticians, B. P. O. E., K. of P. and Dix-
on Club. In politics he is a Democrat.
uary. 18S2. On January 2, 1904, Hartman M.
Kersten ,and family moved to Ashton, 111.
where he owns a fine residence.
CONRAD KOPP, farmer, Sublette Township.
Lee County, 111., was born in Binsachse, Ger-
many, Sept. 2, 1836, son of Adam Kopp anl
wife. The mother died when Conrad Kopp was
three months old, and the father with his
three children came to America in 1848. ar-
riving in Lee County on July 4th of the same
year. Adam Kopp died three years later leaving
eighty acres of land, which is now owned by
his son, Conrad. For seven years after his
father's death Conrad Kopp worked among
farmers. On June 22, 1863, he married Mar-
garetha Durr, and to them ten children have
been born; Philip, John, Henry, Conrad. Carrie,
Katie, Mary, Louise, George and Fred, Mrs.
Kopp was born Oct. 19, 1844, daughter of
Martin and Sabina (Krantz) Durr, and came to
La Salle County, 111., v,'hen ten years of age,
and to LeC; County four years later. Mr. Kopp
owns 421 acres of land. In politics he is a
Democrat and has served as School Director
fifteen years and Pathmaster ten years. He
and his wife are members of the Lutheran
church.
HARTMAN M. KERSTEN, faimer and
stock-raiser, Bradford Township, Les County.
111., was born Jan. 13, 1860, son of John and
Christine (Hildebrandt) Kersten, natives of
Germany. Hartman M. Kersten was married
on Jan. 15, 1885, to Mary Gross, daughter of
Reinhart and Martha (Reinhart) Gross, natives
of Kur-Hessen, Germany, and of this union
there are three children — Arthur R., Rosie C.
and Alice E. Mr. and Mrs. Kersten own 379
acres of land four miles south of Ashton, 111.,
and are proprietors of the Ashton, 111., herd of
Galloway pedigreed cattle. Mr. Kersten and
his family are members of the United Evan-
gelical church, in which he is Superintendent
of the Sunday School, In politics he is a Re-
puljlican and has been School Director for
eleven years; has also been Road Commis-
sioner and a delegate to the Republican Coun-
ty Convention. Mrs. Kersten's father, Rein-
hart Gross, was born Sept. 26, 1829, came to
Lee County in 1847, and died Oct. 7. 1902.
while her mother was born in 1835. came to
Lee County in 1S48 or '49. and died in Jan-
NATHAN KOONS. retired farmer, Compton.
111., was born in Schuylkill, Chester County,
Penn., son of Christian and Christina Koons.
Nathan Koons came to Lee County in 1846 and
took up government land, and still owns 88
acres in Willow Creek Township. In 1849 he
married Charlotte South, daughter of George
Scuth, of New Jersey, and of this union there
was one child. Elizabeth. Mrs. Koons died in
1850. and in 1854 Mr. Koons married his second
wife. Amanda Smith, who died in 1894. Of
his second marriage there were two children,
Harry, who is now deceased, and Rhoda. Mr.
Koons is a Democrat in political views, and in
religious belief a Lutheran.
JOHN KERSTEN. retired farmer. Ashton,
111., w^as bcrn in Germany, Feb. 15, 1831, son
of Hardman Kersten. Hardman Kersten was
born Sept. 30, 1801, and his wife in 1802. On
June 18, 1856, John Kersten married Christine
Hildebrandt. a native of Gelfershausen. Kreis
Rothenburg, Kur-Hessen. Germany, daughter
of John and Elizabeth (Speck) Hildebrandt, the
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
r95
former born in 1787 and the latter in 1799. Mr.
Kersten came to America in 1857, locating in
Bradford Township. Lee County. At the time
of his settlement in Bradford Township, he
had but $1.50. but before leaving the farm,
owned 640 acres of land, a part of which he
has since divided among his children, of whom
there are ten living.
JAMES W. LARABEE, Sr., retired farmer.
Paw Paw, 111., was born in Town of Grafton,
Rensselaer County, N. Y., Dec. 5, 1838, son
of Willet and Mary (Wool) Larabee, natives of
Vermont and New York respectively. .lames
W. Larabee came to LaSalle County, 111., in
1855, where he was engaged in farming until
April, 1861, when he enlisted in Company H,
Twelfth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, serving
three months with this regiment, and then re-
enlisted in Company I. Fifty-fifth Illinois, his
entire service being under the command of
General Sherman. He participated in thirty-
seven battles and was twice wounded. He was
discharged in August, 1865. and then returned
to LaSalle County, where, in the follov.'ing No-
vember, he married Mary E. Haight, daughter
of Samuel and Lura (Miller) Haight, and
they have six children, viz.: Samuel H., James
W., Jr., Willet R., Louie B., Mary E. and
Charles D. Mr. Larabee was engaged in farm-
ing in LaSalle County until 1900, when he re-
tired and moved to Paw Paw. He is independ-
ent on palitical issues, and is a member of the
G. A. R. at Paw Paw, and of the I. O^ O. F.
JAMES W. LARABEE. Jr., farmer, Wyoming
Township, Lee County. 111., was born in La-
Salle County, 111., April 23, 15 69, son of James
W. and Mary E. (Haight) Larabee. James W.
Larabee was engaged in farming in LaSalle
County until 1892 when he moved to Hamilton
County, Iowa, where he conducted a farm for
three years and then returned to LaSalle County
In 1899 he purchased his present farm of 240
acres in Wyoming Township. March 1, 1892,
he married Myra F., daughter of Daniel A.
and Emeline (Haight) Howard, and they are
the parents of seven children; Goldie M.,
Emeline E., James W.. Samuel H.. Irving H.,
John H. and Birdie A. In politics Mr. Lara-
bee is a Republican.
JOHN C, LEAKE, farmer, Nachusa Town-
ship, L-ee County, 111., was born near Leicester,
Leicestershire, England, Dec. i, 183G, son of
John and Mary Ann (Jarvis) Leake, who were
also natives of the last named place. John
Leake was born in 1806 and died in 1869, while
his wife, Mary Ann Jarvis, was born in 1807,
and died Jan. 19, 1878. They were the parents
of six children, four of whom grew to matur-
ity. Mr. Leake came to America and settled in
Lee County in the fall of 1840, his wife and
children remaining in the mother country until
1841. His estate, at the time of his death,
embraced 670 acres. On September 21, 1863,
John C. Leake married Mariette Hale, daugh-
ter of Leonard W. and Sarah Ann (Crawford)
Hale, natives of New York and Pennsylvania
respectively, who came to Illinois in 1847, lo-
cating in Lee County in 1850. Mr. and Mrs.
Leake are the parents of four children, viz.:
Charles W. (died aged thirteen years), T. Wil-
bur, Jennie F. (died when six years of age),
and Grace May (died at the age of three years).
The son, T. Wilbur, married Cora Cusey, a
daughter of Abel and Sarah (Whittaker) Ousey,
and lives on the old homestead. John C.
Leake is a Republican in politics, and has been
School Director for twenty-six years. Town-
ship Supervisor two years, and has been a dele-
gate to many conventions. He and his wife
are members of the First Congregational
Church at Lee Center. Mr. Leake's farm em-
braces 3S0 acres in Nachusa Township.
DANIEL C. LEAKE, farmer, Nachusa Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born in the town-
ship where he now resides. Jan. 8. 1847, son
of Daniel and Amelia (Jarvis) Leake, natives of
Lancashire, England, who came to America
in 1841, and in August of the same year, lo-
cated on the farm in Lee County, where their
son, Jarvis Leake, now resides. Daniel Leake,
Sr., and his wife were the parents of four sons
— all of whom grew to maturity — Daniel C.
being the oldest. Mr. Leake died in 1857, aged
fifty-seven years, his wife surviving until
1883, and dying in her sixty-ninth year. Dan-
iel C. Leake began his business career in 1870,
and for the first year operated a mill at Rocky
Ford, Lee County; afterwards conducted a
rented farm for four years, but since 1875 has
cultivated his present 320-acre farm in Na-
chusa Township. In 1869 he married Justina
I. Moseley, daughter of William J. and Jane
(Dunlap) Moseley. Mrs. Leake died in 1879,
-96
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
and on Dec. 13, 18S1. Mr. Leake was married
to Maggie May Moseley. a sister of his de-
ceased wife. There are no children by either
marriage. Mr. Leal^e has traveled quite ex-
tensively through the Southern and Western
States. In politics he is a Republican.
FRED W. LEAKE, merchant. Amboy. Lee
County. 111., born in China Township, Lee
County, June 5, 1855, son of Daniel and Emily
(Jarvis) Leake, natives of Leicestershire, Eng-
land, who came to America, landing in New-
York in August, 1841, and came west, locat-
ing on a tract of land at Dixon's Ferry — then a
part of China Township. Daniel and Emily
(Jarvis) Leake were the parents of five chil-
dren: Chapman D.. Russell. Jarvis. Fred W.
and Amelia (who died when nine years of age).
Daniel Leake died in 1857. his wife surviving
until 1887. Fred W. Leake obtained his elemen-
tary education in the public schools at Dixon,
afterwards attended Jennings Seminary (Dixon),
one year. Northwestern College (Naperville).
and graduated from the Northern Indiana Nor-
mal School, Valparaiso, Ind. He clerked in
a store at the latter place for tv.'o years, and
in 1885 came to Amboy, where he opened his
present establishment — dry goods and ready-
made clothing — which he has since conducted.
On February 24. 1885, he was married in Chi-
cago to Miss Ella S. Dean, daughter of Ransom
and Almira (Sharp) Dean, natives respectively
of New York and Indiana. Mr. and Mrs. Leake
have six children, viz.: Mabel E., Fred W., Jr.,
Grace M., Raymond D., Harold C. and Gertrude
L. In political views Mr. Leake is a Republi-
can, and in religious belief a Congregational-
ist.
WILLIAM LEIVAN. farmer. Section 27. Pal-
myra Township. Lee County, 111., was born in
South Dixon Township, Lee County, Dec. 12.
1856. son of Mathias and Magdaline (Miller)
Leivan, natives of Somerset County. Penn.,
who came to Lee County in 1856. locating near
the city of Dixon. Mathias Leivan was twice
married, there being two children by his first
wife, and twelve by his second wife, Magdaline
Miller. The paternal grandfather of the sub-
ject of this sketch came from Germany to Amer-
ica, in 1845. William Leivan remained en his
father's farm until twenty-two years of ag?.
On December 14. 1882, he married Mary E.
Fritz, daughter of Hiram and Elizabeth (Miller)
Fritz, natives of Pennsylvania, and to them
two children — Elmer W. and Ralph V. — have
been born. In 1884 Mr. Leivan bought a farm
in Harmon Township. Lee County, which he
managed successfully until 1900, when he pur-
chased his present homestead, consisting of 108
acres of valuable land, located in Sections 27,
28. and 34. Palmyra Township. His farm is
improved with well-constructed buildings, and
his house is surrounded with stately trees.
While dairying is the leading feature connected
with Mr. Leivan's business, he also raises a
great many horses, sheep, and hogs. His son
Elmer assists in the management of this farm.
Mr. Leivan and his family attend the Union
church at Prairieville.
JAMES H. LINCOLN. Postmaster, Franklin
Grove, Lee County, was born in the house in
which he now lives, Dec. 12, 1862, son of Henry
I. and Helen M. (Nay) Lincoln. Henry Lincoln
came to Illinois in 1847, and until 1852 was en-
gaged in farming in Kendall County, 111. On
May 1, 1853, he opened a general store at
Franklin Grove, which he conducted until 1897,
when he sold out and retired from business.
James H. Lincoln was married Nov. 12, 1890.
to Martha J. Bill. He is a Republican in poli-
tics, has served as Tax Collector in his town-
ship, and in 1898 was appointed Postmaster at
Franklin Grove, and has served to the satisfac-
tion of its patrons to the present time.
ANDREW J. LAUER, merchant. Sublette. 111.,
was bcrn in Sublette Township. Lee County.
111., Oct. 30. 1856. son of Andrew and Katherine
(StrubeU Lauer. He obtained a common-school
education, and at an early age engaged as
clerk in a dry goods store belonging to George
Pulling at Sublette, where he remained four
years. He afterwards managed his father's
farm eight years and then cultivated land of
his own for one year. Disposing of his agricul-
tural interests, he became a partner of his
brother George, the firm being known as Lauer
Brothers, dealers in dry goods and groceries.
He remained with the latter enterprise eleven
years, when, in partnership with his brother,
Anton H.. he purchased the hardware and im-
plement business of I. M. Crawford, which he
has recently sold, and will shortly establish
himself in the business of plumbing and steam-
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
fitting. In 1885 he married Catlierine Hiltlman.
daughter of Conrad and Anna M. (Neis) Hild-
man, and to them one child — Amora — has been
born. In politics Mr, Lauer is an Independent
Democrat; has served as Township Assessor.
and was President of the first Village Board
of Sublette, serving three terms in each official
capacity. In religious faith he is a Catholic,
and is also a member of the Catholic Knights.
GEORGE LAUER, merchant, Sublette, 111.,
was born in Sublette Township, Lee County,
111,, Nov. 19, 1852, son of Andrew and Cather-
ine (Strubel) Lauer. His father was a native
of Wurzburg, Bavaria, and his mother of Bin-
gen, in Hesse-Darmstadt. The former came to
America with his mother, Regina Lauer, in
1848, while the mother came with her parents
—Karl and Katherine Strubel— in 1850, both
families settling in Lee County, and here An-
drew Lauer and Catherine Strubel (the daugh-
ter) v,'ere married in 1851, and had a family
of eight children. Andrew Lauer was a farmer,
and owned a farm of 320 acres. George Lauer,
the son, remained with his parents until he
was twenty-six years old, when he began farm-
ing on eighty acres of land, given him by his
father. In 1880 he entered into partnership
with .Joseph Bettendorf in general merchan-
dising, but a year later, in conjunction with his
brother, A. J. Lauer, bought the interest of
Mr. Bettendorf. The partnership with his
brother continued five years, when George
Lauer became sole proprietor, and has since
conducted the business alone. Mr. Lauer was
married June 7, 1881, to Mary T, Malach,
born in Lee County, July 31, 1860, daughter of
George and Katherine (Krepz) Malach, who
were natives of Hesse-Dramstadt, Germany.
Mrs. Lauer's maternal grandparents, .John and
Theresa Krepz, came with her parents to
America in 1851, and the grandmother is still
living, at the age of eighty-six years. Mr. and
Mrs. Lauer have seven children: George A.,
Erma M., Leo L.. John, Alphonse, Romana
and Otto. Mr. Lauer has served as school trus-
tee of Sublette Village. Politically he is a
Democrat, and in religious belief a Catholic.
ANTON H. LAUER. banker and merchant,
Sublette, 111.; born in Sublette Township. Lee
County, July 9, 1867, son of Andrew and Kath-
erine (Strubel) Lauer. He obtained a common-
school education, and for eight years was em-
ployed as a clerk in a general store belonging
to his brother George. In 1892, in partnership
with his brother Andrew J., he engaged in the
hardware and agricultural implement business,
and in 1900 became Cashier of the Sublette
Exchange Bank, established in 1900, of which
George F. Malach is President and John P.
Malach, Vice President. September 9. 1896,
he married Lesetta Malach, daughter of George
J. and Catherine (Kreps) Malach, and to them
three children have been bom — Wilfred G., Cy-
ril and Catherine. In political opinions Mr.
Lauer is a Democrat and has served as Town-
ship Treasurer, and was a member cf the Vil-
lage Board for four years. He and his wife
are members of the Catholic church, and fra-
ternally he belongs to the Catholic Knights
of Illinois and Knights of Columbus.
HUGH LARKIN, Sr.. farmer, Wyoming
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in County
Galway, Ireland, in August, 1830, son of
Thomas and Catherine (Henshen) Larkin, who
came to Eastern Canada in 1835, where the
father (Thomas Larkin) died in 1837. In 18-10
Hugh Larkin accompanied his mother to Cat-
taraugus County, N. Y., but two years later
returned to Canada, where he remained until
1850, when he located in Buffalo, N. Y. In
1855 he located in Chicago and in 1861 came to
Wyoming Township, Leie County, and pur-
chased his present farm, consisting of 112
acres. Mr. Larkin was married Oct. 31, 1854,
to Marianna Riley, and to them thirteen chil-
dren have been born, viz,: Elizabeth (deceas-
ed), Thomas (deceased), Katherine, Hugh,
John, Ida, William, George, Charles, Hattie,
James, Frank (deceased), and May. In politi-
cal opinions Mr. Larkin is a Democrat, and in
religious belief a Catholic.
HUGH LARKIN, Jr.. farmer. Wyoming Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Chicago,
Oct. 20, 1860, son of Hugh and Mary A. (Riley)
Larkin. In 1861 the family came to Lee County
and settled on a farm near Compton. At the
age of twenty-one years, Hugh Larkin, Jr.. be-
gan farming operations for himself, and, in
1894, purchased his present farm of eighty
acres in Wyoming Township. June 4, 1885, he
married Jennie J., daughter of Constant and
Josephine Henry, of Compton, and they have
798
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY.
had three children, viz.: Nellie M. (deceased).
Edyth J. and Charles H. (deceased). Mr.
Larkin is a Republican in political sentiment,
and in religious belief a Catholic. He is a
member of the M. W. A. at Paw Paw, 111.
JOSEPH T. LITTLE (deceased), pioneer
manufacturer and merchant, Dixon, Lee County,
111., was born at Castine, Me., in 1817. the son
of Otis and Dorothy (Perkins) Little, who were
natives of England. He obtained his elemen-
tary education in the public schools of his
native State, and later graduated from a col-
lege near Castine, Me.; removed to Columbus.
Ohio, in 1839, remained there one year, and
then came to Dixon, 111., where he passed the
remainder of his life, dying there Nov. 16, 1902.
For several years Mr. Little was quite exten-
sively engaged in the manufacture of wind-mills,
and, during the early years of his residence in
Dixon, established there the first general store
In that section of the State. In religious be-
lief he v/as a Baptist, and was one of the found-
ers of the church of that denomination at
Dixon, in which he served as Deacon and
Clerk during his residence in that city. In
political sentiment he was a Republican, and
served his fellow-citizens as County Treasurer
eight years, and several years as Deputy Treas-
urer. He was also a leading member of the
Agricultural and Horticultural Societies of Lee
County, and served as Clerk of the State Fair
the year it was held in Dixon. Mr. Little was
also a clerk in the Treasury Department in
Washington. D. C. for eight years. On Sep-
tember 30. 1840. he was married to Miss
Eleanor Wilde Cobb, of Castine. Maine, and to
them the following named children were born:
Thomas C. George Otis, Charles Henry. Wil-
liam Avery, Mary F. (now Mrs. J. R. Carpen-
ter), Joseph T.. Jr.. and FranR W.
IRA W. LEWIS, Circuit Clerk of Lee County,
Dixon, 111., was born in Broome County, N. Y.,
April 3, 1842. son of Hiel and Eveline D.
(Stone) Lewis. Hiel Lewis brought;: his family
to Lee County in September. 1842. locating on
a farm in Amboy Township, where he spent
the remainder of his days, dying there in ISSO.
Ira W. Lewis remained on his father's farm
until he reached his majority, afterwards served
as Deputy Sheriff from 1864 to 1867, and.
in 1868. was appointed Deputy Circuit Clerk.
filling the latter position with the exception
of one and a half years, until 1882, when he
was appointed Circuit Clerk, to fill the vacancy
caused by the death of Remington Warriner.
In 1883 Mr. Lev.'is was elected to the office
above mentioned, and, for more than twenty
years, has filled that important public position,
much to the satisfaction of his fellow-citi-
zens, whom he has represented as a public
officer for the last thirty-five years. On
March 21, 1867, he married Marcella Williams,
daughter of Cyrus and Lydia (Dodge)Williams,
early settlers of Lee County. Mr. Lewis is a
prominent member of the Methodist church,
with which he has been closely identified for
more than forty years, and officially so since
1871, and has been President of the Board of
Trustees for the past eleven years. Socially,
he is a member o^ the M. W. A., and in politi-
cal sentiment a Republican.
JOHN D. LAHMAN, President Franklin Grove
Bank, Franklin Grove, Lee County, 111.; born In
Washington County. Md., June 22, 1834, son of
Christian and Elizabeth (Emmert) Lahman.
who came to Nachusa Township, Lee County,
in 1845, where the father died in 1865 and the
mother in 1872. Mr. Lahman has devoted his
time to farming, milling, and other enterprises;
was one of the organizers of the Village Bank
at Franklin Grove, and has served as its Pres-
ident since the time of its organization. In
politics he is a Prohibitionist, and in religious
faith a member of the German Baptist Breth-
ren.
MIKE J. LAUER. farmer. Viola Township,
Lee County. 111., was born in Retzstadt, Bavaria,
Germany, Feb. 16, 1879, son of Charles and
Catherine Lauer, who came from the Father-
land in 1881, and settled near Sublette, Lee
County, 111. In 1897 Mike J. Lauer rented land
near Paw Paw, 111., and is now engaged in
farming in Viola Township. In political views
he is a Democrat, and is now serving his fel-
low-citizens as Township Collector. Mr. Lauer
is a member of the Catholic church.
LEANDER L. LeFEVER. farmer and stock-
man. Palmyra Township, Lee County, 111., was
born in Lancaster County, Penn.. May 2. 1868,
son of George and Susannah (Weaver) Le-
Fever, v.-ho were also natives of the Keystone
illSTORY OF LEE COUXTY.
-99
state. George LeFever was a soldier in the
Civil War, enlisting in Company G, One Hun-
dred and Twenty-second Regiment, Pennsyl-
vania Volunteer Infantry, and served three
years, entering the service as a private, but
was later promoted to the rank of Sergeant.
He died Jan. 9, 1904, but his wife still survives,
and lives on the old farm in Pennsylvania.
Leander L. LeFever remained on his father's
farm until eighteen years of age, and in the
meantime attended the public schools at Quar-
ryville, Penn. He came to Lee County in 1SS6.
where he was first engaged as a farm hand
at Prairieville, Palmyra Township, but after-
wards rented a farm for five years, and still
later purchased a farm and village property
at Prairieville, which he disposed of in the
spring of 1903. and bought the McGaffey farm,
consisting of 200 acres, where he now resides.
On December 7, 1892, he married Fannie Eb-
ersole, daughter of Christian and Susanna
(Rutt) Ebersole, and to them seven children
have been born, viz.: Minnie S., George E.,
Mary E.. LeRoy D., Jennie W., Frank McKin-
ley. and Fannie L. Socially, Mr. LeFever is a
member of the Mystic Circle. In political views
he is a Republican.
ANDREW LITTLE, farmer, Viola Township,
Lee County, 111., was born in Lee County, Nov.
13, 1850, son of Andrew and Charity (Ross)
Little, natives of Scotland and Ross Grove.
111., respectively. His parents werel married in
Illincis and were among the very earliest set-
tlers of Lee County, where they owned 3-iO
acres of land. Mr. Little owns a 150-acre
farm, and devotes his attention to general
farming. On December 6, 1871, he married
Carolinel C, daughter of Abraham V. and Caro-
line (Barhydt) Christiance, and they have one
daughter, Edyth I. Mr. Little is a Republican
in politics, in religious belief a Methodist, and
fraternally a member of the Masonic Order.
JOHN THARP LAWRENCE (deceased),
pioneer citizen of Palmyra Township, Lee
County, was born in the Island of Jamaica,
West Indies, 1819, son of John T. and Julia
(Ricketts) Lawrence, both of whom were of
English descent, the maternal grandfather
(Ricketts) being an officer of the British Army.
When John, T. was eight years of age, his par-
ents came to America, first settling in New
Jersey, where he attended good schools in
that section and at West Point. N. Y., but did
not graduate. In 1839 they came to Lee
County, III., and began farming in Palmyra
Township, and there John Lawrence was mar-
ried to Elizabeth Graham, daughter of Capt.
Hugh Graham, who came to Palmyra Township
in 1838, and built the first frame house in that
section of the county. Six children— one son
and five daughters — were born of this mar-
riage, viz.: Julia, John Tharp, Jr., Elizabeth,
Lilias, Mary and Frances. Mr. Lawrence and
his father planted fruit and shade trees on
their farm, erected comfortable and useful
farm buildings, and were classed among the
intelligent and progressive pioneers of Lee
County. The elder Mr. Lawrence died in 1848,
and his wife in 1856. John Tharp Lawrence
served as School Trustee of his township a
number of years, w^as Manager of the Palmyra
Fire Company, and a member of the Episcopal
church; in politics he v.'as a Democrat. His
death occurred in 1898, and that of Mrs. Law-
rence in 189.5. The Lawrence farm is now
managed by three of the daughters of John T.
Lawrence — maiden ladies, who acquired a
good education under home training and cul-
ture, and who conduct a dairy-farm, sending
milk to the factory.
IRA M. LEHMAN, farmer and stock-raiser.
Nachusa Township. Lee County. 111., was born
in the township where he now resides. May
11, 1868, son of Samuel and Margaret (Barck-
doll) Lehman, natives of Adams County. Penn..
who came to Lee County in 1853. Samuel
Lehman was twice married, his first wife, who
died Oct. 21, 1870, bore him five children, of
whom Ira M. was the fourth. Mr. Lehman
died in 1899, aged sixty-eight years, and at the
time of his death owned 400 acres of land in
Lee County. On January 28. 1892. Ira M. Leh-
man was married to Mary Throstle, born in
Ogle County, 111., Dec. 7, 1867. daughter of
Levi and Isabel (Spangler) Throstle, and of
this union there are three children — Bertha
Belle. Leroy S. and Galen Throstle. Mr. Leh-
man owns a 200-acre farm in Nachusa Town-
ship, which he purchased in 1900. and makes
a specialty of raising thoroughbred Hereford
cattle. In political opinions he is a Republi-
can; has served two years as School Director.
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
and three years as Pathmaster. He and his
family are members of the Brethren church.
MRS. IDA C. MOULTON, Franklin Grove.
Lee County, 111.; born Sept. 1, 1S61, eldest
daughter of Sylvanus C. and Sabine J. (Fel-
lows) Hausen. natives, respectively, of Maine
and New York State, the former locating in
Lee County, 111., in 1840, and the latter in
1859. Mrs. Moulton (nee Miss Ida C. Fellows),
obtained her elementary educavion in the coun-
try district schools and the public schools at
Franklin Grove, afterwards attending Cornell
College (Mt. Vernon, Iowa), two terms. On
March 30, 1891, she was married to George
Franklin Moulton, born at LeRoy, Bremer
County, Iowa, July 29, 1864, son of Benjamin
Waite and Electa Louise (Hall) Moulton, nat-
ives of Michigan and Illinois, respectively. To
Mr. and Mrs. Moulton Ave children were born,
viz.: Guy E.. Ruth H., Violet F., Inez L., ar;l
rtn mf.'mt, unnamed — the last two are deceased.
GEORGE E. MOREY, merchant and Post-
master, Lee Center, 111., was born at Climax,
Kalamazoo County, Mich., June 4, 1855, son of
Edwin and Harriet (Mayo) Morey. Edwin
Morey was born near Elmira, N. Y., and came
to Lee County in 1846, while his wife is a
native of Pennsylvania, and came to Lee
County in 1847. They were married in 1848.
Mr. Morey introduced the second grain sepa-
rator into Lee County, and operated a thresh-
ing machine in that section of country for
many years in addition to conducting his 240-
acre farm. To. Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Morey
nine children were born, eight of whom grew
to maturity, viz.: Mason L., Mary S., Albert
H., George E., Lettie E., Edwin, Sarah I. and
Charles M. Mr. Morey died June 30, 1888, aged
sixty-eight, but his wife still survives, at the
age of seventy-three years. George E. Morey be-
gan business life for himself at the age of
twenty-five, first conducting a rented farm for
seven years, and afterwards purchased 151
acres of land, which he sol dfive years later.
In 1892 he opened a meat market at Lee Cen-
ter, which he conducted four years, and has
since been engaged in the general merchandise
business. He has been Postmaster cf Lee Cen-
ter for the past five years; is serving his sec-
ond term as Clerk of Lee Township, and, while
residing on the farm, ssrved as Road Commis-
sioner and School Director for several years.
Fraternally he is a member of Lodge No. 146,
A. F. &.A. M., and of 1036 Camp, M. W. A., hav-
ing served as clerk of the latter order for seven
years Mr. Morey was married on Sept. 9.| 1880,
to Ella R. Derr, daughter of John) and Rebecca
(Geisinger) Derr, and they are the parents
of three children — Ernest L., Edwin R. and
Hazel M. Mr. and Mrs. John Derr were na-
tives of Pennsylvania, and came to Lee County
in 1864, where the former died in 1902, aged
eighty-three, and the latter in 1901, in her
seventy-third year.
WILLIAM G. McGINNIS, farmer. Palmyra
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in New
York City, in 1830, son of Stewart and Mary
(Law) McGinnis. Stewart McGinnis was born
in the North of Ireland, Feb. 22, 1802. The
father dying when Stewart was an infant, he
was shortly afterwards brought by his mother
to America, and they resided in New York
City, where he later learned the trade of an
architect, and erected one of the first saw
and planing mills in New York State. He later
built sugar mills in the Southern States, and
lost his life in a Are in 1838. He married in
New York City, Mary Law, a native of County
Antrim, Ireland, born Feb. 24, 1813, who came
with her parents to America in 1818. Mrs.
McGinnis still survives, at the venerable age
of ninety years, and lives with her son, Wil-
liam G. Her mother, Keziah Law, lived to be
103 years of age. In 1861, William G. McGin-
nis enlisted in Company A. Thirteenth Illinois
Volunteer Infantry, his regiment forming a
part of the Western army. He participated in
the battles of White River, Vicksburg. Chicka-
saw Bayou, Siege of Vicksburg, Lookout Moun-
tain, Mission Ridge, Ringgold Gap, besides
other minor engagements. He lost one of his
fingers in the Siege of Vicksburg. Mr. McGin-
nis has spent most of his life in Lee County
and has been a sacrificing son in behalf of his
aged mother, whom he watches with filial care,
and, perhaps for this reason, he never married.
In politics Mr. McGinnis is a Republican, and
has served as Township Collector and Path-
master. He is a member of the G. A. R. at
Dixon.
ABRAM MYERS (deceased) was born in
Maryland, in October, 1815, son of Harry and
Malinda (Traver) Myers. His parents came to
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
8oi
Illinois! in the '40s, and settled in Ogle County.
In 1862. Abram Myers enlisted in Company A
Seventy-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and
served his country valiantly until the end of
hostilities. Returning to Ogla County after
the close of the war. he was married, on Oct
9. 1S37, to Ella Mack, daughter of William and
Sarah (Strait) Mack, and of this union there
were seven children, viz.; William. Daniel, Ma-
tilda. Frank, Leah. (Mrs. Arthur Overholser),
and Mary — all of whom are living except Dan-
iel W., who was a member of Company G,
Eleventh United States Infantry, and died Feb.
1, 1903, while in service in the Phi'Uppine
Islands, on the Island of Luzon. Their son,
Frank L.. is in the United States Army, being
now stationed in Idaho. Mr. Myers died Jan.
30. 18S8.
nine years, and then completed a three-year
course at the Physio-Medical College, Chicago,
graduating in 1893. In the latter year he began
practicing his profession at Lee, and later took
a course and graduated in 1895 from the Hos-
pital College of Medicine, Louisville, Ky., re-
suming his practice at Lee immediately after-
wards. Dr. Munn was married August 14. 1883,
to Norah B.. daughter of John and Mary C.
(Clevinger) Roberts, who were of Welch and
English decent respectively. The Doctor is
a member of the American P. M. Society of
Physicians, The P. M. Society of DeKalb Coun-
ty Medical Society, and enjoys an extensive
practice in Lee and DeKalb Counties. In polit-
ical opinions he is a Democrat and served as
Village Trustee of Lee for two years, and was
elected President of the village in 1903.
ZACHARIAH W. MOSS. D. D. S.. Dixon. 111.,
was born in Claiborne County, Tenn.. Oct.
13, 1874, son of J. K. and OUie (Treece) Moss.
He received his preparatory education in the
Fazewell High School and later attended the
University of Tennessee, graduating from the
department of Dental Surgery in 1896. He then
practiced his profession one year at Hillsboro.
111., and afterwards enlisted in Company E.
Fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, for service in
the late Spanish-American War, and after
serving seven months with his company in
Cuba, he was transferred to the medical depart-
ment of the hospital in Port Rico. After the
close of the war he came via Nev,' York to Dix-
on, III., where he opened an office and has since
conducted a successful and increasing practice,
and is considered thoroughly up-to-date in all
details connected with dental surgery. On
October 16, 1902, he married Mary O., daughter
of O. J. Downing, a soldier of the Civil War
and an early settler of Lee County. The Doctor
is a member of the Illinois State Dental So-
ciety, and is also a member of the B. P. O. E.
and K. of P.
EDWARD MORRISSEY. farmer. Marion
Township, Lee County, was born in County
Carlow, Ireland, March 17, 1830, the son of
Patrick and Johanna (Daley) Morrissey; came
to the United States in 1852. and on June 25
of the same year, v/as married to Mary Doyle,
daughter of Peter Doyle, and they have had
nine children: Patrick H.. Ellen A., Thomas F.,
William C, Bridget M., James E., John J. and
two who are now deceased, viz.; Johanna, who
became the wife of Patrick O'Hare, and
Michael, who died in his infancy. On coming
to America. Mr. Morrissey first lived three
years at Petersburg, Rensselaer County, N. Y.;
afterwards resided three years in Boone Coun-
ty, 111., and seven years in La Salle County,
same State, locating in Lee County in 1865,
where he has since been engaged in farming.
Mr. Morrissey is a Democrat and. at the present
time (1903), is serving his second term as
Road Commissioner: has also served as School
Director; was Treasurer of the Catholic church
at Walton, and is now Treasurer of the Walton
Horse Company. His family are communicants
of the Catholic church.
M. C. MUNN. M, D.. physician and surgeon,
Lee. Lee County. 111., was born in Fulton Coun-
ty, Ohio, June 17, 1859, son of A. C. and Sarah
M. (Herrick) Munn. M. C. Munn was reared on
his father's farm, attended the district school
and later the Northwestern Normal at Wau-
seon, Ohio. After completing his preparatory
education, he conducted a cheese factory for
GEORGE MILLS, retired farmer, Alto Town-
ship. Lee County, was born in New York State.
in 1833. son of Julius and Margaret (Smith)
Mills; was educated in his native State and
coming to Illinois located at Peru, where he
remained for one year, then spent two years
at Mendota, La Salle County, after which he
removed to Bureau County, and in 1854, settled
8o2
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
on land which he had selected on first coming
to the State with his parents and brothers.
and which constitutes his present homestead.
In 1863 Mr. Mills married Louise T. Williams,
who bore him one daughter, Georgia, now the
wife of Elmer Smith. Mr. and Mrs. Smith
have three children— Gladys, Mills and lone—
and Mr. Smith manages the estate for his
father-in-law. Mr. Mills had a successful ca-
reer as a farmer, at present feeds about 200
head of cattle' and was at one time extensively
engaged in sheep-raising. In early manhood
he followed the vocation of a teacher in Bureau,
Ogle and Lee Counties for some time. His
residence is pleasantly situated in a fine grove,
and is equipped with every modern improve-
ment, making it one of the most convenient
and delightful homes in this section of the
State. Mr. Mills is a genial gentleman of the
old school, and his accomplished daughter.
Mrs. Smith, dispenses the hospitality of their
home with graceful dignity. Mr. Mills is a
Republican in politics, but a non-believer in
the doctrines taught by theologians of the
present day.
LLEWELLYN W. MILLER, principal of the
Second Ward school, Dixon, 111., was born in
Willow Creek Township, Lee County, 111., Feb.
3, 1870, son of Samuel B. and Sarah (Miller)
Miller, who were natives of Pennsylvania, and
came to Illinois in the early '40s. Their family
consisted of nine children, of whom six are now
living, viz.: Joseph A., Llewellyn, Nettie, Clem-
ent B., Delia and Mary. December 31, 1896,
L. W. Miller was married to Diona C. Russell.
daughter of Ira O. and Eliza J. (Russell) Rus-
sell, natives respectfully of New Hampshire
and Illinois. To Mr. and Mrs. Miller two chil-
dren have been born, Stanley Russell and Her-
man Olcott. Mr. Miller has been a teacher and
an instructor for the last fourteen years,
twelve years of his professional life having
been spent in the Lee County schools.
MICHAEL J. McGOWAN, Deputy Sheriff
and ex-Sheriff of Lee County, Dixon, 111., was
born in May Township, Lee County, 111., Aug.
20, 1862, son of Martin and Annie (McGinnis)
McGowan. Martin McGowan was a native of
Ireland and emigrated to the Unitel States in
1834, landing the same year in New Orleans.
He came to Lee County in 1835, locating on
a farm in May Township, upon which he built
a log house, made several improvements, and
added to his holdings until his estate, at the
time of his death (1897) embraced 240 acres.
Mr. and Mrs. Martin McGowan were married
in Ottawa II!.. and became the parents of
eleven children, seven boys and four girls,
Michael J. being the youngest son. Mrs. Mc-
Gowan survived her husband but a few years,
dying in 1900. Michael J. McGowan was raised
on his father's farm, attended the district
school and Dixon College, and for two years
was a student in the Normal School at Dixon.
He afterwards taught in the public schools of
Lee County for three years, and in 1884 was
appointed Deputy Sheriff under Isaac Edwards,
serving two years. In 1886 he was appointed
Railway Mail Clerk, a position he held until
1893, when he became Deputy Sheriff under
J. L. Gray, and was elected as Mr. Gray's
successor in 1898, his term of office expiring in
1902; was also Chairman of the Lee County
Republican Central Committee, and President
of the Sheriff's Association of Illinois. He is
now serving as Deputy Sheriff under Mr.
Wohnke. On October 16, 1890, he married
Mary McGovern, daughter of Bernard and Ann
(Blake) McGovern, and of this union there are
two children, Raymond and Almeda. Socially
he is a member of the Knights of the Globe,
M. W. A., A. O. U. W.. and A. F. & A. M. In
politics he is a stanch Republican
JOHN E. MOVER, dealer in coal and wood,
Dixon, 111., was born in Dixon, July 12, 1862,
son of William H. and Mary C. (Beal) Moyer,
natives of Pennsylvania and Maryland respec-
tively. William H. Moyer and his father, John
Moyer, came to Lee County in 1838. while
Mary C. Beal came with her father, Charles
Beal, in 1852. Both families settled in Dixon
Township. John E. Moyer attended the Dixon
public schools, and later engaged in the grocery
business. b>it has been conducting his present
business since 1895, in which he has establish-
ed an extensive trade in coal and wood. On
November 20, 1883, he married Anna B. Board-
man, daughter of Isaac S. and Anna C. Board-
man. Mr Moyer is the present Assessor, having
filled that office for eight years; was a member
of the Board of Education six years; and was
President of the Retail Merchants' Association
HISTORY OF LEE COL'XTY.
S03
in 1901 and 1902. Socially he is a member of
the I. O. O. F. Dixon Lodge No. 39, Minnie
Bell Rebecca Lodge No. 423, Nachusa Encamp-
ment and Knights of the Globe. Mr. Moyer's
parents both survive and are living in Dixon,
where they enjoy the respect of the community.
WILLARD HOWARD MARTIN, dairy farm-
er. Palmyra Township, Lee County, was born
in the house in which he is now living on his
father's farm, Aug. 29. 1854, son of Jacob and
Margaret (Curtis) Martin — the former a native
of New Hampshire and the latter of New York
State. Jacob Martin came with his family lo
Lee County in the fall of 1836 and entered
Government land on Section 33, Palmyra Town-
ship, which he improved carrying on farming
successfully until his death, which occurred
Aug. 29, 1881. Jacob Martin served as Post-
master of Gap Grove, by appointment of
President Buchanan, and was School Director
for his district. Mrs, Margaret (Curtis) Martin,
mother of Willard H., died when the latter was
six months old. There were two other children
of this family — Helen R. and Josephine, the
latter being the wife of Alphonso Morgan, now
a resident of the State of Louisiana. Willard
H. grew up on his father's farm, attended
school near his home, and, with the exception
of three years, when he v.'as engaged in the
livery business at Mendota, 111., has spent his
life on the farm which he now owns consisting
of 185 acres, including his father's home-
stead of 105 acres, to which he has subsequent-
ly added eighty acres. Willard H. Martin was
married Jan. 17, 1884, vo Ida A. Cowen. daugh-
ter of David and Margaret Cowen, who came
to Lee County from Canada in 1868. and he
and his wife have had eight children: Oliver
C, Josephine A., Jacob J., Lawrence T.. Mar-
garet R., Clarence, Avis and Hugh. Frater-
nally Mr. Martin is a member of the Modern
Woodmen of America and the Code of Honor,
and in politics is a Republican.
G. WILLIAM MESSER. farmer, Bradford
Township, Lee County, was born at Gelffers-
hausen, Kreis Rothensburg, Kur Hessen. Ger-
many, Dec. 12, 1840, son of Karl and Martha
(Henert) Messer. The father died in 1855 and
the mother in 1863 aged fifty-three and seventy-
three years, respectively. In 1864 the son came
to America arriving in Lee County, 111., in July
of that year, after which, for the next three
years, he worked at blacksmithing, when he
bought a half acre of ground but, in 1867, began
farming on a 40-arce farm. He now owns 260
acres of land in Lee County, besides a half-
section in South Dakota. August 24, 1866, Mr.
Messer married Anna Katherine Griese, born
in Heineboch, Kreis Melzun, Kur Hessen, Ger-
many, the daughter of Justus and Anna E.
(Hunner) Griese, who came to Lee County
in 1864. The mother died in 1885, aged seventy-
eight, and the father in 1894, aged eighty-five.
The children of Mr. and Mrs. Messer are:
Adam E.: Katie, wife of Jacob Bolie; Minnie,
wife of William Geyer: Martha, wife of Charles
Albrecht: Mollie. wife of Fred Harck; Henry;
Anna; William J.; Emma: Augusta and
Amanda. Mr. and Mrs. Messer are members
of the United Evangelical church. In politics
he is a Republican and has served as Road
Commissioner three years. Road Overseer
one year. School Director three years and
School Trustee twelve years.
JACOB MILLER, farmer. Amboy Township,
Lee County, 111., was born in Upper Canada.
June 4, 1839, son of Jacob and Esther (Van
Sickel) Miller, natives of Canada, who came to
Lee County in 1853, and located west of Paw
Paw. His parents are now deceased. On June
21, 1862, Jacob Miller was married to Maria
Taylor, daughter of James and Martha (Ar-
graves) Taylor, and to them eight children
have been born, seven of whom are living, viz.:
Rosetta E.. Delia E.. Mary A., Earnest J., For-
rest J., Nina E. and Merritt K. Mr. Miller owns
370 acres of land in Amboy Township. In po-
litical convictions he is a stanch Republican,
and has served as School Director ten years.
He and his family are members of the Method-
ist Episcopal church.
HUGH McGUIRK, merchant and Postmaster,
Walton, 111., was born in North Dixon, 111., Oct.
24, 1858, son of William and Bridget (Brogan)
McGuirk, natives of County Tyrone, Ireland,
who came to the United States in 1845, and to
Dixon in 1865 — both being now deceased. May
27, 1895, Mr. McGuirk married Margaret Mc-
Caffrey, daughter of Patrick and Ann (Cassidy)
McCaffrey, of Lee County, and to them three
804
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
children have been bom, viz.: Lloyd, Raymond
and Joseph E. For four years Mr. McGuirk
v/as in the United States postal service as
railway mail clerk. He is a Democrat in pol-
itics, and held the office of Town Clerk from
1883 to 1887; School Director six years; Super-
visor of Marion Township ten years, and since
1890 has been postmaster of Walton where
he conducts a general store. He is a member
of the Catholic church.
THOMAS MeCUNE, farmer, Marion Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Peoria Coun-
ty, 111.. June 22, 1866, son of John and Mary
(Lawless) McCune, the fonrmer a native of
Scotland and the latter of Ireland. John Mc-
Cune came to Illinois in the early '40s. and
located at Peoria when there was but one log
house on the present site of that city. Thomas
McCune came to Lee County in 1894, where
he now owns 160 acres of land in Marion Town-
ship. In September, 1890, he was married to
Mary Duffy, daughter of James and Johannah
(Sughrue) Duffy of Peoria County, and to
them six children have been born, three of
whom — Johanna, Mary and James Morris— now
survive. Socially Mr. McCune belongs to the
M. W. A. and Royal Neighbors. He is a Demo-
crat in politics, and a member of the Catholic
church.
WILLIAM McCARTY (deceased) was born
in New York City. April 25, 1838, and came to
Illinois in 1857, and after residing three years
in Knox County, removed to Lee County, where
he spent the remainder of his life following the
occupation of a farmer. October 14, 1861, he
was united in marriage with Ruth Ann. the
daughter of Jacob J. and Lydia A. Conderman,
natives of New York, who located in Marion
Township, Lee County, in 1850. Mr. Conderman
was a prominent Mason and one of the sterling
pioneers of the county. He died April 10, 1899.
To Mr. and Mrs. McCarty three children were
born: George M., Frances and William J., the
first two named being now deceased. Mr.
McCarty was a leading Mason and a stanch
Republican. He died Dec. 28. 1896. With his
family he belonged to the Congregational
church.
JAMES H. MORRIS, retired farmer. Dixon.
111., v.-as born at Morrisville, Madison County,
N. Y., March 8, 1829, son of Harvey and Lavina
(Gurley) Morris, also natives of the Empire
State. Mr. Morris located in Chicago in 1851,
where he was extensively engaged in the lum-
ber business for many years. Failing health in-
duced him to remove to Dixon m 1872, where,
for several years, he was engaged in the whole-
sale grocery business with his son George A,
under the firm name of J. H. Morris & Son. In
1863 he married Lucia Savage, a native of
New York but reared and educated in Wor-
cester, Mass. Mr. and Mrs. Morris have two
sons — George A., of Chicago, and William
Savage, a farmer, in Dixon Township. In po-
litical views Mr. Morris is a Republican.
CALVIN MEESE, farmer and stock-raiser.
South Dixon Township, Lee County, was born
in Somerest County Penn.. son of Alexander
and Elizabeth (Miller) Meese, both natives of
Pennsylvania. The father died in the Union
army in 1863, but the mother still survives,
making her home with her son Calvin A. The
latter moved first from Pennsylvania to Ohio,
then to Bureau County, 111., in 1873, and in 1880
settled in South Dixon Township, Lee County,
where he now resides and is owner of a val-
uable farm of 240 acres on Sections 33 and 34.
December 4, 1879, Mr. Meese was married to
Buena Forsythe, whose father was a native of
Ohio, but her mother came from England. To
Mr, and Mrs. Meese six children have been
born, of whom two died in infancy, and the
four still surviving are Edward F.. James A.,
Benton and Cora E. Politically Mr. Meese is
a Republican and fraternally a member of the
Modern Woodmen of America. The family are
members of the Lutheran church.
GEORGE P. McWETHY, farmer and dairy-
man. Section 1, Palmyra Township, Lee County,
111., son of John Henry and Hattie E. (Sheldon)
McWethy. John H. McWethy resides on Sec-
tion 39, Palmyra Township, and since 1902 has
lived retired. He was born in Wyoming
County, N. Y., in March, 1836, son of Henry
and Olive (Hale) McWethy, natives of Scot-
land and England respectively, who were the
parents of ten children. John H. obtained his
education in the public schools of his native
country and came to Lee County in the spring
of 1861, purchasing land in Palmyra Township
in 1864. To himself and wife three children
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
S05
were born — Charles E., George P. and W. C.
In politics he is a Republican and has served
as Trustee on the School Board. George P. Mc-
Wethy received his educational training in
the district schools of PalmjTa Township and
the Normal School at Dixon. He remained
on his father's farm during youth, and in 18SS
married Mary A. Ayres. who has borne him
four children — Thomas H., Marcia A.. Fred O.
and Glenn P. Mr. McWethy conducted a farm
for five years in Hardin County. Iowa, and in
1902 purchased his father's homestead consist-
ing of 98 acres, upon which he keeps a herd of
forty cows, and supplies much of the milk for
the city trade at Dixon. Mr. and Mrs McWethy
are Baptists in religious belief and services
of that denomination are held at their house
every Sunday. In political views Mr. Mc-
■Wethy is a Republican. Mrs. McWethy's
father, Thomas Ayres, is a native of Pennsyl-
vania and has passed most of his life on his
farm in Palmyra Township, while her mother.
Rebecca D. (Parks) Ayres, was the second
white child born in Dixon. Four children were
born to Mr. and Mrs. Ayres — Rodney M.,
Smith M., Martha (Mrs. D. M. Rossiter) and
Mary A. (Mrs, George P. McWethy).
"WaLLIAM H. MADDEN, farmer. Palmyra
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Fort
Wayne, Ind., Oct. 22, 1847, son of Benjamin
and Phoebe (Gardener) Madden, both of whom
were born in Troy N. Y. William Madden's
parents died when he was an infant, and he
was raised by his maternal grandfather, Ben-
jamin Gardener, who was a farmer and dairy-
man, remaining in his home until Dec. 22, 1863,
when he joined Company E. Twelfth Indiana
Cavalry, serving two years as chief musician
of his regiment. He participated in the siege
of Atlanta under Gen. Kilpatrick. Nashville
and Franklin (in December, 1864), under Gen-
eral Pap Thomas, and siege of Mobile under
General Canby. He was with Gen. Grierson in
Alabama, Georgia and Mississippi, and during
img his ser^-ice had three horses shot under
him, one at Atlanta, one at Brov,'nsboro and one
at Mobile. Mr. Madden was mustered out of the
service at Vicksburg, and discharged at Indian-
apolis, Dec. 20, 1865, and then went to Miami
County, Ohio, where he was engaged in farm-
ing near Dayton from 186G to 1869. Coming to
Lee County in the latter year, he has since
been engaged in farming in Palmyra Town-
ship, where he cultivates 315 acres of land and
keeps from forty to fifty head of cattle and
from fifty to a hundred hogs. August 10, 1879,
he married Ardella Unangst, daughter of
George and Mary J. (Ritenberg) Unangst, who
caijne from Pennsylvania and settled in Lee
County in 1877. Mr. and Mrs. Madden have
three children, Eurith Edna, Georgia Marie and
Lloyd H., all of whom reside at home. Mr.
Madden is a member of the G. A. R.. I. O.
O'. F., Knights of the Globe, Supreme Court
of Honor and Royal Circle. Mrs. Madden is
a member of the Woman's Relief Corps. In
political sentiment Mr. Madden is a Repub-
lican, casting his first vote for General Grant,
and acted as Assistant Marshal of Dixon in
1891. During his life he has traveled exten-
sively through the United States.
RILEY A. MEAD, farmer and prominent
stock-raiser. Paw Paw. Lee County, 111., was
born in Tioga County. N. Y., July 19, 1839, son
of Joshua and Abigail (Lewis) Mead, natives
of the Empire State. Mr. Mead first came to
Lee County in 1857, but two years later return-
ed to his native State. Returning to Lee Coun-
ty, 111., in 1861, he settled in Wyoming Town-
ship, where he has since been engaged in gen-
eral farming and breeding of fine stock. On
September 4, 1859, he was married to Rachel
Vose, a native of New York State, and to them
seven children have been born, viz.: Cora,
wife of Thomas Harper; Fred R., who lives at
Paw Paw 111.: Belle, wife of Robert Fluellen;
Arthur, who is engaged in farming in Iowa;
Ella, v.-idow of Edward Thomas; Bert, a resi-
dent of Thornton, Iowa, and Lena, wife of
Charles W. McMillan. In political opinions
Mr. Mead is a Democrat.
GEORGE MULLINS, farmer. Section 12. Wil-
low Creek Township. Lee County, 111., was
born in Sheffield, England, May 3, 1842, son
of Robert and Sarah (Yulett) Mullins. Robert
Mullins was a cutler in Sheffield, England,
until 1845, when he removed to Yorkshire and
engaged in farming. In 1852 the entire family
emigrated to America. Landing at New York,
they came direct to Shabbona, DeKalb County,
111., where the father continued farming the
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
remainder of his life. Mr. and Mrs. Robert
Mullins were the parents of eight children, the
subject of this article being third in order of
birth. Robert Mullins died in 1887, his wife
dying in 1886. George Mullins remained on
the parental homestead until tv.'enty- one years
of age. and in the meantime attended the dis-
trict schools. December 14. 1886. he married
Mary Ann Bostock, and they became the par-
ents of eight children, viz.; Sarah Minnie (Mrs.
James Henderson), Emma Louisa (Mrs. Edwin
Hartman), William Robert, Robert A., Maud
Mary and George F. (twins), Mary Ann, Esther
Ann, and one child who died in infancy. Be-
sides his home farm of 240 acres in Willow
Creek Township, Mr. Mullins owns 315 acres
in DeKalb County III. In political opinions
he is a Republican, and has served as School
Director and Pathmaster; in religious belief
he is a Methodist.
BERNARD McCAFFREY, farmer. Marion
Township, Lee County, was born in Lee Coimty,
III., Nov. 3, 1861, son of Patrick and Ann
(Cassidy) McCaffrey— the farmer a native of
County Monaghan, Ireland, who in 1856. came
to Dixon, 111., where he married and reared a
family of five children. June 6, 1887, the sub-
ject of this sketch was married to Catherine
McQuirk, and they have had a family of ten
children — all daughters — viz.: Catherine E..
Anna B., Rose M., Gertrude, Mary F., Helen,
Ruth, Florence L., Alice J. and Margaret — the
latter deceased. Politically Mr. McCaffrey is a
liberal; served fourteen years continuously as
Assessor of his township, and two years as
Collector. He is a member of the Catholic
church and of the Modern Woodmen of
America. He owns a faim of 160 acres in
Marion Township.
RINEAR MILLER, farmer, Viola Township,
Lee County, 111., was born in Brantford, Canada,
July 15, 1835, son of Jacob and Esther (Van-
Sickle) Miller, who came to Paw Paw Grove,
111., May 11, 1845, and purchased 100 acres of
land. Rinear Miller remained with his parents
until twenty-two years of age, and then con-
ducted a rented farm for three years, after
which he purchased eighty acres in Viola Town-
ship. He was married July 28, 1857, to Anna
Scott, daughter of George and Rebecca Scott
of Sterling, 111. To Mr. and Mrs. Miller eleven
children were born, viz.; LaFayette, Canvar,
Lincoln, Francis T., Granville, Harrison, Nel-
son, Andrew, Pomeroy, Emerson and one who
died in infancy. Mrs. Miller died May 10, 1890.
Mr. Miller is a Republican in political views;
has served as School Trustee fifteen years,
and Road Commissioner fourteen years. He
is a memeber of the Methodist Episcopal
church.
CHARLES W. McMILLEN, agricultural
implement dealer. Paw Pav/, 111., was born in
Fulton County, Ind., Oct. 9, 1869, son of Henry
and Mariah (Finnemore) McMillen. He came
to Paw Paw in October, 1893, where for two
years he was employed in livery business, and
on March 1, 1896, — in company with S. C. Agler
—he engaged in the agricultural implement
business. In 1899 he purchased Mr. Agler's in-
terest and has since conducted the business
alone. March 22, 1899, he married Lena M.
Mead, daughter of R. A. and Rachel (Vost)
Mead, of Paw Paw, 111. He is a Republican in
politics, and in 1902 was appointed Town Clerk,
being elected to the same position in 1903.
Fraternally he is a member of the I. O. O. F.
and M. W. A.
AVERY MERRIMAN, farmer, Wyoming
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Geauga
County, Ohio, Feb. 2, 1846, son of Peter and
Mary Merriman, who came to Illinois in 1846,
and settled in Shabbona Grove, DeKalb
County. Mr. Merriman first purchased eighty
acres of land, but now owns 400 acres in
Wyoming Township. He was married on De-
cember 23, 1878, to Josephine, daughter of Les-
ter and Miranda Potter, and to them five chil-
dren were born, viz.; Albert, Lovancha (de-
ceased), Josephine, Alice and Charles. In po-
litical opinions he is a Republican, and has
served his fellow-citizens as School Director
for fourteen years. He and his family are
attendants of the Baptist church, of which
Mr. Merriman is a member.
ANDREW MAY (deceased) was born in
Sussex County, N. Y., May 28, 1834, son of
Peter and Catherine May, who came to Paw
Paw. 111., in 1841. In March, 1857, Mr. May
began business life for himself, and succeeded
in accumulating a competency.
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
807
WILLIAM McMAHAN (deceased) was born
in Montour County. Penn., Jan. 17. 1829, son
of Benjamin and Esttier J. (Brearley) McMa-
han. He obtained his education in the schools
of his native county and afterwards learned
sureveying. In 1854 he came to Lee County
and taught school one winter at Franklin
Grove. In the spring of 1855 he went to Min-
nesota, where, for five years, he was' employed
as surveyor by the United States Government.
Returning to Lee County in 1860, he located
on a farm in Wyoming Township, and in No-
vember, 1864, was appointed County Surveyor,
serving until Oct. 1, 1882. resigning on account
of ill health. He also served as Township
Supervisor five terms, Assessor seven terms,
and in addition to the village of Paw Paw.
surveyed the plat for Compton, Carnahan,
Brooklyn, Shaw and Walton. In October, 1859,
he married Sarah A. Clark, of Trumbull
County, Ohio, and three of their children —
Hattie E., John C. and William B — survive.
In fraternal relations Mr. McMahan was a
member of Corinthian Lodge, No. 210, A. F.
& A. M.; Mendota Chapter, R. A. M.; and
Mendota Commandery, K. T.
DAVID MINOR (deceased) was born in
Madison County, N. Y., April 1, 1827, son of
Cyrus R. and Louise (Norton) Minor, natives of
Massachusetts, who came to Lee County in
1836, locating at Franklin Grove, on the site of
the old stone hotel, where they died. David
Minor was married in 1856 to Cina Whitmore, a
native of Ohio, and to them six children were
born, four of whom are now living, viz.: Daniel,
Iva, Rose and Hewitt. In political opinions
he was a Republican, and in religious belief
an Evangelical Lutheran. He died in February,
1889, his wife surviving until April, 1899.
FRANK MAU. Supervisor of Hamilton Town-
ship, Lee County. 111., was born in Province
Brandenburg, Germany, Jan. 14, 1854, son of
Frederick and Dora (Wolfe) Mau. Mr. Mau
came with his father to America in 1868. his
mother having died in 1864. They settled near
Washburn, Woodford County, 111., remaining
there until 1899, when Frank Mau located in
Hamilton Township, Lee County, where he
now owns .320 acres of land, and devotes his
attention to general farming. On February 2,
1882, he married Carrie Frede, daughter of
August and Christine (Bundel) Frede, and to
them three children — Dora E., Harry E. and
J. Edwin — have been born. Mr. Mau is a com-
municant of the Evangelical Lutheran church,
while Mrs. Mau is a member of the Methodist
Episcopal church. Mr. Mau is a member of
the M. W. A. and I. O. O. F.; in politics is a
Republican, and has served as Township
Supervisor six years.
RUDOLPH W. MENK, hardware dealer.
Paw Paw, 111., was born at Hinckley, 111., Sept.
12, 1875, son of William H. and Johanna
(Lehring) Menk. He was employed in his
father's hardware establishment at Hinckley,
111., until October, 1896, and v/as afterwards
engaged in a similar capacity at Downer's
Grove until January, 1897, at Aurora until July,
1898 and Yorkville until 1899. On August 1st of
the latter year, he purchased the hardware
business of S. C. Mitchell, and has since con-
ducted the enterprise under the firm name of
W. H. Menk & Son. On September 6, 1899, he
married Mary Reimersneider, of Hinckley, and
and they have one daughter. Marguerite R. In
political convictions he is a Republican, and
fraternally belongs to the Masonic Order and
M. W. A. He and his wife are members of
the German Evangelical church.
FRANK McBRIDE, farmer. Wyoming Town-
ship. Lee County. 111., was born in Lee County,
Nov. 6, 1862, son of George and Elizabeth
(Baker) McBride, natives of Pennsylvania and
Illinois, respectively. George McBride came
to Lee County in 1856, locating on a farm in
Wyoming Township, where he spent the rest
of his life, dying April 26, 1885. On March 1,
1888. Frank McBride married Hattie E. Mc-
Mahon, daughter of William and Sarah A.
(Clark) McMahon, and they have one son,
George W. Upon starting out in business life,
Mr. McBride first rented land, but later pur-
chased his present farm of 200 acres. In po-
litical affiliation he is a Reipublican, and so-
cially belongs to the M. W. A.
JOHN B. McBRIDE. retired farmer. Paw
Paw, Lee County, 111., was born in County An-
trim, Ireland, Jan. 27, 1835, the son of Robert
and Ruth (Kirker) McBride, also natives of
the Emerald Isle, who came to the United
States in 1844. and settled in Ohio, where they
8oS
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY,
both died. John B. JIcBride came to Lee
County, 111., in 1S64, locating in Brooklyn
Township, where he was engaged in farming
until 1S75, and then moved into Wyoming
Township, but since 1892 has lived retired at
Paw Paw. In April. 1861, he was married to
Sarah Bryson, a native of Cc»,nty Antrim,
Ireland, who came to the United States in
1848, and of this union two children— N. A. C.
ajid Mary R. (Mrs. Wilbur Chaffee) — v/ere
born. Mrs. McBride died July 6, 1903. In poli-
tics Mr. McBride afhliates with the Democratic
party, and served as Assessor of Brooklyn
Township in 1873. He is a member of the
I. O, O. F.
hand until 1891. In the latter year he rented
a farm, and in addition to conducting the
same, dealt quite extensively in stock, having
brought about eight or ten car-loads of horses
from the West and disposed of them in Lee
County. In 1891 he was married to Miss Gene-
vieve Strickland, daughter of Seneca and Mal-
vina (Bainter) Strickland, natives of Pennsyl-
vania and Illincis. respectively. To Mr. and
Mrs. Nicholson one daughter has been born.
Malvina Annie, Jan. 14, 1894. In politics Mr.
Nicholson is a Republican. In 1903 he estab-
lished a livery, feed and sale stable near the
Illinois Central Railroad Depot, where he
conducts a tirst-class business.
FRANK J. MONTARIN. farmer, Viola Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Scioto
County, Ohio, Jan. 28, 1857, son of Joseph and
Margaret Montarin, who settled near Assump-
tion, 111. in 1865, and removed to Lee County
in 1866. Frank J. Montarin purchased his
present SO-acre farm in 1880, and located on
it in 1881. November 30, 1880. he was married
to Lydia Henry, daughter of Ltopcld and Del-
phine Henry, and they have seven children —
five sons and two daughters — viz.: Edward J..
Mary. Lillie, John. Louis, Henry and Wilbur.
Mr, Montarin is a Republican in political
views, and in religious belief a Catholic. In
fraternal affiliation he is a member of the
Masonic Order.
MICHAEL McGINNIS, retired farmer, Dixon,
111., was born in Austinbrook. Canada. Jan. 2.
1827, son of Michael and Bridget McGinnis,
natives of the North of Ireland. v,-ho came to
Canada in 1817 or 181S. Michael McGinnis
came to Illinois in 1852, locating at Dixon in
1895. On 1853 he was engaged as a contractor
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.
On January 15, 1856, he married Miss Emily
Douglas, of New York, and to them eight chil-
dren were born, viz.: John C, Thomas A.,
Jennie M. and Jessie S. (twins), Susie B..
William R., Nan D, and George H.
WILLIAM NICHOLSON, liveryman, Amboy,
Lee County, 111.; born at Inlet. Lee County. 111..
June 9, 1864, son of Thomas and Anna (Bur-
rows) Nicholson; educated in the public
schools of his native village; remained on the
parental homestead until he reached his ma-
jority, and was afterwards engaged as a farm-
BARTON B. NEER. farmer. Section 3, Alto
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Ken-
dall County, 111., March 31, 1848, son of Wil-
liam and Dorcas (Colbert) Neer. natives of
West Virginia and Maryland, respectively, who
were married in the East and cama to Kendall
County in 1847. Their children were: James,
Catherine, John, George, Mary and Barton B.
William Neer came to Lee County in 1863, lo-
cating on a rented farm one mile north of
Steward, but later purchased the homestead
(160 acres), where Barton B. now resides. Mr.
Neer was a stanch Republican in politics, and
was School Director of his township. He died
Oct. 1, 1883, while his wife survived until 1895.
On the death of their parents, the farm, by
will, became the property of Barton B. and
George Neer, who have since conducted it in
partnership. Mr. Neer had three sons in the
Civil War — Barton B., John and James. Bar-
ton B. enlisted in 1863, in Company H, Forty-
sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served
until the close of the war, afterwards return-
ing to the home farm, where he has since re-
sided. During his service, he was wounded
by a spent ball at Jackson, Miss. December
13, 1878, Mr. Neer married Jane Cook, daugh-
ter of Morris and Elizabeth (Cooper) Cook,
natives of New Jersey. They have no children,
but adopted a daughter, Gertrude Kenney. Mr.
Neer is a member of the G. A. R., and Edward
Bridge Post No. 124; in politics he is a Repub-
lican. He and his wife are communicants of
the Methodist Episcopal church.
COL. HENRY T. NOBLE (deceased), born in
Berkshire County, Mass., May 3, 1830; came
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
809
west and located at Dixon, whsre he taught
school the following two years; was engaged
in the real estate and banking business with
his uncle, Silas Noble, until 1S57. On April
20, 1861, he was chosen First Lieutenant of
Company A, Thirteenth Regiment Illinois Vol-
unteer Infantry, and was mustered into ser-
vice as Captain of his Company on May 24. of
the same year. He was promoted to the staff
of the Quartermaster's Department on July 8.
1863, and in November following, was raised
to Major, and thirty days later commissioned
Lieutenant-Colonel. About March 1. 1864. he
was promoted by the Secretary of War to Colo-
nel on the staff of Major-General J. J. Rey-
nolds, and was appointed Chief Quartermaster.
Department of Kansas, filling the latter posi-
tion until Oct. 15. 1866. when' he was mustered
out of the service at his own request. Return-
ing to Dixon in the latter year, he purchased
an interest in the Grand Detour Plow "Works.
with which he was connected until his death.
G. LAFAYETTE NELLES. farmer. Viola
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in the
township where he now resides. Oct. 22, 1875.
son of John and Caroline Nelles. natives of
Canada. Mr. Nelles remained at home and
v/orked with his father on the farm, and now
owns 120 acres of land in Viola Township.
'August 10. 1898. he married Susie Dodson,
daughter of Santford and Hattie Dodson, of
Oregon, and they have two children, named
John S. and Santford. In political opinions Mr.
Nelles is a Democrat, and he and his wife are
communicants of the United Brethren church
of Compton.
MICHAEL O'MALLEY. farmer. Marion
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in County
Mayo, Ireland, Sept. 8. 1827, son ot, Austin and
Bridget O'Malley. Michael O'Malley came to
the United States in 1849, landing at Portland,
Maine, later going to Boston, and then to
Worcester, Mass., where he was employed for
four or five years. In 1854 he came to Dixon.
and now owns a 200-acre farm in Marion
Township. On March 31, 1869, he married
Mary Mayock, daughter of .Tohn Mayock, of
Lee County, and to them seven children have
been bom, viz.: Austin J., Catherine A., Pat-
rick E. (deceased), Joseph M., William H..
Thomas E. and Peter F. Mr. O'Malley is a
Democrat in politics, and has served two terms
as Supervisor, Assessor and Highway Commis-
sioner, and eight years as School Treasurer.
He is a member of the Catholic church.
E. B. OWENS, physician and surgeon, Dixon,
III., was born in LaSalle County, 111., May 3,
1867, son of Daniel W. and Mary (Silverthorn)
Owens, natives of Pennsylvania. E. B. Owens
spent his boyhood on his father's farm, in the
meanv/hile attended the district schools, and
later took a teacher's course at the Normal
School in Bureau County, 111. Taking up the
study of medicine, he entered the medical
school of the Northwestern University, gradu-
ating from that institution in 1890. and then
served one year as resident physician and sur-
geon in St. Luke's Hospital. In the spring of
1891 he came to Dixon. 111., where he has since
practiced his profession, and aside from the
liberal patronage he receives from the general
public, is the attending physician at the city
hospital. In 1894 he married Eleanor Isett,
who was born in Pennsylvania, and they have
two children, Elizabeth and Katherine. The
Doctor is a member of the State Medical So-
ciety, Lee County Medical Association, North
Central Illinois Association, and is Secretary of
the Rock River Valley Association. In relig-
ious belief he is a Baptist, and in political sen-
timent a Republican.
FRED OBERHELMAN. dealer in grain, lum-
ber and coal, firm of Fred Oberhelman & Co.,
Sublette. 111., was born in Warren County,
Mo., Nov. 29. 1844, son of Frederick A. and
Anna Christine (Knoepker) Oberhelman, na-
tives of Westphalia, Germany. Frederick A.
Oberhelman was born near Lengerich, and
came to America in 1833, locating in Warren
County, Mo., where he engaged in farming, and
owned 311 acres of land. His wife came to St.
Charles County, Mo., in 1836. They were mar-
ried in 1843 and became the parents of eleven
children, eight of whom grew to maturity. In
1889 Mr. Oberhelman and his family removed
to LaFayette, Mo., where he owned a 160-acre
farm. He died in 1900, aged eighty-two years;
his wife survived until June 15, 1903, dying in
her seventy-sixth year. Fred Oberhelman
came to Sublette Township in 1866. where he
engaged in farming until 1871. when he re-
moved to Sublette village and established his
8io
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY,
present business. In 1882 his brother, John
W., became a partner in the enterprise, and the
sales of the firm average about $200,000 annu-
ally. On March 22, 1866, air. Oberhelman was
married to Mary E. Betz, born in Hesse Darm-
stadt, Germany, May 25, 1843, daughter of John
and Elizabeth (Blass) Betz, who came to Lee
County in 1844. John Betz was a farmer by
occupation, and died in 1898, aged about eighty-
two years, while his wife died in 1876 in her
fifty-sixth year. Mr. and Mrs. Oberhelman
raised an adopted daughter, Emma A. (now
Mrs. George Barth). In politics Mr. Oberhel-
man is a Democrat, and was Supervisor of
Sublette Township two years. Town Clerk two
years. Trustee of the Village Board nine years;
is now serving his third term as Justice of
the Peace, and has, for many years, been a
Notary Public. He and his wife are members
of the Evangelical Lutheran church. During
the late Rebellion, Mr. Oberhelman was a
member of the Missiouri State Militia.
JOHN WILLIAM OBERHELMAN, dealer in
lumber, grain and coal, Sublette, 111., was born
in Warren County, Mo., Oct. 30, 1853, son of
Frederick A. and Anna Christine (Knoepker)
Oberhelman. natives of Westphalia, Germany.
After reaching his majority he clerked in his
uncle's store at Hopewell, Mo., for two years,
then came to Sublette, where he was employed
for the same length of time in a grain and
feed store belonging to his brother, Fred; after-
wards became a partner in the store of Ober-
helman & Bittendorf, but two years later en-
gaged to work for his brother Fred, being thus
employed until 1SS2, when he entered into a
partnership with him, and has since been iden-
tified with the business. On June 14, 1883,
he married Augusta D. Bansan, born in Sub-
lette, daughter of Henry and Louise (Miller)
Bansan. the former a native of Schleswig Hol-
stein, and the latter of Hanover. Germany.
Mr. Bansan is still living, but his wife died in
1883. Mr. and Mrs. Oberhelman have five chil-
dren: William F., Paulina C. Fred A., Arthur
and Lenora. Mr. Oberhelman and his family
are members of the Evangelical Lutheran
church. In political views he is a Democrat,
and has been Town Clerk since 1SS7; was
Township Collector four years. School Director
fifteen years. Village Treasurer several terms,
and was the first Village Clerk of Sublette,
and recorded the ordinances when the village
was organized, in February, 1893.
JOSEPH PEMBERTON PLUMMER, shoe
manufacturer, Dixon, 111., was born at Rich-
mond, Ind., Feb. 3, 1859. His ancestors were
Quakers for many generations. In 1875 Mr.
Plummer entered the commercial world as
oifice boy for C. M. Henderson & Co., Chicago,
manufacturers of boots and shoes, and was
advanced by stages until he became factory
superintendent. In 1883 he was married to
Sarah A. Lightcap, of Allegheny, Penn., and
of this union two daughters have been born-
Florence, in 1884, and Rachel, in 1889. Mr.
Plummer entered the wholesale drug house
of Morrisson. Plummer & Co., Chicago, in 1891,
retired from the company in 1901 to enter
the Watson-Plummer Shoe Company, as Sec-
retary and Treasurer, the latter company being
successors to his first employers, C. M. Hen-
derson & Co. He is also Secretary and Treas-
urer of the Dixon Ice Company.
HON. CHARLES F. PRESTON, Attorney
and Mayor of Paw Paw, 111., was born in
Marion Township, Lee County, 111,, Jan, 20,
1860, the son of James H. and Nancy A. (May-
dole) Preston, natives of New York, v,'hoi came
to Lee County. 111., in 1854, and settled at
Amboy. Charles F. Preston obtained his pre-
paratory education in the Lee County public
schools and at Normal, III., and afterwards
read law with Charles H. Wooster, of Amboy,
being admitted to the bar in May, 1882. In
1883 he located at Paw Paw, where he has
since been actively engaged in practicing his
profession. Politically he is a Democrat, and
was elected Mayor of Paw Paw in 1891, having
served continuously since that date. On Oc-
tober 6, 1886, Mr. Preston was married to Ida
A., the daughter of Jacob and Jane (Carey)
Hendershot, the former a merchant at Paw
Paw for many years. To this union three
children— Frances H., Hazel J. and Rolland
C. — have been born. Fraternally Mr. Preston
is a Mason, and belongs to Blue Lodge at
Paw Paw, and the Chapter at Mendota. Mrs
Preston died at Paw Paw. 111., Jan. 2. 1904.
WILBUR A. PRATT, druggist. Paw Paw,
111., was born at Deep River. Conn.. Oct. 5.
1852. son of Henry H. and Mary Jane (Com-
stockj Pratt. In the spring of 1857 he came.
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
with his parents, to Sandwich, 111., where he
remained until JIarch 19, 1S73, when he re
moved to Paw Paw, and engaged in the drug
business. On January 10, 1878, he married
Mamie E. Berry, of Paw Paw, and they are the
parents of five children — ^Merritt B., Winuie
H. (deceased). Dale B. (deceased), Helen and
Rogers W. In political sentiment Mr. Pratt is
a Republican, and served as Village Treasurer
(Paw Paw) four years. Socially he is a mem-
ber of the I. O. O. F., and M. W. A. He and
his wife are members of the Baptist church.
WILLIAM W. PHILLIPS, farmer, Compton,
111., was born in Viola Township, Lee County.
111., Nov 14, 1862, son of Richard and Amelia
(Davenport) Phillips. Richard Phillips a a
native of Ireland, and came to Lee County in
1851. locating in Viola Township. He is still
living on the old homestead. William W. Phil-
lips owns a 200-acre farm in Viola Township,
but resides in Compton. In October, 1887, he
married Jane Stainbrook, daughter of Isaiah
and Isabella (Davidson) Stainbrook, and to
them two children have been born, Jeaiiette
A. and George (deceased). In political vieA-
Mr. Phillips is a Republican, and has served
as Township Treasurer for thirteen years, and
is a member of the Compton School Board. In
fraternal relations he is a member of the Ma-
sonic Order, Eastern Star and I. O. O. F. Mr.
and Mrs. Phillips are members of the Method-
ist Episcopal church.
LORENZO T. PRESTON was born in La-
peer, Cortland County, N. Y.. Dec. 24, 1S41.
son of Charles and Susan (Burgess) Preston,
natives of Massachusetts and Maine, respect-
ively. L. T. Preston was educated in the pub-
lic schools of Manchester, Wis., where his
parents had moved in 1846. He later paid his
way, three years, in Lav/rence University. Ap-
pleton. Wis., and on May 13, 1864, enlisted in
Company E, Fortieth Regiment, Wisconsin
Volunteer Infantry, and at the expiration of his
term of service, was discharged Sept. 13, 1864.
After the war he settled in Dixon. 111., and
worked at the carpenter's trade, and taught
school in Lee County until 1870, when he went
to Ottertail County, Minn., and took up a home-
stead of 160 acres, where he combined farming
with his trade and profession, and held various
political offices in the county. August 30, 1871,
he married Rosella A. Wallace, who was born
in Vermont, Dec. 12, 1854, and to them five
children have been born, viz.: Harry, born at
Otter. Minn., June 21, 1872, and resides in
Portland, Oregon; Ernest C, born at Otter,
June 1, 1874, and resides at Sterling, III.;
Walter L., born at Otter, Jan. 10, 1877, and
resides at Dixon, III.; Maude R., born in Lee
County, May 23, 1886; and Kate S., born Nov.
24, 1888. In 1877 Mr. Preston emigrated with
his family to Illinois, and in Lee County he
again took up the trade and profession he had
previously followed for years, and in which
he has since been actively engaged. A Repub-
lican in politics, he has never sought office.
He is a Master Mason, and is an active mem-
ber of the G. A. R., M. W. A., and R. N. A.;
has been a resident of Dixon since 1877, and
taken an interest in all public affairs.
PHILIP S. PIERCE, farmer. Wyoming Town-
ship, Lee County, III., was born in Paw Paw
Township, De Kalb County, 111.. Oct. 8, 1847,
son of Charles and Catherine (Sine) Pierce
natives of Pennsylvania, who drove from the
Keystone State to DeKalb County in 1844, and
located in Lee County in 1855. Philip S. Pierce
located on his present 160-acre farm in 1902.
On Feb. 20, 1S69, he married Ada E. Barringer,
daughter of John and Delia (Barringer) Bar-
ringer, and they have seven children, viz.:
Everett, Mate, Philip, Harry Blanche, Mabel
and Wayne. In politics Mr. Pierce is a Repub-
lican, and has served as Township Collector
two years. Deputy Sheriff four years, and asi
Constable twelve years. He is a prominent
Masan. being a Knight Templar of that order.
WILLIAM PANKHURST (deceased) was
born in Westfleld. England, Dec. 8, 1837, son of
John and Mary (Welfare) Pankhurst. Mr.
Pankhurst came to the United States in the
spring of 1850, locating at Grand de Tour in
1851, and Dixon in 1861. On September 20,
1862, he enlisted in Company A, Seventy-fifth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, serving in the
Union ranks until his discharge in May, 186a.
Returning to Dixon after the close of the war
he v/as employed in the posto'ffice for many
years, and was afterwards occupied as a flor-
ist for twenty-one years. On September 8,
1862, he married Ella V.. daughter of Orville
and Elizabeth A. (Lyons) Hamilton, natives of
8l2
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
Connecticut and New York, respectively. Mr.
Hamilton enlisted in Company A, Thirteenth
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served during
the Civil War. To Mr. and Mrs. Pankhurst two
children were born — Mary E. and Willis (de-
ceased). Mr. Pankhurst died may 30, 1S97,
his wife dying March 27. 1899. Miss Mary E.
Pankhurst is an active member of the Daugh-
ters of the American Revolution.
WILLIAM T. PRESTON, retired farmer and
merchant. Steward, 111., was born at Newark.
Kendall County, 111., Dec. 6. 1839, son of Luman
and Lucinda (Bishop) Preston, who were na-
tives of Vermont, and, after marriage there,
came to Morgan County, III., by team in 1834.
Luman Preston followed the occupation of a
farmer, and he and his wife reared a family
of eight children, of v,'hom the subject of this
sketch was sixth. William T. remained with
his parents until twentyone years of age, in
the meantime attending the district school,
and in 1861, enlisted in the Twentieth Regi-
ment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, being mus-
tered in at Joliet, June 13, 1861, and among
other numerous engagements, taking part in
the battle of Shiloh, the Vicksburg campaign,
and the march with Sherman to the sea, and
later in the grand review at Washington, being
finally mustered out at Louisville, Ky., and
discharged at Chicago, July 24. 1865. Mr. Pres-
ton rose from the ranks to the office of Ser-
geant, and for two years of his term of enlist-
ment was on detached service. After the close
of the war he returned to Kendall County, 111.,
and there engaged in farming until 1869, when
he removed to Lee Coimty and bought a farm
on Section 36, in Reynold's Township, where
he carried on farming seven years. In 1876
he removed to Steward, his present residence,
and there engaged in the grocery and clothing
business, but selling out Dec. 1, 1888, has since
been practically retired except one and a half
years (1S96-9S) spent at Hammond. La. In
1878 he was appointed Postmaster of Heaton
(the original name of Steward), Lee County,
serving until 1SS4. October 3, 1866, he was
married to Mrs. Corilla A. Coleman (nee Rich-
ards), who had three children by her former
marriage. Mr. Preston is a Republican in poli-
tics, a member of Rochelle Post. No. .546. G.
A. R.. and. at the present time, is serving as
Pathmaster of his township.
HORACE PRESTON (deceased) was born at
New Ipswich, N. H., May 12, 1819, son of Jere-
miah and Anna (Proctor) Preston, natives of
the same State. Horace Preston came to Dix-
on in May, 1838, and opened the first black-
smith shop in the city, continuing in the busi-
ness for many years, also building the first
brick house in Dixon. Later he engaged in
farming in South Dixon, Lee Center Township,
but finally retired to Dixon, where he died
August 7, 1888. He was married Oct. 27, 1847,
to Lucy Jane Wood, daughter of Martin and
Lucy Wood, who came from Middlebury, Vt.
to Dixon in 1849, and to them were born six
children: Lucy J. (deceased), Mary E.. (Mrs.
M. E. Grosse), Jennie (Mrs. W. Packard),
Horace Jr. (deceased), Clara A. (Mrs. Marcus
Rowe. of Clinton, Iowa), and Grace E. (de-
ceased). Mrs. Preston was one of the pioneer
school teachers of Lee County, receiving |2.00
per week salary for her services there. She
died April 25, 1888. In political sentiment Mr.
Preston was a Democrat. He was a member
of the Methodist Episcopal church; fraternally
a Mason, being one of the charter members
of the Dixon Lodge.
NICHOLAS PLEIN, proprietor of the Sev-
enth Street Brewery, Dixon, 111., v,'as born in
Trier, Germany, Nov. 18, 1848, son of John and
Margaret (Plein) Plein. He obtained his edu-
cation in the Fatherland, and in 1865 came di-
rect from his German home to Dixon, 111.,
where he was employed in various capacities
for eight years. His parents came to America
a few years later than he. and settled in Lee
County, where they died. In 1837 Mr. Nicholas
Plein was married to Christina Sold, a widow,
and at that time, owner of the brewery. Mr.
Plein's brewery has a capacity of 3,000 barrels
annually, and his beer is manufactured from
pure malt, hops and East India rice. He em-
ploys five men in his establishment, and sup-
plies much of the local trade. To Mr. and Mrs.
Plein five children have been born— Kate,
Louis. Harry, Maud and George — all of whom
have had advantages of obtaining a good edu-
cation. Mr. Plein is a member of the Catholic
church ; socially is an Odd Fellow, and in poli-
tics a Republican.
BENJAMIN ROBERTS, farmer. Paw Paw,
111., was born at Yorkville. Kendall County. 111.,
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
Oct. S, 1S60, the son of Hendrick H. and Eliza-
beth (Scott) Roberts, natives of New Jersey,
who came to Illinois in 1855. In 1892 Mr. Rob-
erts began farming operations for himself, and
nov/ owns 137% acres of land east of Paw
Paw. June 16, 1891, he married Martha P.
Carnahan of Paw Paw, 111., and they have two
children, Lcius and Benjamin E. In political
opinions Mr. Roberts is a Republican, and in
religious views a Baptist. In April, 1903, he
wasi elected member of the Board of Aldermen
of Paw Paw, and in the same year chosen
School Director. He is a member of the I. O.
O. F. and M. W. A.
HENRY L. ROBERTS, farmer, Paw Paw, 111.,
was born at Red Bank, N. J., Nov. 28, 1847, and
came west with his parents in 1855, the family
settling at Yorkville, Kendall County, 111. Mr.
Roberts conducted a farm in partnership with
his father for ten years, and then purchased
130 acres of land east of Paw Paw, 111. His
estate now consists of 167 acres. He married,
on Jan. 1, 1871, Eva Cornell, and they are the
parents of five children: Crawford, LeRoy, Etta
May, Lura, Henry V. (deceased) and Blanche.
Mr. Roberts is a Republican in politics, and in
religious belief a Baptist.
JACOB W. RHOADS. merchant, Compton,
111., was born in Seneca County. Ohio. Jan. 25,
1857, son of John and Sarah (Williams)
Rhoads, natives, respectively, of Pennsylvania
and Ohio, who came to Lee County in 1856.
Jacob W. Rhoads is a partner of John L. Clapp
in the mercantile business at Compton. On
December 2, 1875, he married Rhoda Koons,
daughter of Nathan and Charlotte (South)
Koons, and of this union there are seven chil-
dren: Harvey L., Joseph W., Emma M,, Ethel
D., Minnie, Glenn and Nathan. In political
opinions he is a Republican, and has been a
member of the Village Board seventeen years,
and for the last two years has been clerk of
the same. Fraternally he is a member of the
M. W. A. Mr. and Mrs. Rhoads are members
of the United Brethren church at Compton.
ing to Lee County in 1853, began to work at
his trade, carpentering, following this occupa-
tion until 1859, when he made an overland
trip to California, where he remained about
one and a half years. Returning to Illinois in
1860, he bought a small tract of land in Willow
Creek Township, to which he made subsequent
additions until he ov.'ned over 600 acres, and
devoted his attention to general farming until
1900, when he removed to Paw Paw, and has
since lived retired. October 15, 1863, he mar-
ried Lydia A. Mittan, daughter of Jeptha P.
and Jane (Beemer) Mittan, who settled in Wil-
low Creek Township in 1850. Mr. and Mrs.
Rosenkrans have two sons — Anson P. and
Byron M. — who are farmers in Wyoming Town-
ship. Lee County. Fraternally Mr. Rosenkrans
is a member of the Anchor Lodge, No. 510. I.
O. O. F.
FRANCIS E. ROGERS, farmer. Wyoming
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Luzerne
County, Penn., August 2, 1840, son of Blihu and
Beersheba (Stiles) Rogers, natives of Pennsyl-
vania, who located on the farm now occupied
by their son — F. E. Rogers — in 1848, where
the former died in 1873, while the latter passed
away in 1853. F. E. Rogers remained under
the parental roof until March 4, 1865, when he
enlisted in Company G, Fifteenth Illinois Vol-
unteer Infantry, and, with his regiment, was
first stationed in North Carolina, but later
went to Washington, where he took part in the
grand review and was discharged at Leaven-
worth, Kansas, Sept. 16, 1865. Returning to
the farm after the close of hostilities, he pur-
chased his father's homestead at the time of
the latter's death. On April 25, 1866, he mar-
ried Nancy P. Barratt, and to them three chil-
dren were born, viz.: Belle C, wife of Joseph
A. Miller; Frank D., who married Grace B.
Rosenkrans; Mary E., wife of George R. Mc-
Henry. In politics Mr. Rogers is a Republican,
and was elected Township Supervisor in 1890,
and has served continuously since that date.
Socially he is a member of W. H. Thompson
Post G. A. R.. at Paw Paw.
ANDREW H. ROSENKRANS. retired farmer.
Paw Paw, 111., was born in the State of Nev/
York, March 10, 1835, son cf Abram and
Lydia (Henry) Rosenkrans. He worked on
his father's farm in Pennsylvania, and on ccm-
JOHN S. RICHARDSON, farmer. Brooklyn
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in the
township where he now resides. Feb. 3. 1863.
sen of Nathan W. and Dorothy T. (Smith)
Richardson. Mr. Richardson married, August
Si4
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY.
30, 1893, Lovanche Merriman, daughter of
Avery and Josephine Merriman, and to them
four children were born, viz.: Kathleen, Wilder
A., Robert M. and John R. Mrs. Richardson
died May 7, 1901, and on May 27, 1903, Mr.
Richardson married, for his second wife, Mary
F. Nicholson, daughter of Thomas Nicholson of
Lee County. Mr. Richardson's farm comprises
320 acres, and he devotes his attention to gen-
eral farming and stock-raising. In political
opinions he is a Republican, and is now (1903)
serving his third term as Township School
Treasurer. He is a member of the Methodist
Episcopal church.
NATHAN W. RICHARDSON, farmer, Brook-
lyn Township, Lee County, 111., was born in
Vermont, August 23, 1827, son of Stephen and
Eerepty (Wilder) Richardson, who were na-
tives of Vermont and New Hampshire, respect-
ively, and came to Bureau County, 111., in 1835.
In 1850 Mr. Richardson went, overland, to Cali-
fornia, returning four years later by v.-ay of
the Isthmus of Panama and New York. For
many years he was engaged in farming in
Brooklyn Township, owning, at one time, 320
acres of land. On March 4, 1862, he was mar-
ried to Dorothy T., daughter of John and
Rachel (Wycoff) Smith, and to them three
children — John S., Albert N. (deceased), and
Mary E.— have been born. He is a Republican
in politics, and has served six years as School
Director and four years as Pathmaster. Mr.
Richardson is liberal in his religious views.
CORNELIUS S. ROSSITER, electrical en-
gineer. Dixon, 111., was born in Chester County,
Penn., Sept. 9, 1837, son of Jacob and Mary
Ann (Anderson) Rossiter. who were also na-
tives of the Keystone State. Cornelius S. Ros-
siter came to Illinois in 1868. He enlisted in
Company K, Thirty-third Pennsylvania Volun-
teer Infantry, and served in the Union Army
three years. During his service he was seven
days in front of Richmond under General Mc-
Clellan. and participated in many hard-fought
engagements of the war, receiving a severe
v.'ound in the battle of Anteitam. On October
31, 1874, he was married to Edith Drew, and
they have six children — Jacob L.. Lloyd H..
Cora E.. Charlotte, Jennie B. and Edith. Mr.
and Mrs. Rossiter reside at 335 Fellows Street.
Dixcn.
JOHN E. RIPLEY (deceased) was born in
Whiteside County, 111,, July 31, 1855, son of
Charles P, and Sarah (Merrick) Ripley, natives
of New York and Virginia, respectively, who
located in Whiteside County, 111., in 1855. On
February 28, 1878, Mr. Ripley married Flora E.
Long, daughter of L. F. and Sevilla (Haase)
Long, natives of Pennsylvania, who settled in
Illinois in 1856, locating at Ashton, Lee County.
To Mr. and Mrs. Ripley two daughters — Bessie
G. and E. Blanche— were born. In 1890 Mr.
Ripley removed to Dixon, 111., where, for ten
years, he was engaged in the grocery business.
He died Sept. 17, 1901. He and his family
were members of the Baptist church.
SAMUEL and MARY (CAMPBELL) SHAW,
Dixon, 111., came as pioneers to Cass County,
111., in 1833; in 1855 removed with their family
to Lee County, and there engaged in farming
and stock-raising. The village of Prairieville
was built on one corner of their farm. James,
their oldest son, graduated from Illinois Col-
lege, studied law and located at Mt. Carroll.
111., where he practiced his profession many
years; was chosen a Presidential Elector on the
Republican ticket in 1872, served four terms as
Representative in the General Assembly, being
Speaker of the House during the session of
1876, and in 1891 was elected Judge of the
Circuit Court, and reelected in 1897, serving
until June, 1903, when he retired. Tv.'o other
sons, William and Archibald, emigrated, re-
spectively, to Missouri and Kansas, the latter
serving as a member of the Kansas Legislature,
and Truste3 of the State Penitentiary. Tim-
othy, the fourth son, while a student in Illi-
nois College, Jacksonville, enlisted April 16,
1861, under the first call for troops during the
Civil War, and was enrolled as the first volun-
teer from Lee County, but died at Cairo in
August following. Samuel, tne youngest son,
graduated from the Albany, N. Y.. Law School,
and has since been engaged in practice and the
real estate business in Kansas City, Mo.
Samuel Shaw, Sr., and his three sons, Archi-
bald, Timothy and Samuel, Jr., were all sol-
diers of the Civil War. In 1876 Mr. and Mrs.
Shaw removed with their daughters to Dixon,
111., and there the daughter Katherine was
married to Hon. S. H. Bethea, now (1903)
IT. S. District Attorney for the Northern Dis-
trict of Illinois. Mrs. Bethea died March, 1893:
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
the brother Archibald, in Kansas. May, 1888;
Samuel Shav,', Sr., August, 1891; and Mrs.
Shaw, the mother, in May, 1897. Two daugh-
ters, Elizabeth J. and Mary A., occupy the
family home in Dixon.
JAMES A. SMITH, farmer. Section 20, Alto
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Frank-
lin County Ohio, ten miles northwest of Co-
lumbus, Feb. 20, 1832, son of Abraham and
Millie (Kancuse) Smith. James A. Smith re-
mained with his parents until twenty-two years
of age, and obtained his education in the dis-
trict school. He came to Lee County, 111., in
1854, at first being employed as a farm-hand,
but later bought eighty acres of land, upon
which he settled in 1857, building at that time
a small house, and erected his present attract-
ive residence in 1879. April 2, 1857. Mr. Smith
was married to Martha Cooper, daughter of
Garrett and Sarah (Smith) Cooper, who re-
cently became residents of Alto Tov.'nship. To
Mr. and Mrs. Smith eleven children have been
born, eight of whom are now living, viz.: Whit-
field, Elmer, Ira, Ernest, Martin, Lottie, Ada
and Wesley. Mr. Smith has 240 acres in his
home farm and 271 acres in Sections 17 and 18,
the former being managed by his sons, Martin
and Wesley, and the latter by his son Whit-
field. Fraternally Mr. Smith is a Mason, in
politics a Republican, and has served his fel-
low-townsmen as Road Commissioner and as
a member of the School Board.
FOREST E. STILES, grain dealer. West
Brooklyn, 111., was born in Washington County,
Kansas, Oct. 23, 1872, son of A. B. and Susan
(McFall) Stiles, natives of Illinois and Indiana,
respectively. Mr. Stiles came to West Brook-
lyn in 1902, and engaged in the grain business.
On August 11, 1897, he married Etta Leavens,
daughter of Charles and Sarah Ann (Stout)
Leavens of Lee County. In political sentiment
he is a Republican, and in religious belief a
Methodist.
HENRY W. SUNDAY, blacksmith and dealer
in agricultural implements, Franklin Grove,
Lee County. 111., was born Nov. 18, 1859, son
of Solomon Sunday, an early settler of Lee
County. Henry W. was educated in the Frank-
lin Grove schools, and worked on a farm un-
til he was eighteen years of age. when he
learned the blacksmith trade, and in 1883
bought out the business of his father, which he
has carried on continuously ever since. In
1902 Mr. Sunday added to his business that of
dealing in agricultural implements. January 7,
1883, he was married to Agnes Kreger, and
they have had five children: May, Florence,
Hazel (deceased), Donald and one who died in
infancy. Mr. Sunday is a Republican politically,
and a member of the Knights of Pythias,
Knights of the Globe and Modern Woodmea
c? -America.
GEORGE W. SCHAFER. farmer and stock-
raiser, Bradford Township. Lee County. Ui..
was born on his present homestead, June 2,
1855, son of Carl and Mary (Eisenberg) Schal'-
er, natives of Germany. Carl Schafer was
born in 1824, and died in 1891, while his wife
was born in 1826 and died April 2, 1857. They
were married in Germany, became the parents
of five children, and came to America in 1852,
locating in Lee County in 1854, where Mr.
Schafer owned 520 acres of land at the time of
his death. George W. Schafer rented a farm
in 1877, but later bought his present 240-acre
farm. December 25, 1877, he married Anna
Barbara Roth, and to them seven sons have
been born — Charles W., William C, Harry C,
Edward G., Albert J., Adam C. and Clifford G
Mrs. Schafer's parents, John and Anna B.
(Barnhart) Roth, were natives of Germany,
and came to Lee County in 1858, locating at
Lee Center, where the former died in 1893,
aged seventy-four years, and the latter in
1892. in her seventy-second year. In politics
Mr. Schafer is a Republican, and has been
School Director for many years; is manager of
the Bradford Insurance Company, and a mem-
ber of the M. W. A. His family attend the
Methodist Episcopal church.
ELIAS SHELL, farmer, East Grove, Town-
ship, Lee County, III., was born near Findlay,
Ohio, Oct. 30, 1830, the son of Abraham and
Lydia (Fought) Shell, natives of Virginia and
Pennsylvania, respectively. Elias Shell was
raised on his father's farm, attended the dis-
trict school, and in early manhood worked in
the linen and cotton mills of his native State.
Coming to Lee County in 1869, he rented eighty
acres of land in Section 32, East Grove Town-
ship, for one year, but now owns an estate of
8i6
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY,
400 acres of the most productive land in his
township, and is considered the most success-
ful farmer in his section of the county. De-
cember 24, 1854, he married Mary A. Stultz,
whose parents settled in Ohio at an early date,
Mrs. Shell died in 1890, leaving live children,
viz.; Henry E. (a jeweler at Ohio, 111.), James
A., I. v., L. E., and Hattie M. (Mrs. A. J.
loder) — another child is deceased. Including
the early homestead, Mr. Shell ovvns three
farms adjacent to each other, and these he
rents to his sons, James A., ). V. and L. E.
In politics he is a Republican, and has served
as Overseer of Highways and School Director.
He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal
church.
JAMES W. SEYBERT. farmer and dairyman.
South Dixon Township. Lee County, 111., was
born in Luzerne County, Penn., May 1, 1851,
son of Wallace and Desire (Hill) Seybert, who
were also natives of the Keystone State, and
came to Lee County in 1862, where they both
died in 1896. For many years James W. Sey-
bert has been one of the leading farmers of
South Dixon Township. July 3, 1884, he mar-
ried Laura M. Hill, daughter of Austin and
Hester (Straton) Hill, pioneer settlers of Lee
County, and to Mr. and Mrs. Seybert three chil-
dren have been born, viz.: Eva P., born Sept.
7, 1891; Grover C, born Oct. 19. 1893: and Hes-
ter J., born Oct. 5, 1903. In political views Mr.
Seybert is a Democrat, and in religious belief
a Lutheran. Fraternally he is a member of the
Crurt of Horor.
SCHUYLER, E. SMITH, Paw Paw.
ocrn at Rochester, Ind., August 15, 1
of Nelson and Mary (Bryant) Smith. Schuyler
E. Smith was brought to Paw Paw, 111., by
his parents in 1866, and remained with them
on the farm until nineteen years of age. For
two years he was engaged as a clerk in the
general store cf J. H. Thompson, and for six
years ^-'as engaged in a similar capacity by
R. A. Hopps. On April 24, 1889, he was ap-
pointed clerk in the Railway Mail Service, and
holds that position at the present time (1903).
July 1, 1902, he established a livery business
at Paw Paw, which he still conducts. No-
vember 29. 1883, he married Lucetta Swarth-
out. of Paw Paw. 111., and they have two chil-
dren, Alfa DeL. and Eugene B. Mr. Smith is
a Republican, and a member of the I. O. O. F.
He and his family are communicants of the
Methodist Episcopal 'church.
JOHN JOSHUA SEIDEL, farmer and dairy-
man. Section 5, Palmyra Township, Lee
County, 111., was born in Wurtemburg, Ger-
many, Oct. 22, 1845, son of John G. and Bar-
bara (Zeizer) Seidel. In the fall of 1853, John
G. Seidel and his family came to America,
locating in Columbus, Ohio, v/here they re-
mained seven years, and in 1860 removed to
Whiteside County, 111. Mr. Seidel died Nov.
10, 1885, and his wife May 11, 1883; both
are buried in the cemetery at Sterling, 111.
John J. Seidel attended the primary schools
in the Fatherland, and completed his educa-
tional training after coming to America. On
February 2, 1870, he married Miss Louisa Le-
derer, a native of Germany, and they are the
parents of seven children, viz.: Katie, who
died aged six years; Anna M., who married E.
H. Klosterman: Lydia B.; Bertha C: Jennie
A., Frank W., who assists his father in con-
ducting the farm, and Pearl. Mr. Seidel was
engaged in farming for fifteen years near
Sterling, 111., but in 1875 removed to Dickin-
son County, Kansas, where he bought 280 acres
cf railroad land, upon which he lived nine-
teen years, bringing the soil to a high state of
cultivation, erected good farm buildings and
planted fruit and shade trees. In 1893, receiv-
ing a very liberal offer for his property, he
disposed of his holdings in Kansas, and re-
turning to Illinois, purchased his present
120-acre farm the same year. Mr. Seidel
keeps from thirty-five to forty milch cows,
and sends his milk to the Dixon factory. In
political views Mr. Seidel is a Republican, and
was School Director one term. Socially he is
a member of the Knights of Maccabees, and in
religious belief a Lutheran. His children have
all received good educational advantages.
FRANK E. STITELEY, real-estate, loan and
insurance agent, Dixon, 111., was born at Mt.
Carroll, Carroll County, 111., Nov. 18, 1859, son
of George W. and Mary (Buser) Stiteley. He
obtained his education in the Mt. Carroll High
School and the Davenport Business College,
Davenport, lov.'a. In 1892 he man-ied Effa G.
Manatt, daughter of Thomas and Clarissa
(Winchester) Manatt of Brooklyn, Iowa. Mr.
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
817
Stiteley is Treasurer of the Dixon Power and
Ligliting Company, Treasurer of ttie Jlethodist
Episcopal church, and is a Director and ex-
Cashier of the Leaf River Bank, in Ogle County,
111.; was also one of the organizers of Union
State Bank, Dixon, 111. In politics he is a Re-
publican.
CHRISTOPHER SMITH, farmer. Nelson
Township, Lee County, was born in Somerset
County, Penn., March 8, 1852, son of Adam
and Magdalene (Genck) Smith, natives of Ger-
many, who came to the United States in 1840,
and to Illinois in 1865. Both parents are now
deceased. The subject of this sketch has been
a resident of Lee County since 1868. March
2, 1882, he married Annie Rubright, daughter
of David and Sophia (Shank) Rubright, of
Pennsylvania, and to Mr. and Mrs. Smith six
children have been born, viz.: Millie M., Clara
M., Walter H., Olive R., Ruth Esther and
Harry E. (deceased). The family is identified
with the Zion Lutheran church, in which Mr.
Smith has served as deacon for many years.
In politics Mr. Smith is a Democrat, and has
served as School Director for twelve years.
Fraternally he is a member of the Knights of
the Globe.
MELCHIOR S. STONER. farmer. South
Dixon Township, Lee County, 111., was born in
Franklin County, Penn.. JIarch 22, 1865, son
of Henry and Margaret (Baltzley) Stoner, na-
tives of Pennsylvania. He came to Lee County
in 1886, and has since been identified with the
agricultural interests in that section of the
country. On February 19. 1890, he married
Mary A. Depew, daughter of J. W. and Hester
A. (Garrison) Depew, natives of Pennsylvania.
To Mr. and Mrs, Stoner four children have
been born, three of whom are now living, viz.:
Florence M., Harriet S. and Marguerite E. In
religious belief Mr. Stoner is a Methodist, and
socially he belongs to the M. W. A. and
Knights of the Globe.
ELIJAH E. SWOPE, farmer Brooklyn Town-
ship. Lee County, 111., was born in Adams County,
Penn., June 25, 1855, son of George and Mary
A. (Nary) Swope, natives of Germany and
Pennsylvania respectively, v.-ho came to Lee
County in 1859, but both of whom are now
deceased. Elijah E. Swope married, on March
4, 1891, Catherine Malfeld, daughter of Pete
and Carrie Malfeld, and they are the parents
of five children, named George H.. Emeline,
Minnie, Roy and Mabel. In politics he is a
Republican, and is a member of the M. W. A.,
and Knights of the Globe. He is a communi-
cant of the Reformed church. Mr. Swope de-
votes his time to the management of his 80-
acre farm in Brooklyn Township,
HENRY P. STEIN, farmer, Brooklyn Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was^ born in Troy Town-
ship, LaSalle County, 111., Dec. 1, 1866, son of
Frederick and Sydillia (Lehn) Stein, natives of
Germany, of whom the former came to the
United States in 1844, and the latter a few
years later. On February 10, 1889, Mr. Stein
was married to Elizabeth Florschuetz, born
April 27, 1866, daughter of George J. and Bar-
bara (Caetles) Florschuetz, natives of Germany,
who came to LaSalle County, 111., in 1854, and
to Lee County in 1862. To Mr. and Mrs. Stein
two children— Lillie M. and Gilbert P. — have
been born. Mr. Stein devotes his time and
attention to the management of his 160-acre
farm in Brooklyn Township. In politics he
afiiliates with the Democratic party, and in re-
ligious belief is a German Lutheran.
JOHN SCHMIDT, farmer, Brooklyn Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Getrmany,
Nov. :3, 1836, and came to the United States in
1864, and to Lee County, II!., in 1870, where
he now owns 200 acres of excellent farm land
in Brooklyn Township, and devotes his time
and attention to general farming. On July 17,
1867. Mr. Schmidt was married to Mary Ganz,
a native of Germany, and to them nine chil-
dred have been born: Amelia, Catherine, Mary
A., Mlanie (deceased), Phillip J., John J., Eliza-
beth S., Anna M. and Lena M. Mr. Schmidt is
liberal in his political views. He is a member
of the Lutheran church.
M. J. STUNKEL, farmer. Section 13, Rey-
nolds Township, Lee County, 111., was born near
Raleigh. N. C. August 26, 1866, son of August
and Isabella (Stonebanks) Stunkel, natives of
Hanover, Germany, and New York City, re-
spectively. August Stunkel, born in 1833, ob-
tained his education in the Fatherland, be-
came a sailor and followed a sea-faring life
for nine years. In 1855, after having made a
trip to California, he settled at College Point,
in Long Island, N. Y., whore he married in
8i8
HISTORY OF LEE -COUNTY.
1861. In 1865 he removed to Raleigh. N. C. where
he devoted his attention to growing cotton and
tobacco, and there spent the remainder of his
life, dying in 1884. His wife still survives, and
resides in North Carolina. Mr. Stunkel and
wife were the parents of seven children. M. J.
being the oldest. The maternal ancestors of
the subject of this sketch came from England
at an early date, and settled in New Ycrk.
where the maternal grandfather was a promi-
nent architect and builder. The paternal
grandfather of M. J. Stunkel was a Collector
of Revenue in Zelle. Hanover. Germany. M.
J. Stunkel spent his boyhood with an aunt at
Richton, Cook County, 111., and obtained his
educational training in the schools of that
locality. When thirteen years of age he began
working out for farmers, being thus employed
for four years. Then neturning to North
Carolina, he resided with his parents until he
reached his twentieth year, when he returned
to Illinois, where he was employed as a farm
hand for one year, worked one year in Chi-
cago, and for seven years afterwards con-
ducted a farm at Benson, 111. In January. 1890.
he married Gertrude Reents. native of Secor,
Woodford County, 111., and of this union there
are six children — August, Truletta, Alma,
Lydia, Elnora. and Mauriese. Mr. Stunkel came
to Lee County in 1895, and bought his present
farm, to which he has made many improve-
ments, and has brought his land to a high state
of cultivation. He is a member of the Luther-
an church, and in pjlitieal views is a Republi-
can.
HENRY SARTORIOUS. farmer. Section 4,
Palmyra Township. Lee County, III., was born
in the house where he now resides. Oct. 10.
1854, son of Gustavus and Charlotte H. (Eld-
mann) Sartorious, natives respectively of Old-
enburg. Germany, and Minden, Prussia, who
came to Lee County in 1848, locating on a
farm in Palmyra Township. Gustavus Sartori-
ous was a soldier of the late Rebellion, enlist-
ing in Company D. Thirty-fourth Illinois Vol-
unteer Infantry, and serving eighteen months.
He was a Democrat in political views, and
served as a member of the School Board. So-
cially he belonged to the G. A. R. Seven chil-
dren were born to Mr. and Mrs. Sartorious.
two of whom — Henry and William — survive.
Mr. Sartorious died Dec. 25. 1889, but his wife
still survives, and resides with her son Henry.
Henry Sartorious grew to years of maturity
on his father's farm, obtained his education
in the public schools, and on Nov. 22, 1878,
married Louisa Bouger, daughter of William
Bouger and wife, who came from Germany to
Lee County in 1870. Three children hav^ been
born to Mr. and Mrs. Sartorious — Gustavus
(died at the age of ten years), Charlotte and
Carl. Mr. Sartorious owns 147 acres of valu-
able land, upon which there is a comfortable
residence and well-constructed farm buildings.
In politics he is a Democrat, and is serving as
Township Collector. Fraternally he is a mem-
ber of the Sons of Veterans and Knights of
the Globe. He and his wife are communicants
of the Union church at Prairieville.
CHARLES G. SMITH, plumber and steam-
fitter. Dixon. 111., v.'as born in the State of New
York. April 4. 1847. son of Nathan T. and Eliza
(Becker) Smith, the former a native of Con-
necticut: the latter being of Holland ancestry,
and related to the Van Rencselaer family of
New York. Nathan T. Smith was, at different
times, a merchant, farmer and school teacher,
and in the early part of the nineteenth century,
removed, with his father's family, from Con-
necticut into Nev/ York. In 1850 he came
v.-^est and bought land in Vc-rmilion and Bu-
reau Counties, 111., and Winnebago County, Wis.
In 1851. while hunting with his wife's brother,
he was accidentally shot, dying in nine days
after the accident occurred. His wife survived
him about forty-nine years, dying in 1900.
Charles G. Smith was the youngest in a family
of ten children. After completing his educa-
tion in the Dixon schools, he learned the mill-
ing trade, an occupation members of his moth-
er's family (the Beckers) had followed for
generations. He afterwards joined his brother,
Nathan T.. in the publishing business in Chi-
cago, remaining until 1876. when he returned
to Dixon and resumed his former occupation,
but shortly afterwards removed to Kansas,
where he remained until 1880. Returning to
Dixon in the latter year, he had charge of a
mill in that city until 1886. when he returned
to Kansas, where he was employed in a simi-
lar capacity at Great Bend, and also built a
mill in Stafford County, same State, which
he later sold. Then removing to Las Vegas.
Nev,' Mexico, he built and operated a mill in
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY
S19
tliat locality, and also conducted an agency
for George Westinghouse, remaining thus em-
ployed until 1S90, when he again returned to
Dixon and established his present business,
which he has since conducted in a very suc-
cessful manner. On March 17. 1870. he mar-
ried Susan A. McKenney. daughter of F. C.
and Catherine (Clute) McKenney. who came
to Lee County in 1836. Mr. and Mrs. Smith
have but one child living. Fred McKenney
Smith, who is a partner in his father's busi-
ness. Their other son. Earl Becker Smith, a
bright, promising young man. and a graduate
of Dixon High School, was fatally injured by
one of his schoolmates while practicing gym-
nastic exercises for field sports, which were
to take place a few days later, and, after linger-
ing a few days, died May 9, 1903. In politics
Mr. Smith is a Republican, and was a member
of the Board of Education six years. Socially
he is a member of the Masonic Order and K.
T. In religious belief he is a Methodist, and
is Secretary of the Official Board of his church.
RICHARD M. SHADDICK. farmer, Wyoming
Township, Lee County, 111., was bom in Devon-
shire, England, Dec. 5, 1857, and in 1884 re-
moved to Ontario. Canada, remaining there
until 1890. when he came to Wyoming Town-
ship, Lee County, where he now owns a 160-
acre farm. On March 19, 1877, he was married
to Ann Burnett, a native of England, and to
them five children have been born: Fanny.
Anna. William. Frederick and George. 1 In poli-
tics ilr. Shaddock affiliates with the Demo-
cratic party, and in religious belief is a Pres-
byterian. He is a member of the M. W. A.
JOHN H. SLOGGETT. farmer, Ashton Town-
ship. Lee County, was born at Granby. Prov-
ince of Quebec. Canada. Nov. 1. 1855, son of
William and Bethany (Horer) Sloggett— the
former a native of London, England, who came
with his father (also named William), to Can-
ada, in 1831, and the mother, a native of Ver-
mont. William and Bethany Sloggett became
the parents of ten children, six of whom (1903)
are now living, viz.: Sarah, wife of Moses G.
Montgomery: William, Alfred. John H.. James,
and Hattie. the wife of Harry J. Packer. The
parents came to Illinois in 1856. and the sub-
ject of this sketch v.^as reared at Forreston.
111., attended the public and high schools, and
acquired a good business education: also
learned the creamery business, which he fol-
lowed at Franklin Grove from 1890 to 1901.
February 1. 1883. he married Julia Holsinger,
daughter of John Holsinger. and they have two
children — Glennie May and Everett — both of
whom, as well as their mother, are now de-
ceased. July 26. 1893, Mr. Sloggett was mar-
ried to his second wife. Miss Lucy Sanders,
daughter of Henry and Rachel Sanders, and
their family consists of an adopted son. Fred
Morris Sloggett. and a daughter. Ethel Marie
Sloggett, born Feb. 19. 1904. Mr. Sloggett is
a Republican In politics, a member of the Pres-
byterian church, in which he and his wife take
an active interest, and fraternally associated
with the Order of Modern Woodmen of Ameri-
ca. Henry Sanders (deceased), the father of
Mrs. Lucy (Sanders) Sloggett, was born in
Hardin County. Penn., in 1826, son of Henry
and Mary (Buck) Sanders, natives of Pennsyl-
vania, but of German extraction. Henry Sand-
ers. Sr.. was a Captain in the State Militia,
and in religious belief a Catholic. Henry
Sanders came to Illinois in 1845. but after re-
maining here one year, returned to his native
State: then coming back to Lee County, he
there made his home for the remainder of his
life. In 1851 he married Rachel Morgan,
daughter of Edward and Nancy Morgan, both
natives of Ohio. Mr. and Mrs. Henry Sanders
had nine children: Winfleld B.. Mary (de-
ceased), Joseph F., Jerome (deceased). Alice
(deceased). Jane. John W. (deceased). Edward
and Lucy. Mr. Sanders was prosperous as a
farmer, acquiring an estate of over 600 acres
of land. He died March IS. 1S95. and his wife
Feb. IS, 1902.
FLETCHER SEAVEY. fa.rmer. Section 23,
Palmyra Township. Lee County. 111., was born
in Carroll Ccunty, N. H., Sept. 2, 1839, son
of Asa A. and Ruth (Ricker) Seavey, who came
to Lee County in 1854, locating in Palmyra
Township. Fletcher Seavey was the oldest
of three children in his father's family. He
was raised on the farm, attending the dis-
trict school near his home, and during the
Rebellion enlisted in Company D, One Hundred
and Fortieth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, serv-
ing eight months in the Atlanta campaign.
In 1862 he married Eveline Eastwood, whose
parents were pioneer settlers of Lee County,
820
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
and of this union the following children were
born: Harry C; Fred A., deceased; Eda B.,
wife of J. M. Honey of Dixon; Allen E.. who
rents and conducts his father's fai'm; Roscoe
C, deceased; Clyde L., who resides in Cali-
fornia; Ruth M., who is qualifying herself as
a nurse in a Chicago training school; Erma
L.. who resides with her sister, Mrs. Honey.
Mr. Seavey gave his children the advantages
of a good education, most of them being high
school and college graduates. In politics he
is a Republican, and has filled several public
offices in his township, including that of As-
sessor and Supervisor. He is Secretary of the
Palmyra Insurance Company, having held that
office for the past ten years. In religious be-
lief he is a Methodist, and fraternally belongs
to the M. W. A.. A. O. U. W. and G. A. R.
Mr. Seavey has residedl on his present 140-acre
farm for twenty-one years, and has lived in the
immediate neighborhood nearly fifty years.
He is a man of more than ordinary ability, and
is highly respected for his honest principles
and sterling worth.
GEORGE SCHNUCKEL, farmer, Brooklyn
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Bureau
County, 111., Jan. 25, 1S69, son of Charles and
Margaret (Batz) Schnuckel, natives of Ger-
many, who came to the United States in the
'50s, and are now residing at Mendota, 111.
On December 9, 1891, Mr. Schnuckel was mar-
ried to Catherine Trubel, daughter of Sebas-
tian and Catherine (Weirauch) Trubel, who
were natives of Germany, and residents of Lee
County about forty years, and now reside at
Mendota, 111. To Mr. and Mrs. Schnuckel three
children — Florence M.. Lulu C. and Delia M. —
have been born. In political opinions Mir.
Schnuckel is a Republican, and has served as
Township Assessor for three years, being an
incumbent of that office at the present time
(1903); also served as Township Collector for
two years. Fraternally he is a member of
camp, No. 2578; M. W. A. In religious be-
lief he is a Methodist. Mr. Schnuckel's farm
consists of eighty acres in Brooklyn Town-
ship.
.JOHN D. SITTS, retired farmer, Franklin
Grove, Lee County, III, was born in Oneida
County. N. Y., in 18:31. son of George and Har-
riet Sitts; came to Franklin Grove in 1857, and
was engaged in the lumber trade until 1863,
and from 1872 to 1902 was engaged in the
grocery business. He was married in January,
1863, to Eva E. Lincoln, v/ho died in April,
1888, leaving four children: Henry B., Gertie
G., Bertha C. and Helen E. In politics he is
a Republican, and has served as Supervisor
three terms.
SAMUEL STONE (deceased) was born in
Erie County, N. Y., Dec. 18, 1823, and came
to Illinois in 1835, locating in what is now
Nelson Township, Lee County, and entered, his
first tract of land from the Government, for
which he paid $1.25 per acre. He married
Mrs. Eliza (Power) Stone, widow of his
brother, and they have three children; Reuben,
Alonzo D. and Louisa A. Mr. Stone was very
successful as a land-dealer, and at the time of
his death, was the owner of 3,000 acres of
land, located in Illinois. Kansas, Nebraska and
Iowa. He was employed by the Government in
surveying the land through this section of the
State. He died at the age of seventy-five years.
NELSON SMITH (deceased) was born in
Seneca County, N. Y., August 27, 1820, and,
after living in Michigan, Ohio and Indiana,
came to Lee County. III., in 1866, where he
engaged in farming near the present village
of Paw Paw. He was first married to Mary
M. Fennimore, and to them two children were
born, Marion and Lafayette. His second wife
was Elizabeth Conrad, who bore him two chil-
dren. Schuyler E. and Emma B. In political
views Mr. Smith was a Republican. He died
March 17, 1899.
CHARLES ALMON STEINMANN, President
Steinmann College, Dixon, 111., born at Cherry
Grove, 111., Oct. 14, 1861; moved with his pa-
rents to Lanark, 111., in 1884, where, at eight
years of age, he entered the public schools,
and completed the graded and high school
course at fifteen: took post-graduate work, and
taught school until twenty years of age, when
he organized a school of shorthand in con-
nection with the Northern Illinois Normal
School of Dixon. Four years later, he removed
to larger and more desirable quarters in the
central part of the city: built the present
splendid college edifice in 1S95, and ladies'
dormitory in 1901; present site of school is
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
821
unusually attractive, containing a campus 01
forty-three acres, fine athletic field, pure water,
excellent drainage, magnificent surroundings.
The courses of study are thorough and com-
plete; comprising Business. Normal. English,
Scientific. Classical. Philosophical, Musical,
Civil Service, and Oratory departments. The
moral and intellectual tone of the school is
high. Under Prof. Steinmann's direction the
school has grown in numbers as well as in
strength and efficiency. New buildings are de-
manded, and a gentleman's dormitory, an indus-
trial hall — whereby v.'orthy students may earn
an education — a school of forestry, a botanical
garden and a complete experimental laboratory
are contemplated. Besides performing duties
of President of Steinmann College. Prof. Stein-
mann is vice-chancellor of Ruskin University.
Chicago. 111. He married, on Christmas day.
1902, Miss Rosa Mary Lohafer.
SOLOMON SUNDAY, retired farmer. Frank-
lin Grove, Lee County, 111., was born Oct. 21,
1832, a native of Pennsylvania, and came to
Illinois in 1855. locating where he now lives,
and was engaged in blacksmithing for many
years. In August, 1856, he married Eva M.
Stefan, and to them ten children were born,
six of whom are now living. In politics he is
a Prohibitionist, and in fraternal relations a
member of the I. O. O. F.
WILLIAM SUTTON (deceased) was born in
the State of Nev/ York. August 2. 1810, but at
an early day removed to Pennsylvania, where
he learned and followed the blacksmith's trade,
being engaged in that line of work for a num-
ber of years. In 1855 he removed to Lee
County. 111., settling on a farm in Willow
Creek Township, where he made his home un-
til 1877, removing to Paw Paw in the latter
year. On April 30, 1831. he married Barbara
Miller, who v.-as born in Pennsylvania. Dec.
25. 1812, and to them two children were born:
Mrs. Amos Siglin, of Paw Paw. and Mrs. H. B.
Stark, who resides in Pennsylvania. Mr. Sut-
ton died Oct. 15, 1879, his wife surviving until
Nov. 12. of the same year. In political senti-
ment Mr. Sutton was a Democrat.
DARIUS SAWYER, pioneer of 1835, now liv-
ing in retirement in Amboy. Lee County. 111.,
was born at Waterbury. Vt.. April 17. 1816. the
son of Joseph and Sarah (Farnham) Sawyer,
natives, respectively, of New York and New
Hampshire. The parents came, with their
family, to Lee County, 111., arriving March 17,
1835. settling at Lee Center, and there the
mother passed away just two years later —
March 17, 1837 — being the first of the early
settlers to die in that locality, while the father
survived until Oct. 11, 1872. Darius Sawyeir
learned the blacksmith trade in early life,
which he followed several years, when he en-
gaged in farming, continuing some sixteen
years. In February, 1899, he removed to Amboy,
and has since lived in retirement. March 21,
1839, Mr. Sawyer was married to Sophronia
Parker, and seven children by this union
are now living. Mrs. Sawyer died July
25, 1883, and on Oct. 6, 1887, Mr. Sawyer
married Jane E. Tinker, who died in 1893.
In 1898 he married, as his third wife. Mrs.
Isabelle Dunn, who died four months later.
Mr. Sawyer is an original Republican, having
voted for John C. Fremont in 1856, and has
been a member of the Masonic Fraternity since
1859.
SEELY SCOFIELD. farmer. Harmon Town-
ship, Lee Count}', 111., was born in Sterling,
Whiteside County, 111., Dec. 22. 1867, son of
David and Betsy B. (Hull) Scofleld, natives
of Westchester, N. Y., who located at Sterling
in 1856. The father died in 1883, while the
mother still survives and makes her home in
Sterling. Seely Scofield devotes his attention
to general farming, and owns 320 acres of land
in Sections 5 and 6, Harmon Township. He
is a member of Corinthian Lodge No. 63. K.
of P., of Sterling; Lodge No. 779. B. P. O. E.,
of Dixon, and M. W. A. Politically he is a
Republican, and is a Universalist in religious
belief.
DANIEL SWARTZ, farmer, Harmon Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Germany,
March 15. 1836, son of George Swartz, who
came to the United States in 1841, and settleJ
in Marshal County. 111. In March, 1S65, Dan-
iel Swartz was married to Louisa Walker,
daughter of Washington and Mary (Ward)
Walker, of Marshall Connty, 111., and to them
five children were born, four of whom are now
living, viz.: George W.. Frederick, Charles B..
and Mary. Mrs. Swartz died Sept. 16, 1873,
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
and on Dec. 1, 1S75, Mr. Swartz married, for
his second wife. Rebecca Jamison, daughter of
Thomas and Sarah (Smith) Jamison, natives of
Delaware and Ohio, respectively. To Mr. and
Mrs. Swartz five children have been born, four
of whom survive: Frank C, Clara E., Jessie
G. and Ethel M. In March. 1865. Mr. Swartz
came to Lee County, v.'here he now owns 310
acres of land in Harmon Township. Politically
he is a Dsmocrat, and he and his family are
members of the Methodist church.
AMOS SIGLIN (deceased) was born in
Chestnut Hill Township, Luzerne County,
Penn,, in 1826, son of Jacob and Susannah
(Singer) Siglin. He learned the carpenter's
trade in his native State, and in 185.5 came to
Lee County, 111., where, until two years prior
to his death, he followed the occupation of
contracting and building. October 19, 1851,
he married Catherine Sutton, daughter of Wil-
liam and Barbara (Miller) Sutton, and to them
four children were born, viz.: Elizabeth, wife of
W. H. Smith of Paw Paw; Dollie. widow of
Adolphus Fisher; William, who lives in Ala-
bama, and Barbara, who resides at home. Mr.
Siglin died August 24, 1900. He was a member
of the Masonic Order, and also of the I. O. O. F.
In politics he was a Democrat, and in religious
belief a Presbyterian.
REXSSELAER P. TREADWELL (deceased)
was born in Chenango County. N, Y., July 25,
1821, son of Allen and Deborah (Squires)
Treadwell, natives of the Empire State, who
cams to Lee County in 1845. Rensselaer P.
Tireadwell was married en Feb. 10, 1848, to
Lydia Hale, daughter of Alvah and Clara
(Rouse) Hale, and of this union there were two
sons, Spencer, of Everett, Wash., and William,
of Freeport, 111. Mr. and Mrs. Alvah Hale
came to Lee County in 1844. In 1879 Mr. Tread-
well removed to St. Croix County, Wis., but
in 1894 returned to Amboy. 111., v/here he passed
the remainder of his life, dying there Nov. 22,
1902. In early life a stanch Republican, he was
during the latter years of his existence, an
ardent advocate of Prohibition. From 1864 to
1866 he was Sheriff of Lee County. He was
a devout member of the Methodist Episcopal
church and his wife is still a leading member
of the church of that denomination at Amboy.
A. J. TOMPKINS, Supervisor, Amboy Town-
ship, Lee County, was born in Greene County,
Ky., in June, 1831, son of N. S. and Sallie (Rey-
nolds)' Tompkins; came to Amboy, 111., in 1858,
and for twenty-two years was master carpenter
for the Illinois Central Railroad. He was then
engaged in farming for twenty-one years, when
he removed to Amboy and retired from active
business life. Mr. Tompkins is a Republican
in politics, served five years as a member of
the City Council; in 1883 was elected member
of the Board of Supervisors, and has since
served continuously in that capacity. It was
largely through his efforts that $100,000 In
bonds, issued by Amboy Township to the Chi-
cago & Rock River Railroad, were compromised
and settled, thus resulting in a saving of many
thousands of dollars to the tax-payers of the
township. Mr. Tompkins was married in 1858
to Miss Mary A. Smith, and five children have
been born to- this union, viz.: Walter J.. Elmer
S., Stella L., Willis (born Jan. 17. 1860, diel
Feb. 23, 1860), Jennie M. (died Oct. 2, 1878,
aged eleven years). Mr. Tompkins is a member
of the Baptist church.
DR. EDMOND R. TRAVERSE (deceased),
born in County Cork, Ireland, March 7. 1832,
sen of Richard H. and Harriet (Walsh) Trav-
ers, who came to Canada in 1842. In 1858
Edmond R. matriculated in the medical de
partment of the University of Michigan, grad
uatiug in the class of '61. In September. 1863
he located at Amboy, 111., where he engaged
in the practice of his profession, which he con-
tinued until the time of his death, April 13
1899. On May 17, 1864, he married Esther
Scott, daughter of Thomas and Martha (Swan)
Scott, and to them four children v/ere bom,
one of whom is living — Mary, wife of Dr. N., J.
Smith, a dentist at Amboy, 111. Those deceased
were named Martha. Edmond and George.
The Docto.r was a member of the Episcopal
church, and fraternally was identified with the
Masonic Order.
JOHN TODD, farmer and dairyman, Nachusa
Township. Lee County, was born in County
Antrim, Ireland. Nov. 3, 1848, son of Robert
and Elizabeth (Thompson) Todd, who v.'ere
also, natives of the Emerald Isle, and the par-
ents of five children who grew to years of
maturity. John Todd came to America in 1866,
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
823
locating the same year in Lee ,County. 111.,
where for sixteen years he worked for wages,
being employed ten years by the Grand Detour
Plow Company. He afterwards engaged in
farming, and now owns 140 acres of land in
Nachusa Township, upon which he keeps a
herd of tv/enty-flve cows and conducts a first-
class dairy. In 1873 he married Jane Grier,
daughter of John and Mary (Gillan) Grier,
natives of County Monaghan, Ireland. Mr. Todd
is a Democrat in political relations, and m
religious faith is a member cf the Church of
the Covenant, while (his wife is a Presbyterian.
Mr. and Mrs. Todd have no children.
JOHN H. TERHUNE. station agent. Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railroad, West Brooklyn,
111., was born in Binghamton, N. Y., Oct. 26,
1856, son of Abram R. and Lydia (Ramsey)
Terhune, natives of New Jersey. John H.
Terhune has been a resident of Lee County
since 1866, and first became station agent for
the above named railroad at Shaws, 111. On
October 27, 1876, he married Ida M. Wertman,
daughter of John and Lucy Anna (Derr) Wert-
man, natives of Pennsylvania who came to
Le^ County in the early '50s. To Mr. and Mrs.
Terhune two children have been born, both of
whom are deceased. In political views Mr.
Terhune is a Republican, and socially belongs
to the I. O. O. F.. M. W, A. and Royal League.
He and his wife are members of the Methodist
Episcopal church.
WILLIAM C. THOMPSON, County Clerk of
Lee County, was born at Paw Paw. 111., June
28, 1868, son of James H. and Catherine (Swart-
hout) Thompson. James H. Thompson came
to Lse County in 1852, and for twenty-five years
was engaged in the mercantile business at Paw
Paw, 111. In 1886 he was elected County Clerk
of Lee County and served continuously until
1903. William C. Thompson obtained his edu-
cation in the high school at Paw Paw, grad-
uating in 1883; became his father's deputy in
1S89. and was elected County Clerk in 1902
when his father retired. On July 3, 1900, he
married Susan B. Dimon, and they have two
children — Dcrrance S. and Avis F. Mir. Thomp-
son is a member of the Masonic Order, Knights
of the Globe, M. W.A,, and B. P. O. E. Politi
cally he is a Republican, and in religious be-
lief a Presbyterian.
MANLEY M. TEAL (deceased), was born in
Taylor Township, Ogle County, 111., July 31,
1846, son of Ellas and Isabelle (Brown) Teal,
pioneers of Ogle County. Manley M. Teal ob-
tained his education in the schools at Dixon
and Mt. Morris, 111., and, when his father died
in 1887, inherited an extensive property, which
he subsequently largely increased. On Decem-
ber 20, 1876. he was married to Ellen J., daugh-
ter of Joseph and Ann (Mackay) Boyd, pioneer
settlers of Nashua Township, Ogle County, and
to them one child — Allie M. — was born. In
political opinions Mr. Teal was a Republican,
and at the time of his death, Dec. 2, 1880, was
serving as Justice of the Peace. Mrs. Teal
and her daughter Allie M. are members of the
Lutheran church.
JOHN A. TERHUNE. farmer. Nelson Town-
ship, Lee County, was born in Whiteside Coun-
ty, 111., July 2, 1859, son of John A. and Jannet
Meldron (Smithburt) Terhune, who were na-
tives of New York City; came to Wiiteside
County, 111., about 1855, and ten years later
(1865) settled in Lee County. The subject of
this sketch was reared from boyhood in Lee
County, and has always been intimately identi-
fied with its farming interests. February 5,
1890, he was married to Mamie M., daughter
of Bernard and Eva .Johnson, and to them
have been born three children — Harry A., Les-
ter H. and Genevieve E. Religiously the family
are connected with the Methodist Episcopal
church, while fraternally Mr. Terhune is affili-
ated with the Knights of the Globe.
JOHN N. TRUCKENBROD. farmer, Sublette
Township. Lee County, 111., was born in Bureau
County, 111., Nov. 10, 1862, son of John and
Elizabeth Faber Truckenbrod. John Trucken-
brod, father cf John N., was born in Bavaria,
and his wife, Elizabeth Faber, in Saxe-Coburg,
Germany. They were the parents of eleven
children, all of whom are now living, and re-
side in Clarion Township, Bureau County, 111.
John N. Truckenbrod conducted the homestead
for his father for three yeairs, afterwards rent-
ed the same for a time, but now owns a 120-
acre farm adjoining his father's. On Decem-
ber 20, 1S93, he married Emma M. Hartan,
daughter of John and Margaret (Arnold) Hart-
an, and to them six children have been born —
Carl J.. Fritz, Greta, Bertha, Norval and Ralph.
824
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
In politics Mr. Truclienljrod is a Repuljlican.
and has served as School Director and ,Road
Overseer. He and his family attend the Ger-
man Lutheran church. John and Margaret
(Arnold) Hartan, parents of Mrs. John N.
'Truckenbrod. were natives of Germany who
removed to La Salle County, III, where Mr.
Hartan owned 200 acres of land and engaged
in farming, but afterwards was proprietor of
several saloons, and later engaged in the coal
business, later retiring from business. He was
born Dec. 16, 1838, and died Dec. 14 1899,
while his wife was born Jan 2, 1840.
HON. JOHN V. THOMAS was born in Prince-
ten, N. J., Oct. 30, 1835, came west and located
in Dixon, 111., in 1857: engaged in school teach-
ing in Lee County, following the profession
until 1874; later identified himself with the
real-estate and insurance business, and is now
Assistant Secretary of the Liverpool & London
and Globe Insurance Companies in Chicago.
He served six terms as Mayor of Dixon, and
is prominent in Masonry: married in 1861
Ellen J. Warner.
GARDNER W. THOMPSON, farmer. Section
26, Alto Township, Lee County, 111., was born
in Luzerne County, Penn., July 11, 1841, son
of Isaac and Maria (Wilcox) Thompson, na-
tives respectively of Luzerne County, Penn.,
and Duchess County. N. Y. Isaac Thompson
removed to Abingdon, Penn., in 1854, and en-
gaged in farming, which had been his occupa-
tion from early youth. In 1867, he and his
wife came to Lee County, 111., where they lived
the remainder of their days with Gardner W.
Mr. Thompson died Sept. 29, 1901, at the re-
markable age of 104 years, his wife dying April
25, 1885, in her eighty-seventh year. Isaac
Thompson has been a devoted Methodist for
over eighty years, having united with the
church in 1819. He was of Irish extraction,
while his wife was of English descent, and
her forefathers landed on New England shores
in the seventeenth century. Gardner W.
Thompson was the youngest in a family of
fifteen children, and obtained his education in
a select school at Pittston, Penn. He came
to Lee County in 1864 and purchased of his
brother the quarter section of land where he
now resides, to which he has made subsequent
additions until he now owns 240 acres of well-
improved land with residence, barns and many
trees of his own planting. He devotes his
attention to general farming and breeding
Durham cattle, Chester White hogs, and horses
of the Wilkes stock On April 26, 1873, Mr.
Thompson was married to Mary Howell, daugh-
ter of William and Sarah (Rogers) Howell,
early settlers of Lee County, and they have
one son, Frank, who was born Oct. 11. 1876,
and assists his father in conducting the farm.
In political opinions Mr. Thompson is a Re-
publican, and served as Township Supervisor
from 1875 to 1890; has served as Assessor
since 1900, and is also a Justice of the Peace
and School Trustee. He and his family are
members of the Methodist Episcopal church.
STEPHEN A. TARR, retired farmer. Paw
Paw, 111., was born in New Hampshire, May
30, 1834, and came to Henry County. 111., in
1853, locating at Kewanee, where he remained
until 1854, when he returned to New Hamp-
shire and brought his parents to Illinois, set-
tling at Kewanee, where he engaged in paint-
ing. In 1860 Mr. Tarr came to Paw Paw, where
he engaged in painting for many years, but
it now living retired. September 1, 1860, he
married Jane E.. daughter of Israel F. and
Persis (Boardman) Hallock, andi to them eight
children have been born, five of whom survive,
viz.: Franklin, Rubert and Reuben (twins),
Mary and Thomas. On September 2, 1862, Mr.
Tarr enlisted in Company K, Seventy-fifth
Illinois Volunter Infantry. He was seriously
wounded in the engagement at Perryville and
discharged Dec. 6, 1862, on account of physic-
al disability. He is a member of the G. A. R.
at Paw Paw, and of the I. O. O. F. In politics
he is a Republican, and has served one term
as Township Collector. He is a member of the
Baptist church.
WILLIAM E. TAYLOR, farmer, Reynolds
Township. Lee County, 111., was born in Saun-
ders County, Neb., August 15, 1871, son of
James E. and Eliza (Blair) Taylor, natives of
Ontario, Canada, and Lee County, 111., respec-
tively. James T. Taylor, grandfather of Wil-
liam E., was born in England, Feb. 18, 1816, set-
tled in Canada and died m 1902. He was a
lumberman, as was also his son, James E. The
latter was born in 1840, and came to Lee
County in 1859. At the breaking out of the
HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY,
82:
Civil War, he enlisted in Company K, Seventy-
fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served
three years. When the war closed he returned
to Illinois and married Eliza, daughter of Rob-
ert Blair, and born in 1849. Her father (Rob-
ert Blair) was a miller by trade, settled in Illi-
nois, and died there aged 82 years. After mar-
riage Mr. Taylor went to Nebraska, where he
took up a homestead and remained five or six
years. To himself and wife eleven children
were born, the subject of this sketch being the
oldest. Later Mr. Taylor returned to Lee
County, but in 1901 he and his wife removed to
Oklahoma, where they still reside. William E.
Taylor was educated in the public schools and
at Dixon and grew to manhood on his father's
farm. December 25, 1897. he married Amanda,
daughter of William A. and Mary Jane (Gun-
salus) Snyder. Mrs. Taylor was born in Chris-
tian County, III., Dec. 25, 1879. Her father was
of German descent and came to Illinois from
Cumberland County, Penn., when a boy. Mrs.
Taylor's parents are both living in Henry
County, 111. They have been parents of six
children. Mr. and Mrs. Taylor have one child.
Clarence W., born May 20, 1903. Mr. Taylor
has conducted his present farm for the past
seven years, and devotes his attention princi-
pally to breeding Poland-China hogs, and
raising corn, more than one-half the acreage
of his farm being planted with this cereal each
year. He also keeps a small herd of cattle. In
political sentiment he is a Republican.
EDWARD C. ULTCH. farmer, Sublette Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was born May 6. 1S57,
son of John P. and Elizabeth (Wendel) Ultch.
natives of Cronach, near Munich. Bavaria. John
P. Ultch came to America in 1847. locating in
Bureau County, 111., where he became the own-
er of over 3200 acres of land. In 1850 he mar-
ried Elizabeth Wendel, who died August 18.
1868. aged forty-four years, leaving six children,
viz.: Carline, Frederick, William, Edward C,
George W. and John P., Jr. In 1872 John P.
Ultch married for his second wife, Catherine
Ava Masel, and of this union there was one
child, Katie. Mr. Ultch died Sept. 13. 1889. aged
seventy years. Edward P. Ultch remained
under the parental roof until 1879, having
charge of his father's farm fcr several years.
In 1882 he removed to Lee County, and now
owns a 280-acre farm near the village of Sub-
lette, besides 1200 acres in other localities.
February 19, 1882, he married Charlotte Fassig,
daughter of Philip and Charlotte (Erbes) Fas-
sig, natives of Darmstadt. Germany, and of
this union there are four children — William F.,
Altina L., Emma C. and Esther S. Mrs. Ultch's
father, Philip Fassig, died at the age of ei.ghty-
one year and seven months, while her mother
died in 1898, aged seventy-two years. In
politics Mr. Ultch is a Republican, and served
one term as Constable and Road Commissioner,
twelve years as School Director, eight years as
Justice of the Peace, besides being Pound-
master fcr some time. M. and Mrs. Ultch
are members of the Dutch-Reformed church.
SAMUEL A. VANN, retired farmer. Dixcn.
111., was born in Berkshire County, Mass., in
1819, son of William and Elizabeth (Wheatly)
Vann, natives of Northhamptonshire, England,
who came to the United States in 1818. In
1844 Samuel A. Vann married Jane Brown,
who came to Illinois in 1856, and to them four
children were born, two of whom are living,
viz.: Alice Elizabeth, who is her father's house-
keeper, and George B. Mr. Vann was engaged
for many years in the manufacture of carriages,
but for the past two years (1904) has been an
invalid.
MORRISON H. VAIL, architect and artist,
Dixon. 111., was born in Chicago. 111., in 1866.
son of Charles A. and Henrietta (Huggins)
Vail: obtained his education in the public
schools of Chicago. Northwestern University
and the Chicago Art Institute. He was appren-
ticed to W. L. B. Jenny, architect. Chicago,
with whom he learned his profession, and was
subsquently engaged by him as draftsman;
was also with Holabird & Roche and other
Chicago firms, and tor two' years did the archi-
tectural designing for the city of Chicago dur-
ing Mayor D. C. Creiger's administration. He
afterwards engaged in business for himself
in Chicago, and in 1899 designed the Rock
River Assembly building at Dixon, establishing
a branch office in that city the same year. Dis-
continuing his Chicago office in 1903, he re-
moved to Dixon and has since made that city
his home and place of business. In 1899 Mr.
Vail invented and patented an "auditorium
truss construction." which makes possible the
826
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
covering of large surfaces with durable roof
construction at a small expense. Mr. Vail's
specialties are designs for church edifices clubs
and public halls. In 1902 he was elected a
member of the American Institute of Archi-
tects, and is a member of. the Chicago Archi-
tects' Business Association, and the "National
Society of Associated Arts." Fraternally he
belongs to the I. O. O. F., and in religious be-
lief is a Congreigationalist. September 11,
1889, he married Miss Maude E. Bennett, of
Chicago, and they have three daughters, Mar-
jorie, Alta. and Electa. Mr. Vail's ancestors
were Huguenots, who moved from France
through Denmark to Wales, and emigrated to
the New England States in 163C. Some cf them
took part in the Revolution and the War of
1812.
JACOB VOGEL, retired farmer, residing on
Section 9, Ashton Township, Lee County, 111.,
was born in Somerset County, Penn., Oct. 30,
1853, son of John and Margaret (Miller) Vogel,
both of whom were natives of Germany, and
died in Somerset County. John Vogel was a
farmer and his son Jacob grew up on the farm,
attended the public school and, in 1876, came to
Lee County, 111., where he first found employ-
ment at farm-work by the mcnth. later renting
lands until 1892, when he bought his present
farm, which he has brought to a high state of
cultivation, erecting upon it a comfortable resi-
dence and making other valuable improve-
ments. He has also added to his general farm-
ing business the cultivation of small fruits,
thereby adding to the profits cf his business
and the beauty of the place. Mr. Vcgal was
married Dec. 28, 1887, to Lillian Cleaver,
daughter of Samuel and Minerva (Brierton)
Cleaver, who came with their parents from
Pennsylvania to Dixon,' III., in 1838. The Cleav-
ers were farmers. Mr. Vogel and wife have
had four children.: Clinton Edison, Jacob Earl,
Neva Mas and Anna Ada. In pclitics Mr. Vogel
is a Republican, and he and his family are
members f the Methcdist church.
HARMON VAN PATTEN, farmer. Section
28, Alto Township, Lee County, 111., was born
in Schenectady County, N. Y., July 14. 1836,
son of Simon Bartlett and Susan (Van Patten)
Van Patten, natives of Glenville. Schenectady
County, and .\lbany County, N. Y., respec-
tively. Harmon Van Patten's paternal great-
grand father, Simon Van Patten, was a soldier
in the Reloutionary War, and himself and wife
assisted in throwing overboard the objection-
able cargo of tea into Boston Harbor. Harmon
Van Patten spent his boyhood and youth on
his father's farm in New York, and came to
Lee County, 111., in 1859, having spent the pre-
vious season in Detroit, Mich. During the first
year of his residence in Lee County, he worked
in the Willow Creek Nursery, and then attend-
ed the Rock River Seminary, thus acquiring a
good education. He was married March 17,
1861, to Hannah Nettleton, born July 26. 1838,
daughter of Moses and Martha (Martin) Nettle-
ton, natives of Canada. To Mr. and Mrs. Van
Patten five children were born, viz.: Winnie E.,
wife of Lester Atwcod of Langdon. Iowa; Min-
nie Dell, wife of Hy P. Moon; Ernest M., who
married Morda Stevens; John Frederick; and
Mabel, wife of R. C. Clarke, of Aurora, 111.
Mrs. Van Patten died Jan. 6, 1875, and on
Sept. 5, 1878, Mr. Van Patten married for his
second wife Nettie Fuller, and of this union
there Is one child, Marion Delight. Mr. Van
Patten served as Assessor in 1S63-4, as Town
Clerk several terms, and was Township Treas-
urer ten years. He has been a consistent mem-
ber of the Methodist church for the past forty
years. Mr. Van Patten gives his attention to
general farming and breeding of high grade
Norman and road horses.
B. J. WHEELER, President State Bank of
Paw Paw, Paw Paw. 111., was born near Bangor,
Maine, May 4, 1836, son cf Jacob and Martha
(Drake) Wheeler, who came with team and
wagon from the Pine Tree State to Lee County,
111., arriving at the latter place in November,
1S45. B. J. 'Wheeler went overland to Cali-
fcrnia in 1859. Returning to Lee County in
1863, he purchased a farm, and has been a resi-
dent of Paw Paw since that time. For two
years he was engaged in the hardware busi-
ness, operated a grist mill for two years, and
established a creamery, v.'hich he conducted
five years. In 1901, on the organization of
the State Bank of Paw Paw, he was elected
President of that institution, and also conducts
a real-estate business. On January 1, 1873, he
married Clarissa Swarthout. and to them four
children have been born — Addle. Frank, Jean-
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
ette and Robert W. In politics Mr. Wheeler
is a Republican, and socially belongs to the
I. O. O. F. of Paw Paw.
EBENEZER WOODBRIDGE (deceased) was
born in Salem, Wayne County. Penn., Feb. 22,
1816, son of Joseph and Anna (Mollister) Wood-
bridge, natives of Connecticut, where the
family has been connected with Yale College
in various capacities for many years. Ebenszer
Woodbridge was raised in the State of New
York, became a farmer, and in early life re-
moved to Jay County, Ind., where he was a
prominent pioneer and one of the leading men
for fourteen years. He was always an ardent
advocate of the temperance cause, and while
living in Indiana was one of the Trustees of
Liber College at Portland of the sani,; State.
In 1855 he came to Lee County, 111., where he
was engaged in farming until his death, Dec.
10, 1888. In 1840 he married Eliza S. Ripley,
daughter of John and Diana (Westfall) Ripley,
natives of Connecticut and New Jersey, respec-
tively. Four children were born to Mr. and
Mrs. Wcodbridge, viz.: Sarah, Diana (Mrs. B
I. Hitchcock), Joseph and Egbert (deceased).
Mrs. Woodbridge removed to Dixon ia 1894,
and she and her daughter, Miss Anna Wood-
bridge, are attendants of the Presbyterian
church of that city. The latter is also a mem-
ber of the D. A. R., and Phidian Art Club.
CHARLES W. WAGNER, farmer, Bradford
To^-nship, Lee County, 111., was born in Brad-
ford Township, May 13, 1865, son of Jacob and
Sophia (Reiss) Wagner. He obtained his ed-
ucation in the public schools, and remained on
his father's farm until twenty-three years of
age. In 1888 he married Anna C. Bauer, and
to them cne child — Nellie Deloras — has been
horn. Mir. Wagner owns 160 acres of land in
Bradford Township, which was a gift from his
father. He and his wife are members of the
Evangelical church, and in political views Mr.
Wagner is a Republican. Mrs. Wagner's par-
ents, Wolfgang and Christina (Schobert)
Bauer, were natives of Bavaria, the former
being born May 13, 1825, and died Jan. 9, 1902,
while the latter was born June 5, 1834, and
died May 4, 1897. They were married in their
native country and became the parents of
nine children — all daughters — two of whom
were born before the
in 1S56.
rents came to America
STEPHEN A. WRIGHT, real-estate dealer,
I'aw Paw, 111., was born in DeKalb County, 111.,
Dec. 8, 1866, son of George and Elizabeth
(Scott) Wright, natives of England and Illinois,
respectively. Stephen A. Wright was educated
in the public schools of DeKalb County, after-
wards engaged as a farm-hand, but still later
purchased land, and has since been engaged
in farming, and in the conduct of a general
real estate business. On November 6, 1889, he
married Lillie Fleming, daughter of Peter and
Charlotte (Edmonds) Fleming, and they have
one daughter, Roberta. In 1896 Mr. W^right
moved to Paw Paw, and built his present resi-
dence. In political opinions he is a Republican.
ALBERT WOODS, farmer, W^yoming Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was bora in Belmont
County, Ohio, Feb. 13, 1S48, son of George iml
Susan (Coss) Woods. He accompanied his
parents to Lee County in 1869, and settled
en a farm adjoining the old homestead, where
he has since resided, and now owns 120 acres.
On February 15, 1876, he married Jane Kline,
daughter of William and Nancy (Norman)
KJine, of Belmont County, Ohio, and they have
three children.: Laura M., Walter V. and Wil-
bur A. Mr. Woods is a Democrat in politics,
and fraternally is a member of the I. 0. O. F.
His wife is a member of the Baptist church.
CHARLES E. WEISZ, farmer. Palmyra
Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Ger-
many. March 7, 1848, son of Valentine and
Elizabeth (Bernges) Weisz. His father came
to America in 1855 and settled near Defiance,
Ohio, where Valentine Weisz still resides, his
wife having died when fifty years of age.
Charles E. Weisz came to America in 1859,
locating in Lee County, 111., in 1869, purchased
his present 100-acre farm in 1901. Mir. Weisz
married Ellen McCavett, who died Feb. 27,
1897, leaving one son, Williami C. In 1899 Mr.
Weisz married for his second wife Maria J.
Girton, daughter of Marshall Girton who came
from Pennsylvania in the early '40s and set-
tled in Lee County, and of this union there are
two children. Hazel Gladys and Clark Girton.
Socially Mr. Weisz is a member of the I. O.
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
O. F., and the Knights of the Globe, In politics
he is independent.
CHARLES I. WILL, farmer and stock-raiser.
South Dixon Township. Lee County, 111., was
born in Somerset County, Penn., August 15,
1845, son of Hiram and Keziah (Meese) Will,
natives of Pennsylvania, who located in South
Dixon Township in 18G5, Hiram Will is now
living retired in Dixon, 111., while his wife died
in January, 1903. Peter Will, an uncle of Hi-
ram Will, was a pioneer of Illinois, and Will
County,, of the State, was named in his honor.
On August 17, 1862, Charles I. Will enlisted in
Company F, One Hundred and Forty-second
Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and was as-
signed to the Army of the Potomac, participat-
ing in the following battles: Fredericksburg,
Chancellorsville. Gettysburg, the Wilderness,
Spottsylvania, Bethesda Church, North Ann
River, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Weldon Rail-
road, Hatcher's Run, Fort Steadman, Five
Forks, and the final struggle at Appomattox.
He was discharged in June, 1865. Mr. Hill lo-
cated on his present farm in 1876, and now
owns 400 acres in South Dixon Township. On
Auugst 17, 1870, he married Marietta Moss-
holder, daughter of Jacob and Mary (Flamm)
Mossholder, and to them the following chil-
dren were born: Ida F. (Mrs. Albert Hart-
man), Myrtle M. and Ralph O. Mr. Will is a
member of Dixon Post, No. 299, G. A. R. In
political views he is a Republican.
JOHN W. WEISHAAR. farmer and stock-
breeder, Bradford Township, Lee County, 111.,
was born Dec. 27, 1864, son cf Emrich and
Anna B. (Merbach) Weishaar. natives of
Lauterbach, Germany. Emrich Weishaar was
born Feb. 3, 1834, came to Lee County in 1856,
and on March 9, 1861, married Anna B. Mer-
bach, and they were the parents of four chil-
dren— Emert, John W., Henry and Caroline.
Mr. Weishaar bought land shortly after locat-
ing in Lee County, and at the time of leaving
the farm owned 420 acres. In 1897 he removed
to Ashton, where he has since lived retired.
On Decembei- 5, 1897, John W. Weishaar mar-
ried Augusta. Brunotte, and they have two
children — Emrich August and Martha Annie.
Mr. Weishaar occupies a part (240 acres) of
the farm formerly owned by his father, known
as the "Weishaar-Durhani Shcrt-horn Stock
Farm," and devotes his attention to raising
herds of pedigreed Durham short-horn cattle.
In polities he is a Republican, and has served
as School Director and Constable. In relig-
ious belief he belongs to the Evangelical
church, while his wife is a Lutheran. Mrs.
Weishaar's parents v/ere born in the city of
Hanover, Germany. Her mother died in the
Fatherland, and in 1886 Mr. Brunotte brought
his family to New York, where he died Dec.
19, 1892.
JACOB WERTMAN (deceased), born in Lu-
zerne (now a part of Bucks) County, Penn.,
son of Henry and Anna M. (Krymmin) Wert-
man, natives of Pennsylvania; came to Lee
County, 111., in 1838, and settled on Section 4,
Nachusa Township, where he spent the remain-
der of his life. He was a carpenter by trade,
and was employed in that line several years
after locating in Lee County. February 20,
1851, he was married to Mary E., daughter of
Solomon and Jane Shelhamer, who came to
Lee County in 1837, and to them v,'ere born
four children: Charles, Thomas, Alice and Wil-
lard L. Mr. Wertman died Jan. 23, 1892, and
his wife Feb. 14, 1901. He was a Republican
in politics, and in religious belief a German
Lutheran.
WILLARD L. WERTMAN, youngest son of
Jacob Wertman, has had charge of his father's
farm since 1883, and in 1902 became its owner
by purchase from his father's estate. January
20, 1892, he married Sarah C, daughter of
Alfred and Susan (Lambert) Smith, natives
cf Washington County, Md., who settled in Car-
rol! County, 111., in 1882. Mr. and Mrs. Willard
L. Wertman have had four children: Mary,
Naomi. Charles and Agnes. Mr. Wertman is
a Republican politically and a member of
Franklin Grove Lodges Knights of Pythias and
Knights of the Globe.
ISAAC N. WOODS, farmer, Wyoming Town-
ship. Lee County, 111., was born in Belmont
County, Ohio, Jan. 26, 1856, the son of George
W. and Susan (Coss) Woods. Isaac N. Woods
has been a farmer all his life, and now owns
a farm of 120 acres two and a half miles south
of Paw Paw. 111. He v.^as married Nov. 29. 1883,
to Mary E.. daughter of Alexander and Mary
J. Caruth. and to them six children — Arthur
HISTORY OF LEE COL'XTY.
S29
R., Robert G., Bernice A., Irving G.. Harold E.
and Clifton — have been born. In political sen-
timent he is a Democrat, and in religious be-
lief a Presbyterian, being a member of the
church at Paw Paw.
CAREY J. WHITE (deceased) was born at
Peru, Clinton County, N. Y., April 10, 1835,
the son of Jacob and Sarah (Chandler) White.
Mr. White came to Illinois in March, 1871, mak-
ing his first settlement in DeKalb County, but
later in the same year removed to Wyoming
Township, Lee County, where he spent the re-
mainder of his life as one o^ the leading farm-
ers of that vicinity. In Octobe-r. 1855, he mar-
ried Eunice Cobb, daughter of John and Lydia
(Grandy) Cobb, who were also natives of the
Empire State, and of this union there were
nine children, six of whom survive, viz.: Edwin
J., Elma J. (Mrs. Jacob Fisher), Marion (a
physician of Dixon. 111.), Chandler D., Earl
C. and Merton A. In political sentiment Mr.
White was a Republican. He died March 24.
EDWIN J. WHITE, farmer, Wyoming Town-
ship, Lee County, 111., was borni in Clinton
County, N. Y., July 31, 1856, his birthplace
being in the same house where his father came
into life twenty-one years previously. When
a boy fifteen years of age. he came, with his
parents — Carey J. and Eunice (Cobb) White —
to Illinois, and remained under the parental
roof until 1886, when he went to Nebraska,
where he was employed for two years in rail-
road construction. He settled on the farm
where he now resides, in 1889. In politics, Mr.
White is a Republican, and socially belongs to
the Masonic Order and Knights of the Globe.
JUDGE DAVID \VELTY (deceased) was
born Sept. 30, 1811, in Williamsville, Erie
County, N. Y.; moved to Lee County in 1833,
and from that time until his death — Jan. 13,
1885 — was a prominent citizen of the county.
He was elected Probate Judge in 1854, and
served two terms; also held the office of Drain-
age Commissioner for several years. The
Judge was married in 1834, in Buffalo. N. Y.,
to Seiraphina Scott, and they were the parents
of thirteen children. Mrs. Welty died July 26.
1886.
JOHN WEDLOCK, farmer, Lee Center Town-
ship, Lee County, III., born near Plymouth,
England, Feb. 1820, son of John and Ann Wed-
lock; came to the United States in 1847, and
a year later to China Township, Lee County,
111., and in 1856, located on the farm of 160
acres which he now owns. In 1859, Mr. Wed-
lock married Mary J. Phillips, and to them
were born four children: George, James, Clara
and Vira. Mrs. Mary J. Wedlock died Feb. 6,
1876, and in 1879 Mr. Wedlock married Mrs.
Anna L. Miller, daughter of Robert F. and
Annie Hight, natives of Pennsylvania, who^
came to Lee County in 1846. Mrs. Wedlock
is a member of the Congregational church, and
Mr. Wedlock is a Republican, having cast his
first Republican vote for Abraham Lincoln.
Kyle Miller, a grandson of Mrs. Wedlock, was
reared by Mr. and Mrs. Wedlock, and in No-
vember. 1897, he married Eva La Tier Gentry,
and theyi have two children — Floyd and May.
COL. JOHN B. WYMAN (deceased) v.'as born
in Massachusetts, July 12, 1817. In 1852 he
entered the service of the Illinois Central Rail-
way Company, and assisted in the survey and
construction of that road. At the beginning of
the Civil War, he was appointed Assistant Ad-
jutant General of Illinois, and rendered valu-
able aid in mustering into service the first
six regiments of the State. At Amboy, 111.,
he recruited Company C, Thirteenth Regiment,
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and upon organi-
zation of the regiment, was selected Colonel.
He was mortally wounded at Chickasaw Bayou,
Dec. 28, 1862.
HON. LORENZO WOOD (deceased) was
born in Vermont, in November, 1818. In 1842
he located in Dixon, 111., and Y.'as admitted to
the bar; he was elected County Judge, holding
office until 1852, when he resigned. He was
later Master in Chancery, Internal Revenue
Assessor, and for many years Chairman of the
Board of Supervisors of Lee County. Being
constantly in public life for many years, he
held many minor offices in addition to those
mentioned above. He was present at the organ-
ization of the Republican party at Blooming-
ton in 1856. Fraternally he was a prominent
Mason.
JACOB WAGNER, farmer, Bradford Town-
ship. Lee County. 111., was born in Reichen-
830
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY.
sachsen, Kreis Eschwege. Kur Hessen, Ger-
many. Oct. 28. 1S40, son of George and Maria
(Fischbach) Wagner, In 1855 he came, with
his parents, to Lee Coimty, where his father
died the same year, and his mother in 1870,
being then in her sixty-eighth year. Jacob
Wagner began working in a nursery when
fifteen years of age, continuing until he reached
his majority. He then purchased an SO-acre
farm, to which he made subsequent additions,
until his estate embraced 485 acres. In 1S63
he married Sophia Reiss, daughter of Jacob
and Julia (Schafer) Reiss, natives of Germany.
Mrs. Wagner died in 1883. leaving ten children,
viz.: Martha. Charles, John, George, Anna,
Jacob, Mary, Emma, Sarah, and Minnie. On
February 16, 1887, Mr. Wagner married his sec-
ond wife. Anna Fernou. who was born in Ger-
many, August 26, 1849, and of this union there
is one son, Frederick. Mr. and Mrs. Wagner
are members of the Reformed Evangelical
church. In politics he is a Republican.
GEORGE WOODS (deceased) was born in
Jefferson County, Ohio, Oct. 28, 1820, son of
William and Elizabeth Woods. In March, 1869,
Mr. Woods and his family came to Lee County
and purchased the present Woods homestead
in Wyoming Township. He married Susan
Coss, daughter of Abraham and Margaret Coss,
of Belmont County, Ohio, and they had eight
children: Catherine A. (deceased), Albert,
Mary R., Pinkney L.. Isaac N., Maria L. (de-
ceased). Effie J. and Olive. In political views
he was a Democrat, and in religious belief a
Presbyterian. He died May 4. 1900. and his
v.'idow now resides at Paw Paw. 111.
ALEXIS R. WHITNEY (deceased) was born
at Albion, Orleans County, N. Y., Feb. 22, 1824,
son of Col. Nathan ^^''hitney, who was famil-
iarly known as "Father Whitney." Alexis R.
Whitney came, with his parents, to Lee County
in 1837. and later became prominently identi-
fied with the interests of that section of coun-
try. He was, for many years, proprietor of
the Franklin Grove Orchard and Nursery Farm,
which he established in 1843, and was also
extensively engaged in the manufacture of
cider and vinegar. On August 14, 1851, he
married Mary J. Oakly, bornj in Hudson, N. Y.,
Oct. 10, 183(1. and to them six children were
born: Sarah J., Carrie L., Jessie R., Carrie
Louise, Nathan A. and Mary J. In political
convictions he v.-as a Republican, and was the
first Clerk of China Township, holding office
for six years. Fraternally he was a Thirty-
second Degree Mason. Jlr. Whitney died Dec.
COL. NATHAN WHITNEY (deceased),
knov,-n far and wide as "Father Whitney," was
born in Conway, Mass., Jan. 22, 1791. He came
to Lee County in 1835, locating there perma-
nently in 1837, and shortly afterwards was
elected one of the Commissioners who organ-
ized the County. Mr. Whitney was a promi-
nent and influential citizen, and for many years
took an active part in the development of Lee
County. He became a Mason June 23, 1817,
and was one of the charter members of Friend-
ship Lodge, No. 7, of Dixon; was also one
of the first members to receive the order of
Sir Knight in the Dixon Commandery. The
Nathan Whitney Chapter of Royal Arch Ma-
sons wes named in his honor. He died June
11, 1891.
EDWARD E. WINGERT, attorney. Dixon,
111., was born at Fi anklin Grove. Lee
County. 111.. Nov. 13, 1866, son of Walter J.
and Mary C. (Emmert) Wingert, natives of
Ohio and Maryland, respectively. Walter J.
Wingert came to Lee County in 1852, and is
new a resident of Dixon. Edward E. Wingert
obtained his education in Dixon, and the Uni-
versity cf Michigan, graduating from the law
department of the latter institution in 1889,
and locating in Dixon the same year. For two
years he taught languages in the Northern
Illinois Normal School, and was also engaged
in a similar capacity in the Law School for
three years. He married, in 1892, Bessie E.
Boardman. and to this union there are three
children; Marjorie. Bessie and Edward B. In
political sentiment he is a Republican, and
served as City Attorney from 1890 to 1893, and
again from 1902 to 1903. He is a member of
the Methodist Episcopal church.
CAPTAIN GEORGE E. YOUNG (deceased)
was born in Lee Center, Oneida County, N. Y.,
June 24. 1840. son of Franklin J. and Mary
Ann (Ward) Young, who removed, with their
family to Winnebago County, 111., in 1854.
George E. Young came to Amboy in 1879
HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY
831
where, for many years, he was engaged in the
grocery business. On October 1, 1861, he en-
listed in Company A, Fifty-second Illinois Vol-
unteer Infantry, and served three years in de-
fending his Nation's honor. He was chosen
First Lieutenant at the organization of his regi-
ment, and Oct. 7, 1862, was elected Captain,
holding the command until mustered out of the
service. On August 1, 1883, he married Miss
Julia Tipple, who still survives. In political
viev/s he was a Democrat, and served as
Mayor of Amboy several terms, and v,-as Post-
master of the same city eight years. Captain
Young died at Pamonia, Cal., Nov. 7. 1892.
THOMAS YOUNG, proprietor of the Nachusa
House, Dixon, 111., was born in Dodge County,
Wis., in 1856, son of Thomas and Zemira (Flem-
ing) Young. Thomas Young, Sr.. was born in
Devonshire, England, and came to the United
States in 1830, locating first at Elmira, N. Y.,
where, in 1840, he married Zemira Fleming,
the same year removing to Milwaukee, Wis.,
where he became a manufacturer and real
estate dealer. Here he remained until 184.5,
when he removed from Milwaukee to Beaver
Dam, Wis., where he continued in the manu-
facturing business until 1872. In 1872, as-
sisted by his sons, Oscar A. and Thomas, he
established a number of eating houses at dif-
ferent points — Minnesota Junction and Madi-
son. Wis.: Dixon, 111., and Eagle Grove,
Iowa, on the Chicago & North-Western
Railroad, — which eventually induced him to
locate at Dixcn, 111., where, in 1887, he as-
sumed management of the Waverly House,
which he conducted until 1892. Mr. and Mrs.
Young were the parents of nine children, five
of whcm arej living, viz.: Charles M., Oscar A.,
Thomas, Zemira M. (who is housekeeper for
her brother Thomas at the Nachusa House),
and Leora (Mrs. J. Craney). Mr. Young died
in 1892, and Mrs. Young in 1893. Thomas
Young, Jr., obtained his education in the high
school at Horicon, Wis., and in 1899, in part-
nership with Gerrge Dewey, became proprietor
of the Nachusa House at Dixon. In the spring
of 1893 they sold their lease to a Mr. Orvis,
who retained possession until September, 1899,
when Mr. Young and John H. Schafer became
proprietors. In April, 1900, Mr. Young bought
his partner's interest, and is now sole proprie-
tor of that hostelry, as well as the Assembly
Park Hotel at North Dixon, and the Orient
Hotel at Polo, 111. Socially he is a member of
the Knights of Pythias, Knights of the Globe,
Dixon Club, and Retail Merchants' Association.
S. T. ZELLBR. grain dealer, firm of Zeller &
Hutchison, Ashton, 111., was born in Warren
County, Ohio, in 1853, sen of A. ^. and Maria
(Flickinger) Zeller. When an infant he was
brought, by his parents, to Preble County,
Ohio, where he attended the public schools,
and remained on his father's farm until 1889.
Coming to Lee County in the latter year, he
conducted a grain elevator at Harmon for
twelve years, the greater part of the time be-
ing in partnership with A. E. Hutchinson.
Withdrawing from the firm, Mr. Zeller removed
to Sterling, where he was engaged for a time
in a similar capacity, but on Jan. 1, 1901, dis-
posed of his business at the latter place, and
coming to Ashton, 111., again entered into part-
nership with Mr. Hutchison, when they pur-
chased the Knapp & Jennings Elevator, and the
extensive stock yards adjacent, where stock
is fed in transit on the North-Western Railroad.
Under the firm name of Zeller & Hutchi-
son they conduct an extensive business. In
1881 Mr. Zeller was married in Ohio to Caro-
line Foster, and they have four children, viz.:
Nellie, noiv attending Oberlin Conservatory of
Music, Oberlin, Ohio: Samuel, now a student
in the State University of Michigan; Ruth, and
Ralph. Mr. Zeller is a Republican in political
views, and, while a resident of Harmon, served
as Town Clerk and Supervisor. Fraternally
he belongs to the Masonic Order and M. W. A.
He and his wife are members of the Methodist
church.
SAUK VALLEY CC LIBRARY
i||iiii|ii!l|i|i|U||!1i|il|iil|ll!jllll||llll||lll||
3 1516 00016 2097
F
539
.H62
F
539
.H62
56735
DGHn ^""^ encyclo-
pedia of Tll-f
56735
Historical encyclo-
pedia of Illinois and
history of
Lee County
SAUK VALLEY COLLEGE LIBRARY
R.R. 1
Dixon, IL 61021