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THE
HISTORICAL LIBRARY
or
DIODORUS THE SICILIAN,
iir
FIFTEEN BOOKS.
TO WHICU ARE ADDEB
THE FRAGMENTS OF DIODORUS,
Those published bg H. Vaiesius^ L IthodomarmuSf mid F. Ursinns.
TftANSLATBO IT
G. BOOTH, ESQ.
IN Tff^O FOLUMES.
VOL. II.
• • • •-
LONDON:
yrioM by W. M*DowaD, rembertoo Re ^, Gough Square, Pkct Street*
»0R J, DAVIS, MILITARY CHRONICLE OFFICE, 14, CHARLOTTE STREIT,
BLOOMSBURY; AVD to be had Of THE BOOKSELLERS.
1814,.
r
m
THE NI:■^V YO-(K
242876
A8TCR, LENOX AND
TH-DEN FOUNDATIONS.
leot _
••:..!'
: /i/\.
mODORUS SICULUS.
BOOK XV.
PSEFACE.
HAVING^ throughout the whole work^ used the common and ac*
customed liberty of an historian^ we have both pnused the good, and
condemned the bad, as they have {alien in our way, to the end that
those whose genius and inclination prompts them to virtue may be
the more encouraged to noble actions, in hopes of having the glory
of their names continued to all succeeding generations; and, on the
other hand, that they who are bent to wickedness may be curbed aii4
restrained from the heat, at least, of their impiety, by those marks of
dishonour and disgrace fixed upon them.
Since, therefore, we have brought down our history to the times
wherein the Laced^Bmonians fell by the sudden and unexpected
slaughter at Licuctra, and the like again not long after at Mantinea^
whereby they lost the sovereignty of Greece, we judge it part of our
province to keep close to the former course and method of writing,
and tlierefore by the way in the first place to blame and reprehend
the Lacedaemonians, who justly deserve it: for who cannot but judge
them worthy of censure, and that justly, who, having a well-settled
empire and government descended to them from their ancestors, and
by their valour supported and defended for the space of above five
hundred years, should now in a moment ruin it by their own folly
and imprudence? For they that were before them preserved the
grandeur and glory of their conquests by their lenity and tenderness
towards their subjects; but these, their i)Osterity, by their cruelty to
their confederates, and pride and ambition in making war upon the
Greciaas, most deservedly lost all by their rashuess and inconside-
ntencss. For, those that hated them for the injuries they had bc^
YoL.2. No. 40. M
DI0D0RU9 SICULUS. Book XPi
sasss£sft=====s==s=asaaa9BB5SS=asss=sssS
fore suffered, greedily took the advantage, now they were ]ow> to re-
venge themselves on them as their enemies. And they, whose fore-
fathers were never before conquered, were so much the more despised,
by how much they deserved the greater contempt, who, by their vices,
bad stained the virtue and glory of their ancestors.
The Thebans, therefore, (who for many ages before were forced
to stoop to them as their saperiors), having now (beyond all men's
expectations) conquered the Lacedsemonians, were made chief com-*
manders of Greece : ^ but the Lacedaemonians, after they had once
lost their hold, could never after recover their antient glory and
dignity. But, enough of this; we sliall now return to the course of
our history.
The preceding book, the fourteenth in order, ends with the rum
of Rhegium by Dionysius, and the taking of Rome by the Gauls,
which happened the jrear next before the expedition of the Persians
into Cyprus, agains^Evagonis. We shall here begin this book with
that war, and end it with the year next preceding the reign of Pliilip,
the son of Amyntas.
CHAP. I.
drtaxcrxcs's expedition against Evagoras, in Cyprus. The actioiii
there at sea and land. Tlie Lacedaemonians begin new quanrls
in Greece: asjirst with Mantinca. Dionysius gives himself to
poetry. Peace concluded with Etmgoras by Orontas the Persian
general. Teribazus brought to his trial. Judgment uptm cor*'
rupt judges. Teribazus acquitted*
IN Athens, Mystichides nns archon; and at Home, three tribunes
were invested with consular authority, Marcus Furins, Caius, and
JEmilius, when Artaxerxes, king of Persia, began his expedition ar
gainst Ei'agoras, king of Cyprus* The king had spent much time in
preparation for the war, and raised a great number of forces both
for sea and hind from all parts : for his land-army consisted of thret
lumdred thousand horse and foot; aod he equipped a fleet of above
Chap. L DIODORUS 8ICULUS.
three hundred gallies. Orontas was made general of the land-army^
and Teribazus, a man highly bonotfred among the Persians^ admiral
of the fleet. These headed their armies at Phocea and Cuma^
and descended to Cilicia^ and from thence passed over to Cyprus,
where they very vigorously bestirred themselves for the carrying on
of the war.
In the mean time Evagoras entered into a league with Aeons,
king of Egypt^ who supplied liim with a great number of men, being
liimself then at war with the Persians. He was also privately furnished
with money by Hecatomnus, the governor of Caria, to help him to
hire foreigners. And several other enemies of Persia, some secretly,
others openly, confederated with him in the war. He had, likewise,
many cities of Cyprus under his command^ with whom joined Tyre
in Phcenicia, and other places. Moreover, he had a navy of ninety
sail, of which twenty were from Tyre, and the rest of Cyprus. His
land-army consisted of six thousand of his own subjects, but those
from his confederates were many more ; besides, being richly sup-
plied by them with money, he hired abundance of mercenaries*
And the king of Arabia, and other princes, who were jealous of
the king ol' Persia, sent him great forces. Being thus supported^ he
gpplted himself to the war with great courage and resolution.
And, in the first place, with his privateers (of which he had many)
lie intercepted the enemy's transport-ships, laden with victuals and
provisions, and sunk some, disabled others, and took several besides;
so thai there began to be great scarcity and want of corn in the Per-
sian camp, in regard the merchants durst not sail to Cyprus, where
that great army and body of men were got together. And this oc*
casioned a great mutiny in the army; for the mercenaries, for want
of bread, knocked some of their officers on the head, and filled the
camp with mutiny and tumult to such a degree, that the Persian
colonels, and admiral of the fleet, called Gaos, could scarcely quell it.
The fleet, therefore, was sent toCilicia for provisions, which returned
with a great quantity of corn from thence, by which the camp was
ever after plentifully supplied. But, as to Evagoras, Acoris sent to
him, out of Egypt, money, corn, and all other things necessary, suffi-
cient for his occasions,
Evagoras, finding that his navy was far too weak for the enemy,
furnished out threescore .ships more, and sent for fifty besides from
Acoris, so that now he had a fleet of two hundred sail. And, having
his navy thus bravely furnished and equipped ready for a battle (af-
ter he had some time trained and exercised his men, not without
terror to his enemies) he prepared for a fight at sea. But it hap*
P^aed th^t, as the king's fleet passed by tgwards Citium> failing sudm
DIODORUS SICULU9. JBook XK
denly upon them, in an orderly line of bstrle, he gained by far thie
advantage, fighting in good order with ships in confusion and sepa*
jrated, (apd with premeditation engaging with men surprised and
taken at unawares), he presently, at the first onset, routed them:
for, charging in a body together, upon ships dispersed and in confa-
sioo, they sdnk and took several of them. But afterwards, when the
Persian admiral and other officers gathered up their spirits, they
bravely received the enemy's charge, so that the engagement grew
very sharp, in which Evagoras at the beginning had the better; but
Gaos with great courage bearing in upon him with his whole fleets
the Evagoreans fled, with the loss of many of their gallies.
The Persians, having gained this nctory, mustered both their land
and sea-forces at Citium, where, furnishing themselves with all things
necessary, they went jointly to besiege Salamb, and blocked it up
both by sea and laud. But Teribazus, after the sea-fight, put over
to Cilicia, and went to the king to bring him the news of the victory,
from whom he brought back two thousand talents for the carrying oa
of the war.
Evagoras, before the fight at sea, had routed part of the enemy's
army at land, which much encouraged him to further attempts; but,
after his sad misfortune at sea, and that thereupon he was straitly
besieged, bis spirits ^rew very low. However, conceiving it ne-
cessary to continue the war, he put the supreme power into the
bands of his son Pythagoras, and left him to defend the city, and
be himseli privately in the uight, undiscerned by the enemy, with
ten gallies departed from Salamis, and sailed into Egypt, where,
having audience of the king, he endeavoured to persuade him to
make war upon the king of Persia with all the power he had.
While these things were on foot in Asia, the Lacedaemonians
(without any regard to the league made) decreed to march with an
army against Mantinea, for the reasons' following. There was now
peace all over Greece, by the negotiation of Antalcidas, by virtue
whereof all the cities were freed from garrisons, and governed ac-
cording to their own laws. But the Spartans (naturally ambitious,
And a long time contriving how to begin a war) looked upon the peace
as a heavy burden, and (coveting to gain their antient dominion) be*
gan to endeavour innovations. To this end, by their tools and
creatures, they stirred up seditions in the cities, and thence took oc-
casion to disturb the present state of afiairs. For they who were
freed, and set at liberty to govern according to the laws of their own
country, called them to an accounf who acted as magistrates under
the LacedsBmonians, and, being somewhat severe and sharp, (through
the fresh resentment of the late injuries suffered), they banished
' dap. L DI0D0RU8 STCULU8,
tnany: apon this, the Lacetlsmonians protected those who were de»
pressed by the contrary faction, and restored them by force of arms,
and by that means first imposed upon the weaker cities, and brought
them into slavery; but afterwards they gave laws to cities and places
of great account, uot having kept the league two years together. And
now, because Mantinea was near to them, and full of valiant men, and
by the peace grown very rich, they were jealous of it^ and resolved to
bringdown the lordly spirits of those inhabitants: in the first place^
therefore, they sent ambassadors to them, to require them to demoUsh
their walls, and to settle ihemselves again in those five villages from
whence they antlentiy removed to Mantinea; but their demands be*
ing slighted, they forthwith marched thither with their forces, and
besieged the city.
Upon this, the Mantineans sent ambassadors to Athens for aid,
but the Athenians would by no means do any thing that might be
construed a breach of the public league; so that they valiantly
defended the place, and opposed the enemy with their own forces.
And thus Greece now began again to be embroiled in new wars.
In Sicily, Dionysius, the tyrant of Syracuse, being freed from tbe
war with the Carthaginians, reigned a long time in peace and pros*
perity, and with great intention of mind employed himself in writing
of \erses, and sent for poets far and near, whom he had in high es*
teem, and made his familiars, to whose judgment and opinions he
referred the censure of his poems. Being flattered by these in pane*
gyrics of praise, for their own interest, he grew highly conceited of
himself, and was prouder of his poems than of his conquests. Phi-
lozenus, a composer of dithyrambics, and one familia|[ with him, a
▼ery excellent poet of his kind, when at a feast some of the foolish
Ipverses of the tyrant were recited, he was asked how he approved of
them, who, answering something too freely and plainly, incurred the
tyrant's displeasure; who, looking upon himself abused, (through
envy), commanded his guard to carry him away to work as a slave ia
the quarries. But the next day, through the mediation of friends, he
was reconciled to him : and afterwards, at a feast to which he had
again invited the same persons, when he was in his cups, he highly
extolled his own poems ; and singing some of them, (which he thought
none could excel), he asked what he thought of those? To which he
answered not a word, but called for Dionysius's guards, and wished
them to carry him away to the quarries. Dionysius at that time, for
the jest's sake, put it off with a laugh, thereby (as he thought)
taking off the edge of the reproof. But, not long after, when both
Dionysius and the rest of the poets wished him to forbear that un-
6 DIODORUS SICULUlli BooA XfZ
vBBsameEtmststamesssssss sss=sssss=sssssssasssssssssssss^s=ssstt
•easouable freedom of ceosuriDg, Philozeuus made a promise that
teemed to be a paradox— That for the future he would both speak
the truths and also please Dionysius himself: and he performed his
word; for, when tlie tyrant afterwards recited some verses which set
forth some sad and mournful passages, he asked him how he ap-
proved of them ? He answered —Miserable ! therein performing what
lie had promised, by the ambiguity of the word. For Dionysius un-
derstood it as if he meant, the subject matter of the verses was very
sad and miserable, and set forth very pathetically, which sort of poeqr
was rarely attained unto but by those who were of the higher form of
poets; and therefore he looked upon himself as highly applauded by
bim; but others interpreted what he said with more truth, that (hat
word miserable denoted the badnesj of his verse.
Not far unlike to this was that which happened to Plato the phi*
losopher, whom Dionysius sent for because he was a man eminent
in philosophy, and for some time at the first he greatly honoured him.
But, taking offence at something he said to him, he hated him to
that degree, that he ordered him to be brought into the common
market-place, and there sold as a slave for five minas : but the phi-
losophers (who consulted together on the matter) afterwards redeemed
liim, and sent him back to Greece, with thb friendly advice ^That
a pliilosopher should very rarely converse with tyrants; and whea he
did, he should be of a gaining behaviour.
However, Dionysius went on with his study of poetry, and sent
stage-players that could sing excellently well to the Olympic games^
there to sing his verses, who indeed at the first caught the audi-
tors by the ears with the sweetness of their voices; but, when they
considered further of the matter and composure of the poems, they
went away, and set up a great laughter. When he heard hov^
his verses were despised and hissed off the stage, he fell into a fit
of melancholy, which growing upon him day by day, he raged at
length like a madman, and cried out — ^Tlmt every one envied him»
and were plotting to take away his life, till it came to his. very inti-
mate friends and relations. In this temper he arrived at last to that
height of madness and melancholy, that he put many of his friends
to death upon false accusations, and banished several others, amongst
whom were Leptines, his brother, and Philistus, men of valour and
undaunted courage, who iiad done remarkable service for him in the
war. They fled to the Thurians, in Italy, and were there in great .
esteem among them : but afterwards they were restored to the ty-
rant's favour by his own seeking, and were not only brought back to
Syracuse, but regained bis former good opinion, and enjoyed th^ic
f!ht^. t. DtODORUS StCULUS.
placef of power and aathority as they did before. And Leptioes
HMTiied Dionysius's daughter^ And these were the transactions of
thisyear^
When Dexitheus bore the office of lord-chancellor of Athens, and
liocios* Lacretius, and Servilius Sulpitius, were Roman eonstils,
Evagoras, king ofSalamis, returned out of Egypt into Cyprus, wfaere^
when he found the city closely besieged, and all his confederates to
have deserted him, he was forced to send ambassadors to seek for
terras of peace. Teribazus, who had the sovereign power and com^
BMDd,retamed him this answer — ^That he would make peace with him,
upon condition he would quit all the cities of Cyprus, and be content
only with Salamis, and yield a yearly tribute to the king, and be ob«
aeivant to aH his commands, as a servant to his master: to which
terms^ though they were very hard, he submitted, excepting tliat one
.JTIiat he should be obedient in all things, as a servant to his mas«
ter. But he said, he would agree to be subject to him as one king to
another: which Teribaens would not consent to. Upon this, the*
•ther general^ Orontas^ who envied Tey'basus, sent letters privately
to Aitaxerzes to accuse him : as first*^-.Tbat whereas it was to fat%
power to take Salamis by force, hh waved it, and had treated with the
enemy, in order to bring about some innovations for the oominou ad*
vantage of them both; that he had entered into 9 private league with
the Lacedssmoniansj that he had sent messengers to the oracle at
Delphos, to consult about making war upon the king; and, as a
aoalter of the greatest concern, that he might gain all tiie officers of
the army to be his creatures, he had bribed them with gifts, prefer^
aaents, and many laige promises. When the king had read these
letters, (beiieviog all to be true), he wrote back to Orontas to seize
upon Teribazus, and to send him forthwith to him: whereupon he
executed the command; and, when Teribazus came before the king,
he desired he might be brought to his legal trial, upon which he waa
€H>mmitted into custody; but the trial was long deferred, because the
king presently after was engaged in the war against the Cadusians.
In the mean time Orontas, now chief commander of the army ia
Cyprus, seeing Evagoras courageously defend the place, and pcrceiv-
log his own soldiers discontented with the seizing of Teribazus, and
to slight his commands, and fall off from the siege, fearing some sud-
den misfortune, sent to Evagoras, and a peace was concluded upon
the same terms he would have agreed to with Teribazus. And thua
Evagoras (beyond his own expectation) freed from absolute slavcrv,
entered into a league, upon conditions that he should pay an yearly
tribute to the king, and be sovereign lord of Salamis, and subject to
• Titus.
• DIODORU8 8ICUI.U8. Ihoh XK
ilie king no otherwise than as ooe king to abother. Anil thus ended
tiie Cyprian war^which was span out nearly ten yean, though most oC
that time was only spent in preparation^ and not above two yearaoC h
ib actual war.
But Gaosy the Ticc-admiral of the fleet, who had Boarried the
daughter of Teribazus, was in great pain lest he should suffer aoaoe-
Ihing or other^ out of suspicion of bis being familiar and convenaiit
withTeribazus: therefore he resolved to be beforehand with the kiug^
and to that end, being well furrfished with a brave navy, and having
the love of the sea-captains and oflScers, he began to adviaa and conb*
aider of a defection; and forthwith, without any further delay, en»
tered into a league with Acoris, king of Egypt, against the great
lung of Persia. He stirred up, likewise, the Lacedasmoniaas by his
letters, and, amongst other large and glorious promiaes, he engi^^
lie would assist them in settling their a&in in Greece, and maintain-
log and supporting their soveceignty. And, in truth, the Spartana
laid, aome time before, been contriving how to recover the sovereiga
power over the Grecians, and at that time had given clear indicatkma
4by their disturbances) of their design to enslave the cities. Anck
that which furthered the matter ifras^ they repented of the peace
laade with Artaxerxes, because they were charged and aecused to
liave betrayed all the Grecians in Asia by that league with the king;
Aerefore they were very ready to catch at an opportunity to ranear
ike war, and to that end very cheerfully made a league with Gaoa.
Afiter Artaxerxes had ended the war with the Cadusians, he brooghl
Teribazus to his trial, and referred the cognisance of his cause la three
honourable persons. Near this time some corrupt judges were flayed
alive, and their skins spread round the judgment-seats, that those that
ml there might always have an example before their eyes of the pu-
nishment due to injustice, to deter them from the like.
The accusers, therefore^ of Teribazus produced -against him the
lettera of Orontas, earnestly pressing them as sufficient evidence to
convict him. On the other hand, Teribazus, that he might make it
eindently appear that the accusation was a mere scandal contrived
between Orontas and Evagoras, produced the agreement betweei^
them, whereby Evagoras was to obey the king as a king himself^ and
BO otherwise; and that the terms upon which Teribazus would have
made peace were That Evagoras should be observant to the king
as a servant to his master. And, as to the oracle, he brought all those
Grecians who were at that time present, to testify..Tbat the god re-
turned not any answer relating to the death of any person. And^ as
to the good correspondence between him and the Lacedsemonians,
he declared^ that lie entered into a league with them not for any pri-
Ckaff. L DIODORUS SICULUS. 9
vate advantage of his own, but for the profit and advantage of the
Icing. For by this means (he told them) the Grecians in Asia^ being
divided from ' the Lacedaemonians, were made better subjects, and
more obedient; and, going on with his defence, he put the judges ia
mind of his former remarkable services to the crown.
Amongst those which clearly manifested his faith and loyalty to
the king, and which deserved the greatest commendation, and chiefly
(as was said) won the king's heart, W4S this ^That when the king
was one day in his chariot a-hunting, two lions ran fiercely upon
him, and, tearing the two chariot-horses in pieces, they made at
Um, at which instant Teribazus came fortunately in, killed both the
lions, and so rescued the king. It is likewise reported of him, that
he was a person of 'extraordinary valour, and of so sound and solid a
judgment in council, that the king never miscarried when he followed
his advice.
When Teribazus had ended what he had to say in his own defencfi^
ftll the judges with one voice acquitted him, and pronounced him in-
nocent of all the crimes and offences laid to his charge. But the
king afterwards sent for the judges to him severally, and exaouned
every one by himself, upon what gropnds of law they pronounced the
accused innocent. To whom the first answered-^Tbat the matter
of the accosation was uncertain and dubious, but bis good services
were clear, apparent, and manifest to all. Another said.^That,
though those things objected against him were true, yet that all his
faults were over-ballanced by his deserts. The third justified his
vote to discharge him, by declaring.^That he had no regard to'his
merits, because the king had rewarded them above their deserts; but,
upon strictly examining the nature of every particular charge, it did
not appear to him that the party accused was guilty of any of them.
Upon which the king commended the judges, as just and upright
men, and advanced Teribazus to the highest places of honour. But
as to Orontas, he discarded him, as a false accuser, and noted hin^
with all the marks of ignominy and disgrace* And thus stood afikirs
in Asia at this time.
Vot,2. No. 40.
10 BIODORUS SICULU8» Sook XK
CHAP. n.
3fn9Uviea besieged by tlie Lacedcemanians. Dionysius aims ia
gain the islands of the Adriatic sea. The Parii build Paros^
JHonysius^s expedition into Etruria. Prepares for war against
the Carthaginians. The Sicilians routed at Cronium. The
quarrel beftveen the Clazomemans and those of Cuma, about
Zjeuce. The war between Amyntas and the Olynthians. Th€
LacedtBmonians seize the citadel of Cadmea at Thebes. JSuda^
nddas breaks into the country of the Olynthians.
In Greece^ the LacedsemoniaDd pressed on the siege of Mantinei^
tnd the Matitioeans btavely defended the place all that summer: for
they were reputed the most valiant men of all the Arcadians, and
therefore the Spartans in former times were used to account those
their Purest and truest friends in all fights and engagements. But,
when winter drew on, and the river running under the town swelled
high by the rains, the Lacedaemonians damn^ed up the river with
earth and rubbish, and turned the current into the city; so that all'
the place round about was like to a standing pool; by reason wliereof
the bouses fell down, which amazed them of Mantinea, so that they
were forced to deliver up the city; which, being thus taken, the
citizens suffered no other hardships from the Lacedaemonians, save
only that they were ordered to return to those antient villages
from whence they originally came : they were forced, therefore, to
leave their country, and to settle themselves and their families in the
villages.
About this time Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse had a design to
gain the cities lying upon the Adriatic sea; and that which chiefly
moved him to it was, because he coveted to be master of the Ionian
sea, (as they call it), to the end that he might liave a free and open
passage to Epirus, and to have towns and places for his ships ready
to touch at : for he was every day making preparations to transport
great numbers of forces intoEpirus, and to riSe and plunder the rich
temple at Delphos. To this end he made a league with the Illyriansj
by the help of Alcetas the Molossian, who was then an exile at Syra-
cuse. And, the Illyrians being then engaged in a war, he sent them
two thousand soldiers, and five hundred Grecian arms: the arm»
they distributed amqngst the strongest and stoutest of their mep, and
the aujuliaries they mixed here and there in several of their owi} cobh
€3igp. IL DIODQRUS siculus. 1 1
panies aud regiments. The Illyrians^ having now raised a great
army, made an irruption intoEpirus^ in order to restore Alcetas to his
kingdom, and wasted and spoiled the country without opposition or
coutruul. Afterwards, a sharp battle was fought between them and
the Molossians, in which the Illyrians were victors, and killed above
fifteen thousand of the Molossians, which slaughter of the Epirots
being made known to the Lacedaemonians, they sent them aid, to
curb and bridle the fierceness and cruelty of the barbarians.
During the transaction of these aflfairs, the Parii*, by the encou*
ragemcnt of an old prophecy, sent forth a colony to the Adriatic
coast, where they built Paros, by the help of Dionysius, in an island
60 called. For, not many years before, he had sent a colony thither,
and built the city Lissus; by the advantage of which place (when
he had little else to do, he raised an arsenal for two hundred gallieSj
and walled the town in so large a circuit, that it exceeded in compass
all the cities of Greece. He likewise built stately schools and col-
leges on the side of the river Anapusf^ with temples and other beauti-
ful fabrics, to advance the glory and greatness of the city.
And now ended the year, when Diotrephes, for the next, was air-^
chon of Athens; and Lucius Valerius, and Aulu§ Manlius, were Uo->
man consuls. At i£lis was solemnized the ninety-ninth Oiympiadt
in which Dicon the Syracusan won the prize. At this time the
Parii (who were now seated in the island Paros) walled in the dty
they had built near the sea-side, not in the least injuring the barba«
rians, the antient inhabitants of the island, but allotted them a place
very strong, and excellently well fortified* But this nestling of the
Gxeeks was a great eye-sore to the natural inhabitants; therefore
they sent for the Illyrians bordering upon the continent over against
them, who passed over to Paros in many small vessels, to the num-*
ber of above ten thousand men, and fell upon the Greeks, and killed
many of them. But he who was made governor of Lissus by Die •
oysius, with a great fleet set upon the shipping of the Illyrians, and
took and sunk all of them, killed five thousand of their men, and took
two thousand prisoners*
Dionysius, being now in great want of money, began an expedi«i
tion with threescore gallies into Etruria^, under pretence of scours
ing the seas of pirates, but in truth to rob a famous temple in those
parts, which was very full of rich gifts and.donations. It stood ia
the suburbs of Agylla, a city of Etruria^ where was the arsenal
which they call the Towers, He landed in the night, and, forcing
IP at break of day, accomplished his design; for, there being but a
* l^liroi^ m island of the i£gean set, near Delos. t A river ii) Sivii^,
% Tyrrli^nia b^ the Oratk^ but niitalea.
12 DIODORUS SICULUS. Booh XV.
small guafd in the castle, he easily overpowered them, rifled the tem-
ple, and tooic out ahove a thousand talents.
And, though they of Agylla sallied out to repel the enemy, yet he
routed them, took many prisoners, and, after he had wasted and
spoiled the country, sailed back to Syracuse, where he raised no less
than five hundred talents by the sale of the spoifs. Having thus filled
his cofl^ers, he raised soldiers from all parts, and got together a great
army; so that it was evident (to the apprehension of all) that he de-
signed war against the Carthaginians. And these were the things
done this year.
Afterwards, the dignity of archon was conferred upon Phanostra-
tus, at Athens ; and the Romans made four military tribunes consuls^
Lucius Lucretius, Servius Sulpitins, Lucius*' iEmilius, and Lucius
Furius. At this time Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse, being pre-
pared for the war against Carthage, watched for a fair occasion to
colour and countenance his design, Disceriiing, therefore, that the
cities subject to the Carthaginians were inclined to a revolt, he re-
ceived into his protection as many as would come to him, and entered
into a ieague witli them, carrying himself with great complacency
and winning beimviour. Upon this, the Carthaginians first sent am-
bassadors to him, and demanded the restitution of the cities^ which
being denied, was the occasion of a new war.
The Carthaginians therefore entered into confederacies with their
neighbours, and all joined together in the war against the tyrant.
And, because they prudently foresaw the greatness of the war, they
listed soldiers out of the choicest of the citizens, and laid up great
sums of money, wherewith they hired a vast number of foreigners;
and, having made Mago their general (who at that time bore the
title of king) they transported many thousands of soldiers both into
Italy and Sicily, for they had decreed to make war upon them both
at once. Dionysius likewise himself divided his forces, some again'st
the Italiots, and others against the Carthaginians: whereupon many
light skirmishes happened between parties here and there every day,
but nothing was as yet done of any moment. But there afterwards
happened two great battles that were especially famous and remark-
able, in one of which, at a place called Cabala, Dionysius made him-
self noted for his valour, and louted the enemy, killing above ten
thousand of them, taking five thousand prisoners, and forcing tho
rest to fly to a hill that was fortified, but altogether without water.
In this flglit Mago their general was killed, behaving himself with
great gallantry and resolution. The Carthaginians, terrified with the
greatness of this slaughter, sent forthwith ambassadors to make peaces
• Caius,
Chap. II. DIODORUS SICULU8. 13
with Dionyslus; but he returned them answer^ that there was oxAf
ooe way left for them to Inake peace with him^ and that was, forth-
with to quit all the cities of Sicily, and to reimburse all the charge
of the war. Thb answer was looked upon as harsh and proud;
therefore they betook themselves to their old arts of fraud and deceit:
for they seemed as if tliey allowed of his terms, but pretended that it
was not in their power to deliver up the cities to him; therefore they
desired a truce for some few days, that they might consult with the
Hiagistrates concerning this aflair, which he agreed to. He was
much transported at the truce, havipg now a prospect presently (as
he conceived) to be lord of all Sicily. In the mean time the Cartha-
^nians buried Mago their king with great pomp and state, putting
his son into the same place, who, though he was very young, yet there'
were marks and appearances in him of more than ordinary wisdom
and valour. This new general spent all the time of the truce in
trainini^ and disciplining his soldiers; so that, what with his ds^ily
diligence, exact directions, and frequent exercise of their arms, he
had an army both readily subject to command, and hardy and strong
for service. And now the time of the cessation expired, and the ar-
mies on both sides came hastily into the field; and at Cronium was a
sharp engagement, where God gave the Carthaginians the victory, ta
make amends for their former slaughter. For they who were grown
proud and boasting by their victory a little before, were now as low
and poor-spirited. On the other liand, they who were altogether de-
jected, and in despair, by reason of their overthrow, had their spirits
on a sudden raised by their great and unexpected success : for Lep-
tines, who commanded one of the wings, a valiant man, signalized
himself, and there fell in the bed of honoiu*, after he had made a
great slaughter amongst his enemies; after whose fall the Carthagi-
nians plucked up their spirits^ and at length put their enemies to
flight. Dionysius, with those choice men he had with him, at the
first worsted those that charged him; but, when the death of Leptines
was known, and the other wing was discerned to be broken and dis-
persed, that part of the army with Dionysius fled likewise: upon
which, the whole bo^y betaking themselves to their heels, the Car-
thaginians made a hot pursuit, and gave orders that no quarter siiould
be given; so that, all being killed that came to hand, every place for
a long way together was strewed and covered with dead bodies. Tlie
Carthaginians, in revenge of their former loss, had made so great a
slaughter, tliat, when the slain came to be buried, they were found
to amount to above fourteen thousand Sicilians; and it was by tbe
advantage of night only that the rest esc^iped. The Carthaginians^
14 DIODORUS SICULU8. JSooit XK
wessaBOBaBSsemBBBsaassi ? ■ ==ggaeBBBggsss==aai
having qow gained so great and remarkable a victory, returned to
Panormus: however (as it became men) they used their prosperity
with great moderation, and sent ambassadors to Dionystus, to ofier
him terms of peace, which he readily embraced, and all was eoQ-
cluded upon these conditions ,^That both sides should keep wh^l
they had before the war, save only that the Carthagioians should bav<e
the city and territory of Selinus, and part of the country of Agrigen-
turn, as far as to the river Alycum, and that Dionysius should pay n
thousand talenu to the Carthaginians. And thus stood affiura ia
Sicily at that time.
In Asia, Gaos, admiral of the Persian fleet, who had lebelkd
against the king, after he had engaged the Lacedemonians aDd£gyp<«
tians to his interest, was murdered secretly by some person unknown^
and so failed of his designs. After whose death Tachos, pursuin^p
the same design, got an army together, and built a city upon a high
rock joining to the sea, called Leuce, where he built a.cha[rfe to
Apollo; but he died likewise a little after: upon whose death the
Clazomenians and they of Cuma fell at strife and variance for the
town, which at first they went about to decide by force of arms: but
afterwards, by the advice oi some person, consulting the oracle of
Delphos, to know to which of the cities Leuce should belong, the
prophetess answered — ^That it should be theirs who should first sacri*
fice at Ticuce; but that both should set forth from their cities at the
rising of the sun, upon one and the same day, as they themselvea
should agree upon. Accordingly tlie day was set, and the Cumani
in the mean time looked upon themselves to have the advantage, be^
cause their city was nearer than the other. But the Clazomenians^
though they were more remote, yet contrived this project to gaio
their end : they sent some of their citizens, chosen by lot, to a colony
of theirs not far from Leuce, and from thence, at suu-rising, they
began their journey, and so finished their sacrifices before th^m of
Cuma. Having thus gained Leuce by this trick,, in memory thereof
they appointed an yearly festival, which they called Projihthasia, from
this their coming first to Leuce. These things thus done, all rebel-
lions in Asia were at an end; and the Lacedeemonians now, after the
death of Gaos and Tachos, would have no more to do with Asia, but
set their heads at work how to advance their power in Greece. Andj
having persuaded some of the cities, and forced others to receive their
exiles, they possessed themselves of the sovereignty of the whole^
manifestly against the league amongst all the Grecians, made by Aa*
talcidas, by the help of the king of Persia.
In Macedonia, king Amyntas (after he was overcome by the Illy-
Chef. It. mODORTTS StCULUS. IS
wmaBaamBommmmmmmBBsassssssssssssssssssssssss^^
lians, in despair of being ti6le to help himself) bestowed a large track
of land apon the Olynthians^ which lay near to them^ as never think-
ing to foe restored again to his kingdom. The Olynthians enjoyed
this peace for some time; but, when the kingxecovered strength, and
was reinstated in his former dignity, he demanded restitution of the
land^ which the Olynthians denied. Upon which, Amyntas raised
iMith an army of his own, and entered into a league with the Liace-
demonians, and prevailed with them to send a general with a great
afmy against the Olynthians. The Lacedaemonians, resolving to fiit
in those parts of Thrace, raised an army out of their own citizens and
ooofederates, Xm the number of ten thousand men, over which thej
made Phoebidas, the Spartan, general, and commanded him to join
with Aniyntas, and noake war upon the Olynthians. They sent out
aflother body against the Phssuntines, whom they subdued, and forced
to submit 10 their government.
About this time the two Lacedsemonian kings, having diflerent
aentiiiients, disagreed one with another. For Agesipolis was a lover
of peace, and a just and wise man, and therefore declared against
oppressing the Greeks: for he said that Spar<a would becotme in&-«
nous amongst all the people, if, after they had been instrumental in
makiag the Grecians in Asia slaves to the Persians, they should now
enslave all the cities of Greece to themselves, whose liberties they had
8Wom in the common league to preserve inviolable. On the other
haiMl Agesihus, being naturally turbulent and inclined to war, thirsted
sAer dominion over the Grecians.
AfUrwards, when Menander was lord-chancellor of Athens, and
jiix military tribunes, Quintus Sulpitius, Caius Fabius, Cornelius Ser*
i^lius*, Quintus Servilius, Sextus Annius, and Caius Marcius, bore
the consular dignity at Rome, the Lacedeemonians seized the Cad-
mea, the citadel of Thebes, for the reasons following :.^They had for
■ocne time before considered that Boeotia was full of towns and cities,
and that the inhabitants were men both of stout hearts and strong
bodks; and especially, that Thebes, which continued to that day in
its antient state and grandeur, was even the guard and bulwark of all
Boeotia; therefore they were afraid lest, at some fit opportunity or
other, they should become lords of Greece : for tliis reason they gave
private instructions to their commanders, to seize upon the Cadmea as
•oon as they could spy a fit opportunity. Phcebidas the Spartan ge-
neral, in his march againi^t the Olynthians, (remembering his instruc-
tions), surprised the Cadmea, which so enraged theThebans, that they
• Scfviuj Corneliu?,
i6 DIODORUS 8ICULU9* Bdok XPl
lose in arms^ but were beaten ; and he banished three hundred of the
most eminent citizens, and put all the rest into a great fright: and,
leaving there a strong garrison, marched away in pursuance of the
business he had chiefly in hand.
All the Grecians everywhere complained of the Lacedemonians for
this unworthy act; and they indeed themselves fined Phoebidas for it^
but could not be brought to withdraw the garrison. And thus the
Thebans were robbed of their liberty, and brought under the power
of the Lacedfiemonians. But the Olynthians resolutely persisting in
the war against Amyntas, king of Macedon, Phoebidas was ordered to
lay down his commissioni and Eudamidaa, his brother, was made ge-
neral, and sent away with three thousand heavy-armed men to carry
on the war against the Olyntliians, who, breaking into the their
country, jointly with Amyntas fell upon them ; but the Olynthians be-
ing good soldiers, and overpowering the other in number, beat them
both. Upon t^is the Lacedsemonians raised a great army, and made
Teleutias, king Agesilaus's brother, general, whe was a man of high
esteem among the citizens for his valour, who, as soon as he entered
the borders of Olynthus, was joined by the forces of Eudamidas;
and now, being strong enough to fight the enemy, he first spoiled and
wasted the country, and divided the prey (which he had got together
in abundance) amongst the Soldiers. Afterwards, the Olynthians
marched out with their own, and the forces of their confederates.
Upon which the armies engaged, and at the beginning the battle was
doubtful; but afterwards, the fight was renewed with that extraor-
dinary courage 'and resolution, that Teleutias, bravely acquitting him-
self, and above twelve hundred. Lacedaemonians more, were there
lulled upon the place.. The Spartans, being nettled at this suc-
cess of the Olynthians, made greater preparations, in order to
repair their loss. So, on the other hand, the Olynthians, suspecting
that the Lacedaemonians would bring down greater forces upon
them, and that the war might continue long, furnished themselves
with plenty of corn and provisions, and with other aids from their
confederates.
Demophilus was now archon at Athens; and Publius Cornelius^
Lucius Virginius, Lucius Papirius, Marcus Furius*,' Valerius Au-
liusf, Manlius{ Lucius, and Posthumius Quintus§, military tri-
bunes, were consuls at Rome, when the Lacedaemonians decreed
vnff against the Olynthians, and made their king Agesipolis general
ever an army of force sufficient for the expedition. As soon as bt
* Vtlerius, t Aolun Maalitu. | Luciui. § Fostbamitta.
XJSap.ITL DiODORUs sicuLUSi 17
entered the enemy's country, he joined with those that were en-
camped there, and forthwith fell to action. The Olynthians this year
fought no considerable battle, but kept the king's army in play
<whom they were afraid to encounter) with continual bickering, and
light and frequent skir&ishes.
CHAR III.
Pelopidas sent general by the LacecUsmonians against the OlynthU
ans. A great plc^em Cartilage, 2%e Bwotian war. The Cad-
mea re^taJcen. A confederacy of the cities against the Lacedce-
numians. Cleombrottis attempts to surprise the PinBus at Athens.
The Athenians seize Acta in Eubesa. Agesilaus enters Bcsoiia%
7%e sea-ifight at Naxos*
AFTER the end of the year, Pytheas wSts treated chief magistrate
of Athens^ and six military tribunes bore the consular authority at
Rome, Titus Quintius, Lociu3 S^rvilius, Lucius Julius, Aquilius*
Decius, Lucretius Anchins^, and Servius Sulpitius. At that time was
solemnized the hundredth Olympiad at Elis; in which Dionysiodorus
the Tarentlne bore away the prize. In the mean time Agesipolis^
kingof Lacedaemon, died, in tlie fourteenth year of his reign; and,
his brMher Cleombrotus succeeding him, reigned nine years. But
the Laced&eiMnians constituted Pelopidas general^ and sent him forth
against the Olyuthians. He swore all his soldiers to be true and
feithftil to him, and gained many victories, managing the war with
die ?aldor and conduct that became a good general. At length, im*
pft)ving his good fortune and frequent successes^e drove the Olyn-
thiaiia wt<bin their walls, and^ penning them up, so terrified them,
that he forced them to submit to the Lacedsemonians as their sove^
reigQ lords., As soon as the Olynthians were enrolled among the
coofcderates^f the Spartans> many other cities sought to come under
the same protection. And now the power of the Laccdceiuonians
Was in its greatest strength, as being lords of all Greece, both by sea
and land: for theThqhans were overawed by a garrison; the Corin-
thians and Afgix^^s were tired out with wars one with anothevf and
the Athenian3> for their 'coyetousness and cruelty exercised among
Vol. 2. No. 40. »
18 DIODORUS SICULUS. Sook XK
those they had subdued, were despised by all the Grecians. Oq the
otlier hand, all were afraid of the Lacedemonians^ becaui^ they werv
▼cry populous, expert soldiers, and unwearied in their attempts; in^
Bomuch that the greatest of the princes io those times (I mean the
king of Persia, and DIonysius the tyrant of l^cily) coorted the Spar-
tans, and were ambitious of their alliance.
Afterwar4s,''when Nico governed at Athens, and six military tri-
bunes were created consuls at Rome, Lucius Papirlus, Caius Come-
lius, Lucius Manlius, Caius Serrilius, Valerius Aulius, and Quhitus
Fabius, the Carthaginians entered with an army into Italy, and re-
stored the Hipponiats to their city, whence they had been ex-^
pelled, and kindly received all the exiles tliat came in to liim from
all part^.
Not long after a great plague happened in Cbrthage, which, raging
more and more, swept away abundance of the inhabitants, insomuch
that they were in great danger to have Mst their sovereignty: for tho-
Africans slighted and deserted them, and the inhabitants of Sardinia
(supposing they had now a fit opportunity) revolted, a<nd rose up in
arms against them. Moreover, a remarkable judgment of Cvod fell
upon Carthage at tins time : for the city was all on a sudden in an
uproar, filled with tumult, fear, and horror; and, OMiny running armed
iHit of their houses, <as if an enemy had entered the place), fought,
xWonnded, and killed one another in die streets* At length, the god»
being appeased by Mcrifiees, and they delivered out of their sad
afflictions, they presently subdued the Africans, and recovered Sar*
dinia.
After these things, wbenNausinicus was diief governor of Athens^
and four military tribune^, Marcus Cornelius, Servilius Quintius,
Marcus Furius, and Lucius Quintius, were clothed with the consu-
lar dignity at Rome, the Boeotian war (so oalted) broke out, between
the B(BOtians and the Lacedsmooiaos, upon the accounts folkywing :
.The Lacediemonians, against all law and justice, fbreiUy detained
the citadel of Cadmea, and hafd forced many persons ot fnality to fl;^
out of their own country; the exiles therefore, upon a ^idnite oon^
sultaUon among themselves, (by the helpof the AtheniUBs)^ returned
in the night into their city, and in the first place killed all those tliey
judged had sided with the Laeedsemoniws, surprisfing lhe« in their
houses, while they were asleep; then they stirred up all the tommoa ,
people to appear for their liberties; upon which the whole city of
Thebes readily came in to their assistance, and, getting iat» a body,
surrounded the Cadmea by break of day. In the mean 'dme the La-
cedsemonian garrison that was in the citadel, which eomisted of ao
fewer than fifteen hundred men, sent a messenger to Sparta, to ii^
Cfmp. III. DI0D0RU8 SICULUS. I9
form them of the iosurrection in Thebes^ and to desir^ aid with* all
speed. However^ they from the bastions in the citadel beat off the
besiegers, killing and wounding many. U|K>n this the Tlieban^^
coocludiog that great forces would be brought out of Greece to the
assistance of the Lacedeenionians, sent ambassadors to Athens, t^
put them in mind how they had been assisted by the Thebans at
that time when they rescued their commonwealth from the slavery
they suffbred under the thirty tyrants, and therefore that they should
press them that they would hasten, with all the force they had, to help
them to reduce tbie Cadroea, before any aid came from Sparta.
The people of Athens, as soon as they heard what was desired by
the Thebans, decreed that without delay a strong and -considerable
army should be sent to help them to regain tlieir liberty, both to de-
monstrate their gratitudeJor their former services, and likewise hop*
iDg thereby so to oblige the Thebans as that they should ever find
them fast and constant friends, to assist them at all times against the
growing and boundless power of the Lacedemonians: for the Tlie-
bans were looked upon not to be inferior to any in Greece for num*
ber or valour of men. In conclusion, the Athenians made Demo«
pbon general over five thousand foot and five hundred horse, who
drew out before day next morning; and hastened away with a swift
inarch, that he might be before the Lacedsemonians; however, the
people ot Athens were ready and prepared to march out with all theif
forces into Boeotia, if the Thebans had occasion for them. Demo«>
phon with great expedition (beyond expectation) appeared m view
of them of Thebes ; and soldiers came together with the like zeal and
earnestness from the other cities of Bceotia; so that theThebans had
now a numerous army, consisting of no less than twelve thousand
foot, and about two tliousand horse, and all cheerfully and readily
bestirred themselves to besiege the citadel. The army divided them-
selves into parties, and assaulted the place by turns,, persisting with-
out any cessation night and day. In the mean time, they in the
eastle (encouraged by their officers) bore the brunt with great
courage, hoping to receive speedy succours from the Laced«mo-
; Dians { and, indeed, they valiantly stood it out while they had any vic-
tuals left, killing and wounding many of the assailants, having the
advantage of the strength of the fort; but, when their provisions
grew low, and the Laced^Bmonians lingered in sending relief, the gar-
rison began to mutiny.
For tlie Lacedamonians were for the standing of it out to the last
man, but the auxiliaries from the confederate cities (who were the
greater number) were for delivering it up; so the Spartans, who were
but feWj were forced to sunender the citadel] and^ being dismissed
to DfODORHS SICULUS. Book XPi
VsssaSBSSBSSSSSaSSSSSSS , . ■BgagggggBBBSBaM^M
according to articles, returned to Peloponnesus. At length the
Lacedeemonians came with their army to Thebes; but, having lost
theiropportunity, through the slowness of their march, all was to no
purpose. But they tried three of the officers of the garrison by a
council of war, and condemned two of them to die, and imposed
so great a mulct and fine upon the third, that he was never, able to
pay it. Afterwards, the Athenians returned into their own country,
and theThebans spent much time in vain in the siege of Thespis. \
During these affairs the Romans sent a colony of five hundred citi-
zens into Sardinia, upon terms of being free from tribute.
Afterwards, when Callias was lord-chancellor of Athens, and four
military tribunes, Lucius Papirius, Mar.cus* Publius, Titus Cx>rne-
liusf, and Quintus Lucius^, were honoured with the consular dig^
nity at Rome, (after the Lacedemonians iia^ miscarried at Thebes),
the Boeotians took courage, and, entering into associations, raised a
great army, because they foresaw that the Lacedaemonians would
presently enter with a strong body into Boeotia.
The Athenians likewise sent persons of the greatest quality amongst
them to persuade the cities subject to the LacedsemonjaDS not to ne-
glect the present opportunity now ofiered to recover their liberties &
for, indeed, the Lacediemonians were grown to that height, that they
lorded it with great pride and oppression over their subjects; there-*
fore many of them were inclined to comply with the Athenians. The
first that made a defection were those of Chios and Byaantium, after
them Rhodes and Mitylene, and some other islands. And now the
commotions and disturbances of the cities of Greece more and more
increasing, many of them joined with Athens; upon which the
people of Athens, encouraged by this confederacy, decreed a general*
diet or senate of some chosen out of every city from among all their-
allies, to consult of the present state of affairs. And it was agreed
by common consent, that the senate should sit at Athens, and that
every city, whether great or small, should send only one representa--
tive, and every one should be governed by their own laws, but under
the conduct and administration of the Athenians.
However the Lacedemonians, though they saw the current and
tide so strong as tiiat they were not able to stem it, yet they endea-
voured all they could by fair words, and many specious promises, to
court the deserters to return to their obedience, not neglecting in the
mean time to prepare for the war, inasmuch as they discerned that it
would he great and of long continuance, in regard the Athenians and
other Grecians (met together in that public assembly) all joined witk
the Thebans.
* Pub)iu4. I Coni«liuf Tito, | Lucius Quiutios^
Chap. m. DIODORUS SICUItTS. SI
Whilst these things were acting in Greece, Acoris^king of Egypt^
for some time before bearing a gra(}ge to the Persian king, raised %
great army of foreigners from all parts : for, giving large pay, and
being otherwise Tery bountiful, he got together a great number of
Grecians io a short time, who listed themselves into his service. Bu^
wanting a skilful general, he sent for Chabrias the Athenian, an ex*
cellent commander, and one liighiy honoured for his valour, who un-
dertook the employment, but without the consent of the people^ and
so prepared himself with all diligence for the war against the Per-
sians. But Pharnabazus (declared commander-in-chief by the king)
having made great preparations of money for the war, sent messen-
gers to Athens to complain against Chabrias, letting them know,
that, by his accepting of the chief command under the king of Egypt,
he had greatly alienated the king of Persia from the' people of Athens.
Then he demanded that they would send to him Iphicrates, to assist
him in the command of the army. Upon this the Athenians (who
2Dade it their great concern to stand right in the king's good opinion,
and to- keep Pharnabazus firm to their interest) without delay re-
called Chabrias out of Egypt^ and commanded Ipliicrates to assist
the Persians.
The Lacedaemonians and Athenians some years before had struck
up a peace amongst themselves, which continued to this very time.
But after that Sphodrias was made general by the Spartans, (a
man of a proud and haughty spirit, rash, and headstrong), Cleombro-^
tus, the Lacedaemonian king, urged liiin on to surprise the Pirseus at
Athens without the assent of the EphorL To this end, being fur-
nished with ten thousand heavy-armed men, he attempts to enter the
Pireeus in the night; but, the treachery being detected by the Athe-
nians, his project came to nought, and he returned as he came: and,
though he was brought before the senate at Sparta for this rash an(l
inconsiderate action, yet, being patronised by the kings, be was,
against all law aud justice, discharged. [The Athenians^ being in-
censed with this apparent abuse, published a, decree—That, in-
asmuch as the Lacedsemonians had openly violated the league, that
war should be made upon them for the repair of the injury. To
this end, therefore, Timotheus, Chabrias, and Callistratus, (men of
great account in the city, who were made generals for this expedi-
tion), were commissioned to raise twenty thousand foot of cors-
leteers, and five hundred horse, and to equip a fleet of two hun-
dred sail.
The Athenians likewise brought the Tliebans, as members, into
the public senate, upon the same terms and conditions with the rest.
It was also enacted, by the sufirage of the senate ...Tliat the lands
piODORUS SICULU9. B&ok XK
wbieh had be€D divided by lot should be restored to the antient pro-
prietors; aod that no Athenian should ehallenge a right to a»j
lands that ky out of Attica. By this fair dealing the Athenians re-
gained the lore of the Grecians^ and again strengthened themsehrcs
in their government. And this was the cause which moved manj
other cities of Greece to side with the Athenians. The chiefest eiticv
of Eubcea (except Acta) with great heat and zeal entered into an
Ittsoeiation with Athens, But, in regard they of Acta had received
many kindnesses from the Lacedsemonians, aod, on the other hand>
bad been grievously oppressed and harassed by the Athenians, they
bore an implacable hatred towards the one, and stuck close and
jrm in their alliance to the other. In the whole, there were seventy
cities that entered into this confederacy and association, all Which
bad Toices upon the same terms and conditions in the senate* So
that the forces of the Athenians increasing every day, and those of
Sparta decreasing, these two cities began now again to lie in equal
bftllaince.
. The Athenians therefore (who saw all things go forward accord-*
iDg to tiieir heart's desire) transported forces into £uboea, both ta
fix their confederates, and to suppress their foes. In this island ooo
Neogenes, a little before these times, with the assbtance of Juson
irf'Pheris, with a band of men, had seized upon the citadel of Acta^
and declared himself king of those parts, and of the city C^opus^,
But, governing proudly and tyrannically, the Lacedaemonians sent
Therippidas against him, who at the first would have persuaded hioi
by fair means to leave the castle; but, when he could not be sa
wrought upon, he stirred up the inhabitants near adjoining to recover
their liberty, and took the castle by storm, and restofcd the Oro^
pians to their former freedom. For this reason the Hestismos al**
ways loved the Lacedseroonians, and kept a firm league of friendships
irith them. But Chabrias, the general, with the forces sent from
Athens, wasted and spoiled the country of the Hestisans, and
walled Metropolis, (as it is called), situated upon a hill naturally
fortified, apd left there a garrison; and he himself sailed to the Cy^
clade islands, and reduced Pepar^thoa i^id Spiathos, and others sab«
ject to the Lacedemonians.
When the LacedsBmonians saw that they could not pnt a stop to
the defection of their confederates, they laid aside their severity, and
took other measures to win the cities by more gentle methods : and
by these means they gained upon those of their confederates that wero
yet left. And because they discerned that the war was coming on>a<«
* Id EuboM, now N«gropont»
— ggBegB—aaagga— ■BBeaac vum i ■.■.,.. . .iggggga— fc— gjaaegfeggi
pace, tod that great eare'was required for the maniigeaient ef their
•ftiiB, asKMig other preparations, they diligently applied themsdves to
put their army into a better posture, and more aptly to dispose of
tkeir tioops and regiments, aod to have their forts and garrisons move
iuthfoUy kept and secured: for tfiey divided their cities and soldiers,
nised diere Cor the present war, into ten parts: the first were Lacc-
dmaooians; the second and third. Arcadians; the fourth, Elians;
the fifth, Acfaaians; the sixth, Corinthians and Megarensians; the
•eventh, Sicyoniaos, Phliastaos, and Actaaos; the eighth, Aear^
oaiuans; the ninth, Phocians andLocrians; the last^ Olynthians and
4BoaiMlerates of Tltface. The manner and way of thrir order and
■nnhalUng was this: one corsleteer, or Keavy-armed soldier, wbb
aceouated equal to two lightly armed; and one horseman to fbnr
beavy-Mmed footinen. The army thus disposed, king Agesilaus waa
made generalissimo t for he was famous both for his valoiir and pra*
deoee, and never had been worsted in any encounter to ttiat veiy
tioMB; for, as he wa» highly admired in other wars, ao in the war
fay die LacedfleiiKinianB against the Persians, he routed armies Car
greater than bis own, .nnd bore down all befopre him, wasting and
qpoiing A great part of Aeia; and if the Spartans had not called him
• home ^throc^ the urgency of aflains in his own country) he had not
beco far from ruining the whole kingdom of Persia; for he was ^
aBMmery brisk and daring, and yet withal prudent^ addicting faim^
self' togt«at and noble actions; and therefore the iSjpartans fwhed
die gieatness of the war required a skitftil commatilder) chose h&m
la be genemt above all others.
Upon which, Agesilaos entered Boeotia with above eighteen thou-^
aaiid foot, amongst whom were five regiments of Lacedesmoniana^
every regiment consisting of five hiibdred. ' The Lacedaamoniaa
band called the Scirite^, joined not With the rest ot the army; but
kept Hbcir proper post round about the king, and always were ready
lo suceour that part that was most prest upoti* And because it waa
made tip of the best soldier^, it was of the greatest esteem of any
pMt of the army, and most commonly instrumental to the gaining
of every victory. Besides tl^e foot before mentioned, Agesilaus had
with him fifteen hundred horse. As soon as he came to Tliespis (a
Lacediemonian garrison) lie encamped near the city, to refresh hie
army after their long march.
When the Athenians heard that the Lacedaemonians, hadientejed
into Boeotia, they forthwith sent five thousand foot and two hundred
horse to the aid of Tliebes. The Thebans liaving niustered and ren-
dezvoused their forces, possessed themselves of a hill which ran out
• Thcso were comifionly 9\t huDd*«d.
' iM biODORUS sicuLus; JBdok XK
II great lengthy distant twenty stages from the city, and posted them-
selves there for the advantage of the ground, (being difficult of ac*^
cess), and there waited for the enemy: for the great reputation of
Agesilaus did so terrify them, that they durst not engage with him
upon equal terms in the open field. Agesilaus now advances with
his forces against the Boeotians; as soon as he came near the enemy,
(to make trial whether they had a mind to fight) he sent out against
them some light-armed men, which were soon beaten back by the
Thebans from the higher ground: upon which, to strike them with
more terror, he drew out his whole army In battalia upon them.
Whereupon, Chabrias the Athenian, commander of the mercenaries^
ordered the soldiers to appear in a posture of defiance to the Lacedo
monians: and to that end to stand to their ranks and orders, with
their shields laid down at their feet, and with their speavs advanced,
so to present themselves to the view of the enemy, which they obeyed
at the first word of command. Agesilaus admiring their excellent
order, and contempt of their enemies, thought it not safe to attempt
to force up those steep places, and to try their valour at such disad-^
vantage, having experienced, that by violent pressing upon thero^
they would be necessitated to stand it out to the utmost extremity.
Therefore he did all he could to provoke them to descend into the
open plain; but when he could not get them to stir, he sent out a
phalanx of foot, and a party of light horse, and wasted and spoiled
the country without controul, and got together abundance of prey
and plunder. But those that were ordered to attend upon AgesUaus
as his council, and the colonels and [captains of the regiments won-*
dering that he, being ever accounted a valiant man, and a good sol-
dier, and now furnished with an army far stronger than the enemy^
should notwithstanding wave an engagement, Agesikus gave them
this answer .^That now the Lacedaemonians were conquerors without
fighting, since the Thebans durst not move out of their place to
give a stop to the spoiling of their country: and if he should force
them to fight after they had willingly yielded the victory, the un-
certain fortune of war might be such as might on a sudden ruin the
Lacedsemonians. The man by this conception seemed modestly
to foretel the event; for, that which followed after did clearly evince
•.i^That what he said was the oracle of God^ and not the mere voice
of a man: for, the Lacedaemonians within a short time after, when
they set upon the Thebans with a numerous army^ and forced them
to fight for their liberties, involved themselves in unspeakable cala*
mities; for, in the first place, when they were routed at the battle
gf Leuctra, a great number of their citizens were cut oS, amongst
wbon was their king Cleombrotus* And afterwards at the battle of
Chmp. III. DIODORU3 SICULUS. 35
MaDtinea they were utterly ruined $ and (beyond all men's thoughts
of any such thing) quite lost the sovereignty of Greece For, in this
fight (especially) fortune made it her busines to bring swift destruc-
tioD upon the proud and haughty, and to teach men not to aspire be*
yond the bounds of moderation and modesty. So that Agesilaus
acted prudently in being content in his former good success, and
preserving his army entire without loss or prejudice.
Some time after, Agesilaus marchod back with his army into Pe-
loponnesus; but theThebans, now delivered from the danger they
were in by the conduct of Chabrias, highly admired his witty strata-
gem ; who, though he had performed many noble exploits in the wars^
yet he gloried more in this than in all others before, and by the fa«
TOur of the people procured statues to be erected in memory of the
project, representing the thing as it was done.
The Thebans, after the departure of Agesilaus, set upon Thespis, ■
and killed the guard, which consisted of two hundred men; but
making several assaults upon the city, though all in vain, th>y drew
off, in order to return with their forces to Thebes, Upon which^
Phebidas, the Lacediemonian, the governor of Thespis,( who kept the
place with a strong garrison), made a sally upon the Thebans in their
retreat, and through hi3 pressing on too rashly, (after many wounds
received,and signalizing his valour), he lost his own life, and the lives
of above five hundred of his fellows.
Not long after, the Lacedemonians marched against Thebes with
the same army: and then again theThebans possessed themselves of
some other places th^t were of difficult access, by which means
they did indeed hinder the wasting and spoiling the country, but
dared not at first to engage with the enemy in the plain. But up^
on the appearance of Agesilaus in the Van of the army, they be*
gao to march slowly towards him, and after a long time, the armies
at length engaged With great heat and fury. At the first Agesilaus
had the advantage : but when he discerned the whole city of Thebes
to sally out upon him, he sounded a retreat : whereupon the The-
bans judging themselves nothing inferior to the Lacedeemouians,
erected a trophy, and never after hesitated to engage with the Spartaus.
And this was the issue of the fights by land.
But about the same time there was a great fight at sea, between
Naxos and Paros, upon this occasion : Pollis, the Lacedaemonian
admiral, had intelligence of a great quantity of corn that was pass-
ing by sea to Athens; upon which, he made it his busihess to lie in
wait to surprise the transport ships. The Athenians being informed
of the design, sent out a fleet to guard the ships loaden with the pro-
visions, and brought them all into the Piraeus.
Vol. 2. No.40, s
«6 DIODORUS SICULUS, Book XV.
After this, Chabrias the Athenian admiral sailed with the whole
fleet to Naxos, and besieged it, and battering it with his engines^
used his utmost endeavours to take it by storm : but while he was
earnest in prosecuting his design, Pollis the Lacedaemonian admnral
came up with his fleet to the assistance of the Naxians: upon which
the fleets engaged, chargine one another in a line of battle. Pollis
had a navy of sbttv-five sail, and Chabrias eighty-three. Pollis ia
the right wing valiantly char /red the Athenians in the left, commanded
by Cedon the Athenian, whom he killed, and sunk his vessel. He
fell likewise upon others, and broke some of them in pieces with the
beaks of his ships, and put the rest to flight. Which Chabrias dis-
cerning, he ordered some ships near him to the reli#f of those that
were overpowered, and so rescued them. H^ himself, with the great-
est part of the fleet under his command, with great valour broke in
pieces and took many of the enemy's gallies. But however, though
he obtained the victory, and put the enemy's whole fleet to flighty
yet he would not pursue, remembering the battle at Arginusas,where^
though the Athenians were victorious, yet the people, instead of a
reward, put the othcers to death, only because they did not bury their
parents who were killed in that fight. Fearing therefore the Kke fate,
he waved the pursuit, and took up the citizens swimming and float-
. jng here and there, and so preserved those that were alive, and or*
dered the dead to be buried. In this battle the Atheniao^ost eigh-^
teen gallies, and the Lacedemanians four-and-twenty] eight were
taken with all the men.
Chabrias, crowned with this glorious victory, returned with great
and rich spoils to the Piraeus, and was received by the citizens with
great honour and acclamation. This was the first victory at sea
gained by the Athenians since the Peloponnesian war; for, at Cnidus
they prevailed not by the strength of their own forces, but by the as-»
distance of the king of Persia.
While these things were acted in Greece, Marcus Manlius was
put to death at Rome for aspiring to the monarchy.
Ckap. IV. DIODORU9 SICULU8. ^
CHAP. IV.
7!%t TribalUans make incursions into Thrace. Chabrias the Athe^
nian general assassitiated. The Tkehans rout the Spartans ai
Chrchonsenus. Artaxerxes seeks to make peace among the Gre \
dans. Peace concluded. The Thebans only disagreed. The
vommendatioH of Eiyaminondas. Sedition^ in several cities of
Greece.
WHEN Cbariander was arclion at Athens, and Servius Su1pltiuS|
Lucius Papirius, Cornelius Titus^, and -Marcus Quintius-f, four
military tribunes, were in. consular dignity at Rome> the hundred and
first olympiad was celebated at EHs, and Damon of Thurium bore
away th^ prize. At that time the TribalUans in Thrace (being in great
scarcity <rfcorn) made an incursion with tliirty thousand armed men,
into the territories of their neighbours to get provisions. To that end
they entered the borders of the Abderites in another part of Thrace»
and wasted and spoiled the country without any oppositions and hav-^
ing kiaden themselves with abundance of plunder> they returned so
carelesly and disordei ly, as that the whole city of Abdera falling up-
on them when they were scattered and dispersed, killed above two
thousand of them. To revenge which, the exasperated barbarianji
made a second inroad into the country of the Abderites. But they^
being encouraged by the late victory, and strengthened with the as->
sistance of the neighbouring Tliracians, drew up in battalia against
the barbarians. The armies furiously engaged, when on a sudden
the Thracians drew off and left the Abderites to themselves, who
were presently hemmed in by the barbarians, and almost every man
cut off.
As soon as this grievous slaughter of the Abderites was noised a-
broad, and they were now ready to he besieged, Cliabrias the Athe
nian arrived, with his army, and not only delivered the Abderites,
but drove the barbarians out of the country: and, after he had
strengthened the city with a strong garrison, he was basely assas-
sinated, but by whom was not known. Upon this, Tiinotheus was
made admiral of the Athenian fleet, and, sailing to Ccphalenia, he
blocked up the city with his navy, and wrought *ipon the cities of
Acarnania to side with the Athenians. Piesently after, he entered
into a league with Acetas, king of the Molussians; atul now, having
in his power all the countries subject to the cities in those parts, li<p
' * Marcui Cornelius. t Titus Quintius.
n DIOI^RUS SICULUS. BookXPl
routed the Lacedemonians in a sea-fight at Leucades; and all thb
he did in a very short time, and with much ease, partly by fiur words,
and partly. by force of arms and his excellent conduct; so that he not
only gained esteem and reputation amoAgst bis own fellow-citizens^
but likewise amongst all the Grecians. And thus was it with Time-
tbeus at this time.
Duribg these transactions, the Thebans (with fi?e hundred of the
most valiant men of their city) marched against Orchomenos, and
^rformed an exploit worthy of memory. The Spartans kept this
city with a strong garrison, and, making a sally upon the Thebans,
there was a sharp encounter, in which they routed the Lacedsemo*
Diansj though they were double in number, which never happened to
them before in any age; but the thing might have been borne well
enough, if they had been few, and had been conquered by the far
greater number. Henceforth the courage of the Thebans increased,
and they grew every day famous for their valour; and now it was
apparent, that they were likely to gain the sovereignty of all Gpreece.
As to the writers of this time, Hermeias of Methymna ends bis history
of the afiiiirs of Sicily with this year, comprehended in ten, but, as
otliers divide them, in twelve books.
The year following, when Hippodamus was chief magistrate of
Athens, and four military tribunes, viz. Lucius Valerius*; Crispusf*
I^Ianlius, Fabius Servilinst, and Sulpitius Lucretius§, were Romaa
consuls, Artaxerxes used his utmost endeavour to quiet all things ia
Greece, that he might raise the more mercenaries for the carrying oo
the war against the Egyptians: for by this means he hoped the Gre*
cians, being freed from domestic broils, would be in a condition to as-
sist him abroad. To this end,, he sent ambassadors into Greece, to
negotiate in this afikir amongst all the cities. And this embassy was
very acceptable to the Grecians, who were nearly tired out with con-
tinual wars; so that a general peace was concluded upon these condU
tions — That all the cities should for the future be governed by their
own laws, and all the garrisons be withdrawn. And there were cer-
tain Grecians appointed as commissioners to see the garrisons drawn
out ; who accordingly went to every city where there was any soldiers,
and ordered them to leave the place.
In the mean time, the Thebans only, through every town, disa-
greed to these terms, and exempted all Bceotia, as tributary only to
themselves : but the Athenians opposed this with all earnestness, and
this affair was banded in the common assembly of the Greeks, by
Callistratus, a tribune of the people, on the behalf of the Athenians,
* * Lucius Valerius Crispui. t Aulus Manlius. X Servius SuIpitiuK.
i Lucius Lucretius.
Chap. IF. DTODORUS SICULUS* S9
mod by EpamiDODdas on the behalf of the Thebans; after which, all
the rest of the Grecians persisted in their resolution to stand to the
league, leaving out the Hiebans, who (relying upon the wisdom and
pradenee of Epaminondas) boldly opposed the decree made by the
general assembly.
For, seeing that the Lacedemonians and Athenians .had been all
doog hitherto contesting for the sovereign command of Greece, and
at length had agreed upon these terms — ^That the Lacedsemoniant
should have the command at land, and the Athenians at sea, thejr
mete veiy uneasy to think that now a third should carry away the
•oveieigDty from them both; for which reason they would not allow
the cfdes of Boeotia to be under the power of the Thebans. But the
Thebans {who were men of strong bodies and stout hearts, and had
lately beaten the Lacedemonians in several fights) bore themselves
very high, and were in hopes to gain the sovereign command at land.
Neither were they frustrated in their design, for the reasons before
neotiaoed, and likemse because they had at that time many exceU
lent officers and valiant commanders, amongst whom the most fiti-
SDOus weie Pelopidas, Gorgias, and Epaminondas; which last was
Slot only the best and most expert commander of any of his own
country, bat even of all the Grecians^ and was likewise a man of
gveat learning in the liberal sciences, and especially in the Pytha-
gorean philosophy; beings besides, of excellent natural parts, and
SBOther-wit, it was no wopder if he exceeded others in performing
diose things that were more than ordinarily remarkable. For, with a
small body of men^ he engaged with the whole power of the Lacede-
SMmians and their confederates, and so routed those (formerly un-
eonquerable) warriors, that he killed their king Cleombrotus, and cut
off almost the whole army of the Spartans. And, by the advantage of
his fisgular wisdom, and virtuous and liberal education, such things
ivere performed by him as were admirable beyond all expectation; of
which we shall speak more fully hereafter, when we come to treat
IMUticularly of those things.
But now, to return to the course of our history. It was agreed—
That every city should govern according to their own laws; but
presently after, all the cities were again involved in great tumults and
seditions, especially those iu Peloponnesus. Some few of these had
been enslaved in the late domineering time, and, being now restored
to their democratical government, they made but ati ill improvement
of it; for they banished many honest citizens that were falsely ac-
cused, and as unjustly condemned; and, by the prevailing power of
ihe seditious, nothing was more frequent than banishment and con-
fiscation of goods, and those chiefly were the sufterers that had been
so DIODORUS 8ICULU8. Book XK
magistrates in the time of the LacedernQQiaii government; for, be*
cause in those times they carried it something imi>eriousIy towards
the people, not with that regard to justice as they ought, now that the
commonalty were restored to their liberty, they too much resented
their former injuries.^
The exiles, therefore,, of Phialia were the first that consulted and
joined together, and seued upon Herea, a strong and well fortified
castle, and from thence made frequent incursions into the territories
of Phialia; and, at the time when the feasts of Bacchus were cele-
brated, (upon the sudden), they rushed upon the people in the theatre,
and cut many of their throats, having before persuaded a consider*
able number to join with them in this wicked confederacy; and
afterwards they returned to Sparta. Then the exiles of Corinth, who
were in great numbers at Argos, determined to force their own re-
turn. In order hereuntp, some of their servants and friends were re-
ceived into the city; but the thing being discovered to the magis-^
trates, they could not lie long concealed, but, being just ready to be
seized (through fear of punishment) they killed oncf another. But
the Corinthians, upon suspicion that many of the citizens were con-
cerned in the plot, put several to death, and banished others*
In the city of Megara, likewise, some were contriving how to
overturn the government, who, being convicted of the treason, many
were put to death, and not a few banished* 1^, at Sicyon, many wcra
executed upon a fuU conviction, for endeavouring to bring in inno-
vations. At length many of the Pbialian exiles, having seized upon
a castle in that territory, got together a great army of mercenaries^
and fought with the townsmen, and got the day, having killed above
three hundred of the Phialians. But, not long after, the exiles were
betrayed by their guard, and routed by them of Phialia, with the loss
of six hundred men; and the rest, being forced out of the country,
fled to Argos. And such' was the miserable condition of Peloponnesus
at that time.
Chap. V. DIODORUS SICULU8. . SI
CHAP. V.
The Persiam send an army into Egypt^ to redjuce the revoUeHk
Jphicrates a skilful commander. Sedition at Zacynthtu. Plat<ea
razed by the Thebans. TTie Lacedcsmiomans seize upon the
island Corcyra: relieved hy the Athenians under Ctesias. Emi»
goras murdered in Cyprtis by an eunuch. Dreadful earth*
quakes and innundations in Peloponnesus. A great comet seen m
mjrreecem
SOCRATIDRS the ensuing year was arohon at Athens, and Quintal
Crassus^, Servilius Cornelius, Spurius Papirius, and Fabius Albusft
four military tribunes, executed the office of consuls at Rome. At
that time the king of l^ersia marched against the Egyptians (who had
revolted some time before). The army was commanded by Phf^'na-
bazus, and lj#hicrates the Athenian; the barbarians by Phamabazus»
and twenty thousand mercenaries by Iphicrates, who was in so much
favour with the king for his excellent conduct, that he intrusted him
with that command. Pliarnabazus Iiad spent many years in prepara*
tion for this war.-
Iphicrates, therefore, knowing the readiness of liis tongue, and the
slowness of his actions, one day accosted him in this manner-^That
lie wondered that one who was so voluble in his speech, -should be
so slow in his actions. To which Pharnabazus answered-JThat he
was master of his words, but the king of his actions. When the
Icing's forces came to Acest^ in Syria, and wer^ there musteredt
there were found two hundred thousand barbarians, to be under the
conduct of Pharnabazus, and twenty thousand Grecians, under
the command of Iphicrates. The number of the navy was three
bundred gallies, of three tier of oars on a bank, and two hundred of
thirty oars a-piece, and a vast number of transport- ships, to caiiy
provisions, and other things necessary for the army.
About the beginning of the spring the officers, with all the forces
both at sea and land, made for Egypt. When they came near to the
river Nile, they found the Egyptians ready, and prepared for bat-
tle; for Pharnabazus had been very tedious in this expedition, and
had given the enemy time enough to prepare for their defence : for
it is the constant practice of the Persian generals (in regard they
have no absolute power) upon every special occ^Siioa to seqd to the
* Serviliu9. t J^ucios i£iiirliiuu t Ace, or Ptolemais, in Phoenicii.
38 DIODORUS SICULUS. BookXV.
king, to know his pleasure, and to stay till they receive his piirticuUur
direction.
In the mean time, Nectanabis, the king of Egypt, had perfect
knowledge of the strength of the Persian forces; but be placed hi^
greatest confidence in the strength of his country, the entrance into
Egypt being very difficult on every side, and the passage bk>cked both
by sea and land by the seven mouths of the Nile. For at every mooth
Where the Nile falls into the sea, was a city built, with large forts or
castles on each side of the river, joined together by a bridge of tim-
ber, which commanded all ships that passed that way, and, of all
these, he had most strongly fortified Pelusium; for, being the next
frontier town towards Syria, they conceived the eneipy would first
attempt to enter into the country that way : therefore they drew a
trench round the city, and, where there was a place whereat aay
vessels might in any probability enter, there they raised walls to ob^
struct thcipassage; and, where there were any fords by which the
way lay open into Egypt by land, he brought the water over them;
and, where any ship might pass, he filled up those places with stones
and rubbish : by which means it was very difficult, and scarcely pos-
sible, either for ships to sail, or horse or foot to march. Pharna^i-
bazHs's officers, therefore, seeing Pelusium so strongly and wonder^
folly fortified, and well manned, thought it most advisable to for-
bear to attempt entering by force, and rather to sail to some other
mouth of the river, and endeavour to make a passage for the ieet
there. Whereupon they put off to sea again, and, being out of
sight, that they might not be discerned by the enemy, they steered
their course for Mendesium*, another mouth of the Nile, where the
shore runs a great way out from the mun land. Here they landed
three thousand men^ and Pharnabazus and Iphicrates assaulted a fort
built upon the very mouth of the river; but the Egyptians came
down with three thousand horse and foot to the relief of the placet
upon which there was a sharp engagement, in which the Egyptians^
being overpowered by multitude, (for more came running in to their
assistance from the ships), were hemmed in, and a great slaughter
made amongst them, very few being taken prisoners; the rest were
forced to fly into a little town hard by; but the soldiers of Iphicrates
entered pell mell with those of the garrison into the place ; and, having
thus taken it by force, they demolished it, and carried away the inha-
bitants as captives.
After this, there arose a difference between the generals, which
brought all to nought. Iphicrates learnt from the captives, that
there was a ganison called Memphis, which pUce was of the greatest
* Meudei.
Chap, ft WodorUs sIculu<». 33
I • Ti ■ - I t m*'<^
cooseqaence of any throughout all Egypt; therefore he advised that
they sbould sail with the fleet thither before the rest of the Egyp-
tian army got together; hut Pharnabazus and all his forces were for
staying till all the Persian land and sea-forces came up, that so there
might be less danger in the expedition. But Iphicratcs then offered
to undertake the reduction of the city with those mercenaries that
were then with him, if he might but have the liberty. Upon which,
Pharnabazus grew envious at the valour and confidence of the man,
and began to be fearful Jest all Egypt should be conquered by his
arms only, and therefore denied his request. Hereupon, Iphicrates
made a solemn protestation against them, declaring that all this
expedition would be fruitless and vain, through their neglect, if
tliey let slip the present opportunity. But Pharnabazus envied
Iiim the more, and, very undeservedly, gave him opprobrious lan-
guage.
In the mean while, the Egyptians (having now gained more time)
put a strong garrison into Memphis, and marched with all their
army to the little town before demolished; and, prevailing in sundry
skirmishes against the Persians, they never let them rest, but, grow-
ing still sronger and stronger, made a great slaughter of them, and
grew every day more obstinate. But the Persian army, having now
staid a long time about this qistle*,and the river Nile (by force of the
Etesian winds) beginning to overflow, insomuch as that all the land
was covered with. water, (whereby Egypt was now more inaccessible,
and by that means, as it were, fortified), the commanders, (because
nature seemed to fight against them), resolved forthwith to leave
Egypt.
As soon, therefore, as they returned into Asia, Pharnabazus re^
newed the quarrel with Iphicrates: upon which, Iphicrates (fearing
he should receive the same treatment as Couon formerly had) con-
sulted how to withdraw himself privately from the camp. To this end
(having prepared a vessel for his purpose) he went on board in the
nighty and so sailed to Athens : but Pharnabazus sent ambassadors
after him, and accused him, as being the occasion of tlie miscarriage
of the design relating to the reducing of Egypt; to whom the Atlie-
nians answered ^That, if he were guilty, they would punish him ac-
cording to his deserts : but, in a very short time after, they made him
admiral of their whole fleet.
In this place we think it not much beside our purpose if we say
something concerning what is reported of the valour of Iphicrates.
lie is said to have been a very skilful commander, and of a quick
and ready wit in contriving any useful project or stratagem. IJuv*
♦ Th» Lilllc Town.
Vol. 2. No. 40. v
34 . DIODORUS StCULUS« Sook XK
ing therefore gained much experience and judgment io martial dis-*
cipline, by his long and continued exercise in the wars of Persia^ h6
found out many things of great advantage in matters of war^ espe-
cially he employed himself in contriving the making of new sorts of
arms.
It was hitherto a custom among the Grecians to carry great and
heavy shields: but^ because these by their weight much hindered the
soldiers in their marcb^ he changed the form of them^ and ordiered
targets of a moderate size in their room: in which alteration he bad
a respect to two things^ one, that their bodies should be sufficiently
defended, and, by the other, that by their lightness they might be
the more easily managed. Experience presently approved the in-
vention, and they who from their heavy arms were before called
Hopliti, heavy-armed men, were from these new targets called Pel-
tasti, targeteers. He changed likewise the fiishion of their spean
and swords. The spears he caused to be made half as long agun as
they were before, and the swords longer almost by two parts.
This alteration was presently approved by use and experience, and
the reputation of the general was highly advanced by the usefulness
of his ingenious inventions. Lastly, he altered the very soIdier*s
shoes, tiiat they might be sooner put on, easier to march with, "and
more readily cast off; and therefore th^y are called at this very day
Iphicratics. He invented many other things belonging to niartial
affairs, which would be too tedious here to relate. But thus all thair
great preparation for an expedition into Egypt came to nothing.
During these affairs, the new frame of government throughckit alt
Greece filled the cities with tumult and commotion; and because of
the anarchy in most places, seditions abounded. Those who weVe'for
im oligarchy, had the Lacedemonians to patronise them; and those
that appeared for a democracy were protected by the Athenians : for
both the cities for awhile kept the league made between them in-
violable. But upon their siding with the cities, (as they were inclined
to the one or the other), without any regard to the former articles of
the peace, they presently broke out into war.
At that time the inhabitants of Zacyn thus, -being enraged against
their magistrates, (encouraged thereunto under the proetction of the
Lacedaemonians, and provoked with the memory of their former in-
juries), drove them all out of the city; who fled to Timotheus the A-
thcuian admiral, and were received into the fleet, and joined with
him in the war. He patronised their cause, and transported theai
iato!hcislaud,(where they seized upon a strong castle called Arcadia),
and,u; the assistance of Timotheus, very much molested and injured
tlie townsmen. They of Zacynthus desired aid of the lAcedffino-^
Ckt^. V. mODORUS SICULUS* 35
niabs^ who firsts (be£ore they would begin a war)^ sent to;the people
ofAthens, and by their ambassadors accusedTimotheua: but when they
discerned that they inclined to favour the exiles, they bestirred them-
s selves to equip out a fleet; and having manned thirty-five gallies^
they sent them to the aid of the Zacynthians, under the command of
Aristocrates.
Whilst these things were in doing, some in Corcyra that favoured
th^ Lacedfiemonians, appeared against the people, and sent to Sparta
to be assisted with all speed with some shipping, promising to de-
liver up Corcyra into their hapds. Upon which, they (knowing very
well the importance of that island for the recovery of the dominion
at sea) hasteued away to get possession. And to that end com-
manded Alcidas to pass over to Corcyra with two<-and-twenty sail;
they giving out, that this fleet was to go for Sicily, but in truth with
a design, (under colour of being Criends to the Corey rians), by the
help of the exiles, to sieze upon the city. But the iuhabitants coming to
understand the fraud andintended cheat ofthe Lacedeemonians, strong-
ly fortified the place, and kept diligent watch and ward, and sent am-
bassadors to Athens for assistance. Upon which the people decreed to
send succours forthwith, both to the Corey rians and to them of Zacyn-
thus; whereupon Ctesicles was presently sent to Zacynthus to com-
mand the exiles : but the fleet to be sent to Corcyra was but then fitting
out. In the mean time they of Platsea having entered into a league
with the Athenians, and decreed to deliver up their city into their pro-
tection, sent for a garrison from Athens. At which the governor^
of Boeotia being exceedingly ofiended, (to prevent the Athenians)^
forthwith led out a great army against the Plateeans; and having
entered the confines of Platsa, (by this sudden and unexpected ir-
ruption), they found many of the citizens straggling in the fields, who
were presently snapped up by the horsemen; the rest fled into the
city, and, having no confederates to assist them, were furced to de-
liver themselves up, upon such terms and conditions as the enemy
was pleased to allow them : for they were to leave the city, and take
with them only their household goods, and never more ta set foot
in Bceetia. After this, the Thebans razed Platasa, and took Thcs-
pis (that sided against them) by assault. The Plataeans fled to Athena
witii their wives and children, and were there kindly received int(^
the franchises and liberties of the city. And in this condition stood
the aflairs of Bo^tia all that time. The Lacedsemonians had now
sent Mnasippus with a fleet of sixty-five sail, and fifteen hundred men
under his comniand to Corcyra, which, after he arrived at the island,
and had taken the exiles on board, he sailed into the haven, and pre**
scntly possessed himself of four of their gallies, and forced the rest
qpon land, which they of Corcyn^ burnt, to prevent their facing into
Sd DiODORUS 8ICULUS. Book XV.
the enemy 8 hands: he routed them, likewise, in a land-fight,
(though they had advantageously possessed themselves of a hill),
insomuch, that all the Corcyrians every where were, in fear and
amazement. The Athenians had some time before sent Timotheos^
the son of Conon, to the aid of the Corcyrians, with a navy of sixty
sail; but, before he came in to succour them, he sailed intoThracCf
and brought over many of the cities there to the Athenian interest,
and enlarged his fleet with thirty sail: but, because he came too
late to the assistance of them of Corey ra, the people of Athens were
very angry at him, and took away his commission; yet, when he re-
turned to Athens with a great number of ambassadors, who came
along with him to confirm the leagues with the Athenians, and be-
sides, brought in the fleet in good order, being more than they were
by thirty sal), the people rescinded the former decree, and restored
him to his command. Before this they had likewise prepared forty
gallics more, (so that their whole fleet was fourscore), and had made
also plentiful provision of corn, arms, and all other things necessary
for tlic war: hut, for the present, they sent five hundred men to the
aid of them of Corcyra, under the command of Ctesias, who entered
privately in the night into Corcyra, where he found the townsmen in
bad circumstances, by the sedition, and their ill management of af-
fairs relating to the war: but forthwith, quieting all parties, he made
h hlsi business to put ail things in a posture of defence, and by this
ineans put heart and courage into th^ besieged. In the first place,
he made a sally, and cut oft* two hundred of the enemy* Presently
after, in a sharp engagement, he killed Muasippus and many of his
army. And now, when the war was almost at an end in Corcyra, ar-
rived Timotheus and Iphiqrates, with the Athenian fleet; who, coming
too late, did nothing worth remembering, save that they took nine
gallics, men and all, sent by Dionysius out of Sicily to the assistance
of the Lacedsemonians, under the command of Cassidas* and Crinip-
pus, and by the sale of the captives raised three spore t&lent$, with
which they paid off the soldiers.
While these things were acting, ^icQcle^, an eunuch in Cyprus,
treacherously murdered king Evagoras, and made himself King of
Salamis. In Italy, the Romans fought with the Prene^tines, and routed
and killed many of them.
Afterwards, when Asteius was chief magistrate at Athens, a^d six
military tribunes, viz. Marcus Furius, Lucius Furius, Aulus Ppsthu-
mius, Lucius Lucretius, Marcus Fabius,and Lucius PosthumiuSj^ exe-
cuted the ofiice of consuls at Rome, there happened such dr^dfhl
earthquakes aud innundations in Peloponnesus, (throughout all the
♦ Cissides.
Chap. V. DIODORUS SICULUS. 37
1 ■ ■*'■■'■ ■ ' ■ J ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ^. ■
cities, aDd over all the country), that are incredible to relate. For^
never in any former age did the like calamity fall upon the Gredaa
cities^ whicli were now swallowed up^ together with their inhabitants}
and certainly some divine power contrived and executed this remark-
able ruin and destruction of mankind : nay, the time when it was
done added to the greatness of the calamity. For the earthquakes
happened not in the day, (when the distressed might have found out
some way or other to have helped themselves), but in the night,
when the houses, by the violence of the shake, fell down in confused
heaps; so that (by the darkness of the night, and the suddenness of
the ruin) men were in that perplexity, that they knew not which
way to turn themselves for security; insomuch that the greatest part
of the inhabitants (buried in the rubbish of the houses) miserably
perished. But, as soon as it was day, some came running out of the
houses, and, thinking tbey had escaped the danger, fell into a far
greater and unex])ected niiscliicf ; for,,the sea raged to that degree,
and broke tn with that violence, that it swallowed up them and their
bouses together.
Two cities of Achaia, one called Helice, and the other Bura, chiefly
suRered by this sad accident : of which two, Helice was of the greatest
account of any of the cities of Achaia.
There was a very hot dispute concerning the cause of this evil*
Indeed the natural philosophers do generally ascribe all such events
to natural causes, and necessary circumstances, and not to any divine
hand; but they who have more reverend thoughts and sentiments of
a deity, give a very probable account of this matter: that this de-
struction was the effect of the anger of the gods^ for the impious
violation of the rights of religion, of which we shall give a more
particular account. The three cities of Ionia were accustomed to
have a general assembly of all the lonians at Mycale, and there-
abouts, where, in a certain solitary place, (according to antient rites),
tbey offered many costly sacrifices to Neptune; which Panionion*
festivals the lonians, not being able to solemnize^ at that place, by
reason of the frequent wars and disturbances, they removed those as-
semblies to a more secure place not far from Ephesus. But, send-
ing to Delphos, to consult there with the oracle, they were com-
manded to take images from the most antient altars of their fore-
fathers (meaning from Helice, a city of the country formerly called
Ionia, but now Achaia). Upon this they declared in the public as-
sembly of the Achaians the occasion of their embassy, and desired
them to grant their request. But they of Helice had an antient
prophecy^^Tliat then they would 1^ in the greatest danger^ when
* Pfto loDum^ a general feitival of the lobiaiu.
HB mODORVS SICULU«» Book XFi
^' i .'■■■■ ^
Jfte,Iopimi«|aAcri£bBd upoQ ti^ altar of Neptune. Renaembering
fhiB^ therefore^ thej would not suflfer the lonians to take the images,
idlegingi that lite temple was not common to all the Achaians, bot
peculiar to themselves only. The same addresses wefe made ta
them of Bura, who were of the same mind with those of Heliee.
However, the lonians, by pablic edict of the Athenians, (that the
prophecy roq^it be fulfilled), offered sacrifices upon the altar of
Kcptune. UiK)n this they of ileiice seized upon all the goods of the*
loniansj and committed the ambassadors to prison, and so carried it
Yery impiously towards the deity; therefore they say that N<>ptune,
being angry, to revenge himself upon their impiety, (by these earth-
l|uakes and iniiundations of the sea), brought this grievous calamity
upon those cities. And that it was done by him, they use this for aa
ivgumcnt That it is generally believed that this god hath the power
of innundations and earthquakes in his own hand; and that Pelo-
ponnesus had been ever repi}ted the habitation of Neptune, and the
country dedicated to him, and that all the Peloponnesian cities wor-
shipped this god above, all others. Besides this, they give a further
leason of this sad accident. There are (as they say) in Peloponnesus
great cavities under ground, which, by the sea flowing here an<|
there through the earth, are turned into great ponds and lakes of
.Water. And, indeed, it is very certain that there are two rivers ia
that peninsula which apparently fall into the caverns of the earths
for the rivers which run by Pheneus* in former ages sunk in one
place into the earth, and became invisible, being swallowed up ii^
these caverns under ground. Anotherf was lost at a great opening;
of the earth at Stymphiust» and ran unseen under ground for the
•space of two hundred stages, and rose up again near the city of Aigos^
To what is related is further added That none suffered but only
they who were guilty of the impiety before meationed. And thia
shall suffice to be said of the earthquakes and innundatioos in Pelo-
ponnesus.
When Alcisthenes was chief magistrate of Athens, and eight mill-
tary tribunes, viz. Lucius Valerius§, Publius Ancius, CSaius Teren-
tius, Lucius Menenius» Caius Sulpitius, Titus Papirius* Lucius ^Emi*«
lius, and Fabius Marcus||, bore the consular authority at Rome, the
hundred and second Olympiad was celelyated at £lis, wherein Da-
mon the Hiurian was victor. At that time God (by some signs and
prodigies) foretold the fall of the Lacediemonian sovereignty over
Greece, after they had enjoyed it near five hundred years ;^ for a
great comet (which, from its sliape, x^ms called the Fiery Beam) waa
* A city in Artadia. t Kraienut rifvr. t StyrophmJiis« ia Arcadii.
$ LuciiM Publiai Volcrhu^ | Murcut Fubius.
Chap. P% DiODOEUs stcuLUS^ 39
seen itt tlie heavens several nights. And^ not long after, the Lace*-
^bMioiiiana beiag overcome in a great battle, suddenly (beyond ill
Blends imagination) lost their dominion. Some among the natiml
phiioia^herB ascribe the origin of this comet to proceed from fiati»-
nl causes, and say that diese sort of meteors, at some stated timest
do ha{^n of necessity: and that the eminent Chaldeans in Bab^
Ion, and other astrdogers, have certainly and exactly fordtoU the
«|ipeaniQce of these comets; and that it is not sur|>rising suek
thkiga do happen accordingly, but that it would be a great wonder
if they did not, seeing that all things have their proper eourses aad
turns; and at leng^, by incessant motions, are brought into aotioo
ia fixed and staf^ times and seasons. It is related, that this
comet was w^ very light, that it cast a shadow upon the eanth Uqf»
the noon.
CHAP. VL
Artaserxes tends again to nuAe peace among the Oredansi gfit
comply except the Tlkdku^is. The Spartcm$ rause an - army a'*
gaintt tie Thebane. Epaminondas made the Theban general.
The famous haitle of Leuctra. The terrible seditwns and
cruelties in Argos. Jason ofPhenB stirs up the Thgssakmifm
to gam the sovereignty €f Greece. PoUydorus, prince qfPhefu»
in Oreece, poisoned by his brother Alexander. A plot to de-
pose Alexander, The long of Macedonia treated with to thqt
purpose,
ABOUT this time Artaxerxes, king of Persia, hearing that Greece
was fallen into new broils, sent ambassadors again, to exhort them ta
live in peace one with another, according to the late establishment.
The Grecians readily complied with the advice, and all made peace
again among themselves, except the Thebaus: for they were not ad*
mitted into the league, because they challenged all Bocotia to be
under their own government. And it was decreed that all tlie cities
should be bound by oath to observe the league. Being therefore
excluded, (as they were before), they kept Boeotia under the sole juris-
diction of their own city. Upon which the Laced:emonians, being
enraged, resolved to make war upon tbem^ as the common enejnies
40 DiODORUs sicuLUs. JBook XK
of Greece. For their growing power began to be suspected^ lest
(being masters of all Bceotia) they should some time or other find
an opportunity to deprive Sparta of the sovereign command; espc*
cially, because they were a warlijce nation, inferior to none in Greece^
and, by their daily exercise in the public schools, their bodies became
far stonger; and besides, they had many valiant commanders^ espe-
cially thref, Epaminondas, Gorgias, and Pelopidas. ^And to this
«inay be added, that the Tbebans, by reason of the nobility of their
ancestors, (who were famous in the heroic times), were of proud and
lordly spirits, and ever aspiring to great matters./ Upoo this ar^
count the Lacedaemonians this year raised an army, cooiposed of
their own citizens, and of their confederates^ and prepared thcmsielves
for war.
When Phrasichides was lord-cliancellor of Athens, and the Rq»
mans appointed eight military tribunes to execute the office of con-
suls, viz. Publius Manlius, Caius Erenucius, Caius Sextius, Tiberius
Julius*, Lucius Labiniusf, Publius Flbonius, Caius Manlius, and
Lucius Antistius, the Thebans, excluded from the common league,
were forced, by their own strength alone, to bear the brunt of the war
against the Lacedaemonians : for, by the articles of the peace, (ratified
and confirmed by all), none of the cities were to send them any aid or
Telief. Therefore the Lacedsemonians, (now that the Tliebans were
wholly deserted), decreed a war against them, and were resohred to
subject Thebes to the Laced»roonian states And, forasmuch as all
observed that the Lacedemonians made extraordinary preparations,
and that the Thebans, on the other hand, had none to stand by them,
every body was of opinion that they would he easily conquered by the
Spartans. And therefore all that wished them well were much trou*
bled and concerned for them, to see their inevitable ruin approaching.
But their enemies, on the contrary, rejoiced as if the Thebans were
even already subdued.
When the Lacedeemonians had raised their army, they created
Cleombrotus general; and, in the first place, sent ambassadors to
Thebes, to demand that all the cities of Bceotia should be allowed
to govern themselves according to their own laws; and that Plataea
and Thespis should be rebuilt, and that those territories should be
restored to the antient proprietors. To which the Thebans an-
swered.-.That, as they did not concern themselves with the mattexs
of Laconia, so the Lacedsemonians ought not to meddle with the
aflUrsofBoBotia* Upon receiving this answer, the Lacedaemonians
(without any further delay) ordered Cleombrotus to march with the
army against Thebes. And the Lacedaemonian confederates were
* I.iciM JttUui. t Marcttt Aitoitu.
Clkap. P^. DtODORUS stct;LU8. 41
very ready to joio in this War^ hoping that th€ Boeotians would be
sabdued with little or no fighting, and without any great labour
or paiDB.
Marching on, therefore, they encamped at Chseronea, and there
waited for their confederates, who came in but slowly. In the meafi
time the Thebans, hearing of the enemy^s march, sent their wivet
and children for security to Athens. Then they made Epaminondaa
general of the army, and intrusted him with the management of tlie
whole war, joining with him six Bc^otians, and governors of Boeotia,
ma liis council. He listed whoever was of an age able and fit to bear
arms among the Thebans, and likewise among the other Boeotians^ .
aod> having now an army not above six thousand, with these htf
marehed out of Thebes; at which instant of time some prodigiea
were seen, which forboded no good success : for, as they were goin^
out at the gates, there met them an herald, who (according to antieni
custom} led a blind man (that had run away) and cried aloud -^Brin^
bim not out of Thebes, nor put him to death, but carry him back a<*
gaio5 and save his life. The old men took this cry of the herald for
an evil sign; but the young men held their peace, lest, by their
timoronsness) they should seem to have a desire to dissuade Epami-*
Bondas from the expedition he had Utidertaken. To those that were
pressing upon him first to consider Well of these presages, he an*
twered in this verse.^
It it a bappy tign to ilglit for bis eontitry.
Such a ftnnk resolution had no sooner abashed, and caused al(
those that were timoirous to blush, but another prodigy more fright*
ftil happened. For a secretary went before, carrying a javelin, to
which a scroll was annexed, to signify that the army was to obey the
orders and commands of their generals. It fell out that a high wind
Uef^ otf this scroll, and fixed it upon a pillar of a tomb, in which very
place some Laced^gmonians and Peloponnesians who formerly fol-
lowed Agesilaus were buried, and had been there slain! upon which
the antient men again, with protestations, dissuaded him from going
any fiirther with the army, seeing the gods so evidently opposed
the design. But the general returned them no answer, but cheerfully
narched on, preferring at that time the honesty and justice of hia
cause before uncertain observations and conclusions upon signs and
prodigies. And though Epaminondas, who was a great philosopher,
managed all this affair with great prudence and discretion, yet in the
mean time he incurred the censure of many. But not long after,
when the success of the action evinced the excellency of his military
conduct, we see him instrumental in performing mapy things to the
great advantage and service of his country. For be marched away
Vox., 2. No. 40. «
42 niODORUS SICULUS. Bdok XPi
directly, and gained the straits near Chseronea, and encamped tbere«
Cleombrotus, when he heard that the enemy had possessed them-
selves of that pass, not looking upon it feasible to regain it^ tomedT
aside another way, by Phocis, and marched along by the sea-shcHre,
where, though the way was very rugged and difficult, yet at leogdi
be came, without any prejudice, to the confines .of Bceotia: but in
bis passage he took some small towns, and gained some galUes*
At last be arrived at Leuctra, and there encamped, and refreshed
bis army*
. In the mean time tlie Boeotians, marching forward, drew near to
the enemy; and, as soon as they recovered the hills, and saw the
greatness of the Lacedaemonian army, covering the plains of Leuctra,
they were not ^ little amazed. Hereupon the Boeotarchs called a
council of war^ to consider whether it were advisable to go on, and
fight upon such unequal terms, or else to march back, and engage
with the enemy in some more commodious place. It happened that
upon this consultation the votes were equal : for, there being six of
these Boeotarchs, or governors of Bceotia, three were for going backj
and the other three for abiding where they were, and to try tbdr
fortune by a battle, of which l&st number Epaminondas was one.
\Vhile the matter stood thus doubtful, and nothing could be deter-
inined, the seventh Bceotarch at length came in, and Epaminondas
persuaded him to give his vote on his side, and so he carried it« And
thus it was determined to lay all at stake, and try it out by a battle.
Epaminondas then, perceiving that the soldiers were still supersti-
tiously possessed with the former ominous signs and prodigies, en«
deavoured, by all the art and industry he possibly could, to removt
these opinions and suspicions of his soldiers. To this end, npoQ
some persons coming newly into the camp from Thebes, he caused a
report to be spread abroad, that all the arms that hung up in Her-
cules's temple were ou a sudden gone, and not to be found, and that
it was commonly nobed in Thebes — ^That the antient heroes bad
taken them away, and were gone out to th^ assistance of the Tbe-
bans. He suborne^^ likewise, another to say he lately came up oali
of Trophonius's^ cell, and he affirmed that the oracle there com**
manded him to tell them — ^That, when tbey had gained the vktoiy
at Leuctra, they should institute the Coronet festivals to Jupiter*
From whence arose that custom of keeping a yearly solemnity by tlia
Boeotians at Lebadea^ And besides this skill and prudence of the gf f
* This Trophonius was said to be the son of Apollo, and bad a temple at Lebadca, ia
Bootia, dedicated to him, where was a cave, of which strauge things are related — 3<#
liieph- aod others. Fanaaii. lib. 9, c. 39, * larga descriptioD, tod bj hii owa opor^
•ace, 9$ ko ttji.
C^p. FL DIODORUS SICULU9. 43
iierml^ Leandras the Spartan (who was banished from Lacedsemon^
and then in arms with the Tliebans) was not a little serviceable in '
this ai&ire for^ being called into the assembly^ he affirmed that the
Spartans* had an antient prophecy That, when they were beaten by
the Thebans at Leuctra^ they should lose their principality. At
length some of the inhabitants of the country, who uo'dertook to in-
terpret the oracles, came to Epaminondas, and declared that it was
decreed by the gods — ^Tiisit a great slaughter should be made of the
Lacedaemonians at the tombs of the daughters of Leuctrus and Sch«-
dasus, for the reasons herein after related. Leuctrus was he from
whom the field was so called ; and his daughters, and the daughters
of one Schedasus, virgins, in the flower of their age, were deflowered
by the Spartan ambassadors : the young women, not able to endure
that great dishonour and disgrace, (with many imprecations a-^
gainst that nation who sent such wicked ambassadors), laid vio*
lent hands on themselves, i When these and other such like'things
were alleged, Epaminondas called the soldiers together, and, in
an oration fitted for the purpose, encouraged them to the battle:
upon which the soldiers (being now freed from their supersti-
tious conceits) changed their minds^ and longed to be engaged with
the enemy.
About this time came some auxiliary forces to the Thebans from
Tliessaly, fifteen hundred foot, and five hundred horse, under the
command of Jason. This man advised both the Thebans and the
Lacedaemonians (upon consideration of the uncertainty of the events
of war) to agree upon terms of peace; which took its effect. And
now Cleombrotus withdrew his forces out of Boeotia, and in his
inarch a great army from the LacedsBmonians and their confederates,
under the command of Archidamus, the son of Agosilaus, met him.
For the Spartans, seeing the courage and resolution of the Boeotians,
and not judging it advisable to slight men that seemed to be resolved,
;iod to run upon the pikes at all adventures, had sent forth this their
mmy (by their multitude at least) to give a chetk to the insolence of
die enemy. Drawing up, therefore, in a body together, (and looking
upon it as a base and mean thing, below the dignity of the Spartans,
fio much as to think the valour of the Boeotians worthy of any re-
gard), without any respect to the late league, they rashly and prct
cipitately returned to Leuctra, where they found the Bceotians (with
. great earnestness) expecting and desiring a battle. Upon this, the
armies on both sides were drawn up in Imttalia in this manner ^Or^
the part of the Lacedffimonians, Cleombrotus and Archidamus the
soil of Agesilaus (both descended from Hercules) commanded the twq
wings: on tlie ot|ier side, Kpapinoudas msirsballed his uriiiy ^ft€r i^
44 DiODORUS 6ICULUS. Book XV.
new and peculiar manner, by which excellent stratagemi he gained
that glorious victory never to be forgotten; foriie chose out of th^
whole army the best and strongest of the soldiers, and placed theai
in that wing where he himself would command; in the other be
placed his weaker men, with a command not to abide the enemy's
charge, but, by a soft and slow retreat, to avoid the shock. Having
therefore thus ordcrt^d an oblique phalanx, he resolved to try the for-
tune of the day with the other wing, under his command. And now
the trumpet > sounded a charge on both sides, and, at the first onsets
the armies set up a ^reat shout : the Lacedemonians came on with
hoih their wings in fashion of an half moon; on the other hand, the
Boeotians retreated with one of their wings, and charged fiercely on
the enemy with the other. (When they came to the sword's pointy
both fought very desperately, and at first the victory was very doubt-
ful, hilt at length they with £paminondas, by their valour and close
order, brokp in upon the Peloponnesians, and made a great slaughter
limongst them ; for they were not able any longer to bear the weight
of the shock wherewith they were pressed, but some were slain
downright upon the spot, others mortally wounded, bravely receiving
all their wounds upon their breasts.) As long as Oeombrotus the
LacedsBmonian king was alive, it was uncertain which side would
carry away the victory, because he had a strong body of targeteers
with him, who fought resolutely in his defence: but, as soon as be
fell down dead, (after many wounds received, and much valour shewn
on his part, though all ineffectual) they thronged together about his
body, where they were hewn down in heaps one upon another. And
now this wing, being without a leader, the Epaminondians charged
the Lacedsnionians with that fierceness, that they forced them by
degrees into disorder. However, the Lacedsemonians fought so
bravely for the body of their king, that at length they possessed them«
selves of it, though they were not able to gain the day: for those
choice bands with Epaminondas standing to it as unconquerable,,
(encouraged, likewise, both hy the words and example of their leader)^
the Lacedaemonians at length (with much ado) began to give ground.
And, indeed, at first they did not (to appearance) break their order
of battle in their retreat; but, when the slaughter increased, and
they had now no commander to give necessary orders, the wliole
army fled outright. The Epaminondians pursued them close, and,
with the slaughter of a multitude of their enemies, gained a glorious
victory: for, by their engaging with the most famous warriors of
Greece, and becoming victorious with an army far short in number
to their enemy's, they highly advanced the reputation of their valour^
liut £puu}iiioudas^ the general, was judged worthy of the greatest
dap. FL DIODOEU5 6ICULU9, 48
boootir aad esteem, because, diiefly by his valour and prudence, he
had routed those commauders of Greece, who were never before con*
qaered. The Lacedemouians lust in this battle no fewer than four
thousand men: of the Boeotians were killed about three hundred*
Afterwards they made a truce for the burying of the dead, and the re*
turn of the LacedaBmonians into Peloponnesus. And this was th9
issue of the battle of Leuctra.
The year following, when Dyscinetus was prsstor of Athens, and
fou^•military tribunes, Quintus Servilius, Lucius Furius, Caius Li^
ciiinius, andPubliusClelius, executed the consular dignity at Rome^
the Thebaas marched with a great army against Orohomenus, with m
full purpose utterly to ruin that city. But they were advised bjr
£paminondas, in regard they sought to gain the principality of
Greece, that it was their interest to use their victory with moderation.
Whereupon they left off their design, and received the Orchomeniana
as their confederates : afterwards they made a league with the Pbo«
ciftns and iEtolians, and so returned into Bcedtia*
At that time Jason, prince of Pheree*, (whose power grew every
day) invaded Locrisf with a great army, and razed Ueraclea^ in -
Trachinia, after it was betrayed into his hands, and bestowed their
territories on the Octeans^ and Melieans. Thence marching into PeiT<-
hsebia, he courted some of the cities into submission, and gained others
by force of arms.
The Tbessalians, seeing him mount up so fast, and in so short a
time, began to be jealous of the growth of his power, and the heat of
his ambition.
But in the mean time there arose such a sedition, followed with
such butcheries, in Argos, that the like had never been before in anj
of the cities of Greece; wiiich new and unheard-of cruelty was called
by the Grecians Scytalmn\\y from the manner of the slaughter com-
mitted. And the cause of the tumult was this: Ai^gos was governed
by a democracy; the orators, and those that affected popularity,
stirred up the mob against the great men of the city; which caused
them, for tlieir own preservation, (and to free themselves from the
false accusations that were prosecuted against them), to plot and
contrive how to overturn the democratical government* And when
some who were suspected were called in question, others, fearing
they should be put to the rack, murdered themselves. For one iq
the height of his torments confessed, and accused thirty of the great«*
est men of the city to be in the conspiracy; upon which the people
(witliQut any further trial) knocked them all on the head, and confis-r
* In Tbessaiy. t Ir Thessaly. t Near Pliocis and Parnassuf . f Ntaj
lloum Oeta and Tlicrmopjlsj iu Pbtbiotif. || Knockiug on the head with clubs.
46 DIODORUS SICULU9* SooU XPl,
I I ■■ I I ■ n I
tnteA thehr estates. And whereas there were many others seized, apo»
ittspicion of the plot^ (and the false accusations managed against
them by the orators with all the aggraration imaginable)^ the people
weie so enraged, that whoever were accused (of whom there was a
vast number, and all very rich) were condemned to death; so that
there were executed above sixteen hundred of the greatest and most
powerful men of the city : neither were the orators themselves spared |
ibr^ when they slackened in the prosecution of the calumnies, (be*
cause they were afraid lest some sudden mischief should overtako
them, by reason of the extraordinary cruelties that were committed),
the people concluded that they had deserted their cause, which put
tbem into such a ferment of rage and fury, that they killed all the
orators that were then in the city; which seemed to be executed upon
tbem by tlie hand of some revenging deity, as a reward for their vil-
lanies. After tlie tumult was ceased, the people returned to their
former quiet and peaceable dispositions.
About this time Lycomedes of Tegea persuaded the Arcadians to
join together in one body of a commonwealth, and to constiute a
|;eneral council, consisting of ten thousand men, wlio should have
absolute power to determine all matters relating both to war and
peace* But a tumult happening among the Arcadians, the contro-
versy was decided by the 8word> many being killed, and above four-
teen hundred banished, some to Sparta, others to Palantium*.
Those that fled tp the Palantines were by them delivered up into the
hands of tiveir enemies, who cut all their throats. The others prc-t
vailed on the Lacedaemonians to make an inroad into Arcadia: upoa
which Agesilaus, king of Sparta, with an army made up of the citi-
zens and exiles, broke into the territories of Tegea, because they
were looked upon to be the fomenters of all the broils and banish-
ments amongst the Arcadians, and wasted and spoiled the countr]^
tirhich, together with a strigt sieg^ laid to the city, greatly tenified
the Arpadiaos.
While these things were acting, Jason, who ruled at Pherae, (a
luan excellently well versed in military affieiirs), who had now many
of the neighbouring countries for his confederates, persuaded the
Thessaliaus to endeavour to gain the sovereignty of Greece to them-
selves. For he alleged, that whpever would fight for it might now
gain it as the reward of their valour: for it was evident that the
I^acedaemouians were miserably ruined at Leuctra, and the Aihe^
nians were only masters at sea, and theTbebans far unworthy of such
a dignity; and in conclusion, that the Argives had weakened tbemr
selves by their own civil dissentions and bloody broiU.^ Upon tliis,.
* 111 Arp«diu«
€*«p. Ft. DIODORUS SlCULtT^; 4/
the Thessalians made Jason general of all their forces^and committed
to him the whole management of the war, who, having now received
the sapreme command^ marched into some of the neighbourii^
eoantries^ and entered into a league with Amyntas, icing of Ma«
cedonia*
This year there happened what was very remarkahlc: for three
great princes died, near one and the same time; Amyntas, the soa
of Tharrhaleus, (after he had reigned in Macedon four-and-twentf
years), died, leaving behind him three sons, Alexander, PerdiccaS|
atrf Philip. Alexander succeeded> but reigned only one year. 'Hiea
Agesipoits, king of Laced«mon, after one year's reign, died lilcC'''
wise; his brother Cleomenes succeeded him, and sat at the helili
four-and-thirty years. At last Jason of Pherae, whom the Tliessa-
liftDs had lately made their general, (though he governed with great>
moderation and kindness towards his subjects), was assassinated bj
seven young men, as Ephorus relates, who (in hopes of praise and
commendation) had conspired for that purpose; but others write|
that he was murdered by his brother Poilydorus, who reigned not
above one year after him. Here Durius the Samian begins his
iiistory of the affairs of Greece. And these were the things don^
this year.
* Afterwards, when Lysislratus governed in cliief at Athens, a great
sedition arose in Rome, for some were for making of consuls, others
were for creating of military tribunes in their room; and by reason
of thb dissentiofi there was an anarchy for some time. But, at
length, six military tribunes were chosen, which were Lucius Ami-
fius, Caias Verginius*, Serulius Sulpitius, Lucius Quintius, Caius
Cornelius, and Caius Valerius. About the same time, Poilydorus, tho
Pherean, prince of Thessaly, (when he was drunk), was poisoned by
a deadly potion given him by his brother Alexander, who succeeded
ktiii, and reigned eleven years. And as he got into the throne hf
wickedness and injustice, so he ruled, (as he ever designed), with
tyranny aud oppression; and whereas all those before him, by their
moderation and kindness to their subjects, gained the love and good*
will of all, he, by his severe and tyrannical government, became
tlie object of all men's hatred. Therefore, some of Larissa, who
fiom their high birth were surnamed Aleuadas, (fearing what might
he the effect of his wickedness), conspired to dethrone him. To
this end they made a journey into Macedonia, and treated with Alex-
ander the king, in order to assist them in dcposiag the tyiant.^^
Vyhile they were oegociating this affair, Alc:^ander the Phericau (liav
* Veluriti?,
48 DlODORCs siCOLUS. Book Xf «
ing intelligence of the preparations making against him) raifted m
considerable army, designing to engage with the enemy in Mactido-^
nia; hot the king of Macedonia being joined with the deserten,
brought his forces presently to Larissa^ and so prevented him: when
he came there, the citizens opened the gates to him, and so he ke^
came master of all but the castle, whicii he afterwards took by force.
Hie city Cranon likewise surrendered to him^ and he promised to
festore all the cities to the Theasaliaas. But afterwards^ (not vala*
ing his word or honour), he garrisoned them» and detiJned them all
in his own hands. But Alexander, the Phersean^ in a great fright^,
fled to the city Fher«a« And this was then the condision of ThetA
saly«
CHAP. vn.
JTke Lacedaemonians send Polytropus into Arcadia; who is staim^
and his party routed by Lycomedes. An invasion by Epami'^
nandas and Pelopidas into Pelopoivnesus. Sparta besingodm
The antiquity and history of Messenia, in Greece. PeUemt
taken by the Arcadians. A wall drawn between Cenchrem and
the Lechasumy to hinder the inroad of the Thebeau into Pdo-
ponnesus. Epaminandas breaks through into Peloponnesus f
assaults Corinth,
IN Peloponnesus^ in the mean time^ the Lacedamonians seat a
thousand heavy-armed men of their own citizens, and five hundred
deserters from Argos and Boeotia, into Arcadia, under the command
of Polytropus, who, when he came to Orchomenus, in Arcadiai pot a
garrison into it^ being a city that favoured the Spartans. But hfco^
inedes of Mantinea, (then commander-in-chief of the Arcadians)^
with a body of men to the number of five thousand, marched ag«Dst
Orchomenus, and, upon their arrival^ the Lacedsemonians drew out
their forces, where happened a sharp engagement, in which the Lft«
cedttmonian general was slain, and two hundred more with him;
the rest, by the hot pursuit ot the enemy, were forced back into the
ci^y. However, though the Arcadians then got the victory, yet thqf
so far feared the power of Sparta, that they durst not depend upon
Chap. FIL DIODORUS sicuLUS. 49
their bwo strength ia contending witli the Laccdsennonians, and
therefore, taking into their confederacy the Argives and the Elians,
they first sent amhassadors to Athens, to desire them to be their con-
federates, which being denied, they then addressed themselves to the
Thebans for the same purpose. Upon which the Boeotians (together
with the Phocians and Locrians, their confederates) drew out their
forces, and marched directly into Peloponnesus, under the command
of Epaminondas and Pelopidas : for all the other Bcjeotarchs had wil-
liugly given up tlie sole and absolute command of the army to those
two, being men eminent fur prudence and valour.
When they entered into the confines of Arcadia, they were met
by all the Arcadians, Elians, Argives, and the rest of their confede-
rates. And now they had an army of above fifty thousand men, and,
after a council of war held, the generals resolved to march forthwith
to Sparta, and to waste and spoil all the country of Laconia. But
the Lacedaemonians, having lost the flower and strengtii of their
young men in the battle at Ijcuctra, and many in several other fights
here and there, were thereby reduced to a very small number of
fighting men of their own citizens: and whereas some of their con-
federates deserted, and others were brought low by the same means
as those before, they knew not which way to turn themselves. ' So
that they were forced to seek for aid and assistance from them (I
mean the Athenians) upon whom they had some time before imposed
thirty tyrants, and whose walls they had demolished, and whose city
they had decreed to raze even to the ground, and lay it open and
common with the rest of the country for the grazing of flocks and
herds. But necessity has no law, and the turns of fortune are in-
vincible, through which tlie Lacedaemonians were brought into that
strait, as to become suppliants to their most implacable enemies for
relief. However, they were not deceived in their hopes; for such
was the brave and generous spirit of the Atheniaus, that they feared
not the power of the Thebans, but decreed to assist the Lacedaemo-
nians to the utmost they were able, though they were now ready
even to be swallowed up, and made perfect slaves. To this end they
listed in one day twelve thousand lusty young men, and forthwith
ordered Iphicratcs the general to march away to the assistance of tho
Spartans. Accordingly, having men that were very forward, he
hastes away with a swift march. Neither were the Lacedaimonians
less active or forward ; but now, even when the enemy were en-
camped in the borders of Laconia, they marched out of Sparta with
all the strength they could make, which was but small, yet with the
same courage and valour as they had formerly done.
In the mean time, £paminondas's army conceiving it very difli-
VoL. 2, No. 41. M
50 DIODORUS SICULUS. Sook XPl
cult to enter ioto the enemy's country, and therefore judging it wa9
not convenient to attempt it with the whole army togetlter^ they
resolved to divide their forces into four bodies^ and so to make
the attack in several places at once. The first marched to the city o(
Sellasia^ and drew off tlie inhabitants of tliat territory from the La-
cediemonians. The Argives, who were in another body^ upon theur
entrance into the borders of Tagca, engaged with tlie guard that
kept that pass, and killed the chief officer, Alexander, a Spartan, and
two hundred aK)re of his men : amongst whom there were some Boeo-
tian exiles. The third body, in which were the Arcadians, and most
in numlx^r, broke into the country called Scirus, where Ischolaus a
man of great valour and prudence, kept guard with a considerable
body of men. This brave and gallant commander performed an he-
roic action, worthy to be recorded to all posterity. When he fore-
saw that both he, and all those with him, were sure every man to be
cut off by tlieir engaging with so great and unequal a number; in-
the first place he looked upon it as a dishonour to the Spartan name
to desert the post assigned him, and yet judged it to be much for the
service and advantage of his country if \ie could preserve the sol-
diers. To the admiration therefore of his valour, he contrived ft
way how to answer tlie ends of both; wherein he bravely imitated
the gallant spirit of king Leonidas in former times at Thermopyle^.
For he sent away to Sparta the choicest of his soldiers that were
young and lusty, to the end they might be helpful to their country ii>
ligliting^now that all lay at stake : and he himself, with those that were
old, kept close together, and in a brave defence, slaughtered multi-
tudes of their enemies; biit at length, being surrounded and hem-
jned in by the Arcadians, lliey were every man of them cut oflf.
The fourth body of the Elians having all places more clear and
upcn before them, arrived at length at Sellasia: for it was ordered
that all the forces should meet together at that place, where, being alk
now joined, they marched towards Sparta, and wasted the country
all before them with lire and sword. And now the Lacedemonians
seeing their antient country liaconia (which had never known what
waste and si>oil meant for the space of five hundred years before) to
be thus cruelly harassed and destroyed, could no longer forbear,
but were ready to run upon their enemies as^it were with open mouth.
But being by some magistrates that came from the city commanded,
not to hasten away too far out of the bounds of their country, (IcsH
some other should make an inroad into it in the mean time), and
being likewise advised to recollect themselves,- and think seriously of
defending the city, with much ado they submitted to the advice.
In the meau time, Epaminondas having passed hia army orcr tKr
Chap.FlL DiODORUs sicuLUS. 51
^ ' ■'■ "■ ■ , g
mountaiaTaygetus^aod arrived at the river Eurotas, (which was then
very high^ being winter time), he endeavoured all he could to get
over. The Laceds&monians perceiving how his troops were disor*
dered and dbpersed through the difficulty of the passage, laid hold
upon this fit occasion to fall upon tliem. Leaving therefore their
wives, children^ and old men, as a guard for the city, they made out
against tlic enemy in good order^ with all the young and strong men
of the town, and by a sudden and hot charge, cut off a great number
in their passing the river; but the Boeotians and i\rcadians valiantly
standing their ground, surrounded their enemies^ However, tlie
Spartans, after they had killed a great number of tiic Bceotians, at
length broke tlifough,and returned to the city, leaving behind them
remarkable instances of their valour.
Presently after, when Epaminondas came up with h!s wliole army
{to the terror o^ the inhabitants) to the city, the Spartans, by the
advantage of the strength of the places, killed great numbers of them.
And now all hands were at work, and very earnest to gain tike city^
insomuch, that they seemed in a fair way to take Sparta by ttorm*
But the assailants, (through their over heat and violence), being many
of them kHled, and others wounded, Epaminondas caused a trumpet
to sound a retreat, and so called them off. Presently after, the The-
bans made their approacli to the city, and challenged the Spartans to
come forth and fight with them, or else to acknowledge themselves
inferior, and not able to contend with them. To whom they an-
swered ^Tiiat when they saw tlieir opportunity, they would be sure
not to decline fighting, tliough they laid all at stake. The army,
therefore, now drew off from the siege, and having wasted and
«poiled all Laconia, and loaded themselves with rich i>rey and plun-
der, returned into Arcadia. Afterwards the Athenians (who came
too late and did nothing woith taking notice of) marched back into
Attica.
In the mean while, four thousand men came to the assistance of
the Lacedaemonians from their confederates. To these they added a
thousand helots newly manumitted and set free, and two hundred
Boeotian fugitives, and many more from the neighbouring towns and
villages; so that theywcre now strong enougli to cope with the enemy.
And these forces being kept together, and daily exercised, grew more
and more daring, and fit for public service in the field.
But Epaminondas being naturally inclined to things tluit were great,
und ambitious to eternize his own praise and honour, persuaded the
Arcadians and the other allies to rebuild and replenish Messene
with new inhabitants, (which had been destroyed by the LacedflBmo^
nians, and lay waste and desolate many years), it being most coin-r
53 DIODORUS SICULU5. Book XPZ
modiously situated for invading of Sparta at any time; having pro-
cured their consent, he inquired after all thcantient inhabitants that
were living in any place: and enfranchising many others that were
willing to settle themselves there, he repaired Messenc, and made
It very populous, and divided the land belonging to the city by lot
amongst the new inhabitants, and filled the country about with stately
scats and beautiful buildings, and so raised up a noble Grecian city
out of its ruins, to its former state and grandeur^ for which he wos
highly honoured.
1 conceive it will not be amiss in this place, in regard that Messene
has been so often taken and ruined, if I say something in short of
this city from its beginning. Antiently the family of Neleus and
Nestor, to the time of the Trojan war, possessed it : afterwards Orestes,
the son of Agamemnon, and his posterity, enjoyed it, till the return
of the llcracliilt'e. Then Cresphontes chose Messene forhisshare,
and his posterity reigned there for some time; but they being eject-
ed, it came into the power of the Lacedaemonians, who became lords
thereof. For after that Telecles king of the Laced semonians was
slain in a battle, the Messenians at length were subdued by the
Spartans. This war is said to have continued twenty years; and
that the Lacedaemonians had taken a solemn oath — ^That they wouM
never return to Spurta till they had taken Messene. At that time
were born those called the Parthenite, who afterwards enjoyed the
city of Tarcntum. The Messenians in after times being oppressed
by the Lsicedtemonians, Aristomcnes stirred them up to revolt, aud
destroyed many of the Spartans. At which time Tyrreus the poet
was sent by the Athenians to the Spartans to be their general. But
there arc others who say, that Aristomencs flourished in the time of
the twenty-years war. The last war made upon them was after that
terrible eartliquako which almost ruined Sparta and destroyed all
its inhabitants. At that time, those that remained of the Messenians,
(together with the helots who revolted with them), inhabited Ithome,
because Messene had lain waste many years together before that
time. But, being unfortunate in every encounter, they wore at
length utterly ruined, and driven out of their country; and settled
themselves in Naupactus, which was given them to inhabit by the
Athenians : and from thence some removed to Ccphalenia, and others
into Sicily, where they built thecity of Messana, so called from them.
And now the Thebans, in the last place, by the advice ofEpaminon-
das, (who invited the Messenians from all places where they were),
rebuilt Messene, and restored to the new inhabitants all the autient
territories formerly belonging to that city. And thus greut aud va-
rious were the cliangrs and turns of Mcsscric.
Chap. VII. mODORUS SICULUS. 63
J -■■ I ■ ' ■
Tlie TliehaDs having dispatched all these things in the space of
eighty*five days^ leaving a strong garrison for the defence of Mcs-
scne, returned to their own country. And the Lacedemonians
having now unexpectedly rid themselves of the enemy^ sent some of
Ihe greatest men of their city to Athens; and upon a treaty concern-^
ing the principality, it was agreed that the Athenians should be mas-
ters at sea, and the Lacedemonians have the chief command Qt land;
but afterwards both cities executed the sovereignty in common.
About the same time, the Arcadians created Lycomedes general,
and sent him away with five thousand strong and lusty young men
to besiege Pcllene in Laconia: who took it by storm, and put above
three hundred Lacedsemonians there in garrison to the sword: and,
]iaving plundered the city, a»*d wasted and spoiled the country,
returned home before the Lacedaemonians could send them any
relief.
The Boeotians (likewise being desired by the Thessalians to free
them from the tyranny of Alexander the Phercan, then but feeble
and almost broken) .>ctu I'elopidas with a strong army into Thcssaly,
with orders to inuiM ;e ailairs there to the advantage of the JJceo-
tians. When he ia.r.c to Larissu, he possesed himself of the castle
then garriso'crl hy Alexander; thence he marched into Macedonia,
and made a Itjai^iio with king Alexander, and received Philip his
brother as an hostage, and sent him to Thebes, And having per-
fected whatever he thougiit might be for the service of the Bciiotians,
he returned into his own country.
Things standing tlius, the Arcadians, Argives, and Elians, unanl*
moubly agreed to make war upon the Lacedfemonians, and to that
euAy to send ambassadors to tiie Boeotians, to persuade them tojoia
with them in the war. TIjey accordingly consented, and sent forth
an army of seven thousand foot, and five hundred horse, under the
command of Epaniinondas and the other Ba*otarchs. The Athe •
tiians hearing of the preparations of the Bceotians against Pelopon-
nesus, sent an army against them, under the command of Chabrias
their general, who, when he arrived at Corinth, raised men out ofMe-
gara, Pellene, and Corinth, and made up an army of ten tliousand
men; who being joined with the Lacedajmonians and other confe-
derates at Corinth, their whole forces were no less than twenty
thousand. They made it first their business to guard all the pas-
sages, and to do all they could to prevent the Boeotians from break-
ing into Peloponnesus: to this end they drew a wall with a deep
trench from the Cenchreje to theLcchaeum*, to block up the entrance
* The narrow pi« of Pflopotihcsus, between two seas, viz, Lecliseuin, l^in;; uu Uie
v*tt.^\, and Cenchreic iu tlic casi, loriuing the harbour of Corialh.
B4 DrODORUS SICULUS. BooJk XP\
that way. The thing was done with that quickness and expedition,
(through the multitude of hands and diligence of those employed),
that the place was fortified before the Boeotians could reach it.
A» soon as Epaminondas came np to the place, upon diligent view
of the fortification, he discerned that that part kept by the Lace-
daemonians was the weakest, and therefore did all he could to draw
tliem out to a fair ficld-battic, though they were almost three times
Iiis number. But when he saw they would not stir, but kept tbem«
•elres within their fortifications and trenches, he made a fierce as-
sault upon them, storming them in every part : but the action was
hottest and sharpest on both sides, where the Lacedsemonians were
posted, for there the place was of easiest entrance, and most difficult
to be kept. But Epaminondas having with him tlie flower of Tbebes>
with much ado heat off the Lacedsemonians, and so clearing the way,
broke in with his forces, and laid the passage open Into Peloponnesus,
which was an action nothing inferior to any he had done before.
Hereupon, he forthwith marched to Troezenc and Epidaurus, and
wasted and harassed the country round about, but could not Mkc
the cities, bcin^; very strongly garrisoned j but Sicyon, Fheuntc*,
and some oth^TS submitted to him. Then he marched with hU
army against Corinth : and, having routed the townsmen in an en-
counter, he pursued them to the very walls: where some of the
Boeotians, puir'ed up with their good success, rashly broke through
tht: gates into the city; upon which the Corinthians, in a great fright,
shut themselves up in their liouses. But Chabiias, the Athenian ge-
neral, both cordially and faithfully made head against tlie Boeotians,
and drove some of them out of the city, making a great slaughter
of the rest. In the heat of this action, the Boeotians approached to
Corinth with their whole army in battalia, to the great terror of the
inhabitants: upon which, Chabrias, with his Athenians, forthwith
made a sally out of the city, and having possessed himself of the
lulls adjoining, there bore the brunt of the enemy's charge. On the
other side the B<i.'otians encouraged, being strong of body, and of
long experience in feats of arms, doubted not but to rout the Athe-
nians. But the Chabrians (by the advantage of the higher ground,
rind continual succours comirg to them out of the city) so defendecl
themselves, that they killed and grievously galled their assailants, ancj
bi»at them olf: so that the Boeotians, after the loss of a great num-
ber of their men, not being able to do any thing, drew off their forces,
ButC'habriai having thus baffled the enemy, his valour, faithfulness,
and military conduct, was cried up, and greatly admired.
* ri:f a b tli».
Chop. PIII. DIODORUS SICULU9. 55
CHAP. VIIL
Dionysitts sends Gauls ami Spaniards to the assistance of the La-
cedafnanioHs, Pelopidas and Jstnetiias hnprisoned by AUx^-
Mmder, iyrmU of Phera. The Bwotifms pursued by the PAe-
reans: brought off* by EpaminondaSy then a private soldier,
TheJUght between the Arcadians and LacedtEmoniaxis* Dio^
nysius falls upon the Carthaginian territories in Sicily. Diotty*
sius dies. T%e cause of his death. The cruelty of Aiexauder
the Pherean at Scotussa. Epaminondas breaks again into Pe*
toptmnesus. Coos peopled and walled. The etui of t/te Laconic
euulBwotian war by tlie medicUion of the Persian king.
ABOUT this time alrivcd at Corinth two thousand Gauk and Spa-
niards, sent by Dionysius tiie tyrant to the Lacedemonians from Si«
cily, who liad five months [)ay in advance. The Grecians, to try their
miour, drew them out against the enemy; who so far approved them-^
fclves stout and valiant men, that they routed and killed many of
the B<eottans and their confederates. And after they had been verj
useful in the war, and procured to themselves praise and esteem
both for their courage and service, and had been rewarded according
to their merits by tlie Laced«fmouians, they were sent back into &{•
cily at tlie end of the sunimer.
After these things, Philiscus, ambassador from Artaxcrxes king of
Persia, came into Greece to persuade the Grecians to be at pt*ace
among themselves; to which all willingly complied except theThe^
bans, who were so obstinate that they refused the conditions, hav«
iog before brought all Boeotiainto subjection to their own govern-
aient Tiiere being therefore no hopes of peace, Philiscus returned
into Asia, leaving behind him two thousand mercenaries, who re-
ceived their pay for the service of the Lacedaemonians.
Whilst these things were doing, £uphron of Sicyoii, a hold and
lash fellow, not inferior to any of that kind, with the assistance of the
Argives, plotted to gain the sovereignty ; and to that end, fortune favour-
ed him so far, that fothwith he banished forty of the citizens, and con-
fiscated their goods and estates, by which he raised a vast sum of
money, wherewith he hired a guard of foreigners, and so possessed
himrelf of the command of the city.
Nausigencs being lord chancellor of Athens, and four militarv
tribunes, viz. Lucius Papirius, Lucius Menenius, Servius Cornelius-,
and Servius Sulpitius. executing the consular authority at Rome,
5G moDORus S1CUI.US. Book XVL
t]ic hundred and ttiird olympiad was celebrated at Elis^ in which Py-
thostratus the Athenian carried away the prize. This year ^Ptolemy
AloriteS; the son of Amyntas, treacherously murdered his brother
Alexander^ and governed the kingdom of Macedonia for the space
of three years. At the same time Pelopidas in Uccutla, emulatingf
the glory of Epaminondas, and perceiving what great service he had
done in Peloponnesus for the commonwealth of Bceotia, made itbis
business to advance his own reputation, by enlarging the power and
sovereignty of the Thebans in otiicr parts out of Peloponnesns.
To that end, and joining with Ismenias, (his special friend, and a
man of great esteem for his valour), he took a journey into Thes-
saly, where, upon discourse with Alexander, tyrant of Pherse, (when
he never expected any such thing), he and Ismenias were bothseized^
and clapped up in prison. This fact highly incensed the ^Fbebans,
upon which they sent eight thousand heavy-armed men, and six
hundred horse into Thessaly. At whose coming Alexander was in a
great fright, and sent ambassadors to Athens to treat with them for
their assistance. Upon this, the people of Athens forthwith des-
patched thirty sail, and a thousand men, under the command of
Autocles; but while he sailed round Eubcea, the Thebans en-
tered Tliessaly. And thougii Alexander was well furnished with
foot, and exceeded the BcKOtians in horse, yet the Boeotians at the
first concluded they should put an end to the war by one fight, es-
pecially being enforced by the Thcssalians: but being deserted by
them, and Alexander assisted by the Athenians and other confede-
rates, and meat and drink and all other provisions being scarce, the
Boeotarchs were resolved to return home, and accordingly drew off;
and in their march througii the plain, they were fallen upon in the
rear by Alexander's horse, who killed and wounded many of the Boeo-
tians. At length, not being able either to keep their ground or go
forward, they knew not which way to turn themselves, or wliat to
do; and to aggravate the perplexity they were in, they were in want
of food. In this desperate condition Epaminondas (who was then
but a private soldier) was chosen general by the army, who presently
placed the best and choicest of tiie light-armed men, and the horse
in the rear. With these he repulsed the enemy that pressed upon the
backs of the Boeotians, and by frequent skirmishes, (making head
as occasion served), and keeping his troops in good order, he brought
otr the army safe. Thenceforth more and more advancing his own
reputation by his noble actions, he giiined praise and renown both
amongst his citizens, and all their confederates.
But the magistrates of Bccotia set great fines u|X)n the ofTieers
and leaders in this late expedition^ and so raised a great deal uif
G/kp. Fill. moDORUs siculus. 5/
money; but, in regard the question may be very well asked — How
it came to pass that so great a man was placed in so low a place as
a common soldier in that expedition into Thessuly ? it is fit a reason
should be given in justification of Epaminondas: When he had in
the fight at Corinth beaten off the Lacedaemonians who guarded the
fortification, he might have killed a great number of them; but rest-
ing satisfied that he had gained the pass, he forbore all further pur«^
tuit. Being therefore suspected that he spared the Laccdssmoniant
out of a design to ingratiate himself into their favour, those that en*
vied his glory, watched an opportunity to accuse him of treason.
Upon which the people were so exasperated, that they deprived him
of his command, and Ordered him to serve as a common soldier* But
having by his noble actions wiped off those stains of dishonour cast
iipoDhim,he was restored by the people to his former dignity.
Not long after, a sliarp battle was fought between the Laccdas-
uonians and the Arcadians, in which the former obtained a famous
victory; and was the first fight since that at I^uctra, wherein they
had any considerable success. There were above ten thousand of the
Arcadians slain, and not one man lost of the Lacediemonians. The
priests at Dodona had before foretold— That this war should end with-
out any mourning on the part of the Lacedsemonians. After this bat-
tle^ the Arcadians were in that fear of the Lacedemonians, that they
built the city called Megalopolis, in a place commodiously situated
for their security, and brought into it the Menalians, and Parrha*
tians, out of twenty villages in Arcadia. And this was the state of
Greece at that time.
In Sicily, Dionysius the tyrant having raised a great army, resolved
to take advantage of the present opportunity, and to fall upon the
Carthaginians, who were then but in a very weak condition, by rca-
con of the plague that raged amongst them, and their being deserted
by many of the Africans. And because he had not the least colour
or ground for the war, he pretended that the Carthaginians encroach-
ed and made incursions into his country. Having therefore an army
of thirty thousand foot, and three thousand horse, besides a navy of
three hundred sail, with these he invades the Carthaginian territory,
and presently won Selinus and Entclla, and wastes and harasses
all the country round about : then taking £ryx, he at length besieg-
ed Lilybsum : but the strength of the garrison presently forced him
to raise the siege. Afterwards, being informed that the arsenals be-
longing to the Carthaginians were burnt down, and therefore con-
ceiving their whole fleet was destroyed, he grew secure and despised
the enemy; so that he laid up thirty of his best p:allic!» in ilie havcu
at F: yx, and sent all the rest back to Syracuse, But the Cartha-
VojL.2. No. 41. I
58 DIODORUS SICULUS. Sook XFi
■ . ■ ■ m
ginians having forthwith manned two hundred sail^ and entering the
port at Eryx unexpectedly, on a sudden came up to the ships there,
and carried away most of them out of the harhour: but winter drawing
on, both sides made a truce, and returned with their armies to winter*
quarters. And not long after, Dionysius fell sick and died, having
reigned thirty-eight years; his son Dionysius succeeded him, andgo-
verncd twelve years.
Here it will not be a matter foreign to the design of our history.
If we relate the cause of his death, and what happened to this prince
a little before that time.
When he had caused a tragedy of his, called the Leneians, to be
acted at Athens, and was proclaimed victor, one of the singers or
musicians in the chorus, hoped to gain an honourable reward by bring-
ing him the first news of his victory : to that end he sailed to Co-
rinth, and thence took shipping for Sicily, and, with afairw*ind, ar-
sived at Syracuse, and presently gives the tyrant an account of his
victory: uiK>n which, he was so transported with joy, that he bounti-
fully rewarded tiie man; and that he might give thanks to the gods
by costly sacrifices, for such a happy piece of news, he made splen-
did entertainments, in feasting and drinking. But in this sumptu-
ous reception of his friends, drinking to excess, and overcharging
nature, he fell into a most violent distemper, which killed him. He
iiad been formerly forewarned by an oracle — ^That he should then
die, when he should overcome those who were better than himself.
This doubtful prophecy, he applied to the Carthaginians, looking upon
them to be more powerful than he himself. And upon that account,
(though he was often fighting witii them), it was his custom to wave
the victory, and own himself to be overcome. However, he was
not able to avoid his destiny. For, though he was but a bad poet,
yet by the judgment of the Athenians, he carried jiway the victory
against those that far excelled him in that art: so that his victory
over them, and the time of his death, very well agreed to the sense
of the oracle. Dionysius the younger, as soon as he came to the
crown, called a senate, and there courted the people, and desired
them to continue the same good will and respect to him, that they
had born to his father. Afterwards, having first solemnized his fa-
ther's funeral with great pomp and state at the king*s gates in the
castle, he ordered the affairs of hLs kingdom so as to set himself fast
on the throne.
At this time Polyzclus was arelion at Athens; and at Rome^
(through intestine broils and seditions), was nothing hut an anarchy.
In Greece, Alexander, tyrant of Phera!, bearing a grudge to them
of Scotussa in Thessaly, called them to a common assembly ; and when
CkaP' VIII. DIODORUS SICULUS. 39
they appeared^ he encompassed them with his guard, and put them
every one to the sword, and threw their carcasses into the ditches over
the walls, and plundered tlic city.
At the same time, Epaminondas the Thehan, with all his forces,
broke into Peloponnesus, with whom joined the Achaians, and several
other confederates, and restored Dymon*, Naupactusf, and Caly-
donj, to their aniicnt liberties, and then made another expedition
into Thes-saly ; in which they freed Pelopidas out of the hands of
Al<^x.'M'der ihc tyrant of Piieric. The Pliliasians were about the
eame tjnit: besieged by the Arjrives: but Chares, sent from Athens in
aid of the Pliliasians, raised the siege, having routed the Argives in two
battles, and so returned to Athens.
Ai the end of this year Ccphisidorus was chief governor of Athens;
and four military tribunes, clothed witli consular dignity, governed at
Rome, viz. Lucius Furius, Paulus Manlius, Servitius Sulpitius, and
Servius C(»rnelius. At that time Thcmesion the prince of Eretria
took Oropus, belonging to the Athenians, hut lost it again on a sud-
den. For, the Athenians coming upon liim with far greater forces
than he was able to cope with, he applied himself to the Thebans for
assistance, and delivered the city into their hands, (as a pledge), which
they never after would restore.
While those things were acting, they of Coos seated themselves
in the city they now enjoy§, and put it into that state and grandeur
it now has. For it was made very populous, and a large wall drawn
round about it, with great cost and expense, and furnished with an
excellent harbour. From this time forward, it grew more and more,
both in its public revenues, and in the private wealth and riches of
its inhabitants, in »o much, that it vied with the chiefest and most
famous cities.
During these transactions, the king of Persia sent ambassadors to
persuade the Grecians to ajj^ree and lay aside their animosities one
against another. Upon which, the Laconic and Boeotian war, (as
they called ii), which, from the time of the battle of Leuctra had
continued above five years, was now at length ended. About these
times flourished several famous men, worthy, for their learning,
to be ever remembered. As Isocrates the orator, and his scholars;
Aristotle the philosopher, and Anaximenes of Lampsacus; and espe-
cially Plato the Atiienian, and the last of the Pythagorean philoso-
phers. Besides these, Xenophon the historian, (now very old), for
* Dymon, or Dymae, a cily of Ac:haiu. t A rity ofAeliuia in Lih;:!?, now
called Lc pan to. X Cui^dunin ^^tuiia, about seven milcb Irocn ihc sea.
\ Cuosj a cliv so called iu the IhIuiiJ of Cooi, iu the iE<;can sea.
6o DiODORus sicuLus. Book XFi
lie ^nakcs mention of the death of Epaminondas^ which happened :
shortly after this time. Aristippus and Antisthenes^ and Echines off
Sphetus, (one of the scholars of Socrates), were living at this time.
CHAP. IX,
Neiv quarrels in Greece. TVte battle betioeeii the EUans and Arm
cadiojis near Laasia. The quarrel between the Pisates and then%
ofElis about the Olympic gatnes. A fight at the time and place
of thegatnes. The Theham prepare a fleet in order to gain the
dominion at sea. Hhodes^ Chios, and Byzantium, broughtinie^
the Th^bans by Epaminondas. The Thebans make war upon
Orchomeniis: the reason, Orchomenus razed. The Thessa*
Hans luar ivith Alexander the Pherean. Pelopidas hilled; hU^
praises.
THIS year Chion was chief governor at Athens; and these mJlitary trir
bunes executed the consular authority at Romc^viz. Quintus Scrvias^y
CaiusVcturius, Aulas Cornelius, Marcus Cornelius^ and Marcus Fa-
bius. In their time, while all Greece was at peace, on a sudden neir
quarrels and preparations for war began to break out between some of
the cities. For the cxilesofArcadiamadean excursion outofEIis, and
seized upon tlie strong castle of Triphyliaf, called Lassia. The Ar-
cadians and Elians had been quarrelling a long time about Triphylia:
and, upon several turns of fortune, first one and then the other got
the possession; which being at that time in the hands of the Arca-
dians, the Elians, under the shelter and colour of the Arcadian fugi*
tlvcs, dispossessed the Arcadians. They, (enraged at this affront and
injury), by their ambassadors, first demanded the re-delivery of the
place, hut their demand was slighted; thereupon they procured the
Athenians to join with them in the war, and besieged Lassia. But
the Elians came presently into the assistance of the exiles: upon
which a battle was fought near Lassia^ in which the Elians were
routed, being overpowered by numbers, and lost above two hundred
men. The seeds of war being now sown, the controversy be-
tween the Elians and the Arcadians grew hotter everyday: for the
Arcadians, pufied up with the late victory, presently marched their
ar.iiy into the country of £1is^ and took the cities MarganuSj Cro^
pium, Cyparissia, and Coryphasium.
• Scrvilius. t A pari of the country of Elis.
Ohap. IX. DT0D0RU8 SICULUS. 6l
In the interim Ptolomseus Aiorites, in Macedonia^ was treacherously
murdered by his brotherPerdiccas after he had reigned threeyears; Per-
diccas succeeded him, and enjoyed the kingdom five years.
At this time Timocraies was archon of Athens; and three military
tribunes invested with consular authority ruled at Rome^ viz. Titus
Quintius, Servilius Cornelius^ and Servius Sutpitius. The hundred
and fourth olympidJ was now celebrated by the Pisates and the Arca-
dians, where Phocides, the Athenian, was victor.
About this time it happened, that the Pisates, (upon the account
of some old fables and stories they had amongst them), to regain the
antient honour and dignity of their country, challenged it as their
right to convene and manage the Olympic games. Judging it there-
fore now a fit time to dispute this matter, they took in the Arcadians,
the enemies of the Elians, as their confederates in the war: with
whose aid and assistance they marched against the Elians, who had
then appointed the games. Whereupon the Elians, with all their
forces, made out against them; upon which there was a very sharp en-
counter. The Grecians who were then come together to this solem-
nity, stood as spectators with crowns upon their heads, (out of reach
of all danger), and at every brave action of either party gave great
shouts. The Pisates at length being conquerors, managed the sports i
but the Elians never accounted this olympiad in their annals, because
they looked upon it to be acted by force, and against law.
During these transactions of affairs, Epaminondas the Theban,
(who was in great esteem among the people), made a speech to tlie
citizens, in which he stirred them up to gain the dominion of the
sea. In this oration (which he had premeditated long before) he
diewed them that the thing was easily done, as it was advantageous
and profitable to the commonwealth; and amongst other things he
likewise told them ^That being sovereigns at land, they might be
easily masters at sea. For although the Athenians in the war against
Xerxes, had a navy of two hundred sail well equipped and furnished,
yet they were under the command of the Lacedaemonians, who had
but ten. When he had spoken what he had to say suitable lo the
occasion, he brougiit the Thcbans to a compliance.
It was therefore forthwith decreed by the people, that a hundred
gallies, and as many docks should be built, and that application should
be made to the Ilhodians, Cliians, and Bizantines, tor their assist-
ance to forward the work. Epaminondas himself being sent away
with some forces to the beforemcntioned cities, so terrified Ijaches the
Athenian general, (who was sent with a strong and well furnished fleet
to obstruct the designs of the Thebans) , that he forced him to sail back,
and reduced those cities to the obedience of Thebes : and no doubt
CZ- DIODORUS SICULUS. Book Xf\
but if this man had lived some time longer, he had gained for the
Thcbans the sovereign command both at sea and land. But not long
after, being killed at the battle at Mantenca, (where he obtained a
famous victory for his country by his own fall), all the prosperity of
the Thebans j)re5ently died (as it were) with him. But we shall treat
of these tilings more particularly and distinctly sliorlly hereafter.
About the same time likewise, the Thelwns resolved to invade
Orchomenus, for the reasons following: Some of the Theban fu-
gitives had a purpose to change the government of Thebes into
an aristocracy, and to that end, joined in confederacy with three
hundred horsemen of Orchomenus. These horses were used to ren-
dezvous at a certain day appointed and ordered by the Tliebans, and
therefore they contrived that at that very day, (whenever it should be),
they would fall upon the city. And seeing there were many others
that were engaged to be assisting in ettecting this design, they took
a fit opportunity at length to meet ti)gether. Then some of the
chief conspirators, who began to repent of the treason, discovered all
to the Boeotians, and by betraying their fellows, saved their own lives.
Upon this all the horsemen, by comm;iud of the magistrates, were
seized, and being af'ierwards brought r)eforc the senate, they were all
judii- 1 to bo put to death, and that the inh:\hitants of Orchomenus
should 'jf .sold for slaves, and their city razed to the ground. The
Thebans bad born au old grudge towards them of Orchomenus for
many generations, lu'cause in the times of the heroes*, they forced
them to pay tribute, till Hercules set them free. Having therefore
now got an opportunity, and a good colour (as they conceived) to re-
venge themselves, they marched with their forces against Orchoiiienus.
And presently making themselves masters of the city, they put all the
men to the sword, and sold the women and children forslaves.
At this same tinK\ tlie 'J'hessalians made war upon Alexander, the
prince ofriieric; but, being often beaten, and having lost many
men, they solicited the Thebans to send aid to them, under the coai"*
wand of IVlopidas: for they knew he. was a brave-spirited man and
an excellent commander, and an inveterate enemy of Alexander^
upon account of his late imprisonmeut. The Boeotians hereupon
called a general council, and gave audience to the ambassadors; and^
having heard their message, they readily complied in all things to
their request, and forthwith ordered IVlopidas to their assistance,
with seven thousand men, who presently obeyed; and, just as he was
marching out with the army, the son was eclipsed, which prodigy-
perplexed many: for there were some of the soothsayers who de-
clared, that by this marching out of the army, the sun of the city
• Dr demigod*.
CAeip. IX. DiODORus sicuLus. €3
should be eclipsed, meaning notliing else but the doatli of Peloi>ida$.
However, Pelopidas (nothing moved with what was said, but led on
by his inevitable destiny) marched forward. When he came into
Thessaly, he found that Alexander, with above twenty thousand
men, had possessed himself of the higher grounds: u|K>n thits he en-
camped in the face of the enemy, and, being afterwards joined with
theTliessalians, he fought the Pheraeans. But Alexander prevailing,
by the advantage of the ground, Pelopidas (desiring to put an end to
the dispute by his own personal valour) charges up to Alexander
iumself, who, with those select bands that were about him, valiantly
«tood his ground; upon this the battle grew very hot, in which Pelo-
pidas, acting the part both of a good soldier and skilful commander^
covered the place with the bodies of his enemies. At length lie put
the enemy to flight, and gained the victory; but he himself (through
many wounds he had received) fell down dead, and so heroically
cuded his days. And now xMcxander, being conquered in anotlter
battle, and thereby having all his forces broken in pieces, he was
forced, upon terms of peace, to restore to the Thessalians all the
towns lie had before taken, and to deliver Magnesia and Phthiotis,
cities of Achaia, to the Boeotians, and be their confederates, and, for
the future, to be content with Pherae only. However, though the
Thehans gained a glorious victory, yet they declared every where that
they were conquered, liecause of the death of Pelopidas: for they
looked upon the victory not to compensate the loss of so brave a man.
For he had often done many great and worthy services for the ad-
vantage of his country, and niucli enlarged the bounds and tenitorii's
of the Theban commonwealth: as, in freeing the city by the exik^,
when they recovered the citadel of Cadniea, all generally ascrilu'd
ttiat noble action to Pelopidas; which was the chief cause of all the
advantages, and happy success that liappencd to the Tiiebuus after-
wards. Then, at the fight of Tegea, Pelopidas was liie only man 01*
the Boeotarchs that overcame the Laced«emoniiinsiy the most potent
people of all the Grecians; which was the first time the Thehans
erected a trophy (for the greatness of the victory) over the Laceche-
moaians. Afterwards, at the battle of Leuctra, he was colonel of
the sacred band, and was the first that broke in upon the Lacedie-
Dionians, and so became the immediate author and instrument of the
victory. Besides, in the expeditions against the Lacedccmoiiians,
(being general of seventy thousand men), he erected a trophy for
his victory over them in the very face of Sparta, wiio ntvtr kiu-w
before what it was to be hehieged. Being bent ambassador to ihe
king of Persia, to negotiate the alTair of the ecunmou paeificaiion,
he gained in that treaty Meiseue for his own country, whieh the
64 DrODORUS SICULUS. Booi XK
ThebaDS rebuilt, after it had lain desolate tliree hundred years. And
now at last, in the battle against Alexander^ (notwithsanding he hM
exceeded him in the number of his forces), he not only obtained a
glorious victory, but became famous for his Extraordinary valour^
though with the loss of his life. And, during these wars^ lie was
in that reputation among the people, that, from the return of the
exiles, to the time ot His death, he was always one of the Boeotsrchss
no one ever before being thought worthy of so great an honour. In-
asmuch, therefore, as Pelopidas was thus highly esteemed, and gained
the reputation of all for his courage and conduct, it is fit he should hav^
bis due commendation from us, likewise, in this our history.
About the same time Clearchus, of the city of Heraclea, aspired ta
the sovereignty of Pontus^ and prevailing in his enterprise, made it
his whole business to imitate Dionysius the tyrant, and governed the
Heracleans in great splendour for the space of twelve years.
During these affairs, Timotheus the Athenian general, having witK
him both sea and land-forces, besieged Toryne and Potidiea, and took
them by storm^ and razed the siege of Cyzicum.
CHAP. X.
The tear between the Tegeans and Mantineans. The Bccotians
side with the Tegeans. Epaminondas made general. The batth
ofMantinea, where Epaminondas was killed; hut the Laceda^^
monians routed. The commendation of Epaminondas.
AT the end of the year, Chariclides was created lord-chancellor of
Athens; and Lucius .^miiius Mamcrcus, and Lucius Sextius Late-
ranus, Roman consuls. At which time the Arcadians and thePisates
(by compact joining together) celebrated the Olympic games at
Olympus, and possessed themselves both of the temple, and all the
lichcs that were there. And, because the Mantineans carried away
and converted to prophane uses many of the dedicated things, these
•acrilegious persons made it their business to promote and carry oa
the war against the Elians, lest, if peace were made, they should be
called to account for their ill-gotten goods. And therefore, when
the rest of the Arcadians would have compromised matters, they
stirred up sedition against their own countrymen. Being, therefore.
Chap. X. DIODORU8 sicuLUS. 65
divided into two factions^ one headed by the Tegcans, the other by
the Mantineans, the feud grew to that height, that at last they deter-
mined to decide th^ controversy by force of arms ; and they of Tegca
sent an ambassador to the Boeotians, to desire their assistance:
whereupon the Boeotians, without delay, made Epaminondas gene-
ral, and sent him, with a strong army, to the aid of the Tcgeans.
But the Mantincans (being terrified with the Boeotian army, and the
great name of Epaminondas) sent their ambassadors to the principal
enemies of the Boeotians, (the Athenians and Lacediunionians), to
solicit them to join witli the Mantincans in the war. Great forces,
therefore, being raised on both sides, many great battles were fought
in Peloponnesus; and the Lacedsjemonians, as soon as they could,
broke into that part of Arcadia lying next to them. About the same
time Epaminondas was marching forward with his army, and, being
come near to Mantinea, he heard that the Lacedaemonians, witli all
their forces, were wasting and spoiling the territories of Togea; con-
ceiving, therefore, that Sparta was left naked, he undertook a weighty
afiair, but fortune favoured not his enterprise. For he marched with
his army in tiie night against Sparta; but Agis, king of Lacedojujon,
(suspecting the craft and subtlety of Epaminondas), prudently con-
jectured what iK)ssibIy might be designed: tlieiefore, to prevent
Epaminondas, he despatched away some Cretan couriers to Sparta,
to acquaint them that the Boeotians were just then upon their march,
in order to surprise the city, and that he himself would make all tlie
haste he possibly could to relieve them 5 and therefore charged them
to look to the place, and not in the least to be afraid, for he would
be with them presently. The Cretans observed their orders with all
exi^cdltion, by which the Ijaccdeemonians (strangely, and on a sud«
den) prevented the ruin of their country: for, if the stratagem had
not been discovered, ICpaminondas had certainly surprised Sparta.
So that the policy and contrivance of both the generals justly chal-
lenge tlieir due praise; yet the prudent care of a skilful commander
must here be especially attributed to the Lacedremonian. Epami-
nondas, having now marched all the night long, at break of day came
up to Sparta; but Agcsilaus, who was left to guard the city, (havinc^
had intelligence but a little before), did what he could to put the
city in a posture of defence. To tliis end, lie commanded the boys
that were of any considerable bigness, and the old men, to the roofs
of the houses, that they might be in a capacity to drive back the
enemy from thence: then, placing all the strong and lusty men in
the several difficult passes that led into the city, aiid, blocking up all
ether places where possibly an entrance mii^ht be made, he vaitcd fwr
the coming of the enemy,
VoL.i>. No. 41. K
66 DIODORUS 8ICULUS* Sook XK
Epaminondas, having divided his army into three parts, made an
assault round the town at one and the same time; butj when he dis*
cerncd in what order the Spartans were placed to oppose him, he
presently understood that his design was discovered : however, thougk
he was much obstructed by the strait and narrow passages, and forced
to fight in small parties with great bodies of men at once, and manj
were killed on both sides, yet he would not draw off till the Lacede-
monian army came up near unto Sparta. The Spartans, therefore,
being now reinforced in such great strength, and night coming oOy
he left off the assault.
Then he was informed by some prisoners, that the Mantinean%
with all the power of tlie city, were hastening towards him, to the
assistance of the Lacediemonians : upon which he marclied away,
and encamped not far from the city. But presently, commanding
his soldiers to cat their suppers, and, leaving there a body of horse,
whom he commanded to kindle fires all the night, he marched away
with the rest of the army, with a design on a sudden to cut off all
them that were left in Mantinea. The next day (having marched a
long way) he unexpectedly assaulted them of Mantinea, but failed ia
his design; and, though he had (as a diligent commander) provided
all things that were necessary, yet fortune now opposed him, and so
he lost the prize. For as soon as he came near the city, which was
then naked, and without any defence, six thousand Athenian auxili-
aries entered into Mantinea at the other end of tiie town, under the
command of (legelocus, a person of good esteem among the citizens,
who, having put a sufficient garrison into the city, with the rest stood
in l)attalia ready to engage. And presently appeared the armies,
both of the Lfacedsemonians and Mantineans. And now every ooe
prepared to put <i1l to tlie hazard of a battle, and therefore sent for
their allies out of all parts. The Elians, Lacedaemonians, Atlie-v
nians, and some others, sided witli the Mantineans: their forces a-
mounted to above twenty thousand foot, and two thousand horse*
The most considerable persons of Arcadia for riches and valour, toge-
ther with the Achaians, Ba^otians, Argives, and some of the Pclo-
ponnesians, and other confederates, joined with the Tegeans, who
amounted, in the whole, to above thirty thousand foot, and threq
thousand horse.
And now the armies on both sides took the field, in order to d€<«
tide the matter, and drew up in battalia; and the soothsayers, frooi
the view of tlie sacrifices, (offered here and there), declared victory
to their several parties. The Mantineans, and the rest of the Arca-
dians, (because the war was in their own country), were in the right
wijigj supported by the Lacedsemonian% drawn up next to then.
Chap. X. DIODORUS SICULU8. dj
Next to the Lacedaemonians were placed the Elians and Achaiaiis^
and some others of the weaker part of the army completed that
wing. The left wint^ consisted of the Athenians. On the other
side, the Thebans placed themselves in the left wing, op|X)site to the
Arcadians; and the Argives held the right. The rest of the army,
£ubceans, Locrians, Sicyonians, Messenians, Maleans, and i£neians,
and the other confederates, made up the main body. The horse on
both sides W'*re placed on the flanks. The armies being thus drawn
up, while they stood facing one another for some time, the trumpets
at length sounded a charge, and the armies set up so great a shout,
as if both sides were assured of the victory. The horse from tho
winL's first charged one another, with the greatest fury imagin<ible:
the Athenian horse charged the Thebans, but were worsted, not so
much by the valour and hardiness of the Thebans, or their skill in
martial affairs, (for in these the Athenians were inferior to none), as
by their number, and being better armed and appointed, and far ex-
ceeding the other in order and manner of battle. For the Athenians
had very few darters among them, wiiereas the Thebans had three
times as many, besides slingers and archers from the Thessalians,
who were used to be exercised in that way of fighting from their
childhood, and by that means were always very serviceable in all en-
counters.
Tlie Athenians therefore, what with being galled by the light-
aimed men, and overpowered by the horse, were forced to fly. Yet,
because they fled out from tlic wings, they easily repaired the damage
they had sustained: for they broke not into their own foot in their
flight, but, falling in with some Euboeans, and some other merce-
naries, who were sent out before to take possession of some hills near
the place, (witli whom tliey had a sharp engagement), they put every
man of them to the sword. Fi)r the Theban horse did not pursue
them that fled, but charged in upon the enemy's foot, with a design
to break through them; upon which tho dispute was very hot and
sharp, but at length the Athenians fled outright i but the colonel of
the Elian hoise (who was in the rear-guard of the army*) succoured
them, and, cutting oiF many of the Boeotians, renewed tlie fight.
And thus was tlie rout in the Athenian left wing in a great measure
repaired by the Elian horsemen. In the engagement by the horse
in the other wing, the success was a little while doubtful; but, within
a short time, the Mantineans were put to the rout, by the multi-
tude and strength of the Bcjeotian and Thcssalian horsemen, and,
with great loss, were forced to fly for shelter to their own Uattaliou of
• Tlic Mautuican army.
6s DIODORUS sicuLUfl. Book XV.
foot. And this was the issue of the engagement between the horse.
The foot, as soon as they engaged, fought with wonderful heat and
resolution. Never was there greater armies in the field in any battle
between Grecians and Grecians; nor more brave and excellent com-
manders^ or that ever approved themselves with more valour and
courage: for the Baeotiuus and Lacediemouians, who were in that
age counted the best land -soldiers in the world, fronted one another^
and began the onset with that fury, as if they valued not their lives ia
the least. They first began witli their lances, which being, for the
most purt, broken in pieces by the violence and heat of the cfaarge^
they took to their swords: then, setting foot to foot, all sorts of
wounds, curable and mortal, slight and deadly, were given and re-
ceived, without remitting any thin^ of their first heat or resolution;
and they continued in this ^harp engagement with that valour, and
such a long time, (neither side giving the least ground), that victory
seemed to liuver over bjih, (uncertain wijcre it would fall); for every
one slighted aiul coniemned danger, and (desiring nothing more than
to make hinjself remai kable by some glorious piece of service for hia
country) with u livave gallantry of mind coveted to exchange life for
honour. After the i)attle had continued long, and none were able to
judge who would be the conquerors, Epaniinonuas (conceiving the
present state of the parties engaged required his assistance] resolved
to decide the matter, with the hazard of his own life. To that end
taking a choice band of the most able men he iiad with him, and^
dvawiiig i!ii m up in close order, he forthwith charged at the head of
them, and was the first that cast his javelin, and killed the Lacedie*
incnian general, and tlien bn^ke into the midst of his enemies; then
others prcisently following, (healing down all before him), he clovo
asunder tlie enemy's division: for, the fame of Epaminondas, and
the streiiirtli of tljai body he then had with him, struck such a terror
into tlie Lacedaemonians, that they turned their backs, and began to
make awr.y; upon which the Boeotians pursued close, and killed all
that were in the rear, ^o that heaps of carcases covered the ground.
At length, wIku t!ie Lacediemonians perceived that the fierceness
and heat of Epaminondas had precipitated him too far, they all in a
body made up to him, throwing an infinite number of darts at him,
i>f w':ich he put by some, and received others upon his target, and
plucke<l others out of his body with his own hands, and threw them
back into the face of the one my. At last, while he was most heroi-
cally ext'rtin;: himself to ^ain the victory for his country, he received
2 m'^iiiil \\f?'.i:id in his l.rcast by a dart, thrown* with such force, as
' V'. v;iC A ".'.IT?*- •. ii "^;' rtji:
; the power of the Ijodies. The trumpets, therefore, sounding a
rity both armies drew off; and i-acli purty erected a trophy, both
endinq: to the victory. For the Athenians possessed the bodies
M those Ivjbcrans and mercenaries that were slain at the hill:
be other bide, the KcPiitians that had routed the l^eedjRmonianSy
«ere masters of the dead, claimed the victory. And, for some
r, neither side ^ent any trumpets to treat for the burying of the
d, kst they that were first should he thought to yield the day.
t at last the Lrieedifmonians first sent a trumpet to procure liberty
»urT their men : whereupon all were buried that were slaiQ oa
But Kpaniinonda^i (yet living) was brought back into the camp;
j. v^-.tfi the pliy*»icians that were sent fur told iiim, that he would
ttainly .lie a«* scon as the dart was dniwn out of his body, he was
( at nil dantit'fl; but first called his armour-bearer, and askcA
hftiitM lii^ > jitlrl was safer When he answered, it was, and shewed
toJiim, itu'u he in(}uiied, which side had got the day? Tlie youth
ttkin:f aiiNWiT, liiai the 1^'pfuians were victors, ** Why then," said
e, *' Niiw is the tirp.e to die," and forthwith ordered the dart to be
nmn "ut: and, when all hi*^ friends round about him cried out, and
"iie,irith irrent lament;. ti'Mi, ex|ires«»ed himself thus " And what!
)EfNinii:ioiid.is ! dost iIkki die childless?" " No, by Jupiter 1" said
le, ** Hut i leave behind me two daughters, whereof the one U
i'iclriry at l^'uclra, and the other at Mantinea.*' And so, upon
inwire out the Ixad of the dart, l;e quietly breathed out his last.
monoRus siculus. Book XPl
and some other Athenians; and Gelon, the son of Dinomenes, in Si-
cilV) and some others^ whose sereral excellencies, if any will com-
pare with the military art, and the glory of the arms of EpaminoD-
das, he shall soon find him to exceed them in many degrees. For^
among them, some one peculiar excellence only was remarkable in
each {articular person; but, in him, a constellation of virtues were
lioused together : for, in strength and comeliness of body, volubility
of tongue, gallantness of spirit, contempt of wealth, and impartial
justice, (and that which was far before all the rest), in valour and skill
in martial affairs, (absolutely necessary for a general), he far exceeded
them all. When alive, he gained the sovereign power for his coun-
try; but, by his death they lost it again, and their affairs declined to
the worse ever afterwards; and at length, by the sloth and ignorance
of their commanders, they were utterly ruined, and reduced to perfect
slavery. And this was the end of Epaminondas, a man honoured
and esteemed of all.
After this battle, the Grecians, being tired out with continual wars^
and contented now to draw stakes, put an end to the war, and entered
into a general league, offensive and defensive, in which the Messeniana
were included. But the Ijaccdsemonians (by reason of the implaca*
He hatred they bore the Messenians) would not agree to the articles
of peace : and therefore they, of all the Grecians, were the only men
that swore not to the league. As to the writers of this year, Xeno*
phon the Athenian concludes his history of the wars of Greece with
the death of Epaminondas. Anaximenes likewise, of Lampsacus,
wrote the first part of his history of the Grecian affairs, from the ori-
gin of the gods, and the first being of mankind, to the battle of Man-
tinea, and the death of Epaminondas, containing almost all the afiain
both of the Grecians and barbarians, in twelve volumes. Lastly,
Philistus, who wrote the history of Dionysius the youngerj in tva
bookSf ends them here.
CAap. XL DiODORUS siculus. 71
CHAR XL
jl defection from the Persiam hi Asia. Tacfiosy khg of Egypf^
declares war against tlte Persians, The war between Tachos
4ind his son Necianabis. The death of Artaxerjces 3Itienuau
jtgesilaus rottts the Egyptians t/uit pursued him^ and restortM
Tachos to Ms kingdom. Quarrels again in Greece, after tie
battle ofMoiitinea^ between the Megalopolitans mui the neigh-^
boitring towns. Peparethos besieged by Alexander 4if Pber4Cm
He routs Leosthenes at sea. Chares^ the Athenian admiral 7
his villanies.
THIS year, Molon was lord-cIianccUor of Athens; and Lucius C!«-
Ducius, and Quintus Servilius, Ruman consuls. In their times, rii£
inhabitants of the sea-coasts of Asia made a defection from the Pa*'
aians; and some of the governors of tlie provinces, and chief com-
manders, began neiv broils, and rose up in arms against Artaxcrxes*
Tachos, likewise, king of Egypt, declared war against the Persians^
and employed himself in building of ships, and raising of land-forces:
he brought over, also, the Lacedemonians to join with him, and hired
many soldiers out of the cities of Greece: for the Spaitans bore a
grudge against Artaxerxes, because he had ordered the Messeuians to
be comprehended in the public league among the Grecians, l^k
great conspiracy caused tlie Persian king, likewise, to exert himself
to raise forces: for lie was to engage in a war with the king of Eg^'jyt,
the Grecian cities in Asia, the Lacediemouians and their couCede*
rates, and the lord-lieutenants and chief commanders of the sea
coasts, all at one and the same time. Among these, Ariobarzanes,
lord-lieutenant of Phrygiu, was tlie chief, who had possessed himself
of the kingdom of Mitliridates, after his death: with him joined
JVIausolus, prince of Caria, who had many consiilerable towns and
«astles under his command, the metropolis of which was Haliair*
uassus, wherein was a most stately citadel, the ruyal seat or palace
of Caria; and with tlicse were confederated Orontes, governor of
Mysia, and Autophradatcs, of Lydia; and, of the Ionian nation, the
Lycians, Pisidians, Pamphylians, and Cilicians; and besides them,
the Syrians and Phoenicians, and almost all tliat bordered upon the
Asiatic sea. By this great defection, the king lost one huif of hi$
revenues, and what remained was not suilicient to defray the neces-
sary ctiarges of the war.
7t DIODORUS SICULUS. Book X Pi
Those who revolted from the king, maiie Orontes general of the
anny, who, after he had received the command, and money enough
to pay twenty thousand hired soldiers for one whole year, betrayed
the confederates that had so intrusted him. For, being corrupted
xvith large bribes, and promised to be the only governor of all the
provinces borderirig upon the sea, if he would deliver up the rebels
into the power of the king, he was wrought upon; and, in the execu-
tion of his treachery, he first seized upon them that brought him the
money, and sent them prisoners to the king; and then betrayed se-
veral cities, and companies of hired soldiers, to such lieutenants as
the king had sent into those parts. The like treachery happened ia
Cappadocia, which was accompanied with something more than or-
dinarily remarkable. Artabazus, the king of Persia's general^ had
invaded Cappadocia with a great army, whom Datames, the governor
of that province, opposed with a strong body of horse, and twenty
thousand foot, of mercenaries. The father-in-law of Datames^ and
general of his horse (to ingratiate himself with the king, and provide
for his own safety) stole away in the night with the horse to Arta-
bazus, having so agreed with him the day before. Datames (encou-
raging his mercenaries to be faithful to him, by promising to reward
them liberally) with all speed marched after these treacherous ras--
cals, and overtook them just as they were joining the enemy: upon
which the soldiers of Arta1)azus likewise fell upon these runagate
horsCy and killed all before them. For Artabazus (at the first igno-
rant, not knowing the meaning of the thing) thought that he who had
betrayed Datames, was now acting a new piece of treason ; therefore
he commanded his soldiers to fall upon the horse that were advan-
cing towards them, and not spare a man. So that Mithrobarzanes
(for that was the traitor's name) being got between them that took
him for a traitor, and those that pursued him^ as one that they knew
was really such, was in an inextricable labyrinth : being, therefore^
in this strait^ (and having no time now further to consider), he made
it his business to defend himself with all the resolution imaginable^
and so plied both parties^ that he made a great slaughter amongst
them. At length, upwards of ten thousand men being killed^ Data-
mes put the rest to flight, and cut off in the pursuit great numbers of
tium, and at length caused the trumpet to sound a retreat, and called
off his men. Some of the horsemen that survived returned to Data-
mes, and begged for pardon; the rest wandered about, and knew not
whither to turn themselves. But Datames caused his army to sur-
round five hundred of those traitors, and to dart them to death.
And, though he had formerly gained the reputation of an excellent
soldier, yet now^ by this* instance of bis valour and prudent couduct^
ChajK XL niODORus sicui.us- 73
his name grew much more famous than before, Artaxerxes, the
king, being informed of this stratagem^ made all the liastc iie could
to be rid of Datames^ and, within a sliort time after, cut him oil* by an
ambuscade.
Whilst these things were In acting, Rheomithres was sent by the
rebels into Egypt, to Tachos, the king, and, having received five
hundred talents, and fifty sail of men of war, he returned to Leuce,
ill Asia, and, sending for many of the revolted lords and officers to
come to him thither, he seized them, and sent them all away prison-
ers to the king; and, by this piece of treachery, regained the king*s
favour, who was formerly much displeased with him.
Now Tachos, king of Egypt, had prepared all things necessary for
the war: for he had a fleet of two hundred sail, ten thousand Grecian
mercenaries, and four score thousand Egyptian foot. He gave the
command of the ten thousand mercenaries to Agesilaus, who was
sent from the Lacedaemonians, with a thousand men, to the aid of the
Egyptians; because he was counted the best soldier of any among
them, and had the repute of a most expert commander. Chabrias
was made admiral of the fleet, who was not sent there by public au-
thority, but (upon the persuasion of Tachos) served him as a private
man. The king reserved to himself the chief command of the whole
of the army. But Agesilaus would have persuaded him to continue in
Egypt, and to manage the war by his lieutenants; but he would not
hearken to it, though he advised him for the best. For, when the
army was far distant from Egypt, and now encamped In Phcjenicia,
the governor of Egypt, whom he had deputed in his absence, re-
volted, and sent to Nectanabis, the king's son^, to take upon him
the kingdom of Egypt, which kindled the sparks which afterwards
hroke forth into a most cruol and bloody war. For Nectanabis, who
had been made general of the Egyptian forces, and some time bef(jre
sent out of PluKnicia to take in some cities of Syria, being privy,
and consenting to the treason against his father, drew the com«
manders of the army by large gifts, and the soldiers by as large pro-
mises, to join with him in the war. Egypt, therefore, being now
possessed by the rebels, Tachos was so terrified at the thing, that he
fled through Arabia, to tlie king of l\'ri>!a, and begged his pardon for
what he had done; whom Artaxerxes not only forgave, but made him
general of the army he had raibed against the Egyptians.
Not long after, the king of Persia died, having reigned throc-and-
forty years. Ochus succeeded him, and governed tinee-and-twenty
years, taking upon him the surname of Artaxerxes: for, Artaxeixes
ruling the kingdom with great justice and integrity, and being an
* Or rutiicrj his brother or ^istcrS ^ob.
Vol. 2, No. 41. 1.
74 niODORUS SICULUS. Book Xt^.
earnest promoter and lover of peace, and prosperous in all his afTairSy
the Persians decreed, that all the succeeding kings should be called
by his name. And now Tachos, the king of Egypt, returned to
Agcsilaus, and presently Nectanabis led above an hundred thousand
men against his father, and dared him to try his title to the kingdom
by the sword. When Agesilaus discerned that the king was fearful^
not daring to engage, he heartened him up all he could, and bid him
be of good courage, for it was not number, but valour, that carried
away the victory. But, not being able to prevail, he was obliged to .
go back with him into a certain large city, there to shelter himself;
where they were presently besieged by the Egyptians, who, after the
loss of a great number of their men in assaulting the town, drew a
trench and a wall round the city, which was finished in a short time^
by having many hands at work. At length, when provision failed^
Tachos gave up all for lost: but Agesilaus (encouraging the soldiers^
and telling them ail would be well) in the night broke through the
enemy's guards, and, to admirationt got off safe with all his men; but
the Egyptians (pursuing close at their heels, and, being in an open
champaign country) proposed by their great numbers to surrouad
them, and so cut them off, every man-
But Agesilaus in the mean time, having possessed himself of «
place secured on both sides by water from the river, (conveyed through
sluices and trenches made by art), waited there for the enemy. And,
having drawn up his men in such order as best suited the ground,
(and being defended by the arms of the river, so that he could not
be hemmed in), he there fought with the Egyptians, whose numbers
were of so little advantage to them in that place, and the valour of the
Grecians so far before them, that Agesilaus made a great slaughter
amongst them, and put the rest to flight. After which Tachos was
presently restored to his kingdom ; and he rewarded Agesilaus (the
only instrument of liis restoration) by many honourable gifts, and so
dismissed him, wlio, in his return homewards, fell sick at Cyrcne,and
there died. 11 is body was embalmed with honey, and brought bacl^
to Sj)arta, where he was royally interred.
Hitherto thus proceeded matters in Asia. But in Peloponnesus,
though after tlic battle at Muntinea a general peace was made among
the Arcadians, yet they scarcely observed the league for one year, but
fell into new broils and wars with one another. It was one of the ar-
ticles of the league, that every one should return from the battle into
their several countries. Therefore those neighbouring cities that had
been translated, and forced to seat themselves at Megalopolis, which
then they bore very grievously, now of their own accord returned to
their old habilationsi : but the other Megalopolitaos eodeavouredonce
Chap. XL moDORUs sicuLus. 75
more to force them to leave their ancient scats. Hence arose a great
contest : they of the old towns craved the assistance of the Maiiti-
neans and the rest of the Arcadians, and likewise of the Elians and
other confederates of the Manlincans. On the other hand, they of
Megalopolis addressed themselves to the Athenians, for their aid and
assistance; who, without delay, ordered three thousand heavy-armed
men, and three hundred horse, under the command of Pammenes.
Whereupon he marched to Megalopolis, and afterwards, by storming
some of the towns, and tenifying otiiers, he forced them all at length
to return to Megalopolis. And thus were these towns reduced into
one city, and the tumults which came to this height appeased and
composed.
Among the historians of this time, Athanis of Syracuse, began his
history of Dion with this year, comprised in twenty-tlirce books. He
continued likewise the history of Philistus, scveri years further in one
book; and^ treating of matters summarily^ made it one entire and
perfect history.
Afterwards, whenNicophemus was chief magistrate of Athens, and
Caius Sulpitius and Caius Licinius executed the consular authority
at Roma, Alexander, tyrant of Plicra*., fitted out several privateers to
the Cyclade islands, and having taken some oi" them by force, carried
away a great number of captives. He then landed his soldiers in Pe-
parethos*, and besieged the city. But the Peparethians being re-
lieved by the Athenian garrison, under the command of Leosthenes^
who had been formerly left there, Alexander set upon the Athenians
themselves. It so happened, that as they were watching, and had
set a guard upon Alexander's fleet, which then lay at Panormus, he
suddenly fell upon them, and obtained an unexpected victory: for he
not only rescued his nicn from the imminent dangers wherewith they
were surrouiided at Panormus, but also took five Athenian gallies,
one of Peparethos, and six hundred prisoners. The Athenians, be-
ing enraged at this misfortune, condemned Ix:osthenes to death, and
confiscated all his goods, and made Chares commander in his stead,
and sent him with a considerable fleet into those parts; who spent
his time only in searing the enemy, and oppressing the confederates.
For sailing to Coreyra, a confederate city, he stirred up such seditions
and tumults thorc, as ended in many slaughters, rapines, and pluuv
derings of men's goods and estates; which caused the Athenians to
be ill-spoken of by all the confederates. He committed many other
villanies; and, to sum np all in a i'cw words, he did nothiiu*- but what
teptlt-'tl to the disgrace and dibhonour of his country.
* One of iLc C-ycIadc iiiaudsj now LruicDC,
75 DIODORUS SICULUS. Book XV.
Dionysiodorus and Anaxis, Boeotian writers, who composed a his-
tory of Grecian affairs, end their relations with this year. And now,
having given an account of those affairs, and things done before the
reign of Pliilip, according to our first design, we shall put an end to
this book. In the next following shall be comprehended whatever
was done by that king, from the beginning of his reign to the time
of his death; with other things that happened in the known parts of
the world.
7r
DIODORUS SICULUS.
BOOK XVI.
PREFACE.
XT is the duty of all writers of history, wlietlier they treat of the ac-
tions of kings, or of particular cities, to relate the whole from the be-
ginning to the conclusion : for we conceive that thereby the history
is both better remembered, and more clearly understood. For im-
perfect relations, witliout knowledge of the issue of what is begun,
gives an unpleasant check to the diligent reader's eager expectation.
But where the matter is drawn down by a continued thread to the end
of the narration, such writings make the history complete in all its
parts 5 l)ut more especially, if the nature of things done lead the writer
as it weru by the hand, this course is by no means to be neglected*
Since, therefore, w^e are come to the affairs of Philip son of Amyn-
tas, we shall, according to the former rule, endeavour to comprehend
in this book all the actions of this king. For he reigned as king of
Macedon two-and-tliirty years, and who, making use at first but of
small means, at length advanced his kingdom to the greatest in Eu-
rope; and made Macedon, which at the time of his coming to the
crown was under the servile yoke of the Illyrians, mistress of many
potent cities and countries. And through his valour the Grecian ci- ^
ties voluntarily submitted themselves to him, and made him general
of all Greece. And having subdued those that robbed and spoiled ♦ ^'
the temple at Dclphos*, coming in aid of the god there, he was made
a member of the senate of the Amphictyons; and as a reward of hi»
* The riiocians.
f9 moDORus srcuLUs. Book XFI^
zeal to the gods^ the right of vothig in the senate which belonged to
the Phocians, whom he had overcome, was allotted to him*.
After he orercame the Illyrians, Pccones, Thracians, Scythians, and
the countries afljoining to them, his thoughts were wi&ollj employed
)iow to destroy tlic Persian monarchy. But, after he had freed all
the Grecian cities, and was promised forces to be raised for the expe-*.
dition into Asia^ in the midst of all his preparations he was prevented
by death : but he left those, and so many more forces behind hint,
that his son Alexander had no occasion to make use of the assistance
of his confederates in overturning the Persian empire. And all those
things he did not so much by the fa\x>ur of fortune, as by the great-
ness of his own valour: for this king excelled most in the art of a
general, stoutness of spirit, and clearness of judgment and apprehen-
sion. But {\\?X we may not in a preface sut forth his actions before*
.land, we siiall proceed to the orderly course of the history, making
^ome short remarks on ihc times that went before.
CHAP, I.
Philip J a hostage at Thehesj mahes his escape; heats the Atliemans j
Olid afterwards ?nakes peace with them, Suhdaes the PiconeSy inid
routs the lUyriaiis and makts peace with them*
\VHEN Callimcdes was archon at Athens, in the hundred and fifth
olympiad, in which Porus the Cyrcniau was victor, and Cneius Gc-
nucius and Lucius /Emilius were Roman consuls^ Philip the son of
Amyntas, and father of Alexander, who conipiercd the Persians, came
to the crown in the manner following:
Amyntas being brought under l)y ihe Illyrians, was forced to pay
tribute to the conquerors; who having taken his youngest son Philip
as an hostage, drlivcred him to be kept by the Thebans; who com-
mitted the youth to the care of the father of Lpaminondas I, with ur-
• The court of ihc Aiiipltictvons w;is llir LTrnt ( nurt of CriTCf, wliU'h ••at at D* iphov
In Fhocis likf t.> llic Stuu- Gtm rul at Uic Uji; !■ . Fc/J'f'*» ?r'». l'\ , jn C. l!i'> Vliu.
tiin.S \v..t\ t'.4ii \r.lt> l;i tliut UhSfir.blv.
t Yu\\ 'i»ri!ii wxi il." f itl;-:.- "f f.pdijilucn^iiii.
Ohp. /. DIODORUS STCl lATS. ^p
ia% to look to bis cliargc with all diligenc 2, and lioiiourahly to educate
id instruct him.
A Pvthagorcan piiilosopber was at tha*. time tutor to Epaminondas^
vitli wliom Pliilip being brou^irht up^ he improved more than ordl-
MTT in the Pythagorean pliilosophy. And both these scholars ctn-
plojiDg the utmost of their {Ktrts and diligence in prosecuting tliclr
tfsdies, both by that means became famous for tlieir virtuous quali-
fcstiODs. £paminotidaS| it is known lo all, having run through ma-
mj hizairds and difficulties, beyond all expectation, gained the sove-
frintr of all Greece for his country. And Piiilip having the same
aArmtages, shewed himself nolhing infoiior to Epaminondas inglo-
mos aehievements: for after the death of Amyntas, his eldest soa
Alennder succeeded him in the kingdom; but rto1en;y Aloritea
■ordered him atid DsurjK*d the govenuneut: and he iiimseJf was
fcrred the same sauce by Perdiecas; who being afterwards overcome
ia a {Tcat battle by the iUyrians, arid killed in the very time when
fkar wm most need of a king, Philim the brotlier, made his escape
aad took possession of the kingdom, now in a very shattered co»-
£non: for there were aUive four thousand Macedonians killed in ttie
fight, and those that survived were in such consternation and fear of
ihe lilvrians, that they had no heiu*t left for the further prosecution
«f thf frar.
About tlic same time the Piconcs, nel^libours to the Macedonians,
ioLontempt of them wasted their countrv; aiid the Illyrians raised
min !:r'*ni forces, a?i(l deslirned another expodliion ai^ainst the Ma-
wiiv:iiu:.s. And, t»» .i.rjiavate tliL' matter, one Pau^anias *, of ihc
fwalfifRily, by the a NJ^tanee i.»f llu' kin ^ of Thrace, cnJeaViMired to
i-'ivilc the kingdom </!" Macedon. The Alljenians likewise, tnemies
^ l*:.'.ilj>, endtavourcil to restore Arganis *' lo tlje Kini:Ji)m ot his an-
«^?«rs, and to tliii pnipnsc Iwl H<«iit away their giMieral Manriu^,
•iflitlirre thou>ai*.f! will-aunet] men. and a incisi exi-i-Hent and ucli-
po.jfled navy. Hereupon tlie .Macedonians, liy ren^iMi iif tlie late
^•••at, and the storm that then threatened iheni, w- le in lirtat fear
•id peqdexity : howe\er, n<»t\vitlistah«lin:r all t!i<» diiru-uhit-s anti fear
of thii^e tiiin-j'^i tiiac weie at hand, Piiiiijs iioiliini: diNvuui.iired with
f'f^r* i!rr,jr!ful cli»u«i'» of mi-^chiff tl.<* seemed t.i Uiuj; nver his In .hi,
:r. his speeches in the daily asseni!>Iii -» retained the Maeeih>nians in
ilrlt duty; and, by lils I'li-quenet.* -uherei!! he cxtriled) •^liiriiig
: i*m up to he c(»iiraL'''«'Vis, reviv.'il tiifir di.H»j:inii spiiiis-. 'i'l.Lii,
^-Min-jf iijitn) irf«inninjr the millMiy di-cii'liiif, lie i-'inj.i« ti 1\ .11 in. d
l.» men, and tiained ti.em cst-ry d.iv, le.u l.in/ :i..ni Ii.»\ l.»lijullc
• ':vu •.:' L. ft*: w' i ::• • -v -■. r- 1 •:.'• ...j'j..n •.: .'-l •.,Jw.u4.
fiO DiojJORus sicur.us. Hook XFfZ
their arms, unci otiier posiu'es uf war, >lc llkcwisi' instituied thcB
new way of (!ra\vin«( up in a close body, imitating tlic licioesi ai Troy^
in locking their sliields to^'^Miher; so that he w:ts the fir^t timt foimd.
out the Alacedonian plialanx*
He was very courteous and winning in liis converse, and gainedL
the people's hearts botti by liis bounty at present, and his generouft
promises of future rewards ; very wisely, likewise, (as it were by si^
many engines), defending himself against the many and various dan*
gers that were pressing upon him. For when he discerned that the
Athenians made it their chief business to recover Amphipolis, and that
Argieus was endeavoured to be restored to his kingdom for that end»
he left the city^ of his own iiccord, suffering them to govern them-
selves according to their own laws.
He likewise sent an ambassador to the Pseones, and corrupted some
of them with bribes, and ensnared others with fair and winning pro*
mises, and for the present made peace with them. He likewise pre-
vented Pausanias from being restored^ by bribing the king that was
ready to assist him for that purpose.
In tlic mean time Manlius, the Athenian admiral, being arrived
at Meihonet, there lay ; but he sent iEgaeus forward with a body of
mercenaries, to ilig«J. Coming to the city, he endeavoured to per-
suade the yEgKans to allow of his return, and lo appear the first for
his restoration to tiie kingdom; but none consenting, he went back
to Methone.
Presently after, Philip, advancing with a well-appointed army, set
npon tlicm, and cut ott'niany of the mercenaries; the rest, who had
fled to a hill near at hand, (having first delivered up to him the fugi*
tivcs), he dismissed by agreement.
Philip being coiKjueror in this lirst battle, greatly encoursiged the
Macedonians, and maiio them hearty and eager to undergo furtiier
toils and difliculties.
Whilst these things were acting, the Thracians planted a colony
at Crcmides, as it was heretofore called, wiiich the king afterwards
named Philippi, after liis own name, and filled it with inhabitants.
I'Voni this time Tlu'opumpus of Chios begins his history of Philip,
and continues it in fitty-eight books, of which live are controverted.
Afterwards nucharistus was archon of .Athens, and Uuintus Ser-
villus and i^ucius Clmncius were consuls at Rome, when Philip
sciii auil>assadors to Athens with proposals ot peace, and prevailed
v.iili tlic people, upon the account that he was willing to quit all
\\\> rijlit in Amphipolis.
* AiuphipulU. X Mctliunt'j in Macedonia. % /U-'^si, in Macedonia.
Chap. L niODORUs sicuLUS. 81
Being therefore thus freed from the war with the Athenians, and
hearing that Agis, king of the Pjeoncs, was dead, he judged that a
fair opportunity was ofTered him to invade the Pa^ones ; and to that
end he entered their country with a considerahle army, overcame
them in battle, and forced them to stoop to the Macedonian yoke.
But still the Illyrians*" remained an eye-sore to him, wb.om his
heart and all his thouglits were continually at work to bring under.
To that end he called a general council, and by a speech fitted for
the occasion, having spirited the soldiers to the w^ar, he led an army
into tlie country of the Ulyrians, of no less than ten tluiusand foot,
and six hundred horse.
Bardyllis, king of tjie Ulyrians, hearing of his coming, first sent
ambitssadors to Thilip, to renew the league between them upon these
terms — ^^Hiat both of them sliouid keep those towns that they then
had. To w b i c i I i*b i 1 1 p a ns wc rtd — ^Tl lat he was very desi rous of peace,
but resolved not to admit cf it be lore the Ulyrians had quitted all the
towns belonging to the kingdom of Maeedon.
The ambu-siidors ibcrefore being returned without effecting any
thing, Bardyllis (confiding in the valour of his soldiers, and encou-
raged by his fonnt-r victories) marched forth against his enemies with
a stron/; arnjy, having with him ten thousand choice foot, and five
hundred horse.
When the armies drew near one to another, they suddenly set up
a great vhout, and so conunenecd the attack. Philip being in the
rigiit wing with a strong body of Macedonians, commanded his
horse to wheel about, for the ])urpose of charging the enemy in the
flank; and he himself charged the front; upon which there was a hot
engagement.
On the other side, the Ulyrians drew up in a square body, and va-
liantly joined battle.
The valour of both armies was such, that the issue of the battle
was a longtime doubtful; many fell, but many more were wounded;
and the advantage was now here, and then there, according as the
valour and resolution of the combatants gave vigour and life to
the business.
At length, when the horse charged both upon the flank and rear,
and Philip, with his stoutest soldiers, fought like a hero in the front,
the whole body of the Ulyrians vvas routed, and forced to fly outright;
%vhom the Macedonians pursued a long way. After many were killed
in the pursuit, Philip at length gave the signal to his men to retire^
and erected a trophy, and buried the dead.
* Illyniim, now Dalmatian aad the inbabitants Dalmatianij or Sclavonians.
Vol. 2. No. 11. u
^C DioDORus sicuLus. Book XVL
'•"\ . 1 'i:.' lllyrians sent another embassy, and procured a peace,
K.v .. '. ■<•* .I'litted all the cities belonging toMacedon. There were
:'A Illyiians in this battle above seven thousand men. Hav-
i:-'; i| r.s :;ivcn an account of things done in Macedonia and Illyrium,
1'. J ii.aii now relate the affairs of other nations.
CHAP. 11.
The actions of Dio7v/siifs the younger^ in Sicily and other part».
Dio7i\s JlfjL,hf to Corinthy and his return to Sicily. Andromachus
peoples Tanroininiunu The ciril wars in Kubwa. The social
7var between the yJthcnians and other nations. Philip takes
wlmphiptdis and of her cities. IIisj)olicy to gain the Olynthians^
and other places in Greece.
IX vSicily, Dionysius the younger, tyrant of Syracuse, who came some
time before to tlie kingdom, (being of an inactive spirit, and much
inferior to liis faihcr), under the veil of a peaceful and gentle dispo-
bition, endeavoured to cover his sloth and cowardice; and therefore,
though the war with the Cartliaginians descended upon him with the
kingdom, yet ho made peace with them.
In a cnreicss manner, likewise, he made war for some time upon
the Lucanians; and though he had the advantage in some of the last
fights, yet he was very fond of the terms and conditions offered for
putting an end to the war.
He l)uilt two cities in Apulia, the better to secure the passage of
his shipping through the Ionian sea: for the barbarians dwelling ou
the sea-coasis had a great number of pirates wandering about, where-
by the Adriatic sea was greatly infested, and made troublesome to
the merchants.
Afterwards giving himself up to his ease, he entirely neglected all
warlike exercises; and though he was lord of the greatest kingdom
in Europe, and had a dominion bound fast with a diamond, (as his
father was used to boast), yet through his effeminate sloth and idle-
ness he lost it on a sudden. How it was taken from him, and
how he conducted himself in every particular, we shall endeavour
now to declare.
At this time Ccphisidorus was lord chancellor at Athens, and
* Lucnnians^ in Italy.
Chap. IT. DIODORUS SICIJLUS. 83
Caius Liclnius and Caius Sulpitius were consuls at Rome; when
DioDj the brother of Hipparinus^ one of the most noble persons
among the Syracusans, fled out of Sicily; and afterwards^ by the
braveness of his spirit, and his excellent accomplishments, restored
not only the Syracusans, but other Sicilians, to their antient liberties,
by these means.
Dionysius the elder had issue by both his wjvcs: by the second
wife, the daughter of Hipparinus, (who was in great esteem among
the Syracusans), he had two sons, Hipparinus and Narsaeus. Dion
was the brother of this second wife; a man well skilled in philosophy,
and the most expert soldier, in his tinie> of all the Syracusans. The
nobleness of his birth, and greatness of his spirit, made him suspected
by the tyrant, because, upon that account, he seemed to be a fit
instrument to overturn the tyranny. Dionysius therefore fearing
him, determined to send him farther away from him, and so put him
to death. Dion, perceiving the design, at first discovered it to some
of his friends: afterwards he fled from Sicily to Peloponnesus, taking
with bim his brother Megacles^ and Cariclides, the general of the
army under the tyrant. When he arrived at Corinth he solicited
the Corinthians to assist him in the recovery of the liberty of Syra-^
cuse; and presently collected a band of mercenaries, and employed
himself in procuring arms : upon which many volunteers coming in
to him with all sorts of arms, he mustered a considerable force of
mercenary soldiers. Then having hired two ships, he put his men
and arms on board ; and witii these only passed over from Zacy nthus^
(Dear adjoining to Cephalenia) to Sicily; and commanded Cariclides
to follow presently after him to Syracuse, with a few gallies, and
other ships of burden.
While these things were acting, Andromachus of Taurominlum, » 7
the father of Timseus the historian, a man eminent both for his riciics
and wisdom, brought together from all parts all the exiles of Naxos,
(which Dionysius had razed), and gave them the hill called Taurus,
lying above Naxos. And because he and his family had continued
there a long time, he called it Taurominium, from their residence in
Taurus. The inhabitants afterwards grew very rich, and the city be-
came famous by its prosperous increase In worldly blessings. But in
our age the Taurominians were removed from their country by
CsBsar, and the city received a Roman colony.
In the meantime the inhabitants of Euba^a began quarrelling with
each other, and one party resorted to the Bu::otians for aid, and the
other to the Athenians; and so a war broke out throughout all
Kuboea. But though there were many light skirmishc:> between
'^ Xyw Zaut.
84 DIODORUS SICULU5. Book XVti
thcm^ sometimes the Tiiebans prevailing, and at other times
Athenians, yet ihcy never fouglit any great battle.
At length the island being wasted by this civil war^ and many \
men destroyed all over the land, with much ado (being made more ^^
wise by tiieir own slaughters) they came to an agreement, and • * •
peace was concluded: and the Ba:otians returning lion>e, laid down ^]
their arms. -.^
The Athenians now began a war called the Social War, (which
continued three years), on account of the defection of the Chians,
Rhodians, them of Coos, and the Byzantines; to which war Chare»
and Chabrias were sent with an army^ as generals : making against
Chios'^, they found the Chians assisted by the Byzantines, Rhodians,
Coians, and Mausolus, the petty king of Canaf. These generab
dividing their forces, besieged the city both by sea and land. Chares
commanded the land-forces, and assaulted the walls, and fought with
them of the garrison in the open field, who made sallies upon him«
But Cltabrias was engaged in a sharp fight at sea in the very harbour^
and his ship being pierced through with the beaks of the enemy% he
was greatly distressed; and those who were in the other ships,
thought fit to comply with the time, and so fairly ran away. But the
admiral chusing rather to die gloriouly than give up all dishonour-
ably, in defending of his sliip received a wound^ which put an end
to his life,
yf About the same time, Philip king of INIaccdon, after his victory
over the Illyrians in that great battle, having subdued all them that
dwelt as far as to the marches of Lychnidus, and made an honour-
able peace with them, returned hito Macedonia. And having thus
by liis valour raised up and supported the tottering state and condi-
tion of the Macedonians, his name l>ocamc great and famous among
them. Afterwards, ])cing pr<»voked by the many injuries of them of
Amphipolis, he marched against them with a great army, and apply-
ing his engines of battery to the walls, made fierce and continual
assaults, and by the battering rams threw down part of the wall, and
entered into the city through the ruins, with the slaughter of many
that opposed him ; and forthwith Kinished his chief enemies, and
graciously spared the rest.
This city, by reason of its commodious situation m Thrace, and its
nci;;hb«)urhood to other places, was of great advantage to Philip; for
he presently after took Pydna; but made a league with the Olyn-
thians, and promised to give up Potidea to them, which they had a
Jong time before much coveted. For in regard the city of the
* C'liioSi of the same uame with fbv i!»laii'J t Caoi, ia Lttscr Atia.
Chap. lit. DIODORUS SICULTJS, 85
Olynthians was both rich^ potent, and populous^ and upon that ac-
count was a place of great advantage in time of war, therefore those
tliat were ambitioas to enlarge their dominion, strove always to gain
it: so that both the Athenians and IMiilip earnestly contended
which of them should prevail in having them for their confederates.
But however, Philip having taken Poiidea, drew out tlie Athenian
garrison, and treated them with great civility, and suHcred them to
return to Athens; for he bore a great respect to the people of
Atheus, because that city was eminent and famous for its power
and grandeur.
He likewise delivered up Pydna^ (which he had subdued) to the
Olynthians, and gave them all the grounds and territories belonging
to it. Thence he marched to Cremidcst, which he enlarged, and
made more populous, and called it after his own name, Philippi,
Besides, he ^o improved the gold mines that were in those parts,
(which before were hut inconsiderable and obscure), that by build-
ing of work-houses he advanced them to bring in a yearly revenue of
above a thousand talents. So that heaping up at)undance of riches,
■ in a short time, by the confluence of his wcahh, he advanced the
kingdom of Macedonia to a higher degree of majesty and glory, than
cverit was before: for he coined pieces of gold, (called from him
Philippics), and by the help thereof, raised a great army of merce-
oaries, and bribed many of the Grecians to betray their country.
Of all which, a particular account shall be given hereafter, in tlie
coarse of the history. And now we shall bend our discourse to what
folbws.
CHAP. III.
tttoi'5 march and entry hUf) St/racJtst\ Ditvwshts comes to the
hlaiidj apart of Syracuse: assaults the wall erected from sen to
9ea: is beaten by Dion, Alcj'innler of Phcrcc miirdrred tjy his
^ife and his two brothers, Philiji relieves the lliessalians from
tkttivo brothers.
-AGATHOCLES wns archon at Athens, and Marcus F:il>iiis, and '^'^
Caius Publius, or Poetdius, were cunsuls at Koim*, when Dion, the
^ of Hipparinus, landid in Sicily, to i)ut down the tyiiiiiiiy of
* Uxdna, in Mace lonui.
\ Cremidea iu ^laccduniu, ':al!L'd rh:'i:.-L->i^ uu^v rhilijtpo.
86 DIODORUS SICULiJS. Book XVh
Dionysius. This Dion in an admirable manner overturned the
greatest dominion in I'2nroi.)e, with the most inconsiderable forct
that ever any did before iiiu) : for wlio would ever believe that a
man who landed with only two ships of burthen^ should overcome
a king who was furnished with four hundred gallies; had an army of
an hundred thousand foot, and ten thousand horse; and was pro^
vided with arms^ money, and provision, suitable and sufficient to
supply so many and great forces as we have related? And who (ex-
clusive of what we have before said) was possessed of the greatest
of all the Greek cities ; so many ports and arsenals, castles so
strongly fortified and impregnable, and such a number of potent
auxiliaries ! But that whicli much forwarded the successes of Dion^
was his great spirit, and valorous resolution, and the good-will and
liindness which the people whom he came to set free bore towards
Iiim. And that which was more than all these was the sloth and
effeminacy of the tyrant, and the hatred of his subjects. All tliese
things concentrating at one moment, produced incredible effects*
But to leave off prefacing, we shall now begin to relate affairs more
particularly.
Dion therefore proceeding from Zacynthns, near to Cephalenia^
arrived at Minoa, (as it is called), in the territory of Agrigentum.
This city was built by Minos, formerly king of Crete, at the time
he was entertained by Cocalus, king of the Sicanians, when lie was
seeking after Decdalus.
At this time this city was in the hands of the Carthaginians, whose
governor Parjilus, Dion's friend, cheerfully received him. Upoa
this encouragement he unloaded his ships of five thousand arms, and
intrusted thein with Paralus, desiring him to furnish him with car-
riages to convey them to Syracuse : and he himself with a thousand
mercenaries that had joined him, makes to the same place. In his
march he prevailed with the Agrigentincs, Geloi, some of the
Sicanians, and the Sicilians that Inhabited the midland; the Cama-
rinians likewise, and Madinicans, to join with him in freeing the
Syracusans from their slavery; and with these he marched forward
to give a check to the tyrant. In his marcli, armed men flocking
in to him from all parts, in a short time he had an army of above
twenty thousand men. And besides these, many Grecians and Mes-
sanians were sent for out of Italy, and all with great cheerfulness
came readily to him.
As soon as Dion came to the borders of the Syraeusan territorieSj
a nmhitude of unarmed men, both out of the city and country, met
1) in : for Dionysius^ out of fear and jealousy of the Syracusans, had
disarmed many.
Chap. IIL woDORus sicuLUs. 8/
He was by chance at tliat time at the cities he had lately built ia
Adria*, with a great army. In the mean time, the officers that were
left to guard the city endeavoured, in the first pLice, to retain the
citizens in their duty, and to prevent their defection; but when they
saw they could not by all the means they could use bridle the im-
petuous rage of the people, they got together all the foreign soldiers^
and all others within the city that favoured the tyrant*s party, and^
having completed their regiments, resolved to fall upon the rebels.
Then Dion distributed the five thousand arms among the Syracusans
that were unarmed, and the rest he furnished as well as he could^ as
arms came to his hands. He then called them all together, to a pub-
lic assembly, and told them, that he was come to restore the Sicilians
to their liberty; and to that end commanded that such officers should
he created as were fittest to be made use of for that purpose, and for
the utter ruin of the tyranny: upon which they all cried out, with
one uuanimous voice ^That Dion and his brother Megacles should
be chosen generals, and invested with absolute power and command.
And so, without dela}', from the assembly (having first disposed the
army in order of battle) he marched strait to the city; and^ none ap-
pearing in the open field to oppose him, he confidently entered withiu
the walls^ and, through the Acradinaf, marched on into the forum, and
there encamped, none daring to oppose him: for there were no fewer
with Dion, in his army, than fifty thousand men. And all thesc^
with coronets upon their heads, entered into the city, led by Dion,
Megacles, and thirty Syracusans, who alone, of all the exiles in Pelo-
ponnesus, were willing to run the same common fate with their
fellow-citizens.
At this time the whole city exchanged slavery for liberty, and for-
tune turned sorrow, the companion of tyranny, into pompous mirth
and jollity : and every house was full of sacrifices and rejoicing; and
men burnt incense, every one upon his own altar, thanking the gods
for what at present ihey enjoyed, and putting up prayers for a happy
usue of affairs for the time to come. Then were heard many shouts
of joy by the women all over the city, for their sudden and unexpected
uappiuess, and the people rejoicing through all corners of tiie town*
There was then neither freeman or servant, nor any stranger, but all
*'cre earnest to see Dion, who, for his valour and courage, was cried
up by all above what was fitting for a man. And it was not alto-
gether without some reason, the change being so great, and so un-
expected : for, having lived fifty years as slaves, through so long
tttime they had almost forgotten what liberty meant; and now, by
^ Tite ( oasts of tlic Adriatic .sea.
t One of tlic four parts of Syracuse; ihc otlicrs arc llic Island^ Tvche, aiiJ Xc»polifc
<z
88 DIODORUS SICULU3. Book XVI.
the valour of one man^ they were on a sudden delivered from their
calamity.
About this time DIonysius staid at Caulonia in Italy; but sent to
Phili:iitus, his admiral, who was then with the fleet about the Adriatic
coasts, and commanded him to sail away strait for Syracuse: and,
both of tht'm sjiceding awr.y to the same place, Dionysius came to
Syracuse the seventh day after the return of Dion. And now, think*
ing to put a trick upon the Syracusans, he sent ambassadors to
treat of peace, by v;h(>m he made use of many devices, to per-
suade thcp), thai he would restore the democracy, if he might but
liavc some renjuriwible iionours c<)nfcrr:*d \\\.\y\\ him by t!\c govern-
ment, lie c!c.i!t-.l, ti;jr iVii*, ilr.it Mnl:\f ^i:dj;s mi^lit be sent to himj
with v%iioi!ij cj.liii)'-- ;i soiiatc-, he might j)iit «iis end iu the war.
TliC SyiaLii.saiiS, having their expectations raised to so high a
pitch, sent some of tlie cliief of their citizens to hiin as ambassadors,
who had guards presently put ujion them, and Dionysius one day
after another put off their audience. In the mean time, perceiving
that tlie Syraeusans, in hopes of peace, negleeteJ. their guards, and
were unprepared for an encounter, he opened the gates of the Acro-
polis^, in tlie Island, and suddenly sallied out with a strong and well-
appointed party.
Tiie Syraeus'uis liad there drawn a v/all from sea to sea, which the
3)ionysiaiis fiercely assaulted, with a great shoat; and, having en-
tered it, with the slaughter of many of the guai J., they engaged with
the rest that came in to defend it. Dion, therefore, being thus de-
luded, (against the articles of the truce), comes down with a strong
party to oppose the enemy, engages them, and makes a great slaugh-
ter within a small compass of ground: for, alth"ugh the fight was
but a small distance from the walls within the town, yet a vast num-
ber of men were got together within this little spot; so that the
Stoutest men on both sides were hotly engaged. The large promises
urged on the DIonysians on one side, and hopes of liberty stirred
up tl)e Syraeu^ans with a resolution for victory on the other: the
obstinacy, therefore, on both sides being equal, the fight was a long
time tloulitful; many fell, and as many were wounded, receiving all
their wounds uptm their bviasts: for those thai first led on coura-
geously, died to preserve those that fidlowed; those that were next,
coveied ihr heads of those that wen* tired out with their shields, and
valiantly underwent all manner of dangers, ami endured the utmost
that could befal them, osit of tlieir heat and zeal to come olV con-
cjuerors. But Dion, resolving to do something remarLtble in this
• A *'.:?;!c in i pljc? calif' *.ln poit oi' Svrn.rijjc.
Chap. III. nioDORUs siculus. 89
engagement^ and that by his own valour lie might gain th*; day, broke
violently into the thickest of his enemies; and, laying about him
hero-like, hewed down multitudes, and wholly broke iu pieces the
body of the mercenaries, and was left alone standing in the midst
of the enemy's troops; and, tiiough lie was aimed at l)y abundance of
darts, received upon his buckler and helmet, yet, by the strength and
goodness of his arms, he avoided the danger; but, receiving a wound
upon his right arm, (througli the greatness and extremity of the
pain), he began to faint, and was not far from falling into the hands
of the enemy, but that the Syracusans (highly cencerned for the
preservation of their general) charged in a full body ujjon the Diony-
sians, and, rescuing Dion, (now almost spent), put the enemy to
flight. And, the citizens prevailing at another part of the wall,
the foreign forces of the tyrant were forced to fly into the castle ia
the Island.
The Syracusans now, having gained a trlorious victory, and con-
firmed their liberty by conquest, set up a tn)j)hy in defiance of the
tyrant, who, being thus beaten, and now perceiving that all was lost, / '5
and an end put to his sovereignty, fortified the castle with a strong
garrison; then, being permitted to carry oft' the dead bodies of ihosc
that were slain, to the number of eight hundred, he buried them
honourably, crowning them with crowns of gold, and richly clothing
them in purple robes. By this extraordinary honour and respect
shewn to the dead, he hoped to draw in others more readily and
cheerfully to venture their lives for the support of his principality.
Then he bountifully rewarded them that had valiantly behaved them-
selves in the late enjj:agement ; and sent some to the Syracusans, to
treat upon terms of peace. But Dion studied excuses to delay the
business, and in the mean time finished the rest of the wall witiiout
any interruption.
Having thus deceived the enemy with an expectation of peace, as
they had done him before, he admitted the ambassadors to audience:
upon which, tliey making proposals for peace, Dion answered — ^That
there was only one way left for the obtaining of a peace, and that was,
forDionysius to lay down his government, and be contented only with
some honours to be conferred upon him. Which answer the tyrant
taking in disdain, as haughty and peremptory, he called a council
cf war, to consult with his officers Low he might be revenged of the
Syracusans.
He abounded with all things except corn, and was likewise master
at sea: he therefore infested the country with depredations, and, by
foraging, for some time got irroviciyiis, but with great difficulty. At
Vol.2. No. 41. n
90 monoRus siculus. Book XVf.
length he sent forth transiwrt-shlps and money to buy corn and other
provisions : but the Syracusans, tliough they had but few gallies, yet,
at fit times and places, they surprised the merchants^ and a great part
of the corn that they imported. And thus stood the afl&irs of Syracuse
at this time.
i ^f But in Greece, Alexander, the tyrant of Pherse, was murdered by his
wife, a Tlieban, and his two brothers, Lycophron and Tisiphonus.
They were at first in great repute for having killed the tyrant; but
afterwards, growing ambitious, and having hired many foreign sol*
diers, they set up themselves, and put to death many that were averse
to their designs ; and, having got together a strong party, they kept
tlie sovereignty by force of arms.
But the Aleuadse, (as they are called), persons famous for the no-
bleness of their birth, conspired to oppose the tyrants; but, not being
able to perfect so great an undertaking of themselves, they procured
the assistance of Philip, king of Macedon, who marched into Thes-
8aly, subdued the tyrants, and restored the cities to their liberty, and
carried himself with the greatest demonstrations of kindness imagin-
able towards the Thessalians; so that ever after, in all his wars, not
only be, but his son Alexander, had them to be their constant friends
and confederates.
• J Among the writers, Dcmophilus, the son of £phorus the historian,
(who continued the history of the Sacred War, left imperfect by his
father}, began at the time when the temple of Delphos was seized
and robbed by Philomelus the Phocian. 3 5*7/ C
That war continued eleven years, till such time as the sacrilegious
robbers of that temple were miserably destroyed.
.'Y Odlisthcnes likewise comprehended in ten hooks the affairs of the
Grecians, bringing down his history, in a continued thread, to the
spoiling of the temple by the wickedness of Philomelus: and Dyillus
^ ^T' the Athenian begins his history from this sacrilege, and gives an ac-
count of the affairs of Greece and Sicily in those times, in sevea-
teen books.
Chap. IF. DioDORUS sicuLUS. 91
CHAP. IV.
Thejirst rise of the Brutii in Itjah/, Dionymts^s admiral invades
the Leontmes. AJight at sea between Heraclides and Fhilistus,
admirals y the one of DionysiuSy the other of Dion, ji faction in
Syracuse. Dion leaves the Syracusans. Tiieir sad condition.
Relieved by Dion.
WHEN Elpinus bore the chief magistracy of Athens, and Marcus / IT
Popilius LienaSj and Cneius Manlius Imperiosus, were invested
with the consular dignity at Rome, the hundred and sixth Olym-
piad was celebrated, in which Porus, of Malia, was crowned with
victory.
In Italy, a promiscuous multitude got together about Lucania from
several p^i is of the country, most of them servants that had run away
from ihvW ijiasters. At first they employed themselves in robbing
and stealing, and presently, by a common practice of skulking in the
fields, and making incursions, they learnt the use and exercise of
martial dibciplinc and feats of war; and, prevailing in several en-
counters against the inhabitants, they increased to a vast body and
number of men.
In the first place they took and plundered the city of Trojana;
then, seizing upon Arpinum and Thurium, and many other cities, they
formed themselves into a commonwealth; and, because they had
many of them been servants, tiiey assumed the name of Brutii*. And
thus the nation of the Brutii grew up in Ibily.
At this time in Sicily, Philistus, Diouysius's general, sailed to /
Rhegium, and transported above five hundred horse to Syracuse:
and, joining to these a greater body of horse, and two thousand foot,
he invaded the Leoutines, who had fallen oft' from Dionysius. Sur-
prising, therefore, the walls secretly in the night, he possessed himself
of part of the city; upon which there was a hot engagement, and, by
the help of the Syracusans, who came to the aid of the Leontines,
Philistus, overpowered with numbers, was forced out ngain.
In the mean time Heraclides, Dion's admiral, being left in Pelo-
ponnesus, and liindered by storms and contrary winds, (so that he
could not arrive at Sicily time enough to be assistant to Dion in his
return into his country, and to be helpful in rescuing the Syracusans
* Hither Brettians; for ihcy were called Brutii bv the Romans, as u hiutish people.
I. ^^.
n
9« DIODORUS SICULUS. Sook XVL
from slavery), arrived at length, with tiventy sail of gallies^ and fif-
teen hundred soldiers; who, heing a man of noble birth and of great
esteem, and judged worthy of so great a trust, lie was declared admiral
by tiie Syracusans, and he and Dion, joining head and hand together,
managed the war against Dionysius.
About the same time Philistus, being made lord-high-admiral by
Dionysius, and liaviiig a fleet of sixty sail, well provided, entered the
lists in a sea-fight with the Syracusans, who had a navy not fewer in
number than the Dionysians. Whereupon there was a sharp fight,
in which the valour of Pnilistus at the first prevailed; but at length,
ocing surrounded by the enemy, the Syracusans from all parts making
it their ^n.'at business to take him alive, he, to avoid the disgrace and
misery usually attendant on a state of captivity, killed himself, after
he hiul scrvi d the tyrant to the utmost of his power, and had signa-
lizeil his faiihnilnrss above all the rest, and chiefest of his friends.
The Syr.i'j'Snp.f^, Ikmiic^ victors, clrcw the mangled body of Phil istui
through the w hulc city, and at length cast it out in the open air,
without burial.
Di-iiysiu^, liavin;:: now lo.^^t the most valiant of all his friends, and
knowing; not wlicro to find anotlicr fit for the place, sent ambassadors
to Dioi;, with an offer at first of half the kingdom, and presently after
conscr.tcd to give up the whole. But, when Dion answered ^That
it was but just he should surrender the castle to the Syracusans, upon
having only some money, and some marks of honour conferred up-
on bin), the tyrant hereupon said — He was ready to deliver up the
castle to the people, upon condition that he and the mercenaries,
with all the treasure they had got, might pass over to Italy. Dion's
advice was, that the terms should be accepted: but the people, being
wrought over to a contrary opinion by the importunate orators, op-
posed Dion, for that they doubted not but to take the castle by storm.
Dionysius hereupon committed the custody of the castle to the
stoutest of the mercenaries; but he himself, having brought aboard
all his treasures and household goods, without being discovered^ set
sail, and landed in Italy.
In the mean time the Syracusans were divided into factions, white
some were for Ileraelides to have the chief command of the array,
and likewise the sovereign power, because he was judged a persoa
that wasi not ambitious of the tyranny; but others were for intrusting
the chief p(»wer and authority in the hands of Dion. Moreover, there
w ei e IT' * Jit arrears due to the soldiers that came out of Peloponnesus
to the assistance of the Syracusans. The city, therefore, being very
1 »\v in n.onry, and ilie ^?^)ldiers defrauded of their pay, they gathered
tlieiii.''jlvis i jit> a body, bcini: thicc thousand valiant men, all old
Chap. IV. moDORUs siculus. 93
and expert soldiers, far L*xceliing tlic Syracusans in courage: these
exhorted Dion to go along with them, and leave the Syracusans^ that
they might be revenged of them in due time as a con.mon enemy;
which he at first rcFued; but tlie exigency of affairs requiring it, he
at length touk upon bim the command of the foreigners, and joining
hims«If to them, mnrched to the Leontines: but the Syracusans get- ^
ting into a body, pursued the mercenaries, and engaged them in their
march, but vvtrc forced to retire, with the loss of a great number of
their fellow ciiizrns.
Bui Dion, tlijugh he had obtained a great victory, yet he was
willing to forget the injuries offered him by the Syracusans. For
when they sent a trumpet to liim to have liberty to carry off^ the
bodies of the dead, he not only agreed to that, but freely discharged
inany prisoners without ransom. For many, when they were on the
point of being knocked on the head in the pursuit, declared they '
were favourers oi Dion's party; and by that means escaped present
death.
Afterwards Dionysius sent Nypsius, a citizen of Naples, a valiant / ^
and expert soldier, as his general, and with him transport-ships
laden with corn and other provisions, who^ depturting from Locris^
made strait for Syracuse.
In the mean time, the garrison -soldiers of the tyrant, in the castle,
though they were then driven to the utmost extremity for want of
bread, yet endured famine for some time with great resolution. But
at length nature yielding to necessity, and having no prospect of
relief any other way, they called a council of war in the nighty and
resolved to surrender the castle and themselves to the Syracusans the
next day. Night therefore being now ended, the mercenaries sent
trumpets to treat for peace, which was no sooner done, but presently
Nypsius, at spring of day, arrives with the fleet, and anchored in the
port of Arethusa*. Whereupon their present necessities were sud-
denly changed into large and plentiful supplies of all sorts of provi-
sions. Then the general, having landed his men, called a council of
war, and in an oration suitable for the occasion, so spoke to them,
that he wrought them to a resolution cheerfully to undergo all future
hardships to the utmost extremity. And thus the Acropolis, ready
to be delivered into the hands of the Syracusans, was unexpectedly
preserved. Hereupon the Syracusans with all speed manned as
many gallics as they had at hand, and suddenly attacked the enemy,
while they were discharging their vessels of their corn and provisions:
^nd although this incursion was sudden and unexpected, and that the
* A fountain called Aretbusai iicnr Syracuse.
/
/
S4 DIODORUS SICULUS. Boot XI
garrison in the castle opposed the enemy's galleys in a tumultna
and disorderly manner, yet it came to a formal sea fight> in which thl^
Syracusaiis got the victory, and sunk some of the enemy's ships^Vl
tock others, and forced the rest to the shore. Being encouraged witl|
tliis success, they offered to the gods abundance of sacrifices for thf ^
victory: but giving themselves in the mean time to quaffieg an^j
drinkintC] and likewise slighting them in the castle as a beaten enemjfi^ '.
O they vvere careless in their guards: so that Nypsius, desirous to re-
pair his late loss by a new engagement, orders a select body of his '
men in the night, and suddenly assaults the wall lately built; and
finding the guard, through overmuch confidence, and their surfeiting
and drunkenness, fallen fust asleep, set scaling ladders (made for the
purpose) to tiie walls; by which means some of the stoutest fellowa
of the garrison mounted the wall, killed the ccntinels, and opened
' the gates. This sudden assault being made upon the city, the Syra-
cusan commanders, not yet recovered of their drunken fit, endea-
voured to help their fellows as well as they could. But through their
wine not knowing how to use their hands, some were knocked on the
head, and others took to their heels. And now the city being tsiken^
and almost all the soldiers issued out of the castle, and entered
witiiiii the walls, and the citizens, by reason of this sudden and un-
expected surprise, and the confusion that was amongst them, being
even at their wits end, all places were filled with slaughter and
destruction: for the tyrant's soldiers being above ten thousand
men, and in good order and discipline, none were able to withstand
them, but through fear and confusion, and the disorder of an
ungovernable multitude, through want of oflicers, all went to wreck.
When they came into the forum, being now conquerors, they pre-
sently rusiied into the houses, atid ransacked and plundered to a vast
amount, and made captive a great multitude of women, children, and
servants. In the strait and narrow passages, and some other places^
the Syracusans made resistance, and never ceased fighting; multi-
tudes being killed, and as many wounded. And even all the night
long they killed one another as they happened to meet in the dark;
so that every part of the city was covered and strewed with dead
carcasei.
f^ ,- As soon as it was day, the light discovered the greatness of the
X L calamity and misery. The citizens having now no means left to be
delivered, but by the aid and assistance of Dion, sent forth some
horsemen with all speed to the city of the Lcontines, earnestly ta
entreat him that he would not sulFcr the country to be a prey to the
enemy, hut that he would pardon their foimer miscarriages, and
commiserute them in their present distress, and relieve and rais^
CRip. IV. DiODORUs sicuLUS. 95
up their country from that low and despicable condition in which
they tlien were,
Dion^ who was a man of a brave spirit, and had a soul well prin-
cipled with the rudiments of philosophy, and so was mild, and easy
to be persuaded, remembered not the former injuries of the citizens^
but bired his soldiers to march away to the expedition, and with these
he made a swift march to Syracuse, and came to the Hexapylum^.
TTierc he drew up bis army, and marched forward with all speed;
aod there met him above ten thousand women and children, and old
people^ who fled out of the city, who all prostrated themselves at his
feet, and beseeched him with tears that he would rescue them from
their wretched and miserable condition. The soldiers of the castle
having now accomplished what they aimed at, after they had plun--
dered all the houses about the forum, set them on fire, and then
breaking into the rest, made a prey of all they found in them, at
which very nick of time, in the very height of their rapines, Dion
forcing into the city in many places at once, sets upon the enemy,
now eager in plundering, and killed all he met as they were carrying
away all sorts of household goods bundled u[>on their shoulders.
For coming upon them on a sudden, as they were scattered here
and there, bringing away their prey, they were all easily knocked on
the bead. After four thousand and upwards were slain, some in the
houses, and others in the streets and highways, the rest fled into
the castle, and shut the gates upon them, and so escaped.
Dion, when he had performed this exploit, (the most glorious of
any ever before done), quenched the fire, and so preserved the houses
that were all in flames, and firmly repaired the wall that fronted
the castle; and thus by one and the same piece of work, he both
defended the city, and straitened the garrison within the Acropolis.
Then he cleansed the town of the dead bodies, erected a trophy, and
aaerificed to the gods for the deliverance of his country.
On the other hand, the people, to testify their gratitude to Dion,
called a general assembly, and by an unanimous vote made him chief
governor, with full and absolute power, and conferred upon him the
honours due to a demigod.
Afterwards, agreeable to the glory of his other actions, he freely
pardoned all that had maliciously injured him, and, by his frequent
admonitions, brought the people to mutual pcaee and concord:
for all the citizens of all ranks and degrees highly honoured atul
applauded him, as their great benefactor, and as the only saviuur
of their country.
* The six gates so called.
gS DIODORUS sicui-us* BookXFI.
CHAP. V.
The continuance of the Social War. Tphicrates and Timotheus
joined admirals with Chares, by the Athenians. Iphicrates and
Timothcus accused hy Chares^ and fined a7id removed. Chares
joins with PharnabazuSy and routs the Persians. The end of
the Social fFiar. Philip subdues the confederates.
1 j IN Greece the Social War growing on apace, wherein the ChianSj
Rhodians, Coians, and Byzantines, joined together against the Athe-
nians, gxetX preparations were made on both sides to decide the
quarrel by a sea fight. The Athenians, though they had rigged out
a fleet of sixty sail, under the command of Chares, yet they sent forth
others, for the further strengthening of them tliat were employed
before, under the command of two of the most eminent of their citi-
zens, Iphicrates and Timotheus, who were invested in equal power of
command with Chares, to carry on tlie war against their rebellious
confederates.
On the other side, the Ckians, Rhodians, and Byzantines, being
furnished with an hundred sail from their confederates, waste and
spoil the islands Imbros and Lemnos, belonging to the Atheuiana:
thence they made for Samos with a great army, and harassed thtt
country, and besieged tlie city both by sea and land. Many other
islands, likewise, under the government of the Athenians, they wasted
and spoiled, and by that means amassed a treasure for carrying ou
the war.
The Athenian generals, therefore, joining their forces, resolved in
the first place to besiege Byzantium : but the Chians and their con*
federates raising their siege at Samos, and preparing to relieve
Byzantium, the fleets on both sides met in the Hellespont. And
now, just as they were ready to engage, there arose suddenly a violent
tempest, which prevented their design. However, Chares was re-
solved to fight, though Nature herself, with the wind and seas, con-
spired against him; but Iphicrates and Timotlieus, by reason of the
storm, refused. Chares (attesting the faithfulness of the soldiers)
accused his colleagues of treason, and wrote letters to the people of
Athens, whereby he informed them that they declined fighting pur-
posely out of design; at which the people were so incensed, that they
condemned them both; and having fined them in many talents^ re-
voked their commissions.
Chap.V. DIODORUS SICULUS. 97
Chares now having the sole command of the fleet, designing to 2^
tree the Athenians from charge and expense, committed a very rash
act. Pliarnabazus liad revolted from the king, and was now ready to
engage, with a very small force, the Persian lord- lieutenants, who
had in their army seventy thousand men : Chares joins this man with
all his forces, so that they totally routed the king's troops : and
Pharnabazas, in gratitude for the service, gave him as much money
as was sufficient to pay all his soldiers. This act of Chares was at
first very grateful and acceptable to the Athenians; but when the
Icing, by his aml)assadors, complained of the injury done him by
Chares, they altogether changed their notes, and were as far the other
way: for a rumour was spread abroad, that the king had promised
three hundred sail for the aid and assistance of the enemies of the A-
thenians: upon which the people were so terrified, that they decreed
to adjust matters with the revolters; and fmding them as willing to
embrace terms of peace as themselves, the business was easily com-
posed. And this was the end of the Social War, after it had continued
four years.
In the mean time, in Macedonia, three kings, that is to say, of
Thrace, the Pseones, and the Illyrians, confederated against Philip.
These princeSs being borderers upon the Macedonians, could not
brook^ without envy, his growing power: and though they had
formerly experienced that they were not his equal match singly,
(being not long before conquered by him), yet by joining their
forces together, they confidently concluded that they should be
able to deal with him. But Philip coming suddenly upon them,
while they were raising their forces, and as yet without any formed
troops beir«g in readiness, in this surprise he broke them in pieces,
and obliged them to yield to the yoke of the Macedonian kingdom.
Vol. 2. No.4L
QS DIODORUS SICULUS. Book XVI.
CHAP. VI.
Thcbegmning of the Sacred or P/iocian war. Philomelus seizes
the temple at Delphos, after he had routed the Locrimis. How
f/ie Oracle at De/phos tvas first discovered; and the beginning
of the Tripod. The Athenians and others join with PhUo^
tnelus,
U AFTER Callistratus was created archon at Athens, and Marcus
Fabius and Caius Plotius consuls of Rome, the war called the Sacred
War broke forth, which continued nine years : for Philomelus the
Phocian, (inferior to none in impudence and wickedness), liaving
seized the temple at Dclphos, occasioned the Sacred War, on the ac-
count following:
After the Liacediemonians were routed by the Thcbans at the
battle of Leuctra, the Thebans made great complaints against them
in the court of the Amphictyons, for their seizing of Cadmea:
upon which they were adjudged to pay to them a great sum of
money. The Phocians, likewise, were accused and condemned by
the same court, to pay many talents to the use of the oracle at
Delphos, because they had intruded into a large piece of land,
called Cirrha, which belonged to the oracle, and had tilled aod
ploughed it.
But the mulct being neglected to be paid, the Ilieromemones*
accused the Phocians in the senate of the Amphictyons, and prayed
thcm^ if the money were not paid, that the lands of the sacrilegious
persons might be confiscated, and devoted to the deity. They re-
required, likewise, that the others who were condemned (among
whom wore the Lacedaemonians) should pay what was due upon that
account ; and prayed, that unless they observed what was so ordered^
tliat liicy should be prosecuted as hateful enemies by all the Grecians.
This decree of the Amphictyons being ratified and approved of by all
the Greeks, the country of the Phocians was upon the point of being
devoted to those sacred uses. Philomelus, who was in the greatest
fbtcem at that time amongst them, told the people ^That the fine
was so excessive, that it could not possibly be paid; and to suflTer
their country to be sacrificed, it would not only argue them to be
cowardly and poor-spirited, but he dangerous to that degree, that it
would tend to the utter rmn of them and their families : and be did
* The priests aud olliccri of the ttmple^
Chap. VI. DIODORUS SICULUS. 99
all lie could to make it out, that the decree of the Amphictyons was
most unjust^ and highly injurious, irasmuch as for a little and incon-
siderable spot of land, they had im{)0scd a mulct far exceeding the
proportion and merit of theofFencc; and therefore 'idvised them to
rescind the decree; and that there were reasons suificient to justify
their so doing: and among others he alledged, that heretofore the
oracle was under their power and protection: and cited tlie verses of
Homer, the most antient and famous of all tlie poets, as a witness
of the truth of what he said, who speaks to this efilect:
Epi&trophus and Scliedius did command
(IphitiKs' valiant sons) the Thociau band,
Wlu) Cjparjs and Pitho tiU'd. Ogiih,
Therefore the contest is to be for the custody and patronage of the
temple, which he said belonged to the ancestors of the Pliocians ; and
that if they would commit to him the absolute power, as chief com-
mander in this affair, he promised to manage it with the utmost care
and dexterity.
Upon which, the Pliocians (out of fear of the mulct imposed upon ^ '
them) created Piiiluuieius sole and absolute general. Hereupon
Philomelus diligently j^rsued the performance of his promise; and
to that end presently made a journey to Sparta, and had private
conference concerning the business with Archidamus, king of the
Lacedaemonians, alledging, that it was as much the interest and
concern of Archidamus, as his, to have the decrees of the Amphic-
tyons rescinded; for that the Amphictyons had likewise unjustly
injured the Lacedaemonians by givintr judgment against them. He
thereupon discovered to him his design of seizing upon the temple
at Delphos; and that if he prevailed in bringing the oracle under his
care and patronage, he would annul all the decrees of the Amphic-
tyons. Archidamus approved well of what he said; but for the
present would not appear openly to be aiding in the matter, but
assured him that l)e would join in all things privately, in supplying
him with money, and mercenary soldiers. Philomelus then haying
received from him fifteen talents, and <idding as many more of his
own, raised soldiers from all parts: a thousand he listed from among
the Piiocians, whom he called Peltastates*. And after he had col-
lecied a considerable force, he attacked the temple: some of the
Dclphians, called Thracidoe, opposed him; but those he slew, and
gave up all they had as plunder to the soldiers. He commanded the
rest (whom he perceived to be in no small fright) to be of good
courage, for they should suffer no prejudice.
• Those wbo carried short shicldif
100 DIOnORUS SICULUS. Book XVI.
^ And noiv the report of the seizing the temple was spread far aod
near; upon which the Liocrians^ who were next borderers, inarched
against Philomelas with a considerable army^ and fought him near
Delphos, but were routed; and, after a great slaughter made amongst
them, fled back to their own country.
Philomelus, puffed up with this victory, cut the decrees of the
Amphictyons out of the pillars, and destroyed all the records con*
cerning them that were condemned. In the mean time, he caused
reports to be spread abroad in every place, that he neither designed to
rob the temple, nor commit any other mischief, but only to recoyer
an antient right descended to them from their ancestors; and to that
end had a desire to make void the unjust decrees of the Am phictyonSy
and so to defend the antient laws of the Phocians. But the Boeotians^
IK assembled in council, made a decree to relieve the temple, and forth-
with raised an army.
Piiilomelus in the mean time drew a wall round the temple, and
raised many soldiers, and added to their pay half as much more as
their due amounted unto ; and, making choice of the best soldiers
among the Phocians, he enrolled them, and, in a short time, got to-
gether su great an army, as amounted to no less than five thousand
men : so that, possessing himself of all the passages to Delphos^ he
became formidable to his enemies. Then, marching into the terri-
tories of the Locrians, he wasted a great part of the country, and at
length encamped near a river that ran close by a very strong fort^
which he besieged; but, after some assaults, not being able to take
it, he raised the siege, and engaged with the Locrians, in which he
lost twenty of his men, whose bodies not being able to recover by
force, he sent a trumpeter to have them delivered.
The Locrians denied the bodies, and made answer ^That there was
a general iuw among all the Grecians, that sacrilegious persons should
be cast forth, and not allowed any burial. Highly provoked at this
repulse, he fought again with the Locrians, and, with great valour
and resolution, slaughtered some of his enemies, and possessed him-
self of their bodies; and so forced the Locrians, in exchange, to de-
liver the dead.
And now, being master of the field, he ranged up and don^, and
wasted the country of Locris; and, loading his soldiers with plunder^
returned to Delphos.
Afterwards, desiring to know from the oracle what would be the
issue of the war, he forced Pythia the prophetess to ascend the tri-
pod, and give him an answer. Since mention is here made of the
tripod, 1 conceive it not unseasonable to give an account of what has
been handed down to us concerning it from antient times. It is re*
Chap* VL DIODORUS SICULUS. 101
ported, that this oracle was first discovered by some goats; for which
reason such creatures are most commonly sacrificed by tiie Delphians^
when they come to consult the oracle. The discovery is related ia
this manner -.There was an opening or gulpii in the earth in that
place, now called '' Adytum of the Temple;" about this the goats
straggled as they were feeding: for at that time they of Delphos had
no religious regard to the place. It often Jiappeiicd that when any
goat came near to the gulph, and looked down, it would full a-Ieaping
and dancing in a wonderful manner^ and make an unusual noise, far
different from that at other times. A shepherd wondering at the no«
vclty of the thing, drew towards the phice to learn what might be the
cause; and looking down, he acted the same part with the goatss
for as they were moved and acted upon as by some enthusiasm, so
he likewise was inspired with a spirit of prophecy. The news pre*
sently spreading abroad among tlie inhabitants, how wonderfully they
were affected that looked down into the chasm, many flocked to the
place, and out of curiosity made experiments ; and as many as came
near,. were always acted upon with a spirit of divination. For these
reasons, the place was accounted the residence of some oracle: for
some time, therefore, it was a practice, that those who had a desire
to know future events, would approach to this den, and there return
answers of things that were to come one to another. But whereas
many, through an excess and transport of mind, would leap into the
gulph, and so were never more seen, it was judged advisable by
the inhabitants, to avoid the like danger for the future, that some
one woman should be consecrated prophetess, and that by her the
answer of the oracle should be delivered; and that an engine should
be made for her, whereon she might sit; and by that means be in-
spired without any danger, and give answers to them who consulted
her concerning future events.
This machine had three feet, from whence it tyias called the Tii**
pody whose figure and shape almost all the' tripods* of brass made to
this day are formed to imitate. But sufficient, we conceive, is<said
concerning the manner of discovering the seat of the oracle, and for
what reasons the tripod was made.
It is reported, that at the first, virgins were assigned to this office,
because, in their nature, they are more pure and harmless, and of
the same sex with Diana; and besides, as they were judged fittest to
keep the secrets of the oracle. But it is said, that of latter times one
Thessalus Echecrates, coming to the oracle, upon sight of the virgin
prophetess, for her admirable beauty, fell in love with her, and ra-
vished her; which wicked act caused the Delphians to make a law.^
Tlmt no young virgin for the future, but a grave woman of fifty years
lOS moDORi-s SICULU5. Booh XFL
of age (in a virgin's dress, to keep up the memory of the antienl
mode in divination) should preside, and return the answers. These
are the old fabulous stories that are told coneerning the first discovery
of the oraele.
'7 But to return to the acts of Philomelus ; who, being now lord of
the temple, commanded Pythia to answer him from the tripod, ac-
cording to the antient rite and custom of the country. When the
prophetess answered him, saying ^This is the custom of the conn-
try; he commanded her, with threats, to ascend the tripod: where-
upon she, submitting hy force to the authority of the imposer, an-
swered him — ^That it w<ts lawful for him to do what lie pleased. At <
which he was very jocund, and said he had received an answer fit for
bis purpose; and thereupon presently caused the answer to be re-
corded, ar.d exposed to be read ; that so it might be evident to alt,
that the god ha:l given him liberty to do what he pleased. Then he
called a general asseml^ly, and rehearsed to them the divine oracle»
and dcsircil them all to be faithful and courageous; and then betook
himself again to the business uf the war. Moreover, a prodigy ap-
peared to iiini in the temple of Apollo: for an eagle hovering over it,
and at length casting itself down to the ground, pursued the pigeons
(that were fed and kept in the temple) from place to place, so that
she snatched away some even from the altars themselves. Those
that were versed in interpreting things of this nature declared, that
this ]K)rtended that Fhilomelus and the Phocians should possess
themselves of ail the treasures of the temple. Being greatly puffed
up with tliis eiicuuragement, he singles out the choicest of his friends
to send as messengers abroad, some to Athens, others to Lacediemon,
and others to Tlubes, and other most remarkable cities of Greece,
with this apology ^^Fliat he had seized upon Delphos, not with a
design to commit any sacrilege, but to regain the patronage of the
temple for his country; and declared, that he was ready to give an
exact account to all the Greeks uf the money, and all the dedicated
gifts there, both as to weight and number, >\hoever should require
the same. And lastly he desired, that if any, out of envy or malice^
should make war upon the Phocians, that they would rather join with
, '. him against such, or at least stand neuters. The ambassadors ac-
quitting themselves with all diligence in this matter, the Athenians,
Lacedaemonians, and some others, entered into the confederacy, and
prcMuised them assistance; but the Ha^otians, with the Locrians, and
some others, were of a contrary nruul, who took up arms in defence
uf the oracle, against the Photians. Tiic'sc were the things done in
ih:* C(rji>c of this vear.
I
Ch^. FIL DIODORUS SICULUS. lOS
CHAP. VII.
The battle at PhiBdra, between P/dlomelus and the Locrians, Tlk9
parties engaged in the Phocian war. The battle between tJie
JBceotimis and Phocians. Philoinelas killed. Onomarvhus rnade
general: his dreams, successes, and death.
NOW Diotimus executed the office of archoii at Athens; 'and Cneius iL y
Manlius^ and Caius Martius, of consuls at Rome; when Philomelusy
having a prospect of the storm of war tliat was rushing in upon him^
hired a great number of soldiers, with whom he joined tlie most ex-
pert and choicest of tlie Phocians. Hut, though he was in want of
money, yet he still forbore to meddle with the sacred treasures, but
got sufficient to pay the mercenaries out of the estates of the greatest
men among the Delphians. When he had raised a considerable
army, he marched into the field, that all might take notice that he
was ready to fight with any enemy that appeared against the Plio-
cians. Upon this the Locrians made out against him, and fought • -^
with him at a place called the Rocks of Phiedra, whom he routed,
and killed multitudes of them, and took many prisoners, and forced
•ome of them to cast themselves down headlong from the top of
the rock.
After this battle, the Phocians grew very high-crested upon the
account of their prosperous success. The misfortune, on the otlier
hand, greatly discouraged the Locrians; they sent, therefore, an am-
bassador to Thebes, to desire them to afford their assistance both to
them and the oracle. The Boeotians, both out of their piety towards
the gods, and for confirmation of the decrees of the Aniphictyons,
wherein they were greatly concerned), solicited hy their anjbassadors
theThessalians, and others of the Amphietyons, to join with them in
the war against the Phocians. Upon whicli (after that the Amphic7
tyons had decreed war to be made ui)on the Phi)cians) there arose
great uproars and factions througliout all (ireoco. Some were for
assisting the oracle, and prosecuting the Phocians with revenge, as
guilty of sacrilege ; others were for defendini: them. And, while both ' .' S
the cities and countries were thus distrnjtcd in their councils, the Boeo-
tians, Locrians, Thessalians, Perrha^heans, the Dorians, Delopians,
Athamancs, Achaians, Phtiiiots, Magncsians, /Eueians, and some
others, resolved to assist the god. The Athenians and Licedfcmo-
<iians,and some others uf the i'clopon^c:^ia^s, joined as confederates
104 mODORUS SICULU8. Book XFT.
with the Phocians. The Lacedaemonians, with some others, readily
joinefl, for these reasons, viz. When tlie Thebans had overcome
them in tlie battle at Leuctrny they prosecuted tl)e Spartans in the
high court of the Amphictyons, because Piioebidas the Spartan had
seized upon Cadmca, and demanded five hundred talents in com-
pensation of the injury; but the Lacedsemonians, being fined so
much, and not paying the mulct imposed in the time limited by
the law, the Thebans exhibited a new complaint against them for the
double injury.
The Lacedaemonians therefore, being condcmed by the Amphic-
tyons in a thousand talents, and being much indebted and behind-
Iiand, made use of the same pretence the Phocians did before (that
is).»That the Amphictyons had pronounced an unjust sentence
against them. And therefore (though it was for the public good) yet
they forbore to undertake the war of themselves, upon the quarrel of
the condemnation; but judged that it might carry a better face, if they
could avoid the decree of the Amphictyons, under the covert of the
Phocians. For these reasons they were very forward to patronise
their cause; and in the mean time contrived to gain the tutelary
right of the temple to themselves.
2 Q And now upon certain information that the Thebans had prepared
a very great army against the Phocians, Philomelus resolved to
strengthen his forces with more mercenaries : but in regard more
money was requisite for carrying on of the war, he was necessitated
to make use of the sacred treasures, and therefore rifled the templet
And because he promised half as much more as their ordinary pay to
the mercenaries, a vast number of men flocked in to him, and for the
sake of the largeness of the pay, multitudes listed themselves : but
no moderate and sober man gave up his name to be eurolled in the
lists of the army, out of a pious and religious respect to the oracle.
In the mean time every base fellow, that for the sake of gain, valued
not the gods in the least, but flocked eagerly to Philomelus: and so
in a short time he got together a strong body of men, who were im-
patient to share in the sacred treasures of the temple. And thus
abundance of wealth was the means whereby Philomelus presently
formed a complete army, and without delay marched into the coun-
try of Locris with above ten thousand horse and foot. Tlie Locrians
being joined with the Boeotians, met him ; whereupon there hap*
pened a fight with the horse on both sides, in which the Phocians
were conquerors.
Not long after, the Thessalians, with the assistance of them that
bordered upon them, to the number of six thousand, marched into
Locris, and engaged with the Phocians at a hill called Argola^ and
CAap. VII. DIODORUS SICITLUS- 105
were worsted. Afterwards the Boeotians coming to their assistance
with thirteen thousand men, and the Actseans out of Peloponnesus,
ID assistance of the Phocians, with fifteen hundred, both armies near
one and the same place, encamped over against the otiicr. It then '^ f
happened that a great number of the mercenaries, as they were fo-
raging, fell into the hands of the Boeotians ; and all of them being
brought before the walls of the city, they commanded a proclamation
to be made, that those men who had joined in arms with the sacrile-
gious persons, were adjudged by the Amphictyons to be put to death,
and it was no sooner said but the thing was executed, and all were run
through with spears and darts. This so exasperated the mercenaries
of the Phocians, that they earnestly pressed Philomclus that the
enemy might be dealt with in the same manner, and would not suf-
fer him, by their restless importunities, to be quiet; and presently
they took many of the enemy, as they were dispersed in the fields,
and brought them alive to the general, who delivered them all up to
the soldiers, to be darted to death. By this retaliation, it came
to pass that the enemy left ofT this insulting and cruel kind of exe-
cution.
Afterwards, both the armies moving into another part of the
country, and in their march passing through woods and rough places,
on a sudden, and unexpectedly, the forlorn hopes of both met one
another, upon which they at first skirmished, but at length it came
to a fierce and bloody battle, in which the Boeotians, overpowering the
Phocians in number, totally routed them, and multitudes, both of
the Phocians and mercenaries, were slain in the pursuit, by reason
of the rough and difficult passes out of the woods. Philomelus, In
tliese straits and exigencies, behaved himself with great courage and
resolution, and, after many wounds received, was forced to an higli
precipice, and, seeing no possible means of escape, and fearing the
punishment and torments prisoners used to undergo, cast himself
down headlong from the rock; and thus (meeting with the due re-
ward of his sacrilege) he ended his days: but his colleague Ononiar-
chus, taking upon him the command of the army, marched hack with
those that had escaped the slaughter, and received those that fled as
they came siiaggling in to him.
In the mean time, while these things were doing, Philip of Ma-
cedon took Methone, pillaged it, and laid it equal with the ground;
and forced all the villages and countries to submit to tiie Mace-
donian yoke*
In Pontus, Ijcucon, king of Bos])horus, died, after he had reigned
forty years; and Spartacus, his son, succeeded him, and reigned five
years. And, in the mean time, the war began between the Ro-
\ou2. No. 41. P
106 DIODORUS SICULUS. Sook XFl
mans and the Falisci^ in which there was nothing done worth
taking notice of, but only liarassing the country of the Falisci by
incursions.
In Sicily, Dion, the general of tlie army, was murdered by the
mercenaries of Zacynthus, and Callippus, who instigated them to
the act, was made chief commander in his place, and enjoyed it for the
space of thirteen months.
"3 Q When Eudemus executed the office of archon at Athens, and the
Romans intrusted the consular dignity wich Marcus Fabius and
Marcus Popilius, the Boeotians, after the victory gained over the
Phocians, returned with their forces into their own country, sup-
posing that Philomelus, the author and ring-leader of the sacrilege,
(being justly punished both by the gods and men), by his remarka-
ble end would deter others from the like piece of wickedness. But
the Phocians, having at present some respite from war, went again
to Delphos, and, calling together a general council of all their con-
federates, tliey consulted concerning the renewing of the war. Those
that were lovers of justice, were for peace; but the prophanc and im-
pious, and such as minded only their gain and advantage, were for
war, and used their utmost endeavours to find out some or other that
would patronise their wicked designs.
Onomarchus therefore, in a premeditated speech, (the clilef end
of which was to advise them to stick to what they had before re-
solved), stirred up the people to renew the war; not so much for the
advancement of the public good, as to promote his own private ad*
vantage. For he had many mulcts, as well as others, imposed upon
him by the Amphictyons; which, not being able to pay, and there-
fore judging that war was more desirable than peace as to his cir-
cumstances, by a plausible sj)ecch he incited the Phocians to persist
. y in what Philon;cUis h:ul begun. Upon which, being then created
general, he rein forced himself with many foreign soldiers, and re-
cruited his broken troops; and, having augmented his army with a
muhitutlo of foreign mercenaries, he made great preparation to
strengthen himself with confederates, and other things necessary for
■20 the carrying on the war. And he was the more encouraged in Iii9
■^ ^ design by a dream which he had, which did presage (as he thought)
liis future greatness and advancement: in his sleep it appeared to
him as if the bra/en Colossus, dedicated by the Amphictyons, untl
standing in the tem[)Ie of Apollo, liad by his own hands been made
higher, and much biifj^er than it was before. Hence he fancied,
that the gods poi tended that he was to become famous in the world
fur his martial exploits. But it fell out quite otherwise, for, on the
contrary, it signiiicd-^That the mulct imposed by the Amphictyonr
Chap. FJL DiODORus stculus. I07
upon the Phocians, for their sacrilege and violation of the treasures
of the temple, would be much enhanced, and advanced to a still
greater sum by the hands of Onomarchus^ which at length came
to pass.
Onomarchusy therefore, after he was created general, caused a • 2
great number of arms, both of iron and brass, to be made ; and coined
gold and silver money, which he dispersed among the confederate
cities; besought particularly to gain the magistrates by these baits
and largesses.
Moreover he corrupted many of the enemy, drawing some into the
confederacy, and working upon others to remain neutral in the mean
time. And all t!iis he easily effected, through the covetousness of
those he wrought upon. For by his bribes, he prevailed with the
Thcssalians, the most considerable of the confederates on the other
ride, to stand neuter. Those amo^ig the Phocians that opposed him,
he imprisoned, and put to death, and exposed their goods to public
sale. He then marched into the enemy's country, and took Thronium
by assault, and sold all the inhabitants for slaves. The Amphisse-
oiaas, likewise, being greatly ten ified, he forced to a submission,
and possessed himself also of the cities of the Dorians, and
wasted and spoiled the country. Thence he marched into Bceotia,
and took Orchomcnus; and when he was even ready to lay siege to
Chsronea, he was worsted by the Thebans, and so returned into his
own country.
About this time Artabazus, who had rebelled against the king, still
continued his war with those lord lieutenants of the provinces that
were ordered out against him. At the first, while Chares, the Athe-
nian general assisted him, he valiantly stood it out against the enemy.
Bat when he left him, wanting aid, he made his application to the
Thebans for relief; who iliercupon sent Pammenes general, with
fiw thousand men, over into Asia; who, joining with Artabazus,
routed the royalists in two great fights, and thereby advanced both
bis own reputation, and the glory and honour of his country. For
't excited the admiration of all men, that the Boeotians, at the very
"fl>e when they were deserted by the Thcssalians, and in the most
wiminent danger from the Phocian war, which then threatened
*bein, should transport forces into Asia, and be conquerors in all
flieir engagements.
In the mean time a war broke out between the Arglves and the 3 *!-
I^cedaemonians, who beat the others at Ornea, and took the town,
*^d then returned to Sparta, Chares, likewise, the Athenian ge-
^^ral, with his fleet, entered the Hellespont, and took Sestos, the
JJiost considerable town upon that coast, and put all the young mea
108 DIODORUS SICULUS. Book X
that wore able to bear arms, to the sword, and carried away the i
as slaves.
^ 3 About the same time, Cersoblcptcs, the brother of Cotys, cnc
to Philip, but in league with the Athenians, delivered up all
cities in Chersonesus (except Cardia) to the Athenians, who sent
lonies thither to inhabit the towns, which were to be divided amoc
them by lot.
0 'i Philip, therefore, discerning that the Methoneans^ designed
deliver up their city (which was of great moment in the war) to
enemy, laid close siege to it, which the citizens defended for sc
time; but being too weak to cope with him, they were forced tos
render upon these condities ^That all the citizens should depart
of Methone with all their clothes.
5"^ Being possessed of the place, he razed the city to the ground^ :
divided the territory among the Macedonians. During this sic
Philip lost an eye by the stroke of a dart.
'I A ■ Afterwards being invited by the Thessalians, he marched n
^ his army into Thessaly. And in the first place, in aid of the Thcs
Hans, he f(»iight with Lycophron, tyrant of Pherae.
Lyeuplinu) tiien applied to the Phocians for assistance, who the
upon sent to him Phayllus, the brother of Onomarchus, with sei
tliousand men; but Philip routed the troops of the Phocians^ \
drove them out of Thessaly. Upon which Onomarchus, thinking
be lord of all Thessaly, came to the assistance of Lycophron with
whole army.
Philip opposed him, both with his own and the forces of
Thessalians, but Onamarchus, overpowering him by numbi
routed him in two several battles, and killed many of the Macci
nians; insomuch as Philip was brought into very great straits.
His soldiers were hereupon so dejected, that they were read)
desert him ; but with much ado, and many persuasions, he at len|
brought them over to a due obedience, and within a short time al
returned into Macedonia. But Onomarchus made an expcdit
into Birotia, and fought and routed the Boeotians, and posses
himself of Coronea.
In the mean time Philip marches again with his army out of A
cedon into Thessaly, and encamps against Lycophron, the tyrani
Pherae, who being too weak for him, sent for aid to the Phocia
promising to use his utmost endeavour to order and dispose of
things throughout Tliessaly for their ad\'antage. Whereupon Oi
marchus came to his assistance by land with above twenty thouM
foot and five hundred horse.
• Ip Thrace.
€ihap. VIL DTODORUS SICULUS. 109
Philip having persuaded the Tliessalians to join with him^ raised
above twenty thousand foot and three thousand horse.
Forthwith a bloody oattle was fought, in which Phih'p, by the ad-
vantage and valour of the Thessalian horse, got the day, and Onomar-
chus and his men fled towanls the sea.
It happened that Chares, the Athenian admiral, passed by with a
great navy, at the same instant as a cruel slaughter was made
among the Phocians, and therefore those that fled cast away their
armsj and endeavoured to swim to the galleys, amongst whom was
Onomarchus.
In conclusion there were slain of the Phocians and mercenaries
above six thousand, amongst whom was the general himself; and no
less than three thousuL.d were taken prisoners.
Philip handed* Onomarchus ; and the rest, as sacrilegious persons^
he caused to he thrown into the sea.
Onomarchus thus coming to his end, Phayllus, his brother, was
created general of the Phocians; and he, to repair the damage sus-
tained, raised great numbers of foreign mercenaries, doubling the
former and usual pay, and further strengthened himself with additions
of his confederates; he likewise made a great number of arms^ and
coiDed both gold and silver.
About the same time Mausolus, a petty king of Caria, died, after
he hiid reigned four-and- twenty years. To whom succeeded Ar-
temesia, (who was both his sister and wife), for the space of two
years.
At that time, likewise, Clearchus, tyrant of Heraclca, when he
Was going to the feast of Bacchus, was assassinated, in the twelfth
Tear of his reign. Timotheus, his son, succeeded iiim, and reigned
fifteen years.
In the mean time the Tuscans, who were at war with the Romans,
harassed and wasted a great part of their enemy's territory, making
incursions as far as to the' river Tiber, and then returned to their own
country.
The friends of Dion raised a sedition at Syracuse against Callippus,
but being dispersed and worsted, they fled to the Leontines, Not long
after, Hipparinus, the brother of Dionysius, arrived with a navy at
Syracuse, and fought and beat Callippus; upon which he was driven
out of the city, and Hipparinus recovered his father's kingdom, and
enjoyed it for two years.
t Crucified.
34
*:*
110 DIODORUS SICULUS. Book 2
CHAP. Vlll.
Fhaylius cmitinues ilie Phodan war. Aryca razed. Phm
dies of a coiisumptum. f^ar betivcen the Lacedaemonians
MegalopoUtaus. Chccronea taken by Phalcscus. War beiu
the Persians J Egyptians^ andPhwnicians. Salaims^ in Cypi
besieged. The cruelty of Artaxerxes Ochus towards the Si
nians. The calamity ofSidon.
^, < WHEN Aristodamus was arclion at Athens, and Caius Salpi
bore the consulship at Rome, the hundred and seventh olympiad'
celebrated, wherein Smicrinus the Tarentlne was victor. Ti
Phayllus, the Phocian general, after the death of his brother, bcj
to repair the affairs of the Phocians, now almost at the last exi
mity, through the late rout and slaughter of the soldiers,
being possessed of a vast treasure, he raised a great army of mcr
naries, and hrouglit over many to join with him in the war. /
bei;ig very free of his purse, he not only brought over private n
to his party, but also prevailed with famous cities to be his con
derates: for- the Laced^t^monians sent him a thousand soldii
and the Achaians two thousand ; but the Athenians sent him 1
thousand foot, and four hundred horse, under the command
Nausicles.
Lyeophron and Pitholaus, tjTants of Pheric, after the death
Onomarchus, being destitute of succours, delivered up Pher^e ii
the hands of Philip; and though they were discharged upon th
©aths to be quiet, yet they collected two thousand mercenaries, a
went over to Phayllus, to assist the Phocians: and not a few of t
smaller cities assisted them by their bountiful contributions towa
the soldier's pay. For gold, feeding and kindling men's covetoi
iicss, from a prospect of gain urged them foi;ward to grasp at th
own advantage. Upon these encouragements Phayllus marcl
with his army into Bceotia, but is overcome at Orchomenum, with 1
loss of many of his men.
Afterwards, there was another battle at the river Cephisus, whc]
in the Boeotians had the better, and killed four hundred, and to
five hundred prisoners. A few days after, a third fight took place
Coronea, where the Bopotiaus had again the advantage, and kill
fifty of the Phocians, and took a hundred and thirty prisoners.
But having done at present with the affairs of the Boeotians a
Ckap. FTIL DiODORUs siculus. Ill
Phocians^ we return to Philip, who, when he had overcome Onomar- "9 ^
cbos in so signal a battle, freed the Pheraeans from tlic yoke of tyran- ^ ^
lijy and restored the city to liberty- And having settled all other
matters in Thessaly, he marched towards Pylos, to fight with the
Phocians: but being denied passage by the Athenians, he returned
into Macedonia, which kingdom he enlarged both by the help of his
•word, and likewise by his piety towards the gods.
In the mean time Phayllus marched with his army towards the
Locrians, called Epicnemidii, and assaulted and took by force some
dties; but one called Aryca he gained in the night by treachery, but
was presently repulsed and beaten cut, with the loss of two hundred
of his men. Afterwards, encamping at a town called Abas, the Boeo-
tians surprised the Phocians in the night, and killed a great number
of them* Upon which success they were so encouraged, that tliey
made incursions into the territories of the Pliocians, and, harassing
and spoiling the country round about, hea[>ed together abundance
of plunder. But in their return, coming to relieve Aryca, which was
then besieged, Phayllus fell suddenly and unexpectedly upon them,
and routed them ; and then taking the city by storm, plundered it,
and razed it to the ground. But at length he fell into a lingering
distemper*, which continued a long time, and, after great torments
in his body, as he justly deserved, he died, leaving Phaliecus the son
of Onomarchus, (instigator of the sacred war), to be general of the
Phocians, who being as yet but a very raw youth, he appointed Mna-
icas, one of his friends, to be his tutor and governor.
Some time after, the Boeotians attacked the Phocians in the night,
and killed Mnaseas tlie general, and two hundred of his soldiers.-^
Not long after, in an engagement between a party of hoi-se at Cha:-
ronea, Phalaecus being worsted, lost many of iiis men.
During these transactions, there were great commotions in Pelo- 2 C)
pmnesus, uix)n these occasions. The Lacedwmonians fell out with
them of Megalopolis ; and therefore Archidamus, liieir general, niaile
incursions into their borders: with which the Mcgalopolitans, being
Wghly incensed, and not being able to contend by their own strength,
*>ught for relief from their confederates. Upon which the Aigives,
Sicyonians, and Messcnians, assisted them with all the force they
<^ould muster. After them, theThebans came in to their assistance
*nh four thousand foot, and five hundred horse, under the command
^ Cephision. Being thus strengthened, the Megalopolitans made
^ expedition, and encamped at the fountains of Aphieus. On the
^W side, the Lacedaemonians were joined by three thousand foot
&om the Phocians, and by an hundred and fifty horse from Lycophron
* A cunsutDptioD. Som» sa^, he wus burnt in the temple ut Abai.
112 DionoRUs sicuLus. Book XFT.
and Pitholaus^ who were lately deposed from tluir government over
the Pheracans. And, having got together a coni»iderable army, they
encamped at Mantinea. But, marching hence to Ornea, a city
belonging to the Argives, they took it before the enemy could come
up to them; for this place was in league with the Megalopolitans :
and, thougli the Argives broke forth upon them, yet they were over-
come in the engagement, and lost above two hundred men.
Then the Thcbans, double the Lacedtcmonians in number, but
much inferior to them in their order of discipline, came upon them ;
upon which there was a sharp engagement, and, even while the victory
was doubtful, the Argives flagged, and made away, with all their con-
federates, to their cities. But the LacediRmonians entered into Ar-
cadia, and took Elisunta by storm, and, after thoy had plundered the
town, returned to Sparta.
Not long after the Thehans, with, their confederates, routed the
enemy at Tclphusa, and, with the slaughter of many of tliem, took
Anaxandrus, the general, and several others, to the number of sixty,
prisoners. Presently after, they became conquerors, likewise, in
two other battles, and cut off many of their enemies. At length,
after a remarkable victory gained by the Lacedaemonians, the ar-
mies on both sides returned to their several cities; and, the Lace-
daemonians and Megalopolitans entering into a truce, the Thebaus
returned into Ba^otia.
In the mean time Phal.rcus, continuing still in Bueotia, took ChiB-
ronea; but, upon the Thebans coming in to its relief, he was
forced to quit it again. Afterwards, the Ba^otians entered Phocis
with a great army, and wasted and spoiled a great part of it, and
harassed all the country round about, and plundered and destroyed
every thing that was in their way. They took also some little towns,
and, loading themselves with abundance of plunder, returned into
Boeotia.
When Thessalus was chief magistrate at Athens, and Marcus Fa-
bius and Titus Quintius executed the consulship at Rome, the The-
bans, wearied out with the toils of the Phocian war, and brought
very low in their treasure, sent amba«isadors to the king of Persia to
solicit that king to supply them with a sum of money; to which Ar-
taxerxes readily consented, and without delay furnished them with
three hundred talents. However, there was little or nothing done
this year worth taking notice of between the Ba^otians and Phocia'\s,
except some skirmishes, and harassing the countries of each other/
In Asia, the Persian king having invaded ligypt some years before
with a numerous army; but, miscarrying in his design, at this time
renewed the war against the Egyptians, and after many worthy ac*
Chdp. nil. mODORUS STCULUS. 1 13
tions performed by his valour and diligence^ he recovered Eji^pt,
Phoenicia, and Cyprus. But that the history may be made more
plain and evident, we shall first declare the causes and grounds of
the war, looking back a little to tiie times proper for the occasion.
The Egyptians having heretofore rebelled against the Persians,
Artaxerxes, surnamed Ocluis, notwithstanding, sat still and quiet,
being no ways adicted to arms. And though armies under the com-
mand of several captains had been sent forth, yet, through the trea-
chery and unskilfulnoss of the generals, he was often unfortunate and
unsuccessful. On which account, though he was greatly contemned
by the Egyplians, yet his love to his ease and pleasure had that as-
cendency over him^ as to induce him patiently to bear the disgrace.
But now, whcrr the Phoenicians and kings of Cyprus, in imitation of
this disloyalty of the Egyptians, and in coutonjpt of him, were all
running into rebellion, the king was at length roused, and determin-
ed to make war upon them. But he jiulgcd it not advisable or pru-
dent to manage the war by his deputies and generals, but resolved
to go himself, and try his own fortune and conduct in the defence
and preservation of his kingdom. To that end he made great pre-
parations of arms, darts, provi.sions, and forces; and raised three
hundred thousand foot, and thirty thousand horse; and rigged out u
fleet of three hundred galleys, besides six hundred hhips of burden>
and other transport ships for all sorts of provisions. This was the Hi
origin of the war in Phoenicia.
In Phoenicia there is a famous city called Tripolis its name agree-
ing with the nature of the place; for three cities are contained with-
in its bounds, a furlong distant from one another, one called the city
of the Arcadians, the oilier of the Sidonians, and the third of the Tyri-
ans. It is the most eminent of all the cities of Piicenicia, being that
where the general senate of all the Phaniieians usually meet and con-
sult about the weighty affairs of the nation. The kings, lords lieu-
tenants, and generals then in Sidon, carrying themselves by their se-
vere edicts rigorously and haughtily towards the Sidonians, the citi-
zens being so abused, and not being longer able to brook it, studied
liow they migiit revolt from the Persians. V\)ox\ which, the rest of
the Phoenicians being wrought upon to vioilicate th.cir liberty, sent
messengers to Nectanel)us the kirig of Egypt, then at war wiili the
Persians, to receive them as confederates; and so the whole nation
f ''»ared for war. And ns Sidon then exceeded all the rest in wealth,
and even private nicn by the advantiige v^ trade had grown very rich,
they built a great number of ships, and raised a potent army of mer-
cenaries; and both arms, darts, and provisions, and all other thing:*
Dccessary for the war, were prepared. And that they u)ii»iit appear
Vol.1?. No. 41. u
1 1 4 DIOnORUS SICULUS. Book XVt.
first in tlic war, they spoiled and ruined the king's garden, cutting
down uU the trees where the Persian kings used to recreate and di-
vert themselves, llien they burnt all the hay which the lord-
licutcnnnts had laid up for the use of the horses. At last, they seized
upon the Persians, who had so exulted over them, and led them to
punishment. And in this manner began the war of the Persians
with the Phcrnicians: for the king, being informed wliat the rebels
had so impudently done, threatened to revenge it upon all the inha-
^. /^ bitants of Phoenicia, especially upon the Sidonians. To this end, he
I ^ ' rendezvoused all his army, both horse and foot, at Babylon, and pre*
scntly marched away against the Phoenicians. In the mean time,
while the king was upon his march, the governor of Syria, and Ma-
Z8RUS, lord lieutenant of Cilicia, joined together against the Phceni-
cians: on the other side, Temnes, king of Sidon, procured for their
assistance four thousand Greek mercenaries from the Egyptians^ un-
der the command of Mentor the Uhodian ; with these, and a body of
the citizens, he eng-aged with the lord lieutenants, and got the day,
and expelled them out of Pho::nicia.
While these things were acted in Phcenicia, the war in Cyprus
began at the same time, the one depending much upon the other.
There were nine great cities in this island, under whose juris-
diction were all the other smaller towns. Every one had its sepa-
rate king, who managed all public aflairs; but all were subject to the
king of Persia.
All these entered into a cnnfederacy, and, after the example of the
Phirnieians, shook oft' the yoke; and, having made all necessary pre-
parations for the war, took upon them the absolute power and sov&#
rei^rnty in their own several dominions.
Artaxevses, being enraged at this insolence, wrote to Idrieus*,
j)rince of t'aria, (then lately come to the throne, a friend and confe-
derate of the Persians, as all his ancestors were before him), to raise
]iim both lai»d and sea-forces, for his assistance against the kings of
Cyprus, rpon wliicli, he forthwith rigged out a fleet of forty sail^
and sent on board eight thousand mercenaries for Cyprus, under the
tommand of Phocion the Athenian, and Evagoras, who had been for
some years l)efi)re king of the island. As soon as they landed ia
Cyprus, they marched then strait to Salamis, the greatest of the
cities, where they cast up a trench, and fortified tliemselvcs, and so
closely besieged the city both by sea and land. The island had
continued a h)ng time in peace and quietness, and therefore was
grown vtry rich; so that the soldiers, who had now the power to
range ovor the country, had got together great trctisurcs: wiiigli
• Or llnricr<.
Chmp. FIIL DIODORUS SICULU5. 115
plc'ity R!?d confluence, being noised abroad, many on tlic opposite
coiit'iu. -1*. n hopes of gain, came flocking out of Syria and Cilicia,
tv i!:'* I'cisian camp. The army of Phocion and Evagoras being in-
Ci<*ii>v(i lo double the number, the petty kings were brought into great
sr.r.iity, and much terrified. And in tiiis condition was Cyprus at
thiiT time.
Ai>jut this time the king of Persia marched ivitli his army from
Ba';" Ion, and made towards Phue.ncia: but Mentor, general of the
fcilonians, when he heard how great an army was approaching, and
co'.isidi rintj how unequal in numljer the rebels were, he privately
co-TN'.'lted his own safety. To that end he st*<;rci'y despatched away
fron, ."^idon a taithful servant of his own, calledThessalion, to Artax-
erxes, promising to betray Sidon to lii^n; and that he would effec*
tuslly a ..i'Jt hii:) in subduini- Eayp% he Iwjing in that respect more
especially able to stiVe him, iccause he was well act^uainied with all
the places in Egypt, and knew exactly the most convenient passages
over ihe river Nile. The king was wonderfully pleased when lie
lieard what Thessalion said, and promised that he would not only
pardon Mentor for what he had done, but would bountifully reward
hiui, it he performed what he had promised, l^ut Thessalion further
added, that Mentor would expect that the king should confirm his
word by giving out his ri^ht hand. Upon which the king was so
incensed (as being distrusted) that he gave up Thessalian into the
bands of the officers, w*ith command to cut oH* his head. When he
was led to execution, he only said this ^Thou, O king, doest what
thou pleasest; but Mentor, who is able to <iccomplish all I have said,
will perform nothing that is promised, because thou refusest to give
him assurance on thy part. Upon hearing of which, the king altered
his mind, and commanded the officers to discharge the man ; and so
he put forth his right hand to Thessalion, which is a most sure and
certain earnest among the Persians of performance of what is pro-
inised. Then he returned to Sidon, and secretly imparted to Mentor
what he had done.
Id the mean time the king, counting it his greatest happiness if he
could subdue Egypt, (which he had before attempted in vain), sent
ambassadors to the chiefest cities of Greece, to solicit some auxiliary
forces from them. The Athenians and lyaced(«monians returned
answer — ^That they would still continue friends to the Persians; but
ihat they could not supply them with forces. But theThcbans comr
inanded a thousand heavy-armed men to be sent to the asbistance of
the king, under the command of Lacrates. The Arrives likcwiso
furqbhed him with three thousand men, but sent no captain \S\\\\
1 16 DionoRus sicui-LS. Book XFL
'iT
them, because tlie kin^had expressly by name appointed Nicostrat us
to command them, and they were unwilling to contradict liim. He
was a man of great account, both as to council and execution, having
both valour and prudence, assistant one to another. And, because
he was of vast strength of body, imitating t^e^cules in his arms, he
carried both a club and a lion's sKin in every battle. Neither were
the Grecians who inhabited upon the ^ea-coasts of Asii wanting oq
their parts, but sent out six thousand men : so that all the auxiliary
forces from the Grecians amounted to ten thousand. But, before
these came up, the king had passed through Syria, and entered Phoe-
nicia, and encamped not far from Sidon.
In the mean time, while the king spent a considerable time in
making pn r aration, the Sidonians had been very active and diligent
in furnishing themselves wiih arms and provisions; and besides, had
drawn a trohlo deep and broad trend), and a high wall round the city.
They had likewise a brave body of tall, handsome, and stout men
of the citizens, well ext^cisedand trained up in njartial discipline out of
the sehoDis: and this eity went far beyond all the rest of the cities
of riiaMiicia for wealth, and all other sumptuous ornaments, both for
state and grandeur: and that which was not t':. least among the resf,
they were furnished with a hundred gal lies, of three and five oars oa
a bank.
And nowTemnes* became a party with Mentor (who commanded
the mercenaries out of Egypt) in the treachery, and left Mentor to
keep a certain quarter of the city, in order to help forward the exe-
cution of the treason; and himself went out, with five hundred sol-
diers, upon a pretence to go to the common assembly of the Phoe-
nicians: for he had in his com|)any a hundred of the best quality of
the citizens to be senators, as was pretended; but these he caused to
be seized, and delivered up into the hands of Artaxerxes, as soon as
they came near where the king was, who received him as his friend,
but ordered the hundred noblemen^ as authors of the rebellion^ to be
darted to death.
Presently after, when five hundred more of the chicfest of the Si-
doniams cnme to him with all the badges of submission imaginable,
he called 'J'emncs back, and asked hitn whether he was able to deliver
the eity into his hands, (for he earnestly desired to possess himsetf
of the place upon any terms whatsoever, rather than upon treaty, te
the riid that the utter ruin of the citizens might be a terror to the
rest), whin Temnes assured him he was able to effect it, the king^,
■r iiiL'" ^lill iinplaeahle, caused all (he five hundred (who carried olive*
' !T.. rv Aitulo: jb n::r i.t risni.'.'b in !i!C (irvfk
Chap. nil. DIODORUS SICULUS. 1 17
branches before them, as supplicants for mercy, and as tokens of sub-
mission) to l)e shot to dcatli with darts. Afterward:*, Temncs readily
persuaded tlie Egyptian mercenaries to receive him and the kingwilhia
the wails; and so, by this treacherous contrivance, Sidon came agaia
into the hands of the Persians. Then tiie king, judging that Temnc*
could do him no further service, caused iiis throat to be cut likewise.
In the mean time, the Sidonians had burnt all their shipping be-
fore the king came, lest any of the inhabitants, consulting their owa
safety, should get awny by sea. At length, when the Sidonians saw
that the enemy had entered, and many thousands of men ranging here
and there, and dispersed all over tiic city, they shut themselves up,
with their wives and children, in their iiouses, and set them on fire,
and SQ were all consumed together. It is said there were abovp forty
thousand (with household servants) tliat perished in these flames.
After this destruction of the Sidonians, by which the whole city
and inluibitants were consumed to ashes, the king sold the rubbish
and relicts of the. fire for many talents: for, the city being very rich,
there was found a vast quantity ol gold and silver meltL"! down by
the flames. Thus sad was the calamity under which the Sidonians
sufl'ered. The rest of the cities, being terrified with this destruction,
■ presently surrendered themselves to the Persians. A little before
this Artemisia, the princess of Caria, died, having governed two
years : Idrleus, her brother, succeeded in the principality, and reigned
seven years.
In Italy, the Romans made a truce with thcPraenestines,and entered
into a league with the Samnitcs; and cut off the heads of two hundred
and sixty in the forum, of those that sided whh the Tarquins.
In Sicily, Leptines and Callippus, the Syracusans, being furnished
with a considerable army, besieged Rhegium, which was still held by
a garrison of Dionysius the younger; anvl, having forced out thegarri-
jton, they restored the Rhcgians to their anticnt government.
118 nioDORL-s sicuLUS. Book XFL
CHAP. IX.
Era^aras beheaded in Cyprus. Artaxerxes marches against
Eg]fpt^ and gains it all hy the policy of Mentor. Loses mamp
(if his men at the lake of Sorhon. 3fentor advanced. Mentor's
stratagem to subdue Uermeas^ prince ofAtarnea. Zena razed
by Philip, The king of Egypt abdicates his kingdom, and flies,
to Ethiopia,
\f AFTERWARDS, Apollodorus being chief magistrate at Athens,
^ and Marcus Valerius and Caius Sulpitius Roman consuls, all the
chies of Cyprus surrcfidered themselves to the Persians, excepting
Salamis, which was then besiep?d by Evagoras and Phocion, and
which Protac^oras, king of Salamis, stoutly defended.
In the mean time, Kvngoras endeavoured to regain the kingdom
of his ancestors, and contrived to be restored to his antient right, by
the help of the Persian king. But, being afterwards accused before
ArtnxGixcs, (who thereupon relieved Protagoras), he laid aside all
hopes of being restored, and, having afterwards cleared himself of
all that was laid to his charge, he was intrusted with the government
of a larger province in Asia, which he so misgoverned, that he was
forced to fly again into Cypru*:, where, being seized, he had his head
fctruck off. But Protagoras, voluntarily submitting himself to the
Persian king, kept the kingdom of Salamis^ without any rival, for
the time to come.
In the mean time the king of Persia, after the ruin of Sidon, being[^
joined by the forces that came from Argos, Thebes, and the antient
cities, marched with his whole army against Kgypt. When he came
to the Great Lough*, or I-<ake, through igiioiancc of the places, he
lost part of his army in the bogs there, called Barrathra. But, be-
cause we have before, in the first book, spoken of the nature of this:
lake, and the strange things there happening, we shall now forbear ta
roj)eat them.
Having passed these giilphs, he came to Peluslum, the first mouth
of the river Nile, where it enters into the sea. Here the Grecians
lay close to the city, but the Persians encamped forty furlongs oflT.
In the mean while, the Egyptians (in regard the Persians had given
ihein a long time to prepare all things necessary for the war) had
made Ftrong defences and fortifications at all the mouths of thcNilCj^
• ^' or lion i^ »lic J-akc of ?ovlK>n.
f^ap. IX. DIODORtJS SICU LU8. 1 1 9
especially at Pelusium, because that was the first and nK>st conveni-
ently situated; where five thousand men were in garrison, under the
command of Philophron. The Thebans, above all the Grecians,
had a desire to give evidence of their valour, and to that end ttiey
first of all valiantly attempted to force tlic trench, which was botk
strait and deep, and carried it; but, as soon as they had gained it,
those of the garrison made a sally; upon which there was a sharp
engagement, insomuch that the dispute was very hot on both sidefi,
and continued ail the day, the night scarcely putting an end to the
contest.
The next<lay the king divided the Greeks into three brigades; ii^7
each of which had a Greek commander, with whom was joined a
Persian officer^ one who was in the greatest estimation for valour
and loyalty.
The first brigade was of the Boeotians, under the command of
Lacrates a Theban^ and Rosaces a Persian. This Rosaces was de-
acended from some of those seven Persians who de|K)sed the Magi,
and was governor of Ionia and Lydia. He led a great body, both
horse and foot, all barbarians.
The second brigade was composed of the Argivcs, commanded
by Nicostratus, with wliom was Aristazanes a Persian, who was
employed as an envoy in all the special afi^airs of the king, and
next to Bagoas, was the most trusty, and the ciiicf of his friends.
He liad five thousand soldiers, and four-score gallics, under his
command.
The third brigade was led by Mentor, he who betrayed Sidon, ^vlio
formerly commanded the mercenaries; his colleague was Bagoa?^
a bold fellow, and none more ready in executing any villany, in whom
the king put great confulonce. He commanded the Greeks that were
the king*s subjects, and a great body of barbarians, besides a consi-
derable navy. The king kept the rest of the army with himself, and
was very careful iu managing and overseeing the whole concern of
tlie war.
The army of the Persians thus divided, Neetanebus, the king of
Egypt, (though he was far short in number), neither v^iiucd the mul-
titude nor the division of the Persian troops: for he had in his nrmy
twenty thousand Grecian mercenaries, as many Africans, and three-
score thousand Egyptians, by them called warriors; and, besides
these, was furnished with an incredible number of rlvci -boats, fitted
to fight in the river Nile. Moreover, he had defended that side of
the river towards Arabia with many castles and garrisons, exactly
fortified with trenches and strong walls, and was prepared with plenty
«f all other things necessary for the war. But, tluougli imprudence
120 DIODORUS sicuLus. Book XVT.
^ ^ and want of good advice, he lost all. The chief cause of the mis-
carriage was his IgnoraDce how to manage warlike affairs, and his
security^ upon the account of his having before beaten the Persians;
for, at the time of that success, having had most expert commanders^
Diophantus the Athenian, and Lanius the Spartan, who were both
valiant and experienced soldiers, all things succeeded according to
his heart's desire. But, being now conceited of his own sufficiencj
and ability to command and order the army, he would admit of no
other assistant; and therefore, through want of skill and expcriencey
nothing was managed to advantage, or becoming an expert com-
inandor.
Having therefore strongly garrisoned the towns, he himself, with
thirty thousand Egyptians, five thousand Grecians, and half of the
Libyans, defended the passages which lay most open and easy to
invasions.
Tilings thus ordered on both sides, Nicostratus, who commanded
the Argives, having, by some Egyptian guides, (whose wives and
children the Persians kept as hostages), got through a certain cut or
ditch, passed over with his fleet to a place as far out of sight as he
could, and having landed his men there, encamped. Those who
kept the neighbouring Egyptian garrisons, directly they learnt where
the enemy was encamped, speedily marched against them with do
less than seven thousand men, under the command of Clinus, of
the Isle of Coos, who drew up his men in battalia, in order to fight
them : on the other side, those lately landed, likewise put themselves
into a posture of defence; when a sharp engagement ensued, in
which the Grecians on the side of the Persians so gallantly behaved
themselves, that they killed Clinus the general, and above five thou-
sand of the rest of his army.
Upon hearing of this defeat, Nectanebus was in a terrible fright^
for that he believed the rest of the Persian troops would easily pass
over the river. Being therefore afraid lest the enemy would bend aU
his force against Memphis, the seat-royal, he made it his chief care
and concern to secure this place, and thereupon marched away with
the army he had to Memphis, to prevent the besieging of it.
Li *'f In the mean time, Ijaerates the Theban, the commander of the
first brigade, pushes on the siege of Pelusium; and having drained
the water out of the trench, and turned it another way, he raised a
mount, and there ])laced his engines of battery against the city.
And after a great part of the walls were battered down, the Pclu-
slans raised up others in their stead, and speedily made high wooden
towers.
These conflicts upon the walls continued for some days^ during
Chap. IX. niODORUS SICULUS. 1 21
which time the Grecians that defended the place valiantly repelled
the assailants. But as soon as they heard of the king's departure for
Memphis, they were so aflfrighted, that they sent messengers to treat
upon terms of surrender. Whereu{K)n Lacrates agreeing with them
upon the sacred tie of an oath, that upon their delivering up Pclusium^
they should return to Greece with whatever they brought with them
out of the towti^ they surrendered the place^ Then Artaxerxes sent
Bagoas with a'garrison of Persians, to take possession of Pelusium^
whose soldiers, when they entered the town, took away from the
Grecians, as they were going out, many of those things that they had
brought with them.
Being thus abused, they took it heinously, and with great complaints
called on the gods, as witnesses and revengers of perjury and breach
of faith.
Lacrates being justly indignant at this base dealing, attacked the
barbarians, and killed some of them^ and put the rest to flight, and
so protected the Greeks thus injured contrary to the agreement con-
firmed by oath. And though Bagoas^ who fled amongst the rest>
and returned to the king, accused Liacrates for what he had done>
yet the king adjudged that the soldiers of Bagoas were dealt with
according to their merits, and punished those Persians that were
authors of the rapine. And in this manner came Pelusiura into the
liands of the Persians.
But Mentor, commander of the third brigade, recovered Bubastisi
and many other cities, to the obedience of the Persian king> by his
own stratagem. For whereas all these cities were garrisoned by two
sorts of i)eople, Grecians and Egyptians; Mentor caused a report to
be spread abroad, that Artaxerxes would receive most graciously^ and
pardon all those that of their own accord would give up their cities
to the king; and on the other hand> that all such as he might take by
force, should fare no better than Sidon. He also commanded that all
the gates^ should be opened, and that all who wished might be per*
mitted to go away. So that all the Egyptian captives in the camp
being gone without any opposition, the report was in a sluirt time
spread abroad through all the cities of Egypt* Whereupon all the
towns were presently filled with seditions, through quarrels and dis-
sentions between the Egyptians and the foreign auxiliaries* For all
parties strove who should be most active and forward in betraying
their several garrisons, every one aiming at his own advantage, by an
interest In the favour of the conqueror. And the first that began ^^ ^
was Bubastis. For as soon as Mentor and Bugoas encamped before - '.
* Gates of the caiup.
Vol. 2. No. 41. h
122 DIODORUS srcuLUS. Book XVt.
the city, the Egyptians, unknown to the Grecians, sent one of their
countrymen to Uagoas, and |)romised to surrender the city to him, if
they might be all pardoned. This being discovered by the Grecians,
they pursued and seized him that was sent, and by threatening ami
affrighting him, made him confess the truth of the matter. Upou
wliich, being highly enraged, they violently attacked the Egyptiansj
killed some, wounded others, and drove the rest into a narrow corner
of tlie city.
They that were thus assailed, gave intelligence to Bagoas of what
was done, and entreated him^ that without delay, he would take
possession of the citV; which they would deliver up to him upon \\\s
approach^
In the mean time, the Grecians sent a herald to Mentor, who se-*"
crctly advised them to set upon the barbarians as soon as Bagoas had
entered the town. Bagoas, therefore, having entered with his
Persians, but without the consent of the Greeks, as soon as part of
the soldiers were let in> the Grecians shut the gates, and suddenly
attacked the barbarians, and killed them every man, and took Ba-
goas himself prisoner, who, coming to understand that there was na
means left for his deliverance but by Mentor, he earnestly entreated
him to interpose for his preservation^ promising that for the future
be would never undertake any thing without his advice. Mentor
prevailed with the Grecians to discharge him, and to surrender the
city, so that the whole success and glory of the action was attributed
to him.
Bagoas being thus set at liberty by his n>eans, entered into a solemn
covenant of friendship, uix)n oath, with Mentor, and faithfully
kept it till the time of his death; so that these two always con-
curring and agreeing, were able to do more with the king, than all
his other friends, or any of bis kindred* For Mentor being made
the lord lieutenant of Artaxerxes over all the Asiatic shore, was ma-
terially serviceable to the king, both by procuring soldiers out of
(iiecce, and by his faithful and diligent administration of the go*
vcrnment.
liagoas cnninianding all as viceroy in the higher parts of Asia,
obtained such power, through his consultation with Mentor, on all
tiecasions, that he had the kingdom at conmiand; neither did Artax-
rrxrs any thing without his consent. And after the king's death,
liis power was so great that the successors were ever nominated and
appointed by him, and all the atFairs oi the kingdom were so entirely
under his management, that he wanted nothing but the name of a.
king. Will we bhall relate these things in their proper place*
CfiOp. IX. DIODORUS SICULUSt 1 33
After the surrendisr of Bub^stis, the rest of the cities, out of fear,
submitted and delivered up themselves upon articles^ into the bands
of the Persians.
In the mean while Nectanebu$i who was now at Memphis^ seeing 47/
the quick movements of the enemy, durst not venture a battle in
defence of his sovereignty, but abdicating his kingdom, pnckcd up a
great deal of treasure, and fled into Ethiopia. And so Artaxerxes
possessed himself of all Egypt, and demolished the w^lls of all tlie
cities, especially those that were the greatest, and of the most ac-
count; and heaped together an infinite mass of gold and silver, by
despoiling the temples. He also carried aw^y all the records an4
writings out of the mostantient temples; which Bagoas a short time
after suflcrcd the priests to redeem for a great sum of money. Then
be sent home the Greek auxiliaries with ample rewards to every one
according to their deserts, for tiieir services; and intrusting Phe-
Kcudates with the government of Egypt, he returned with his
army laden with spoil, triumphing iu the glor}' of his victory, to
Babylon.
At the time when Callimachus was lord chancellor at Athens, and f\^
Marcus Fabius and Publius Valerius were 'Roman consuls, Artaxerxes
advanced Mentor for the great servif^es he had done him, especially
in the Egyptian war, above all his friends; and that he might put 2|
mark upon his valour by a reward more than ordinarv, he bestowed
upou him a hundred talents of silver, and rich furniture for his
liouse^ He likewise made him prefect of ail the Asiatic shore, and
general of his army, with absolute power to suppress all rebellions in
those parts.
Mentor being in near alliance and l^indred with Artabazus and
Memnoii, (who had not long before made war upon liie Persians,
QKd had now fled out of Asia, to Philip, iu Macedonia), by his inte*
rest with the king procured their pardon, and thereupon sent for them
both to come to him, with their families: for Artabazus had by
Mentor and Memnou*s sister, eleven sons and ten daujghters; with
which numerous progeny Mentor was greatly delighted, and ad-
vanced the young men, as they grew up, to high places of command
\i\ the army.
The first expedition which Mentor made was against Hennias, the > S
prince or tyrant of Atarnea*', who had rebelled against Artaxerxes,
aod was possessed of many strong cities and castles: upon making
bim a promise to procure tiie king's pardon, he brought him to a
uarley; and upou that oceabiun having surprised him, he Imprisoucd
* Alarnca. in Mvsia, «)vcr against Lcsbo-.
124 DIODORUS SICULU?. Book XfTl
him^ and possessing liimself of his scal-ringi he wrote letters in
his name, to the several cities, signifying that through the means of
Mentor he had heen restored to the king's favour: and he sent
away, likewise, with those that carried the letters, such as he had
ordered to take possession, in the name of the king, of all the forts
and castles* The governors of the cities, giving credit to the
letters, and being, likewise, very desirous of peace, delivered up
all the towns and forts to the king in every place throughout the
country.
All the revolted cities hcing recovered by this trick of Mentor*Sj
without any hazard or fatigue, the king was highly pleased with him^
as having acted the part of a brave and prudent general.
And with no less success, partly by policy, and partly by force of
arms, he reduced in a short time the other captains that were in
rebellion. And thus stood ailairs in Asia at this time.
^^ In Europe, P!iilij>, king of Macedon, made an expedition against
the Cluileidcan* ciiies, and took Zena, and razed it to the ground^
and caused other cities, through fear, likewise to submit. He also
made another attack upon Pherse, and cast out its prince Pitholaus,
About that time Spartacus, king of Pontus, died, after having reigned
five years. Pai vsades, his brother, succeeded him, and governed
ciglit-and- thirty years.
CHAP. X.
Philip takes Olf/uthns, and other cities in the Iltllesjwnl. Hie
Atheninns jealous of Philip, and instigated hj Demosthenes^
PhiUrp's policies* The value of the riches taAe?i out of the
temple at Delj}Jios. Dionysius sent presents to DelphoSy which
were taken by the Athenians, His letter to the Athenians, 2Tke
temple burnt. The end of the Phocian war. The punishments
decreed by theAmphictyons against the Phocians. The miseries
of the sacrilegious persons. Timoleon sent to Syracuse.
^^ AFI^Kll the end of this year, Theophilus ruled as archon at Athens^
and Cains Sulpitius and Caius Quintius executed the consular dignity
at Koiiu*, at which time was celebrated the hundred and eighth
Olympiad, in which IVyckii of Cyrenc bore away the crown of victory,
• III Thrace.
Chap.X. DIODORUS SICULU8. 125
At the same time Philip made an expedition against the cities of the
Hellespont, of which Micaberna and Torone were betrayed into his
hands. Then he made against Olynthus (the greatest city of those
parts) with a very numerous army, and having first routed the
Olynthians in two battles, he laid siege to the town ; upon which he
made many assaults, and lost a great number of his men in their
approaches to the walls. At length, by bribing Euthycrates and
Lasthenes, the chief magistrates of Olynthus, he entered the city by
treachery, and plundered it, and sold all the citizens for slaves, and
exposed to sale all the prey and plunder under the spear. Whereby
he furnished himself with abundance of money for carrj'ing on the
war, and put all the rest of the cities into a terrible fright.
Then he bountifully rewarded sucli as liad behaved themselves
with courage and valour, and having exacted vast su[ns of money from
the richest of the citizens of the surrounding cities, he made use of
it to corrupt many to betray their country; so that he himself often
boasted that he had enlarged his dominion more by his gold than bj
his sword.
In the mean time, the Athenians being jealous of the growing
greatness of Philip, ever after'sent aid to them whom he invaded by
his arms, and despatched ambassadors to all the cities to desire them
to look to their liberties, and to put to death such of their citizens as
should be discovered to go aboiit to betray them, promising withal to
join with them on all occasions. At length they proclaimed open
war against Philip.
Demosthenes the orator (at that time the most eminent in politics
and eloquence of all the Grecians) was the chief instrument that in-
cited the Atiienians to take ujion them tiie defence of all Greece:
but the city could not cure that desire of treason that infected many
of the citizens; so many traitors there were at that time all over
Greece. And therefore it is reported, that Philip having an earnest
desire to gain that once strong and eminent city, and one of the
inhabitants of the place telling him it could never be taken by force,
he asked him whether it were not possible that gold mi^ht mount
the walls; for he had learnt by experience, that those who could
not be subdued by force, were easily overcome by gold. To this
end he had, by means of his bribes, procured traitors in every city;
and such as would receive his money, lie called jiis friends and
guests. And thus with evil communications he corrupted men's
manners.
After the taking of Olynthus, he celebrated Olympic games to the '* 'T
gods, in commemoration of his victory, and oflcred most splendid
sacrifices; and in regard there were a vast number of people collected
?->
ISS moDORUs sicuLUS. Book XP7.
f ogetlier, he set forth specious sportSj and recreating plays^ and invited
A great number of strangers to bis feasts: and in the midst of hia
cups would talk courteously and familiarly with them^ and drink to
many, and reacli over the cup to them with his own iiands. To many
he gave ricli gifts, and made large and liberal promises to all, to the
eiul that his kindness and generosity might be proclaimed abroad
by tl'.cm that had had experience. During the time of his feasting,
observing Satyrus the stage-player to look discontented, and knit kis
brow, he asked him, why he only would not accept of the fruits of
liis bounty and gfwcrosity? To which he answered, that he would
Vipy willingly receive a certain gift from him; but he was afraid if
lie should ask it openly, he would deny him. Upon which the king
began laughing, and bid iiim ask what he pleased, and he would freelj*
bestow it upon him. Ujxjn whicii he desired that two young maids^
in tiie flower of their age, the daughters of one that was his Uost^
might be given to him from among the captives ; whose liberties he
craved not to maki^ any gain or advantage of them himself, but really
to give them portions out of his own estate, and procure them hus*
Uands, and likewise to prevent their being injured by any unworthy
attempt. The king so approved of this request^ that he not only
forthwith ordered the virgins to be delivered to Satyrus without ran-r
$om, but bestowed u])on him, likewise, many other sich gifts and
|)resent$, as special marks of his favour and bounty ; so that maoyj
excited with the hopes of reward, strove which should serve
Philip most, and be the first that should betray their country into
1)is hands.
The next year Thcmistocles was archon at Athens, and Caiua
Cornelius and Marcus Popilius were Koman consuls; at which time
the UfEOtians overran the country ol the Pliocians with depreda-
tions, and beat the enemy at IJyanipolis, killing about seventy of
them. ]^jt not long after, engaging with the Phocians in another
battle, they were routed at C'oronea, and lost many of their men.
And whereas the Phocians were possessed of some small towns in
Rcrotia, the 15a*otians made an inroad upon them, and shamefully
.'.poiKMl and destroyed all their standing corn; but in their return
were beaten.
While these thing'i were transacting, Pliali'ccus, the general of the
riiocianv, bring convicted of sacrilege, in converting the sacred
trea>ure oi the temple to his own use, was deprived of his commis*
sifjn, jnifl three others were created in his place, viz. DemocratcSi
( ;tUia«;, and Sophanes, who managed the business and trial concern-
\\\\s the >a(Ted treasures, at such time a*; the Phocians demanded ai\
y •» ;;uiit <i|' iliein that iiad the di--i)0hiiig ol it, 'J1»e greatest [ait of
Gkytr. X. DIODOBLUS SlCULtJS. 13T
the money was found to be intrusted in the hands of Philo; wiio
Dot being abie to give a clear account, was condemned ^ add being
put upon the rack by order of the generals^ he named many of his
Kcomplices. At length, being tortured to the utmost extremity,
he died upon the rack, and thus came to an end worthy of his
itapiety.
The robbers indeed restored the rest of the money (hat was left, . J
bnt they themselves Wf^re put to death, as sacrilegious persons. Tlie
first of the former generals, Philomelus, forbore to meddle with tfafi
sacred Ireasures; but his brother and successor Onomarchus con-
certed much of those treasures to the use of the war. The tliird
general, Phayllus, brother of Onomarchus, while he executed that
eommand, made use of many of the consecrated things of the tem-
ple, for the paying off the foreign soldiers : for he melted down and
coined into money the hundred and twenty golden tiles dedicated by
Croesus, king of Lydia. In the same manner he dealt with the three
hundred golden bowls, (or viols), every one weighing two minas;
and likewise the lion and woman of gold, all which weighed thirty
talents of gold: so that all the gold, according to the value of silver,,
nonld amount to four thousand talents. And, besides these, there
were things in silver, dedicated by Crcrsus, and others, carried am'ay
hj all the generals, in their several times, above the value of six
thousand talents: so that the whole sum, both in gold and sllver|
mounted to above ten thousand talents.
TJiere are some authors who say, that there was as much trea- _J" /
tore sacriiegiously taken away, as Alexander afterwards found iii
the treasury of the Persians. Phaliecus, likewise, with the ofl&cers
of the army, went about to dig up the pavement of the temple,
heeause some person had told iiim that a vast treasure of gold and
lilm lay under it : for confirmation of the truth of it, he brought
in the testimony of that mobt antlcut and famous poet Homer,
where he says thus:
Of ail the gold in Piia:bus* mnrblc func,
Whkh Fvtiio's rocky treasuries contain.
And just as the soldiers began to dig near to the tripod, a sudden
Wrthquake terrified the Pliociaiis^ so that the gods seeming by such
'^nifest token to threaten vengeance upon thesacriligcous persons,
^hey desisted. But the first author of that impiety, Philo, (of
^'woin we spoke before) , in a short time after, felt tiie just vengeance
*^» the deity. But notwithstanding the whole guilt of tliis impious f
Wcrilcge be imputed to the Pliociaiis, yet both ti^e Ailienirais and
i^cedttimonians, who assisted the Pliocians, were partners in the
*^?ncc, for they had more iJioney paid to them than was proportion-
If 8- DionoRus sicuLUS. Book XVL
aY)Ie to the number of the soldiers which they sent : for indeed at that
very time the Atlienians carried it but impiously towards the oracle}
for but a little before tiiis robbery at Delphos, when Iphicrates lay
with the Beet before Corcyra, and DionysiuSj prince of Syracuse, had
sent some statues of gold and ivory to Olympus and Delphos, he by
chance intercepteil the' vessels which transported them ; and having
now possession of the dedicated goods, sent to Athens to know how
be must dispose of them ; tiie Athenians bid him never scrupulously
examine, or make inquiry after those things that were said to belong
to the gods, but to consider how to provide for the maintaining of tbe
army. In obedience to which decree of his country, be exposed
the sacred ornaments of the gods to sale under the spear. Upon
which the prince, being highly incensed against the Athenians, wrote
to them in this manner:
Diomjsius^ to tfie Senate toid People of Athens.
IT is not fit that I should say health to you, since ye Iiave been so
sacrilegious against the gods, both by sea and land} and, having
intercepted the images which we had sent, in order to be devoted
to the gods, you have converted them into money, and so have pro-*
phaoely abused the mightiest of the gods, Apollo at Delphos^ and
Jupiter at Olympus.
This affront against the gods the Athenians never hesitated at^
and yet they were accustomed to boast and glory, that the god
Apollo was their ancestor. The Lacedsemonians also, though they
were famous amongst all nations for the oracle of Delphos, and id
the most weighty affairs do consult there at this very day, yet they
never scrupled to join in the sacrilege with these impious robbers of
the temi>le.
But now the Phocians, who had three towns strongly fortified in
Boeotia, made an inroad into Boeotia, and, being joined by great
numbers of mercenaries, wasted and spoiled the enemy's country |
and, in several incursions and skirmishes, got the better, and so re*
turned. The Bceotians therefore, being overprcssed with the bur-«
then of the war, and having lost many of their soldiers, and besides^
being in great want of money, sent ambassadors to Philip, to crave
Iiis assistance. This was very welcome news to the king, to see
that they were brought low, having long desired to have their Leuctra
courage curbed and tamed : however, he sent them a great number
of men, merely upon this account, lest he shoold be thought to be
cureless in the matter concerning the spoiling of the temple. Thea
Ch^.X. DIODORUS SICULUfl. 1S9
the Phocians built a castle at a town called Abse^ near the temple of
Apollo { at which time, being attacked by the Bceotians, some of them
presently fled, in disorder, to the neighbourfhg cities; others, to the
number of five hundred, got into the temple, and there perished.
Many other things happened to the Phocians at that time, as by a
'divine hand; but that which was most remarkable was this ^I'hey ,5*
that fled into the temple thought themselves safe under the care and
protection of the gods; but it fell out quite contrary, for divine pro-
vidence brought condign punishment upon these sacrilegious persons.
There were many straw beds round about the temple, and it happened
that the fire left in the tents of those that fled caught hold of some of
them; upon whicli, on a sudden, the flame so mounted that it con-
sumed the temple, with all those that fled into it: for, it seems^
God would not spare these sacrilegious persons, notwithstanding all
tlieir supplications. ^^C/s*
Archias was then lord- chancellor of Athens, and Marcus ^milius
and Titus Quinctius were invested with the consulship at Rome,
when the Phocian war (which had continued ten years) was ended in
the following manner: — When both the Boeotians and Phocians
were brought low with the continual fatigues of the war, the Pho-
cians, by their ambassadors, craved aid of the Laccd^einonians, who
sent them a thousand heavy-armed men, under tlic command of Ar-
chidamus, the king of Sparta. In like manner the Boeotians prayed
assistance from Philip; who thereupon, being joined by theThessa-
lians, entered Locris with a great army, where, finding Phalaecus
(restored again to his command) with a considerable body of mcrce-
Duries^ he prepared to fight him. PhaUecus was then at Nic^ea, who,
finding himself not able to engage with Philip, sent ambassadors to
hiua to treat. Thereupon a peace was concluded upon these condi-
tions—That Phalfiecus, with all those then with him, might march
away whither they thought fit. Wliereupon Phah-ecus, (after ratifi-
cation on both sides), without any further delay, departed with those
forces he had with him, to the number of eight thousand, into Pelo-
ponnesus: and the Phocians, now hopeless, gave up themselves into
the power of Philip.
The king having, without fighting, unexpectedly put an end to the
Sacred War, joined in a senate with the Tliessalians and Ba^otians;
in which it was decreed — .That the great council of the Amphic-
tyons should be assembled, to whose decision all matters should be
wholly referred.
By them afterwards it was decreed — ^That Philip and his posterity
should be received as members into the council of the Aniphictyons,
Vol. 2. No. 42. s
130 diOdoaus siculus. Book.xn.
and should have the privilege of a double voice^ as the Phociilns
(whom he conquered) had before : that the walls of three cities ia
Phocis should be demolished : and, that the Phocians should never
after have any thing to do with the teitiple^ or be members of the
court of the Amphictyons: that they should never be possessed of
horse or arms, until they had made restitution to the Oracle cf the
money they had sacrilegiously taken away. Moreover, that the
exiles of Phocis, and whoever they were that were partners with tliem
in the sacrilege, should be accounted accursed^ and driven out of
every place. Likewise, that all the cities of the Phocians shotild be
razed to the ground, and turned into villages, every one of them not
to contain a1x)vc fifty houses, and not to be less than one furloog
distant from each other; yet tliat the Phocians should keep their
lands, but should pay a tribute to the oracle every yeAr of sixty
talents, until they had paid the sum entered in the registers at the
time when the sacrilege was committed : that Philip, with the
Boeotians and Thessalians, should set forth the Pythian games, be-
cause the Corinthians were partners in the impiety with the Pho-
cians: that the Amphictyons, together with Philip, should break in
pieces, upon the rocks, all the arms of the Phocians and mercenaries,
and then burn the remains: and lastly, that they should deliver up
al) the hoise.
When they had despatched this, they made laws and orders for the
restoring of tlie oracle to its former state, and all other matters re-
lating to religion and the public peace, and the advancing of amity
i.- and concord amongst the (jrecians. All these decrees of the
Amphictyons were allowed and confirmed by Philip, who carried
hin^self towards them with great respect in all things, and then
marched back with his army into Macedonia, and not onljf par-
chased honour by his piety and martial conduct, but made many ad-
r vaiices towards the future enlargement of his dominions: for he had
long coveted to gain the sovereign command of all Greece, and to
make war uj>on the Persians, which indeed at length happened.
But of these things we shall hereafter give a particular account in
their due time.
;• / Ijct us now, therefore, return to what properly is an appendant,
and, of course, annexed to the precedent history: yet we judge it
our duty first to relate the judgments inflicted by the gods ujion the
sacrilegious robbers of the oracle; for vengeance overtook all of them
in iirencral, not only those who were the chief ringleaders, but even
iIm jn that had the least hand in the sacrilege.
, 5 Philoinelus, the first and chief contriver of seizing the temple, by a
C$l^. X DIODORUS SICULUS. 131
certain fate of wa^ was brought into such a strait, as tliat be cast
l^iiBself headlong from tlie top of a rock.
His brother Onomarchus, having taken upon hitn the cooinoand
pf Ih^ heartless and discouragpd ^rfpy^ was afterwards, with his
Phocians and mercenaries, totally routed in Tli^ssaly, and be himself
Uk^t^ and crucified.
Ph|&yllqs, the third, who spoiled the oracle of the greatest part of
its sacred treasures, that he might not altogether escape punishment^
wasted away by a (ipgering disease*".
Pli^l^cus, the last of them, having robbed the temple of all that
WA9 left, wandered vi|> and down in great terror, and in divers hazards
aqj troubles, for a long time together; not in any favour to him more
tban the rest of bis confederates in wickedness, but that he might be
Ipog^ tormjented, and that the vengeance executed might be more
remarkable to all wherever he went. After his flight, whereby he
^scap^d being a prisoner, at the first he remained, with his merce-
naries, about Peloponnesus, and maintained his soldiers with the
jDpoey hp \^d sacrilegiously got into his hands from the temple.
Afterwards he hired some great transport-ships at Corinth, and, hav-
ing foiir other small vessels pf his own, he pre[)ared for a voyage
iotp {t^y and Sicily, hoping either to possess himself of some city in
those parts, or that he ^d his men might be epiployed by some or
other as mercenaries.
There was at tliat time a war broken out between the Lucanians
Jipd TafCQ^in^s* He pretended to the soldiers that went along with
him, that he was sent for by the Sicilians and Italians; but, when he / H
CfMf^ ioto the open sea, some of the soldiers who were on hoard in
the largest vessel, with Phalsecus, discoursed among themselves, and
4ecl9red their suspicious one to another — ^That it was but a pretence,
.fmd tbftt Dpne had sent for them : for they saw no commanders go
along witli him, who were sent from any that desired their assist-
ance; and they perceived that the voyage undertaken was long and
tedious, ^nd full of hazards : and therefore, concluding that Phulaicus
was no longer to be credited, (dreading the expedition beyond sea),
they conspired, especially the officers of the mercenaries, aiul, with
their drawn swords, so threatened both Phala'.cus and the pilot, that
they compelled them to tack about, and return: the like being done
in the other ships, they all came back, and arrived in Peloponnesus;
and, being rendezvoused at Malea, a promontory of Laconia, they
therefound the Gnossian ambassadors, who accidentally were co me
hither to list some foreign soldiers. After some discourse had passed
* A consumption.
132 mODORUS SICCIATS. Sook XP7.
53
Cf
between them and Phaltecus^ and the other officers, the pay in hand
was so large, that all of them sailed away with the ambassadors to
Crete; and, having'Janded^at Gnossus*, they presently took the city
Lyctus at the first assault. But unexpected assistance came in sud*
denly to the expulsed Lyctians: for the Tarentines being at that time
engaged in a war with the Lucanians, sent ambassadors to the Lace-
dsemonians, from whom they were descended, to supply them with
auxiliaries; upon which the Spartans, upon the account of their
kindred, were ready to assist them ; and to that end had both nand
and land forces ready, under the command of Archidamus the king
of Sparta. And being now ready to set sail for Italy, at that very
time came some from the Lyctians, earnestly desiring that they would
help them in the first place. The Lacedemonians agfeed to it, and
passed over to Crete, where they routed Phalsecus and his mercena-
ries, and recorered the country for the Lyctians.
Then Archidamus made for Italy, and there Assisted the Tares-
tines, and was killed in fight, behaving himself with great. Talonr
and resolution. He was an excellent commander, and of good re-
putation in other respects; but ill spoken of, by reason of his joint-
ing with the Phocians, as the principal promoter and author of the
seizing of the temple and city of Delphos. He was king of Lace-^
daemon three-and-twenty years, and his son Agis succeeded him^ and
continued fifteen years.
Afterwards all the mercenaries under Archidamus, and who were
concerned in the robbing of the oracle, were killed by the Lacani^
ans. But Phalsecus being driven out of Lyctus, besieged Sidonf ;
and while he was preparing his engines to batter the ^^alls, andmak**
iug his approaches to the city, the engines were set on fire, and con-
sumed by a thunderbolt from heaven, and a great number of the sol-
diers who endeavoured to save them, were consumed by fire from
heaven, amongst whom was Phalaecus himself: though there be some
who report, that he was run through the body by one of his own soU
diers whom he had provoked. Those soldiers that were left, were
hired by the Elian exiles, and transported into Peloponnesus, who
assisted them against their own countrymen. But the Arcadians^
who assisted the Elians, routed them, and killed a great number o£
the mercenaries, and took four thousand prisoners; which the Ar-
cadians and Elians divided amongst themselves; and the Arcadians
sold those under the spear tliat fell to their share: but the Elians put
nil theirs to the sword, for their impiety in robbing of the oracle.
And in this manner all the sacrilegious robbers, and those that too((
* Or Coosusi a cit^ in Crete. Lj9iw, another citj io Crete. t A city of Crtt«.
Chef. X BIODOAUS SlCULUtr. 1^
part with them^ met due punishment for their wickedness. Like*
wise the most famous cities that shared with them in their impiety,
being afterwards conquered by Antipater, lost both their authority
and liberty at once. Moreover, the wives of the most principal ^ J^
men of Phocis, who had decked themselves with necklaces of goll
robbed from Ddphos, met with the deserved punishment of thdr
impiety. For, one that wore the chain of Helen, turning whore^
stained all the glory of lier beauty by prostituting herself to every
filthy wretch. Another who adorned herself with tlie ornaments of
Eriphyle, in a fury of madness and rage, had her house set on fire
by her eldest son, and she and her habitation consumed together.
In this manner (as we said before) those that dared thus to despise
and contemn the deity, were overtaken by divine vengeance. On #3
the contrary, Philip, who appeared in defence of the oradc, evec
prospering from that time, for his piety, was at last declared su*
preme governor of all Greece, and gained the largest kingdom ia
£iirope. And now, having given an account of the Sacred War,
ao far forth as we judged necessary, we shall return to things of ano-
ther nature.
In Sicily, the Syracusans, labouring under intestine seditions, and / ^
enslaved under the tyranny of many that lorded over them, sent am-
bassadors to Corinth, to desire that a general should be despatclied to
thexn, who might take charge of the city, and give a check to the
ambition of such as sought to tyrannise. Upon which, it seemed
very just and reasonable to the Corinthians to help those who were
originally descended from them; and therefore they decreed to
send them Timoleon, the son of Tiraodemus, who was accounted
tbe most valiant and expert commander among them; in shorty
he was a person every way virtuous : but there was one thing re-
flsarkable happened to him, whicli much forwarded his being chosen
general.
Timophanes, his brother, the richest and most daring man among
the Corinthians, had some tipie before given evident signs of his
ambition to aspire to the sovereignty. For, about that time, having
armed and got together a company of lewd fellows, and such as were
in debt, and needy, he went up and down the market-place, seeming
Xiot to have the least thoughts of the principality, but in truth acting
in the mean time as an absolute tyrant. But Timoleon, who abhorred
inonarchy, at the first advised his brother to forbear, and lay aside
such projects and designs: but he, being not only regardless of wliat
was said to him, but rather growing every day more audacious and
peremptory, Tiinoleon, because he could not work upon him by
134 BioDORUS sicuiiUS. Sook J(^l%
words^ killed him in the market-place. Vpoa which 4 gK%t tuqiulf
was raised, and the citizens, upon the cooimissioD of so horrid w
actj ruDDing in and flocking together, the matter came to a faction
and sedition in the city : for some declared, that Timolepn, who had
imbrued his hands in the blood of a citizen, should undei]go tjif
punishment due to his offence by the law; but others were of f
contrary opinion, and said, that he deserved rather to be com^it|ld•dy
as one that had despatched a tyrant out of the way.
A senate therefore was called, and the matter brought before ik§
court, where his enemies most bitterly inveighed against bin); but
those who were more moderate and fovourable, coqsulted tagefher to
preserve him. And, while the business remained in debate^ not ytit
decided, the ambassadors from Syracuse arrived, and, iippartipg thor
embassy to the court, they very seasonably desired a general to br
sent them: upon which the senate determined to send Timoleonf
and, that he might the better behave himself, a most strange pior
posal was offered him, to choose as he pleased : for t|iey let him
know ^That, if he carried himself well towanjs the SyracuMQV ia
his command, then they would judge him to be one that bad kilM %
tyrant; but, if he were covetous and oppressive^ he should be cpn-
demned as a murderer of his brother.
Timoleon therefore, not so much out of fear of what was threatened
by the senate, as excited by the principles of his own innate virtue
managed afikirs in Sicily with great honour and reputation to him-
self, and advantage to the Sicilians. For he subdued the Carthagi-
nians, rebuilt the Grecian cities which were destroyed by the barbft*
rians, and restored all Sicily to its liberty. Lastly, having gained
Syracuse, and the Greek desolated cities, he filled them all with inr
habitants, and made them very populous. But we shall treat of these
matters in their proper place^ and come to that part which is cohejpenl
to the history.
€hi^. XL DrODORUS SICULtTS. 136
CHAP. XI.
itimaleoH*s expedition into Sicily. The Carthaginian army in
Sicily. Dianysius returns into Syracuse: is beaten by Hicetas^
JERcetas gains Syracuse. Timolcon's escape from Bhegium.
Jimoleon routs Hicetas, and gains Syracuse. Philip invades
the Illyrians. Dionysius expeUed. Tiinoleon makes good laws^
PhiUp invades Thrace.
NOW Eubulus was chief magistrate at Athens, and Marcus Fabhis / ^
iind Serulius Sulpitius were consuls at Rome. At this time Timp-
leon the Corinthian, advanced by the Syracusans to the sovereign
command of all their forces, prepared for his voyage into Sicily, and
loosed from Corinth with four gallies, manned with seven hundred
mercenaries, and attended with three skiffs. In his passage he was
joined by three vessels more from the Leucadians and Corcyrians,
and so with ten sail |>assed over the Ionian sea. In this voyage aA
unusaal and remarkable thing happened toTimoleon, the providence
of the gods seeming to favour his undertaking, and thereby to point
oat the future fame and glory of his actions. For, all the night,
li light like a burning torch in the heavens went before him, till the
fleet came to the coasts of Italy: for he was before told Jit Corinth,
by the priests of Ceres and Proserpina, that in the night the goddesses
appeared to them, and told them, that the^ would sail along with
Tlmoleon to the island that was peculiarly consecrated to them,
lltooleon therefore, and all those with him, were very cheerful, un-
dier the apprehension that the gods favoured their enterprise; and
thereupon Tiraoleon dedicated one of the best of his ships to the
goddesses, and ordered that it should be called the Sacred Ship* of
Ceres and Proserpina. And now, when tlie fleet came safe as far as
Metapontum in Italy, there arrived a galley which had the Carthagi-
nian ambassadors on board, who, upon a conference with Timo-
Icon, charged him, upon his peril, not to begin any war, or so much
as to set his foot upon Sicily. But he, being encouraged by them of
Rhegium, who promised to join with him, departed with all haste
from Metapontum, designing by his speed to prevent the report of
his coming: for he was in great fear lest the Carthaginians, who were
much stronger at sea, should block up his passage into Sicily. There-
fore he made oflF with all speed to Rliegium.
♦ Or called Ceres and Prostrpiua.
136 WODOKUS sicutus. Book JCrZL
S7
;?
The Carthaginians^ having a little before received intelligence that
m great war Mras likely to break out througli all Sicily, carried them-
selves with all civility towards the confederate cities; and, putting
an end to all quarrels, entered into leagues of anaity and friendship
with the princes of the island, especially with Hicetas, ^neral of
tke Syracusans, who was the most potent. At length the CartbagiF*
Bians, having raised a great number of forces both by sea and land^
transported them into Sicily, under the command of Hanno, their
general. They had with them a hundred and fifty sail of long sfaqis,
a land-army of fifty thousand men, three hundred chariots, and two
thousand carts or carriages, drawn by two horses each; and» besides
these, a great number of arms of all sorts, and engines of batterj,
and an infinite store of com, provision, and all other things necessary
lor war. The first city they attacked was Entella; and, having
wasted and spoiled the lands round about, tliey shut up the inhabi*
tants by a close siege. The Campanians possessed the city at that
time, and, being terrified at the multitude of their enemies, sent finr
aid to the otlier cities, wlio hated the Carthaginians; but none of
them came in to their assistance, except those of Galena, who sent
them a thousand armed men, who were intercepted by the Cartha*
ginians, and every man cut off. The Campanians, who inhabited
jEtua, at first prepared to help them of Entella, upon the account
of their consanguinity; but, hearing of the slaughter of the Galeriaos^
they judged it more adviseable to sit stilL Dionysius at that time
had regained his former sovereignty over the Syracusans. Hicetas
therefore led a great army thither, and encamped at Olympus, forti-
fying himself with a breast-work and a trench, and drew up against
Pionysius, then acting as a tyrant in the city. But he protracted
the siege for some time, through want of provision, and marched
away to Leontium, from whence he first moved. But Dionysius
pursued him, and fell upon his rear, which occasioned the whole
army to engage. For Hicetas wheeled about, fought, and routed
him, killing three thousand of his mercenaries upon the spot^ and
putting the rest to flight; and he pursued them so hotly, that he fell
pell-mell with him into the city, and so jiosscssed himself of the
whole city of Syracuse, except the Island. And thus went matters
between Hicetas and Dionysius at this time.
But Timoleou, arriving at Rhegium the third day after the taking
df Syracuse, lay with his fleet in the port next to the city. At that
time came into the port twenty Carthaginian gallies. The Rhcgians^
favouring Timoleon, called an assembly, and proposed terms of
compounding matters : so that the Carthaginians, supposing Tirno-*
leon would be persuaded to return home, were not careful to place
Chap. XL BiODORUs 8ICULUS. 137
sufficient guards: Timoleon therefore himself (not giving the least
ground to suspect his flight) kept close to the court, but ordered,
that nine of his ships should set sail, and make away with all the
haste they could. In the mean time, while the thoughts of the Car-
thaginians were intent upon the speeches of the Rhegians, which
were lengthened out purposely and by design, Timoleon privately
withdrew himself, and made to the ship that was left; and, hoisting
sail, be thus escaped. The Carthaginians, thus deluded, endea-
voured to pursue him; but^ because he had got too far off, and night
approached, Timoleon, with his whole fleet, arrived safe at Tauro-
minium* Andromachus, the prince of that city, (who always was a
friend to the Syracusans), courteously received the refugees, and was
greatly serviceable to them in their avoiding of the pursuers. Hicetas
afterwards, with an army of five thousand men, came against Adranumt
and encamped near the city. But Timoleon, drawing some regi-
ments out of Taurominium, marched from thence, having with him
at the most but a thousand men. And, going out of the town in the
twilight, he reached Adranum the next day: there he fell upon
the Hicetians at the very time they happened to be at meat, and
broke in upon their camp, and killed three hundred, and took six
hundred prisoners, and possessed himself of all the camp. To this
stratagem he added another: for he made straight away with all speed
to Syracuse, and, despatching his march with great activity, he broke
into the city on a sudden, liaving, by the swiftness of his march, ar-
rived there before those that fled. And these were the transactions
of this year*
Lycisco ei^ccuted the office of archon at Athens, and Marcus Va- Q Q
lerius, and Marcus Popilius, were created Roman consuls, when the
hundred and ninth Olympiad was celebrated, wherein Aristolocus
the Athenian won the course. This was likewise the first time
that the Romans entered into a league with the Carthaginians. In
Caria, Idrieus, prince of the Carians, died, after he had reigned seven
years, whom Ada (both his wife and sister) succeeded, and governed
four years.
In Sicily, Timoleon, being strengthened with the confederacy of
them of Adranum and Tyndaris, greatly increased his army. In the
mean time there was great confusion in Syracuse, because Diony-
sius had got possession of the Island, Ilicetas held the Achiadioa
and the new city, and Timoleon the rest of the city; and lastly, the
Carthaginians had entered the great harbour with a fleet of an hun-
dred and fifty sail, and lay near encamped with an army of fifty
thousand men. And now Timoleon was in great perplexity, being
environed by so many enemies, when on a suddeu the tables were
Vol-. Z' Nq. 42, T
138 DIODORUS SICULUS. Sook XFL
tamed. Firsts Marcus, prince of Catana, with a great army^ came
in to the assistance of Timoleon. Afterwards many of the forts and
castles (out of a love of liberty) sided with him. And presently the
Corinthians sent ten gallies full of soldiers, and pay for tbem, to
Syracuse,
By these supplies Timoleon took heartland the Carthaginians were
so discouraged and affrighted, that they very imprudently sailed out
of the harbour, and drew ofif their whole army, and marched away inta
their own territories. Hicetas being thus stripped of all assistance,
Timoleon, now stronger than the citizens, possessed himself of all
Syracuse. Presently after he received Messana (which had sided with
the Carthaginians) into his protection. And this was the state of
Sicily at that time.
«7 In Macedonia, Philip, who bore an hereditary hatred against the
Illyrians, and had with them an everlasting controversy, invaded their
country with a powerful army, and wasted and spoiled their lands,
and, after the taking of many towns, returned with rich booty into
yP Macedonia. Afterwards, making an expedition into Thessaly, he
drove all tlie tyrants out of the cities, and, by this means, gained
the hearts of the Thcssalians : for, by gaining them to be his allies,
lie hoped easily to procure an interest in all Greece; and, by the
issue, it appeared so afterwards : for the bordering Grecians presently,
in imitation of the Thessalians, very readily entered into a league
with Philip.
7/} Pythodorus was now lord -chancellor of Athens, and Caius Flaa-»
' tius, and Titus Manlius, executed tlie consular dignity at Rome.
At this time Dionysius, beitig brought into great extremity of dan*
ger, and in a terrible fright, was wrought upon by Timoleon to sur-
render the castle, and, upon condition of abdicating the govern-
ment, had liberty safely to depart to Peloponnesus, with all his goods
and moveables.
And thus he, through sloth and cowardice, lost this so eminent
and famous a principality, bound fast (as they used to term it) with
nn adamant, and spent the rest of his days in a poor and mean con-
dition*; whose change of fortune, and course of life, exhibit a clear
example to those who, like fools, boast in the times of prosperity:
for he, who a little before had four hundred gallies at command, not
long after, in a small skiff, was conveyed to Corinth, and became a
spectacle, to admiration, of a wonderful change. Timoleon, having
possessed himself of the Island and castles lately held by Dionysius,
demolished ail the forts and palaces of the tyrant throughout the island^
* It if liiid, lie kfpt « private school at Corinth till bo was very old.^ fust. lib. 21.
Chap. XL DioDORUS sicuLUs. 139
and freed all the towns from the garrisons; and he continually em-
ployed himself in framing of laws, and {nstituted such as were most
proper for the administration of the democracy: and, in his making
such as related to private contracts, he had a special regard to equality
and mutual recompence. Moreover, he appointed a chief magis-
trate to be yearly chosen, whom the Syracusans call the Amphipolus*
of Jupiter Olympus; and the first Amphipolus was Callimenes. From
hence arose the custom amongst the Syracusans of noting their years
by the respective governments of these magistrates, which continues
to this very time of writing this history, and, though the frame of
the government he now changed : for, since the Romans imparted the
laws of their city to the Sicilians, the office of the Amphipolus
lias still continued, being now grown old, and having been executed
above three hundred years. And thus stood the afiairs of Si^rily at
that time.
In Macedonia, Philip, having persuaded all the Greek cities in
Thrace to concord amongst themselves, made an expedition against
the Thracians. For Cersobleptes, the Thracian king, was continually
destroying the Greek cities in the Hellespont, and harassing and
spoiling the country. Therefore Philip, to put a check to the designs
and progress of the barbarians, invaded them with a great army, and
was so victorious, that he forced them to pay a tenth, as a tribute, to
the kingdom of Macedonia. And, by building strong towns in con-
venient places, he curbed the insolence of the Thracians. The Greek
cities therefore, being freed from their fears, with great eagerness
entered into a league of confederacy with Philip.
As to writers, Theopompus of Chios composed an history of the
acts of Philip, in three books, in which are interwoven the affairs of
Sicily: for, beginning with the sovereignty of Dionysius tlie elder, he
comprehended an account of the transactions of fifty years, and ended
with the expulsion of Dionysius the younger. These three books ar«
from the forty-first to the forty-thurd year of the fifty years.
* Swant of Jupiter Olympus.
7/
140 DioDORUs sicuLuar. BookXn.
11
11
CHAP. XII.
The cbCts ofTimolean in Sicily. The preparations t^f the Cartha^
ginians against T^moleon. The remarkable siege of Perinthut
by Philip. Pexodorus erpeJs his brother Adam from the princi-
pality in Carta. Byzantium besieged by PhiUp^
WHEN the chief magistracy of Athens was in the hands of Sosi-^
genes; and Marcus Valerius, and Marcns Publius, executed the office
of consuls at Rome> Arybas, king of the Molossians, died, after he
had reigned ten years, leaving the kingdom to his son iEacidas, the
father of Pyrrhus; but, by the help of Philip of Macedon, Alexander^
the brother of Olympias, succeeded Arybas.
In Sicily, Timoleon marched against the Leontines^ (to whom
Hicetas had joined himself, with a great army^ and in the first place
besieged the new city (as it was called). But the garrison being
Yery strong, they easily repulsed the assailants > and thereupon he
raised the siege^ without effecting any thing. Then he made for
Engyum, (at that time under the tyranny of Leptines)^ and plied It
with continual assaults, being very earnest and intent to set them ftee,
by' the expulsion of Leptines.
While Timoleon was thus employed, Hicetas mardied awa/ from
Leontium with all his forces, and besieged Syracuse ^ but^ baTiDg
lost there a great part of his army, he liastened back 1o LeoDtium*
Timoleon at length so terrified Leptines, that, under the terms of
safe conduct, he was sent away to Peloponnesus; and, hf these ba-
nishments, Timoleon exiK)sed to the Grecians the trophies of his
victory over the tyrants. And forasmuch as Apolloniadcs was like*
wise under the power of Leptines, he received the Apoltonians into his
protection, and restored them, as well as theEngyans, to their liberty.
But being in great want of money, so that he knew not how to pay
the soldiers, he ordered a thousand armed men, commanded by ex*
pert officers, to make incursions into the Cartliaginian territories.
These harassed the country fur and near, and got together abundance
of rich plunder and spoil, and brought it to Timoleon, who exposed
all to public sale, and raised a vast sum of money^ whereby he paid
the soldiers for a long time beforehand. Presently after, he pos*
sessed himself of Entella, and put to death fifteen of the citizens,
who adhered to the Carthaginians, and restored the rest to their
liberty* Timoleon growing every day in reputation for his talour
tJhap. XIL DIODORUS srcULU^, 141
and conduct^ all the Greek cities throughout Sicily readily submitted to
him^ and be as readily set them at liberty to govern by their own laws.
Kfany cities likewise of tlitSicani^ Sicilians, and other countries sub^
jecttothe Carthagfnians, sent presently their ambassadors to hiai,ia
order to be received into a league, and to be his confederates.
But the senate and people of Carthage perceiving that their <iffi-
cers were sluggish and inactive in the management of tlie war,, de-
termined to send over others with a considerable additional force;
and to that end, with all despatch, they raised out of their owncttjr^
and from among the Africans, all such as they judged able to bear
arms for this expedition. And besides, they took care to be pro*
Tided with a sufficient stock of money, and listed mercenariea outdT
Spain, Gaul, and Ligurla^. They fitted out likewise a great navy^
both of long ships and others, for carrying provision, and in all other
respects were so careful and diligent, that nothing was wanting that
was necessary.
At the time when Nicomachus was chief magistrate at Athens,
and Caius Martius, and Titus Manlius Torquatus, were Roman coo-*
«uls, Phocion the Athenian subdued and expelled Clitarchus prince
of £retria, whom Philip liad set over that city.
In Caria, Pexodorusfy the younger brother, expelled Adam <mt
of the principality, and reigned five years, to the time of Alexan*
dar's expedition into Asia. But the power of Philip still increasing,
be marched with an army against Perinthust,wluch favoured the A-
thenians, md much obstructed him in his designs. He pushed on
the siege therefore with all eagerness, and to that end incessantly
battered the walls with iiis engines, from time to time relieving those
that were tired with fresh men: he made likewise approaches with
towers four scdre cubits high, mounting much above the walls, where-
by he greatly annoyed the besieged, being so high above them: he so
plied them likewise with his battering rams, and undermined the
foundations of tlie walls to that degree, that a great part of them
tumbled down. But the Periuthians defended themselves with tliat
niour, that they speedily raised up a new wall ; upon which there were
such disputes and fighting, the one to gain, and the other to defend
the wall, that it was to be admired.
In the mean time, while they were thus eagerly contending on
both sides, Philip being well furnished with shot, mightily galled them
*ipon the wall. But the Perinthians, though they lost many nieu
^very day, were reinforced with supplies of men, darts, and shot,
from Byzantium ; so that thereby becoming of equal force with the
• In Italy, now the straits of Genoa. t Pizodarm.
% A cii^f m Eubuid, nuir Nf ^ropont.
7i
142 DIdDORUS sicuLus. Book XFT.
enemy, they took courage, and valiantly stood to it for the preserva-
tion of their country.
However, the king remitted nothing of his former heat and dili-
gence ; and dividing his army into several battalions, girt the city
round, and relieving his men by turns, assaulted the walls continu-
ally night and day. He had an army of thirty thousand men, aad
a va3t multitude of darts and engines, both for battery and other
7 <" purposes; so that the besieged were very sorely pressed. Tlie siege
having now continued long, and many of the townsmen killed and
wounded, and provisions growing scanty, the town was on the point
of being surrendered; when fortune favouring the distressed, hand-
ed to them an unexpected deliverance. For the growing power of
the king being noised abroad throughout Asia, the king of Persia,
who now began to suspect the greatness of Philip, commanded by
lis letters the lords lieutenants of the sea-coasts to assist the Perin-
thiahs with what forces they could. Upon which, they all unani-
mously sent to Perintbus a great number of mercenary soldiers^
plenty of coin, sufficient provisions, weapons, and all other things
necessary for war. The Byzantians likewise sent thither a com-
mander, and the best of their soldiers. The forces now equal on
both sides, and the war revived, there was now again so sharp an en-
counter, both to gain and defend the city, as that none could possibly
exceed; for Philip, by the continual battering of the rams, brought
down part of the wall, and by his shot forced the besieged from the
bulwarks, so that he made his way, with a strong body of men,
through the ruins of the wall, and scaled the bulwarks that were be-
fore cleared of them that should have defended them. The matter
being disputed hand to hand at the sword's point, death and wounds
followed, inasmuch as the rewards of victory put life into the valour
of both parties r for the Macedonians being assured they should have
the plunder of a rich city, and likewise be honourably rewarded by
Philip, were resolved valiantly to undergo all hardships whatsoever.
The besieged, on the other hand, having as it were before their eyes
the miseries attending a place taken by storm, with generous and
undaunted resolution shunned nothing of hazard for their own pre-
servation, and that of their country. The situation of the place con*
tributed much all along to the besieged for baffling of the enemy:
for Perintbus 13 situated on the sea-side, upon a rising neck of land,
in a peninsula stretched out a furlong in length: the houses are close
together, and very high ; for one stands above another, according to
the ascent of the hill; and the form of the city represents, as it were,
a theatre. And therefore, though a large breach had been made in
the walls, yet they within were but little prejudiced thereby; for the
'6
Chap. XIII. PIODORUS SICULU5. 143
strait and narrow passages being barricadoed^ the higher houses were
in stead, and as advantageous as a wall. Philip therefore having
gained the wall, after much toil and hazard, found another far
stronger, made by the situation of the houses: and besides all these
disadvantages, he saw that every thing necessary for war was readily,
and in great abundance, sent to them from Byzantium ; therefore
be divided his army into two bodies; the one half he left with the
best of his commanders to carry on the siege, and with the rest be
marches speedily away to Byzantium, and lays close siege to it on a
sadden. Upon which the townsmen were put into great fear and
perplexity, having before sent away their soldiers, arms, and other
things necessary for war, to the Perinthians. Tliese were the things
done at Perinthus and Byzantium at that time. Here Ephorus, one
of the writers, ends his history with the siege of Perinthus. In his
memoirs he comprehends the affairs both of the Greeks and barba-
rians, from the ruturn of the Heraclidae^, for the space of almost
seven hundred and fifty years ; and divides his history into thirty books^
to every one of which be adjoins a preface. Diyllus, the Athenian^
continues this history of Ephorus, treating of the actions of the Gre*
dans and barbarians to the death of Philip,
CHAP, XIII.
3ni^ Athemayis aid Byzantium. Philip raises tlie siege. Tlie
Carthaginians transport forces into Sicily. The remarkable
victory of Jlmoleon over the Carthaginians. The acts of Ti-
moleon in Sicily. The works of Hiero in Sicily.
WHEN Theophrastus was lord chancellor at Athens, and Marcus IJ^
Valerius, and Aulus Cornelius Roman consuls, the hundred and tenth * '
olympiad began, in which Anticles the Athenian was victor. Philip
then besieging Byzantium, the Athenians judging he had broken the
peace they had made with him, forthwith fitted out a great fleet a-
gainst him in aid of the Byzantines; whose example thoseof Chios,
Coos, and Rhodes, and other Grecians followed, and sent auxiliaries
to the same nlace. Whereupon, Philip being startled at the forces of
the Grecians, raised both his sieges, and made peace with the Athe-
nians and the rest of the Grecians that were in arms against him.
• This return was about the time the ark wai taken by the Philislioesj cightj jcars
after the ruin of Troy,
144 DIODORUS SICULUS. JBook XFL
In the mean time, the Carthaginians, after their great preparations,
trsnsport their forces into Sicily, which with those that were before
is the island, amounted to seventy thousand foot; and horse, chariots,
and wagc^ons, no fewer than ten thousand. They had also a navy of
two hundred men of war, and above a thousand transport shij^s for
the conveying of horses, arms, and provisions. Hmoleon, though
he was informed of this great preparation, yet was not at all aflfright-
cd with the barbarians, though his army was but smaU. He was at
thi» time engaged still in war with Hicetas, but at length agreed the
natter, and, by the accession of his forces, greatly increased bisarroy,
y^ And nOw he judged it most for his advantage to transfer the war with
the Carthaginians into their own territory; by this means to preserve
the country of his confederates, and, on the other side, by waste and
spoil, to weaken the enemy : to this end, he forthwith mustered his
army^ consisting of Syracusans, mercenaries, and other confederates;
and, in a general assembly, by a pithy oration, advised them to be
courageous, for that all now lay at stake : which was received with
general acclamation, and all pressed him without delay to be led forth
agtunst the enemy* Whereupon he advanced, not haviag withhisi
above twelve thousand men: but as soon as he came into the con*
fines of Agrlgentum, there arose a sudden mutiny in his camp; for
a mercenary soldier called Thrastus, a bold and impadeat fellow,
none exceeding him in that respect, (lately a companion of those
Phocians who robbed the temple of Delphos), committed a foct
agreeable to his former villanies: for whereas most of them who haA
a hand in that sacrilege were overtaken by divine vengeance, (as be-
fore related), this fellow only seemed to have escaped; and at that
time endeavoured to persuade the mercenaries to a defection : for he
^ bawled it out ^^Fhat Timoleon was crazed and distracted, and that
be was leading the soldiers to certain and unavoidable destruction:
the number of the Carthaginian army (lie said) was six times more
than they; and so well furnished with all things necessary for war,
that none could compare whh them; and yet he assured them of
victory, playing away the lives of the soldiers, as it were, at dice, be-
cause he was not able to pay them their arrears, which had been ad-
vancing for a long time together : he persuaded them therefore to
return to Syracuse, and demand their pay, and not follow Timoleon
in that desperate expedition.
^1 ^f This discourse was not unpleasant to the mercenaries; and while
they were just ready to revolt, Timoleon, by entreaties and large pro-
mises, at length prevailed and put an end to the mutiny. However,
a thousand men followed Thrasius, whose punishment was deferred
for the present. And in the mean tiuie Timoleon wrote to hb friends
Ckap. XIIL DIODORUS SICULUS. 145
at Syracuse to receife the deserters oourteously, and pay the mer-
cenaries their wages; and so by this means he altogether extinguish*
ed the fire of sedition ; but excluded those obstinate mutineers from
the glory of a famous victory.
lo the mean time, having with fair words reduced the rest to their
former obedience, he marched towards the ienemy, who lay encamp-
ed not hv off. Then he called the army together, and encouraged
then to the battle, by setting forth and aggravating the sloth and
cowardice of the Carthaginians, and putting them in mind of the
sncoesses of Gelon. And when all with one voice cried out for
fighting without delay with the barbarians, at that very time passed
bjrsome carriage-hprses laden with bundles of parsley to strew in the
tents. Timoleon thereupon declared, that it was an omen of victory;
foTj (as he said), the crown at the Isthmian games* was made up of
the same herb. Hereupon, the soldiers, by the command of Timo-
leoo^made themselves crowns of parsley; and with these round their
heads, witli great joy, marched against the enemy, as if thie gods had
assured them of certain victory; ^ by the bsue it appeared to be r
for beyond all expectation they overcame their adversaries, not only
fay their own valour, but by the spepial help and assistance of the
gods. For Timoleon, with a well-appointed body of men, marched
down from the tops of certain hills to the river; and upon a sudden,
being himself in the middle of the battle, attacked ten thousand of
the barbarians that were but newly passed over. Upon which, there
was a very sharp engagement, in which the valour and activity of the
Greeks so far prevailed, that a mighty slaughter was made among
the barbarians. Whilst those that first passed over took to their heels
and fled, the whole Carthaginian army came over the river in order
to repair their loss. Hereupon the battle was renewed ; and while 9"/)
the Carthaginians were with their multitude hemming in the Gre-
dani round, on a sudden, there arose such a violent storm of hail,
thonder^and lightning, with a raging tempest of furious winds,which
beat upon the hacks of the Grecians, but fell foul upon the faces of
the barbarians: so that Timoleon-a army with ease endured this tem-
pestuous shock; but the Carthaginians, not able to bear the pressure
of so many adversaries, being at the same time hewn down by the
Grecians, quitted the field and fled : and the whole body made to the
river, where both foot, horse, and chariots, were in such confusion
mixed one amongst another, and trodden under foot one by another,
and pierced through their bodies by one another's swords and spears^
that a miserable slaughter was made without any possibility of re-
* Gaoietui honour of Neptune^ celebrated every fifth ^ear* in the Isthmus near
Corinth.
Vol. 2. No. 42. ' v
1^6 DIODORUS SICULUS. Book XFL
' ■ ' ■ ' ' -'■■■' -' »-
lief. Others being forced in heaps into the river by the enemy's horse,
and pursued closest their backs^ after receiving many wounds^ there
perished. And many, though they were never touched by the enemy's
swords, yet, through fear, and the throng and difficulties of passage
over the river, being pressed in heaps one upon aootbcr, there breathed
out their last. And that which contributed not a little to the common
destruction, the river was swolen to that excessive height, that maby
(especially such as attempted to swim over the water with their arms)
were drowned* In conclusion, two thousand five hundred, who
made up the sacred brigade of the Carthaginians, and for valoUr and
the glory of their arms, and greatness of their estates, excelled all
the rest, fought valiantly, and were cut off every man. Of the rest
of the common soldiers there were ^lain at least ten thousand, and
above fifteen thousand taken prisoners. Many of the chariots being
broken in pieces in the fight, only two hundred fell into the haii^ tS
the Grecians ; but all the bag and baggage. The greatest part of the
arms were lost in the river: but a thousand brigandines^, and ten
thousand shields, were brought into the tent of Timoleon; of which
some were hung up in the temples at Syracuse, and others distribut-
ed among the confederates : others were sent to Corinth, and ordered
(^y to be dedicated to Neptune. And although very rich spoils were
'^ ' taken, (for the Carthaginians abounded in gold and silver, platef^
and other furniture of great value, according to the grahdeiir and'
riches of their country), yet he gave all to the soldiers, as the reward
of their valour. The Carthaginians that escaped, with much ad5
got to Lilybffium, in such fear and consternation, that they durst hdtr
go on board their ships, in order to return to Africa; as if, tKrbiigli-
the anger of the gods, they should be swallowed up in the Lilybsisiil
sea.
As soon as the new^of this overthrow was brought to Cartl^figey
their spirits were mightily broken, and they expected that Tiroolcbtf
would invade them with his army upon the first opportunity i there-
fore, they forthwith recalled Cisco, the brother of Haiino^ froint
liis banishment, and being a stout iban, and an experienced s?ldier,
created him general. But looking upon it hot advisable for the fu-
ture tq venture the lives of the eitis^cns^they resolved to hire st>ldierd^
out of other nations, and especially from among the Grecians, not
doubting but that many would list themselves, by reason of tlie largo
pay promised by the rich Carthaginians. They sent likewise am-»
bassadors into Sicily, with orders to strike up a peace upon any terin%
, . ^ whatsoever.
5i >.'. After the end of this year, Lysimacbides was created chief ^otsi;-
* CoaUof mailk t As flag^ons^ cb^%Ac.
(Skap. XTII. DioDonus siculits. 147
nor of Athens, and Quintus Servilius, and Marcus Rutilius, bore the
office of consuls at Rome* Then Timoleon, as soon as he returned
to Syracuse, in the first place expelled those as traitors out of the
city, who had deserted him through the instigation of Thrasius.^
I%ese being transported into Italy^ they seized upon a sea<port town
of the Brettii*, and plundered it. Upon which the Brettii were
sp enraged, that they forthwith came against them with a great army,,
taok the town by storm^ and put every man of them to the sword. .
Aod such was the miserable end of these deserters of Timoleon, as
Cbe just punishment of their former villany.
Afterwards he took PosthuoHUS the tyrant^ and put him to death,
irho had infested the seas with his piracies, and came at that time into
the port of Syracuse as a friend. He received likewise with .all de-
monstrations of kindness five thousand persons, whom the Corin*
tliiaos had sent over to plant new colonies* The Carthaginians now,
by their ambassadors, having earnestly sued to him for peace, he
granted it to them upon these terms — ^That all the Greek cities
should be set free; that the river Lycus should be the bounds be^
tvreen the territories of both parties; and, that the Cartliaginians
siiould not for the future assist any of the tyrants against the. Syra-
cosans* Having afterwards subdued Hicetas, he ordered him an ho^-
Doarable burial: and took Mtna by storm, and put all the Cam pa-
nians to the sword* And he so terrified Nicodemus the tyrant of
the Centuripiaiis, that he fled out of the city. Then he forced
Apolloniades,who lorded it over them of Argyra; to abdicate the go-
▼ernment; and the inhabitants thus freed, he enrolled them as citi- •
sens of Syracuse. To conclude, having rooted up all the tyrants,
throughout the whole island, and freed the cities fiom their oppres-*
sioo^ he received them all into his protection^ and they became his
confederates. Then he caused proclamatiooio be made throughout
all Greece That the senate and people of Syracuse offered houses
and lands to all who were willing to be members of the common-
wealth of Syracuse; upon which, many came flocking over as to the
possession of a new inheritance* At length forty thousand new plan-
ters had their shares by lot in those lands that yet remained undi-
vided within the territories of Syracuse; and ten thousand were al-
lotted to Argyra, being a very large and pleasant country.
Not long after, he caused all the antient laws of Diocles for the
government of the Syracusans, to be reviewed and amended. Such
part of them as concerned private commerce and inheritances he
altered not; but those that related to the administration of the pub-
lic government^ and the commonwealth, he amended as he thou|;ht
r5
348 DIODORUS StCULUS. Book XP7m
most expedient. Cephalus, a CorinthiaD^ a learned and prudent
man, was chiefly concerned in this emendation and correctico of the
laws. When this business was finished, he translated the Leontines
into Syracuse, and greatly enlarged Camarina with moltitodes of
inhabitants. And to sum up all, he brought things to that pass
throughout all Sicily, (now through bis care in perfect peace and tran-
quillity), as that the cities in a very short time abounded in wealth,
and all earthly blessings. For through the seditions and intesdne
wars, (which Sicily laboured under for a long time together), and
the many tyrants that set up for themselves, it was brought to that
miserable condition, that the cities were de{K)pulated, and the lands
lay waste and untilied, and no crops to be had for the supply of daily
food. But now that there were many plantations of colonies blessed
with a constant peace, and the land was every where manured and
improved by the labour of the husbandman, it began to yield all
sorts of fruits, which being vended (with great advantage) to the
merchants, the inhabitants grew exceeding rich in a very short time.
And this abundance of wealth occasioned in that age nuiny stately
structures to be erected up and down in honour of the gods. As one
among the rest near to the Island of Syracuse, called the House of
Sixty Beds, built by Agathocles, for greatness and beauty excelling
all the works in Sicily; and beciiuse (as it were in contempt) it over*
topped all the temples of the gods, (as a manifest indication of their
anger), it w*as beaten down by a thunderbolt. At the lesser haven
likewise, there were towers built of outlandish stone, in which were
inscriptions cut, and the name of Agathocles, who raised theuK
Besides these, not long after, were built by Hiero the kingf, an
Olympus^ in the market-place^ and an altar near the theatre a fur*
long in length, and in height fgad breadth proportionable.
In the lesser cities likewise, as in Argyra, (which by reason of the
richness of the soil, as aforesaid, received new colonies), he built a
theatre, (the most glorious of any in Sicily next to that at Syracuse)^
and erected temples to the gods, built a court, a markel-plaeej
and stately towers, and raised over the tombs and monuments many
large pyramids of admirable workmanship.
♦ A temple.
CSIk!p.XrFI moDORUs sicuLus. 149
BssBBBsssaBsssssaaBsssssBssaBesaBaM
CHAP. XIV.
Elatea taken by Philip. Great consternations in Athens for fear
of Philip* The Bceotiansjoin with the Athenians through the
soiicitations of Demosthenes. Pythany a famous orator. T%e
battle of Cheeronea^ between Philip and the Athenians* Xjf*
sides the Athenian general put to death, Philip rebuked by
JOemades; made general of Greece. Timoleon dies.
WHEN Charondas executed the office of lord-cliancellor of AthenSy
and Lucius £iniIius,andCaius Plotins, were Roman consuls^ Philip
king of Macedoo being in amity with many of the Grecians^ made
it hb chief business to bring under the Athenians, thereby withmorQ
ease to gain the sovereignty of Greece. To that end^ he presently
poasessed himself of Elatea, and brought all his forces thither^ with
a design to fall upon the Athenians^ hoping easily to overcome them,
in regard they were not (as he conceived) prepared for war, by rea-
son of the peace lately made with thera; which fell out aceordinglj.
For after the taking of Elatea, some hastened in the night to Athens,
informing them that Elatea was taken by the Macedonians, and that
Philip was designing to invade Attica with all his forces. The A«
thenian commanders, surprised with the suddenness of the thing, sent
for all the trumpeters, and commanded in alarm to be sounded all
night: upon which, the report fiew through all parts of the city,
and fear rouzed up the courage of the citizens. As soon as day ap-
peared, the people, without any summons from the magistrate, (as
the custom was), all flocked to the theatre. To which place, as soon
as the commanders came, with the messenger that brought the news,
and had declared to them the business, fear and silence filled the the-
atre, and none who were used to influence the people had a heart to
give any advice. And although a crier called out to such as ought to
declare their minds, what was to be done in order to their common
security, yet none appeared who offered any thing of advice in the
present exigency. The people therefore, in great terror and amaze-
ment, cast their eyes upon Demosthenes, who stood up and bid
them be courageous, and advised them forthwith to send ambassa-
dors to Thebes, to treat with the Boeotians to join with them in de-
fence of the common liberty; for the shortness of time (he said)
would not admit of an embassy of aid from the other confederates,
for that the king would probably invade Attica within two days 5 aod
S*}
ISO NOIK>RUS SICULU9. Sbok XPL
seeing that he must march through Bceotia, the main and only assist*
ance was to be expected from them. And it was not to be doubted^
but that Philip, who was in league with the Boeotians^ would in his
l^ inarch solicit them to make war upon the Athenians. The people
-J approved of his advice, and a decree was forthwith recorded^ that an
embassy should be despatched as Demosthenes had advised. Hot
then It wfts debated, who was the most eloquent person^ and so most
fit toAindertake this affair! Whereupon, Demosthenes being pitched
oa to be the man, he readily complied, forthwith hastened away, prevails
with the Boeotians, and returns to Athens. The Athenians thetefore,
having now doubled their forces by the accession of the Boeotians^
began again to be in good heart; and presently made Chares and Ly-
siclcs-' generals, with command to march with the whole army into
Bo»otta. All the youth readily offered themselves to be enlisted^ and
therefore the army with a swift march came suddenly to Chteronca ia
Boeotia* The Boeotians wondered at the quickness of their approach^
and were thereupon as diligent themselves^ and hastening to theif
tfms^ marched away to meet the Atheniaus| and being joiuedj they
Aere expected the enemy*
Philip indeed had first sent ambassadors to the council of the
Boeotians, amongst whom the most famous was Python; for he was
so eminent for eloquence, that in the senate he was set up to encoun*
lerDemostliencs in the business relating to the confederacy, excelling
indeed the rest by far, but judged inferior to Demosthenes. De-
Sfiosthcnes himself, in one of his orations, glories (as if he had done
lome mighty thing) in a speech of his against this orator, in these
words: ^' Then I yielded not a jot to Python, strutting in hb confi->
dence, as if he would have overwhelmed me with a torrent of words."
However, though Philip could not prevail with the Bceotians to be
his confederates, yet he resolved to fight with them both. To this
end, (after a stay for some time for those forces that were to joio
Urn), he marched into Bceotia with an army of at least thirty
thousand foot, and two thousand horse. Both armies were now ready
to engage, for courage and valour neither giving place to the other;
bat as to number of men, and skill in martial affairs, the king was far
sapcrior. For, having fought very many battles, and for the most part
coming off a conqueror, he had gained much experience in matters o{
war; on the other hand, Iphicrates, Chabrias,andTimotheus, (the A**
tiicnian's best commanders), were now dead; and Chares, the chief of
them that were left, differed but little from a common soldier, as ta
/ tlie wisdom and conduct of a general. About sun-rising, the armies
^' on both sides drew up in battalia. Tin* king ordered his son Alex-
kndor, (nlio wa^ thcu newly (omc to man's estate, and had cveu at
Chap.Xir. DI0D0RU8 SICULUJ. lAi
tfaat time given evident demonstrations of bis valour^ and the spright-
Itness of his spirit in managing affairs), to command one wing, joia-
ing with him some of the best of bis commanders. He himself^
with a choice body of men, commanded the other wing, and placei
<and disposed the regiments and brigades in such posts and statiooi
as the present occasion required. The Athenians marshalled their
army according to the several nations, and committed one part to the
Boeotians, and commanded the rest themselves. At length the fir«
mies engaged^ and a fierce and bloody battle was fought, which oon^
tinned a long time with great slaughter on both sides, tmcertaiii
which way victory would incline, until Alexander, earnest to give ao'
indication of his valour to his father, charged with a more than or«
dinary beat and vigour, and, being assisted by many stout and brava
men, was the first tliat broke through the main body of the enemy-
next to him, with the slaughter of many, and bore down all before
btm; and, when those that seconded him did the like, tlien the regl-
loents next to the former were broke to pieces. At length, the earth
being strewed with heaps of dead carcases, tiiose with Alexander first
put the wing opposed to them to flight. The king himself, likewise^
«C the head of this regiment, fought with no less courage and lesohi-
tion; and, that the glory of the victory might not be attributed to his
son, he forced the enemy opposed to him to give ground, and at
length totally routed them, and so was the chief instrument of the
victory. There were above a thousand Athenians killed hi this bat^
tie, and no fewer than two thousand taken prisoners. A great num-.
ber likewise of the Boeotians were slaio>aud many fell into the.band^i
of the enemy.
After the battle, Philip set up a trophy, and, Iiaviug gi ven. liberty ^
Ibr the burying of the dead, he sacrificed to the gods for the victory^
and distributed rewards to the soldiers who had signalised their, valour^
according as every one had deserved.
Some report, that Philip, having appointed a wanton and luiuiriouf.
banquet with his friends, in ostentation of his victory, in his cups-
passing through the throng of the prisoners,' most coiitumeliousl/;
taunted the miserable wretches with their. misfortune. VVixerejupong
Demadcs the orator, one of the captives, spoke boldly to iiim^ and'
framed a discourse, in order to curb the pride and petulance of the.
king, in words to this eU'ect — " Since Fortune, O king, has repre.-.
aented thee like Agamemnon, art thou not ashamed to act the part:
of Thersites?" With this sharp reproof, they say, Piulip, was so.
Startled, that he wholly changed liis former course, and uot only laid
aside the coronets, and all other badges of priJe and wantonness that
attended his festivals^ but^ with admiration, reiccised the mau that had'
r
s
ISS DiODoAus 8ICULU8. Boot XFZi
■BBsssesseBassssssssassssrsssssasssssssssa^^
reprehended him^ and advanced him to places of hoDonr. In coo*
elusion^ he became so far complaisant, and moulded into the civiii*
ties of Athens, through his converse with Demadcs, that he rekiaed
all the captives without ransom; and, remitting his 'pride and
haughtiness, (the constant attendant upon victory), he sent ambas-
sadors to Athens, and renewed the peace with them: and, placing a
garrison in Thebes, made peace likewise with the Boeotians* Aher
this overthrow, the Athenians put to death Lysicles, the gencnl of
the army, opon the accusation of Lycurgus, who was the most higlily
preferred of any of the orators of that age. He had esecnted the
office of lord-treasurer of the city (with great commendation) for the
space of twelve yean, and ail his life long had been in great iqm^.
tation for hb virtue and honesty; but a most bitter accuser. Tlie
excellence and sharpness of whose speech, if any desire to know, hs
may best judge by his words used against Lysicles, which follow:
^* O Lysicles, thou wast the general of the army ; andj though n
thousand citizens are slain, two thousand taken prisoners, a tiopl^
erected to the dishonour of this city, and all Greece enslaved, wd
all this done thou being captain and general, yet darest to live and
Yiew the light of the sun, and blushest not to shew thy face in the
forum, thou who art born the monument of thy country's shame and
dishonour!'*
A thing very remarkable happened at this time* For, when this
battle was fought at Chsronea, the same day and hour another waa
fought in Italy, between the Tarentines and Lucanians, in which Ar*
chidamus, the king of Laccdsmon, was slain, who had reigned three*
and-twenty years. Agis, his son, succeeded him, and governed nine
years. About that time likewise died Timotheus, prince of Heraclea,
in Pontus, in the fifteenth yeapof his principality, whose brother Dio*
nysius succeeded, and reigned two-and-thirty years.
Phrynicus bore the office of chief magistrate of Athens, and
Titus Manlius Torquatus, and Publius Decius, were invested with
the consular dignity at Rome, when Philip, bearing himself very
haughtily, on account of his victory at Chseronea, and having struck
a terror into the most eminent cities of Greece, made it his great
business to be chosen generalissimo of all Greece. It being there-
fore noised abroad, that he would make war upon the Persians, for
the advantage of the Grecians, and that lie would revenge the impiety
by them committed against the sacreds of the gods, he presently won
the hearts of the Grecians.
He was very liberal and courteous likewise to all, both private
men and communities, and published to the cities, tliat he had a
desire to consult with them concerning matters relating to the pub-
€^. XF. moDoRus srcuLus. 1 53
lie good. Whereapon a general council was called, and held at
Corinth, where he declared his design to make war upon the Persians,
and what probable grounds there were of success, and therefore de^
sired the council to join with him as'confederates in the war.
At length lie was created general of all Greece, with absolute
poWrr, and thereopon he made mighty preparations for that expedi-
tion; andj haring ordered what quota of men every city should send
IbHh, he return^ into Macedonia. And thus stood the aifiurs and
Croncems of Philip.
' In Sicily, Timoleon, after he had settled all things in right and
doe order in Syracuse, died^ having governed eight years. The Syjra-
cosaiM, who. highly honoured him for the many great services dotie
to tkeirtsountry, buried him in great state and pomp, and, when the
body was to be brought forth, great multitudes were got together,
and tb6 Syraciisans published a decree — That two hundred minas
should be expended upon the charge of his funeral, and that his me-
mory should be honoured yearly for ever with music, ho#se-coursing,
and Gymoic sports^ because he bad subdued the barbarians, planted
colonies in the greatest Greek city in Sicily, and rescued the Sicilians
firom slavery.
About this time Ariobarsanes*' died, in the twenty-sixth year of
bis reign, and was succeeded by Mithridates, who reigned five-and-
tUrty years. . At the same time the Romans fought with the Latins
sa4 Caapanians, near the city Suessa, and routed them, and confis-
fifttad part of their lands; and Manlius the 6onsul, who gained the
dsy^ tnamphsd for the victory.
* King of PoDtiu.
Vol. i. No. 42.
154 DIODORUS sicULt^s. Book XFL
CHAP, XV.
Phil^ consults the oraek at Delphos. Marries his daugUer'Cbo^
patra to the king ofEpirus. Encouraged to the Permm war
by Neopt<denms*s verses. PluUp^s pridom IBs murder. The
cause of it, how it was done, and by whom.
CI I WHEN Pythodorus was chief goTernor of Athens^ and Quintas
Publius, and Tiberius ^oiilias Mamercus, were Romao consuls, the
hundred and eleventh Olympiad was celebrated, wherein ClBonwntis
Cletorius won the prise. In this year Philip began the war against
the Persians, and forthwith sent Attalus and Parmenio before into
Asia, to free the Greek cities there from slavery. He himaelf, iir»
tending to have the concurrence of the gods, consulted the oracle at
Delphos^ whether or no he should be victorious over the king of
Persia. The answer was thus—^
The ox ii crowned when 's end is near at hand.
To offer bim n num docb readj itand.
Tills doubtful answer Philip construed to his own advantage, as if the
oracle had expressly foretold, that he should lead away the PeniUi
Icing as a victim to the sacrifice: but, in truth, it fell out quite odier-
wise, and, by tlie effect, it appeared that it had a contrary sigbifiefe-
tion, to wit, tliat Philip, in a tlirong, at the time of a sacred festival,
was to be knocked on the head like a bullock crowned with a garland
for sacrifice.
In tlie mean time, he was very jocund, as if he had conquered Asia
already, and concluded the gods were engaged with him in the ex-
pedition. Without delay, therefore, he offered most costly and mag*
nificent sacrifices, and, at the same time, solemnized the marriage of
bis daut^fitcr Cleopatra, by Olympias: he married her to Alexander,
king of Epirus, brother of Olympias. Having, therefore, a desire off
a considerable appearance of the Grecians at this nuptial festivity,
conjoined with hb religious sacrifices, he made most pompous pre*.
paratioii for the entertainment of his friends and guests, both in id»v
sic, diinelng, and feasting.
To this end, he invited those that were his special friends and
familiars, all over Greece, and commanded his servants add attend-
ants that they should invite as many strangers from all places aft
were of their own acquaintance. And his main design in all this
Was, that he might assure all the Grecians of faia Jundness towardf
Chap.Xn DIODORUS SICULUS. 155
tbem, and testify his gratitude, by these friendly eDtertainmeots,
for the hoQours eonferred upoD him* Avast concourse of people, O ^
tberefbre, were got together from all parts, to the solemnity of these ^
nuptials, which were magnificently solemnized at £gea^, in Mace*
donia, with all sorts of sports and plays; so that not only noblemea
aod persons of quality, but even many great cities, presented Philip
with crowns of gold. Among the cities, Athens made one; andy
wheo the common cryer, with a loud voice, presented the crown
sent from them to Philip, he closed with this.-jrbat if any plotter
of treason against Philip should hereafter flee to Athens for shelter,
be should be forthwith delivered up. By this accidental publication
of the cryer, it seemed to be intimated (as it were by some divine,
providence) that some piece of treachery was near at band to be
executed.
There were several other such words (as by a divine instigation)
uttered, which portended the king's death. There was then at the
iestivai, Neoptolemus, the tragedian, remarkable above all others for
the loudness of his voice, and famous and eminent in other respects*
The king had commanded him to repeat some verses which he luid
been ordered to compose, especially relating to the Persian expedition.
Whereupon he began to recjte a witty poem, proper (as he thought)
tQ Philip's intended passage into Asia, wherein he set forth the glory
wd greatness of tUip Persian king; and> though he was so famous all
the world over, y^t x\^i fortune would son^e time ojt other bring him
down. The p^em was thus.^
YoQT minds are higber than the sk j o'ergroim.
I1ie greatest part of oarth jou irisli jour own;
Houses to houses join; fooU wUhout end,
Yoq wouli;! j<mr fist.% as well as laods extent).
|iui ^oleful dcaib^ alas! fi\tbu|igli ye du
Creep towards, 'twill gailup uiiCu yuuj
Of long liupes frry shortly cut the cine..
He added Ukewjse others in the same sense with these^ But
Philip, resting wholly upon these recited, his thoughts were altoge-
tlier full of his cQuqueriug the king of Persia; and he much revolved
in iiis mind th^ arvsw^r given him by the oracle<L whicl^ agreed in all
|ioints with the words pf the tragedian.
Alter the feast for that ti^le was ended^ and tbe sports were to be
renewed the q^xt day^ a great number of people in the night time
flocked into the theatre. Apd whereas twelve images of the gods,
(amongst other sumptuous preparations), nK>st curiously wrout^b^
156 DIODORUS SICULUS. Seiik XFI.
9J
and richly adorned) were brought forth in pompous procession^ the
image of Philip, clothed like the gods in every respect, made the
thirteenth, hereby arrogating to himself a place, as if he woaid be
enthroned among the gods*. The theatre being now Aillj he him-
self came forth, clothed in a white robe, his life-guards following him
at a great distance, designing thereby to evidence it to all, that he
judged himself secure in the hearts an4 affections of the Grecians^
and therefore stood not in need of the guard of his halberteers.
While he was thus with loud and joyful acclamations cried iip (as it
were) to the stars, and the whole multitude resounded his pruse^
upon a sudden, and beyond all men's expectation, he was treacher-
ously murdered.
But, for the clearer and more distinct understanding of the historf
in this matter, we s|iall first relate the causes and grounds of this
assassination.
There was one Pausauias, a Macedonian,' of the city called Orestis^
one of the king's esquires of the body, and, for his beauty, d^Iy
beloved by him. This man, taking notice how much another yduth
of the same name was doated on by Philip, attacked him with very
foul and opprobrious language, telling him he was an hermaphroditej
for that he 4)rostituted himself to the lust of every one that would.
He was much incensed at this disgrace, but concealed it for awhile,
Afterw'ards, consulting with Attains what was to be done for the fu-
ture, he determined presently after, in an unusual manner, to pot an
end to his own life. , For, within awhile after, in a battle wherein
Philip was engaged against Pleuratus, king of the. Illyrians, Pausanias
in the heat of the fight interposed himself between the king and the
enemy, and received all the darts upon his own body that were cast
at the king, and so died upon the spot. The manner of hb death
being noised abroad, Attalus, one of the courtiers, and in great es-
teem with the king, invited the other Pausanias to a feast, and, after
he had made him drunk, exposed his body, thus overcharged with
wine, to be abused by the filthy Icists of a company of base, sordid
feltowsf. When he was sober, he was highly enraged at the abomi^
nable abuse, and complained against Attains to the king; who,
though he was much offended at the wickedness of the act, yet, by
reason of his relation to him, and because he had at present ofecasibn
to make use of him in his service, he would not J>uni8h him: for he
was uncle to Cleopatra, whom the king had married as his second
* Tlicre were twelve chief godi among the Greeks, who were called Oljnpii; tbcir
nnnics were, Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Neptune, Viilcan« Apollu, Juno^ Veita# Minerva*
Ceres, Diana, Vlmius. — Vide Jfcrodotui in Ttrptichon,
t Mule-tenderi, or ostieri.
Chap. XK woDORus siculus. 157
wife, and was designed general of the army sent before into Asia,
being a very stout and valiant man. To pacify therefore Pausania9,
whose spirit was higfafy exasperated at the intolerable injui^ done
likn, he bestowed on him many rich gifts, and advanced him to a
more honourable post in his ^ards. But Pausanias's anger was
implacable, and therefore he determined not only to revenge him-
self upon the author of this abuse, but upon him that waved doing
him justice by the inflicting of punishment. And Hermocrates the
sophist greatly confirmed him in this his resolution. For Pausanias
conversing with him, and in discourse asking him, by what means a
man might make himself most famous ?.»The philosopher answered,
by killing him that had done the greatest things; for, whenever he
is named, then he likewise that killed him will be sure to be remem-
bered. Pausanias, making use of this answer as an incentive to his
rage, the restlc^ssness of his disturbed spirit would admit of no further
delay, but laid his design in the time of the festivals in this manner:
he first placed iiorses at the gates of the city, then he himself re-
turned and stood at the entrance into the theatre, with a Gallic
sword secreted under his coat. Philip had commanded his friends
that came along with him to go before him into the theatre, and his
guards were at a considerable distance from him : whereupon the
traitor, perceiving that the king was alone, ran up to him, and, stab-
bing him in the side, through the body, laid him dead at his feet^
and forthwith fled to the horses that were prepared for him at the
gates. Hereupon presently some of the life-guards ran to the body,
and others pursued the assassin, amongst whom were Leonatus,
Perdiccas, and Attains. Pausanias nimbly mounted his horse, and
made so swiftly away, that he would certainly have escaped, but that
a branch of a vine caught hold of the heel of his shoe, and so en-
tangled him that he fell : upon which Perdiccas, with the others,
came upon him as he was endeavouring to rise, and, after many
wounds given him, there slew him. And thus Philip (the most
potent of all the kings in Europe in that age, and who, for the great-
ness of his dominion, associated himself for ihajesty into the number
of the twelve gods) came to his end, after he had reigned about four-
and-twenty years.
Tliis king, from very small beginnings, gained the largest dominion
in Greece; and he is judged to have enlarged the bounds of his
kingdom not so much by arms, as by his fair tongue, and his com-
plaisant and courteous demeanor towards all he had to deal with :
for it is reported, that Philip himself would often boast more of his
military art and policy, and of the gaining of his enemies by fair
^i'
n
159 DIODORUS SICULU5* BookXFL
words^than ii> the strength and valour of hb soldiers t for he bad
used to say— .That the honour of winning of battles was comrooo
axid due to the rest of the army with himself; but the praise and
commenJation due to afiability and a pleasant converse^ was peculiar
to himself alone.
And thus^ being now come to the death of Philip^ we shall end
(bis book^ as we at first designed. The following we shall begia
with the succession of Alexander into his father's kingdom^ and eiH
^Tour to comprehend all his actions in one book.
159
DIODORUS SICULUS.
BOOK XVII.
PREFACE.
THE former book, being the sixteemh of our history, began with the
-teign of Philip, the son of Amyntas, and comprehended not <ni^
the things done by him to the very day of his death, bat tiie actions
fitd affiiirs of other kings, cities, and countries, dtiring the spaee d?
foar^nd-twenty years. Having now, in this, to declare v/iat bi^
Wed, we shall begin Ivith the reign of Alexander; and, in treating
* of the actions of this prince, from the beginning to the end, we shall
tdce along with us the most remarkable things done through all pai^ft
of the worUL
And the relations (we conceive) will be the better remembered, if
things be methodically digested, as it were, into distinct heads, so aji
tbat the beginning and end may, as by one thread, be knit one to the
other: for this king did great things in a very short time, and ex*
eelled all the princes that ever were before him in his wanderfi4 a-
(hievements, effected by hts own valour and pdicy:. for.be con-
^Qered a great part of Europe, and almost all Asia, within the space
of twelve years; so that his fame was (deservedly) advanced to that
<)egree, that in glory he surmounted all the heroes and demi-gods.
But we need not (we judge) in a, preface anticipate any of the
worthy actions of this king; for the particular relations tkemselve;^
^ill sufficiently evidence his greatness, and the fame and glory of his
i^&me. Alexander, therefore, descended from Hercules on the fa-
ther's side, and from Achilles on the mother's, seemed to derive his
valour, as well as his person, from such famous ancestors.
Tlie time' thus stated for this present relation, we return to the
course of our history.
l60 DIODORUS SICULUS. Book XFTI.
CHAP. I.
I
Conspiracies of the eiiies agmnst Alexander. The Athenians send
ambassadors to Alexander, to beg pardon. He is made general
by the Amphictyons. Attains killed by Alexander's commands
The loickedness of Bagoas. Darius commended. Raises forces.
A description of Mount Ida. Alexander invades the lUyrisau,
and others. Thebes besieged by Alexander, and razed. The,
miseries of Thebes. Prodigies. Alexander demands DemoS"
thenes and others to be delivered up to him by the Athenians:
their anstver. He returns into Macedonia, and feasts kk
soldiers.
WHEN Evaenetus was lord-cbancelior in AtheDs,aDdLucioiFandSi
aod Caius Manlius^ were Roman consuls, Alexaod^ ascended the
throne, and, in the first place, executed justice upon the murderers of
his father: and, when he had with great care celebrated hb fiweral^
he set in order the great concerns of the kingdom much better thtu
most expected: for, being very young, and upon that aceount de«»
pised, he sought first to win the common people by tail words and
courteous addresses. Amongst others, he told them^ that the name
of the king only ^was changed, hut that the government should not
be managed in any respect worse than it was when bis father was alive.
He courteously, likewise, gave audience to the ambassadcnrs, and de»
sired the Grecians that they would have the same kindness for 1
as they had for his father, which he so esteemed, that he looked (
it as part of his inheritance. Then he employed himself in the fire-
quent training of the soldiers^ and in martial exercises, and hrougbt
the army readily to submit to his commands. Attains^ the uncle of
Cleopatra, Philip's other wife, conspired to gain the kingdom; and
therefore he resolved to take him out of the way. For Cleopatra Was
brought to bed of a son a few days before the death of Philips and
Attains was sent a little before, as general, with PanBcoki his eol-
league, with an army into Asia, where, by hb bribes and fair tMg«ej
^e so gained the hearts of the soldiers, that th& army was wholly de-
voted to him : and therefore the king conceived he had just cause to «
be jealous of him, lest, if he should side with the Grecians, (whom he
knew were hb enemies), he should by that means gain the kingdoli|i
* M«niu9.
Cl^9. /• DIODORUS SICULU8. 101
for himself. Therefore he made choice of Hecateus, one of his
f rieuds, and sent him with a considerable army into Asia, with com*
maud to bring over Attains aliVe, if he could; and, if he could not
effect, that, to take the first opportunity to kill him. When he came
into Adia, he joined his forces with Attalus and Parmenio, and watched
a fit opportunity to execute what he was commanded.
lu the mean time, Alexander being informed that many of tht
Grecians were batching some mischief, in order to new commotions,
bis thoughts were greatly perplexed and disturbed. For the Athe-
nians (Df^mosthenes stirring them up against the Macedonians) re-
joiced at the news of Philip's death, and resolved that the Macedo-
nians should no longer domineer over Greece, To this end, they
tent over ambassadors to Attalus, and privately consulted with him
concerning the management of the whole afikir, and stirred up many
of the cities to assert their liberties. The i£tolians made a decree
to recal the exiles of Acarnania, whom Philip had driven out of their
country. The Ambraciots, by the persuasion of Aristarchus, drove
out the garrison that was there, and restored the democracy. The
Thebans likewise decreed to cast out the garrbon that was in the
citadel of Cadmea, and that Alexander should never, with their con-
tent, have command in Greece. The Arcadians also, as they were
the only people that refused to give their consent that Philip should
be general of Greece, so they now rejected Alexander. The rest of
the Peioponnesians, as the Argives, Elians, Lacedasmonians, and
.Bome others, were with all their might for their own government. To
co:w\iiiej many of the nations beyond Macedonia waited for an op-
portunity to rebel, and great commotions there were among the bar-
barians in those parts.
Notwithstanding all which, and the fears that were every where
in the kingdom, and though he was but a youth, yet in a short
time (beyond all expectation) he overcame all those difliculties, and
made all plain and clear before hiin, reducing some to their duty
by fair and smooth words, and others through fear and dread of
punishments ; and the rest he comi)elled by force to stoop to his
sovereignty.
In the first place, he so far gained upon the Thessalians, both by
promises of large rewards, and by his smooth and courteous language,
(telling them how near of kin he was to them by his descent from
Hercules), that they by a public decree declared him general of
Greece, as that which descended to him from his father. Having
gained this point, he brought over the bordering nations to the same
^ood opinion of him. Then he went to Pylene, and, in tlie senate of
\ql. 3. No. 42. Y
1^2 DioDORUs 8ICULUS. Booi XFIL
the Amphictyons he so managed his matters, that, by the general
coDsentof all, he was creiated generalissimo of all Greece. He as-
sured the Ambraciots, in a kind and smooth oration made to them...
That he had that kindness for them, that he would presently restore
them to that liberty which they so lately sought to recover. But^ to
strike the greater terror into those that regarded not his words, be
came with a swift march with an army of IV^cedonians in an hostile
manner into Bceotia, and, encamping near the Cadmea, struck a ter-
ror into the city of the Thebans.
About the same time the Athenians, hearing of the king's coming
into Bceotia, slighted him no longer: for the quickness of the youth^
and his diligent despatch of .business, greatly terrified the revolters.
Hereupon the Athenians ordered every thing they had in the country
to be brought into the city, and the walls to be repaired and guarded
as well as they could; and sent ambassadors to Alexander^ to beg
pardon that. they had no sooner owned his sovereignty, and ordered
Demosthenes to accompany the ambassadors: but he came not with
the others to Alexander, but returned from Citheron to AthcDi;
either because he was afraid, upon account of the speeches he had
publicly made against the Macedonians, or that he was not willing to
displease the Persian king: for it is reported that he had received
great sums of money from the Persians to beat down the interest of
the Macedonians by his orations; which was hinted (they say) hf
iEschines, in one of his speeches, wherein he upbraids DemostheDCS
for taking of bribes in these words — Now the king's gold plentifully
bears all his charges; but this will not serve his turn long, for cove*
tousness is never satisfied with abundance.
But to proceed, Alexander returned a very courteous answer to
the ambassadors, which freed the Athenians from their fears^ and
he ordered all the ambassadors and members of the council* to meet
him at Corinth; where, when those who were usually members or
the general council were come, the king, by a gracious speech^ so
prevailed with the Grecians, that they created him general of all
Greece, and decreed him aid and assistance against the Persians^ in
order to revenge the many injuries the Greeks had received from
them. Having thus gained the honour he sought for, be marched
back with his army into Macedonia.
Having now given an account of the affairs of Greece, we shall
relate next what things were done in Asia: for. Attains presently
upon the death of Philip, began to set up for himself; and to that
• Of the Amphicfvons.
CXtfp. h ' DIODORU.S SICULUS. T63
end^ made a league with the Athenians^ id order by their joint con-
currence to oppose Alexander, But aftierwards he changed his mind^
and sent a letter (written to him by Demosthenes) to Alexander^ and
in many smooth and flattering expressions^ endeavoured to clear him-
self of all those crimes and miscarriages that were laid to his charge.
However, he was afterwards killed by Hecateus, according to the
king's command; upon which the Macedonian army in Asia laid
aside all thoughts of a defection, for that Attains was now gone, and
Parmenio greatly loved Alexan\]er.
But as we are now about to write of the kingdom of Persia, it
is necessary that we begin our relation a little higher.
Lately, in the reign of Philip, Ochus* ruled over the Persians,
hated by all for his ill nature and cruelty towards his subjects. Ba-
goas therefore, a colonel in the army, and an eunuch, but a wicked
and beastly fellow, poisoned the king by the help of his physician,
and placed the king's youngest son Arses upon the thrpne. He like-
wise murdered the new king's brothers, (who were yet very young),
that being thus bereft of his relations, he might be more observant
to himself.
But the young man abhorring the wickedness of this wretch, and
plainly, by many tokens, discovering his design to punish him, Bagoas
fmelling it out^ murdered Arses and all his children, in the third year
of his reign.
The royal family being thus extinct, and none of that race left who
could make any title to the crown, he advanced one of his friends,
called Darius, to the kingdom. He was the son of Arsanes, the bro-
ther of Artaxerxes king of Persia. But the fate of Bagoas was very
remarkable; for having habituated himself to cruelty, he resolved like-
wise to poison Darius in a medicinal potion : but this treason being dis-
covered, the king sent in a friendly manner to speak with him; and
when became delivered to him the cup, and forced him to drink it off.
And indeed Darius was judged worthy to enjoy the kingdom, being
looked upon as the most valiant man among the Persians: for here-
tofore, when Artaxerxes was engaged in a battle against the Cadu-
sians,one of the enemy, of a strong body, and courageous spirit, chal-
lenged any of the Persians there present to a single combat; which
when none would dare to undertake, this Darius entered the list,
and killed the Cadusian. For which he was highly rewarded by the
king, and gained the chiefest reputation for valour among the Per-
f ians. And for this reason also, he was accounted worthy of th^
* Dariut Ochaf« ,
1(54 DIODORUS SICULUS. Book Xf^L
crown of Persia, and began to reign about the same time that Philip
died, and Alexander suc^ceeded in the kingdom.
The valour therefore of Alexander meeting with such a miln ai
this for his adversary to cope with, was the occasion that so many bat-
tles were fought for the empire with that resolution as they were.
But these matters will appear more clear hereafter, when things come
to b& more distinctly and particularly related: for the present we shall
return to the orderly course of the history.
Darius* being advanced to the throne of Persia, a little before the
death of Philip, he was contriving how to avert the war threatened^
and bring it over to Macedonia itself: but when he was dead, and so
the king freed from that fear, he slighted and despised the youth of
Alexander: but being for his volour, and activeness of spirit in des<*
patch of business, at length created general of all Greece, the £une
and valour of the young man was in every man's mouth.
And Darius now began to look about him, and employed his chief
care to raise forces, and fitted out a great fleet, and made choice of
^the best officers he could procure to command his army, which was
now very great and numerous ; among whom Memnon, the Rhodian,
was one, al)rave man, both for valour and discipline : him the king
commanded to march to Cyzicusf with five thousand men, and to
endeavour to take that city: who, in order thereto, marched hit
army over the mountain Ida. Some fabulously report that this moon«>
tain was so called from Ida of Meliseus. It is the highest mouQtaill
of any about the Hellespont. In the middle is a cave, as if it were
made on purpose to entertain the gods, in which it is reported^ that
Alexander^ gave judgment concerning the goddesses.
Here it is said, the Idfiea Dactyli§ were born, who were the first
that were taught to work in iron by the mother|| of the gods.
A thing also very wonderful and remarkable is ascribed to this
place: for, at the rising of the dog-star^, there is such a serenity and
calmness of the air upon the top of the mount, as if it were there
above all storms and winds; and then even at midnight the sun seems
to rise, so that its rays appear not in a circular form, but casts abroad
flames of j^re here and there at a great distance, so that it seems as
if flakes of fire in several places overspread the earth; which, withia
a little while after, are contracted into one body, till they come to the
* Darius Codoroanus. « Cysicus, an island in^lie Propontis, and a city tlicre.
X This was PMris, the son of Priaoi, called Alexander, who decided the coatrover»j>
between Jono, Minerva, und Venus, bj giving the gulden apple to Venus M thefairvat.
Pmui. J.v. c. 19.
) The sons of Miaerfa and Apollo. I C^bete. f InAognft
€1U^. /. DtODOKUB SICULUS. iSft
m . ggessacgs ■ „ ' . ■ i>
quantity of three plethras*. At length, when the day is at hand,
there appears, as it were, the complete body of^the sun enlighteninif
ibe airte it uses to do at other times.
But to proceed: Memnon having passed over this mountain, as-»
saults Cyzicus on a sudden, and was very near surprising af it. But
fiuling in his design, he harassed the country, and returned loadeo
with a rich booty.
In the mean time, Parmenio took Grynium by storm, and holdall
flie inhabitants for slaves. Then he besieged Pitane; but Memnoa
appoaching, the Macedonians in a fright quitted the siege.
Afterwards Callas, with a body of Macedonians and other mer-
cenaries, fought with the Persians in the country of Troas, and beif^
overpowered with numbers, was beaten, and forced to retire to Rhc-
tium. And in this condition was Asia at that time.
Alexander having quieted all the commotions in Greece, mardied
with his army into Thrace, which struck such terror into those peo«
pie that had caused tumults and disorders there, that he forced theai
to submit to his government. Then he invaded Pceonia and IHyriatt
Bnd the people bordering upon them, and having subdued those ttmt
liad revoked, he likewise brought under his dominion the batbanaos
next adjoining. While he was engaged in these wars, he received
intelligence that many of the Grecians were about to revolt, and that
liH^nsiderable number of the Greek cities, particularly Thebes, had
already actually rejected his sovereignty. He was hereupon in a
great rage, and returned into Macedonia, with a design to hastra
into Greece to quiet the tumults and disturbances there.
In the mean time, the^Thebans were intent upon driving the Ma-f
cedonian garrison out of the Cad mea, and to that end besieged tlie cita-
del; and had no sooner done so, but Alexander was presently at the
city walls, and lay before it with his whole army. The "^Itiebans^
before Alexander's approach, had so begirt the Cadmea with a deep
trench, and a strong bancado of timber, tirat neither relief nor pro«
vision could be brouglit in to them. They had sent likewise to t<«e
Orcadians, Argives, and Eiians, for their assistance; and solicited
the Athenians by their ambassadors to join with them, and had re«
ceived a great number of arms freely given to them by Demosthenes,
with which they armed those that had none.
Among those, to whom theThebans addressed themselves foras-
iistancc, the Peloponnesians had sent forces as far as to the Isthmus,
and there ordered them to make a halt till the king came, who was
then expected. The Athenians, though they had decreed aid to the
* Three hundred feet. t Naw Daimatia, or Sclavoiua«
l66 DIODORUS 8ICULU8. Book XWIE,
Thebans^ yet they sent no forces thither^ iDtending first to obserrt
bow matters were likely to go.
The governor likewise of the castle of Cadmea taking notice what
great preparations the Thebans were making for the siege, was ^pery
diligent to strengthen and fortify the walls, and had furnished the
garrison with all sorts of weapons.
But after Alexander had arrived unexpectedly, and on a sud^
den, with his whole army out of Thrace, and that it was uncertaia
whether any assistance would come in to the Thebans, the forces (rf
the enemy far exceeding them of Thebes, the officers called a counci^
of war to consult what to determine, and there it was unanimously
agreed to stand out in defence of the liberties of their country;
which resolution being approved of by all the citizens, they earn^stlj
set themselves to the carrying on of the war.
But the king forbore force for some time, to the end they might
have time to recollect themselves, not thinking that one city only
would engaga with so great an army. For Alexander had with him
above thirty thousand foot, and three thousand horse, all old expe^
lienced soldiers, (conquerors almost in every battle under Philip), ia
whose valour he so far confided, that he doubted not but by them to
put an end to the Persian monarchy, j^owever, if the Thebans had
yielded to the present difficulty of the time, and had sent ambasaa*
dors to the Macedonians with terms of peace, he had no doubt com-
plied with them, and granted whatever they would have desired*
For he wished greatly to have all quiet in Greece, and to be free and
undisturbed in his war against the Persians. But when he saw that
he was slighted by the Thebans, he resolved to destroy the city, and
by that means to terrify all others who for the future should
dare to rebel. And now when the army was drawn out in battalia
ready to engage, the king caused proclamation to be made ..That
.any of the Thebans should have liberty to come in to liim, and who*
soever did, should enjoy the common liberty of Greece. On the
other side, the Thebans, to shew themselves as forward in their am<v
bition as the enemy, by the voice of a crier from a high tower madf
another proclamation — ^That whosoever had a desire to join with the
great king^ and the Thebans, to defend the liberties of the Grecians,
and kill the tyrant of Greece, sliould be received by them. This
touched him to the quick, and he was thereupon so enraged, that he
vowed all sorts of deaths to the Thebans, and so commanded the
engines to be prepared in order to an assault, and other things to be
made ready for an engagement.
In the mean time^ the Greeks considering the utter ruin that seem*
* Kio^ of Perfia.
t^ap. I. DIODORUS SICULUS, I67
td to hang over the heads of the Thebans^ were greatly affected with
the miseries wherewith they were likely to be overwhelmed, yet none
4urst appear to relieve the city, for that they had rashly and incon«
siderateiy brought apparant destruction upon themselves: however,
the Thebans were very forward and resolute to venture all to the ut-
most extremity, though they were a little startled with some pre«
pheeies and prodigies from the gods. The most remarkable was, that
in the temple of Ceres, a slender spider's web was observed to spread
out itself as broad as a cloak, and to represent the rainbow in aa
arched circumference. Concerning which, the oracle atDelphof
gave them this answer
The god to all, bj this tign gives a call :
To thee, BcBotia, first; and neighbours all.
And the oracle in their own country returned them this other.^
This web for one works bane>
' And for another gain.
This prodigy happened about three months before the king came
against Thebes. About the time of the king's ajrival, the statues
placed in the forum seemed to sweat to that degree, that great drops
io every part stood upon them. Moreover, the magistrates were in«
formed, that in the lake of Onchestus were heard voices like the
roaring and bellowing of oxen. And that the waters in Dirce were
to the view as if they, had been all turned into blood. There were
others from Delphos that reported, that the roof of the temple, built
by the Thebans out of the spoils of the Phocians, appeared to be
besmeared over with blood.
Those who addicted themselves to the interpretation of prodigies
said That the web portended the departure of the gods from the
city; by the colour of the rainbow, was signified various troubles and
turmoils; by the appearance of sweat, extreme miseries; and by the
blood, slaughters and destructions in the city.
Therefore they advised the Thebans, that, insomuch as the gods
plainly pointed at the ruin of the city — ^Thatthey should not engage
ia fight with the enemy, but rather seek to agree matters some other
way, which was much more safe.
But the Thebans abated nothing of their courage, but on the con-
trary, pushed forward by the heat of their spirits, encouraged one
another with the remembrance of their famous victory at the battle
of Leuctra, and other successes gained by their former valour. So
that trusting more to the valour of their arms, than making use of
prudent councils, they ran headlong to the ruin of tliemselves and
their country.
In the mean time the king, within the space of three days, put
l6S DIODORUS S1CULU8. ^ JSook XVU.
all tilings in order, both for assaulting the city, and marshalUng his
army for battle. His army he divided into three parts: one part
lie ordered to assault the out-wali; another to fight the Tbebao
trmy; and the third he kept for reserves to relieve his men, and re-
new the fight as there should be occasion. But the Thebans placed
tbeir horse within the ramparts* Their slaves that were manumit*
ted, the exiles, and the strangers that were inhabitants, were ordered
to defend the walls: and the Thebans themselves (though they were
lar inferior in number) were resolved to fight those Macedouiaoa
commanded by the king, tliat were ready to make the assault.
And now all the women and children ran to the temples, to make
aopplication to the gods to deliver them from the ruin that threatened
them. When the Macedonians drew near, the trumpets sounded a
charge, upon which both armies set up a great shout, and €very one
charged that battalion to which he was appointed. By day-break
the darts flew one at another, and those being quickly spent, they
fell to it with their swords hand to hand, so that the fight presently *
was very sharp and bloody. For the Macedonians, through their
number (far exceeding the other) and the fierceness of their jcharge^
put the enemy hard to it. On the other side, the Thebans being
stronger-bodied men, and used to martial discipline by their con-
tinual exercise in the schools, and more resolved than tlie other, re-
solutely went through all difficuUies whatsoever, so that many were
wounded, and multitudes killed on both $ides. In the heat of th^
battle, a man might hs^ve heard shouts for victory, and groans of ij^
ing men at one and the same time, and the Macedonians often cal-
ling out to one another, not to stain the glory of their forn\er victories
by any base act of cowardice in the present engagement; and the
Thebans pressing theirs not to suffer their parents, wives, aud chiU
dren, tQ b^ miserable captives, and all their families ^ypoged to the
rageful lust of the Macedonians, but that they would remember the
battles at Leuctra and Mantinea, and the noble actions for which
they were famous all the world over. So that the obstinate resola«
tion of botli parties occasioned the issue of the battle to be very
doubtful a long time.
Alexander perceiving how the love of liberty inflamed the courage
of the Thebans, and that the Macedonians began to faint, com*^
manded the rpserves to relieve them that were engaged. Upon whicb^
the Macedonians coming with a fierce and sudden charge upon tli# .
Thebans, now even tired out, bore them down and killed multitudea
of them. However, the Thebans would not yield the enemy th^
day, but stood to it with that obstinacy, that they slighted all mis-
foriunc^^. and their valour so strengthened their resolution, lliat thty
Giap. // DIODORUS SICULUS. 1^9
cried out^^That the Macedonians must own themselves worsted by
the Thehans. And this is to be observed of them ^That when all
ethers (being still pressed upon by their enemies with fresh supplies
one after anotlier)are wont to flag, they only are the more courageous^
even when their wearied enemy is relieved by fresh reserves.
While' the armies were thus resolutely engaged, the king spied a
portal without any guard, and sends away Perdiccas with some regi-
ments in order to possess himself of the place, and so break into the
city. Perdiccas having presently executed the king's command, the
Macedonians through this little gate forthwith rushed Into the city.
And though the Thebans had a good while before worsted the enemy's
first battHlion, and were now engaged with the second, and full of
hopes of a perfect victory, yet, when they understood that the enemy
had possessed themselves of a part of the city, they forthwith retired
within the walls. And then both the horse and foot hastened back
with all speed into the city, and trod many of their fellow-citizens
under foot, who there perished; and while they made into the city
in this trepidation and confusion, many were killed by running upon
their own weapons in the strait and narrow passages, and by falling
into the trenches. And in the midst of this distraction, the garrison
out of the castle of Cadmea, issued forth lik? a rapid torrent upon
the backs of the Thebans, and fell upon them as they were in thia
disorder and confusion, and cut them down in heaps. The city be«
ing thus taken, multitudes of all sorts of cruelties were acted within
the walls. For the Macedonians, by reason of that insolency of the
common crier, were enraged against the Thebans beyond what the
law of arms would allows and with many threats in their mouths, flew
upon the miserable people, and without any pity or compassion put
all to the sword that were in their way. However, among all these
calamities, the courage of the Thebans, and their love to their liberty,
was such, that they were so far from minding the preservation of their
. lives, as that when they met any of their enemies, they would pro-
voke them of their own accord to kill them. For after the city was
taken, not a Theban asked any quarter from a Macedonian, not a
man that sordidly bowed down at the feet of the conqueror. Neither
had the enemy any pity, notwithstanding the valour of the miserable
people; nay, the whole day (though it was long) was judged too
short to satiate their most crqcl revenge. The whole city was
plundered, poor children, boys and girls, were dragged up and
down, calling upon their mothers, hy their names, wjth most la-,
mentablc outcries. And to comprehend all in a few words, whole
families, with all their kindred, were hurried away, and the whole
body of the people brought under miserable slavery. Xbe bodies pf
Vol. 2, No,42. %
170 DIODORU8 SICULUS. Book XFIL
some of the Thebans^ as they lay wounded upon the ground, though
th^y were upon the point of expiring, yet clasping their enemy in their
arms, breathed out their la3t with a sort of joy and content that their
epemy died with them. Others, though they had but a mere
trunk uf a spear to lean upon, yet fought with whomsoever they met:
and so by that last attempt made it evident, how far they preferred
their liberty before their lives. And though there was so great «
slaughter made, that every part of the city was filled with dead car*
casses, yet none that saw the miserable condition of these poor
wretches pitied them. For even the Grecians, as the Thespians^
Plateeans, Orchomenians, and some others who hated the Tbebans^
(and who then l)ore arms under the king), broke in with others into
the city, and amongst these dreadful slaughters executed their ma*
lice upon them. So that many sad spectacles of most inhuman cruelty
might be seen throughout the whole eity, Grecians butchering Ore*
cians without any compassion, and those of the same language, blood,
and nation, without any regard to any of these obligations, knocked
on the head one by another. At length, when night came, the
bouses were pillaged, women, young and old, were dragged out of the
temples, (whither they had fled), and most vilely and filthily abused.
There were killed of the Thebans above six thousand, and three
thousand made captives, and a vast treasure carried away. Above five
hundred of the Macedonians were slain, whom the king took care to
bury. Presently after, the king caused the general senate of Greece
to meet, and referred it to their determination how Thebes should
be dealt with. When the matter came to be debated, some who
hated the Thebans were for putting them all to the sword; and made
it appear huwthey had joined with the barbarians against the Greeks^
For in the time of Xerxes, they joined as confederates with the Per-
sians against Gieece, and were the only Grecians that were honoured
as friends by the Persian king, and their ambassadors placed and pre-
ferred before kings. These, and such like, being remembered and
enforced, they so incited the senators against the Thebans, that they
decreed ^I'hat the city should be razed to the ground, and the cap-
tives sold fur slaves; that all the fugitives of Thebes should be driven
out of all parts of Greece, and no Thcban should be entertained by
any Grecian, llereupon the king, according to the decree, razed
the city, which struck a terror into all the Grecians that had revolted.
By the sale of the captives, he raised four hundred and forty talents
pf silver.
After this, he sent to Athens to demand ten of the orators to be
delivered up to him, (amongst whom Demosthenes and Lycurgus
ift ere the chieQi because they had stirred up the people againit him^
Chap, t blODORus 8ICWLU«. 171
Upon which a general assembly was called^ and when the ambassa-
dors were introdaced, and had delivel'ed their message, the people
were greatly troubled and perplexed, desiring on the one hand to
preserve the honour and dignity of the city, and on the other hand
to consult their own safety, considering the destruction ofThebes> and
that some imminent mischief might befal themselves; and thus they
were made more cautious by their neighbour's misfortunes. At
length, after many speeches made in the assembly upon this account,
l^hocion, that good man, who differed from Demosthenes in his poll-
« tics, stood up and said^fhat it would very well become those who
were demanded, to imitate the daughters of Leos^ and the Hyacid-
thidesf, by offering up their lives of their own accord t6 prevent th«
ruin of their country. And he told them^^That it was baseness and
cowardice to refuse to die for the preservation of the city.
At this motion the people were highly incensed, and in a popular
tumult threw Phocion out of the senate. Then the people (by a stu-
died speech made by Demosthenes) being moved to compassion, de-
chured That they would defend the men to the utmost. At length
Demades, wrought upon (as is reported) by the friends of Demos-
thenes, for five talents of silver, gave his opinion for the securing and
preserving of the orators; and read the decree, which was drawn by
himself with great cunning and artifice, tn which was contained an
apology for the orators^ and a promise ^That, if they were guilty^
they themselves would punish them according to the laws.
The people approved and ratified what Demades had read, and
tent him with some others to the king, with orders ;That he should
intercede likewise on the behalf of the Theban exiles> that the peoplt
of Athens might lawfully receive and entertain theroi
Demades wisely managed his embassy, and by his eloquence pre-
vailed with the king in every respect. For Alexander both pardoned
the orators, and granted all other things the Athenians desired.
Then the king marched back with his army into Macedonia, and
called a general council of his ofiicers and chief friends, and when
they were met together, he asked their opinion — ^What they thought
of an expedition into Asia? When it was fit to begin the war? and
how it was to be managed? The counsel, indeed, of Antipater and
Parmenio was-^That he should first marry and have issue to succeed
* Leos bad three daughters, Pasitheai Theope, and Euhule, who were willioglj mi<
•riiioed to put an end to a plague in Athens. — Suid,
t The H^acinthidei were »ix daughters of Erectheus Ling of Athens, wlio olTe^ed
themselves to be sacrificed to gain a victorjr fur their country against Euuiotpus king of
Tbracv: lo named from a village called Hvachiathus^ wh^e they were laifrillccd.-*
17^ DiODORUS 81CULUS. ' Book XFIL
hiin, and then set apon matters that were crfso great weight and Gon<«
cemment. But the king, who was Daturally fierce^ and eould not
endure stops and delays in business, rejected their advice. For he
said-J[t was a mean and unworthy thing for him who watf erested
general of all Greece, and had the command of an army that never
knew what it was to be conquered, to stay at home merely to manyand
beget children. Wherefore, after he had set before them the advan-
tages of the war, and had encouraged them to undertake it, heofier«
cd most magnificent sacrifices to the gods at Dium in Macedonia, and
exhibited the sports and plays wliich his ancestor Archilaus bad in-
stituted to Jupiter and the muses. This solemnity continued nine
days, according to the number of the muses, a day for every muse.
He provided likewise a pavilion which would contain a hundred beds*,
where he feasted and entertained all his friends and commanders of
his army, and ambassadors of cities.
After these sumptuous feasts were over, (in which be not only
kindly entertained a vast number of people, but likewise distributed
parts of the sacrifices, and other things suitable to the magnificence
of the festival amongst his soldiers), he rendezvoused all his forces
from all parts.
CHAP. It.
Alexander lands his army in Asia* The battle at Granicus. JTie
forces of the Persians and of Alexander. Alexander kills
Spithrohates ; near being killed by llhosaces. Miletus besieged
and taken, Ada, queen of CariUy meets Alexander. Hali^
ramassns besieged^ taken, and sacked. The strmige act of the
Slarmarcnses.
CTESIDES was lord -chancellor of Athens, and Caius Sulpitius^
and Lucius Papirius consuls at Rome, when Alexander at the Helles-
pont passed over his army out of Europe into Asia. Being arrived
at Troas with sixty sail of long ships, he was the first of the Mace-
donians that cast a spear out of the ship, which fixed in the earth
npon the shore, and then leaped out of the vessel, signfying, that by
the help of the gods he had taken possession of Asia, which was
conquered by his spear.
Then be sacrificed to the gliosts of Achilles and Ajax, performinf-
* Upon which thej Ml te aesli
\
DIOI>0RU8 SICULUS. 173
gMMaaaMBaaattaMaMBMnBaaBBsgaggggBgii mm i BSsmaasmeaBssammm
all other rites and cenemooies proper to the veoeration of those he-
Mes. When that was done, he took an exact account of theniMi-
her of those forces he had transported, which were found to aoKniiit
to thkteen thomsaiid* Macedonian foot, seven thousand oonfedemtes,
and fire thousand aiercenaries* Parmenio had the chief commaad of
all these. Besides these, there were the Odryset,Trebalilans, and
lUyrians, to the number of five thousand, and a thousand darters, called
Agprianes; so that in the whole there were thirty thousand foot. For
hone^ there were eighteen hundred raised out of Macedonia, under
4be oommaod of Philotas, the son of Parmenio. As many out o£
Thsiee, commanded by Callas, the son of Harpalus. Front the nest
of Greece, six hundred led by Eurygius. Besides these, there wens
fluae hundred Thracians and Poeonians in the van, whose eommaader
anas Cassander. The whole body of horse was four tbcHisand fife
hundred^* And this is the number of them that landed in Asiji widi
Alexander*
In the ^mean tiiue, he left under the command of Antipater, ia
£ttfope, twelve thousand foot, and eleven diousand five bjundreA
Ju)rse§.
When he departed from Troas, aad came to the temple of Mi*-
aervall, the priest* called Alexander, seeing the statue of Arbbar-
scaaes {tliat had been lord-lieutenant of Phrygia) Lie prostrate upoa
the ground before the temple, and observing several other good
omens, came to the king, and told him ^Tluit he would be oon-
i}ueror in a considerable horse engagement, especially if he fought
in Phrygia, and that he should kill a great commander of tlie eoeiny
ivith his own hand* And these things, he said, were foretold him
by the gods, and especially by Minerva, who would be assistant to
iiim in obtaining his victories.
Alexander, much taken with this prophecy, and relying npoa it,
offered to Minerva a most splendid sacrifice, and dedicated his arms
to her, and took away others (that had been laid up there) in their
•tead, which he made use of in the first fight afterwards, and gained
a most glorious victory by his own peculiar valour« But this hap«
pened some few days after.
In the mean time, tlie Persian lord-lieutenants and commanders,
(who through their sloth were not able to put a stop to the progress
of the Macedonians), met together to consult how to manage the war
against Alexander. Memnon, the Rhodian, one there amongst them,
(a very skilful general), was not for fighting, but to give a check to
the Macedonians, by destroying the country all before them, that so
• It shoald be twelve tIioustil(]. t A people of Tlirace, of the city Odryaaff.
t But by the particnlarj, they amount to five thousaud one hundred.
i The Greek is %o, bat the Li^tin fifteen hundred horse. || At Iliuoi.
17^ DIODORUS SICULUS. ^ XPIt^
tbey might not be able to march forward for want of prorisioiis:
was for bringing over both land and sea forces into Macedonia, 1
that means to make that the seat of the war. Although this was
sound advice, (as the event made it afterwards evident), yet the rest
of the commanders would not hearken to it, looking upon it as a j
thing dishonourable, and much reflecting upon the valouf of the
Persians.
All being therefore resolved upon a battle, forces Were brought tx^
gether from all parts, and the lord-lieutenants being now much snpe*
rior in number, marched towards the Hellespont in Phrygian and en*
camping close by the river Granicus, having the river for a defence
between them and the Macedonians.
Aleiuuider having intelligence of the forces of the barbarians, mad«
ft swift march, and came up so close to the enemy, that the river only
sepa^ited both armies.
In the mean time, the barbarians stood in battalia at the foot of
the hill, judging it would do their business effectuAlly, and that they •
ahould be sure of the victory, by falling upon them in their passage
over the river, and by that means breaking in pieces the Macedoniaa
battalion*'. But Alexander prevented the enemy, and with great
courage passed over his army about the break of day, and drew up hit
men in order of battle. The barbarians drew up the whole body of
their horse against the Macedonians, for they had before resolved tm '
begin tlie fight with them. Memnon the Rhodian, and Arsamenes
the lord-lieutenant, with their several regiments of horse, were ia
the left wing, supported by Arrites, who commanded the Paphla^
gonian horse; and next to him Spithrobates, lord-lieutenant of Ionia,
with them of Hyrcania. In the left wing were two thousand Me*
dian horse, under the conduct of Arrbeomithres, and the like number
from Bactria. In the main body was a vast number of horse of other
nations, of the best and most experienced soldiers ; the whole amount*
ing to above ten thousand horse.
The Persian foot were at least a hundred thousand men, who stood
drawn up behind the horse, without moving a foot, because they con*
eluded, that the horse themselves would serve the turn to rout the
Macedonians.
And now the horse charged with great resolution onbothsides, es«-
pccially the Thessalians in tlie left wing, under the command of Par*
mcnio, bearing the brunt of a brisk charge with undaunted courage.
Alexander with the choicest body of horse in the left wing, setting
spurs to his horse, was the first that charged, and rushing into tiM
thickest of his enemies, made great slaughter amongst them. The
barbarians fought valiantly, striving to outdo the Macedonians^ and
* rhalaax.
Clb^* -Wl DIODORUS SICULUS. 175
fortune at this time brought together the persons of the greatest
quality into tliis place. For Spithrobates, the chief governor of
the province of Ionia, a Persian, and son-in-law to Darius^ a very
valiant man^ charged the Macedonians with a great body of horse,
seconded by forty of his guard/ all of his kindred, and inferior to
none for valour and courage. With these he put the enemy hard
to it, and attacked those about him with great resolution, killing
some, and wounding others : and, when none were able to contend
with him, Alexander rode up to the barbarian^ and fought with him
hand to hand.
Hereupon the Persian, concluding that the gods, of their special
favour to him, had given him the opportunity of a happy combat^
(especially if by his valour he should free all Asia from their fears,
and by his own hands give k check to these audacious attempts of
Alexander that rung through all the world, and prevent tlie dishonour
of the Persians), was the first that cast his javelin at Alexander, and
with such force and violence, that it pierced through his buckler and
breast-plate, into his right shoulder-blade. The king, plucking out
the dart with his own hand, threw it away, and, setting spurs to his
IkOTse, flew upon the Persian lord- lieutenant with that fierceness and
violence, that he fixed his spear in the middle of his breast. Upon
which the battalions of both armies there near at hand, in admiration
of such a piece of singular valour, set up a great shout. But the
point breaking in the breast-plate, so that the spear pierced no far-
ther, the Persian made at Alexander with his drawn sword, who,
biviog got another lance, threw it directly into his face, and pierced
bim through the head; at which instant Rhosaces, brother to him
that was killed, came swiftly riding up, and gave the king such a
i>b)w,that he cut through his helmet, and wounded him slightly upon
^ head; and, just as he was ready to second his stroke, Clitus, sur-
oamed Niger, posted up, and cut oif the hand of the barbarian.
The kikismen of the two brothers (now both fallen) came round
About them, and at the first plied Alexander with their darts, and then
Ml to it hand to hand, and ran through all hazards, that they might
^'1 Alexander. And, Chough he was environed with imminent lia-
^i^dsand dangers of his life, yet the throng of his enemies did not at
a" daunt him : for, though he had received three strokes through hb
breast- plate, and one cut upon his helmet, and had bis buckler, which
be brought from the temple of Minerva, ilu-ice pierced through, yet
be stirred not a foot, but stood his ground against all hazards and
difficulties with undauntedrcsolution.
In the mean time other brave commanders fell round about him,
amongst whom the most remarkable were Artyaxes, and^ Pbarnaces
IjS BZODORUS NCULUS. Booi XFIL \
the brother of Darius, and Mithrobarzanes, the commaader of tbo
Cappadocians ; so that many great officers being killed, and all tfat
troops of the Persians routed and broken by the Taloor of the Mace*
donians, the first that fell upon Alexander were forced to take W
their heels, and, after them, all the rest.
In this battle, by the confession of all, the Tatour of Alexander wm
cried up above all others; and he was reputed the chief instmment of
the victory. The Thessalian horse managed their troops with that dcz-
tcrity, and fought with that brave resolution, that, next to the kmgf
they were most highly applauded, and gained exceeding hoDoar aad
jeputatlon.
After the horse was routed and fled, the foot, running in one
upon another in confusion, fought awhile; but, amaaed and dejected
with the flight of their horse, they likewise turned their backs and
BTNuIe away.
There were killed in the Persian army above ten thousand foot^
and at Iciist two tiiousand horse^ and above twenty thousand takea
prisoners.
After the battle, the king buried those of his that were slahi wHb
p-eat solemnity, by these honours to encourage his soldiers to fight
the more n ndily. When he had refreshed his army, he marched for-
ward through Lydia, and came to Sardis, which, with the citadel, and
all the provisions and treasure therein, were voluntarily surrendered t»
fcim by Mithrenes* the governor.
In the mean time, those Persians that had escaped out of the bat-
tle, fled, together with their general Memnon, to Miletus, befora
which the king afterwards came, and assaulted it continually for sc*
veral days together, still relieving his men from time to time mtb
fresh supplies. The besieged at first easily defended themselves from
the walls; for the city was full of soldiers, and plentifully furnished
with weapons and all other things necessary for enduring a siege.
But, as soon as the king began fiercely to batter the walls with hit
engines, and violently to push on the siege both by sea and land, and
the Macedonians had forced their way through a breach of the walk^
putting their enemies to flight in that part, the Milesians forthwith
prostrated themselves as suppliants at the king's feet, and gave up
themselves and the city to his mercy. Some of the barbarians were
killed by the Macedonians, others fled out of the city, and the rest
were all taken. He dealt kindly and mercifully with the Milesians;
but, as for the others, he sold them all for slaves.
And now, having no further use for his navy, and being likewise
6xprn5ive to maintain, he dismissed his fleet, except a few ships
• Vt Miil.riuncs.
Gft^. II. - DioDoaus sicuLus. 177
which he detained for the conveying of his engines of battery, and
other instruments useful for the besieging of tovirns; among which
were twenty vessels from Athens.
There are some who say, that this discharging of the fleet proved
Alexander a prudent general : for Darius being on his march, and
it .being therefore very likely that a great battle was to be fought, he
conceived that the Macedonians would fight with more resolution
when they saw there was no possibility of flight* And the very same
project he contrived at the battle of Granicus, where he so ordered the
matter, that the river should be at the backs of his soldiers, to the end
that none might have a thought of flying, since the river threatened
certain destruction to them that attempted it.
In following times Agathocles, king of Syracuse, followed this ex-
ample of Alexander, and so gained a glorious victory. For, having
transported a small army into Africa, he set all his ships on fire,
to take away all hope from his soldiers of escaping by flight; by
which means, being forced of necessity to stand to it courageously,
he overcame many thousands of the Carthaginians drawn up against
him.
After the taking of Miletus, botli Persians and mercenaries, with
their cbiefest commanders, came flocking to Halicarnassus. This
was then the greatest city in Caria, in which was a palace of the kings^
^rned with most curious turrets and citadels.
About the same time Memnon sent away his wife and children to
Darius, as well for their security, as to induce the king, having
such considerable hostages in his hands, to intrust him with more
confidence in the management of the war; which happened accord*
ingly: for Darius presently sent letters to all the inhabitants of the
sea-coasts of Asia, to be observant in every thing to all the commands
of Memnon. Being made, therefore, general of the whole army, he
provided all things necessary for the defence of Halicarnassus against
a siege.
In the mean time, the king sent away his engines of battery, and
com and provisions, by sea, to Halicarnassus, and he himself, with
ius whole army, marched into Caria, and, wherever he came, he
guned upon the cities by his smooth tongue and courteous behaviour.
The Greek cities especially tasted of his grace and favour^ for be
give all of them liberty to govern according to their own laws, and
ordered that they should be free from tribute, declaring, that he had
undertaken a war against the Persians, for the rights and liberties of
the Grecians.
When he was upon his march, he was met by a woman of noble
l^irth, called Ada, of the Uncage of the king of Caria, who, upon
Vol. 2. No. 42» aa
178 niODORUs stcuLtf s. JBo(dk XPtL
discourse with him concerDing the right of her aneestbrs, entreated him
to restore her to the kingdom of her grandfather^ which he gavtf ilp to
hcr^ aud bid her take it as her own ; by whioh bounty t6 the Womaiit
he gained the hearts of the Grecians, and all the cities sent their
ambassadors to him; and, presenting him with croWn^ of gold, pro-
mised and offered to serve hiiii in all things to tlie utmost of their
power.
Alexander now encamped near to the city, and forthwith assaulted
the town in a furious and terrible manners for, at the very begin-
ning, his soldiers by turns stormed the walls without any intermis-
sion, so that the conflict continued whole days together. Afterwards^
he brought up all sorts of engines to the walls, and filled 4p the
trenches before the city, by the help of three machinies called snailsj
and then with his rams battered down the towers and walb that ran
along between them. Part being thus beaten doWn, he engaged iir
the breach with the enemy, and endeavoured to force his way into the
city over the rubbish. But Memnon easily repulsed the Macedo-
nians, (who first assaulted the ^all), there being many nten within
the city; and in the niglit, when the engines were brought up, he
made a sally with a great body of men, and set fire to tliem. iTpoQ
which there were many sharp conflicts before the Walls, in Which the
Macedonians far excelled the other for valour, but the Petsiana ex-
ceeded them in number of men, and all warlike provisions. Bat those
upon the walls were of great advantage to the Persians that were en-
gaged in the sally, by galling their enemies with their darts and ar-
rows, attended with deaths and wounds; shouting of men and sound-
ing of trumpets every where echoed in the air, while the soldiers on
both sides, with loud acclamations^ applauded the noble actions ol
their several parties.
And now some endeavoured to extinguish the mounting flames of
the engines, and others, engaging with the enemy, made a grievous
slaughter among their adversaries. Tliose within raised up other
walls much stronger, instead of those that were battered down. The
commanders, with Memnon, being in the front, encouraged their
men to stand to it, offering great rewards to such as valiantly beliaved
themselves: so that it was incredible with what lieat and spirit every
one pushed forward to win the day. Then might be seen !K>me car-
licd out of the army so wounded that they were breathing out their
last; others gathered round the bodies of the dead^ and shalrply en-
gaged in striving to carry off the bodies, in order to their burial;
others, but even now tired out with wounds and blows, presently
(through the encouragement of the officers) recovering their S|^&ritt^
fell to it briskly again.
Cimp^ IL DiODORUs sicuLUS. 179
« Some of the Macedonians (anaong whom was Neoptolemusi an
honourable person}5 wer^ slain^ even under the city gates. Aqd now
towers and two flankers were battered down; upon wliich some
drunken soldiers of Perdiccas rashly in the night mounted the walbi
of the citadel : but Memnon, understanding what plight they were*
in, made a saily^ apd| being much superior in numbers, repulsed the
IMacedouians^.and killed many of them, which being noised abroad^
the Macedonians came flocking in to the aid of their fellows; upon
which there Was a brisk encounter. At length, when those with
Aiescander appeared, and joined with the rest, the Persians flaggedji
and were beaten back into the city. Then the king sent a trum-
X^eter to make a truce, in order to carry off those Macedonians that
were slain before the walls: but Ephialtes and Thrasybulus, both
Athenians, apd then in arms for the Persians, gave advice not to
suffer the dead to be buried. However, Memnon granted what the
king desired.
Afterwards Ephialtes, in a council of war, declared bis opinion.^
That it was uot advisable for them to stay till the cnity was taken,
and so to be made prisoners, but for all the officers, with the merce-
naries, to venture their, live^ for the safety and security of the rest^^
and to sally upon the enemy out of the city. Hereupon Memnon,
perceiving Ephialtes to be prompted to action by an extraordinary
impulse of valour, and placing great confidence in him by reason of
bis courage and the strength of his body, agreed to what he liad ad-
vised. In order to which, he appointed two thousand mercenaries,
pf the best soldiers he could pick out, to sally with him, one half of
whom were commanded to carry along with them lighted fire-brands,
and the other to fall in upon the enemy. About break of day the
gates were suddenly flung open, and the regiments issued out, and
cast their fire-brands among the engines; upon which a great flame ■
presently appeared. Ephialtes, at the head of others formed into a
deep phalanx, charged upon the Macedonians, who were hastening to
preserve and defend the engines. The king, quick in discerning
what was to be done, placed the chief of the Macedonians in the
front, and some of the chiefest soldiers next, in order to support them ;
and to these he added a third battalion, for valour exceeding all the
rest. The whole body he led up himself, and fell upon the enemy,
who seemed (through their firm and close order) to he impenetrable,
and not to be broken by any force whatsoever.
In the mean time he commanded others to go to defend the en«
gines, and quench the fire. Noise and clamour filled the camps,
and the trumpet giving the alarm to battle, they fell to it, fighting
180 DIODORUS SICULUS. Book X FIT.
lyith more than ordinary valour, ambitious to purchase bonoor and
renown. The Macedonians easily quenched the fire^ but in the con-
flict those with Ephialtes got the better: for^ with whomsoever he
engaged, (being of a far stronger body than any of them), he certainly
billed, and those that were upon the new wall slew many with their
darts: for upon this wall there was a wooden tower erected, an ban*
dred cubits high, full of engines for shooting of darts and arrows.
Many therefore of the Macedonians being killed, and the rest re*
treating by reason of the multitude of darts, and Memnon coming in
to the assistance of the Persians with a far greater number, the king
hunself knew not well what to do. While those that issued out ot
the town thus prevailed, on a sudden the tables were turned: finr tfie
old Macedonians (who by reason of their age were to thb time dis-
pensed with, and not called to fight, though formerly victorious in
many battles under King Philip) now, at this very instant, were
stirred up to their antient courage and resolution; and, being both
valiant and expert soldiers, (far beyond all the rest), they opbraided
the cowardice of the fresh-water soldiers, who turned their backs,
with most bitter taunts and reproaches. These presently getdng into
a body, and clapping their bucklers one into another, fell in upon the
enemy, {tiovr confident of an assured victory), and, having killed
Ephialtes, and many others, forced the rest into the city; and the
Macedonians, being mixed with the others in the night-time, entered
pell-mell with them within the waHs; but the king ordered a retreat
to be sounded, and so they returned into the camp. After this,
Memnon and the rest of the commanders consulted together, and
determined to leave the city. In execution of which resolve, they
left the best of the soldiers to keep the citadel, with sufficient provi-
sion and all other things necessary, and traqspprted themselves, with
the rest of the citizens, and all their wealth, into Coos.
Alexander about spring of day, understanding what was done,
cast a trench, and built a rampart upon it round about the castle,
and razed the city itself to the ground. Then he ordered part of his
army to march farther up into the country, in order to force other
provinces to his obedience. These forces valiantly brought under
the power of Alexander all the nations as far as to the borders of the
Greater Phrygia, and forced them to find provisions for their army.
Alexander himself subdued all the sea-coast of Asia to Cilicia,
gaining many cities by surrender, and taking several forts and castles
by storm, amongst which \here was one that was taken after a won-
derful manner, which, by reason of the rarity of the thing, is not to
be passed over.
Chap. 11. DIODORUS SICULUS. 181
tipsgggaa'.' f'ttM' 1 ,.. ' '■ ' 'isu'H ' 'JUL
In the utmost borders of Lycia, the Marmareofies*, who inha*
bited upon a great rock, and well fortified, fell upou the rear of Alex-
ander's army in their march thither, and slew many of the Macedo-
nians, and carried away a great number of prisoners and carriage-
bcHses. At which the king was so enraged^ that he resolved to be-
siege the place, and used his utmost endeavour to gain it. But the
j^armarenses, trusting to their own valour, and the strength of the
place, manfully endured the siege; for they were assaulted two day^
together without any iutermission, and were assured that the king
would not stir from thence till he had taken thcrock. The antient
men, therefore, at the first advised the younger to forbear standing it
out with such violence, and to make peace with the king upon as good
conditions as they could; which, when they denied, and all resolved
to part with their lives and the liberties of their country together, the
graver men then advised them to kill all the old men, women, and
children, and that those who were strong and able to defend them-
selves should break through their enemy's camp in the night, and fly
to the next mountains. The young men approved of the counsel, and
thereupon an edict was made..^That every one should go to his cwa
Iiouse, and eat and drink plentifully with his wife, children, and re-
htions, and then expect the execution of the decree. But some of
Ae young men who were more considerate than the rest (who were
about six hundred in the whole) judged it more advisable to forbear
killing their own kindred and relations with their own hands, but
father to set the houses on fire, and then to sally out at the gates,
and make to the mountains for their security. This was presently
agreed to, and the thing put in execution; and so every man's house
became his sepulchre : and the young men themselves broke through
the midst of their enemies, and fled to the hills near at hand. And
these were the chief things done this year.
^ Or Marmarians.
1S9 DioDORUS sicuLUS. JBook XFJL.
CHAP. III.
Mittflene taken by Memnon, Darius's general. His. weeesseK^
He dies. Charidemus the Athenian unjustly put to decUh bf^
Darius. Alexander falls sick: is recovered by Philip. Alex^,
ander seizes Alexander of LyncesteSy on account of his mother* 9^
letters. Alexander takes Issus. The memorable iaitle a|,
Jssusy tahere the mot her, wife, tivo daughters ^ and sonofDa^^
rius were taken. Alexander's noble behaviour towards thenh,
Darius' s letters and offers to Alexander. Dariiiis prepares Oifo-^
iher army.
BUT \n the following year, wherein Nicoerates was chief goirernpr,
of Athens^ and Cssio Valerius, and Lucius Papirius^ succeeded in
the consular dignity at Rome, Darius sent a great sum of money ta
Memnon^ and declared him general of all his forces. Hereupoo \^
raised great numbers of men from all parts, and, fitting out a MV|p
of three hundred sail, applied himself with great diligence to thfl;:
prosecution of the war. To that end, he brought in Chios to joia
with him. Then he sailed to Lesbos, and presently took Antiss*^
Metbymna, Pyrrha, and Erissa. But, as for Mitylene and Les-
bos*, because they were much larger, and strongly garrisoned and
well provided, he gained them not without many assaults^ and the
loss of many of his men, though he took them at length, with much
ado. The fame of this action being presently noised abroad, many
of the Cyclade islands sent ambassadors to him, to make leagoes
with him. Then there was a report spread abroad, that Memooo^
with his whole fleet, was intending to invade Eubcea, which put all
the cities into a great consternation. And some of the Grecians^
being brought into the confederacy of the Persians^ were heartened
in hopes of a change of their afiairs for the better. Besides, Memnoo
bad corrupted many of the Greeks with money to sail in the same
bottom with the Persians. But fortune put a stop to the progress of
this roan's success: for he fell sick of a mortal distemper, and died;
and, by his death, the affairs of Darius went backward: for the kingf
hoped to have transferred the whole weight of the war oat of Asia
into Europe.
But, when he heard of the death of Memnon, he called his friends
tpgcther, and asked their advice .^Whether he should send a general
* Lesbos, a citjr in Letbci. t OC Persia.
^ap.tlt. DtODOHUS ^ICULUS. 1S3
tjpsgggaa'.' f'ttM' 1 ,.. ' '■ ' ' isu'H ' 'JUL
iKTith the aniiy> or go himself in person, and try his fortune with the
Macedonians* Some were of opinion tliat the king should go hiiii<->
self, for they said that the Persians would then with more cheerfuU
ness Venture their lives* But Charidemus the Athenian, who Was in
great esteem for his valour and prudence as a general, (for, under
Philip he gained greht reputation, and was his chief and principal ad^
fiser in all his weighty aflfairs), advised Darius not to lay the kingdom
lashly at stake, but still to continue lord of Asia, and keep the govem-
fti^nt in his own hand, and to appoint an experienced general to ma-
nage the concerns of the war* And he told him, that an hundred
fliousand men, of which number a third part should be mercenaries
oot of Greece, were sufficient for the expedition, and engaged that
be would see the thing accomplished. The kitig at first agreed Ixl
what he said; but his friends peremptorily rejected this advice, sufi«
pecting that Charidemus sought for the chief command, with a de«
sign to give up all into the power of the Macedonians* Hereupoa
Charidemus was in such a rage, that he called them all cowards ^
with which words the king was much more offended than before!
and whereas anger never suffers a man to consider wisely befora
hand, Darius ordered him to be bound in it belt, (which is the maiv*
ner of the Persians), and delivered him to his guards to be put t»
death; who, when he was being led to execution, cried out_Thtt
Qie king would in a short time repent of what he had done in this
matter, and would be punished for that unjust judgment against liim
by the loss of lus kingdom. Thus fell Charidemus from the summit
of all fak hopes and expectations, through the unseasonable liberty of
his tongue* But the king, as soon as his anger was over, presendy
repented of what he had done, and accused himself as guilty of a
most horrid crime: but the power of a king could not undo that
which was past remedy. Considering, therefore, how valiaat the
Macedonians were, and musing upon the courage of Alexander, he
inquired where he might have a fit person to succeed Memooa ia
the chief command of the army; and, when none could be foond, he
was forced to run the hazard himself for the saving of his kingdom.
He forthwith, therefore, ordered all his forces to be called together
from all parts, and to rendezvous at Babylon. Then he made choice
of such of his kindred and friends as he thought fit, and to some \yt
gave commands in the army, according to their several qualities, and
others he appointed to attend upon his person, as his life-guards. As
soon as the time before fixed upon for the expedition was come, they
all rendezvoused at Babylon, to the number of four hundred thousand
foot, and an hundred thousand horse. Hence he marched awav.
-' 4 7
184 DiODORus sicuLUis. Book XPII.
■ ■ ■■■" *— ^■T^g;;^
with thb vast number of men, towards Cilicia*, taking along with
bim his mother^ wife^ and children^ that is to say^ a son and two
daughters.
In the mean time, Alexander (while Memnon was living)^ hear*
ing how Chios and the cities of Lesbos were surrendered into the
Iiands of Memnon, and that Mitylene was taken by storm, and that
be was ready to invade Macedonia with a navy of three hundred mlj
and that many of the Grecians were upon the point of revolting)^
was very much perplexed and discontented: but, as soon as be heard
of Memnon's death, his mind was more at rest. But within a short
time after he fell desperately sick, and, growing worse and worse^
sent for physicians, who, when they came, were all afraM to adminis-
ter any thing, looking upon him as irrecoverable: but there was one
Philip of Acarnania, (whose practice it was commonly to make use of
desperate medicines)^ who promised to cure him by a potion : the
king hereupon readily complied with this, especially because be heard
Darius was on his march from Babylon. Then the physician de-
livered the potion, which^ through the art and skill of Philip, and the
advantage of the natural strength of the patient, presently cuicd
the king; who being thus, beyond all hope^ recovered^ bouotifnllj
Rwarded the physician^ and received him into the number of his most
ftithful friends.
About the same time Alexander received letters from his motherj
wherein (among other things which she thought fit to advise him of)
she wished bim to have a care of Alexander of Lyncestest, who was
a very valiant man, and of a generous disposition, and not inferior to
any for his faithfulness to Alexander. But^ many things concurring
that seemed to fortify the accusation, he was seized and committed
to custody, in order to his legal trial. But Alexander, having intelli*
gence that Darius was within a few day's march, sent Pkrmenio be*
fore with the army, to gain the passes and the gates ^9 as they were
called; who, marching away with all speed, possessed himself of
them, beating off the barbarians, who were there before him. Da-
rius, that he might march with more ease, had left all his heavy bag-
gage and rabble behind him at Damascus, a city of Syria. Hence
be marcked witli all the speed he could, hearing that Alexander had
previously possessed himself of all the difficult passes and places, as
not daring to fight in the plain and open field, as he supposed. The
inhabitantj of all the places through which Alexander had passed^
slighting the inconsiderable number of the Macedonians, and
* Cilicii, Dvw CanmBia» in the Tarkish doainkmL t la Hiftdtaii.
X Sjn« Pilc» or ihc g«t«t of Sjri^
Ch^. IIL DIODORUS 8ICULU$. 185
frightened at the approach of the vast army of the Persians^ without
moy regard to Alexander^ sided with Darius^ and readily supplied
the Persians with provisions and all other necessaries, and, by the
rule of their own opinions, adjudged the victory before-hand to the
barbarians*
f o the mean time, Alexander had possessed himself of Issus*',
(surprised with the fear of his army), a considerable city of Cilicia;
and^ understanding by his spies that Darius was not above thirty
furlongs distant, and that he was even now approaching, with his
army so provided and in that order as to make them terrible to all,
he judged that the gods highly favoured him, in putting such an op-
portunity into his hands, as that, by the gaining of one victory, he
should ruin the whole empire of Persia. Hereupon he stirred up
the spirits of his soldiers, (by a speech for the occasion), encourag'-
ing them to fight manfully, now all lay at stake. His regiments of
foot and squadrons of horse he posted as the place and ground would
best allow: the horse was placed before the whole body of the foot,
which were ordered behind so as to support and relieve the horse.
Being in the right wing himself, he marched on towards the enemy
with the choicest of the horse. The Thessalian horse were in the
left, for valour and skill far excelling all the rest. And now the
armies came within the cast of a dart one of another, upon which
there flew such a shower of darts from the barbarians against them
with Alexander, that, through their multitude, they so brushed in
their flight one upon another, that their force was much abated, and
they did little harm. Then presently the trumpets on both sides
Bounded a charge, and the Macedonians were the first that set up a
great shout, which being answered hy the barbarians, all the hills
and mountains there near at hand echoed with the noise. But the
shout of the barbarians far exceeded the other, being made by five
hundred thousand men at once.
Then Alexander looked every where round about to spy out Da-
rius, whom having found, he made at him (with those horse that
were with him) with all the speed imaginable, desiring not so much
to conquer the Persians, as to gain the present victory by his own
personal valour. In the mean time, the whole body of horse engaged,
great slaughter being made on both sides; but the valour of t))o>e
engaged caused the victory to hang a long time in suspense, appeai**
ing sometimes here and sometimes there, by changes and turns. No
dart cast or stroke given by any was in vain, but did some execution,
for in such a multitude the mark was sure to be hit. So that gre. ^
numbers were wounded, and others, fighting to their last breatl^
* Imus, now LtAaato, under the Turki,
Vol. 2. No. 42. bb
186 DIODORtJS STCULOS. Jtooh XFtL
chose rather to lose their lives, than part with their honour. And
the officers, at the head of their regiments, so bravely behaved them*
selves, that they put life and courage into the commoD soldieD*
There might then be seen all sorts of wounds, and as various and
sharp contests for victory. Oxathres, a Persian, and brother of Da-
rius, a very valiant man, as soon as he saw Alexander make so
fiercely at Darius, was resolved to undergo the same fortune with bis
brother, and therefore charged Alexander's body with the best of
the horse he could make choice of out of his own troops, and, know-
ing that his love to his brother would advance his fame and reputa-
tion above all other things among the Persians, he fought close by
liis chariot, and with that courage and dexterity, that he hid many
dead at his feet; and, inasmuch as the Macedonians were as resolute
on the other side not to move a foot^ the dead bodies rose up in
heaps round about the chariot of Darius. And, every one striving to
lay hold of the king, both sides fought with great obstinacy, without
any regard of their lives. In this conflict many of the Persian no-
bility were slain, amongst whom were Antixyes and Rheomitres, and
Tasiaces, the lord-lieutenant of Egypt. And many of the Macedo-
nians likewise; and Alexander himself (compassed round by the
enemy) was wounded in the thigh. The chariot-horses of Darius^
receiving many wounds, and frightened at the multitude of carcases
that lay in heaps round about them, grew so unruly, that they would
have hurried Darius into the midst of his enemies, if he had not ia
this extremity caught hold of the reins himself, being forced thus to
make bold with the laws of the Persians, in debasing the majesty of
the Persian kings. In the mean time, his servants brought to him
another chariot, and, while he was ascending this, there arose a great
tumult, insomuch that Darius himself (by the enemy pressing hard
upon him) was in a great terror and consternation; which, whea
some of the Persians discerned, tliey began first to fly, and the horse
that were next following the example of their fellows, at length all
made away as fast as they could. ^Flie places being narrow and
strait, in their haste they trod down one another, and many perished
without a stroke from the enemy; for they lay in heaps, some with
their arms, others without them ; some held their naked swords so
long in their hands, that their fellow-soldiers ran themselves upon
them, and so were slain. But many got away into the open pfain^
and, by the swiftness of their horses, escaped to the several cities of
the allies.
During this ti^ne, the Macedonian phalanx* and the Persian foot
fought awhile; for the flight of the korse was the prelude to th»
* Battaliuo^ iboit eight tkoiuaud fool.
Chap.ni^ mODORUS 8ICULUS. 187
victory. The barbarians therefore taking to tlieir heels, and so tnany
thousands making away through the same strails, all places there-
abouts were in a short time covered with dead carcases; but the Per-
sians, by the advantage of night, got away here and there into seve-
ral places of shelter.
The Macedonians therefore left off the pursuit, and betook them-
selves to the rifling of the camp, especially the king's pavilion, be-
cause there were the richest booties; so that there was found and
carried thence vast sums of gold and silver, and exceeding rich gar-
ments and furniture; an abundance likewise of treasure belonging to
his friends and kindred, and the commanders of his army : for the
wives not only from the king's household, but from the families of
his kindred and attendants, mounted in chariots glittering with gold,
(according to the custom of the Persians), accompanied the camp in
thfiit march from place to place. And every one of these (through
their luxury and delicateness, to which they had commonly inured
themselves) carried with them abundance of rich furniture, and a
multitude of beautiful women. But the captive ladies were then ia «
a most miserable condition : for they who before, by reason of their
nicety, could scarcely be placed in their stately chariots so as to
please them, and had their bodies so attired as that no air might
touch them, now rent their garments in pieces, and^ scarce with one
simple veil to cover their nakedness, threw themselves shrieking out
of their chariots, and, with their eyes and hands lifted up to heaven,
cpist themselves down at the feet of the conquerors. Some witi^
their trembling hands pulled off all their jewels and ornaments from
their own bodies, and ran up steep rocks and craggy places, with
their hair flying about their ears; and thus meeting in throngs to-
gether, some called for help from those who wanted the relief of
others as much as themselves; some were dragged along by the hair
of their heads, others were stripped naked, and then killed, and some-
times cudgelled to death with the heavy ends of the soldier's lances*
Nay, even all manner of disgrace and contempt was poured upon
the glory of the Persians, so famous and honourable heretofore all the
world over.
But the more sober and moderate of the Macedonians, seeing that
strange turn of fortune, much pitied the condition of those miser-
able creatures, who had lost every thing that was near and dear to
them in this worid, and were now environed with nothing but stran-*
g^rs and enemies, and fallen into ipiserable and dishonourable cap-
tivity. But the mother of Darius, and his wife, and two daughters,
pow marriageable, (and his little son especially), drew tears from the
eyes of the beholders ; for their sad change of fortune, and the great*
188 DIODORUS sicuLUS. Book XFIP
ness of their sudden and unexpected calamity, (presented thus to
their view), ecu id not but move them to a compassionate considera-
tion of their present condition : for, as yet, it was not known whether
Darius was alive or dead. And in the mean time they* perceived hist
tent pillaged ai^d rifled by armed men, who knew no difference of
persons, and therefore committed many indecent and unworthy ac-
tions, and saw likewise all Asia brought under the power of a con-
quering s>Nvord as well as themselves. The wives of tho governors of
the provinces that fell at theirf feet to beg protection, were so far
from finding relief, that they themselves earnestly prayed them to
rescue them out of their present calamity.
Alexander's servants, having possessed themselves of Darius's
tents, prepared the tables and baths which were used by Darius him-
self, and lighted up many lamps, in expectation of the king, that at
his return from the pursuit he might take possession of all the furni-
ture of Darius, as an earnest of the empire and government of all Asia.
Of the barbarians there fell in this battle above an hundred and twenty
thousand foot, and no fewer than ten thousand horse. Of the Mace-
donians, three hundred foot, and an hundred and fifty horse. And
this was the issue of the battle at Issus.
But to return to the kings themselves : Darius with all his army
being thus routed, fled, and, by changing from time to time one
horse after another, the best he had, he made away with all speedy
to escape out of the hands of Alexander, and to get to the governon
of the upper provinces. But Alexander, with the best of his horse
and chiefest of his friends, pursued him close at the very heekj
earnestly longing to be master of Darius. But, after he had ridden
two hundred furlongs, he returned at midnight into the camp; and,
having refreshed his weary body in the baths, went to supper^ and
then to his rest.
In the mean time, one came to the mother of Darius, and told her
that Alexander was returned from the pursuit of Darius, and had
possessed himself of all the rich spoils of his tent. Upon which there
was heard a great shriek and lamentation amongst the women^
and, from tiic multitude of the captives condoling with the queen at
the sad news, all places were filled with cries of anguish and herror.
llie king, understanding what sorrow there was among the women^
sent Leonalus, one of his courtiers, to them, to put an end to their
fears, and to let Sisygambis, the mother of Darius, know that her
son was alive, and that Alexander would have respect to their former
dignity; and that, to confirm the promise of his generosity by his ac-
* ihe womcn-captivcsj Dariuh's wife, children, and niotht^r.
t Of the fiuit II and quccn-inotlicr of lVrii:i.
CM^. ITT. DiODORUs sictJLUd, ISg
tions, be would come and discourse with them the day following*
Whereupon the captives were so surprised with the sudden and happy
turn of their fortunes^ that they honoured Alexander as a god^ and
their fears were turned into exultations of joy.
The king, as soon as^ it was light, (with Hephaestion, one of the
trustiest of his friends) went to visit the queens. When they en-
tered, being both habited alike, Sisygambis, taking Hephsstion for
the king, (because he was the more comely aad taller man), fell
prostrate at his feet; but the attendants, by the nods of their heads,
and pointing of their fingers, directed her to Alexander: whereupon,
being much ashamed and out of countenance, by reason of the mis-
take, she saluted Alexatidcr in the same manner she had done the
other. Upon which he lifted her up, and said Mother, trouble not,
nor perplex yourself; for that man also is Alexander* By which
courteous and obliging title of mother to a grave and honourable
matron, he gave a clear demonstration of the respects and civilities he
intended towards them all.
Having therefore owned her for a second mother, he presently
confirmed his words by his actions: for he ordered her to be clothed
in her royal robes, and restored her to all the honours becoming her
former state and dignity. For he gave her all her attendants and
bousehold servants and furniture allowed her by Darius, and added
also as much more of his own bounty. He promised likewise to dis-
pose of the young ladies in marriage far better than if their father
had provided husbands for them; and that he would educate the
Icing's little son as carefully and honourably as if he were his own*
Then he called him to him, and kissed him ; and, taking notice that
he was not at all ashamed, nor seemed to be in the least affrighted,
turning to Hephcestion and those about him, ^' This youth, but six
years of age,'' said he, *^ carries in his countenance marks of a stout
and brave spirit, above his age, and is better than his father." He
further declared ^That he would take care of the wife of Darius,
that she should want for nothing, in order to the support and main-
tenance of her royal state and former prosperity. Many other kind
and gaining expressions he used, insomuch that the ladies fell a-
weeping in showers of tears, out of transports of joy, upon account
of the greatness of their unexpected felicity. After all, he at length
put forth to them his right hand to kiss, upon which not only they
who were immediately honoured with those kindnesses set forth his
praise, but even the whole army cried ^^p his incomparable grace and
clemency. And, indeed, I conceive that amongst the many brave
and noble acts of Alexander, none of thom were greater than this, or
more worthy by history to be handed down to posterity: for storming
190 DIODORUS S1CULU9. Sook XFIL
ftod taking of eities, gaining of battles^ and other successes io war^
are many times tlie events of fortune^ more than the effects of valour
8ud virtue; but to be compassionate to tbe miserable, and those that
lie at the feet of the conqueror, must be the fruit only of wisdom and
prudence. For many by prosperity grow haughty, and are so £ar
swelled with pride by the favourable blasts of fortune, that they are
cveless and forgetful of tbe common miseries of mankind; so that
it is common to sec many sink under the weight of their prosperous
successes, as a heavy burthen they are not able to bear.
Therefore, though Alexander was many ages before us who are now
living, yet the remembrance of his virtue justly challenges honour
and praise from all those that succeeded him in future generations.
As for Darius, being now got to Babylon, he mustered up his
broken troops that had escaped from the battle at Issus; and, though
lie had received so great an overthrow, he was not at all discouraged^
but wrote letters to Alexander, whereby he advised him to use his
good fortune and success moderately, and offered him a great sum of
iponey for the ransom of the captives : he promised, likewise, to give
up to him all that part of Asia, with the cities which lay Qn that side^
within the course* of tbe river Halysf, if he were willing to be his
friend.
Whereupon Alexander called a council of war, and laid before
tbem such letters as he judged most for his own advantage, but coa-
^aled the true ones; by which contrivance the ambassadors were
dismissed without any effect of their embassy.
Darius therefore concluding that things were not to be composed
by letters, employed himself wholly in making preparations for war*
To this end, he armed those soldiers that had lost their arms in the
late unfortunate battle, and raised others, and formed them into regi-
ipents. He sent, likewise, for the forces he had through haste left
behind him in the upper provinces when he first began his expeditioiu
To conclude, he was so earnest and diligent in recruiting his armyj^
that they were now twice as many as they were at Issus; for they
made up a body of eight hundred thousand foot, and two hundred
tliousand horse, besides a vast multitude of hooked chariots. These
epnsiderable actions were the events of this year.
* This was all Katoli^. t Now Casilimerj in Fapblagoma^
CRop. IV. • DIODORUS SICULUS. I9I
CHAP. IV.
^kxamder marches towards Egypt: besieges TSfte. Prodfgiee
at Tyre. The Tyrians bind ApMo with goldai chatns. SHb
ifwentions of the Tyrimis to defefui themselves. The adtamce^
sneni of BaUofninus, a poor man, to be king of Tyre. Tim
acts ofj^gis oftd Amyntas. Amyntas killed, and all his sol^
diers. Alexander takes Gaza by storm: is presented by tka
Grecians.
NICERATUS was chief governor of Athens^ and Marcus AttiHot
and Marcus Valerius were consuls at Rome, when the hundred i
twelfth Olympiad was celebrated^ wherein Grylus of Chakedoa ^
victor.
Alexander, after the battle of Issus, caused both his own, and ttiose
likewise of the enemy's that were of greatest repute for valour, to lie
buried. After he had sacrificed and given thanks to the gods, lia
bountifully rewarded ail such as Iiad valiantly behaved themselves^
every one according to his merit. After which, he gave liberty to
his soldiers for some days to recreate and refresh themselves. Tbeoee
marching with his army towards Egypt, as he came into Phcenicia
other cities readily submitted to him, and were received into his pro*
tection. But Tyre was the only city which obstinately denied him
entrance, when he desired it, in order to sacrifice to Hercules Tyriusj
at which Alexander was so enraged, that he threatened to storm
and take it by force of arms. But the Tyrians resolved to stand it
out, because they thouglit thereby to ingratiate themselves with Da*
rius; and that, for their faithfulness and loyalty to him, they con«
eluded he would bountifully reward them, who, by tliat means, had
gained him more time to recruit his army, while Alexander was de«*
tained in a troublesome and dangerous siege. And besides, they
placed their confidence in the strength of the island, and their plenti*
ful provision of all things necessary, and in the Cartbagiuiaus, from
whom they were descended.
The king therefore, though he foresaw that it would be a very dif-
ficult matter to carry on the siege, by reason of the sea, and that they
were so well provided with all things for the defence of the walls,
and had a strong navy, and that the city was separated from the
continent, so that nothing could be effectually put in execution, yet
he judged it more for bis honour to undergo all sorts of haaardsj thaa
19S BIODORUS 6ICULUS. Book XFIJi
... ^ ■ . y
for the Macedonians to be baffled with one city, and tliat too not al-
together so difficult to be gained.
He forthwith therefore demolished Old Tyre, as it was then called^
and by the stones, carried by many thousands of men, raised a mole
two hundred feet in breadth, which, by the help of the inhabitants
of the neighbouring cities^ (who were all called in for that purpose)^
was presently despatched. The Tyrians, in the mean time^ from
their ships laughed and jeered at the king, and asked him whether
be supposed himself stronger* than Neptune. Afterwards, when
they perceived (beyond whatever they thought could be done) that
the mole still increased, and was likely soon to be finished^ they de-
creed to transport their wives, children, and old people to Carthage;
and those that were young men were kept, some of them to guard
the walls, and others for sea-serviee, for they had a fleet of fourscore
sail. At length they sent away part of their wives and children^ in
order to sail by the enemy for Carthage ; but, being prevented by the
multitude of those that were at work, and not in a fit posture to fight
at sea, they were all forced to return, and abide the siege. And,
though they were plentifully supplied with engines to shoot arrows^
darts, and stones, and all other machines and instruments fit and
necessary for the defence of the walls against any assault; yet they
readily furnished themselves, as they had occasion, with many more^
for Tyre was full of gun-smiths, and artificers of all sorts. So that,
being supplied by these workmen with many new-invented engines^
every place round the walls was filled with them, especially towardt
that side where the mole was raised.
And now the work was brought by the Macedonians within the
cast of a dart, when presently a prodigy from the gods appeared to
them who were thus threatened : for the working of the sea cast a
wliale of an incredible bigness to the side of the mole; and there it
lay, without doing any harm, but remained there a good while^ lean«
ing one side of its body to the work, which struck the beholders with
much terror and amazement. After it was gone, and relumed into
the sea, both parties went to their divinations^ and each (severally
concluding as they would desire to have it) made this constrac*
tion ^That by this sign was portended, that Neptune would aid and
assist them.
There was another prodigy likewise happened, which greatly a*
mazed the common people: for, when the Macedonians were at
meat, the faces of those that broke the bread seemed to be all over
blowzy; and one of Tyre affirmed that he saw a vision, by which
Apollo told him that he would forsake the city. And, because the
common people suspected that he spoke this in favour of Alezao*
Chap^lFi moDORus sicuLiTs. 193
der^s party» tlie young men would have stoned him to death, but he
was rescued by the magistrates, and fled into the temple of Her-
cules; and so, through his pious supplication, he escaped so immi-
nent a danger.
Upon this, the Tyrians, to prevent Apollo's leaving the city, fas*
tened his image to the pedestal with golden chains. But the citi-
cenSy being put into a great fright by the increase of the mole,
loaded many little boats with engines to shoot arrows and darts,
and with slingers and archers; who, setting upon them that were
at work, wounded and killed many of tijem : for, showers of arrows
and darts being discharged upon throngs of naked men, none missed
their mark, because they all lay open and exposed to every shot,
without any defence; for they were not only wounded with darts
ID front, but (through the narrowness of the mole) they were likewise
galled in the rear^ it being impossible for any one to guard both
sides at once.
Alexander therefore, that he might repair the sudden and unex
pected loss, with all the speed he could manned as many ships as he
had, and went on board as admiral himself, and made it his business
to get into the haven of Tyre, in order to intercept the Phoenicians
in their return. Hereupon the barbarians, fearing that if he gained
the haven be would take the city itself, (those who should defend it
being now out at sea), made all the haste they could to return to
the city. And, indeed, both sides plied their oars with all their
might, in order to be the first. But the Macedonians just entering
the port before the other, the Phoenicians were every man upon the
point of being cut off; but, forcing their way through their enemies,
they returned into the city, with the loss of some of those vessels
whieh lagged behind. However, though the king missed of his de-
sign, yet he eagerly set to his work again for the finishing of the
mole, and, by a considerable number of vessels, guarded the work
for the future.
The work being brought near to the city, and the town now in a
probability of being taken, on a sudden a violent storm of wind arose,
apd tore away part of the mole : which so perplexed Alexander, that
he repented of having begun tlie siege. But, however, bein^ urged
forward by an unquenchable thirst after glory, he caused trees of an
incredible magnitude to be cut down in the niountnins, and brought
thither, and with their branches and earth piled together gave a check
to the violence of the stream.
Having, therefore, presently repaired the breach that was made,
the mole, by the help of many hands, was brought again within the
cast of a dart, and, by engines mounted upon it, he battered down
Vou2. No. 42. cc
194 DiODORus sicuLirs. BookXFlL
the walls, and, by shot with darts atid arrows out of engines, beat off
the enemy from the bulwarks: with these, likewise, both archers
«nd slingers iplied the besieged, and grievously wimnded and gvDed
many of the townsmen upon the walls^ Btit the Tyrians, being ac*
customed to the sea, and having many artificers and contrivers of
engines, used many arts and ingenious inventions to preserve them-
selves: for, against the shot, they contrived wheels with many
spokes, which, being whirled about by an engine, shattered in piecea
some of the darts and arrows, and turned off others, and broke the
force of all the rest : and, to give a check to the violence of the stones
that were shot out of the ballistas, they prepared wool^packs, and
other things that were soft and pliant, to receive them.
. But the king, not contented to assault the city only from the mole,
girt the town round with his whole fleet, and diligently viewed all
parts of the walls, as if he resolved to besiege the place both by sta
and land. Tlie Tyrians not daring to engage him at sea, he de-*
atroyed three ships that were then by chance in the mouth of tha
harbour, and then returned to his camp* But the Tyrians, that they
might make their walls as strong again as they were before, raised
another wall, ten cubits broad, and five cubits distant from the for-
mer, and filled the empty space between the two walls with earth
and stones.
Alexander likewise made a battery, by joining many of his ships
together, and planted \x\Km them all sorts of rams and battering en-
gines, whereby he beat down a hundred feet of the wall, and at-
tempted to break into the city over the ruins: upon which the Ty-
rians discharged a shower of darts and arrows, and, with much ado,
repulsed the enemy, and the night following repaired that part of the
wall which had been battered down.
But, after that the passage to the city, by the joining of the mole
close to the \\^ll$, wa$ made, as if it had been a i>eninsula, there vrere
many and sharp contests both to gain and defend the walls: for,
though they had imminent destruction before their eyes, and the
miseries attendant upor> a town's being tJikea by storm, yet they wera
so resolved to go through all dangers, that they despised death itself.^
For, when the Macedonians approached with towers of that height
that they equalled the battlements, and cast out planks, whereof one
of the ends lay upon the top of the ramparts, and so by a bridg*
mounted the walls, the Tyrians, by the ingenuity of their artificers,
were supplied with many sorts of engines and weapons for their ef-
fectual defence: as, amongst others, they had very great three-forlied
hooks*^, which they cast close at hand, and therewith wounded then
* TridcuCs ibt inTriitiou of the T\ imok
CAqi* IPl DIOOORU8 SICULUS. 195
ia the towers, (to which were fastened cords, one end whereof they
held themselves), and, by fixing these in the targets of their ene-
mies, they plucked them out of their hands : for, to that necessity
and strait the Macedonians were brought, that they must either stand
naked and exposed (without defensive arras) to a multitude of darts
and arrows, and so be wounded to death, or else, out of a point of
honour, to stick to their arms, and so perish, by being plucked head-
long out of the towers. Others threw fishing-nets upon them that
were engaged upon the bridges laid to the walls, and so entangled
th^r hands, that they drew them off, and tumbled them headlong to
the ground.
Another wonderful invention they found out against the Macedo«
Dians, whereby they grievously plagued the chiefest of their ene*
mies, which was this : they filled their iron and brazen shields with
sand, and heated them in the fire till the sand was scorching hot,
which by an engine they threw upon them that were chiefly engaged,
whereby they were cruelly tormented; for, the sand getting within
their breast-pktes and coats of mail, and grievously scorching their
flesh, no remedy could be applied for the cure of the maUdy: so that
(though they made most bitter complaints, as men ui)on the rack)
yet there were none who were able to help them, insomuch that they
grew mad by the extremity of the torture, and died in the height of
inexpressible torments.
In the mean time, the Phoenicians never ceased casting fire-darts
and stones at their enemies, so that they were scarce able to endure
itp the multitude was so excessive. Moreover, with long poles with
sharp hookS; at the end, they cut the cords of the battering-rams in
pieces, (which forced them forwards), whereby the force of the en*
gine was lost: apd they shot out of machines for the purpose large
inassy pieces of red hot iron into the midst of great multitudes of
the assailants, which, by reason of the number of those against whom
they were discharged, were sure to do execution. They plucked,
likewise, men in armour from off the ramparts with iron instruments
palled crows, aad others shaped like men's hands. And, having
maqy bands at work, tliey eluded all the enemy's engines, and killed
multitudes of then). And, although the service was so amazing,
and tl>e conflict so sharp, tliat it was scarcely to be endured, yet the
Macedonians remitted nothing of their antient valour, hut made
their way over the bodies of those that were slain, not at all dis-
couraged by the misfortunes of others, In the mean time, Alex«>
ander battered the walls with inassy stones shot out of his engines,
and grievously galled the besieged with arrows and darts, and all
sorts of shot, from th^ wooden towers. To prevent this mischief^
196 MKMntmr simmos.
AeiyriaiisplMedMrMe whceb bHbMtbe^ivril^
ramd by certain engines, ud witb«MJe tbcJr'riUwr >bl«ll«tik IfM
in pieces, or so tlirew tliem off; tliat ffacy i^eta inefllMttIb '«*llii|'ii
aUey dir fiDree of tiie stohes shot agninst the wall^ ihLf%metlS»jg^
tber liides end siiins Ajlisd'ofer to receive them, fiMeh^ liieelli^NMh
what was soft and pliant, tlieir foife was thereby *amieli nbtlift ^'•^ .
* To coDclttde, the Tyrian's were not shmt in any iMog KhkiMll
.their valour might be made to appear Isr' the defenee H thff^^^Mllh
And, benig sufficiently supported with>fnih aid, ihqf we^lb-tiMtiMft
coorageons, atid'to^hat degree, thai dtey left the tidb ntttf faHftH
and leaped out upon the bridges to oppose the assailants, ttd^tllll '
• to hand, fought smartly m defence of jfliA' eonntiy.* Thf ta'wftfVimm
who, with axes, cut oflF whole Hoibs 'stoneo of «H ^thttt wme^ialMr
way. For, among the rest, there was OM' AdmetOM^^^liltalfedMili
captain, a stioog and vaKant man^ %rhoi ib ** Mat-if 'Htf'CiMAk
.with the Tyriansy had his head^loren in the mJJMJa wWrajj^famjart!
•soperished. '-■. w v^-iswA '
Alezander/seeing that the Tjvians had the best of i^-lNA 1i||jlk
: aM>roachiog, sounded a letreat. AM, faideed,«t ftrat hetaHiatglfhi
of ratting the siege, and going on with his expeditiort'tito'Ugy^
^But he presently changed hU mind^looliing upon has base itfll &j^
•bonoumble to giTe^upall the glory to thel>riinar«lid'ilhnMdtfHb
set himself again to carry on the siege, though he^had'orily rtiM'i lifMl '
friends called Amyntas, the brother of Andromenes^ wbo^ipprtiull of
• his resolution. '-< tw i: jii c uiuiA itua
Having, therefore, enoonii^d the Maeedonkns 'to >MlAi ^AiM,
.aud furnuhed his fleet with all tlnngs neetisiiyi h^btiiiiWlfcMUl^f
both by sea and kndt and, observingltbat that part of wirsttlMr
the arsenal was weaker than ^ rest^he bmiight aH^his |tfiiij
(which carried his best engines), chained Ariit togethlw^W^lliirilliiil,
There he attempted an act which the beholden uimM^IM^Hli,
though they saw it with their eyes. For he cast a'|ilaailr««Ma %
wooden tower, with one end upon the battiameBts of the waHs/an*^
bridge^ and by this himself alone mounted the rampart, not regaafing .
any danger, nor in the least affirig^bted with the violent awaalta off tha
TyfiADs; ^^U in the view of that army which liaidteonqnifodPilte
Persians, be shewed bis own pcTBOoal valour, and eallcd^to ffawMhce*
donians to follow him, and was the first tliat came hand to Indiidwidi
the enemy; and, killing some with his spear, others with his aWovd,
.and tumbling down many with the boss of liis buckle^ lie thus al*
layed the courage of his adversaries.
lu the mean time, the rams battered down a great part of the wall
in another place. Aud row .the Macedoniatis entered- through the
bmch on one side, and Alexander with his party passed over the
will in ftDother, so that tlie city was now taken ; yet the Tyrians
Taibntly exerted themselves, and, encouraging one another, guarded
Mtti blocked op all the narrow passes, and fought it out to the last
man, ioaomuch that above seven thousand were cut in pieces upon
the place. The Icing made all the women and children slaves, and
bang np all the young men that were left, to the number of two
thoosand. And there were found so creat a number of captives, that,
ihoogli the greatest part of the inhabitants were trnnsportf d to Car-
fhiCV, yet the remainder amounted to thirteen thousand. Into such
great miseries fell thcTyrius, after they had endured a siege of scvea
■Kmths with more obstinacy than prudence.
Then the king took a%vuy the golden chains from the image of
Apollo, and caused that grK) to be called Apollo Philaxnndrus*.
When he had ofiered splendid sacrifices to Hercules, and rewarded
thoM who liad signalized their valour, he honourably buried the dead,
and made one Ballominus king of Tyre. But it ^ouid be a thing
jnsily to be condemned to neglect to give a further account of this
man, whose advancement and wonderful change of condition was so
cxtraordiiaary.
After Alexander had gained the city, Strato, the former prince, by
I of his faithfulness to Darius, was deprived of the command:
rhich the king gave power and liberty to Hephaestion to tiestov
the kingdom of Tyre upon which of his friends he pleased. Hephscs-
tioo hereufion, being inclined to gratify one who hud courteously en-
tntained him, resolved to invest him with the principality of Tyre;
hot he, though he was very rich and honourable, above the rest of
hs fellow-citi/ens, yet (because he was nut of the lineage of the
ttDg») refu>ed it. Then Hephxestion wishid him to name some one
that was of the royal blood; he thereupon told him of one who was
i ferr pmdcut and good man, but extremely |KX)r. Heph<f*stion
hcrenpon granted the principality to htm, and the oHicer assigned for
that purpose was sent away with the royal robes, and found him in
in orchard, in rags, drawing of water for hi:» hiie. Having intumicd
him of the change and alteration in his cundtiion, he clothed him
with the robe and other ornannMits becoming his state ami di^^niity,
and then introduced him into the foium, and there declared hiin
kiugofTyre. Which unexpected and wonderful occuirence was very
acceptable Vj the people.
Thus he obtained the kingdom, and was ever after a most fiiitliful
friend to Alexander, and an example to all who are unacquainted with
* 1 bat », • loTrr of Alexander.
19S JMODOEUft WWI#8.
tbe aaddeo and nurious turaa (rf fortune in this wwU*. Hatiiigi
fcUned the acts of Atesandq', we shaU toni taaflUnKelsiDirlteM^ ,
,' lpEurope,Agisykiiig€rflAced«iiH»^ha?iDgenlMW^
aBerccnaries who escaped from the iMttle at Uma^ h^gM aqnie mm
diBturbances ia favour of Daiios; for^ having received fimn jhiei a
(rcat sum of mooey aad a fleet, he sailed.iataC|ete^WMi|^JH|faoif|f
aaany towns there, he forced them to side with the Pepjpip, ; .|ftffi|i
tas likewise, an exile of Macedonia, who had fled taDlvppSAa
with the Persians in Cilicia, escaping with i
ant of the battle of Issus, passed over to TripoBs, ».]
^leauuader's arrival;, and there he aiade choice miiffsot ao>.pamr^,
the navy as would transport his soldiers^ aod bori^.thenil.. ^Iffitl^
these he sailed to Cyprus, and from thence, being well fiirafslis4;intii
soldiers and shipping, be passed over to Peloamiy.eiid, hpfvj^fteppb
feted the city^ he pretended tbatDariua had seitf bmtt».t|e<biirig»
neral, because the late governor of E|gypt was killed in tht.hattliljli
Cilicia. Thence he sailed to Memphis, and fouted the jnhphUtilP
in a field-fight near to the city; who not loi^; after |sU i
soldiers, straggling out of the town, and pinndering the <
they were in that disorder, carrying away what they coiild.fSVMlr^ *
Amyntas and evcfy man with him.
Id this manner Amyntas, as he was prqectip^. grciit i
suddenly disappointed, and lost his life. So likewise other
|iod captains of the army that survived the battle . of bsqs rtill adl^w^
to the Persian interest : for some secured ^([ivenieni( citieB and gpqr
sons for Darius, and others procured severs} provinces to rafse solJiepn
for him, and provide oth^r things necessary, as thepiesfiiit eajgqifiy
of afiairsi required. ,j
In the mean time, the general senate of Greece made a decfee,Mit
send fifteen ambassi|dofs to present e gfdden crown.to AlewDilcra.fli
congratulation of his victory at Issus, who was at tlu^t tim^ hfsi^i^
Gaza, a garri^n qf the Persians^i which he tock by assaultgi i^ftWiift
two months siege*
fik^. ft DIODORUS 8ICULUS. I99
CflAP. V.
Maamder tnakes u journey to tie temple of Jupiter Ammatu
He ispreaemM by the Cyreneane. The description of the place
about the temple. The wonderful properties of the fimntaim
SoUs. The bmlding of Aleximdria. Alexander's answer to
. J}arius*s mnbassadors. Alexander passes over the river Tigris
with great hazard. The preparationa on both sides for battle^
■ T%e Persiams routed at the famous battle at Arbeku
ARISTOPHANES was now chief governor of Athens, aodSparsufl
Posthumins and Titus Viturtas were invested with the dignitj of
consuls at Rome, when Alexander^ after the taking of Gasa, sent
Amyntas with ten sail into Macedonia, with orders to enlist the
stoutest of the young men for soldiers. And, in the mean time, he
b'imself marched forward with tlie whole army towards Egypt, and^
eomtng there, all the cities submitted to him without fighting*
For, because the Persians had wickedly violated their holy rites, and
domineered imperiously over them, they most iiillingly received the
Macedonians*
* Having settled his aCiirs in E^3rpt, he undertook a journey to the
temple of Ammon, to consult with the oracle there. When he was
in the midst of his journey, he was met by the ambassadors of Cy-
rene, presenting him with a crown and other rich gifts, among which
were three hundred war-horses, and five of the best chariots, drawn
by four horses each. These he accepted, and made a league of peace
and amity with then; and then, with those that attended him, went
forward in his journey to the temple. When they came to the
parched and dry deserts, (for they had taken water along with them),
diey passed through a region which was notliing but heaps of
sand. After the fourth day their water was spent, so that they were
in an extremity of distress. While they were in this great per-
plexity, and knew not what to resolve, a sudden and unexpected
shower of rain then falling, supplied all their present necessities^
which unexpected preservation they imputed to the kindness and
providence of the gods.
Having furnished themsehcies out of a valley with as much water
as was sufficient for four days, in that time they passed over this
dire and scorching desert ; but, in regard there was no visible path,
by reason of the great heaps of sand, those who led the way told
fiOO DioDORUS sicuLUS. Book XFIf^
the king that there were crows, which^ by their croaking at the right
hand, directed them the way to the temple; which the king taking
as a happy omen, and thereupon concluding that his coming was
' grateful and acceptable to the gods, he went forward on his joumej
with more cheerfulness. The next place he came to was called the
Bitter Pond : having travelled thence a hundred furlongs, he paned
by the cities of Ammon^ and in one day's journey more cane to the
grove of the god.
The scite of the temple is surrounded with a vast dry and aaody
desert, waste and untilied ; but the grove itself is fifty furlongs broad,
and as many long, full of pleasant fountains, and watered with nm-
ning streams, richly planted with all sorts of trees, most of them
bearing fruit.
The temperature of the air is a constant spring. And, tboagfa all
the places round it are dry and scorching, yet to all that live there
the heavens afford a most healthful climate. It is reported that thia
temple was built by Danaus the Egyptian.
Towards the east and west part of this sacred ground the Ethio^
pians inhabit; towards the north the Numidians, a people of Africa;
and towards the south the Nasamenes. The Ammoni, the inha-^
bitants of the sacred grove, live in villages. In the middle of the
grove is a castle fortified with a treble wall: within the first stands
the palace of the antient kings; within the other was the Gyae-
csum, where were the apartments for the wives, children, and kin-
dred of the prince, and stood as a common fortress and guard to the
whole place; and lastly, the temple itself, and the sacred lavrr,
wherein they washed the sacrifices. Within the third, were the
lodgings of the archers and darters, and guard-houses of those who
attend as guards upon the prince when he walks abroad. Not tu
from the castle, out of the walls, stands another temple of Amittoiiy
shaded round with many fruit-trees; next to which is a ibantain^
called Solis, from the natural effects of it: for the water diflers in its
temper, according to the several hours of the day. For, about son-
lising it Is luke-warm; afterwards, as the day comes on, it grews
colder and colder every hour, till noon, at which time it is at the
coldest ; and thenceforward, till evening, the cold abates by degrees;
and, when night approaches, it waxes liot again, and increases by
little and little till midnight, at which time it boils, through intense*
ness of heat. From that time it cools by degrees, till sun-risiog^
and then is luko-warm again, as it was before.
The image of the god is adorned in every part with emeralds and
other precious stones, and delivers his oracles in a singular and un-
usual way: for he i> carried about in a golden ship by fourscora
Chap. V. DiODORUs sicuLUS, sol
priests, who make to that place whither the god by a nod of his head
directs them.
There follows a great maltitude of matrons and young virgins,
singiiig Pffians ail the way as they go, and setting forth the praises of
the idol, in songs composed after the style and custom of their own
country.
When Alexander was introduced by the priests into the temple,
and saw the god, one of the old prophets addressed himself to him,
and said.^*^ God save thee, my son, and this title take along with
thee from the god himself." To whom he made answer ^^ I ac-
cept it, my father, and if you will make me lord of the whole world,
your SOD 1 will ever be called.'' Upon which the priest approached
near tlie altar; and when the men, (who according to custom lifted up
the image), at the uttering of some words as signs for that purpose,
moved forward, the priest answered ^^ That the god would certainly
bestow upon him what he had desired." Thi& was very acceptable
to Alexander.
But then he further said " I entreat thee, O God, that thou
wouUst let me know what I have yet to inquire, and that Is, whether
I have executed justice upon all my father's murderers, or whether any
have escaped?'' At which the oracle cried out — ^< Express thyself
better, for no mortal can kill tliy father, but all the murderers of
Philip have suffered just punishment."
He added further — '^ Tliat his wonderful successes and prosperous
achievements, were evidences of his divine birth: for, as he was
never yet overcome by any, so he should be ever victorious for the
time to come/'
Alexander, being greatly pleased with these answers, after he had
bestowed many rich and stately gifts upon the oracle, returned back
on his way for Egypt, where he intended to build a great city. In
order whereunto, wlien he came there, he directed the overseers of
this work to build it between the marshes and the sea, and measured
out tlie ground himself, and marked out the streets, and called it
Alexandria, after his own name. It had a very commodious situa-
tion, being near to the haven of Pharos^. He ordered and con-
trived the streets with that prudence as that the Etesian winds
should, by their comfortable gales, refresh all parts of the city: for
these so cool the air by their breezes from the great seaf, that the
inhabitants, by so welcome and delightful a temperature of the heat,
are very healthy. He likewise drew a large and wonderfully strong
* Ao island near Egjpt, now joined to Alexandria by a brl(jgf*« though formerly a
da;j's sail, as Honer says.
t The Mediterranean.
Vol. 2. No. 42, J>p
802 DI0D0RU9 SICULUS- Book XFIL
wall round tlie city; and, inasmuch as it lay between a large pond on
the one side, and the sea on the other, there were but two oanoir
ways and passes by laud to h; so that it was easily defended by a
small guard. The city was in form like unto a soldier's coat^ one
large atid beautifully^buiit street running almost ihrough the middle
of the town, in length from gate to gate forty furlongs, in breadth an
hundred feet, adorned with most stately structures, both of temples
and private houses. Alexander likewise built a large and stately
palace, of most admirable workmanship; and not only Alexander^
but all the succeeding kings of Egypt from time to time, to our pre-
sent age, have enlarged this palace with most costly and sumptuous
buildings. The city likewise itself has been enlarged in after times;
so that by many it is reported to be one of the greatest and most noble
cities in the world ; for beauty, rich revenues, and plentiful provision of
all things for the comfortable support of roan^s life, far excelling aH
others; and far more populous than any other: for, when I was la
Egypt, I was informed by them that kept the rolls of the inhabitants.^
That there were above three hundred thousand freemen who inhabited
theire, and that the king received above six thousand talents out of
the yearly revenues of Egypt. But, when the king bad appointed
some of his friends to oversee and take care of the building of Alex*
andria, and had settled all the afiairs of Egypt, he returned with bis
army into Syria.
As soon as Darius had intelligence of his coming, he got all his
forces together, and prepared all things necessary in order to fight
him : for he ordered the swords and lances to be made much longer,
thinking by that advantage Alexander gained the victory in Cilicia.
He provided, likewise, two hundred hooked chariots, dn^wn by four
horses each, so contrived as to strike terror into the hcaits of his
enemies: for in every one of them, on both sides the horses which
drew the chariots by iron chains, darts of three spans long were fixed
in the ycaks,vvith their points full in the faces of the enemy. Upon
the Irjwer i>arts of the axle-trees were two others fastened exactly a^
those before, pointing into the faces of the enemy, but longer and
broader; and at the top of them were fixed sharp hooks. Having
completely furnisJicd and set forth his army, with glittering arms and
stout commanders, he marched from Babylon with eight hundred
thousand foot, and no less than two hundred thousand horse. In hif
march, the Tigris was on his right, and the Euphrates on his left hand;
where he passed through a very rich country, abounding in forage
for his liorse, and supplying s.ufhcient provision of all things for bia
ftoldieis.
He made all the haste he could to reach Nlneveb> there to fight
Chap. K DIODORUS SICUIUS. «03
the enemy, because it was a large and champaign country, conveni-
ent for the drawing out of so great an army. When he came to a
village called Arbela, he there encamped, and every day drew up his
army in battalia, and trained and exercised them ; for he was much
afraid lest among so many nations^ differing in language one from
another, there should be nothing but tumult and confusion in the
heat of the fight. He had, indeed, but lately before sent ambassa-
dors to Alexander, to treat upon terms of peace, and had offered to
him all the countries lying within the river Halys, and two thousand
taleiks of silver; and now he sent others to him, m\xi:\\ commending
him for his generous and honourable usage of his mother and the
rest of the captives, and desired to make peace with him, and offered
all the land^ lying within the river Euphrates, with three thousand
talents of silver, and one of his daughters in marriage; and further
promised ^Tiiat if he would be content to be his son^in^^law, he
should be joint partner with him in the kingdom.
Alexander imparted all these proposals, offered to Kim by Darius,
to his friends, wliom he called together for that purpose, and wished
tbem freely to deliver their opinions in this matter. When none
durst speak their minds in a business of such great importance. Par-
menio stood up, and said ^' If I were Alexander, I would accept of
the terms offered, and make peace.'' To whom Alexander replied...
** And if I were Parmenio, I would do the same/* And so, uttering
several other words manifesting a greatness and nobleness of mind,
he rejected the conditions offered by the Persians; and, preferring
honour before profit or other advantage, he spoke to the ambassadors
in this manner^' As two suns in the heaven would disorder the
course of the universe, so two kings reigning together upon earth
would turn all into tumult and confusion/' Therefore he com-
manded them to tell Darius ^That if he affected the superiority, then
to come and try it out with him for the whole empire by the sword;
but, if he preferred wealth and ease before honour, that then he
should submit to Alexander; and so he might reign over others as a
king, but yet receive his kingdom at the haqds v)f Alexander, as a fruit
of his bounty.
Having said this, he presently after broke up the assembly, and
marched with his army towards tlie enemy's camp. In the mean
time the wife of Darius died, and Alexander buried her honourably
according to her quality. When Darius received Alexander's answer,
he was out of all hopes of putting an end to the war by letters and
messages, and therefore he trained his soldiers every day, thereby
making them more ready and willing to observe all words of commaDd
nrhciiCver they hb'Juld engage,
204 DIO0ORUS SICULIT9. Book XFIL
In the mean while he sent Mazseus, one of his faithful friends,
ivlth a batialion of stout men to guard the passage over the river
Tigris^ and secure the ford. Others he commanded to bum up all
X\\^ countiy through whicii the enemy was to pass; for he resolved
to make use of the river as a defence and bulwark against the enemy's
approach.
But Mazaeus observing that the river was not passable, both by
reason of its depth, and swiftness of its stream, waved the guarding
of it, and e/npL'yed himself in wasting and destroying the country;
conducting that when that was done, the enemy could not pass that
way tlirough want of provisions.
Alexander, when h- came to the river Tigris, (being informed by
the inhabitants where the ford lay), passed his army over, but with
very great toil and extreme hazard; for the water came up above
their breasts, and several were taken off their feet, and hurried away
by the violence of the stream; many others, likewise, were borne
away, and perished through the rapid course of the water, involving
itself within their arms. Alexander, to withstand the violence of
the water, ordi red his men to stand close in a body together, like a
rampie: against the stream : by this means they got safe over; and
after so much danger and difficulty, he permitted them to refresh
themselves fv)r< ne day. The next day he marched in battalb against
the enemy, and at length eneamped near to them. But while he
revolved in his mind the vast number of the Persian army, and what
gieat dijlieulties he had to cepe with, and that now all lay at stake,
he s[)ont ail timt night in anxious thoughts concerning the event.
Bui he fell into so deep a sleep about the morning watch, that though
the stin was now up, yet he could not be awaked. His friends at the
first were very glad of it, as jud;^ing the longer he rested the more
lively he would be, and so more able to bear the fatigues of the day.
But time drawing far on, and the king still fast asleep, Parmenio,the
oldest of the commanders, gave command through the army to pre-
pare for an engagement. The king sleeping still, some of his friends
stept in to him, and had much ado to awake him. While all won-
dered at a thing so unusual, and expected to hear the cause from
himself, " Now," says Alexander, " I am free from all fear and care
concerning Darius, who has brought his whole strength together into
one place ; for by one day's battle for the trial of all, I shall be quit
and discharged of all my hazards and toils for the time to come*
Upon which, without any delay, he made a speech to encourage his
officers to pluck up their spirits, and with courageous hearts to en-
counter all the dangers that were before them. Upon which he
marched in battalia against the barbarians^ with the horse in front of
Chap. V. DTODORUS sicutus. SOI
bis «nny. The right wing was commanded by Clitas, surnamed
Niger, wherein were other special friends under the command of
Phtlotas, tlie son of Parmenio, supported by seven other regiments
of horse under the same commander. After them were placed the
battalion of foot called Argyraspides^, glittering in their arms, (most
excellent soldiers), led by Nicanor the son of Parmenio; to support
them he placed next the squadrons of Elimeaf, whose leader was
Cenus. In the next squadron stood the Oresteans and Lyncestians,
whose captain was Perdiccas; next to these was Meleager with hb
^uadron; and after him Polysperchon commanded the Stympha-
lians; and next to him Philip the son of Balacrus commanded another
squadron; and after him Craterus. To the squadrons of horse
before-mentioned were joined, as auxiliaries, those from Peloponnesus
and Achaia, together with the Piithiots, Malians, Locrians, and
Phocians, commanded by Erigyus of Mitylene. After these were
placed the Tliessalians, (for valour and horsemanship far beyond all
the rest), whose commander was Philip. Next to these he drew up
the archers from Crete, and the mercenaries from Achaia.
Both wings were drawn up into the form of an half moon, that
the Macedonians might not be hemmed in by the multitude of the
Persians. The king provided against the hooked chariots, that they
might not break in upon them, by this contrivance: he commanded
the foot, tliat when the chariots advanced near in their career, they
should strike with their javelins upon their shields locked one into
another, that the horses, frightened with the noise, might start back;
bot that if they still pressed forward, in order to force their way, that
then they should open, that so they might shun them without any
prejudice. He himseff took upon him the command of the right wing,
and drawing up in au oblique line^ resolved to venture himself wher-
ever there was any danger.
Darius drew up his army according to the distinction of the several'
nations, and advanced against the enemy in that wing opposite to
Alexander. And now both armies drew near one to another, and the
trumpets on both sides gave the signal for battle, and the soldiers
made at one another with a great shout, and forthwith the hooked
chariots rushing forward with a mighty force, greatly amazed and
terrified the Macedonians. For Mazaeus, the general of the liorse^
charging with a great body close after the chariots, caused them ta
be more terrible. In the midst of the action a mighty crash and ■
dreadful noise was made on a sudden by the foot soldiers striking
with their javelins upon their bucklers, as the king had commanded j;
* SUf er shields, t Elimea, a city of Maccdtmia.
S06 DIODORUS SICULU5. Book XFIL
tipon which many of the chariots (through the fright of the horses)
were turned aside, and the horses being altogetlier ungovernatile^
made away back again into the Persian army; most of the rest of the
diariots breaking in among the foot, by opening to make way, were
eitlier quite destroyed by darts and arrows, or diverted. Some indeed
fi)rced their way with that violence, that with their hooks they bore
down all before them, and many perished by several sorts of deadly
wounds. For such was the force and violence, together with the
s}yarpness of the hooked scythes contrived for destruction, that many
had their arms with their shields in their hands cut off; acid not &
few had their heads so suddenly sheared off, that they tumbled to the
ground, with their eyes open, and their countenances the same as
when they were alive. Some were so mortally gashed, and cut
tiirough their sides, that they forthwith fell down dead.
When the armies came closer together, and all their darts and
arrows, both from their bows and slings, and those cast by the handj
were spent, they fell to it hand to hand. The first charge was by
the horse, the Macedonians being in the right wing opposite to Da^
tins, who commanded the left of the Persians, in which were his
kindred and near relations. For there was a rcgimentof a thousand
horse, composed only of such as were in the greatest reputation and
account for their valour and special love to the king. These having
him a spectator of their valour, readily and cheerfully received all the
darts that were cast at the king. They were seconded by the Mele-
phoiians, who were numerous and stout men, and with them were
joined tlie Mardians and Cissians, men admired for their courage^
and the bulk of their bodies. Besides these, there were those of the
king's household, and some of the stoutest of th^ Indians. All these
made a fierce charge with a great shout upon the Macedonians, wha
were put very hard to it by reason of their multitude. Mazseus^
likewise, in the right wing, with a brave body of hors^ charged with
tliat briskness that he laid many at his feet at the first onset. TheQ.
lie ordered two thousand Cadusian horse, and a thousand more of the.
Scythians, to take a compass round the enemy's wings, and to break
in upon the trenches that defended their carriages; who presently
thereupon put in execution what they were commanded. Tliaa
having forced into the Macedonian camp, some of the prisoners
caught up arms and joined with the Scythians, and rifled the car«»
riages. Upon which, through the suddenness of the surprise, a great
noise and clamour arose throughout the whole camp. Then other
prisoners ran in to the barbarians. But Sisygambis, the mother of
Darius, would not stir, though she was moved to it, but with a kind
of affectionate regard to her condition, continued in the same plac^^
Chap, f^ DIODORUS SICULUS. SO/
not trusting to the uncertain turns of fortune, nor judging it fit aiwl
honourable to manifest so much ingratitude .towards Alexandef.
The Scythians having at length rifled most of the carriages, returned
to Mazffius, and gave him an account of the happy success. With
the like good fortune that body of horse with Darius put the Mace*
donians (overpowered with numbers) to flight. While the victory
jeemed thus to incline to the Pei^ians by this second saccess, Akx«
ander making it his ohly business with all possible speed to rally his
broken forces, and to repair bis losses, charged Darius with his own
brigade^ and some others ;Of the bravest horse in the array, Tbe
Persian king received the enemy's charge with great resolution, and
, fgliting mounted upon his chariot, despatched many with darts that
assaulted him ; neither were they few that defended him. And while
both kings were eager to destroy each other, Alexander, in throwing
a dart at Darius, missed him, but killed his chariot-driver. Upoa
which those about the king that were at some distance set up a great
cry, believing tliat the king was killed; and forthwith betook them*
selves to flight, and then the next to them followed. Presently the
troops next to Darius himself gave ground by degrees, till such time
as be was left naked on one side; and then lie himself in a great
consternation made away with all speed. The Persians being thus
dispersed, the horse in their flight raised so great a cloud of duf^t,
that Alexander and his men, who pursued close after the enemy,
could not see which way Darius fled. Nothing was heard but the
groans of dying men, the trampling of horses, and continual noise
and lashing of whips. In the mean time Mazseus in the right
wing having the * bravest and stoutest horse of any of tlie Per-
sians, pressed grievously upon those troops with whom he was
eogaged. So that though Parmeniq with the Thessalian horse, and
others joined with them, were greatl^ distressed, yet he bore tlie
hrunt for some time, and at first through his own valour, and the
bravery of the Thessalian horse, worsted the Persians; but the horse
with Mazaeus, by their number bearing down the other, that wing of
tbe Macedonians was quite routed, so that a great slaughter was made,
and there was now no standing before the barbarians. Parmenio
therefore sent horsemen after Alexander to entreat his assistance with
all speed, wlio liastened to execute the orders and command given:
but when they heard that a great part of the army liad fled, they re-
turned without going farther. However, Parmenio bestirring him-
self, and rallying his troops as well as he could, with the assistance
of the Thessalian horse hewed down many of his enemies, and at
length, with much difficulty, put the barbarians to flight, who
f08 DIODORUS 8ICULUS. Book XVII.
were in amazement and consternation at lieariog that Darius bad
fled.
Darius in the mean time being an expert general, and helped bjr
the-tliick cloud of dust, took not his course strait forward like the
rest, but turned a different way $ and so being not discerned^ (bf
reason of the dust rising so high), escaped clear away, and brooght aU
those that went with him safe into the towns and villages behind Aft
Macedonians.
At length all the barbarians taking to flight, and the MaocdonlaBt
killing all that were in the rear, in a short time all that large {Ada.
was covered over with dead carcases. Tiiere were killed ia itSSf*
battle, of the barbarians, horse and foot, above ninety thousand |Jd#^:
the Macedonians, five liundred only, but great multitudes woundedt
amongst whom Hephsestion, one of the bravest of Alexander's ooai«
manders, and captain of his guard, was shot through the arm with a
dart. Perdiccas, Cenus, Menidas, and some others likewise
wounded. And this was the issue of the battle at Arbela,
CHAP. VI.
The Grecians conspire to revolt. Menmon rebels in 2%rae«;
Antipater marches against him. The LacediJetfumians raise am
army; arc routed by Antipater, and Agis their king killed*
ARISTOPHON was at that time lord chancellor of Athens^ and
Cneius Domitius and Aulus Cornelius were created Roman consals^
when many of the cities of Greece, upon the news of the victory at
Arbcla, began to bestir themselves to defend their antient liberties,
whilst the Persians had any power left to assist them; and therefafe
resolved to assist Darius with money to raise foreign soldiers from all
parts. For they concluded that Alexander durst not divide his army
lest he should disturb them; but if they should suffer the Persians to
be destroyed, they were not able of themselves to defend their
liberties. And an insurrection iu Thrace encouraged them the more
to revolt: for Memnon being sent general into Thrace, having both
courage and force sufficient, at the instigation of the barbarians,
rebelled, and with a great army now appeared in open war. Upon
which Antipater gathered all his forces together, and marched through
Ctiyi. Vff- SAOf^yvdt sicyius* a09
Macedonia into Thrace^ against Memnon. Things thus falling out,
the Lacedaemonians judging that a fair opportunity was now offered
them to prepare for war, solicited the Grecians to confederate toge-
ther for their remaining liberties. But the Athenians, in regard
they had received many kindnesses and marks of honour from Alex-
andeiy beyond all the rest of tht dtiea, continued quiet and firm iu
tbrirdttly. But many of the Pelo{ionnesians, and some others,
BDteied. into the league, and emnoUed their names as soldiers for the
WBOBf^ 69 that, oecordiog as £yery city was able, they sent foiih
Ikit jdboicfist of their youth, and raised an army of twenty thousand
teiyU^ two thousand liiMrse. Tlic management of the whole war
WriJeft to the jjacedaea;iouians, who were resolved to lay all at stake,
' tnd made Agis general. Antipater hearing of the defection of tlic
Ckveks, composed all matters relating to the war in Thrace as well
9$ \^ cp^ld^ Q^d marched with all his forces into Greece, .having no
1^ |]^D ^rty tbous^^ Greek auidliaf ies as confederate^. t)cre«
llppn a great .l^^atjtlf ^^^A fought, wherein l^g\& (though Jhe behavej
Uipsel^.wit^i greaf: valour and resi^lfUtion) was killed, and a^t lengjtb
the jU^^^^^sBf^g^as, Q^^v^g 3tpad Xq it stoutly for ,a lo^g time)^
upon t^^ confedierales giving groui^d, ^ew^ retreated toward^
Sfprtf . T\^^ fell ^ t^ |ya(;e(jbeaionians aqd their cpufederates ia
thi^^tie, <a|)oyi^ fiye tl^^jusand |threc hundred: of those with Apti-
pater three thousand fiv^ hu^4f.eid*
7|ief|S wa^ one thing very remarkable concerning the d^^th of
A^. Haying fought witjh great gallantry and resolution, |ind re**
ceiye^ 0)any woun^, \^ was parried off by the soldiers in order to
be brought back to hi^ own country, but being surrounded by the
cQej(9y, zs^ fi;iding no likelihood to escape, he charged his soldiers
forthi^.lth to be gope, and preserve themselves for the future service
of dieir co^ijLtry. IJe hioaself remained^ a°4 ^^^1^ ^i^ sword vd his
hao^ fought ^o.ut i^pon hiskpees^andikjlledseveral of the assailants;
till a( length being sjiot through the body with a dart, he there died,
after he h^jl .^f^£Qc4 ^^A^ y^^rs- Thu^ faf for £^rppe \ yi% ^hall now
f^tuf n to theafla'ur^ 9i Asig.
Vol. 2. No. 43. bb
210 DI0D0RU9 SICULUS. Book XFIf.
CHAP. VU.
jtUxoiidcr comes to Babylon. J%e wealth found there. FUws
his troops at Sitacana. The riches there. Utence goes into
the country of the Usians. Marches towards PersepoSe. A
company of maimed Greeks met jllexander: his bounty to thenu
He tahes Persepolis: gives it up to the plunder of the mMUn.
TliB riches of the citadel of Persepolis. Alexander^e feusi «f
Persepolis. Persepolis burnt at the instigation of Thais, Ikh
rius murdered.
DARIUS, being routed at Arbela, fled tovrards tbe bigber prorinee^
to the end that be might, by the distance of the place, both recniit
bimself, and likewise have more time to raise a new army. ' He
came first to Ecbatana, where he stayed for some time, and tbeie
received his broken troops that come in to him, and aimed agaio
such as had lost their arms. He sent likewise for the militia oiit
of the neighbouring provinces, and despatched messengers to the
lord-lieutenants and commanders in Bactria and the upper prefee*
tures, wishing them to abide firm to him in their faith and loyalty.
In the mean time, Alexander (after he had buried those that woe
killed in the battle) entered Arbcia, where he found abundance of
rich furniture of the king's, and vast treasures of the barbarians^ a-
mounting to three thousand talents of silver. But, becanse he
judged that the air thereabouts must certainly be infected, through
the smell of the dead bodies that lay there, he presently removed his
camp, and came with all his forces to Babylon, where he was cheer-
fully received by the inhabitants, and splendid entertainment aflfordcd
to the Macedonians. And there his army was refreshed afker the
many toils and difficulties they had undergone. And thus, in the
confluence of all things desirable, and free and noble entertainmeDt
of the citizens, he continued in the city above thirty days. Then he
made Agatho of Pydna governor of the castle, with a garrison of
seven hundred Macedonians. To Apollodorus of Amphipolis, and
Menetas of Peila, he gave the government of Babylon, and of all
the prefectures as far as to Cilicia, and ordered them to raise what
forces they could., and gave them a thousand talents for that pur*
pete. He made Mithrencs, who betrayed the castle of Sardis, lord-
lieutenant of Armenia. Of the money that he found in BabyloUj he
gave to eixry horseman kix minas; to every au:uliarT, five; lo each
Chop, nir^ DIODORUS SICULU8. SH
of the Macedonian phalanx, two; and to every foreign niercenary,
two months pay.
The king removing from Babylon, as he was on his march, there
came to him recruits, from Antipater, five hundred Macedonian horse,
and six thousand foot; six hundred Tliracian horse, and three thou-
sand five hundred Trallians : from Peloponnesus four thousand foot,
and almost a thousand horse. Among these were sent fifty of the
sons of the king's special friends from Macedonia, designed by their
fathers to be of the king's life-guard. Having received these, he
marched forward, and came, after six decampments, into the pro-
Tioce of Sitacana. And here he stayed several days, in regard the
country abounded in all things necessary for the life of man, and be-
cause he had a mind his soldiers should refresh themselves after their
tedious march : and had a purpose likewise to take a more exact view
Aod account of his troops, and to enlarge the commands and govern-
nents of his captains and commanders, and so to strengthen his army,
both by the number of soldiers, and valour of their officers. All
which he forthwith put in execution ; and making choice of the most
deserving with the utmost care possible, he advanced many from very
considerable places of trust and authority to much higher prefer-*
ments, by which means he both promoted his officers, and gained
their hearts and affections at the same time. He took care also for
the better government of the common soldiers, and by many new in«
reutioos put every thing into a better order and posture than they
were before. To conclude, when he had so managed every thing as
that he had gained the love of the whole army, and made them in
all points observant to his commands, and was assured for valour
they would give place to none, he marched forward, in order to finish
by fighting what further remained. When he came to the province
ofSusiana,be presently without any difficulty gained possession of
Suaa, the royal city, the most beautiful palace in the universe, which
was voluntarily surrendered to him by Abulites the lord- lieutenant
of the province. But some writers have said^fhat this was done
by order of Darius himself, to them that otherwise would have
been both loyal and faithful to his interest; and that this wasjJone
by the Persian king for this end, that Alexander, being taken up with
matters of such great moment, as taking possession of famous and
noble cities, and loading himself with vast treasures, Darius might
gain more time for the raising of fresh forces for the carrying on of
the war,
Alexander therefore having possessed himself of the city and the
king's treasures, found there above forty thousand talents of uncoined
gold and silver. The kings had preserved this treasure untouched
tl* DIODORUS SIC!;LU9. "ISodk XFtt.
M iw^iMi— *■■■ ,■ i - ..^mmmmj^^tmmmtmmmMJmfssBmiaamt^m
for many at^es. that it niii^bt be ready to resort to in cas^ of tome
suddcii and unexficcicil tu: ii of fortune. Besides this, there was like-
wise nine thousand talents in coined money calfed daric». While
Alex^incler was taking an account of this wealth, there happepcJ
something that was very remarkable. The throne whereon he sat
being too high for him, so that his feet conld not foaeh the foot-
stool, one of the king's Loys observing it, brought Darios's table asid
placed it under his feet, with which the king was very well pleased, and
commended his care. But one of the eunuehs standing at the side
of the throne, much concerned and grieved at saeh a change of fer*
fune, burst out into tears: which Alexander perceiving—.** What 31
ddst thou see (says he) that thou weepestso?" To whom heaoswered.^
'* I was once Darius's servant, now! am yours; but because I cannot
but love my natural lord and master, I am notable, wkhout etfrcBH!
s6rrow; to see that table put to so base and mean a use, which byimii
was so lately graced and honoured." The king, upon this answer^
reflecting upon the strange change of the Persian monarchy, began
io consider that he had acted the part of a proud and insulting eneoiy,
not becoming that humanity and clefnency which ouglit to beahcwii
towards captives ; and therefore he commanded him who placed the
table there, to take it away: but Philotas standing near to him said.-
It is not pride nor insolence, O king! being done without your com-
mand; hut it falls out to he so through the providence and pleasure
of some (^vood genius. Upon which the king ordered the table t6
remain wiicre it was, looking upon it as some happy omen.
After this, he ordered some masters to attend upon Darius's bmk*
thcr, his daughters, and son, to instruct them in the Greek tongue,
and left them ut Susa. And he himself marched away with the Whole
army, and after four decampments came to the riv^r Tigris^ which
rising out of the Uxian mountains, runs first through a tottgb and
craggy country, full of large and wide channels, for the space of a
thousand furlengs; thence it passes through a champaign countij
with a more gentle current, and having made its way for the space
of six hundred furlongs, it empties itself into the Persian sea.
Alexander having passed the river, marched towards the most fruit-
ful country of the Uxians : for being watered in every part, it plenti-
fully produces fruits of all sorts and kinds; of which, being in their
proper season dried in the time of Autumn, they make all sorts of
sweetmeats, sauces, and other compositions, both for neeessaiy use
and pleasure, and the merchants convey them down the river Tigris
to Babylon. He found all the passes strongly guarded by Madetes,
who was nearly related in kindred to Darius, and had with him a strong
and well disciplined army. While Alexander was viewingthe strength
Ckd^ Pit, DIOl>ORUS SICULUS. SftS
of th« placed, and could find out no passage through those steep
rdeksy an inhabitant of the country, wtio was well acquainted with
those ways, promised Alexander that he would lead his soldiers
thtoiigh such a strait and difflcDlt pathway, as that they should stand
at length over the heads of their enemies : hereupon the king ordered
tf sifilill party to go along with him* He himself in the mean time
used his utmost endeavour to force his way, and for that purpose set
lipod the guards, and while they were hotly engaged, (fresh men still
sttpplytdgthe room of them that were weary), and the barbarians
iisorderedy and running here and there in the engagement, on a sud-
den the soldiers that were sent away appeared over the heads of the .
guards that kept the passages; upon which they were so amazed,
that they forthwith fled, and so the king gained the pass; and pre-
tenlly all the cities throughout all Uxiana were brought into sub-
jaetion. Thence he decamped and marched towards Persia, and the
fifth day came to a place called the Susian Hocks, which were before
{>ossessed by Ariobarzanes, with five-and-twenty thousand foot,
and three hundred horse. The king concluding that he must gain
flie pass by force, led his troops through some of the strait and craggy
places without any resistance, the barbarians never ofieriog to disturb
him till he came to the mid- way, when they bestirred themselves,
dad threw down great numbers of massy stones upon the heads of
the Macedonians, and destroyed multitudes of them. Many cast
their darts from the rocks above upon them, which failed not' to do
execution, falling among such a throng of men together : others with
band-stones repulsed the Macedonians that were forcing to break in
upon them ; so that by reason of the difficulty of the places, the bar-
barians so far prevailed, as to kill multitudes, and wound as many.
Alexander not being able to prevent this miserable slaughter, and
perceiving that not one of the enemy fell, or was so much as hurt, and
that many of his own men were slain, and almost all that led the van
ip?ere wounded, he sounded a retreat, and marched back three hun-
dred furlongs, and then encamped. Then he inquired of the inha-
bitants, whether there was any other way to pass, who all answered ,
That there was none, but that he must go round many days journey.
But the king looking upon it as a dishonourable thing to leave the
bodies of them that were slain unburied; and as disgraceful, and even
owning himself to be conquered, by treating for liberty to bury the
dead, he commanded the captives, as many as were there at hand,
to be brought to him. Among these, there was one that understood
both the Persian and Greek tongue, who declared, that he was a Lycian,
and some time aijomade a prisoner of war by the Persians, and that
for several years last past he had exercised the calling of a shepherd
fl4 DI0D0RU9 MCULU9. Book XFIL
■■■■■■' ■ ' m^mmmm^^mmmmmmmmmgmmmmmmaaaamm
m those mountains* and by that means had perfect knowledge of the
country; and told the king, that he could lead the army through the
woods, and bring them directly upon the backs of then that guanM
the passes: hearing this, the king promised the man a large icwardji
who thereupon so conducted him, that in the night, with great !a-
hour and toil, he got to the top of the mountains, for be marched
through abundance of snow, and passed through a country ftdl of
steep rocks, deep gulfs, and many vallies* Having marched through
this tract, as soon as he came in siglit of the guards, he presently IdD*
cd the first, and took those prisoners that were placed \% the next
passv The third guard presently ii^d, and so he gained all into his
own power, and cutoff the greatest part of Ariobamnea's airnj^
Thence he marched towards Persepolis, and in his way icceifcd
letters from Teridates governor of the city, whereby he signifiedl te
1iim.»That if be hastened away, and prevented those that woe
coming to relieve Persepolis, he would deliver the city into his
bands* Upon which he made a swift march, and passed hb mraqf
over the river A raxes, by a bridge then laid for that purpose. As the
king was on his march, a most sad spectacle presented itself, which
sdrrcd up just hatred against the author, pity and compassioa for the
irreparable loss of those that suffered; and grief and sorrow in all the
beholders. For there met him certain Greeks, whom tlie formes
kings of Persia had made captives and slaves, and fell down at his
feet^ they were near eight hundred, most of them old men, and all
maimed, some baving;^ their hands, others their feet, some their cwSy
and others their noses cut off. If any were expert in any art, and
had made a cousidcrable progress therein, all his outward members
were cut off, but such only as were necessary for the management of
hb art. So that all who beheld their venerable old age, and the sad
mangling of their bodies, greatly pitied the miserable condition of
these poor creatures : especially, Alexander so pitied their sad condH
tion, that he conld not refrain from weeping. These all with one
voice cried out, and entreated him, that he would succour and re%
lieve them in these their calamities. Upon which the king called
the chiefest of them to him, and told them, that he would take spe--
cial care of them, and promised he would see them sent honourahlj
to their own country, as became the dignity of his person. Upon
which they consulted together, and at length concluded .^That it
was better for them to remain where they were, than to return into
their own country ; for, when they were returned, they would be
scattered here and there, and all the days of their lives be mocked
and despised on account of their sad misfortunes. But if they
continued together as fellows in their misery, the calamity of their
C^p. VtL D10D0B.U8 SltULO^ SIS
fellow-safferers would be an allay, and some comfort to every one of
tiiem in their own adversities. Upon this, they made a secoml ad«
dress to die king, and declared to him wHat they had resolved upon^
and desired he would a£R)rd such relief to them as was most agreeaMe
to their present circumstances. The king consented to what they
bad determined, and ordered to each of them three thousand dracti*
mas*, five suits of raiment to every man, and as many to each wo-
man ; and to every one of them two yoke of oxen, fifty sheep, and as
many medimnasf of wheat And commanded they should be li>ee
fimm all taxes and tribute, and gave strict chaige to the officers em-
ployed, tiiat none should offer them any injury. And thus Alexan*
ddr, according to his natnral goodness and innate liberal generosilyy
ooaaffortedthese poor miseraUe people. He then called the Macedo-
mans together, and told them — That Persepolis, the metropolis of
the kingdom of Persia, of all the cities of Asia had done most mis-
chief to the Grecians, and therefore he gave it up to tlie plunder and
spoil of the soldiers, except the king^s palace. This was the ricliest
city of any under the sun, and for many ages all the private houses
were foil of all sorts of wealth, and whatever was desirable.
The Maeedonians therefore forcing into the city, put all the men
to the sword, and rifled and carried away every man's goods and es-*
tJrte, amongst which was abundance of rich and costly furniture and
ornaments of all sorts. In this place was hnr ried away here and
there vast quantities of silver, and no less of gold, great numbers of
rick garments, some of purple, others embroidered with gold, all
which became a plentiful prey to the ravenous soldiers: and thus the
great seat-royal of tbe Persians, once famous all the world over, wa9
DOW exposed to seorn and contempt, and rifled from top to bettom«
For though every placif was full of rich spoil, yet the covetousness
of the Macedonians was insatiable, still thirsting after more. And
Aey were so eager in plundering, that they fought one with another
withdrawn swords, and many who were conceived toliave got a greater
share than the rest, were killed in the quarrel. Some things tliat
were of extraordinary value they divided with their swords, and each
took a share; others in rage cut off the hands of such as laid lioM of
a thing tliat was in dispute. They first ravished the women as they
were in their jewels and rich attire, and then sold them for slaves^
So that by how much Persepolis excelled all tlie other cities in glory
and worldly felicity, by so much more was the measure of their misery
and calamity. Then Alexander seized upon all the treasures in the
^tadel, which was a vast quantity of gold and sliver of the public re*
• Near one hundred pounjs.
i J^Tfry mediffliia, bv so^ie writer^), cootaiiis iiij;htcen gallon); lit>y bushels.
Sl6 DIODORU6 SICULUS. B^^i XVJL
Tenues tM had beea there collected and laid up, froip die timr of
Cyrus the first king of Persia to that day. For there was tl^re Coim4
a hundred aod twenty thousand talentsj reckoiung tl>c gold after thi^
jrate of the silver.
Part of this treasure he took for the use of thp war, t^nd order^
another part of it to be treasur/ed up at Susa. To this purpose, he
ordered that a multitude of mules both Cor draught apd .carri^ige, SMi4
three thousand camels with pack-saddles, sliould be brought 0|U of
^bylon, &tesopotamia> and Susa i and with these be conveyed d^X tht
treasure to the several places he hadappoiptjed. Fo^ becayvs^ l^<fff^
tremely hated the inhabitants, he was resolved not to trust theninrtl
«ny tlung, bat uttjerly to ruin and dcstray Perscpolis ; of whose p»lm^
in regard of its stately structure, we conceive it will not be iiupffPljt
sent if we say something. This stately fabric, or citadel, was •hFi'
rounded with a treble wall : the first was sixteen cubits high, adorufoi
with many sumptuous buildings and aspiring turrets. The sepp.n4
was like to the first, but as high again as the other. The third wa$
drawn like a quadrant, foursquare, sixty cubits high, all of the hardest
marble, and so cemented, as to continue for ever. Oq the four «idca
arc brazen gates, near to which are gallowses* of brass tweaty cubits
high; these raised to terrify the beholders, and the other for theltettef
strengthening and fortifying of the place. On the enstside of ,lihf
citadel, about four huiidred feet distant, stood a mount called tba
Royal.Mount, for here are all the sephulchres of the kings, OMtoy «p«
partmcnts and little cells being cut into the midst of the rock; Jpt^
which cells there is made qo direct passage, but Uie coffijps vfilli t^M
dead bodies are by instruments hoisted up, and so let down into thcpt
vaults. In this citadel were many stately lodgings, both for the klog
and his soldiers, of excellent workmanship, and treasury chambeEi
most commodiously contrived for the laying up of money.
Here Alexander made a sumptuous feast for the entertainment of
his friends in commemoration of his victory, and offered magnificc»t
sacrifices to the gods. At this feast were entertained whores, wlio
prostituted their bodies for hire, where the caps went so high, aii4
the reins so let loose to drunkenness and debauchery, that many yftx%
both drunk and mad. Among the rest, at that time there was a
courtezan called Thais, an Athenian, that said.. Alejuinder would
perform the most glorious act of any he ever did, if while be was feast-
ing with them, he would burn the palace, and so the glory and cenowa
of Persia might be said to be brought to nothing in a moment by the
bauds of women. This spreading abroad, and coming to the ears of
the young men., (who commonly make little use of reason when drink in
* Or cruMcs of brut.
CliaqK Fit DIODORUS 8ICULUS. 917
io tbek lieads)i presently one cries out: — ^^ Come on, brii^ us fire-
bmnds/' and so incites the rest to fire the citadel, fo revenge the im-
piety tke Persians bad comiiiited, in destroying the temples of the
Grecians. At this, others with joy set up a shout, but said ^That
so brave an exploit belonged only to Alexander to perform.
The king, stirred up at these words, embraced the motion ; upon
which, as many as were present left their cups and leaped upon the
table, and said — ^That they would now celebrate a victorious festival
to Bacchus. Hereupon, multitudes of fire-brands were presently
got together, and all the women that played on musical instruments,
which were at the feast, were called for, and then the king, with soogs,
pipes, and flutes, bravely led the way to this noble expedition, con-
trived and managed by this whore, Thais, who neit after the king,
threw the first fire-brand into the palace. This precedent was pre-
sently followed by tlie rest, so that in a very short time, the whole
fabric, by the violence of the fire, was consumed to ashes.
It is very observable, and not without just admiration, that the
sacrilege and impiety of Xerxes, king of Persia, (exercised in his des-
tn^ingthe citadel of Athens), should so many years after be revenged
iu the same kind, by one courtezan only of that city that was so in-
jured.
After these things thus done, Alexander marches against the rest
of the Persian cities, and having taken in some by force, and others
surrendered upon the fame and report of his lenity and moderation,
he made after Darius, who had begun to raise forces out of Bactria,
and other provinces ; but being prevented by the march of the enemy,
he made away with all speed out of Bactria with thirty thousand Per-
rians and mercenary Greeks, and in his return was treacherously
murdered by Bessus, the lord-lieutenant of Bactria. He was scarce
dead, when Alexander with a party of light liorse, came up to tlie
place where he lay, and there finding him, caused him to be honour-
ably interred.
But some do report, that Alexander finding him yet alive, Darius
complained of his sad misfortune, and desired him that he would see
his death revenged, which Alexander faithfully promised. He forth-
with indeed pursued Bessus, but he being a long way before him,
escaped into Bactria, so that, considering it impossible to overtake
him, he marched back. This was the state of affairs in Asia.
In Europe, the Lacedtemoniaus being routed in a great battle by
Antipater, were forced to send ambassadors to him; who put them
ofi'till the meeting of the general assembly of Greece, which after-
wards met at Corinth; where, after many things were bandied and
disputed on both sides, the matter was at length left to the decisioQ
Vol. 2. No. 13. ff
S18 DIODORUS SICULUS. JBook XFIL
of Alexander. Hereupon^ Antipater received the chiefest of the no-
bility of Sparta as hostages; and the Lacedsemonians sent ambasst-
dors into Asia^ to beg pardon for their late revolt.
CHAP. VIII.
JBesstis stirs up the Bactrians. Alexander discharges the Oreek
auxiliaries with rewards. The river Stiboetes. He enters Hyr-
cania; its riclmess. Enters the Mardian country. Loses kis
brave horse; which is'restored. Thalestris the jimazonian queem
meets him. He falls into the effeminacy of the Persians. Enters
Drangina, A plot against Alexander. Phihtas and others
put to death. Marches agaitist the Arimaspi. Subdues Ara-
chosia.
WHEN this year ended, Cephisophon executed the office of chief
magistrate at Athens, and Caius Valerius, and Marcus Claudius, were
created Roman consuls. At that time, Bessus, with Nabarzanesand
Barzacntes, and many others, after the death of Darias, having es-
caped the hands of Alexander, came intoBactria. And in regard be
was appointed lord-lieutenant of that country by Darius, and npon
that account was well known by the inhabitants, he persuaded the
people to stand up for their liberty, and told them ^Tbat the sttna-
tion and condition of their country was such, being full of difficult
passes, and very populous; that they had an extraordinary advantage
to succeed in the attempt, and promised that he himself would take
upon him the whole management of the war.
Hereupon he so far prevailed, that he got a considerable number
to join him, and to own him for king. Then he inlisted men, pre-
pared arms, and procured whatever was necessary for the present
state of his affairs.
In the mean time, Alexander perceiving that the Macedonians had
a design to end the war with the death of Darius, and to return to
their own country, he called them together; and so courted them by
an oration fitted for that purpose, that he prevailed with them readily
to go on with the expeditions that then yet remained. Then he called
together all the Greek auxiliaries, and havinghighly commended them
for thrir valour, bestowed upon every horseman as a reward a talent,
aud every foot soldier ten minas, and discharged them from further
Giap. Fin. moDORus siculus. ftig[
service in the army. And over and besides, he paid to every one of
them what was dae to them for their common pay, and gave them
likewise sufficient provision to carry them into their own country;
and to every one that was willing still to continue in the army, he
gave three talents. He gave indeed large/ewards to the soldiers, be-
ing naturally of a generous disposition; and besides, in pursuingDa-
rius he had possessed himself of a vast treasure: for' he had received
eight thousand talents out of the treasures; and besides what he gave
to the soldiers, he raised thirteen thousand talents by the sale of the
caps, flagons, and furniture. And it was believed^ that what was
stolen and taken away by force was much more.
Having done this, he marched with his army towards Hyrcania,
and the third day came near the city Hecatompylos*, and there en-
camped. Here he continued some days to refresh his army, because
the country was exceeding rich, and abounded with every thing for
man's use. Thence he moved forward a hundred and fifty furlongs,
and encamped near a very high rock, at the foot of which is a cave
not unbecoming the gods; from whence, (as the spring-head), issues
the great river Stiboetes. Thence it runs with a fierce and violent
stream for the space of three furlongs, till it dashes itself upon a
great rock, in shape like a woman's pap, under which is a vast
gulf, or opening of the earth, into which, being now divided into
two channels, it falls down with tt mighty noise, turned all into froth
and spume, and there runs under ground three hundred furlougsf;
and then appears again, as if that were its spring-head. Having en-
tered Hyrcania with his army, he gained all the towns and cities as far
as the Caspian sea, which some likewise call the Hyrcanian sea. It
is reported, that in that sea are many serpents of an extraordinary
bigness, and fish of all sorts, much difiering in colour frum those in
other parts. When he entered farther into Hyrcania, he came to towns
called the Fortunate Towns, which are so in deed, as well as in name ;
for this country excels all the rest in fertility of soil : for every vine,
they say, afibrds a metrete^ of wine, and that some fig-trees are so
very fruitful, that they will bear ten medimnas of dried figs ; and that
what are left upon the tree after harvest, fall upon the ground, and
spring up again of themselves, and bring forth abunchmce of fruit to
perfection. There is a tree in that country much like to an oak, which
distils honey from its leaves; and this the inhabitants gather lu great
plenty for their own use. There is likewise a little insect in this
tract called an Anthredon, less than a bee, but very remarkable; it
j^ets its living in the mountains, sucking the flowers that grow here
* From its huodred gates. f About fortj-three oiilei.
X About forty-niDe qu^Mts.
SeO DIODORUS 8ICULU9. 9ook XFIL
and there in those places. It works its combs within hoUow rocks,
or trees shattered or made hollow by the thunderbolts^ and there
makes a liquor not inferior to any for sweetness.
In the mean time Alexander, while on his march through Hyrcanta
and tlie bordering countries^ gained great reputation, and was highly
honoured for his clemency, in carrying himself with so much huma-
nity towards all those commanders who fled away with Darius, and
afterwards submitted themselves to him: so that fifteen hundred
brave and valiant Grecians (wlio sided with Darius) forthwith came
unto him, and laid themselves at his feet, whom he readily pardoaed,
and placed them in several of his regiments, and allowed them the
same pay with the rest.
Having run through the sea-coasts of Hyrcania, he entered the
country of the Mardi ; who being a warlike nation, slighted the grow-
ing power of the king, and shewed him not the least respect, either
by sending ambassadors, or otherwise; but having possessed them-
selves of the strait passes of the mountains with eight thousand men,
stood there, waiting for the coming of the Macedonians. Hereupon
the king sets upon them, kills many, and drives the rest witfiin the
straits. But while he was burning up the country all before him, it
fell out that (some of tiie king's boys who led his horses, being at
some distance from the rest of the army) his best horse^by a sudden
incursion of the barbarians, was carried away. This horse was given
)ym by Demaratus the Corinthian, and the king bad made use of him
in all his battles in Asia. When he was bare-backed, he would ad*
mit only his keeper to noount him; but when he had the king^s war-
saddle, and the rest of his brave trappings upon him, he would not
suffer his former rider to get upon his back, nor any other person but
Alexander; and to him he would down upon his knees for the kin^
to get into the saddle. Because of these excellent properties of the
horse, the king was the more grieved and troubled; and therefore he
ordered the trees in all parts of the country as he went to be hewn
down, and caused a proclamation to be made in their own natural
tongue ^Tliat unless his horse were restored, he would waste and
destroy all before him with fire and sword ; which he began presently
to put in execution. Upon which the barbarians were 9o teirified^
that they not only restored the horse, but brought along with them
many rich presents for the king, and by fifty ambassadors begged his
pardon. Upon whicli the king accepted some of the most honour-
able among them for hostages.
When he returned to Hyrcania, Thalestris, queen of the Am(izona
met him, whose dominions lay between the Phasis and Tbermodon,
of an admirable beauty, and strong body, greatly honoured in her own
Ck^p. Pitt BfODORUS ^CULOT. 'i«l
^i^^■W^^^^|■^^^^M^^^■M^■■^^^^^^^i^^^M^^■^■^^y^^»^^■^^i^i^^■^^MM■^^■^^^^■^^^^i^^^»
country for her brave and manly spnit. She presented herself to the
kki^, with three hundred Amazons in their warlike habits, having^
left the rest of her forces on the borders of Hyrcania, The king be-
ing stmek with admiration at the sudden and unexpected approadi
of the queen, aqd the graceful appearance of the women, asked Tha-
lesrtris — ** What was the reason of her journey thither?** Who an-
swered him f^ That she came there to ha?e issue by him; for she
boked upon him to transcend all other men for great and noble ac-
tioDs; and she herself to exceed all other women both in body and
iBind, as to the strength of the one, and courage of the other: and
tkerefore there was good ground to hope that the issue of such pa-
rents, would excel all other men in valour/' The king was greatly
pleased with what she said, and gratified her request: and after he
had conversed with her for the space of thirteen days, he presented
her with honourable gifts, and tlien suffered her to return to her
own kingdom.
Alexander conceiving that he had now efiected all that hedesignedp
^itid that thdre was no competitor with him for the empire, began to
4iKiulge in the soft and effeminate manners of the Persians, and to
imitate the luxury of the Asiatic kings: and therefore, in the first
place, be ordered all the officers of the court to be Asiatics, and the
nobility of Asia to foe squires of the body*, amongst whom Oxathres,
the brother of Darius, was one« He put likewise the Persian diadem
npon his head, and wore the white cassock and belt, after the manner
of the Persian kings, and all the rest, except the Persian hose aad
vestment, called the Candys. He bestowed likewise purple gowns
upon his friends, and cloathed all his horsemen in the Persian habit.
He began likewise to carry his concubines along with him from place
to place as Darius used to do, who had almost as many as the days
in the year, and were the greatest beauties that could be found through-
out all Asia. These stood round the king's bed every night, that he
might take his choice of whom he pleased to lie with him. How-
ever, for the most part, he followed the antient customs of his an-
cestors, and used the other but seldom, lest he sliould offend the
Macedonians: and when some, notwithstanding, complained of the
king, he stopped their mouths with gifts and bribes.
About this time intelligence was brought him that Satibarzanes,
one of Darius's lord-lieutenants, had killed all the soldiers he had
committed to his charge, and was joined in conspiracy with Bessus
to make war upon the Macedonians; whereupon he marched out
against him.
Satibarzanes had got all Ims forces together into Chrotacana, a most
• The Uctors, who carriCil rods U'forelhenjagialrates.
e^f DioDORUs sicuLUS. Book XFII.
noble city in those parts, and naturally fortified; but as soon as the
king came in sight, being terrified with the greatness of the king's
army, and the valour of the Macedonians, (which was now cried up all
the world over), he hastened away with two thousand horse to Bessus,
to procure help from him with all speed. The rest of liis forces he
ordered to make to a mountain near at hand, wliich was full of stnk
pas^^; and where they might lie close and secure whea they doxst
not engage with the enemy in the open field. Upon this, the kiof
was so intent and diligent, (as he always was), that though they had
sheltered themselves in a large rock, and naturally strong, yet he
reduced the besieged to those straits, as tliat he forced them to sur-
render themselves.
Afterwards, having reduced all the cities in this province, in the
space of thirty days, he left Hyrcania, and came to the royal city of
Drangina^, where he encamped and refreshed his army.
About this time a roost wicked plot was laid against AlezaDder,
very unworthy the goodness of his disposition. For one of the king^s
friends, called Dimnus, blaming the king for something he had done,
and thereupon becoming enraged at him, laid a plan to assassinate him.
This man had a catamite, called Nicomachus, whom be dearly loved;
him he endeavoured to persuade to join with him in this wicked de-
sign : but being a very young stripling, he discovered the whole busi-
ness to his brother Ceballinus, who, (fearing lest some other should
be before him in the discovery), resolved to make the first mention
of it to the king.
Thereupon he goes to tlie court, and first meets Philotas, and ac-
quaints him with what he had heard, and entreats him to inform the
king immediately what was hatching against him.
Philotas, whether through covetousness, or tliat he was one of the
conspirators, (it is not certain), inclined not to make the discovery of
what had been imparted to him : for though he went to the king, and
had a long discourse with him of divers matters, yet he told him no-
thing of what Ceballinus had related to him. But when be canie out,
toM Ceballinus, that he had not had as yet a fit opportunity for open-
ing the matter to the king; but that the next day be would take
him aside by himself, and discover all that Ceballinus had made known
to him. Philotas neglecting the business the next day also, Cehal-
linus was afraid lest it should be discovered by some other persout
and so he himself should be in great danger: therefore he waved
Philotas, and went to one of the king's pages, and tells him the whole
plot, wishing him forthwith to acquaint the king; and then with-
draws himself into the armory, and there lay private. The page
^ In the proTiucc of Drangina, ia PcniA,
€h£^. FITL DIODORUS SICULUS. t33
took the opportunity when the king was ia the bath, and related to
him the whole matter told, him by Ceballinus, and that he then lay
hid and secret in the armory. At this the king was greatly startled,
and forthwith ordered Dimnus to be seized; and now fully informed
of the conspiracy, sent for Ceballinus and Philotas. When every
thing,after strict examination^ was fully discovered, Dimnus stabbed
himself. Philotas confessed his neglect in not making the discovery;
bat utterly denied that he bad any hand in the conspiracy. The king
hereupon committed the examination of the business to the judgment
of the Macedonians, who after many arguments and debat/es.j^roand
coHf condemned Philolas and the rest of the conspirators to die; a-
mongst whom was Parmenio, who was ever thought to have been
one of the king's most faithful friends. And though he was not
then present, yet it was suspected that he managed the business bj
bis-8on Philotas.
Philotas therefore, being put upon the irack, confessed the whole
plot; and so he and the other conspirators were put to death, accord-
ing to the manner of their own country. Alexander Lyncestes alsc;,
(who was before accused of a conspiracy against the king), suffered
in the same manner. He had been now three years in custody, but
his trial was deferred till that time for the sake of Antigonus, who had
a great kindness for him, and between whom there was a particular
friendship an2 familiarity. But being then brought before the Ma-
cedonian senate, and having nothing by way of plea to say for him-
self, he was executed with the rest.
Then Alexander despatched messengers upon dromedary-camels,
to prevent the report of Philotas's punishment, and by that means
caused Parmenio the father of Philotas to be seized unawares, and
put to death ; he was then governor of Media, and was intrusted with
the king's treasures in Ecbatana, which amounted to a hundred and
four score thousand talents. About the same time he severed from
the rest of his army all such as had given out harsh expressions against
him, and grumbled at the death of Parmenio, and all those who had
written-false and scandalous letters to their friends in Macedonia, re-
lating to the king's affairs : all these he cast into one company or
regiment which he called the Unruly Company, lest by their un*
seasonable jangling and prating, they should corrupt the rest of the
Macedonians.
After these things thus done, and that he had settled his affairs In
Drangina, he marched against the Arimaspi, (as they were antiently
called),butuow£vergetse^, which name was given them upon the
• Benefactors.
t24 nioooHOs sicuLUS. BookXFjUm
fbltowiog Account : Cyrus, (who was the first that tianslated the c»-
pire from the Medes to the Persiaos}, in a certeio enpedkion hs had
vndcrtakeiiy being brought iuto great extremity ia a baneft eottDHy
fov waut of provisions, insomuch as the soldiers, tosatisfy their bvBgtrj
were forced to eat the flesh of one another; the Arimaspi al thai tinie
brought to his army thirty thousand carts and waggons loader witb
pro¥i$frioiis. And therefore the king being unexpectedly lelieYed attd
preserved, not only acquitted the* people from paying of Iribuite fsi
Ibe future, but bestowed upon them many other privileges and bowi*
tiful rewards, and clianged their old name to Evergetttw
And now when Alexander came into their country^ they leceiadl
bim with all the demonstrations of love and kindness^ and be lewudcA
them with marks of his grace and favour, suitable to lus state ap4
dignity. And returned the like favour to the Gedrosians theiir QC^|^
bours^ who hud enteitaincd him likewise with the same lespecti and
over these two nations he mnAe Teridates governor.
In the mean time while he staid in these parts, some brought biOl
jnteliigence that Satibancancs with a great body of horse out of Bac*
tria, had entered the country of tlte Arians, and hadwithdiaw» ^
inhabitants from their allegiance. Upon which the king sent apuQfll
lum part of the army, under tlie command of Erigyus and Staiaodin
He hiaeiself in the mean time in a few days subdued Araehqaia> rai
caused them to submit to his government..
CHAP. IX.
Alexander nutrchrs against the Parcpamisades. His troHitttmrn
march. Conies to mount Caucasus. A battle m jhia Zy ^iurw
ander's officers against SatibarzaneSj who is killed m a smgh
combat by Erigyus. Besssus brought to Alexander; Aisfmtitk^
ment. Alexander AHls some barbarians wiexpededfy^ efUt iksjf
had surrendered their city. He marches to the river AtkiMk
Mophis's remarkable delivery up of himself and Me oraiy.
AT the end of this year Euthycritus was created chief govenoE of
Athene, Lucius Plottus, and Lucius Papirius executing the ofiicc oT
Ki)man consuls. At this time was celebrated the hundred and thir*
tccuth olympiad. Then Alexander led his army against the Para*
€Aap. /K' mODORUS STOULUS. SS5
paniisadei* This country lies vtrj far norths and is covered over with
ibow, and by reason of the sharpness of the cold, people cannot en-
dure to come into their country. The greatest part oF it is open and
plain, withoat any trees, and has in it many towns scattered here and
tfceic. The roofi of their houses are covered with tiles, running up
in shape of a spire, in the middle is a hole to let in light, and to eva-
porate the sm€>ke: and the walls of their houses are so closely jointed
and cemented, that the inhabitants ar esufficiently guarded against
the cold. By reason of the great drifts of snow, they keep within
tfieir bouses the most part of the year, where they have every thing
accessary for their provision laid up in store. They cover their vines
and fruit'trcfs all the winter with earth, and uncover them again
when the spring approaches. The nature of all this tract is such,
diat nothing that is green or pleasant is seen in any part of it; but
ittow glittering with ice covers all places. No sorts of fowls or birds
bleed here; no wild beasts feed in the woods or forests; insomuch^
as that there is neither entertainment for any stranger, nor hospita-
iicj OM with anctherthroaghout the whole country. Notwithstand-
ing all these diffionlties, yet th< king, encouraged by the hardiness of
^K Macedonians; and pot on forward by his own daring resolution,
^fvereame all the disadvantages of the place. But yet some of the
mMknf and others that straggled and kept not up with the rest, were
«o tired, that they were left behind. Others, by the brightness and
.dtarpness of the snow, and reflection thereof upon their eyes, were
destroyed. Nothing could be seen at a distance, save only the smoke
that discovered the villages; which was a sign to the Macedonians
that there were inhabitants not far off. The towns being thus dis-
covered and gained, the soldiers, after their great hardships, refreshed
themselves with the plentiful store of provisions they found in the
houses, and in a short time all the inhabitants submitted.
After this, he marched forward, and came near to Caucasus, where
he encamped. That mountain by some is called Paropamisus : hav-
ing passed over the breadth of the. mountain in sixteen days marcb,
he bniit a city called Alexandria, near the foot of the mount, at a
pass which opens a way into Media. In the middle of Caucasus- is a
rock ten furlongs in compass, and four in height, wherein the inha-
bitants pretend to shew Prometheus's'^ cave, the fabulous vulture's
nest, and the chains and fetters. He built likewise other cities,
etch distant a day's journey from Alexandria. In these he planted
seven thousand of the barbarians, three thousand of those that fol-
lowed the camp, and as many of the mercenary soldiers as would.
* See this itory 'm Otid'i Met«morphoii», lib. i. and otbtr pottt.
Vol. 2. No. 43. oa»
226 DIODORU9 81CULUS. Book XPU.
Hence he marched into Bactria; for he heard that Bessns had
usurped the crown, and liad raised a numerous army. These weie tlie
things then done by Alexander.
In the meau time, the commanders that were sent into Aria, there
found the ring-leaders of the rebellion, with a strong army, under
the command of Satibarzanes, an experienced and valiant generaL
The armies encamped near to one another, and sometimes would en-
gage in considerable bodies, and at others in light skurmishes, by a
few on each side. At length it came to a general battle, and, in the
midst of the fight^ (wherein the valour of the barbarians was aucfa
that the issue was very doubtful), Satibarzanes himself (to discover
who he was) pulled off his helmet with his own hand, and challenged
any of his enemy's commanders to fight with him liand to hand : upon
which Erigyus made up to him, and a stout combat ensued, in which
Erigyus was victor. The barbarians, upon the death of their general,
were so disheartened, that, upon receiving quarter, they gave up theoH
selves to the king.
In the mean while, Bessus had taken upon him the name of Idogf
and, having sacrificed to the gods, invited his friends to feast mdi
him. In the midst of his cups, he began to quarrel with one of laf
companions, called Bagodares, and, the contest growing higher^ he
fell at length into such a rage, that he resolved to kill him, but
changed his mind, through the persuasion of his friends. Bagodares
thus narrowly escaping with his life, fled in the night to Aiexandert
The chief of the commanders (moved by the consideration of hie es-
cape, and stirred up by hopes of rewards) conspired together^ and
seized iy>on Bessus, and brought htm to Alexander, for which the
king bountifuliy rewarded them. As for Bessus, he gave him np
into the hands of Darius 's brother, and the rest of his kindredj to
punish iiim in such manner as they thought fit, who, after they had
put hlai to all manner of torments, and used him with all the de^pitCi
and disgrace imaginable, cut his body into small pieces, and hurled
every part here and there out of their slings, »»**«***♦
Here the history is broken off] anid hit, ifiz» 1. Alemmda^M
march through a dry country. 2. Uie defection of ike Sogf^
diani and Bactrimis. 3. Tlie hunting in Baheutii^
Peace being made upon these conditions, and ratified by mutual,
oatlis, the queen^ migiitily admired the brave and noble spirit of
* Queeu uf iMassaga, io IndU.
CSap.IX, moDORUfl 8ICULUS. 397
Alexander^ and sent to him most rich presents^ promising to do
whatever he pleased to command. »**»**♦*
Hare liketvise the history is lost. 4. -The impiety against
Bacchus. 5. The death of Clitns atid Callisthenes. 6,
fFars with the Nautic^e. J.- His marriage with Moxana.
8. €f Nicaea, These may he supplied out of Archiany
lib. 4, and Q. Curtius, lib. 7, B.
Thbn the mercenaries, as they had agreed^ forthwith left the city>
and, having marched eight hundred furlongs, encamped without any
disturbance, not in the least suspecting any thing of that which af-
terwards happened : for Alexander, hating them implacably, pursued
tfaem with a considerable body of men, and fell upon the barbarians
on the sudden, and cut off multitudes of them. Upon which the
mercenaries first cried out, that he had violated his oath, in felling
upon them in that hostile manner, and called upon the gbds to re-
venge that impious cruelty executed upon them. But the king, with
a loud voice, answered ^That he did, indeed, agree that they should
^it the city, but not that they should ever be accounted as friends
to the Macedonians. Hereupon the barbarians, no at all terrified at
the desperate condition they were in*, drew up in a body in a ronnd
ring, placing their wives, children, and women in the middle, that
they might receive the enemy on every side with less hazard and pre*
judice. Being therefore desperate, and of daring spirits, and encou-
raged by their successes in former conflicts, they bravely received
the enemy. The Macedonians, on the other hand, resolving to be in
nothing inferior to them, the engagement was very sharp and terri-
ble. For, fighting close hand to hand, man to man, various kinds of
death and wounds appeared every where: for the Macedonians, by
their sarissasf, pierced through the brittle shields of the barbarians
with that violence, that the points ran into their very bodies. Tlic
mercenaries, likewise, on their part threw their lances among th(^
the thickest of their enemies, upon whom (being so near) they were
sure not to fail in doing execution. When a great number of them
were wounded, and as many killed, the women took up the arms of
those that were slain, and joined with the men in the engagement :
for the despcrateness of their condition, and the greatness of the
work in hand, forced them to the most resolute resistance for the de-«
fence of themselves. Some of them therefore getting arms, defended
♦ These mcrcennries were the Massauf tT.
t ^ar'iMa, :i Muct (Ionian ^[icar ur Ihu^c.
Sf 8 DIODOEUS 8ICULUS. Boqt X FliZ^
their busbaDds with shields; others that had no arms rushed in i
the enemy, and caught hold of their bucklers, so that thej i
scarce do any thing. At length all the men, together with their
wives, (who valiantly fought to the last), being overpowered bye mul-
titudes, died upon the place, preferring an honourable death before s
life with slavery and disgrace. The useless and unarmed luhble, to-
geiher with the women that were left, he gave to his horsemen.
He took likewise several other cities, putting them to the sword that
opposed him.
Hence* he moved forward to the rock called Aornos; for htn
those inhabita^uts that survived sheltered themselves, it being a very
strong place. It is reported, that the antient Hercules attempted
the taking this place, but wrs forced to quit the siege, by reason of
tcriible earthquakes, and other prodigies of the guds, that happened
there at that time; which coming to the ears of Alexander, it made
him far more eager to assault the place, as if he gloried to be that
god's co-rival both in might and power. The rock was an hundred
furlongs round, and sixteen high, and seemed to he even and steep,
and every where round. At tlie foot of the rock towards the south
runs the Indus, the greatest river of India : other parts are environed
by inaccessible rocks and dreadful precipices. Alexander, upon view
of the place, concluded that it was not possible for him to take it
by force. At thai instant there came to him an old man, with his
two sons, who iiad a long time lived in those places, in a very poor
and low condition : he had there a little cell cut in the rock, wherein
were three beds : he and his sons lodging together in this place, he
was very well acquainted with all the avenues and passages round
about. When he came, therefore, to the king, he told him hia con-*
dition, and promised to lead the king through the straits and craggy
by-ways, to a post where he might assault the barbarians upon the
rock. Hereupon Alexander promised him a large reward, made use
of his conduct, and in the first phice possessed himself of the only
passage tiiat led up to the top of the rock : and, because there was
no other way to pass, he so blocked up the besieged, that there
was no relief to be expected. Then, by the help of many hands, he
raised up a mount from the foot of the rock; and he advanced so
close up to the enemy, that by this means he made a very sharp and
vigorous assault, which continued, without any interruption, night
and day, for the space of seven days. At the beginning the barba-
rians, by advantage of the height of the fort, prevailed, and cut o£F
^ Here it falls in with tht index pUced before the •CTCDtcentb book in the Greek
-.*ditio:i cf Ulio'iumBCiius.
CkMp.IX. D10D0EU8 SICULUl. tf9
many who too rashly forced in upon them: but^when the battery
wan raiacd up to its due height^ and the engines for shooting of darts
and other warlike instruments were brought up, and that the reso«
lotion of the king not to leave the assault was dbcemed, the besieged
were in a great consternation, fiut Alexander, wisely foreseeing
what would be the issue^ commanded the guard that he had left at
the passage to withdraw^ that so the enemy might have free -liberty to
depart, if they chose it.
Upon which the barbarians, affrighted by the valour of the Mace-
donians, and the king's brave resolution, in the night left the fort«
The Indians being thus frighted with a scarecrow, the king gained
iht rock without any considerable loss; and then, having rewarded
his g^ide, marched away with his forces to other places.
About that time there was one Aphrices, an Indian, that lay in
those parts with an army of twenty thousand men, and fifteen ele-
phants : him the Indians killed, and brought his head to Alexander,
and by that means gained his favour. He possessed himself likewise
of all the elephants in that tract, and received the Indians into his
protection. Thence he moved to the river Indus, where, being fur-
nished with some ships of thirty oars a-piece, with them he made
a bridge over the river, and continued in that place for the space of
thirty days, to refresh his army, and there offered magnificent sacfi-
Hces to the gods.
After he had passed over his forces, there happened something
trousnal and remarkable » one Taxiles, who formerly reigned in that
country, being lately dead, his son Mophis succeeded him; this
Mophis some time before had sent an ambassador to Alexander,
when he was in Sogdiana, to offer him his assistance against the
Indians that were then preparing to oppose him, and likewise pro-
mised to deliver up his kingdom into the king's hands. When the
Icing was thirty furlongs distant, Mophis and his friends marched to-
wards him with a well-appointed army, and elephants adorned and
fitted for battle. When Alexander saw so numerous an army ad-
vance, he believed the Indian had made a cloak of his promises to
cover his fraud, and by that means to surprise the Macedonians
unawares; therefore he commanded the trumpets to give the signal
of battle, and drew up his army in bi\ttalia, and advanced towards the
Indians. But Mophis, being informed of the sudden commotion that
was amongst the Macedonians, and easily judging the occasion,
commanded his army to make a halt, and he himself, with a few in
his compaoy, posted away, and presently undeceived the Macedo-
nians, by delivering up himself and his army (which was the strength
of the kingdom) into the power of the king; who was so well pleased
tSO DIODOKUS Blcvi.Vif. ' Book XFIL
with what the fanrbariftn bad done, that he restored him to hi» king-*
dom, and ever after found Taxiles (for so he was called) his conatant '
and faithful friend and associate. And these were the tranaactioM
of this year.
CHAP. X.
jfltxander avertomes Ponu. How jfyes are tai^n, Siftrng^
serpents for venoiu. Large trees. He marches against the
Amlrastium, Cat/iari, and against Sophithes. The cusium of
thein under Sophifhes. Indian dogs. Alexander entertained bp
Phigeus. The Macedonians refuse to march against the 6«n-
daritic^ Alexander leaves momwients behind him at the river
Hydaspes. JSicaa atid Bucc])halus built. The Iberians fnreseni
Alexander. He routs i/ie Agalasscs. Is in danger in tie
river Iiulusy by whirlpools. 3Iarches against the Oxydraeee
and Maim. Tlie king leaps off* the wall into the tounu A.
duel between Coragus and Dioxijtpus. The Sambestee submii
to Alexander; and also the Sogdiani and Massmii. Subdues
Musicaiius, Pottieanusy and Smnbics. Poisoned leeapans.. Tie
, Jung's dreauu Coines into the main ocean. Comes into GlaAro-
sia^ The savagen'ess of the people. His army near periAimg
in Gcdrosia. Comes into Carmania. Punishes the JSormeiat
Coremours. Nearchus returns. Islands covered at high tides.
The strafige death if Calaitus. Alexander marries Statintm
Harpaius's liLvury. Alexander seizes tvi(h his own hand them
that had mutinied.
AT tlie time when Chremes was lord-chancellor at Athens, and PoI»--
lius Cornelius and Aulus Posthumius executed the consalshqi at
Rome, Alexander, after he had refreshed his army in the province of
Taxiles, marched against Poms, prince of the neighbouring Indiana,
who had in his army above fifty thousand foot, three thousand hone,
above a thousand chariots, and a hundred and thirty elephants^ and
was coni^bderated with another neighbouring king, called Embisarvs^
not inferior in power to Porus. Alexander, understaDiding that be
was nut above four hundrinl furlongs distant from Porus, advanced
with a resolution to figiit ium before the other joined him. Porus
|,u-ii.:civiiig him to approach^ drew up his horse in two wiugs; bia
Chap. X. DIOliORUS SICULUS. «st
ckphuiU, so acootttred as to terrify his enemies, he plaeed at eqail
dlsUnoes one from another in the front, and lined them with his
armed men, who were commanded to guard and defend them from
darts and arrows in the flank. The wliole army drawn up thus ia
hatfalia, seemed like a city: for the elephants stood like so many
towers, and the soldiers placed among them resembled the waUs«
Alexander, on the other hand, (observing how his enemies were drawa
up), so disposed and ordered his own men as the present circum-
stanees of his affiurs then required.
The horse engird in the first place, and tliereupon almost all the
Indian chariots wese presently broken in pieces; afterwards the cle-
|ibants being made use of, (by the miglity bulk of their bodies, and
their great strength), bore down and trod under foot many of the
Macedonians; others were catched up in their trunks, and tossei
into Che air, and then fell down again with great violence ^pon the
paith, and so miserably perished; many, likewise, were, so rent and
torn with their teeth, that they died forthwith. However, the IVIa-
cedooians with invincible courage endured all the iuirdships wiiere-
Bfiik tbcy were pressed, and with their sar^ssas killed the soldiers that
guarded the elephants; so that now they fought upon equal terms:
and not long after, the beasts bein^; plied with darts on every side,
and not being aUe longer to endure the jnaoy wounds they received,
their riders were not able to rule them, insomuch that they furiously
rushed backwards, and broke in upon their own regiments, and trod
many of them under foot, which caused great disturbance and con*
fosion. Upon which Porus, mounted upon the bravest elephant,
(seeing how things were likely to be), commanded forty of tliosc that
were not as yet startled and affrighted, to be placed round about him.
And with these lu; made so desperate and fierce a chaigc, that he
made a great sUiughter amongst the Macedonians; especially, being
a man of the strongest body of all those that were with him; for lie
was five cubits high, and in hulk proportionable, so that* Ills breast-
plate was twice as big as any of the rest of tlie strongest men a-
moogst them, and he threw a dart with as great force us if it had
been shot out of au engine. But this extraordinary strength of
Porus did not at all terrify the Macedonians that were pkced in the
front against him : Alexander therefore commanded the archers and
light-armed men, with all their darts and arrows, to make at Porus
himself, who did as they were commanded: so that such a multi-
tude of archers were got together in one body, and suph showers of
darts and arrows poured out u]>on him, that they could not possibly
miss their mark. Porus at length, (haviug fought with great valour
au(} resolution), by a multitude uf wounds, lust $a much blood that his
fiSt DioMRus Bicvhvn. Book JTKEr.
•ptrits foiled him, and he fell down ffmn hia beast to the grottfed.
Upon whichj it being presently spread abroad that the king waa dead,
the rest of the Indians fled, and thereupon a great slaoghter waa aaada
amongst them.
Alexander having thus gahied this glorious Tictory, at lengA com*
manded his trumpets to sound a retreat. But there were killed ia
this battle above tweWe thousand Indians, amongst whom were two
sons of Poms, the generals of his army, and the ehiefest of his ooiii*
manders. There were taken above nine thousand prisoners, and tOmt*
score elephants. As for Porus, he was not yet quite dead, and there-
ibre Alexander recommended him to the care of the Indiana theM^
selves, tor the dressing of his wounds. There fell of the Macedo*
Bians two hundred and fourscore horse, and above seven hudred
fbor, whom the king took care to have decently buried, and rewarded
those Aat sunnved who had merited by their valour. He sacrificed^
likewise, to the sun, through whose fiivonr and assistance he had
conquered the east. The neighbouring mountains being clothed fMk
great numbers of fir-trees, cedars, and the pitch-tree, the plaee af*
fords plentiful materials for the building of ships; and therdbM he
built as many here as he had occasion for: for he designed, whea
he came to the utmost bounds of India, after he had subdued those
nations that lay in his way, to pass along through the river into the
ocean.
In the mean time, he built two cities in those parts, one upon the
farther side of the river* where he passed over; the other where he
overcame Porus, and both were presently perfected, having many
hands at work.
Porus being recovered, he restored him to the possessbn of his
kingdom; and, because there was plenty of all sorts of provisions^
he suffered his army to He still and refresh themselves for the space
of thirty days.
There are some things very remarkable, and worth observing, in
the mountains near where they encamped: for, besides the materiala
for shipping, this tract abounds with serpents of a vast bigness, six-
teen cubits in length, and breeds a sort of apes to be admired both
for their number and the greatness of their bodies. The nature of
the beast has instructed the hunter how to take her: for they are
apt to imitate every action they see; but, because of their strength
and natural sagacity, it is very difficult to take them by force. There-
fore some of the hunters anoint their eyes with honey, and others put
on shoes in the sight of the apes; and some there are that clap upon
their heads looking-glassesf : then they leave some shoes behind
^ RlTcr Hydaipes. t Glaisei roadt hoUow lik« CApi.
Ckap. X DIOOORUS 8ICULU9. 233
i * ■ ■ — ^— — ■
them, with banck fixed to thero^ and instead of honey lay bird'^lime,
and within the glasses are ropes to run on nooses* When they are
gone, the poof creatures begin presently to imitate what they saw done,
and so are deluded; for their eye-lids are glued together, their feet
are fast bound, and their whole bodies held by the snares; and so
they become an easy prey to the hunter.
Afterwards, Alexander forced Embisarus (who had been so slow in
assisting Poms, and was now in a consternation) to a submission;
and then he passed the river with his forces, and made his way through
a most fruitful country : for here are strange sorts of trees, seventy
cubits high, and of that thickness that four men can scarcely compass
them, and cast a shade three hundred feet distance.
There are likewise in this tract multitudes of serpents of small
bodies, but for their various colour most remarkable: for thousands
lie like rods, yellow as brass; others have very rough and hairy
breasts, and whoever is bitten by them falls down dead immediately.
If any be stung by them, he is most horridly tormented, aud a bloody
sweat issues out at all the pores of his body. The Macedonians, to
secnre tliemselves from these mischiefs, hung up their beds on the
limbs of these trees, watching the greatest part of the night; but at
length, by some of the inhabitants, they were directed to a root which
was an antidote against the poison.
After the king had moved from thence, he was informed that
Por4is,a neighbouring prince, nephew of the Poms lately vanquished,
was fled out of his kingdom, and gone to the GandaritsB. At which
Alexander was not a little troubled, and thereupon sent Hephastion
with a considerable body of men into his dominion, and ordered him
to reduce it into the nature of a province, and to deliver it into the
hands of his friend Porus. He himself marched into the country of
the Audrastians, and gained some of their cities by assault, and others
by surrender.
Thence he came into the country of the Cathari, where by the law
the living wives are burnt together with their dead husbands; and the
wickedness and treachery of one woman, who poisoned her husband,
was the occasion of this law. Tliere the king burnt down to the
ground the greatest and strongest town of all others in those parts,
after he had with great difficulty and hazard taken it by assault.
The inhabitants of another town, which he was ready to assault,
came forth, and humbly submitted themselves to him, upon which he
spared them.
Hence he led his army to the cities belonging to Sopliithes, which
were governed by moist excellent laws ; amongst the rest tiiey strictly
observe this.^To value their beauty and comely proportion above all
Vol.. 2, No. 43, iiu
SS4 DIODORU9 MCULUS. Book JLFIh
Other things; and therefore they carefully examine itnr^ part of tbe
child when it is in the cradle, and such as are sound and perfect in
every limb and member, and likely to be strong and comely, they
nurse and bring up; but such as are lame and deficient, and of a wmk
habit of body, they kill, as not worth the rearing. They hare the
same regard to their marriages; for without any regard to portion,
or any other advantages, they only mind the beauty of the perion,
and the heallh and strength of their bodies. Hence it is, that those
who live in those cities, are for the most part more beautiful and comely
than others. But Sophithes the king surpassed all the rest of his
subjects for admirable beauty and stately proportnn; for he was a«
bove four cubits high : he came forth from his royal city, and gavt
iip himself and kingdom into the hands of Alexander; and from the
bounty of the victor forthwith received it back again ; and thereupon
he nobly feasted Alexander and all his army for several days together.
And after many rich presents made to him, he presented him with a
hundred and fifty dogs of a wonderful strength and bigness, and of
other most remarkable properties. It was said they were brought forth
by tigers, who had coupled with dogs. Alexander wishing by an ex-
periment to try their strength and courage, caused an exceeding great
lion to be brought into the circus, and then loosed at him two of the
weakest of the dogs; which proving too weak, he let go two others.
The lion i>eing now surrounded by four, and overpowered, Sophithes
sent one with a sword, who began to cut off the right tliigh of one
of the dogs : upon which the king called out, and thereupon the
squires of his body ran to the Indian, and held his hand : but So
phithes wished them to let him alone, and promised to give three for
that one. The huntsman therefore laid hold again on the dog's thigh,
and cut it off by little and little ; and all that while the dog neither
howled nor made the least noise; but held fast his hold till he fell
down dead upon the lion.
In the mean time Hephestion returned with those troops before
sent along with him, having subdued a great part of India wherever
he came, and was hereupon honoured by the king with all deserved
praises.
Next Alexander marched into the kingdom of Phigeus, where all
the Macedonians were welcomed by the inhabitants, and Phigeus
himself meeting him with rich gifts and presents, willing to receive
from him his kingdom as a gift of his bounty; which Alexander ac-
cordingly restored to him : and both he and his army being enter-
tained by Phigeus for two days, he then moved forward to the river
Hydiispes, which is seven furlongs over, and six fathoms deep, uf a
very fierce stream, and difficult to pass, lie had learned from Phi-
Chap^X. DIODORUS SICULUS. 5t3S
geua^ that beyond the Indus was a vast desert of twelve day's jour-
ney; and at the farthest borders thereof, ran the Ganges, two*and-
twenty furlongs broadi and die deepest of all the rivers in India: and
that beyond this river, there dwelt the Tabresians, the Gandaritse^
whose king's name was Xaadrames, who had an army of twenty thou-
sand hocse, and two hundred thousand foot^ two thousand chariots^
and four thousand elephants* The king «ould not believe this to be
troe, and therefore sent for Poms, and inquired of him whether it
was so or not. He told him all was certainly true ; but that the pre-
sent king of the Gandaritie was but of a mean and obscure extrac-
tion, accounted to be a barber's son. For his father 'being a very beau-
tiful and handsome man, the queen fell in love with him, and then
murdered her husband; and so the kingdom devolved upon the pre-
sent king,
Alexander, however, though he perceived that the expedition a«
gainst the Gandarite would be very difficult, yet through a desire
heatUl iiad to gain further glory, would not wave it; but confiding
in the valourof the Macedonians, and the answers he liad received
from the oraclos, hoped to conquer all the barbarians wherever he
went: for he remembered that at Delphoshe was called by the oracle
Invinciide, and that the empjre of tlie whole world was promised to
him by Jupiter Ammon. But discerning that his soldiers were even
tired out with continual marches, (for they had now toiled them-
selves with extreme liazards for eight years together), he judged it
necessary to make a speech to his army, to persuade them to under-
take with him this expedition against the Gandarite. For now he
had lost many soldiers, and no hopes or prospect remained of ending
the war: nay, their very horse's hoofs were worn away by their .con-
tinual marches, and -many of «heir arms wasted and become useless.
And besides, all their Grecian habits and clotlies were -worn out, and
they were forced to make use of the barbarian stuff, and cut the Indian
plaids in pieces to make themselves clothes. And it happened like-
wise, about that time, that there poured down from heaven fearful
storms of rain, with terrible thunder and lightning, which continued
for seventy days together. All which, though they happened cross
to his designs, as he conceived, yet he judged there was one way still
left fur him to accomplish what he so much desired, and that was by
bounty and liberality to gain the hearts of his soldiers. To that end,
he gave free liberty to the soldiers to ravage and plunder all over the
enemy's country, which was rich, and abounding ia all good things.
While the army was thus employed in spoilingand plundering^ he
called together the soldier's wives and all their children $• and among
the wives he ordered corn to be distFibutad every monih; and com*
i40 lilODORUS 8ICULIT9, BooJt XFTL
fttieiigtb of lx)dy, and presence of mind^ that it seemed as if two of
the gods were to fight a duel : for the Macedonian^ for his stature
and the brightness of his arms, looked like Mars^ Dioxippasy (be-
sides his being the stronger man), in his carrying of a great elob^
and actiTtty in feats of arms, resembled Hercales. And now botb
advanced one towards another: the Macedoniao, when he
near, east his javelin at Dio3uppus, which he avoided by a little i
tion of his body, llien Coragus presently made at him with his
Macedonian sarissa, which the other (advancing forward) broke in
pieces witli his truncheon. The Macedonian thus twice defeated,
took to his sword} but, while he was drawing it, his adversary nade
up to him, and prevented him, catching bold of his arm with Us lefiL
hand^ and gave him such a blow with the other, that he laid bira
at bis- feeU Wheo he had him upon the ground, be set his foot wpeo
his neck, and, lifting himself up, he turned about to the ^ctators:
upon wlMch all the people set up a great shout, in admimtioD of what
was done, and at the strength and valour of the man; bat the king
ordeccd him that was ftMled to be let go, and then broke up the aa-
sembly^and departed, not very well pleased at the misfortune of hia
countryman*
But Dioxippus liaving now discharged his adversary, weal off the
ground, and, for his famous and remarkable victory, his eountrymen
set a coronet upon his bead, as one that bad advanced the honour
and reputation of the Grecians. But fortune suffered not this amb t»
rejoice long in his victory; for the king ever after boreagradjge
tolum, and the king's friends, and all the courtiers, envied biasr
tbcrcfere tliey persuaded one that waited at the table to put a goldea
cup under his cushiony and, in the middle of the feast a consplaint
was made that the cup was stolen; whereupon search was made, and
the Gup pretended to be found with Dioxippus, by which he was
greatly disgraced, and put out of countenance; and seeing the Ma-
cedonians come flocking about him, he rose from the table, and left
the place, and went to his lodging. But shortly after, he wrote a
letter to Alexander, complaining of the foul contrivances of his ene-
mies agiunst him; and, after he had delivered it talus servants, to be
handed carefully to the king, he murdered himself.
It was certainly ^n imprudent act in him to fight with a Macedo-
nian, but far more folly in him to destroy himself: tlierefore many
wIm) blamed htm for this piece of madness, added this to his further
disgrace ^That a great body and a great wit seldom meet together*
When the king read the letter, he was exceedingly troubled at his
death, and would often cuuimcnd him for his valour; and he ysha
C9^p.X. DIODORUS SfCULUS. SSJ
cmioeBt cicy of greatest command in those parts: the citkeiis ireot
out to the Isiflg^ and were admitted to converse with him; awl d^fe
they renewed the memory of their antient kindred, and promised to
fierfom all ofices of respect and kindness, as became so near rrim«-
tioos; and sealed and confirmed what they said with extmordtnary
rich {Mcsenls. The king received them very graciously, and.ki return
pennitted all their cities to govern acoordiag to their own laws.
Thence he moved towards the bordering nations, amongst whom
he fiound the Agalasses had raised an army of forty thousand foot, and
three thousanf horse : Alexauder fought them, and routed then ; numj
tipcre killed upon the spot, and the rest fled into holes and dens, anl
the neighbouring towns and villages; which being afterwards taken^
they were all sold for slaves. There were twenty thousand of the rest
of the inhabitants that got together for shelter into a great city,
which he cook by storm, although the Indians, bkxckiog up tie pasw
aagesy fought resolutely from the tops of their houses, and killed bwI-
titades of the Macedonians, which put him into such a rage, that he
aet the town on fire, and burnt OKMtof themin it; so that only three
thousand remained, who fled into the castle^ and sued for pardon and
obtained ic
Then he with his friends went on board again, and sailed down the
river to the place where the two rivers, (as was said before), and like-'
wisetlie Indus, now met together. But these great rivers rushing inone
upon another in one and the same place, there were most terrible
whirlpools, where the ships tliat fell into them where so whirled abon^'
that there they perished. And the stream was so fierce and viotent,'
that no pilot could govern their ships; so that two long ships were
sunk, and many of the rest driven upon the sliore. The king's ship
was likemse catched in a whirlpool, and he himself now in' the ut-^
most extremity and danger of losing his life; which he pcreeitiiBg^-
stripped himself naked, and prepared for the last remedy. ' Wheir^
upon liis friends came round the ship, endeavouring with all their
might totake in the king, in case his ship perished. A great huiiy
and confusion there was, while the men strove with the violence (^
tlic waves, but the river overmatched both their strength anAskflfi
Yet the king with great difficulty, by the help of the ships, #a(s at
length brought to Und. Being thos' unexpectedly preserv<id^ her
sacrificed to the gods for liis deliverance, and that be had, like aoo*
ther Achilles, Gooquered the river itself. . Thence he marched against
the Oxydracee and Mallii, populous and warlike nations of In*
dia, whom he found ready prepared with an army of ab^ve fourscore
thousand foot, and ten thousand horse, and seven hundred. chariots.
These people were at war amongst themselves, before the king came
838 DI0DORU5 SICULUS. Bool XPTL
J J- — ■ ■ — ^— — ■'
amongst them $ but, being terrified at his approach, they were ftmsed
to agree, and confederate against him; aqd, in confirmatioa of their
league, they mntually disposed of ten thousand Tirgins in aairisffe,
end thereby entered into affinity one with another. However, they
came not against him with their armies into the field, bat afterwards
fell at variance one with another concerning the chief oomn»nd, and
drew away here and there into the neighbouring cities. Alexander
approaching to the capital city'^', designed without any further de-
lay to assault it; but one Demophoon, a soothsayer, dissuaded die
king from his purpose, alle^ng — That by certain signs and prodigies
|by him observed) were portended, that the king would be in ex-
treme danger by a wound received in this siege; and therefore en-
treated him that he would wave this town, and apply himself to aoone
other ai&ir. Upon this the king was very angry, because he discon-
raged the soldiers; therefore, preparing all things necessary for an
assault, he himself led up his men to the walls, with an undented
spirit, eager to gain the place by force. His men being slow in fix*
ing the engines, (as he thought), he was the first that broke through
the gate into the city, upon which many were hewn down, and the
rest fled, wliom he pursued to the very castle. And, because the Ma*
eedonians came not up so readily to make the assault as he expected,
he took a scaling-ladder himself, and set it to the castle-wall, aod»
holding las buckler over his head, mounted the ladder; and he was
so quick, that, before they within could force him back, he had gained
the top of the wall. None of the Indians durst engage him hand to
hand, but they so plied him with darts and arrows at a distance, that
be was over pressed.
In the mean time, the Macedonians had applied two scaling'
ladders; but, too many thronging up at once, the ladders broke, and
down they all fell to tlie ground. The king, being then left vridiout
any hope of relief, grew so desperate, that he did wliat is worth spe-
cial remark, and almost incredible: for, looking upon it as a diminu-
tion of his glory to make a retreat down amongst his own soldiers^ he
t^ped off the wall, with his arms in his hand, into the townt« Then
the Indians came rushing upon him in droves, and he received their
assault with great resolution : for, having a tree which grew near to
the wall on his right hand, and the wall on his left, he more easily
defended himself, standing his ground with that courage and resolu-
tion as became a king that had performed sueh noble acts, coveting
to end his days by a glorious and honourable death. Having now
^ Of the Oi3dracc,— Vid. AppiUj lib. S; Bell. Cifil. latter end; and Cnrtirjb
L ii. tecr. 5.
t CMlle-jard raUier,
Chap» X. DXODOKUs SICULU9. 939
received many cats upon his helmet, and as many on his shield, at
length I16 received so grievous a wound under one of his breasts, that
it brought him down upon his knees. Upon which the Indian that
wounded him ran (heedlessly). upon him to give him another blow;
but the king thrust his sword through his body, and there he fell
down dead. Then, raising himself up by the help of a bough of
die tree, he challenged any of the Iidians who had a mind to fight
with him.
And now came in to his reliefPeucestes, one of his guard, being
one of the first that had by other ladders scaled the wall, and after him
came several others; so that the barbarians being now in a fnghl^
Alexander was at length rescued and preserved.
The city being thus taken, the Macedonians (being enraged upon
account of the king) put all the men they found to the sword^ and
filled every place with dead carcases*
In the mean time, while the king lay ill of his wound, the Gft-
cians that were distributed into several colonies throughout Bactria
and Sogdiana (having for a considerable time before been dissatisfied
at their plantations amongst the barbarians, and now encouraged
upon the report that Alexander was dead of his wound) rebelled a^
gainst the Macedonians, and got together, to the number of about
three thousand, and endeavoured with all their might to return into
their own country; but they were every man cut off after the death
of Alexander.
The king, after he was recovered of his wound, appointed a so-
lemn sacrifice to the gods, in order to give thanks for his recovery^
and sumptuously feasted all his friends. In his feasting and drink-
ing there happened a circumstance very remarkable, and fit to be
taken notice of: amongst other friends, there was 'one Coragus a
Macedonian invited, a strong-bodied man, and one that had often
behaved himself with great gallantry in several encounters. This
man in his cups challenged one Dioxippus, an Athenian, to fight a
duel; who was a cliampion, and had won many noble prizes and vic«
tones. The matter was pushed forward by the guests, as is usual at
such times. Dioxippus accepted the challenge, and the king ap«
pointed the day.
As soon as it was day, many thousands of people flocked together
to see the combat. The king, with his Macedonians, favoured Cora*
gus; the Grecians wished well to Dioxippus. The Macedonian
came into the list neatly accoutred, glittering in his arms. The
Athenian presented himself stark naked, all over anointed with oilj
with a cap upon his head. Their persons were both so admirable for
f 40 DIODORUS 8ICVLIT9, SooA XVIL
strength of liody, and presence of mind, that it seemed as if two of
the gods were to fight a duel : for the Macedonian^ for his stature
and the brightness of his arms, looked like Mars^ Dkmippss, (be-
sides liis being the stronger man)^ in his carrying of a great elob^
aiid activity in feats of arms, resembled Hercales. And now bocb
advanced one towards another: the Macedonian, when be cane
near, east his javelia at Dio3uppas, which he avoided by a little mo-
tion of his body, llien Coragus presently made at him with bb
Macedonian sarissa, which the other (advancing forward) broke in
pieces with his truncheon. The Macedonian thus twice defeated,
took to his sword;, but, while he was drawing it, his adversary made
up to him, and prevented him, catching hold of bis arm with Us left
baad^ and gave him such a blow with the other, that be laid him
at bis^ feet* When he had him upon the ground, he set bis foot vpoo
bis neck, and, lifting himself up, he turned about to the ^ctaton:
upon which all the people set up a great shout, in admimtion of wbat
was done, and at the strength and valour of the man; bat tbe king
ordered him that was foiled to be let go, and then broke up tbe as-
sembly, and departed, not very well pleased at the misfortune of bia
countr>'man»
But Dioxippus having now discharged liis adversary, went off the
ground, and, for his famous and remarkable victory, his eountryoieB
seta coronet upon his head, as one that had advanced the honour
and reputation of the Grecians. But fortune suffered not this bmid to
xcjoice long in his victory; for the king ever after boreagri^
to him, and the king's friends, and all the courtiers, envied bimr
tbcrcCbrc tliey persuaded one that waited at the table to put a gfdden
cup under his cushion ; and, in the middle of the feast a compUni
was made that the cup was stolen; whereupou search was made, and
the Gup pretended to be found with Dioxippus, by wbicb be was
greatly disgraced, and put out of countenance; and seeing tbeMn-
cedonians come flocking about him, he rose from the table, and left
the place, and went to his lodging. But shortly after, he wrote a
letter to Alexander, complaining of the foul contrivances of bis ene-
sues agiunst him; and, after he had delivered it to bis servants, to be
banded carefully to the king, he murdered himself.
It was certainly ^n imprudent act in him to fight with a Macedo-
nian, but far more folly in him to destroy himself: tlierefore many
who blamed him for this piece of madness, added tbb to liis further
disgrace ^That a great body and a great wit seldom meet together*
When the king read the letter, he was exceedingly troubled at his
death, and would often commend him for his valour; and he who
"Jhap. X. DIODORUS 91CUJLUS. S41
uidervalued him when he was alive, now In vain wished for him when
\t was dead, and came perfectly to understand the honesty of the
oan, by the knavery of his accusers and slanderen.
And now the king ordered his army to march along the bank of
he fiver Indus, over against his fleet, and began again to sail down
Dto the ocean, and in his passage arrived at the country of the
iambestians. These people for number and courage are nothing in*
ieiiof to any of the Indians, and their cities are democratical in their
[overnment.
Having intelligence of tlie approach of the Macedonians, they
tfooght into the field threescore thousand foot, six thousand horse,
ad five hundred chariots. But when the fleet drew near, they were
10 terrified with the strangeness of the sight, and the fame and glory
rf the Macedonians, which was noised abroad in all places, that the
dd men among them dissuaded them from venturing a battle;
ivfaereupon diey sent fifty of the best quality as ambassadors to Alex-
inder, to pray hb favour. The king (upon the address made to him)
^nted them peace as they desired, and received large and honour-
ible .presents (becoming a demigod) from the inhabitants. Then
lie received the submission of the Sogdiani and Massanii, who bor«
iered on both sides of the river. Here Alexander built another city
called Alexandria, on tlie banks of the river, and furnished it with a
thousand inliabitants. Afterwards he arrived at the kingdom of Mu-
licanus*, whom he took aud killed, and subdued his country. Then
be came to the territoryf of Porticanus, and took two cities upon the
Bnt assault, and gave the spoil of them to his soldiers, and then
Imrot them. Porticanus, who had fled for shelter into the castle,
was killed fighting in hb own defence. Then he took all the cities
within his dominion by assault, and razed them to the ground, which
struck a great terror into the neighbouring inhabitants. Next he
wasted the territories of Sambus^, razing many of the cities, and
selling the citizens for slaves, and put to the sword above fourscore
thoosapd barbarians. These were the plagues the Brachmanes suf-
fered. All the rest who submitted (except such as were the authors
and ring-leaders of the defection) he pardoned. In the mean time,
king Sambus got away, with thirty elephants, into the farthest parts
beyond the river Indus, and so escaped.
Amongst the Brachmaoes, the last city attempted was Harmatelia §,
• Musicanus.— Strabo, lib. iv. p. 694,701, sayt he submitted, (where see much more),
but mfterwards revolted, tnd was crucified.
t Thii territory belongs to the Ba«t«ns. — See Sirabo, ib.
I The country of the Brachmanes who bad rerolied after submission.— See Curiius, 1. 9.
$ Harmatelia.— See Strabo, lib. xv. p. 7:^3.
Vol. 2. No. 43. n
242 DIODORUS SICULU8. Bdok XFIL
wliich greatly confided in the valour of its iuhabitanta, and the
strength of its situation. Here the king commaDded some few of
his party to go up near to the place, and provoke the citizens to ML
upon them^ and then to appear as if they fled: thereupon five hun-
dred approached to the very walls, who for their inconsidenbie mim-
ber were contemned by the enemy; three thousand, therefore^ made
a sally out of the town upon them, whereupon they took to their
heels as if they had been in a great fright. But the king, with some :
few of his troops, fell upon the backs of the pursuers, upon which-a
there was a smart engagement, and many of the barbarians we
killed and taken. But a great number of those that were killed i
wounded on the king's side were in a desperate condition: for i
barbarians had poisoned the heads of their weapons with a deadlpr
poison, which made them more courageous and forward to engage
with the king. This strong poison is made of certain serpents taken
by hunting, which, after they are killed, they lay out and expose to
the heat of the sun, when the heat does so fry their flesh as if it
were melting away, from which distils a sweaty mcristure, wheieia
the poison of the beast is conveyed, and may be discerned. The
working of this deadly poison is such, that a numbness and stniudify
presently seizes upon the body of him that is wounded^ and in a
short time after follows most tormenting pains, convulsions^ and
trembling, wreaking every member of the body. The skin grows
excessive cold and black, and the person vomits black choler: moie^
over, a black frothy matter flows from the wound, which causes pa*
trefaction, and presently spreads all over the principal parts of tlie
body, and so the person dies in a most miserable manner. And
hence it was, that he who was ever so slightly touched was as modi
tormented as he who had the greatest wounds. After all that were
thus wounded were dead, the king grieved for none so much as ke
did for the misfortune of Ptolemy, (who reigned afterwards), and
whom at that time he dearly loved. There happened at this time
something extraordinarily remarkable in reference to Ptolemy, which
some ascribe to the special providence of God. He was a man that
was beloved of all, both for his valour and his wonderful obliging be-
haviour to every one, and therefore met with a cure worthy his kind
and gracious disposition. The king dreamed that he saw a serpent
with an herb in its moutli, which told him the nature and efficacy of
the plant, and where it grew: when he awoke, he presently searched
for the herb, and found it, and when he had bruised it made a poul*^
tice of it, and applied it to Ptolemy's body, and gave him a potion of
the juice of the plant, and so restored him to perfect health. Others
also, when they came to know the sovereign use of the herb^ were
Giap. X. mODORUs siculus. ^43
eared by the same\ineaiis. But wheii Alexander now began to ap-
{rfy himself to the siege of Harmatelia, a strong and well-fenced
city, the inhabitants all came forth to him, and begged his pardon,
and delivered ap themselves and their city into his hands, and so es-
caped punisliment*
Then sailing with his familiar friends into the main ocean, he
found two islands, where he offered most magnificent sacrifices, and
threw many golden cups of great value, together with the drink-
oflerings, into the sea. At length, having reared up altars to the
honour of Tethys and Oceanus, (supposing now that he had finished
the voyage he intended), he returned with the fleet up the river, and
arrived at the famous city Hyala'*. This city is under the same
form of government with that of LacedsBmon : for there were two
kings, of two several families, succeeding in one line, who had the
management and administration of their wars; but the chief au-
thority in civil a&irs belonged to the senate. Here Alexander bnrht
all the ships that were leaky and defective, and delivered the rest
of his fleet into the hands of Nearchusf and some others of his
friends, with a command to sail all along the sea-coast, and dili-
gently observe every place, till they came to the entrance into the
river Euphrates. He himself raised his camp, and marched a long
way into the country, subduing all that opposed him, and using
those kindly who submitted to him: for the inhabitants of Abisaris
and Gedrosia he brought to submission, without any hazard or dif-
ficulty.
Afterwards, marching through many tracts of land destitute of
water, and as many deserts, he came to the borders of Neoris.
There he divided his army into three brigades: the first he gave to
Ptolemy, the other to Leonatus;. the former he commanded to ha-
rass the sea-coasu, and the other the midland and champaign part
of the country. He Umself wasted and spoiled the hilly country
and mountainous parts, and the places thereunto adjoining: so that
many countries being invaded all at one and the same time, all
places were filled with rapine, fire, and slaughter, from whence the
loldiers were loaded with rich booty, and many thousands perished
by the sword.
The bordering nations, being terrified by this destruction of peo-
ple, all delivered themselves into the power of the king{. Here the
* City of Hyala, «t the mouth of the n?er ludui.
t This navigation described by Arrian, lib. vi. p. 145; and Pliny^ Nat. Hist. lib. vu
r. 23. They set out from the island Patala, and city X^Ienopolis, as by Arrian^ lib. <^,
cap. 23.— Vid. Ush. Ann. 266, and 269.
t In Hambacia.
344 DIOOORUS 8ICULUS. Book XFIL
king, having a desire to build a city near to the sea, and having found
a safe harbour, and a convenient place near to it, built one accord-
ingly, and called it Alexandria. Then he entered through ways made ^
by his pioneers into the country of the Neoritee^^ and preaently ^
forced them all to submit*
These people are like all the rest of the Indians, both for laws andH
manners, except iu one thing, which is almost incredible: forthcs
kindred and relations of those that are dead (all stark naked^ witic^
their lances in their hands) carry forth the dead bodies into som^
wood or other belonging to the country, and there strip the corpse
of all its burying-clothes and other ornaments, and leave the bod—
to be food for the wild beasts : then they divide the garments of th^
deceased^ and sacrifice to the subterraneous heroes,and feast all thei^ j
friends.
Alexander afterwards marched into Gedrosia, all along the sei^*
coast, and came at length among a most rude and savage people.
From their very birth to their old age they never cut their nails^ but
suffer them still to grow; and the hair of their beads all grow in
locks, never combed out. They are of a swarthy complexion, (through
the parching heat of the sun), and cloth themselves with the skins of
wild beasts. They feed upon the flesh of whales cast up by the sei.
In building of their houses and cottages, they raise up their walls n
is usual, but the roofs are laid with the jaw-bones and ribs of whales,
of which they have somers and beams eighteen cubits in length; and
for tiles they use the whale-bone and fins of the same animal.
When Alexander with great toil had marched through this coon*
try, he came into a desolate wilderness, where nothing at all was to
be had for the support of man's life. So that many dying for want
of food, the whole army was not only altogether discouraged^ but the
king himself was then overwhelmed with unusual sorrow and anzietj
of mind: for he looked upon it as a most miserable thing that those
who by the valour of their arms had conquered all wherever thcj
came, should now ingloriously perish for want of bread in a barren
wilderness. Therefore he sent away the swiftest couriers he could
find into Parthia, Drangina, Aria, and other bordering countries,
with orders, that with all speed they should meet him upon the bor-
ders of Carmania, with dromedary camels, and other beasts of bur-
then, loaded with bread and other accessary provisions : these hastened
away as they were commanded, and procured the governors of the
provinces to despatch abundance of provision to the place appointed.
By this extreme scarcity Alexander lost many of his men, and this
was the first mischief he met with in this expedition. Afterwardsj
• Orita,
Chap. X. moDORUS SICULUS. 245
as they were marching, some of the moantaineers fell npon Leona-
tus's squadroDi and cot otF many of them^ and then made back to
their countrymen; and this was another loss.
When they had at length, with very great difficulties and hard-
sfaipSi passed through this desert, they came into a rich and populous
country**. Here he rendezvoused his whole army, and, after they had
refreshed themselves, celebrated a feast to Bacchus; and, dressed up*
io make a show, like a pageant, he led the dance before his iarmy
(which marched likewise in great pomp and state) for the space of
seven days together, spending all that time in revelling and drunken-
ness all the way he went.
When this was over, hearing that many of his officers and gover-
nors of provinces had abused their power, to the oppression and in*
jury of many, he punished them according to their demerits. Which
severity of the king being spread abroad, many who were conscious
of being guilty of the same crimes^ began to fear the same punish*
ment; and therefore some who commanded the mercenaries made
a defection; others got together what money they could, and fled:
of which the king receiving intelligence, he wrote to all the gover-
nors and lord-lieutenants of Asia ^That, as soon as they had read
his letters they should, without further delay, disband all the mer-
cenaries.
About the same time, while the king was at Salmuntisf, a sea-
port town, busy io making stage-plays, those who had been sent to
examine all the sea-coasts arrived with the fleet, who forthwith went
into the theatre, and addressed themselves to the king; and, after
they had made their obeysance, they acquainted him with what they
had done. The Macedonians so rejoiced at their return, that, as a
testimony of their joy, they set up a great acclamation, and filled the
whole theatre with exultations. Those that returned from the voyage
told him ^Tliere were wonderful tides of ebbing and flowing in the
ocean, and that at low water in the farthest parts of the sea-coasts
there appeared a great many large islands^ which at the return of the
tide are all again laid under water, while a most fierce and violent
wind comes ofi'from them to the continent, and causes the water to
be all of a foam : and, as the greatest wonder of all, they declared tiiat
they met with whales of an incredible magnitude, which at the first
so terrified them, that they looked upon themselves as lost, and that
they and all their ships must in a moment perish together; but, all
of them at once setting up a great shout, and making a noise by
• In Cariuania. — Vid. Curtiusj lib. 9, adjinem,
t SalmuDiib^ in Uarmozia, now Ormus^ in tbc gnlf of Persia,
246 DioDORUs sicuLUS. Book XPIL
striking upon their arms, and sounding of trumpets^ the moDttroiia
creatures were so terrified with a thing so unusual^ that they made l»
the bottom of the deep.
After the king had heard this relation, he ordered the sea-offiren
to sail with the fleet to the Euphrates; and he himself io the meaii
time, inarching through many countries with his anny, came at btt
to the borders of Susiana. At that time Calanus, an Indian, a great
philosopher, and much honoured by the king, ended his days in ft
wonderful manner. Having now lived to be seventy-three yeais oU^
and during all that time had never experienced any sickness er the
least distemper, he proposed to put an end to his own life, soppoauig
tliat now both nature and fortune had brought him to the utmost
bounds of his felicity and well-being in the world^^ Being semdl
npoij, therefore, with sickness, which grew upon him more and
more every day, he desired the king that he would order a great fa-
neral pile to be erected, and that when he had placed himself npoa
it, some of his servants should set it on fire. The king at first en*
deavoured to diss wide him from this purpose; bat, when he wmw
he would not be moved, he promised that it should be performed a»
bo had desired.
The thing presently spread abroad, and, when the pile was finished^
multitudes of people flocked to see this strange sight: and there Ca--
Unus (according to the rules and dictates of his own opinion) with
great courage ascended the pile, and both he and it were consumed.
together. Some who were present judged this act to be an e&ct oF
madness, others nothing but a piece of vain glory, though some thenp
were who admired his noble spirit and contempt of death; and the
kjng caused him to be honourably buried.
When Alexander came to Susa, he married Statira, Darias's eldest
daughter: Drypetis, the younger, he married to Hephestion. He
gave also wives to the chiefest of his friends, and married them to the
noblest ladies of Persia.
About this time thirty thousand Persians (very proper and hand-
some young men, and of strong bodies) came to Susa. Tliese, ac«
cording to the king's command, had for some considerable time been
getting together, and had been trained up by their tutors and gover-
nors in martial discipline; and all of them, completely famished
with Macedonian arms, encamped before the city, where they trained
and exercised before the king, and approved ihemselres so expert ia
the management and handling of their arms, that they were honoored
by him with large and rich gifts : for, because the Macedonians re-
fused to i^ass over the rivt?r Ganges, and in the common assembly
wouiu mr.ry time? w'nh a jm: r-.invw'f oppose the king, and mock at
Oil^X DIODORUS SICULUB. fUJ
ilk descent from Ammoa, he got this body of Persians (who were
all about the same age) to be as a curb upon the Macedonian pha*
lanx. And these were the things wherein Alexander employed him*
selfar that time.
Dttriog this Indian expedition^ Harpalus, wlio was made by Alex-^
aader lord-high-treasorer of Babylon, almost as soon as the king had
b^va his march, (hoping he would never return), gave himself up
ta aM manner of luxury and excess; for he was governor of a very
large province. In the first place, he followed a lewd coqrse cff
Coiciag and ravishing ot women, and committing all sorts of abonu*
sable acts of uncleanness with the barbarians^ by which iuxurioor
pimctioes of wickedness he wasted the treasure committed to hitf
dutfge. He ordered great multitudes of fish to be brought to Una
fifom distant Countries, as far as from the Red Sea; and he was so
|NPofuse in the daily provisions for his table, that all cried shame of
Isim, and none gave him a good word. He sent likewise for a £i-
aootts strumpet from Athens, called Pythonice, to whom he ga^'tt
most princely gifts while she lived, and buried her with as much
state when she was dead, and built for her a most magnificent motia-
anent in Athens.
After her death he sent for another courtesan out of Attica, called
<jlycera, with whom he lived at such a height of voluptuousness and
expense, as exceeded all bounds; but, that be might have a refuge
to fly to, in case oi the cross and destructive blasts of fortune, he
made it his business chiefly to oblige the Athenians. And therefore,
irhen Alexander returned from his Indian expedition, and had cut off
the heads of many of the provincial governors for their mal-admints*
tnitions, Harpalus, fearing the same punishment, bagged up five
thousand talents of silver, and raised six thousand mercenary sol-
diers, and so left Asia, and sailed for Attica. But, when he perceived
that none were forward to come in to him, heieft his soldiers at Te^
narus in Laconia, and, taking part of the money with him, fled to the
Athenians for protection: but, being demanded to be delivered up,
by letters from Antipater and Olympias, (having first distributed large
rewards amongst the orators that had pleaded for him, and managed
his concern with the Athenians), he withdrew himself, and fled to hb
soldiers at Tenarus. Thence he sailed to Crete, and tlierc was mur-
dered by Thimbron, one of his friends.
The Athenians likewise (examining the matter concerning tiic
money given by Harpalus) condemned Demosthenes, and several
other orators, for being corrupted by him with bribes.
About this time Alexander, at the celebration of the Olympic
games, caused public proclamation to be made by a herald That
348 DI0D0RU8 8ICULUS. BookXFtL
all exiles (except robber^ of temples and murderers) should return to
their several countries: and he himself picked out ten thouiaod of
the oldest soldiers in his army, and discharged them from further
service; and^ being informed that many of them were in debt, be
paid the whole in one day^ to the amount of no less than ten tbou*
sand talents. The rest of the Macedonians carrying themselves widi
great insolence towards him^ and in a general assembly with bawling^
and noise contradicting him^ he was so enraged and sharp in his re-
turns upon them^ that they were all put into a great fright; and ia
that rage he was so daring, that he leaped down from the tribunal,
and seized upon some of the ring-leaders of the mutiny with his
own hands, and delivered them to the lictors, to be executed. At
kngth, when he saw that the disorders and mutiny still increased^
be made officers of such of the Persians as he thought fit, and pre-^
ferred them to the chiefest commands. Upon which the Macedo^
nians recollected themselves, and liad much ado to regain Alexan-
der's favour, though they addressed themselves to him both witb pe^
titions and tears.
CHAP. XI.
Alexander ynixes twenty thousand Persian darters with his amgf^
Marches from Siisa. Bagistame breeds abundance of horses*
Hephastian dies at Ecbatana. The Lamian war. He invades
the Cuss{ei. Marches towards Babylon. The Chaldean astro^
logers dissuade him from coming thither. He enters Babjflan.
AFTERWARDS, when Anticles was chief magistrate of Athens,
and Lucius Cornelius and Quintius Publius were consuls at Rome,
Alexander supplied the room of those he had discharged witb Per-
sians, and chose a thousand of them to be squires of the body,
conceiving he might altogether as safely trust them as the Mace-
donians.
About this time Peucestes came with twenty thousand Persian
darters and slingers. These Alexander intermixed amongst his other
soldiers, by which means the army was brought into that due consti*
tution, that they were readily obedient to his command. There were
some of the Macedonians who had sons by the captives^ whomj upoD
CAap. XL DiODORUs siculus. g49
tiligent inquiry he found to be ten thousand, and appointed them
nasters to instract them in all sorts of learning, and allowed suffi*
:ient stipends for their liberal education.
Then he rendezvoused his army, and marciied away from Susa^
nd, passing the river Tigris, came to the villages called Carne, and
heie encamped. Thence in four days march he passed through
littace, and came to Sambea. Here he rested seven days, and re-
neshed his army. Thence in three days he marched to the towns
died Celonee, in which place the posterity of the Boeotians settled
lemsclves in the time of Xerxcs's expedition, and there remain
Dto this day, having not altogether forgot the laws of their country:
ff they use a double language, one learned from the natural inhabi*
nts, and in the other they preserve much of the Greek tongue; and
tiserve some of their laws and customs. Thence, when it grew
iwards evening, he decamped and turned aside, and marched to
agistame, to view tlie country. Tliis country abounds in all man-^
er of fruit-trees, and whatever else conduces either to the profit or
leasure of mankind; so that it seems to be a place of delight both
3r gods and men. Afterwards he came into a country that breeds
od pastures an innumerable company of horses; for they say, that
iiere had been here an hundred and sixty thousand horses that ran at
asture up and down in the country; but, at the coming of Alex-
ider, there were only sixty thousand. He encamped here for the
lace of thirty days. Thence, after seven encampments, he came
£cbatana, in Media. I'his city is two hundred and fifty furlongs
compass, and is the metropolis of all Media, where abundance
treasure was laid up. Here he staid some time, and refreshed
^ army, and spent his time in feasting, drinking, and stage-plays:
^^hich time Hephaestion (one whom he loved above all others)
1 sick of a surfeit, and died; whose death very much grieved the
^g,and he committed his body to Perdiccas, to be carried to Baby-
^> because he intended to bury him with great pomp and state.
\Vhile these things were acting in Asia, Greece was full of tumults
Ad seditions, whence broke out the war called the Lamian War,
tpon this occasion : after the king's order to the lord-Iieuteoants of
ihe provinces to disband all mercenary soldiers, and the execution
)f those commands, many foreigners that were casiiicred went strag-
gling over all Asia, and, for want of subsistence, robbed and spoiled
he country, tiH they all came into one body alTcnarus, in Laconia:
0 likewise all th^ governors and commanders of the Persians that
fcre left got together what men and money they could, and came
U to Tenarus, and there joined their forces together. There th^
-eated Leosthenes, an Athenian, (a brave-spirited man), general oi
Vol. 2, No, 43. KK
250 DIODORUS SICULUS. Book XFII.
the army; who then called a council of war^ and^ after having eon-
suited concerning the management of the war^ disposed of fifty
talents to pay the mercenaries, and provided arms sufficient for the
present occasion. He sent, likewise, ambassadors to the iEtoIians
(who were disafiected to the king) to join with them in arms. And
thus Leosthenes was altogether taken up in necessary preparations
for a war, of the greatness of which he had then a clear and cTidrnt
prospect.
Alexander now marched against the Cusssei, who refused to sub-
mit to his government. Tliis people are a yery warlike nation^
and inhabit the hilly and mountainous parts of Media; and there-
fore, confiding in their own valour, and the strength of their country,
never would be brought to admit of any foreign prince to reign over
them, and were never subdued during all the time of the Persittd em-
pire; and at that time they were so very high, that they slighted the
valour of the Macedonians.
The king first gained the passes, and then wasted a great purt of
the country of Cussae; and, getting the better in every engagement,
killed many of the barbarians, and took many more prisoners. At
length the Cusssei, being worsted and beaten in every place, and
greatly concerned at the multitude of the captives, were forced to re-
deem their country by the loss of their own liberty ; and so, giting uf
themselves to the will of the conqueror, they obtained peace, upon
condition that they should be loyal and obedient for the time to come.
Thus Alexander conquered this nation in the space of forty days;
and, after he had built some cities at the most difficult passes id tAe
country, he marched away.
Socicles was now archon at Athens, and Cornelius Lentulus antt
Quintius Popillus* Roman consuls, when Alexander, after the con-
quest of tlie Cussffii, marched thence towards Babylon. He alwajs
rested awhile between every decampment, and^ to ease his amoy,
moved very slowly. When he was about three hundred furlodgs
from Babylon, thu Chaldeansf, (as they are called), who were fiimous
for astrology, and used to prognosticate future events by the obser-
vation-of the stars, (and by that means knew that the king would die
presently after he entered into Babylon), picked out some of the most
anticnt and expert of those of their profession, and ordered them to
signify the danger to the king, and, with all the arguments they could
use, to dissuade him from entering into the city; and to let him know
that, he mi.L^ht avoid the danger, if he would rebuild the sepulchre of
Bchis, which the Persians had destroyed, and alter his purpose^ and
piiss by the city.
* Fub]iui. t Cluildetn pricsti.
CAap. XIL^ DiODonvs aicvLVS. 251
BelepbaiUes was th^ leading unao of the Chaldeans that were seat
away; but be was afraid to address himself to the king, and there-
fore privately imparted all to Nearchus, (one of the king's familiar
friends)^ and desired him that with all speed be would acquaint th^
king with the whole business* Alexander was mueb coAcerned wbea
Nearcbus told him what the Chaldeans had prognosticated; aud^
more and more considering and pondering in his thoughts the skill
and reputation of the man, was in no small consternation. At lengtjb
he sent away many of bis friends to the city, but he himself turne(l
«side aoother way, and passed by Babylon; and^ encamping twp
hundred furlongs distant from the place, he there rested. At this all
were in astonishment; whereupon many philosophers came to him^ as
well those that were followers of Auaxagoras, as other Grecians.
When they came to understand the cause of his fear, they earnestly
opposed what was said, with many philosophical arguments; by
which he was so convinced and changed, that he contemned all sorts
of divination whatsoever, and especially that of the Chaldeans, which
was every where so famous. Therefore now, as if his spirit, before
wounded, had been cured by the arguments of philosophers, he en«
tered Babylon with his army, where (as before) the soldiers were
kindly entertained by the citizens; and the plenty of provisions was
«uch, that all gave up themselves to ease and voluptuousness. And
th^e were the things acted this year.
CHAP. XII. /
Ambassadors come to Alexander from all parts. He buries Htr
phcBstion with great state. The prodigies before Alexander's
death. His death. Darius* s another starves fierself.
AGESIAS was now chief magistrate of Athens, and Caius PiEtellus
and Lucius Papirius consuls at Rome, when the hundred and four-
teenth Olympiad was celebrated, in which Micinas of Rhodes was
victor. At this time ambassadors came to Alexander almost from all
parts of the world: some to congratulate his victories, others to
tender him crowns, others to make leagues and alliances with him,
and many brought him very rich and noble presents; and some there
were that came to clear themselves from fiUse accusations: for, be-
M« Biumcos sictTttTs. 16M^ J9ttr-
tfdflt thote sent from the dties^ states^ ti^ printet ttff Alii|» i
atAbftsswfen addressed thems^lTes to the Uog Crom 'Einiilpi 'mfi
AfUcft. Out of Africa^ the CalihaginiaiiSy and db I^lMkliM fli
liliyai aad all' borderiog vpon the sea-coasts as fiar iii*IHniMMfi
lUlars. 0«t oTEoropei the Oreciiin eities, the BfaimlMiiia^ 4e
HtyriaDs, nbuiy inhabiting Adria^ Ae Thracians, and tike GaMsM^
a peof»ie' that then first began to be known to the Gredans. liise
Idl sent their ambassadorsj of whom the king having a caialogM ia
uniting, he appointed in what order they shoidd be sevenllj adttitei
to their andience. And, in the first phwe, those were Inliwdfcjil
that came about matters of religion; then thosie wlio liiM{gbt pst-
aents; next, they that were at variance with the peofdc besBedUg
upon them; then those were admitted, in the fburth pheeyiib
eamci to treat upon concerns relating to their own comtry; ad
lastly, those whose instructions were to oppose the restbmtion of ib
exiles. And, among the religious, he first heard them of Bl}
. after them the ArootioDiaus, Delphians, and Corinthidns} thd 'Efh
daoriaos likewise, and others; giving to them the pre-emiaenoej oH
of reverence and veneration to the temples. • He made it fab ^mt
business to return siich grateful answers to all tlie umlttWHrtlftWj ss
that he might gain the good will and affection of every one of dieBB.
When all this ivas over, he applied himself to tlie cddmtienif
the funeral of Hephfiestion; and contrived (all thift pos8U>Iy he odaU)
so far to grace it with funeral pomp, as that it should not only cx«
ceed all that ever were befor;? it, but likewise that it.should never ha
exceeded by any that was to come: for lie most dearly Ipiwtd him (ss
much as the dearest friends that we have heard of ever loved one
another) when he was alive, and honoured him beyond comparison
when he was dead. He honoured him more than any of his friends
while he lived, although Craterus seemed to vie with him tot Alex-
ander's affection: for, when one of the servants said,. that Cntems
loved Alexander as well as Hephsestion did; Alexander answered j—
That Craterus was the king's friend, and Hephsestion.AlexandePs.
And at tliat time when the mother of Darius (through a mistake npoQ
the first view of the king) prostrated herself at the feet of He]piuBS-
tion, and, coming to discern her error, was mneh out of coonte-
nance.^'^ Be not troubled, mother, (says Alexander), for even be
is another Alexander.'* To conclude, Hephsestion had anch inleKat
with Alexander, and such free access and liberty of converse^ Aat
when Olympias (who eofvied him) accused him and threatened him
by her letters^ he wrote to her back again with severe cliedcs, and
added these expressions^-.*^ Forbear your slanders against me, aad
bridle your anger, and cease your threats: ^but, if yon will not^ I
C%ap. XH. DIODOllUS 8ICULUS. 353
' ■ I p ' ■ ■ '■ ■ ■
VHloe them not in the least; for you are not ignorant that Alexander
must be judge of all/'
The king therefore, taken up with the preparations for the funeral^
eommanded the neighbouring cities to assist as much as pdssibly they
eoold towards its pomp and splendour; and commanded all the
people of Asia, that the fire which the Persians call the Holy Fire
should be put out, till the exequies of this funeral were fully finished,
18 was used to be done in the funerals of the kings of Persia; which
was taken to be an ill omen to the king himself, and that the gods
did thereby portend his de&th. There were likewise other prodigies
happened that clearly pointed out that Alexander's life was near at
an end; which we shall presently give an account of, when we have
finished our relation of the funeral. In order to this funeral, all his
chief commanders and noblemen (in compliance to the king's plea-
sure) made medals of Hephsestion graven in ivoiy, and cast in gold
and other rich metals. Alexander himself called together a great
number of the most exquisite workmen that could be had, and bi^ke
down the wall of Babylon ten furlongs in length, and took away the
brick of it; and then, levelling the place where the funeral pile was
to be raised, built thereon a foursquare pile, each square taking a
furlong in length: the platform he divided into thirty apartments,
and covered the roofs with the trunks of palm-trees. The whole
structure represented a quadrangle. Afterwards he beautified it
round with curious ornaments : the lower part was filled up with two
Jinndred and forty prows of gallics of five tier of oars, burnished widi
gold; upon whose rafters stood two darters, one on each side of the
beaks, of four cubits higli, kneeling upon one knee; and statues of
men in arms five cubits high : all the divisions and open parts were
veiled with hangings of purple. That part next above this was set
with torches, of fifteen cubits high, in the middle part of every one of
which (where they were used to be held) were placed crowns of gold;
at the top, whence the flame ascended, were fixed eagles with their
wings displayed, and their heads stooping downwards. At the bottom
of the torches were serpents, ^Eicing and looking up at the eagles. la
the third range were exposed all sorts of wild beasts hunted; in the
fourth, centaurs all in gold combating one with another; the fifth
presented alternately to the view lions and bulls in massy gold. In
that part above these were placed the arms both of the Macedonians
and barbarians; the one signifying the victories over the conquered
nations, and the other the valour of the conqueror. In the highest
and last part of all, stood Sirenes, contrived hollow, wherein secretly
were placed those who sang the mourning song to the dead. The
height of the whole structure mounted up above a hundred and thirty
864 DIODORUS SICULUS. B^ok XVIL
cnblts. To conclude, both commanders and common soldieittj am*
Iia»sadors and the natural inhabitants^ so strove to excel one aootber
in contributing to this stately funeral, that the charge and cost a-
monnted to above twelve thousand talents. And to grace it the more^
and make it more splendid, he conferred several other honours upon
these exequies. At length he commanded all to sacrifice to him
as a tutelar god: for it happened that Philip, one of bis nobility^ at
tiiat time returned iwm the temple of Ammon, and broagbt word
fnom the oracle there — ^That Hephiestion might be sacrificed unto as
a demigod: whereat Alexander was very glad, hearing tliat the Oracle
kselr was an approver of his opinion; and thereupon he himself was
the first that offered, sacrificing ten thousand beasts of all kinds> aad
Biaking a magnificent feast for all the multitude^
When all the solemnity was over, Alexander gave himself up to
case and a revelling course of life : and now, when he seemed to be
at the summit of worldly greatness and prosperity, that space of
life which he might have run through by the course of nature vraa cot
short by the determination of fate; and God himself, by many s^na
and prodigies shewn in several places, foretold his death* For, wben
be was anointing himself, and his royal robes and crown that while
lay upon the throne, the fetters of one of the natural inhabitants that
was then in chains unloosed and fell off of their own accord, and the
person, not being discerned by any of the watch, passed throu^ the
court-gates without any opposition, and made strait to the throne^
and put on the royal robes and crown upon bis head, and sat iipoa
the throne without any disturbance. Which action being noised a»
broad, tlic king was amazed at the strangeness of the thing, and went
to the place, and, without any rebuke, calmly asked tlie man..*^ Wbo
he was, and who advised him to do so?" who plainly and simply an-
swered ^< He knew nothing at all/' This strange accident was re-
ferred to the consideration of the augurs, by whose advice the poor
wretch was put to death, that the evil portended (if any were) might fall
upon his own head.
Tl>e king, having now got his robes again, sacrificed to the gods his
protectors : but, however, he continued much disturbed and perplexed
in his mind, and then began to reflect upon what tlie Chaldeans had
foretold; and fretted against those philosophers that persuaded him
to enter into Babylon, but admired the art and profound wisdom of
the Chaldeans. To conclude, he cursed those who, by subtle aigu*
ments, had disputed against the necessity of fate.
Not long after, God shewed another prodigy concerning the change
of the kingdom : the king had a desire to see the haven* at Babylon;
* Thif ho had ncwiv made.
Ckiqf. Xrt. DIODOftUS SICULUS. SSS
and^ being come there^ he went on board with some of hii nobki
that attended him; and^ while they were sailings the king's ship wm
separated from the rest, and tossed to and fro for several days tc^e-
ther, so as that he wholly despaired of his life; and, being at Umgjfk
eanried tbfoogh a narrow creek) where bushes and trees grew tfiiok
upon both sides, fab turban, or diadem, was plucked off his head bf
one of the boughs, and hurled into the water, which one of the fiiarf*
nen seeing, swam to it, and, for the better securing of it, clapped k
upon his own head, and swam back to the ship. After he had wafi^
dered op and down three days and three nights, he returned at tenglk
safe with his diadem to his friends, and again consulted the sooth**
sayers concerning this prodigy, who advised him immediately, with
Mil diligence, to offer splendid sacrifices to the goda.
But, at the time of these sacrifices, he was invited by one Mediiui^
aThessalian, one of his friends, to a banquet; where, when lie wm
in his cups, and even drunk with wine, he quaffed off the great bowl'
called Hercules's cup: whereupon, as if he had been struck with k
thmider-bolt, he gave a deep sigh, and was immediately led out by
Ills nobles, and so left the place. Those who had him in their charge
forthwith laid him upon his bed, and there diligently attended hiitt«
His distemper increasing, his physicians were called in; but they
were not able to administer any thing for his relief.
At length his sickness was so violent, and his pains so great, tliat
he himself desjtaircd of life, and in that condition drew off his ring
from his finger, and delivered it to Perdiccas. His commanders thea
asked him " To whom, Sir, do you leave the kingdom?" He an-
swered " To the most deserving." And when he uttered his last
words, be told them ^Thut the cliiefest of his friends and command-
ers would solemnize his funeral, when he was gone, with blood and
contention. And thus died Alexander, when he had reigned twelve
years and seven months, having performed such mighty acts as no
king ever did before him, nor any since, to this day.
But, because some writers diHer as to the cause and manner of his
death, affirming that he was poisoned by a dtadly potion given him,
it is necessary to relate what they have reported concerning this
matter. They say that Antipater, whom Alexander had made his
viceroy in Europe, fell out with Olympias, the king's mother, of
which at first very little notice was taken, because the king would
not hear any of the accusations against him. But afterwards, the
quarrels and heart-burnings growing still higher, the king, out of his
piety and awe to the gods, conceived it his duty to gratify his mother;
whereupon he gave many apparent signs and tokens of the alienation
of his affections from Antii)ater. And, as further fuel to the flame.
S56 DiODORus SICULU9. Book XFIL
the putting to death Parmenio and Philotas did not a little terrify and
afiright the nobility: and therefore^ it is said^ Antipater ordered hia
son, who was Alexander's cup-bearer, to put poison into his wine.
But, because he was a man of great power in Europe after the death
of Alexander, and that Cassander, his son, succeeded him in the king*
domj many historians durst not say any thing in their writings of
poison. However, it is very apparent that Cassander was a great
enemy to the concerns of Alexander: for he suffered the body of
Olympias, after she was murdered, to lie with disdain unburied; and
he made it his great business to rebuild Thebes, which Alexander
had razed to the ground.
When the king was dead, Sysigambis, the mother of Darius^ with
abundance of tears, bewailed the death of Alexander, and her owa
desolate condition upon that account, insomuch that, to the last mi-
nute, she would neither eat, nor see the light ; and so the fifkh dqf
after died of hunger, in extreme sorrow, but with as much glory and
reputation.
Having now brought down our history to the death of Alexander^
as we designed in the beginning of this, we shall proceed to give aa
account of the acts of his successors in the following book*
S57
DIODORUS SICULUS.
BOOK XVIII.
PREFACE.
HAGORAS the SamiaD^ and some others of the antlent natural
sophers^ held that the souU of men were Immortal^ and that to
*X future events at the very point of deaths when the soul is evea.
ig from the body^ is the effect and consequence of this tnith*
Ueh Homer witnesses^ when he brings in Hector^ while he Was
breathing his last, telling Achilles, that he would die within a
short time afterwards. The same is attested of many others of
dmes,and confirmed especially by the death of Alexander the
donian, who, dying at Babylon, and l>eing asked by his com-
ers and those about him, at the time he was breathing bis last
lio should succeed him? he answered — ^^ The most worthy;
foresee,*' says he, ** that great and grievous quarrels amongst
lends win be the sacrifices to me after my funeral/' Which
med accordingly; for the cbiefest of his commanders contested .^
iier about tlie principality; and great wars, after the death of
inder, broke forth amongst them: whose actions are contained
s book, which will clearly evidence to the studious reader the
of what is now said.
e former comprehended all the things done by Alexander, to the
of his death. This present book, relating the actions of those
ucceeded, ends with the year next before the reign of Agatho-
wbich makes a history of seven years.
L, 2. No. 43. LI.
S58 DIODORUS SICULUS. Sook XFIIL
CHAP. L
Quarrels about a successor to Alexander. Aridaus made kmg.
The provinces divided amongst the chirf commanders. Maitert
contained in Alexander's note-books. Meleager executed bjf
Perdiccas. The Grecims revolt. A description of Asia. Py-
than sent against the revolting Grecians^ who were all cut off.
TheLamian war: the cause of it. Alexander's epistle to ihe
exiles. Leosthenes, tlie Athenian general. Lamia besiegedm
Leosthenes killed: Antiphilus placed iti his room.
V^EN Cephisodorus was chief ma^trate of Athens^ the Romaiui
created Lucius Furius and Decius Jovius consuls : about which time,
Alexander being now dead without issue, aod so the goyemaeulj
without a head, there arose great dissentioas aod diidewcest about
the efi^e* For the foot were for settHig up Aridssus*, (be ion of
Philip, a weak-spirited man^ labouring under man; natitfial infinni-
ties: but the chlefest of the nobility and esquires of the body met
together in council; and, being joined with the squadron of horse
called the Social^ they resolved to try it out with the Macedomaa
phalanx.
Therefore they sent the miost eminent commanders, among
Meleager was the chief, to the foot, to require them to obsecve t
mands. But Meleager, (who was the most eminent man of the pha-
lanx), as soon, as he came to the battalion which was of the greatest
account and esteem in the army, he said nothing at all of the
Dcss for which they were sent; but, on the contrary, highly (
mended them, for their choice, and stirred them up against tke <
posers. Whereupon the Macedonians created M^le^gcK their
tain, and, with their arms, made out against the contijuy- pasty*
Those of the king's life-guard and esquires of the body marched
likewise out of Babylon, in order to fight; but the most interested
and popular men amongst them endeavoured all they could to make
peace on both sides. Upon which it was presently agreed, that An*
deus, the son of Philip, should be made king, and called PUMp^ aod
tliat Perdiccas, to whom the late king, when he was upon the point
of death, delivered his ring, should be invested with the cieeutive
power of the kingdom ; and ordered, that the esquires of the body
* Arldsus, tlkC son of Pbilipi bj one Philiiwa of LariMB« a •tniiiiptt.«-JiitiB| I, IS^
e. t, riut.
Cftop. /• DIOOOEUS 8ICULI?9. 9S9
and the chief conBiaiiders sfaould govera the proviDces^ aad all be
^dAsenrant to the comHMUidfl of the king aad Penliceas.
Arideus bciog this aiade kiog^ he balled together a general eoan-
cil of the chief comnaiidert : and to Ptolomy Lagna be committed
the govcnuneiit of Egypt $ loLaomedoa of Mitylene^ Syria; to Pbi-
lotas, Oiliciai to I^tiKm, Media; to Eumenesi Cappadoeia and
Pq>hlagODia, and the bordering eouBtriea, which w^re never entlered
by Alexander all the tiaae of hia waia with DariUa^ through want of
convenient opportunity. To Aittigonns he i^signed the command
of lifeia, and die Greater Phrygia; tb Gaasander^ Caria;. to Me-
Icager*j Lydia; to Leenatus^ Phrygia allalong the roast df the Hel-
lespont : and in this manner were tte provinces divided^ In EaropOj
Thnusct with the nations bchrdaring npon the tea of Pbnttis, wera
committed to liyaimaehiis; and Macedonia, with those bordering
upon i^ to Antipater. As fcr the rest df the Astatic protinces^ It
was thought most advisable not to alter, bat to leate them onder tie
government of the fioraer lord-lientenants. The province Mnt ad»
joinipg was intrusted with Taxiles, and the kings bordering npon
him: bat the province adjoining to Mount Caucasiis (called Pno*
pamisns) was assigned to Oayartes^ king of the Bactrians, wtiose
daughter Roxana Alexander had married. Araebosia and GedroA
to Siburtius; Aria andDrangina to Stasander of Soloe; Bactflana
and Sqgdiana were allotted to Philip) P^hia and Hyireania toPhrai
tapbernes; Persia to Peucestes; CarmaaiatoTlepoIemns; Mediate
Atiapes. The province of Babylon to Aichon; and Mesopotamia
to Arcesilaus* Seleocus be created gencfral of the b^ave brigade of
the Social horse* Uephestion was the first commander of tfait bri*
gadoylhen Psrdiocas^ and the third was thil Seleiscus. He ordered
tbalTaxiles and Porus should eiyoy the absolute aathoiiHy ^itUa
their own kingdoms^as Alexander himself bad before appoihtad. TU
can of the -funeral, aad of preppuifig a cbtiriof to' oobvey the kfi^'a
body to Ammoo, was committed to Aridttus.
But as for Craterus, the most noble of Alexander's captains, he
was some time before sent by Alexander, with ten thousand of the
old soldiers that were discharged from further service in the Persian
war, into Cilicia, to put in execution some instructions in writing
given him by the king; which, after the king's death, hb successors
determined should be no further proceeded in : for Perdiccas, finding
in the kiag's commentaries not only the vast sums of mgney intended
to be expended upon the funeval of HephiBstieto, but likewise many
other things of extraordinary cost aad charge designed by the kiug^
be judged it far more advisable to let them alone; but, lest he should
* Meieager fur Menuidcr.^-Uih. Aon. S90| Airianj Jib. 3, p. 5<».
SSO DIODORUS SICULVS. Book'XFITL
seem to take too much upon him, and by his private judgment to de-
tract from Alexander's wisdom and discretion, he referred all these
matters to the determination of a general council of the Macedoidans.
Tiie chief and the most considerable heads of the king's purposes
contained in his books of remembrance were these 1. That a thou-
sand long ships, larger than those of three tier of oars, should be
built in Phoenicia, Syria, Cilicia, and Cyprus, in order to an inmnon
upon the Carthaginians, and others inhabiting the sea-coasts of Africa
and Spain, with all islands adjoining, as far as Sicily. 2. That a
plain and easy way should be made strait along through the sea-
coasts of Africa to Hercules's Pillars. 3. That six magnificent tem-
ples should be built, and that. fifteen hundred talents should be ex-
pended in the cost of each of them. 4. That arsenals and ports sfaonhT
be made in places convenient and fit for the reception of so great a
navy. 5. That the new cities should be planted with colonies^ and
that people should he transplanted out of Asia into Europe, and others
out of Europe into Asia, to the end that, by intermarriages and mutual
affinities, he might establish peace and concord between the two mm
continents of the world.
Some of the temples before mentioned were to be built in Delos^
Dclphos, and Dodona; some in Macedonia, as the temple of Jupiter
inDio; Diana's temple, in Amphipolis; another to Minerva, in
Cyrnus*, to which goddess he designed likewise to build a temple m
Ilium inferior to none for splendour and magnificence. Lastly, to
adorn his father Philip's sepulchre, he designed to erect a monomeot
equal to the biggest pyramid in Egypt, seven of which were by some
accounted the most stately and greatest works in the worid.
These things being laid before them, the Macedonians, tfaoagh
they highly commended and approved of Alexander's designs, yet,
because they seemed things beyond all measure impracticable, they
decreed all to be laid aside. Then Perdiccas caused those soldiers
that were turbulent, and exceedmg inveterate against him, to the
number of thirty, to be put to death : afterwards, out of a private
grudge, he executed Meleager, (who betrayed his embassy, and car-
ried on the mutiny), as one tliat sought to undermine him.
About this time the Grecians in the upper provinces revolted, and
got together a great army; against whom he sent Python, one of the
chiefcst commanders. But we conceive it much conducing to the
better understanding of the history of things that were afterwards
done, if in the first place we declare the cause of the revolt, and the
situation of Avia, and the nature and extent of the provinces : for, by
this mcaus laying before the eyes of the reader a map of the coun-
• Corsica.
Cht^. L DiODORUd SICULUS. S6l
■ ■ -—^
tries, and the distances of places one from another^ the relation will
be more plun and easy.
■ From Taurus, therefore, in Cilicia, to Caucasus and the eastern
ocean, a ridge of mountains stretch forth in a straight and continued
line throughout all Asia, as distinguished by several peaks and risings
of the bills from them ; Mount Taurus has gained particular names.
By this means, Asia being divided into two parts, one rises towards
the north> the other descends towards the south; and, according to
lliese several climates, the rivers run contrary ways; some taking their
course into the Caspian sea, others into the Euxine, and some into
the northern ocean. These rivers, lying thus opposite one to another,
part empty themselves into the Indian sea, and another part into the
•ocean adjoining to this continent; some, likewise, fall into the Red
Sea. In this manner, likewise, are the provinces divided : for some
lie towards the north, and others bend to the south. The first to-
wards the north borders upon the river Tanais, that is to say, Sog>»
diana, with Bactria; and next to them Aria and Pbrthia. This pnn
▼ince surrounds the Hyrcanian sea*, which lies within its limits and
bounds. The next is Media, called by many names, from the places
included in it, and is the greatest of all the provinces. Then follows
Armenia, Lycaonia, and Cappadocia, all of a very sharp and cold
adr. Bordering upon these, in a direct line, are Piirygia, both the
Greater, and that adjoining the Hellespont; in an oblique line lie
Lydia and Caria. Pisidia stretches forth itself in length, and in a
parallel line equal with Phrygia on the right hand; and, on the side
of IMsidia lies Lycia. The Greek cities are situated upon the sea-
coasts of these provinces, whose names it is not necessary for our
purpose here to recite.
Thus situated (as we have related) are the northern provinces.
As to the southern, the first is India, under Mount Caucasus, a very
large and populous kingdom ; for it is inhabited by many Indian na-
tions, the greatest of which is that of the Gandaritfie, against whom
Alexander made no attempt, by reason of the multitude of their ele-
phants. This territory is divided from the farther India by the
greatest river in those parts, being thirty furlongs broad. The rest
of India, (conquered by Alexander), a rich and fruitful country, and
watered by many rivers, borders upon this of the Gandaritfie: within
this part, besides many other kingdoms, were the dominions of Porus
and Taxiles. The river Indus (from which the country takes» it
name) runs through it. Separated from India, next to it, was Are-
chosia, Gedrosia, and Carmania, and with these was joined Persia,
wherein arc situated the provinces of Susiana and Si tacana. Next
* Or rather adjuins to the Hjrcuuiun sea.
262 DiODORUS sicuLus. BooA XVUL
HI ' ■ asggggaaaasaasaaaBaea^
ibUows the province of Babylon, extending itself as fiur as to Aimbia
the desert. On the other side, where begins the descent*, you have
Mesopotamiaf, lying between two rivers, JEk^hratas aiidT%ris^ i
whence it had its name*
The higher Syria, and the countries upon the sea^coostst i
to it, as Ciliciay Pamphylia, Syria Cava§, within which is Phneoiciay
Ke close to the province of Babylon. Upon the borden of Syiio
Cava, and the desert next adjoining to it, (thiough whicb nuu tho
river Nile, and so divides between Syria and Egypt), appears ^q^
itself, the best and richest of all the provinces. All these <
are scorching hot; for the southern clidaate is contrary in its \
to the northern. These provinces, (conquered by Alexander), whick
we have thus described, were divided amongst the chiefesi of Us
commanders.
But the Grecians that inhabited the upper provinees, who (thiom§
fear while Alexander was alive) endured their being cast iioitii into
the utmost corner of the kingdom, now, when he was dead, bsiof
urged by a desire to return into their own country, revoksd|, and to
that end unanimously chose Pbik>,an£nean born, to be their Qaptai%
and had got together a considerable army of above twenty thousand
foot, and three thousand horse, all old expert soldiers, and himse and
valiant meo»
Intelligence being brought of this revolt, Perdiccas chose by lot
out of the Macedonian squadrons three thousand foot, and ei|^
hundred horse. Python, one of the squires of the body to Alexai^
der, a man of a high spirit, and a skilful commander, was chosen go*
neral by the army, and to him Perdiccas delivered the soldiers cboseii,
as is l)efore declared, and letters, likewise, to the lord-lieutenants,
whereby they were ordered to furnish him with ten thousand loot and
eight thousand horse, against the rebels. Python, being a man of
an ambitious spirit, was very ready to undertake this expedition: iut
he purposed to gain by all fair means possible these revolting Greeks^
and, by joining their forces to his own, to set up for himself, and se-
duce all those ufqper provinces under his own subjection. But Per-
diccas, suspecting his design, gave him express orders«»That, having
overcome those rebek, he should put them all to the swoidy and
divide the spoil amongst the soldiers. Python therefore owtfched
away with these men thus delivered, and, when lie had seceivod thoso
that were to join him from the lord-lieutenants, he made towards
the rebels with the whole army; and, luiving by a certain Enaan
* At the foot of Mount Taonu southward.
t McMpotaniM tigniS«t in the Greek tongue » phioe betvrccn two iWcki.
X The Mcditerrauvau acii. $ Qi CslofjKia«
Oup. I. DIODORUS sicuLirs. Sfl^
JBHBB^^HIi^M^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^" ■ • — — — .^^^^
conrapted LipodotVM^ wIki eoammdol a brigade of three tiioasand
inea aomif dM febds, lie rcmted them all: fer^ in the height of the
engageiea^ when the victory was doahtfel^ the traitor withdrew from
4ie MSt of hit feUow-soldiers, Mid, with hb three thousand men,
flMWched q^ to the top ofa ririog groond; whereupon the rest (think-
ioff that he had ted) broke all their ranks, and took to their beds,
lyken i>riog thtw ii4etor, sent a trumpet to the rebels, ordering diem
tD laf down thrir arms, and, upon capitulation, licensed them to re«- ,
pair evevy omn to his own home. It was no small jojr to Python to
aaa things bioi^ht (o such a pass as suited /directly to his designs;
Isr lio had now all confirmed by oadi, and the Grecians intermisced
\ the Macedonians. But the Macedonians, remembering die
\ Pcfdlpeaa had given, and making nothing of their oaths, broke
fidth with the Greeiatts s for cm a sudden they f cH unexpectedly upon
dMm, and put every man of them to the sword, and seized upon all
they had. And so Python, being defeated in hb design,' returned
wilk the Macedonians to Perdiecas. And dtts was the state of affidrs
ift Asia at that time.
la the mean time, in Europe, the Rhodkns east out the garrison of
tlw Macedonians, and fireed dieir city; and the Athentai^ began a
war against Atttipafetr, which was called the Lamian War. Itisintbe
fot plaee necessary to declare the causes of this war, that the pro*
grass of k aaay be the better understood.
AleKaader, a little before his death, had ordered all the cjules and
outlawed persons of die Greckn cides to be recalled, as well to ad-
vance bis own hononr and esteem, as to gain the hearts of many ia
onsry city by his clemency, who might stand up for his interest
agmnst the innovations and defections of the Grecians. At the ap*
psoaeh, therefoe, of the time of celebrating the Olympiads, he sent
away Ntcanor, a native of the city Stagira, with a letter concerning
dm restoration of the banditties of Greece, and commanded it to be
proclaimed by the common cryer, who executed the command, and
read the ktter, in these words —
Kmg Jleximder, to the JBatuUttiet of the Grecian cities.
WE were not the cause of your banishment, but will be of the te-
turn of you all into your own country, excepting such as are banished
for outrageous crimes; of which things we have written to Autipater,
requiring him to proceed by force against all such as shall oppose
your restoration.
Whbw these orders were proclaimed, the people set up a great
^ut, testifying their approbation : for those of them that were pre-
a64 DiODORUS SICULUS. Book XFTII.
sent at the solemnity readily laid hold on the king's mcrey^aDd le-
turned their thanks with expressions of their joy, and apfibuaea of
bis grace and favour: for all the banished men were then got toge-
ther at the Olympiads^ above the number of twenty thousand. Maqy
tliere were who approved of their restoration as a pradent act; but
the ^toliaos and Athenians were mucb offenddl at it; lor tlic^
^tolians expected that the GEnians who were banished out fimD ar
mong them should have undeigone due punishment for their cruBca::
for the king had made a great noise wiUi his threats^ that he wonU
not only punish the children of the (Enians^ but that be hinnclf.
would execute justice upon the authors themselves. Wherevpoo;
the Athenians would not agree by any means to part with i
which they had divided by lot ; but^ because they were not at ]
able to cope with Alexander, they judged it more advisable to mt stilly
and watch till they found a convenient opportunity^ which fortiiiM
presently offered them: for Alexander dying in a short time after-
wards^ and leaving no children to succeed him> they grew confidcat
that they should be able not only to regain their liberty, bat Ukewiit.
the sovereignty of all Greece.
The vast treasure left by Harpalus^ (of which we have ptrticelarlf
spoken in the preceding book), and the soldiers that were dJihanded
by the lord-lieutenants of Asia> were great supports and eocoaiage*
ments for the carrying on of this war; for there were eight thonaand
of them then about Tenarus^ in Peloponnesus. They sent, therelbie^
privately to Leosthenes the Athenian, wishing him that, without tak*
ing notice of any order by them, of his own accord so to dispose of
matters as to have those soldiers in readiness when occasion ieqidred»
Antipater likewise so contemned Leosthenes, that he was cardeas
and negligent in preparing for the war, and so gave time to the Athe-
nians to provide all things necessary for that affair.
Hereupon Leosthenes very privately listed these soldiers, and (be*
yond all expectation) had ready a brave army : for, having been a
Jong time in the wars in Asia, and often engaged in many great batp.
ties, they were become very expert soldiers. These things wcie
contrived when tlie death of Alexander was not generally known;
but^ when a messenger came from Babylon, who was an eye^-witncss
of his death, the people of Athens declared open war, and sent part of
the money left by Harpalus, with a great number of arms, to Leoa*
thcncs, charging him no longer to conceal or palliate the matter, but
to do what was most conducive to the service of the cimimonwcaltlu
Whereupon, liaving distributed the money among the soldiers, as he
was commanded, and armed those that wanted, he went into^toliay
in order to carry on the war with the joint assistance of both i
Ckap. I. DIODORUS 8ICULUS. ' 305
The ^tolians joided very readily, and delivered to him, for the set-
Ticcj seven thousand soldiers. Then he stirred up by his messengers
the Loerions and Phocians, and other neighbouring nations, to stand
up for their liberties, and to free Greece from the Macedonian yoke.
Bnt in the mean time, the wealthy men among the Athjsnians di9-
snaded them from the war, bat the rabble were for carrying it on
with all the vigour iomginable: whence it came to pass, that they
who were for war, and had nothing to live upon bnt their pay, werte
fiur the greater number; to which sort of men Philip was used to say
.^War wras as peace, and peace as war. Forthwith, therefore, the
orators (who were lo a body together, and closed with the hnmburs
cf the people) wrote down the decree — ^That the Athenians should
take opon them the care and defence of the common liberty of
Greece, and should free all the Greek cities from their several garri^
sons; and that they should rig out a fleet of forty gallies of three
tiers of oars, and two hundred of four tiers of oars; and that all Athe-
nfams under forty years of age should take up arms: that three of
the tribes diould keep watch and ward in Athens, and the other seven
should be always ready to march abroad. Moreover, ambassadors
were sent to all the cities of Greece, to inform them That the peo^
pie of Adiens in the first place looked upon all Greece to be the com^*
mon eonntry of every Grecian, and that they had heretofore repulsed
the batborians at sea, who invaded them with a design to enslave
Gfcece^ and that now they had determined to oppose the Macedonians
for the common good, with their navies, lives, and fortunes.
The wiser sort of the Grecians judged the Athenians more forward
than prudent in passing this decree, and what they had designed
seemed to carry an honourable aspect, but nothing of profit and ad-
vantage to the state: for that they made a stir and bustle unseason-
ably, and began a war against mighty and victorious armies when
thtfe was no necessity for it; and, though they had the repute of a
prudent people, yet they considered not the notorious ruin and de-
straction of Thebes.
However, when the ambassadors came to the cities, and by their
usual florid way of address had heated and urged them on to the war,
many confederated in the league, some in the names oi their several
cities^ and others in the names of whole countries. As for the rest
of the Grecians, some sided with the Macedonians, and others stood
neuter. But all the iEtolians generally (as is before said) entered
into the confederacy; and after them all theThessaliaiis, except them
of Pellene. Likewise the QHtians, except the Heracleans. The
Phthiotians amongst the Achaians, except the Thebans. The Elians,
except the Malians. Then generally all the Dorians, Locriaus, and
Vol.. 2. NOf43. MM
366 DioDORus SICULU8. Book XVIIT.
Phocians joined in the league: also the Eneans^ Clyxeans, and De-
lopians. To these joined likewise the Athamaoes, Leacadiana, and
Molcssians^ under the command of Aryptsus: but this man phjed
the impostor in the confederacy, and afterwards treacherously aidrd
the Macedonians,
A small part, likewise, of the IHyrians and Tbracians, (out of hatred
to the Macedonians) came into the league, together with the Caiys-
ti6es out of Euboea; and at length out of Peloponnesus the Aigives,
Sicyonians, Elians, Messenians, and those that inhabited Acta*:, all
these befbre*named confederated with the Grecians.
The people of Athens ako sent auxiliaries to Leosthenea, out of
the cities, five thousand foot and five hundred horse^ and two thousand
mercenaries; who were opposed by the Boeotians in their inarch
through Bceotia, for the reasons following:
Alexander, when he razed Thebes, granted the teiriUHrics. of the
city to the neighbouring Boeotiatis, who divided the lands of < those
miserable people amongst themselves by lot, and thereby gained hige
possessions; who, understanding that the Athenians (if thqr pi»-
vailed) designed to restore the country and lands to the TlidMUii»
sided with the Macedonians; and, while the Boeotians were en*
camped at Phitsea, Leosthenes came with part of his forces into Boeo-
tia, and, drawing up the Athenians in battalia, fell upon the inhabi-
tants, routed them, and set up a trophy, and then returned to Pyllene.
Here (after blocking up all the passages) he encamped for some tiiM^
expecting the Macedonian army.
But Antipater, who was left viceroy of Europe by Alexander^ as
soon as he heard of his death at Babylon, and of the divisions of the
provinces, sent to Cratcrus in Cilicia, to come to him with all the
forces he had for his assistance: for he, being sent away j
before into Cilicia, had ready thirty thousand Macedonians, who \
dismissed from the service in Asia, with which he was returning i
Macedonia. lie likewise solicited Philotas (who had the province of
Phrygia near the Hellespont under his command) to assist himj and
promised to him one of his daughters in marriage. For, as soon is he
heard of the insurrection of the Grecians against him, he leftSippM^
with a considerable body of men, general in Macedonia^ with orden
to raise many more; and he himself marched out of Macedonia into
Thessaly with thirteen thousand foot, and six hundred horse: (for at
that time there was great scarcity of soldiers in Macedonia, by reason
of the recruits sent into Asia); with these forces sailed along thi
whole fleet near at hand, which Alexander had sent into ,
\\\\h a vast treasure out of the king's treasuries.
* The Ma-coasts.
••*
Chap. L DIODORUS SICULUS.
The navy consisted of a hundred and ten gallics of three tiers of
oars. The Thessalians, indeed, at the beginning joining with Anti-
pater, had sent to him many capital horses; hot afterwards, being
brought over by the Athenians into the contrary interest, they went
off with their horse to Leosthenes, and joined the Athenians for the
recovery of the liberties of Greece.
The Athenians therefore growing very strong, by many thus flock-
ing in to them, the Grecians overpowered the Macedonians, and
overcame them in a battle. Antipater being routed, not daring to
abide in the field, nor judcring it safe to return into Macedonia, fled
to Lamia, where he drew his army into the city, [repaired the wallsj
furnished himself with arms ofienslve and defensive, and with com
and other provisions; and there waited for further supplies and re*
inforcements out of Asia.
Ifeosthenes with all his forces coming op close to Lamia, fortified
his camp with a deep trench and rampart. And first, he drew up
his anoy in face of the city, to provoke the Macedonians to fight;
but they not daring to engage, he daily assaulted the walls with fresh
jnen relieving one another. But the Macedonians made a stout de-
fence, and many of the Grecians, through their rashness and impru*
dence, were cut off. For, having a strong body of men in the city,
and well furnished with all sorts of weapons, and the walls with great '
expense being made strong and well built, the besieged easily beat
off the enemy.
Leosthenes therefore perceiving he could not gain the town by
force of arms, blocked it up, to hinder all supplies of provisions,
supposing the besieged* would be presently subdued by famine and
want of bread. To this end he raised a wall, and drew a deep trench
. found about it, and so penned them up. Afterwards the iEtolians,
being called away upon the occasion of some public concerns, got
leave of Leosthenes to return home, and so they all marched back to
^tolia.
But while Antipater with hb army was in these desperate straits,
and the city nearly lost for want of provisions, fortune on a sudden
turned the scale to the advantage of the Macedonians: for Antipater
made a sally upon them that were busied in opening the trenches,
where Leosthenes coming in to their relief, received a blow upon
the head with a stone, which felled him to the ground, and so was
carried off half dead into the camp, and died the third day after: he
was honourably buried, on account of the noble services lie had per-
formed in the war. The Athenians commanded Hyperides to set
forth his praise in a funeral oration, who was esteemed the chiefest
of (he orators at that time, both for his eloquence, and his particular
SSS PIODORUS 8ICULU8. Book XFOI.
hatred of the Macedonians: for Demosthenea^ the most fiunoiis ora-
tor, was then fled, beiog condemned as if he had received bribes
from Harpalus. Aotiphiius, a prudent and valiant comrnander^ was
created general in the room of Leosthenes. And this was the state
of Europe at that time.
CHAP. II.
Ptolemy gains Egypt. Leagues with jint^paier. LysimadimB
enters Thrace. Leonatus comes to relieve jfniipaier, emd is
routed. The Gredoiis beaten at sea* Perdiceas eonquere Ari^
arathssj prbice of Cappadocia; crucifies him; delivers tkepr^^
vince to Eumenes. The Grecians quite routed by Craierms imi
AfUipater. The Athenians at length submit after off the reel
. but the Italians. The end of the Lamian war. The war as
Cyrene by Thimbnm. Ophelas routs Thimbron. Cyrene gain^
ed by Ptolemy. Larissa sacked. The destruetion of the /msi-
rians by themselves. Perdiceas tweets the kingdom of Maes'
don; is opposed by Antigonus. The JRtolians bheked up ty
Craterus and Autipater. Antigonus discovers Perdieeas^s de^
sign. Peace made with the jEtolians. Perdiceas menrches eh
gainst Ptolemy y into Egypt.
IN Asia^ Ptolemy, one of those that had a share in the dinskm of
the provinces, without any difficulty possessed himself of Egypt,
and carried himself with great mildness and winning behaviour to»
wards the people; and having a treasure of eight thousand tafentSj
^ised an army of mercenaries : and many out of love flocked to him
upon the account of the goodness of his disposition.
He entered into a league with Atipater^ when he was assured that
Perdiceas designed to dispossess him of Egypt.
At that time Lysimachus broke into some parts of Thrace, and
found Seuthes the king encamped with twenty thousand foot, and
eight thousand horse. But Lysimachus, though he had not above
four thousand foot, and only two thousand horse, was not affrighted
M'ith the multitude of the enemy. And though he was so much in-
ferior in number, yet his valour was such, tliat he entered into a hot
and siiarp engagement; and after the loss of a great number of his
CSIop. IT. mODORUS SICULUS. S^
men, but many more of the enemy, he returned to his camp almost
^ctorioQS. Upon which both armies drew off the field, and each
made greater preparations, in order to decide the controversy by the
sword.
As for Leonatus, he promised speedy aid to Antipater and the Ma*
cedonians, being solicited by Hecatseus, who was sent to him for
that purpose. Landing therefore in Europe, as soon as he came into
Macedonia, he raised a great number of soldiers there; and having
got together an army of above twenty thousand foot, and about two
thousand five hundred horsey he marched through Thessaly against
the enemy.
Hereupon the Grecians drew off from the siege of Lamia, burjned
their tents, and sent away all their sick men and heavy baggage to
Melitea; and with the rest of the army (ready and prepared for bat*
tie) marched straight away, and met Leonatus's forces before Anti
pster had joined liim, and their two armies had come up together.
The Grecians in the. whole amounted to two-and-twenty thousand
foot, (for the ^tolians were returned home some time before, and
many others of the Grecians were gone into their own country);
and as tb their horse, which were somewhat about three thousand
five hundred, they fought together in one body; amongst whom
were two thousand Thessalians, brave and vah'ant men, on whose
exertions they most relied for obtaining the victory. The horse oa
both sides fought stoutly a long time, when the Thessalians, by their
extraordinary valour at length prevailing, Leonatus (although he
fought with great courage and resolution) was driven and penned up
within a morass, and, oppressed with his arras, after he had received
many wounds, was there slain, and by his own men carried off dead
to the carriages. The Greeks having now gained so famous a vie*
tory, (in which Menon the Thessalian commanded the horse), the
Macedonian phalanx, in order to avoid the horse, withdrew from the
plain and open field, and betook themselves to the steep and rocky
hilb, and, by the strength of these places, were there able to defend
themselves.
However, the Thessalian horse attempted to break in upon them,
but, through the disadvantage of the places, were not able to do any
thing. The Grecians therefore being masters of the field, set up a
trophy, and left off all further pursuit. The next day, as soon as
Antipater came up with his troops, he joined himself to the broken
army, and so all the Macedonians making one camp, he took on him
the management of the whole.
But perceiving that the Thessalians were too strong for him in
horse, he judged it most advisable to be quiet for the present, not
270 DIODORUS SICULUA. ' BooJtXFUL
daring to attempt to force his way by the sword. Aad therefore be
inarched off, over hills ami other craggy places, not easy to be pin-
sued. Antiphilus the Athenian general, who gained this victoiy
over the Macedonians, continued with his army in Thessaly, obsenr-
ing tlie motions of the enemy. And this was tlie happy success at
that time of the Grecians.
But because the Macedonians were masters at sea, the Atheiuans
built so many ships more as to make up their fleet a hundred and se-
venty sail : but the Macedonian fleet consisted of two hundred and
forty, under the command of Clitus their admiral, who engaged in
two sea fights at the Echinades islands with Eetion the Athenian
admiral, in both of which he beat him, sinking many o£ the enemy's
fillips.
About this time Perdiccas, having with him king Philip and the
king's army, undertook an expedition against Ariarathes, prince off
Cappadocia, who, tliough he submitted not to the empire of the Ma*
cedonians, yet Alexander being busied in his wars with Dariu% pas-*
sed him by, so that he enjoyed the principality of Cappadocia a long
time without any disturbance; and in the mean time lie laid up a
vast sum of money out of the public revenues, and raised an army
of foreigners and from among his own people : and claiming the
kingdom as his own just right, he prepared to try it out with Per-
diccas, having an army of thirty thousand foot, and fifteen thousand
horse. At length it came to a battle, in which Perdiccas was vic-^
tor, who killed four thousand upon the spot, and took six thoosand
prisoners, amongst whom was Ariarathes himself, whom, together
with all his kindred he first scourged, and then crucified. He then
pardoned all the rest; and after he had settled affairs in Cappadocia^
be delivered up the province into the hands of Eumenes of Cardia^
to be governed by him as his share, according to the allotment in
the first agreen>cnt.
About the same time, Craterus arrived in Macedonia out of Cili-
cia, in order to assist Antipater, and to repair the losses of the Kin-
cedonians. He brought along with him six thousand foot which
Alexander had taken over with him at first into Asia, and four thou •
sand of those he had inlisted in the course of his march, besides n
thousand Persian darters and slingers, and fifteen hundred horse....
As soon as he came into Thessaly, he joined his forces to Antipater*s
at the river Peneus, yeilding the chief command of the army to hinu
The whole army, together with those that came with Leonntus, a*
mounted to about forty thousand foot, three thousand darters and
slingers, and five thousand horse. The Grecians at that time eu«
Cctmpcd over airuinst them, licing much inferior in number to the
Chmp. 11. oiODORUs sicuLUS. 871
enemy: for many, by reason of the late victory, slighted the Mace-
donians, and ivere leturaed to their several countries, to look after
their own private affiiirs. For which cause, there were many lelt in
the camp that observed no due order or discipline. There were in
the whole five-and-twenty thousand foot, and tliriee thousand five
hundred horse, in whom they pUced great confidence of victory, by
veason of the valour of the men, and the plain champaign country
that lay before them. At length Autipater dKw out his forces every
day into the fieU, to provoke the Grecians to fight; who after they
iMd waited some considerable time for. the return. of their soldiers
4mt^ the cities, through the urgency of their present circumstances^
were forced to venture aa eugagcuicut.
Drawing up in battalia, therefore, and designing to decide the
■wtter by the horse, they placed them in the van before the foot^
whereupon the horse on both sides presently fell to it; and while
they were thus holly engaged, and the Thessalian horse had the
better of the day, Antipatcr broke in with his battalion upon the foot,
and made a great slaughter among them ; so that the Grecians not
beng able to stand the shock of the enemy, who bore them down
with their multitudes pouring in upon them, they retreated in great
liaste, but in good order, to the fieistnesses and diflBcult passes near
at hand. And so having gained the higher ground, by that advan*
ti^ they easily repulsed the Macedonians. In the mean time the
Grecian horse, though they had the better, yet perceiving that their
loot was gone, forthwitli made after tliem: and by this means the
borse (leaving off the fight) becoming so broken and dispersed, that
llie Macedonians got the cky. There were slain of the Grecians in
diis battle upwards of five hundred, and of the Macedonians about a
hondredand thirty.
The next day Memnon ,and Antipfailus called a council of war,
where it was debated, whether they should expect aid from tlie cities,
asd wait to see if soldiers sufficient could be rai^d, and so try it out
to the last; or, yielding to tlie times, and bearing their present dis-
asters, they should send agents to treat for terms of peace. At length
tliey concluded to send heralds to treat accordingly; who executing
their orders, Antipater answered them ^That he expected every ci-
ty should treat severally by its own ambassadors; and that he would
not upon any terms make a general peace. But the Grecians de-
clined this proposal, and therefore Antipater and Craterus besieged
the cities of Thessaly, and took them by storm, the Grecians not be-
ing able to relieve them. This so terrlBed all the rest, that they
transacted the affairs of their several cities by their own ambassa-
dors; towards whom he carrii^d himself with all demonstrations of
27* Dioooaus S1CULU8. Book XFtlf.
courtesy and gaining behaviour, and concluded peace frith CTery i
of them. Every city therefore being desirous to provide for i
safety, all of them by that means obtained peace..
But the ^olians and Athenians, the implacable enemies of the
Macedonians, though they were thus deserted by tbehr confedoatet^
consulted with their commanders about carrying on the war. But
Antipater having by this artifice thus broken the confederacy^ led hm
whole army against the Athenians; upon which the people, bciiif
deserted by their confederates, were greatly terrified^ and knew not
which way to turn themselves; and all havbg their eyes upon I>e».
mades^ cried out — That he should be sent ambassador to Anti|Mterj
to treat for peace in their behalf. But he refused tu come to the W9^
nate; for be had been thrice conden^ied for violating the hnvi^ and
for that reason become infamous, and disabled by the kw to tit ia
council. But, being restored by the people to his former credit mA
reputation, he forthwith, together with Phocion and otheni joined
with him in the commission, undertook the embassy. When Ati-
pater had heard what they had to say, he tidd them ..That he would
make peace with the Athenians upon no other terms but upon theii
giving up all they had into his hands: for the same answer the
Athenians gave to Antipater when he sent ambassadors to them at
the time he was shut up in Lamia. Hereupon the people not \mag
able to resist, were brought to the necessity of giving up all &e
power and government of the city into the hands of Antipater;
with great humanity and generosity granted their city, their <
and all other things to them back again. But he dissolved die g^
vernment into a democracy, and ordered that the value of every per«
son's estate should be the rule for chusing the magbtrates; na;
that those who were worth above two thousand drachmas, jnight be
capable of being magistrates, and of giving votes for their election.
As for those who were not of such estates, he removed them.as tnr*
bulent and factious, not suffering them to have any thing to do witk
public business; and granted new seats and estates in Theasaly to
any that would remove thither. Upon which, above two-and-twen^
thousand of that description of citizens were transplanted from their
own country. The government of the city, and country belong to it^
was given to the rest, who had estates to the value of what waa before
limited and appointed ; of whom there were about nine thousand.—
And these governed the state for the future according to the laws of
Solon. And all their estates were left to them entire and untouched.
But they were forced to receive a garrison under Menyllos the go*
vcrnor to keep them in awe, and prevent new stirs and disturben«
CCS. As for the matter of Samos, it was refened to the decisson off
Chap. 11. DIODORUS SICULUS. 273
*'^— — ^'^■^^— ^^*^— ■ ' ^ ' ' ' ' "
the kings^. And thus the Atheaians (beyond their expectation) were
kindly used, and were at peace. And for the future, (governing the
commonwealth without tumults and seditions, and quietly following
their husbandry), they grew very rich in a short time.
Antipater, being returned into Macedonia, honourably and bounti-
fully rewarded Craterus according to his desert, and gave him Phila,
his eldest daughter, in marriage; and then Craterus returned into
Asia Antipater carried himself with the same moderation and win*
Ding l)ehaviour towards all the cities of Greece, well ordering and
reforming their governments, wliereby he gained praise and renown
in every place.
As for Perdiccas, he restored the city and territory of Samos to
the Samiaus, and caused all those that had been exiles above three*
and-forty years, to return into their country. Having now gone
through the occurrences in the Lamian war, we shall pass to the war
in Cyrene, lest we should straggle too far into times much distant
from the continued course and connection of the history. But, to
make thibgs more clear and evident, we must have recourse to matters
done a little before.
After Harpalus h^d left Asia, and at length arrived with his mer-
cenaries in Crete, as is related in the preceding book, Thimbron^
one of his special friends, (as he thought him to be), having assassi*
Dated Harpalus, possessed himself both of the money and soldiers^
to the number of seven thousand men. He got likewise the navy
into his hands, and, putting the soldiers on board, sailed to the conn«
try of the Cyrenians ; where, joining with the Cyrenian exiles, he
made use of their conduct for the prosecuting of his designs, because
tliey were well acquainted with the ways and passes in the country.
Upon the approach of the Cyrenians, Thimbron fought them> and
routed them, killing many upon the spot, and taking many prisoners,
llien he possessed himself of the port, and forced the conquered
Cyrenians (now in a great fright) into a composition, and to buy
their peace at the price of five thousand talents of silver; and that
they should deliver to him one b^lf of all their chariots ready and
fitted for any warlike expedition. He sent likewise ambassadors
to other cities, soliciting them to join with him, as if he purposed to
conquer all the lower Africa^ He seized likewise upon all the mer->
chants' goods in the haven, and gave them for plunder to his soldiers^
the more to encourage them to stick to him in the war.
But, in the height of his prosperity, a sudden bkst of fortune
brought him very low, upon the following occasion. Mnasiclosj^
one of hia captains, a Cretan born, and an expert conunander^ be-
* Ahdaens and AleitDder.
Vol. 2, No, 43, NN
274 DIODORU8 sicuLUS. Book XfTTI.
■!'■■. ' . '" " 'BagggggssagBaemg— fe
gan to quarrel with him about the division of the sp6il; and^ being
of a bold und turbulent spirit, he thereupon deserted^ and went orer
to the Cyrenians; where, miaking great complaints oFThimbron'a
cruelty and breach of faith, he persuaded them to dissoiye the leagiMB^
and assert their liberty. Thereupon they stopped their handSj and
would pay no more of the talents of silver agreed npon^ having ooly
paid sixty,
Inimbron hereupon accused them of treachery and breach of
faith, and seized upon eight hundred of the Cyrenians that were in
the port, and laid close siege to Cyrene; but, not being able to pie*
vail, he drew off, and returned to the port. Tlie Barceana and Hei-
perians aided with Thimbron : wherenpon the Cyrenians drew part
of their forces out of the city, and with them wasted and qpoiled the
neighbouring territories j to whose assistance Thimbron (whoae mi
was desired) marched out vnxh what soldiers he had then leadjr it
hand. The Cretan, taking advantage of that opportanhyj when be
conceived few were left in the port, advised them that irere feft In
Cyrene to attack the port, who readily complied, and be bimaelf was
the principal acter in the attempt, which was easily acoonpliab^^ bf
reason of Thimbron's absence; so that, whatever merehandffee #ai
left in the port he restored to the merchants, and fortified thebiMl
with all the care and diligence imaginable.
This first disaster greatly discouraged Thimbron, having both isM
so convenient a post, and likewise his carriages. Bat aftciliiili
plucking up his spirits, and taking Taricheum by assanlt^ bb bopci
revived. However, not long after, he again sustained a m^bty loii:
for the soldiers belonging to the fleet, by being ekoluded die bftsboM^
were in great want of provisions, and therefore every day fovtd'e^
and down the fields to get what they could for the supply of
necessities. Thereupon the Africans, lying in ambosbj Ml
them as they were roving all over the country, and killed i
of them, and took many prisoners: the rest escaped to tbdr aMtn^
and sailed off towards the confederate cities; but they trere
taken with so violent a storm, that many of their ships w^re
lowed up by the sea; and of the rest, some ^ere driven to Cjpraflib
and others to the coasts of Egypt. Notwithstanding which &-
tresses, Thimbron went on still with the war: for he sent sotne ef
his friends into Peloponnesus, to inlist soldiers of those strangers Aat
were then still at Tenarus; for there were then many i
wandering up and down, seeking to be inlisted by any that wonld'4
ploy them, to the number of two thousand five hundred, and \
1'hnse that were sent took these into pay, and set sail with
siraiglu towards Cyrene; before whose arrival the Cyrenians^ cocoa-
CXipu U. DIODORUJI $ICULU8. 375
raged by their suec^ascs, had fought with Thimhraiiy and bad cat off
great nambers of his men : by reason of which losses Thimbron gave
up all for lost aa to the war against Cyrene; but the unexpected ar-
rival of the aoldiers from Teoaros so strengthened his army, that be
took ftesh courage, and resumed his former hopes of victory.
The Cyreoians, peroeiving that the war was renewed, craved 8op«
plies from the neighbouring Africans and Carthaginians; and, hav«
ing raised an army composed of their own citizens and others, to the
Bomber of thirty thousand men, they resolved to lay all at stakes and
tsj it out in a battle. A very sharp engagement therefore was fought,
in Ahich Thimbron was victor, with the skughter of a multitude of
bis enemies; which cheered up his spirits to that degree, as if he
should presently be master of all the neighbouripg cities. The Cy*
jwoians after this %bt, having lost all their commanders, joined
IMbiasiclus the Cretan Urith some others in the chief command of the
anpy* But Thimbron, lifted up with bis victory, besieged the haven
of Gyrene, and i|8i$aulted the city every day. The siege contlnning
loiig» the Cyrenians, for want of bread, fell out one with another;
nod ibe jabble (being the greatest in number) thrust forth the rich
flttt of the dty ; some of whom fled to Thimbron, others into Egypt.
Those in Egypt addressed themselves to Ptolemy for assistance, to
Mp diem 10 their return, and prevailed so Cur as that they went
lio^ with great forces both for sea and land, under the command of
i^belaa, their governor. When their return was noised abroa<^
^bMe e^Ies who were with Thimbron contrived to steal away in the
ail^ty and joined with those that were arrived; but, being detected,
they were all killed.
The ringleaders of the sedition in Cyrene, being terrified at the
rerbain of the eiules, made peace with Thimbron, and resolved to join
with him against Ophelas. But Ophelas routed Tbimbron, and took '
him prisoner, and recovered all the towns, and delivered the cities,
vrUh thdr territories, into the hands of Ptolemy. And thus the Cy-
l^maiis and the neighbouring cities lost their former liberty, and be-
came subject to Ptolemy.
Perdiccas and king Philip having overcome Ariarathes, delivered
the province to Eumenes, and so departed out of Cappadocia. When
they came into Pisidia, they determined to raze those two cities,
<Mie of the Larissians, the other of the Isaurtans: for in the li/e-tiine
of Akxander they had killed JSalacrus, the son ot (f icauor, who was
afipoioted to be their general, and governor of the province. Larissa
therefore they took upon the first assault, and put all that were able
to bear arms to the sword, and sold all the rest for slaves, and laid
the city even with the ground. As for the city of the Lsaurians,
S76 DIODORUS SICULUS. BookXFIIZ.
it was large and well fortified, and manned with resolute and stoat
men ; and therefore, after they had assaulted it two days togethefj
and had lost a great number of men, they were forced to draw off:
for the inhabitants, being plentifully furnished with weapons, and all
other things necessary for the enduring of a siege^ were resolute to
undergo all hazards, and readily sold their lives for the defence of
their liberty. But upon the third day, having lost many of thdr
citizens, insomuch that they were not able sufficiently to man the
walls, they put in execution a most heroic piece of resolution, wor-
thy for ever to be remembered. For, perceiving that they we^ des*
lined to inevitable destruction, and had not force sufficient for dieir
defence, they judged it not advisable to deliver up the dty^ and all
that they had, to the will of the enemy, because their certain nunj
with the most barbarous usage, was obvious before their eyes.
Therefore they all unanimously resolved to die honourably together:
to that end. In the night they shut up their wives, children, and pa-
rents in their houses, and set them on fire, making choice by diat
means to perish and be buried together. When the flame mounted
up into the air, the Isaurians threw all their wealth, and every thing
valuable, or that might be of any advantage to the enemy> into the fire*
The besiegers were struck with admiration at the sight, and ran here
and there, seeking where to break into the city; but those that re-
mained upon the walls for their defence threw many of the Blacedo-
nians down headlong from the battlements. At which PcfdiecM
was much surprised, and inquired what was the reason that, haTing
Set all their houses and every thing besides on fire, they were so
diligent and careful to defend the walls. At length, when Penliccas
with his Macedonians were drawn off from the city, the rest of the
Isaurians cast themselves headlong into the fire, and so every one's
house became a common sepulchre for himself and all bis relations.
Penliccas the next day gave the ransacking of the city to the sol*
dicrs, who (when the fire was extinguished) found much silver and
gold in the rubbish, the city having been rich and prosperous a long
time together.
After this destruction, Perdiccas married two wives, Nicsea the
daughter of Antipater, to whom he was contracted; and Cleopatra,
Alexander's half sister, the daughter of Philip and Amyntas. Per-
diccas indeed had entered into league with Antipater before he was
establislied in his government, and upon that account the auirriage
was consummated. But after he had gained the king's forceSf and
became possessed of the supcrintcndency and administration of the
affairs of the kingdom, he clianged his mind: for affecting the kin^
dom, his design was to marry Cleopatraj coucluding that for her sahs^
th(^. IL niODORUS SICULITS. £77
and by her authority, the sovereigo power would be yielded up to
to him by the Macedouians. But because he had no mind as yet to
Jibcover his intentions^ and to comply with the present circumslAa-
ces of affairs, he married Nicea^ lest Antipater should oppose him
in his projects. Bat Antigomis smelling out what he was contriv-
ing, and being one that had a great kindness for Antipater, and' the
most active man of all the commanders, Perdiccas resolved to des-
patch him, and take him oat of the way.
Loading him therefore with false accusations and unjust asper-
sions, \iM design appeared plainly to take away his life. But Anti-
gonos being a crafty man, and of a bold spirit, pretended as if he
woald defend himself against those things that were laid to his charge;
but in the interim he secretly prepared for his flight, and in the
night, with his servants and his son Demetrius, went on board some
ships that belonged to Athens, and set sail for Europe, on purpose to
confederate with- Antipater. About that time Antipater and Crate-
xus had taken the field against the ^tolians with thirty thousand foot,
and two thousand five hundred horse: for they only remained un-
conquered of those that werfe engaged in the Lamian war. But the
£tolians, though they were pressed upon by such mighty forces, yet
were not at all discouraged; but having got together ten thousand
brave and sprightly men, betook themselves to the difficult passes in
the mountains, where they had before disposed and lodged much of
their wealth, and all their wives, children, and old peoi^e. And
though they had quitted the cities which were not tenable, yet they
placed^trong garisons in those that were fortified; and in this state
undauntedly waited the approach of the enemy.
Antipater and Craterus therefore having entered iEtolia, when
they saw all the cities that were weak and untenable forsaken by
their inhabitants, made towards those that were posted iu the fast-
nesses of the mountains. At the first assault they made upon these
dreadful and inaccessible precipices, they lost multitudes of their
tnen ; for the valour of the iEtolians being supported and confirmed
by the strength of the places, easily repulsed the enemy, who ran
themselves upon difficulties that were insuperable. But afterwards,
when Craterus's soldiers had secured themselves during the winter,
by huts and warm tents, the iEtolians were obliged to endure the in-
clemency of the season in places covered over with snow, where
they remained in great want of provisions; so that they were redu-
ced to a most desperate condition. For they were brought to that
dilemma, that they must of necessity citlier leave the mountains and
fight with an army far superior in number to themselves, and against
commanders who were every where renowned foi: their good con-
278 DIODORUS SICULU9. Book XFIIL
duct, or, if they remained longer, certainly to perish with bonger and
cold.
And now all hopes of deliverance being despaired of, luddenly «nd
unexpectedly appeared a release at hand from all their miseries^ as if
some god in an especial manner had had compassion of such hnm
and noble souls : for Antigonos, who had fled out of Asia, and was
BOW come bto the camp, informed them of what Perdi^eas was
hatching and contriving; and that having mtrried Cleopatrat hm
was ready, as king, to come over with his army into Macedonii^ to
wrest the kingdom out of their hands. At which strange and qaex-
pected news, Antipater and Crateriis, and all those with them^ wen
so affrighted, that they called a council of war, where, upM oonsul-
tation, it was resolvedf that matters should be compounded snd end*
€d with the ^olians as well as they could; and that forcts should
1>e forthwith transported mio Asia; and that Cmterus should ho ge-
neiul in Asia, and Antipater have the chief command in Eojftipei
that ambassadors should likewise be despatched^to Ptolemy^ who was
their friend and an enemy to Perdiccas, and designed to be out off aa
well as they, to move him to join with them as a confederato. Hayn*
upon they forthwith struck up a peace with the iEttriiaos^ inlfndil^
notwithstanding in due time afterwards, to root them up and all
their families, and to send them into some remote and desivt oonwr
of the world far from Asia. The pacification according to tbo tsnns
before agreed upon, being put into writing and signed^ thej pitpani
themselves for the expedition.
Perdiccas^ on the other side, calling together fab friends and ge*
neral officers, consulted with them whether he should transport his
army into Macedonia, or march first against Ptolemy. All agrasing
that Ptolemy was first to be conquered, lest he shouU ehstract his
expedition into Macedonia, he sent JSumenes on before with a con*
sidersble army, to secure the passes at the Hellespont, to pievenjt all
passage that way : and he himself marched out of Pisidia with tha
whole of his forces towards Egypt. And these Wfrt the things (
this year.
«
Chi^. IIL DI0D0RU8 SICULUS. 979
CHAP. IIL
JDtanr^dn of Alexander's fimeral chariot Ptolemy hommred cp|
JEg^. Perdiccas prepares for going inio Egypi agabtMi Pto*
lemy. Eamems beats Neopiolemusy who deserted. The baitte
between Eamenes and Craterus, who was killed w^h NeopioUh
mute. Combat between Neoptolenms and JBumenes. Perdkcais
€omes into Egypt; aasaulis the fori called the Camd^e Wall;
kie ndeerable loss in the river NOe; is kUled. Ptolemy makes
jlridaus and Pythm protectors of the kings. JEuffMiiei eoncfaw-
nediodie. The JEtoHans invade Th^saly. Pofyperehon roais
the JStoUans. !ne provinces again dividedby Aridmue. An^
tigonus routs Eumenes, who JKes to Nora. Antigonms besieges
Nora. Eunwnes*s inveniion to exercise the horse. PtoUmy
gains Syria and Phomicia by Nicanor.
WHEN Philoclet was chief magistmie «t Athens, and Caios Salpi-
tins and Quintus Aulius were created RiMnan consuls^ Aridssns, to
whom was committed the care of conveymg Akunder^s body to his
scpQlchre, having now the chariot ready upon which it was to be
carried, prepared hinself for the jonmey* But, forasmuch as the
wiiole business and concern was managed as beeame tlie majesty of
Alesander, and upon that account did not only exceed all odien in
fKxint of expense, state, and pomp, (for die charges amounted to ma*
ay talents), but also in respect of curiosity and workmanship, we
Ihfaik it fit to recommend something to posterity in writing concern-
ing it. And first, a coffin of beaten goM was provided, so wrongiit
by the hammer, as to answer to the poportioa of the body; it was
lialf filled with aromatic spices, which served as well to delight the
sense, as to prevent the body from putrefoctk>n* Over the coffin
was a cover of gold, so exactly fitted, as to answer the higher part
every way* Over this was thrown a curious purple coat embroidered
with gold, near to which were placed the arms of the deceased, that -
:he whole might represent the acts of his life. Tiien was provided
the chariot, in which the body was to be conveyed ; upon the top of
which was raised a triumqhant arch of goI(%t set thick and studded
over with precious stones, eight cubits in breadth, and twelve in
length. Under this roof was placed a throne of gold, joined to the
whole work, four square, on which were carved the heads of Goat-
f 80 DIODORUS SICULU9. Book XVIIL
harts ^; and to these were fastened golden rings of two hands-
breadth in diameter} at which hung, for shew and pomp^ little co-
ronets of various colours, which, like so many flowers^ a&rded a
pleasant praspect to the eye. Upon the top of the arch, was a fringe
of network, to which were hung large bells, to the intent that the
sound of them might be heard at a great distance. On both sides
the arch, at the corners, stood an image of Victory in gold, bearing
a trophy. A peristylium t of gold supported the archwork, the cha-
piters of whose pillars were of Ionian workmanship. WitliiD the
peristyiium, by a network of gold of a finger's thickness in the work-
manship, hung four tables Xj one by another equal to the dimenaions
of the wall, whereapon were poartrayed all sorts of living creatures.
The first table represented a chariot curiously wrought, wherein
Alexander sat with a royal sceptre in his hand. About the king
stood his life-guards complete in their arms; the Macedomans on
one side, and the Persians, who bore battle-axes, on the other; and
heftyre them stood the armour-bearers. In the second, elephants
adovned in their warlike habiliments Mkmed them of the gttard> on
which sat Indians before, and Macedonians behind, armed according
to the manner of their respective countries. In the third might be
seen squadrons of horse drown up in regular battalia. In the foorlh
appeared a fleet ordered in a line of battle. At the entrance of the
arch stood lions of gold, with their faces towards the entrance. .«.
From the middle of every pillar an acanthus § of gold sprouted up*
in branches spiring in slender threads to the very chapiters. Over
the arch, about the middle of the roof on the outside, was spread a
purple carpet in the open air, on which was placed a vast golden
crown, in the form of an olive coronet ||, which^ by the reflection of
the sun*beams, darted such an amazing splendor and brightnesi^
that at a distance it appeared as a flash of lightning. Under the
seats or bottom of the whole work, ran two axletrees^ about which
moved four Persian wheels, wlM>se spokes and naves were overlaid
with gold, but the fellows were shod with iron. The ends and outp
parts of the axles were of gold, representing the heads of lions, each
holding a* dart in his mouth. In every centre of the arch, about the
midway in the length, was artificially fixed a pole, upon which '
the whole might turn, as on a hinge; by the help whereof the areh
might, in rough places, where it was apt to be shaken, be preservei
from being overturned. There were four draft-trees, to every one
* Tragi laplii, Gott'b arts, bred near the rirer Phasis in Colchis. — Pliiu I. \ c. SSw
t In furm rcsenibling n piasa.
t A sort of writing tables, whether of brass, stone, or wood. *
i A tree so called. |i Olive coronets, usually worn by conqncrorL #j
Chap. IJL DIODORUS SICULUS. S81
q( which were fixed four courses of yokes^ and to every course were
bound four mules^ so that the mules were sixty-four in number, the
most choice for strength and bigness that could be got. Every mule
was adorned with a crown of gold, and bells of gold on either side of
tlieir heads; and on their necks were fitted rich collars, set and
beautified with precious stones.
And in this manner was the chariot set forth, the sight of which
was more stately and pompous than the report: so that the fame
of it brought together multitudes of spectators : for the people out of
every city wherever it was coming, met it, and ran back again be-
fore it;» never satisfied with tlie delight they took in vewing and gaz-
ing. And, suitable tb so stately a shew, a vast quantity of work-
men aod pioneers, who levelled and smoothed the ways for its pas*
ai^^e, attended.
And thus Arideus, who had spent two years in preparations,
brought the king's body from Bobylon io Egypt. Ptolemy, in ho-
' Bour of the ki<)g» met the corpse with his army as far as Syria, where
be received it, and accompanied it with great care and observance:
for he had not resolved as yet to accompany it to the temple of Am-
noD, but to keep the body in the city ^ which Alexander himself had
built;, the most famous almost of any chy in the world. To this end
he built a temple in honour of Alexander, in greatness and stateli-
aess of structure Jbecoming the glory and majesty of that king;. and
in tills repository he laid the body, and honoured the exequies of the
dead with sacrifices and magnificent shews, agreeable to the dignity
of a demigod. Upon which account he was deservedly honoured,
not only by men, but by the gods themselves : for by his bounty and
generosity be so gained upon men, that they flocked from all parts
to Alexandria, and cheerfully inlisted themselves into his service,
notwithstanding the king's army was then preparing for war against
Um: and though he was in imminent danger, yet all readily ven-
tured their lives to preserve him. And the gods tlicmselves, for his
^rtue, and kind obliging temper towards all, rescued him out of all
'^is hazards and difficulties, which seemed insuperable : for Perdic-
^M, who before suspected the increase of his power, had resolved,
*^Ht]ging the kingsf along with him, upon an expedition into Egypt,
^Hh the strength of his army. To that end he had delivered to £ur
^^nes a considerable body of men, with a sufficient numbtr of offi-
^^rs, with command to march to the Hellespont, to prevent the p«s-
"^ge of Antipater and Craterus over into Asia. Ainoiigst tlie com-
^ Alexaodria.— See Curtius, ]. 10. c. ult. — The embairaed body wus vicyred by Au.
^^U8 in Alexandria, three hundred ycin afterwards. — iuwt.
^ These kings were Arid«us and Aiexauder, the childreo af Alexander.
^^^L.2. No. 43. oo
<282 DIODORUS SICULUS. BwJk XVIIL
manders the most illustrious were Alcetas his brother^ dnd Neoptole-*
mus: but these he ordered in all things to be observant to EninfiieSy
because he was both a skilful and prudent general^ and a constant
and faithful friend. Eumenes therefore^ with the forces delivered
to him, came to the Hellespont, and completed his army with horse
(raised out of his own province) of which hb troops were before only
deficient.
But after Antipater and Craterus had transported their army out
of Europe, Neoptolemus, out of envy to Eumenes, (having a consi'*
derable body of Macedonians under bis command), secretly sent
messengers to Antipater, and, colleaguing with him, contrived hoir
to entrap Eumenes: but his treachery being discovered, he was for*
eed to fight, and lost almost all his men in the battle, and was very
near being cut off himself. Eumenes being thus conquerar, after
this great slaughter. Joined the remainder of those that were left to
his own army; and so by this victory not only increased his tbrces^
but strengthened himself with a great number of Macedonians that
were excellent soldiers. Neoptolemus fled off the field with three
hundred horse, and went over to Antipater. Whereupon there
was held a deep consultation between them, in reference to die
concerns of the war; in which it was determined to divide the annj
into two bodies; one to march under Antipater into Cilicia to fight
Perdiccas, and the other with Craterus to fall upon Eumenes; and
when he was routed, then Craterus to return to Antipater; that so
the whole army being joined together in one body, and having Ptole*
my their confederate, they might be the better able to cope mth the
king's army.
Eumenes having intelligence of the enemy's march, collected for*
ces together from all parts, especially horse; for, because he had not
foot able to cope with the Macedonian phalanx, he raised a great bo-
dy of horse, by whose assistance he hoped to be in a condition to
overcome the enemy.
And now at length the armies drew near to each other; whereapoa
Craterus drew up his men together, in order, by a set speech to en-
courage them to fight; in which harangue he promised-^That if
they were conquerors, they should have all the pillage of th^ field,.
and all the bag and baggage as a prey to their own use. In alW
things thus encouraged, he drew up bis army in battalia: the rights
wing he commanded himself, and the left he gave to NeoptoIenaiiSb^
His army in the whole consisted of twenty thousand foot, DMist ofli
them Macedonians, men famous for their valour, in whom he placeitf
the confidence of his victoiy; with these there i chiid along with^
him above two thousand hoise^ Eumenes had likev tweoig^dioa--
Chap* III. DioiiORUS sicuLUS. 283
sand foot of difiereDt nations, and five thousand horse^ on whose va*'
lour principally lie had resolved to venture, and lay all at stake in
this battle.
The horse on both sides moving forward in two wings a great way
before the foot, Craterus with a body of choice men made a gallant
cliarge upon the enemy, but his horse stumbling, he was thrown out
of the saddle to the .ground, and not being known, was trajupled un-
der foot by the confused throng, and so unfortunately lost his life;
upon whose fall the enemy was so encouraged, that, dispersing them*
selves over the field of battle, they made a terrible slaughter. The
fight wing being thus distressed, and at length totally routed, was
forced to retreat to the foot. But in the left wing commanded by
Neoptolemus, opposed to Eumenes, there was a very sharp engage-
ment, thq two generals singling out one another: for being known
to each ether by their horses, and other special marks, they fought
hand to hand; and by combating thus singly, they put a remark
upon the victory: for after they and tried it out by their swords^
they presently began a singular and new sort of encounter, anger
and revenge mutually exciting them. For, letting their bridles fall
on their horses' necks, they catched hold of each other with their
left hands, and so grappling together, their horses violently pressing
forward, ran from under them, by which they both tumbled to the
ground. And though it was a difficult matter for either of them,
after so violent a fall, to rise again, and besides, being pressed
down by the weiglit of their armour, yet Eumenes rising firsts
so desperately wounded Neoptolemus in the ham, that he lay ham-
strung, grovelling upon the ground i and by reason of the grievous-
ness of the wound, he was not able to raise himself upon his feet.
But the stoutness and courage of his mind overcoming the weakness
of his body, he got upon his knees, and gave his adversary three
wounds on his arm and thigh: but none of them being mortal, (while
they were yet warm), Eumenes gave Neoptolemus a second blow oa
the neck, which killed him outright.
In the mean time a great slaughter was made amongst the rest of
the horse on both sides; so that while some were killed and others
wounded, the fortune of the day was at first uncertain. But no
sooner was it noised abroad that Neoptolemus was slain, and both
wings broken, than the whole body of horse fled, and made off to
the phalanx, as to a strong wall of defence. But Eumenes, content
With keeping his ground, and the possession of the bodies of both
the generals, sounded a retreat to his soldiers. Then he set up a
trophy, and after he had burled the slain, he sent word to the phalanxj^
^nd to those. that were thus routed — ^That whoever wou^d, should
284 DiODORUs sicuLus* Scok XFITT.
Ill' ■ 'sssBssssssssssssssatesBsok i 1 1 ■
have liberty to take up arms with him, or to go wherever thej pleas-
ed. The Macedonians accepted of these terms of peace, and, opoQ
oath of fidelity given, they had liberty to march off to the next towus
to supply themselves with provisons. But they dealt treacherously
with Eumenes; for, re-assembling their forces, and fomishiDg
themselves with provisions, in the night they stole away and went
to Antipater. Eumenes indeed did all he could to revenge this
breach of their oath, and to that end he forthvrith endeavoured tor
pursue the phalanx; but by reason of the strength of the enemy,
and his own indisposition through the wounds he had received, he
was not able to do any thing effectually, and tlierefore he judged jt
better to refrain from any further pursuit.
Having therefore gained so glorious a victory, and cut off two
such eminent commanders, his name became very fomous. Anti-
pater having received those that had escaped, after tiiey had been re-^
freshed, hastened away to Cilicia, and to afford assistance to Pt<rfe«
my. But Perdiccas hearing of the victory* gained by Enmenes,
prosecuted liis expedition into Egypt with much more assnrtnee..^
When he came near to the river Nile, he encamped not hx firom
Felusium ; and while he was cleansing an old sluice, the river over*
flowed to that degree, that it defeated all his design, and mined his
works; and many of his friends deserted his camp, and went over to
Ptolemy: for he inclined to cruelty; and having removed the r^tof
the captains from the chief commands, he made it hb only business
to be sole monarch and absolute tyrant.
Ptolemy on the contrary was courteous and mild, and gave free
liberty to the rest of the captains to advise him in all his enter-
prises. Besides, he had put strong garrisons into all the convenient
places of Egypt, and had furnished them with all sorts of weapont,
and other things that were necessary. By which means he succeeded
in every thing for the most part that he undertook, while many that
loved the man cheerfully exposed themselves to undergo all haianb
for his sake. But Perdiccas, to repair his losses, called together the
commanders, and, having regained some by gifts, and odiers by'
large promises, and all by smooth words, he was so far euconraged,
as to bear up against the hazards and diiBoulties that were coming
apace upon him. And, when he had ordered them all to be ready for
a march, about evening he moved from thence with his whirfe armj.
Not acquainting any whither he would lead them, he marchedall night
with a stvift march, and at length encamped upon the banks of the
Nile, not far from a castle called the Camel's Wall.
* Hit first victory over NeoptoteiDus, for Perdiciiaft was killed* befoiMht asm of Uija
iiut iirriv«4» &> ap^ra aAevwarda. ^ # - *
■ «
Chap. III. DtODORUS 8ICULU8. 285
When it was day he passed his army over^^the elephants leading
the way, and next to them the targeteers, with those that carried the
scaling-ladders, and other things he had occasion to use in a siege:
his best horse at length brought fip the rear, with whbm he intended
to attack the Ptolemeans, if it happened that they appeared. In the
middle of their march Ptolemy's horse shewed themselves, making
forward in a swift career for the defence of the town; who, though
they hastened to enter the fort, and by sounding of trumpets and shouts
of men gave sufficient notice of their approach, yet Perdiccas was
not at all diverted from his purpose, but boldly led up his army close
to the fort; and forthwith the targeteers with their ladders mounted
the wall, and those that rode upon elephants threw down the fortifi-
cations, and demolished the bulwarks. Whereupon Ptolemy, with
those of his own guard about him, to encourage the rest of his offi-
cers and friends manfully to behave themselves, catched hold of a
sarissa, and mounted the bulwark; and so, being on the higher
ground, struck out the eyes of the foremost elephant, itnd wounded
the Indian that sat upon him; and, as for those that scaled the
walls, he hurled them down, dreadfully cut and wounded (together
with their arms) into the river. After his example Ptolemy's friends
mliantly exerted themselves, and, by killing the Indian that governed
the next elephant, the beast became unserviceable. The assault
continuing long, Perdiccas's soldiers assaulted the wall by turns,
striving with all the vigour imaginable to gain the fort by storm*
On the other hand, Ptolemy, calling to his friends now to approve
their faithfulness and loyalty to him by their courage, fought like a
hero, and gave an example of valour to all the rest. In this sharp
dispute, many fell on both sides. The Ptolemeans had the advan-
tage in the height of the place, and the Perdiccans in the greatness
of their number, which far exceeded the other. At length, the whole
day being spent in the assault, Perdiccas raised the siege, and
marched back to his camp, and in the night decamped, and with a
quiet and silent march caine into a part of the country over against
Memphis, where the Nile (dividing itself into two parts) makes an
island sufficient to receive and encamp the greatest army. Into this
place, therefore^ he passed over part of his army, though the passage
was very difficult, through the depth of the river; For the water
.. reaching up to the chin, the soldiers could not stand upon their legs,
and were likewise encumbered with their arms. Perdiccas therefore,
discerning the strength and violence of the river, placed the^ephants
on the left, to break the force of the stream. The horse went on the
right, by wMbse help he took up those that were hurried down by
the current,^ aiM set them safe on the opposite shore. But there
ffi6 moDORus sicuLUs. Bock XVIII.
bAppened io this passage that which was strange and unusual: for^
when the first had got over, those that followed were in veiy great
bazard; for the river rose on a sudden, without any apparent cause,
and swept away whole slicdes of bodies at a timej whicb put all into
a eonsternatjon. The eause of thb inundation could not be louiid
<nil, though it was inquired into. Some imputed it to a dyke €r
alttice in the higer grounds, whose banks might be brdcen down^and
so all its water ran into the Nile, by which means the ford was so
much the higher: others conceived it was great rains that fell in tbe
lauds above whicb increased the waters of the river» But h
Bcither of these But tlie true cause why tlie passage at first
without danger, was because the sand was then firm and unmoved;
but afterwards, when by the treading of the horses and elephams^
and tb^ passage of the army, the sand was stirred and carried away
by the force of the river,.the ford by this means was, as it were, dug
up, and made into holes, and so the passage was deeper in the middle
of the river. Pordiccas therefore, not being able to pass the rest of
bis army over, was in a great strait, because those that had passed to
the other side were very unequal to the force of the enemy, and
those on this side of the river were not able to succour them. Here*
upon he couima'ided all those that were landed in tlie island to re-
turn. The army thus forced to repass the river^ those that could
awim, and were strong-bodied men, with great difficulty recovered
the other side of the Nile; but most of them lost their arms« Tbe
rest, who were not so skilful, some of them were drowned, and
others were carried down the stream, and fell into the hands of tbe
enemy. Very many for a long time tossed hither and thither, were
at length devoured by crocodiles. Above two tliousand having pe-
rished in this manner, (among whom were some eminent command-
ers), the hearts of the soldiers were much turned against Perdiccaa.
But Ptolemy caused all those bodies to be burned that were brought
dead down tlie river to him, and, having performed all funend obse-
quies and observances due to the dead, he sent their ashes and boues
to their kindred and friends.
This far more enraged the spirits of tbe Macedonians against Per*
diccas, and knit their hearts in affection to Ptolemy. When tbe night
c^me on, the camp was full of cries and lamentations, that so many
men should miserably perish without a stroke, amongst whom there, .^
were no fewer than a thousand who were swallowed by tbe monstrous^
crocodiles.
Hereupon many of the commanders railed against Perdiccas; and
tliti whole phalanx of foot, being totally disaftccted, disMvered tlieir
hatred b^ their murmurings and threats: aud^a hundfed^ th| chief . '
Chtgf. III. DIODORUS SICULUS. 287
c^ommanders deserted hitn^ the chiefest of whom was Python^ who had
eoDqoefed the rebellioiB Greeks^ and was not inferior in valour and
reputation to any of Alexander's commanders. Afterwards some of
the horse entered into a conspiracy, and made to his tent, and in a
bodfy fetl upon him, and killed him.
The next day, when the soldiers were in consultation, Ptolemy
came to them, aod saluted the Macedonians, and made an apology
for what he had done. And, seeing that tliey were in want of pro-
visions, he furnished the army with abundance of bread, and supplied
die camp with all other things that were necessary. But, though lie '
was upon this account in great grace and favour with the soldiers^
and so able easily to gain the protectorship of tlie kings, yet he de-
manded it not, but bestowed the chief command upon Python aad
Aridseus, to whom in gratitude he was much obliged. For when
the Macedonians appointed a consultation concerning that honour-
able trust and high command, by the advice of Ptolemy they all
unanimously created Python, and Aridseus who conveyed the king^s
body, to be protectors of the kings, investing them with sovereign
authority. And in this manner Perdiccas, after he had enjoyed
the soverdgn command for the space of three years, lost both it
and his life together^ After his death, news was brought, that £u-
menes had gained the day in Cappadocia, and that Craterus aad
Neoptolemus were both slain : which news, if it had arrived the day
before Perdiccas*s death, that prosperous success would have been
a protection to his person, so as that none durst have lifted up their
hands against him.
But the Macedonians now hearing how Eumenes had succeeded^
condemned him and all his adherents, to the number of fifty k»rd%
amongst whom was Alcetas the brother of Perdiccas, to die* And
at that very time they put to death tliose who were Perdiccas's
chiefest friends, then in their hands, with his sister Atalanta, the
wife of Attalus the admir^ of the fleet. For at, and after the death
of Perdiccas, Attalus lay with the fleet before Pelusium; and when
the news was brought him of the death of Perdiccas, and his wife^
he departed from thence and went to Tyre; where Archelaus, a
Macedonian governor of the city kindly received him, and delivered
up to him the city, and faithfully restored to him the money intrust-
fgtd in his hands by Perdiccas, to the amount of eight hundred ta*
lents. And by this means Attalus, taking up his residence at Tyre,
received all Perdiccas's friends tliat fled to him from th^j|amp at
Memphis.
. • After Antipater had gonfe over into Asia, the iEtolians, in pursu-
ance of theif league ^ncludcd with Perdiccas, -maiQfifhed intf Thes<r
£88 DIODORUS sicuLUS. Book XVin.
saly, with a design to divide Antipater's army. They had twelve
thousand foot, and four thousand horse *, commaDdedy asgeoeralj
by Alexander, an iEtolian.
In their march they besieged the Locrians in, Amphissaj and hft-
lassed their country, and took some of the neighbouring towns and
Tillages. They likewise routed Polycles, Antipater's general^ and
killed him, together with a great number of his men. Of the pri*
soners they took, some were sold for slaves, and others were ran-
somed. Afterwards, they broke into Tliessaly, and brought over
many there to join them in the war against Antipater, insomuch as
they made up in the whole a body of five-and-twenty thousand
foot, and fifteen hundred horse; while they were taking in the ci-
ties, the Acamanians bearing a grudge to the ^tolians, invaded
£toIia, wasted and spoiled the country, and besieged the dties....
When the iEtolians heard what danger their country was in, they
left the rest of their forces in Thessaly under the command of Me-
non of Pharsalia, and they themselves speedily marched back with
their own soldiers into iEtolia, and struck such a terror into the Acer*
nanians, that they presently relieved their country. While they
were thus employed, Polyperchon, who was left general in Macedo-
nia, came into Thessaly with a noble army, and fought and routed
the enemy, killing Menon the general, and, cutting off most of his
army, soon recovered Thessaly.
As for the afiairs of Asia, Aridseus and Python, protectors of the
kings, leaving the river Nile, came with the kings, and the whole
army, to Triparadisusf, in Higher Syria]:. There Eurydice§, the
queen, taking upon her to intermeddle and pry too curiously into
matters that concerned her not, and to control the protectors. Python
and his friends hereby became much disgusted, and, perceiving that
the Macedonians were more observant to her commands than to
theirs, they called a council, and gave up the protectorship. Where^
upon the Macedonians chose Antipater protector, with absolute au«
thority. A few days after Antipater, going to Triparadisus, found
Eurydice stirring up the Macedonians to a sedition against him;
whereupon there arose no small mutiny in the army. Antipater
hereupon called a general council, and so argued and canvassed the
business with them, that he alhiyed the Spirit of the people, and
brought Eurydice^ through fear of him, into a better and more mo*
iderate temper.
* Or rither four hundred.
t Triparadisus, called hy PKnj, Paradisus.—Nat. Hist. 1. 1, c. t9.^The triple s«rdtib
% The Higher Seria, or what is called Ccslosjria.
} Tlic wife of Aridaes, one of the kings of Macedon*
CAap. IIL DIODORUS SICULITS. 289
After these things were over, Antipater made a second division of
the prbviaces, and allotted to Ptolemy that whereof he was then in
possession^ for it was not practicahle to remove him, hecause it
appeared Ptolemy had gained Egypt as a conqueror. Syria he gave
to Laomedon of Mitylene; and Cilicia to Philoxenus. Of the other
provinces, he assigned Mesopotamia and Arbelitis to AmphimachusI
the province of Babylon to Seleucus; and Susiana to Antigonus*,
because he was^the first occasion of the overthrow of Perdiccas. To
Peucestes he granted Persia ; toTlepolcraus, Carmania; to Python,
Media; and to Philip, Parthia*. Aria and Drangina he allotted to
Stasander the Cyprian; Bactria and Sogdiana to Stasanor of So-
lium, born in the same island; Paropamisus, to Oxyartcs, the father
of Ruxana, whom Alexander married; and India, bordering upon
Paropamisus, to Python, the son of Agenor. Of the kingdoms next
adjoining, that which bordered upon the river Indus, continued un-
der tiie power of Porus; that which lay next to the Hydaspes, re-
^ mained with Taxiles : for these kings were not to be dispossessed
but with the royal army, and a skilful and expert general. As to the
Bortbern provincesf, he gave the government of Cappadocia to Ni-
canor; and the Greater Phrygia and Ciliciat to Antigonus, to hold
them as he did before. Lastly, to Cassander he assigned Caria; to
Clitus, Iiycia§; and to Aridttus, Phrygia at the Hellespont. Anti-
gonus he appointed general of the royal army, and commanded him
to pursue and destroy Eumenes. To Antigonus he also joiaed Cas*
sander and Clearchus, that, if he secretly projected any thing, he
might be discovered. He himself marched with the kings and his
troops towards Macedonia, that he might conduct the kings back into
their own country.
Antigonus therefore, being declared absolute commander of Asia,
drew the forces out of their winter-quarters to fight with Eumenes;
and to that end furnishing himself with all necessary preparations for
the war, he marched towards Eumenes, who then lay in Cappadocia;
where one called Perdiccas, one of his chief commanders, had de-
serted him, and lay encamped with three thousand foot and five
hundred horse (that followed him) about three days march distant.
But Eumenes sent out Phenices of Tenedos with four thousand good
foot, and a thousand horse against him; who with a swift march fell
upon the rebels on a sudden in the night, when they were asleep,
and took Perdiccas and all his army prisoners, about tlie second
watch of the night. Eumenes put to death the chief rmgleaders
oi the defection, and spared the rest of the soldiers, and mixed them
^ For Antigenes, captain oCithe silter targetcert. t The Lesser Asis.
% CUicit far Lvcia. $ For Lydia,
Vol-. 2. No. 44. PP
290 DioDORus sicuLus, Book XFIIt
amongst his own, and by this means gained all their affisctions.
After this Antigonus, by a correspondence with one Apcdlonides,
general of the horse on Eumenes's side, by large promises ao efieeted
the business, that be prevailed with him to betray Eamenes, and
come over to him in the heat of the fight. Eumenes was then en-
camped in Cappadocia, in places* very convenient for an engagement
with horse. Antigonus therefore made thither with his whole anny^
and possessed himself of the higher ground under the foot of the
mountains. He had at that time above ten thousand foot, (of whom
most were Macedonians, brave and valiant men), and two thousand
horse, and thirty elephants. £umenes had no less than twenty thou-
sand foot^ and five thousand horse. Presently a sharp and bloody
battle was fought, in which Antigonus (through the sudden and un-
expected desertion of ApoUonides with his horse, and going over to
the other side) got the day, killing eight thousand men of the enemy
upon the place, and possessing himself of all their bag and baggage;
so that the Eumeneans (through the slaughter that was made) were
in a consternation, and, by the loss of all their carriages, were
brought to an utter desperation. Hereupon Eumenes designed to
fly into Armenia, to persuade some of the inhabitants to yna with
him in arms ; but, being prevented by a swift pursuit, and pereeifinf
his men to run away from him to Antigonus^ he possessed himsdf
of a strong fort called Nora. It was indeed very small, not above
two furlongs in compass, but in strength impregnable: for the houses
were built upon a very high rock, and it was wonderfully fortified both
by nature and art. Besides, there was there laid up great store of
corn, fuel, and other things of that kind; so that all who fled ftr
shelter thither might be abundantly supplied with all things neces-
sary for many years together. Those that were his fast friends ac-
companied him in his flight, and resolved at the last and utmost ex
tremity to die with him. They were in number, both horse and Ibot^
about six hundred.
Antigonus being now strengthened with the forces of Eumenes,
and the revenues of his provinces, and having got together a great
mass of treasure, began to aspire to matters of higher coneem: ibr
none of the Asiatic commanders were as yet so potent as to dare to
contend with him for the sovereign command. For the present,
indeed, he bore a fair outside towards Antipater, but secretly had re-
solved, that when he had firmly settled his affairs, he would neither
regard him nor the kings. And in the first pkce he blociccd up
them in the fort with a double wall, and with deep trenches and wnks
of earth of a wonderful height. Then he' entered into paileg^ with
• Id the couDtry of Orcjois, iu Capptdocw.— Vih. Alio. SOOU
Ckap.IU. DIODORUS 8ICULU8. ^1
» willing to renew their antient friendship, and i
to pennade him to jcnn with him as an associate in all his affinn.
Bat EuBieQes, foreseeing a change of fortune at hand, insisted upon
tenns» and AaV degree of fiivour which seemed very unequal and
ttnfit to be granted to one in his present circumstances: for he re-
qoiied^ as of right, to be restored to all his provinces^ and to be iiiilly
acquitted and discharged of all pretended ofieoces whatsoever. An-
tigonus promised to acquaint Antipater with his demands, and^lear-
iflg sufficient strength for continuing the siege» he marched against
the generals, (who were moving towards him with all their forces),
via. Alcetas, the brother of Perdiccas, and Attalus, the admiral of
the fleet. Some time after, Eumenes sent ambassadors to Antipater,
to treat upon terms of peace, (amongst whom was Hieronymus, a
cdooel, who wrote the history of the successors) • In the mean time
lie himself, having experienced many changes and turns of Ibrtniie^
viaa not at all discouraged, knowing very well what quick and sud-
dcm allefalions had happened on both sides. For he taw that tlie
Macedonian kings were only vain and insignificant shadows of
princesi and the many valiant conmumders who were with them so
vumaged their commands one after another as to seek only tbe ad-
vSnaceaaent of their bwn fMrivate interests. Therefore he hoped (as
it afterwards happened) that many would desire his assistance, both
upon account of his skill in martial affiun^ and of his constancy and
fiatUiitness.
But when he saw that the horse could not be exercised in a ^lace
ao strut and craggy, and so were unserviceable for horse engage-
BDientS, he ingeniously found out a new and unusual way for the ex-
ercise of them: for he tied up their heads by chains to a post or
atnMig stake, and drew them up so high as that they should stand
apoo their hinder feet, and but justtoucb the ground with the ends
of ^tlieir fore feet. Whereupon the horse presently, striving to get
his fore feet to the ground, ^d so curvet and caper, that legs, thighs,
and every member was in action, and by this motion tlie horse was
all of a foam; and thus they were all exercised to the highest de-
gree. He himself fed of the meanest food with the rest of the sol •
diets, and, by thus eating with them in common, not only gained to
himself the love of all his fellow-soldiers, but caused them, to be at
perfect peace and concord one with another. In the mean time,
Ftolemy in Egypt (Perdiccas with all the king's army being broken
ID pieces) enjoyed that country as a conqueror: and, casting his eye
upon Phoenicia and Coelosyria, (as lying very commodiously to
Egypt), he used bis utmost endeavour to possess himself of the cities
of those countries. To that end he created Nicanor, one of his
299 DIODORUS SICULUS. Bnok XFIIL
fiieDds, general, and sent him into those parts with a cooriderable
army, who, coming into Syria, took Laomedon, the governor of that
province, prisoner, and brought all Syria under his own power* He
gained likewise ail the cities of Phcenicia, and put ganisons into
them, and, having in a short time finished a troublesome ezpeditioD,
returned into Egypt.
CHAP. IV.
Antigonus routs Alcetas in Pisidia, ami takes Attalu^. Alceiat
received vUo lerniesstis, and there protected* He is murdered
there treacherously: his body inhumanly iised by AntigtmMM.
Antipaier*s death. Antipater puts Demeas, one of the Aihenitm.
amhassadorsy to death. Polyperchon mcuie chief in Macedonia,
Cassander conspires to put him out, Antigonus*s plots to be
sovereign ofalL Aridicus secures himself in Phrygian beeiegee
Cyzicum, Antigonus goes to relieve it. Eumenes got out qf
Nora by Antigonus' s order. Antigofws's further acts. 7%e
various fortunes of Eumenes. A council in Macedonia called
by Polyperchon agabist Cassander. The decree of the counciL
Polyperchon invites Olympias out of Epirus into Macedouia.
Writes to Emnenes to join with the kings.
AFTERWARDS, when Apollodorus executed the oiBce of lord-
chancellor at Athens, and Quintus Publius and Quintus Poplias* were
consuls at Rome, Antigonus, after the defeat of Eumenes, detenniiRd
to march against Alcetas and Attalus : for those only remained of all
Perdiccas's friends and kindred who were skilful cummaDdei^ and
bad forces sufficient to cope with him for the sovereign power. To
this end he marclied away with lus whole army oat of Cappadocia,
and made for Pisidia, where Alcetas then lay, and came with a swift
inarch suddenly and unexpectedly to Critopolis, (as it was called),
having marched two thousand five hundred furlongs in seven days
and seven nights, and by that means was upon them before they were
aware; and there he first possessed himself of certain hills and other
difficult passes in the country. When Alcetas's party had intelli-
^cDce of the enemy's approach, they presently drew up a pbalanxf
* Lucius Paptciui. t Of horse.
in order of btttle^ and by a fierce charge endeavoored to drive die
horse down the hilk^ who ha4 now gained the tops of the monntains*
Hereopon began a sharp engagement^ in which many fiidUng oft
both sldes^ Antigonus^ with a body of six thoasund* horse, bore
down with all his might upon the enemy, endeavouring to ent off all
ways and means of retreat to Alcetas : thb done, those upon the tops
of the mountains j by advantage of the steepness and difficulty o| die
places, easily put the phalanx to flight. Hereupon Alcetas's men^
being surrounded with the multitude of their enemies, and all passes
blocked up between them and their foot, they looked upon them*
selves all as dead men. Therefore, seeing no other remedy or means
left to escape, Alcetas (with the loss of multitudes of his men) at
length with much ado broke through his enemies, and got to the
foot. Hereupon Antigonus marching down from the hills with his
whole army, and his elephants, the enemy (who were far itiferior in
number) were mightily terrified: for all the confedierates were not
above sixteen thousand foot, and nine hundreit horse; whereas the
forces of Antigonus (besides elephants) were above forty thousand
foot, and seven thousand horse. Those therefore with Alcetas (^on*
aidering that they should meet with elephants In the front, and be
• sorrounded with multitudes of horse, and forced to engage with foot'
te exceeding them, both in number of men, and in the sldlfulness
1^ their arms, and besides had the advantage of tbe higher gronnd)
fell into confusion and amazement; nay, the enemy hastened, and^
eame upon them so fieist, that they were not able to draw up their men
in due order of battle; so that the whole army was presendy bnAen
in pieces, and Attains Docimus and Fdlemo, and many other com-
manders, were taken prisoners. But Alcetas, with his life-guard,
his children, and those Pisidians that sided with him, got intoTer-
messus, a city of Pisidia. Then Antigonus came to an agreement
with the captains, his prisoners, and the rest he disposed of among his
own troops, using them with all humanity, and by this means grefidy
increased his army. But about six thousand Pisidians (valiant men)
resolved to stick to Alcetas, and promised that they would never de-
sert him upon any terms whatsoever: for they loved him entirely, for
the reasons following:
When Alcetas, after the death of Perdiccas^ had no confederates in
Asia, he determined by some acts of kindness or other to engage the
Pisidians; because he knew he should thereby gain a warlike people,
who had a country very difficult to enter, and full of strong f<Mrts, to
be his confederates. Theirefore in every expedition he always be-
stowed special marks of honour upon them above all the rest, of his
* Tbe Creek is so, bat the Latin it six hundred.
294 BioDORus SICULU8. Book XVIII.
confederates: for he so divided the spoil of his enemies, that the
half was ever allotted to them. Moreover, by bis ftmiliaritj and
freedom in converse, daily invitations of the most eminent petatai
amongst them to his table, and by his bounty and liberality in be-
atowing upon them many large gifts and rewards, he engrossed to
lumself the love of all: so that now (having anchored all hia bopci^
and placed his chiefest confidence in them) he was not frosUated in
bis expectation : for, when Antigonus encamped with his whole army
before Termessus, and demanded Alcetas to be delivered up to bias,
(and the elders of the city had determined to give him up), all the
young men got together, and resolved to run all hazards, and the vt*
most extremity, for his preservation. Tlie elders ind^d at first en-
deavoured to dissuade the young men, and draw them off from theb
lormer resolve, wishing them not to involve their country in war lor
the sake of one Macedonian. But when they saw that they cooU
ikot allay the heat of the young men, they secretly consulted together,
and in the night sent away a messenger to Antigonns, and by him
fnithfully promised — ^That they would deliver Alcetas up to bhn, ei*
tber dead or alive. To this end, they desired bim^JIIiat, hf as-
saulting the city for some days, he would deo^ the yoong omd to
sally out, and, while be was skirmishing with them, to feign a flight;
by this means, when the young men were out of the city, and boq^
in pursuit, they should have an opportunity to accomplish their de>
sign. Antigonus assented hereunto, and drew off from the city aft a
further distance, and so urged on the young men to skirmbhM and
light pickeerings. The elders now, discerning Alcetas left ahme,
employed the faithfullest of their servants, and the most active mm
of the city, (that were not engaged with him), and with them (in the
absence of the young men) set upon him; but could not take him,
for he killed himself with his own band, lest he should fall alive into
the power of the enemy : but they laid his body upon a bier, casting
over it a coarse cloth, and carried it out of the gates, and, unkoowa
to them that were skirmishing, delivered it to Antigonus. By this
device they freed their country, and prevented a war; but they could
not avoid the fury of the young men. For when they returned, and
understood what was done, (through that ardent love and afiectioB.
they bore Alcetas), they were so enraged at their governors, that they
first possessed themselves of a part of the city, and resolved to set
the houses on fire, and then to issue out with their arms, and betake
themselves to the mountains, and waste and destroy all the country
round belonging to Antigonus. But afterwards they altered their
purpose as to the burning of the city, and began, by robbing and
spoiling, miserably to lay waste a great part of the enemy's country.
€^p. IF. DIODORUS.SICULUS. $95
In the mean time, Antigonus having received the body of Alcetas,
used it with all the disgrace and contumely imaginable for the space
of three days together; and it then beginning to putrify, contemptu-
ously cast it out without any burial, and sohfiarched out of Pisidia.
But the young men of Termessus, bearing still a love and respect
to the abused body of the dead, took it up, and decently buried it.
He was of so kind and obliging a nature, that there was something
sbgular in him of love and respect to all those who deserved wel^
and therefore be was ever towards such unchangeable in his love and
aflbction.
Antigonus having left Pisidia, made towards Phrygia with his whole
amy. When became tothecity of the Creteans, Aristodemus the Mi-
ksian brought with him the news of An tipater*s death, and that the chief
command, together with the protectorship of the kings, was devolved
upon Poljrperchon the Macedonian. He was pleased with the news,
and now his hopes were exalted, for he made it his business to rule
and govern all the affairs of Asia, and to gain the absolute and sove-
reign command there without stooping to any. And thus stood the
affiurs of Antigonus at this time.
In Macedonia, while Antipater was seized with a grievous sickness^
(and old age making way for his dissolution), the Athenians sentDe
nades (who was looked upon as one that had managed things with
the Macedonians with a great deal of honesty and integrity) ambas-
sador to Antipater, to desire him to draw out the garrison from Mu-
niehia, as it was at first articled and agreed. Antipater at the first
was very kind to Demades; but after the death of Perdiccas, wben
aome letters of Demades, amongst others, were found amongst the
king's papers, wherein he pressed Perdiccas to hasten with all spedd
into Europe against Antipater; though he suppressed his resentment
for a time, yet In truth he bore him a grudge. Therefore when De«
mades had delivered his message^ as he was commanded, and had
aomewhat sharply debated the matter concerning the garrbon ; An-
tifiater, without giving any answei*, committed his son Demeas (who
was joint ambassador with his father) to the executioners^, who pre-
sently carried him away to the prison, and for the rcasous before*
mentioned cut off his head.
Afterwards, Antipater, when he was near his end, appointed Poly-
perchon, the eldest almost of all Alexander's captains, and one in great
honour and reputation with the Macedonians, to be protector of the
kings, with chief and absolute authority. And his sou Cassander he
created Chiliarcht J next in power and authority to Polyperchon. This
* Our sheriffs,
t Commander of one thousand men, • colonel.
SQ6 . DIODORUS SICULUS. JSook XFIIL
office was first made a place of honour and credit by the Persian kiags^
and afterwards by Alexander when he grew great, and began to imitate
this and other customs of the Persians. But Cassander relished not
his father's ordering of matters^ and judged it very diahoDOontble to
his family to have one that was nothing related, either in bkx>d or
affinity, to succeed in the sovereign command, when there was a soa
who in Macedonia gave apparent and pregnant evidences both of
valour and parts, sufficient to govern the affiurs of the state in the
room of his father.
In the first place therefore, he took a journey into the countiy with
some of his friends, where having both leisure and opportunity, he
discoursed with them about the chief command, and dealt with every
one of them privately apart by themselves, to contrive ways and means
for him to gain the principality; and by large promises prevailed with
them to join together in their assistance, for the accomplishment of
what he desired. He likewise privately sent ambassadors to Ptolemy,
to renew the league, and pray his assistance; and that he would to
that purpose help him with shipping out of Phgenicia, and send them
with all speed to the Hellespont. In like manner he sent ambassa-
dors to the rest of the cities and captains, to solicit them to join with
them in arms. But the better to conceal his design, and that he
might not be suspected, he spent his time for many days together in
hunting.
But Polyperchon having gained the guardianship of the kings, cal*
led together a general council of bis friends, and by their advice sent
for Olymplas, wishing that she would take into her care Alexander's
son^, who was then but a child, and reside for the future as queen-
regent in Macedonia: for by reason of the quarrels and heart burn-
ings between her and Antipatcr, she Iiad withdrawn herself into
Epirus.
When the death of Antipater was noised abroad in Asia, stirs and
commotions began to change the face of affiiirs there, while they that
were in power and authority made it their business, and sought every
one how to advance his own particular interest. The chief of whom
was Antigonus, who (upon the account of his having conquered £u«
menes in Cappadocia^ and was joined with his forces, and Alcetasand
Attains in Pisidia, and besides was appointed by Antipater viceroy of*
Asia, and had the command of a great army) bore himself very h^h,
and swelled with pride in the imagination of his own greatness. And
being now possessed already (in his own conceit) of the sovereigniyy
he resolved neither to regard the kings nor their guardians: for in re-
gard he had a greater army, he was confident he could possess him**
* Aleiander^ one of the kings.
Cl^. IF. niODORUs sicuLUS. 897
self of all the treasures laid up in Asia, seeing there was none able to
oppose him. He had then in his army threescore thousand foot, and
ten thousand horse, and thirty elephants. And besides these, he
doubted not but to raise more, whenever he had occasion; for there
was money enough in Asia for the enlisting of soldiers abroad in any
place where he pleased.
Pondering these things in his head, he sent for Hieronymns the
historian, Euineues the Cardian's special friend and fellow-citizen,
(he who fled to Nora), and having brought him to him by many rich
gifts and presents, he sent him as an agent toEumenes, with instruct
tjODs to desire him to forget the battle in Cappadocia, and to be liis
friend and confederate in the war; and that he should have a far
larger province, and much tnore wealth than ever he enjoyed before :
and to let him know — ^That he should be chiefest of his friends, and
share with him in the advantages and successes of all his designs.
Then without any further delay he called his friends together,'and
imparted to them the whole of his design; «ind to those who were of
greatest account among them, to some he allotted provinces, to others
commands in the army ; and by raising the hopes and expectations of
every one of them, he made them all very forward to assist him in
carrying on his intrigues : for he determined to pass through allAsia^
and to remove all the governors of the provinces, and bestow them
upon his friends.
While he was in execution of these projects, Aridseus the gover*
nor of Phrygia at the Hellespont, understanding what he was con-
triving, resolved to secure his own province, and to that end put
sufficient garrisons into the principal cities, and marched against
Cyzicum, being the greatest and most important city of all others for
his purpose. He had with him above ten thousand foot of mercena-
ries, a thousand Macedonians, five hundred Persian darters and slingers,
and eight hundred horse, together with all sorts of engines for bat-
tery, both for shooting of darts and casting of stones, and all other
things necessary for the carrying on of a siege. He came u|>on the
:ity on a sudden, and having surprised most of the people when they
vere abroad in the open fields, he pressed on the siege, and endea-
voured to force the inhabitants (who were in a very great fright) to
"eceivea garrison. The Cyzicaus, though they were thus surprised,
md that many were shut out that were in the fields, and those that
emained were altogether unable to defend the place, looking upon it
IS their duty to assert their liberty, cowardly sent forrii ambassadors
o treat concerning the raising of the siege; and to let Aridffius
;now....That the city was leady to submit to any thing he thought
it, except the receiving of a garrison : but in the mean time they
Vol. 2. No. 44. QQ
ZQS DIODORUS SICULUS. Sook XFIH.
secretly armed all their young men and slaves that Were fit for ser-
vice, and so lined the walls round with men for tlie defence of the
town. But Aridaeus still pressing the matter for the receiving of a
garrison, the ambassadors answered ^That they would acqurint the
citizens with his demands; which be consented nntOi ^and so dis-
charged them : and being thus freed, they spent all that day, and the
night nest folloving, in preparations for the holding out of the siege.
Being thus deluded, he lost the opportunity of accomplishing what he
designed: for the Cyzicans, in regard the city Was very strong, and
well guarded on the land side (for it was a peninsula) and beingmaa-
ters likewise at sea, they easily repulsed the enemy. Mortov^r, thdy
sent to them of Byzantium for soldiers, and darts, and all other thhi^
that were necessary and useful against an assault, All which Wefe
speedily and readily sent to them; whereby their hopes were so re-
vived, that they were the more encouraged to stiind it out to the ut*
most. They presently likewise put forth their lotig ships to sea,
and sailed along the coast,andtook]nthosethatwere in theficlda,- and
brought them back into the city. Having therefore tftiis increased
the number of their soldiers (after the killing a great nnmber of the
besiegers) they forced the enemy to raise the siege; wherenpon Ari*
deus (cheated by this stratagem of the Cyzicans) after a fhutless at-
tempt, returned into his own province.
In the mean time, Antigonus lying at Celaena, was informed tf dbe
siege at Cyzicuro, and therefore resolved to lay an obligation on that
city (then in danger to be ruined) to favour him in his future designs.
To that end he detached out of his whole army twenty thoosadd df
his best foot, and three thousand horse, and with these marched awajr
with ali speed to the aid of the Cyzicans ; but he came thither a litth
too late: and sO; though he made a show of great kindness tothecitjr,
yot he was wholly frustrated in his design. But he sent ambaasn-
dors to Aridieus, to c\])ostulntc matters with him; first-^Why h^
dared tobosicgea Greek confederate city without any provoeatien:
then, to charge him with open rebellion, and with a purpose to make
liimself hbsolute lord and sovereign of the province. Lastly, to coMS^
niand him to depart out of the province, and tlience forward to livt
1 private life, and content liimself with only one city for his anb-
oistence.
Aridieus hearing these demands of the ambassadors (and charging
them with insolence) told them he would not leave the provtwce;
but that he would j^^arrison all liis cities, and was resolved t6 decide
the matter with him by the sword.
In pursuance of what he hud said, (having every where fortified
his towns and cities), he sent away a general with part of his iimiy>
Chap. IPi DIODORUS SICULUS. 399
comouDding him to join with Eameaes^ and to free the fort from the
aiege^ and Eumenes from the straits and difficulties wherein he then
was, and to persuade him to be his confederate in the war.
Antigonus, in the mean timci eager to be revenged on Aridseus,
sent away some of hb forces against him; and he himself marched
with a numerous army towards L^dia^ with a purpose to depose Clitus
the lord-lieutenant of that province : who having before intelligence
of his march, garrisoned all his principal cities, and he himself sailed
over into Macedonia, to inform the kings and Polyperchon of the
revolt and impudence of Antigonus, and to crave their aid and as«
sistaoce*
Antigonus at his first approach had £phesus delivered up to him,
by the assistance of some in the city: afterwards, when if^chylus the
Rhodian arrived at Ephesus with four ships, wherein were six hun*
dred talents of silver sent out of Cilicia to the kings in Macedonia,
he seized upon the money, alledging that he had occasion to use it
for the nttsmg and listing soldiers; by which act he sufficiently de-
clared to the worlds that he was altogether designing his own inte-
rest, and was an apparent enemy to the kings. After this, he be-
sieged those cities that stood out, some of which he took by assault^
and others he gained by fair words and promises.
Having now related the acts of Antigonus, we shall pass over to
those things that happened to Eumenes. This man had the frequent
experience of sudden turns and changes of fortune, being sometimes
in low, and other times again (beyond all expectation) in very pros*
perous circumstances.
In former times, when he assisted Perdiccas and the kings, he
gained the province of Cappadocia, and those places that, as mem-
bers, belonged to it, where lie lived in the height of prosperity, com-
manding both men and money at his pleasure: for he conquered
Craterus and Neoptolemus, two famous captains, who then com-
manded the before unconquered troops of the Macedonians, and
killed them both in the fight: so that now he seemed to be invinci-
ble, when on a sudden his fortune was so changed, that he was
routed by Antigonus in a great battle, and forced to fly with a few
friends to a very little fort for shelter. Being then shut up, and
litmmed in with a double wall, he luid no friend left that could help
bim in his distress; but after he had been cooped up a year together,
now utterly despairing of deliverance, unexpectedly and on a sudden
appeared an opportunity of freedom from all his troubles: for Anti-
gonus, wlio a little before had straitly besieged him, and earnestly
souglit tu take away his life, (the scene being changed), now soli-
cits him to be a partner with hiio in his concerns; and so (upon a
300 DIODORUS SICULUS. Book XFIII.
mutual stipulation upon oath between them) he wu freed from the
pressures and hardships of the siege. And thus, after a long timei
being unexpectedly delivered, he continued awhile in Cappadociay
where he again got together his old friendSj and his -former fellow-
soldiers, tl'.at were dispersed and scattered up and down in the coun-
try; and he was so wonderfully beloved, that many of his associates ^
and companions* in the same hopes and expectations, presently
flocked to him, ready to join in arms, and be observant to all his
commands. To conclude, within a very few days he had got toge-
ther above two thousand soldiers, who cheerfully listed themselfes,
besides those five hundred friends who endured the siege with him in
the fort : and, by the assistance of fortune, he was at length raised to
that height, that he gained the king's forces, and defsuded the inte-
rest of the kings against all thRt dared to deprive them of their sove-
reign authority. But we shall give a more exact accouat of these
matters shortly hereafter, in their proper time and place. And so,
having now in short related the affairs of Asia, we shall pass to things
done in Europe.
Cassander, though he was excluded from the chief command of
Macedonia, yet was not at all discouraged, but resolved to gain it;
for he looked upon it as a base and dishonourable thing that the so-
vereign authority, enjoyed by his father, should now be managed by ^
others. But discerning that the Macedonians flavoured PolyperehoD,
he privately discoursed with some of his friends, and then sent them
(that nothing might be suspected) to the Hellespont: he himself in
the mean time continuing for some days together in the country, and
spending his time in hunting, made every one believe that he had no
thoughts or designs of aspiring to the sovereign command. But
when he had got all things ready for his journey, he secretly departed
out of Macedonia, and proceeded to the Chersonesus, and thence
forward to the Hellespont; where, passing over, he went to Antigo-
nus in Asia, craving his assistance, and told him that Ptolemy wonld
join with him. Antigonus readily embraced the offer, and made
him large promises of assistance, and engaged forthwith to supply
him with forces both for land and sea service. But all thia was m>»
thing but dissimulation, pretending that he joined with him apoQ
account of the love and kindness he always boie towards Antipater;
whereas in truth he designed to divert Pol]q>erchon with fierce and
bloody wars, to the end that he might with more ease subdue Asia in
the mean time; and so, without any hazard, gain the sovereign com-
mand of all at last.
While these things were acting, Polypcrchon, the protector of the
Icings, having a prospect of a great war he was likely to have irith
Ckap. IF. DIODOauS SICULUS. 301
Cassander, (and conceiving that it was not fit to undertake any thing
without consulting first with his friends), assembled all his captains^
and all those' that were of chief authority among the Macedonians,
Andt forasmuch as it was apparent that Cassander was strengthened
with the forces of Antigonus, to gain all the cities of Greece; and
that some of them were garrisoned with his fiather's forces, and others
were governed by an oligarchy, influenced chiefly by the friends and
favourites of Antipater: and besides ail this, that Ptolemy, who had
the power in Egypt, and Antigonus, who had openly and apparently
deserted ffee kings, were confederates with Cassander; and that both
were richly stored with men and money, and had the command of
many potent cities and provilices: for these reasons he appcnjateda
consultation, to consider how the war should be managed against
them. After the matter had been banded to and fro with variety of
opinions, it was at length resolved that the cities of Greece should
be restortrd to their liberties, and the oligarchy everywhere aboiishad:
for by this means they conceived they should weaken the interest of
Cassander, and much advance their own reputation, and gain strong
and powerful confederates. Hereupon they that were present forth-
with sent to the ambassadors of the cities, and, wishing them to be
courageous, promised to restore them to their several democracies;
and they delivered to the ambassadors the decree in writincr, that
every one of them (when they returned into their countries) might
the better inform the people of the kindness of the kings and captains
to the Grecians. The decree was in this form:
" SINCE it has ever been the practice of our ancestors to express
their acts of grace in the many instances of their bounty towards the
Grecians, ourselves are likewise desirous to preserve and keep on
foot what they determined, and are willing to evidence to the world
the kindness and good will we shall ever be careful to preserve to-
wards the Greeks : and whereas it is well known that even in the
life-time of Alexander, and before the kingdom devolved upon os^
we were of opinion ^That all ought to be restored to that peace and
form of government which was ordered and appointed by our father
Philip, and written to all the cities at that time concerning that affair:
yet afterwards it happened that some unadvisedly, when we were fiir
remote from Greece, made war upon the Macedonians; which un-
ruly persons being suppressed and subdued, by the help and conduct
of our captains, many cities were thereby involved in great troubles,
and brought under the smart and sense of many inconveniences:
impute, therefore, the cause of all those sufierings (as justly you
tuny) to those commanders. But now, in reverence and due regard
30S DIODORUS 8ICUUJS. Book XFIIL
to tliat aotieDt coiiackution^ we graat to you oar peace, and the wamm
kinds of goTcrnmeut whicli you enjoyed under Philip and Alennder^
and full power and autliority to manage all other thingi, aceonKng
to the several rules and orders by them prescribed. We Kfcewisfl lev
cal all tliem wbo have either voluntarily withdrawn themselviesy or
have been forced away by die command of our captains, firoai the
time that Alexander first landed in Asia. It is likewise our plea^
sure That all those tlius recalled by us enjoy their estates witboat
^laarrelling or remembrance of former injuries, and that they be re*
stored to ihe franchises and liberties of their several ekies; and
whatever decree is made against ihem, let it be abrogated, except
such as are banished, by due course of law, for murder or sacrikge*
But we do not hereby intend to recal the exiles of Megalopolis, nor
Polyeucriis, who are condemned for treason ; nor the Amphisseneans,
Bor thcTriccinans, nor the Plmrcadonians, nor the Heracleots. But
as Oor all ot]>ers, let them return before the thirtieth day of the nsonth
Xantbicus*. But if tliere be any laws or orders made by Philip or
Alexander against them, let them be brought to us, that such course
may be taken therein as may be most for the service and advantage
of us and of the cities. Let the Athenians enjoy all other things as
they did in the time of Philip and Alexander; and theOropiana lioM
Oropus fis now they do. Yet we restore Samos to the Athenians,
because our father Philip before gave it to them. Let all the Gre-
cians make a law — ^That none take up arms, or act any thing agaiut
us; otherwise, that such be banished, and forfeit all their goods*
And we have ordered that Polypcrchon shall' manage these and all
other nsatters: and let all be observant to him in what we have -be*
fore written to you; for those that do contrary to what we have pre-
scribed, we shall not in the least pardon/*
This decree being transmitted to all the cities. Polyperchon wrote
to Argos, find the rest of their cities, commanaing tliem^JTliat all
that were in any command in the commonwealth under Antipater
should be forthwith banished; and that some should be put to dcathj
and their estates confiscated; that, being reduced to extremity^ ibcy
might be in no capacity to assist Cassander. He sent lettmrs like-
wise to Olympias, Alexander's mother, who was then in £|Hrus> iiar
fear of Cassander, to entreat her to return with all speed into Mace*
donia, and take care and cliarge of Alexander's little son, till be was
of age, and capable to take upon him the sole management of af-
fairs. He wro^ moreover to Eumenes, that he would stick to the
interest of the kings, and not league by any means with Antigomis^
• ApriL
CaUtp. V. nioooRus sicuLus. ao3
Mii make his cl c^ either to come tftx into MacedoDia, ia order to
joki with him ia — protectorship of the kidgs, or abide in hmm^ aiid
bo teoeife both men and money frbrii theih to make war upon Anci*
^usj who had now openly declared himself a rebel against the
kcHj^y who woold be sure to restore him the prormce wUch Aiitigo^
nds had forced finom him^ and Ukewise all other privileges iind ad^
vantages whieh he ever at any time before enjoyed ih Ash. And
besides, he alledged, that it became Eomenes above all other med lo
pnMcct the royal family, as consonant to all those demonstrations of
his loyalty, in his late appearances on the behalf of the kings; and if
he stood in need of forces, lie himself, together with the kings. Would
eome over into Asia with tlie whole ankiy. These were the transac*
I of this year.
CHAP. V.
^Bkfperchcn courts Eumenes to assist the kings. Burkenes's prm-^
denee amongst the Macedonian captains, Ptoletm^ sends to iks
capttdns and otheUrs not to assist Eumenes. jintigonus contrives
lo HdU Eumenes; who marches into Phoniidcu Nicanor do*
tiites the AtliemafWj and still keeps Munychia, and st^btilefy gets
the Pirceus. Ordered by Olympias to deliver the Pinetss and
Munyehia to the /ithe7iians; but he shifts it cff. Altramdn\
son of Polyperchofij enters Attica; secretfy corresponds with
Nicanor, and displeases the Athenians. Phocion's hard usage
ai his trial in Athens; is condetHned^ and executed. Cassander
arrives at the Pirteus. Pofyperchon comes against him, but
returns. Besieges Megaloj}olis; but is there completely baffled^
and his elephants destroyed by a stratagem. A sea-fight be*
tween Clitus and Nicanor. Nicanor beaten. CKtus afterwards
routed by Nicanor ^ is killed in his flight to Macedonia. Anti*
ganus goes after Eumenes. Enmenes near losing his army by
the breach of a dyke in Babylonia. Tfie Greek cities revolt to
Cassander. The Athenians make peace with him. He kills
Niccmor.
ARCHIPPUS being chief magistrate of Athens, and Quintus iKIius
and Lucius Papirius Roman consuls, the letters from Polyperchon
vvcre delivered to Eumenes presently after his release out of the fort;
304 DiODORUS SICULUS. BookXFW.
in which were contained^ besides what was before declared—Thil
the kiogs had^ of their bounty, bestowed npon him five hnndrad tih
lents^ to repair the losses he had lately sustained, and had sent IcttcB
to the governors and treasurers of Cilicia to pay to him the said fin
hundred talents, and what other monies he should have oecasioii for,
either for raising of soldiers, or any other necessary uses. And Alt
they had ordered a thousand Macedonian Axgyraspides^ with their
officers, to be observant to him, and readily and cheerfully to scnc
him upon all occasions, as he that was appointed general, with fdl
and absolute power and authority, over all Asia. There came lik&>
wise letters to him from Olympias, by which she earnestly eotreatcd
him to be assistant both to her and the kings; for that he only re-
mained the most faithful of all the friends they had^ who was able to
relieve the desolate state and condition of the king's fiuuily. She
likewise desired him to advise her— Whether it was better for her to
remain still in Epirus, (and not trust him who claimed the guardian-
ship of the kings^ but in truth sought the kingdom), or to return?
Hereupon Eumenes forthwith wrote to her back again That he
conceived it most advisable for her at the present time to continue in
Epirus, till the war was ended: that he himself was resolved to be
ever faithful and constant in his love and duty towards the kings^
and not in the least to adhere to Antigonus, who was aspiring to
gain the kingdom: and because Alexander's son, by reason of the
tenderness of his age, and the covetousness of the captains, stood in
need of help, he looked upon it as his duty to expose himself to the
utmost hazards for the preservation of the kings. Hereupon he
forthwith commanded all his soldiers to decamp, and so marched out
of Cappadocia, having with him about live hundred horse^ and above
two thousand foot : for he had no time to wait upon the slow march
of those who had promised to join with him ; because a great army of
Antigonus (under the command of Mcnander^) was near at hand,
and it was now no longer safe for him to stay in Cappadocia, being a
declared enemy of Antigonus: but, though this army came three
days too late, (and so lost their opportunity), yet they resolved to
pursue the troops with Eumenes; but, not being able to reach him,
they returned into Cappadocia: for Eumenes, making long marches,
presently recovered Mount Taurus, and so got into Cilicia. Here
Antigencs and Tautamus, the captains of the Argyraspides^ with
their friends, (in obedience to the letters of the kings}, met Eu-
menes, after a long and tedious march, and joyfully congratulated
him upon his unexpected delivemnce out of his great troubles, pro-
mising to be ready on all occasions at his command. There met
* Lcaader.
hp. Pi DIODORUS SICUtUS. 305
II likewise about three thousand Argyraspides out of Macedonia,
Ai great demonstrations of love and afftction. This sudden and
Host- incredible change was the subject of every body's admiiration;
len they considered how the kings and Macedonians (a little be-
■e) badt condemned Eumenes and all his followers to die^ and
w, having forgot that sentence denounced against him, not only
nibned him, but promoted him to the highest place of command
the whole kingdom. And it was not witfiout just cause, that they
lOcoRsidered the wonderful changes that attended Eumenes should
thus affected — For who that does but observe the diflferent acci-
ttB'in the course of man's life, would not be amazed at the various
US and changes of fortune to and fro, first on one side, then on
other? Or who, trasting in the present support of a prosperous
time, would upon that account be so far transported as to forget
» infirmity of human nature? For every man's life (as disposed
d ordered by the providence of some one of the gods) has been
Bquered (as it were) with the reciproctd turns of good and evil in
ages of the world. So that it is a wonder, that not only what is
BDge and unaccountable, but that even every thing which happens.
Mild be surprising and unexpected. Therefore who can suffl-
iBtly value history? For, by the variety and cliange of aflairs there
iMsented, a cheek is given to the pride of the fortunate, and allays
^ grief and misery of the unprosperdus. Which things Eumenes
m wisely considering, and weighing beforehand the instability of
tme, he managed his affairs with the more caution and prudence,
r thinking within himself, that he was but a stranger*, and had no
;bt to kingly power wad authority, and that the Macedonians (who
ft now under his command) not long before had judged him to
i, and that the commanders and captains were all inflamed with
s heat of ambitions designs, he conceived that in a short time he
Duld be despised and envied, and at length be brought into danger
his life: for none are willing to submit to the commands of those
it they look upon to be their inferiors, nor to be lorded over by
era who ought rather to be under the commands of others them-
Ives. Seriously, therefore, pondering these things within himself,
the first place he refused to accept of the five hundred talents er-
red him by the kings' letters for the repair of his former losses,
d refitting of himself with necessaries: for he said — He needed
>t so large a sum, seeing he pretended to no principality there;
d that which he now enjoyed was not of his own choice, but he
is forced by the kings to undertake the present service. To con-
Lide, he said .That by reason of tlie continual fatigues of war he
♦ Of Cardia, in the Chersouesus ofTbrace.
Vol. 2. No. 44, rr
S06 DI0D0RU9 SICULU9. BwA XVIIL
was so wora out^that he was not able to endure those hardships, and
retreats from place to place^ any longer, especially because that a
stranger had no right to command, and by law was excluded fran
the authority due to be executed by such as were of the same natkm
with the Macedonians : for he said.^There was represented to him a
wonderful apparition in his dream, which he judged very neccsaaij
to discover to them all, because it might (as he conceived) oondnce
much to the promoting of peace and concord, and the public goodi
He declared — ^That in his sleep Alexander, the late king, seemed to
appear to him, (as he was when living), adorned in hb royal robes,
and sitting on his throf^e, giving out orders to his captains, and (as
in his health) disposing and managing all the affidrs and conccros of
the kingdom. '^ Therefore," says he, '^ I am of opinion .^That a
throne of gold should be made at the charge of the king's treasury,
in which should be placed the diadem, sceptre, and crown, and dl
the other ensigns of royalty; and that at spring of day all his captains
should offer to him sacrifices, and, standing together near the thnme,
should receive commands in the king's name, as if he were alive at
the helm of the government.'' All were very well pleased with what
he said ; and thereupon every thing was presently prepared for Ae
purpose, for the king's treasury was very rich; and that stately work
was forthwith finished, and the tlu'one was set up, whereoa wen
placed the diadem, sceptre, and the arms he used to wear. Then
was placed an altar with fire upon it, upon which all the captains,
one after another, cast frankincense, (taken out of a golden casket),
and other costly sweet odours, and adored Alexander as a god. After
this were ordered a great number of seats, upon which the captaiDS
and great commanders sat together, and there consulted and debated
all the weighty and important affairs. EuiQcnes in the mean time
carrying liimself with an equal respect and deference in all public
meetings towards all the captains, and suppling them with fair and
courteous language, not only avoided the strokes of envy, but therein
gained all their hearts. By the same artifice (through the prevalency
of superstition relating to the king) he so elevated the liopes and ex-
pectations of the whole army, as if some god were to be their gene-
ral. In like manner he beliaved himself towards the Argyraapides,
and thcrel)y so gained their favour, that they counted him highly
worthy to be the protector of the kings.
Then he picked out the fittest persons from among hb friends, and
furnished them with great sums of money, and employed them to
hire soldiers up and down upon large pay. Whereupon some of
them forthwith went into Pisidia and Lycia, and tlie IxHilering coun-
tries, and diligently put in execution what they were conunanded.
Cktp. r. DI0DORU8 SICULUS. 30/
Oihen went into Cilicia, and some into Coelosyria and Phoenicia,
mad othen sailed to the cities in Cyprus. This listing of soldiers
bciof Doised abroad, and reported what large pay was offered, many
camm flocking in from the cities of Greece, and enrolled their names
lor this service; so that in a short time the)' had raised above ten
1 foot, and two thousand horse, besides the Argyraspides, and
! who came along with him.
The forces of Eumenes being tlius on a sudden increased to an
JMWfJihlf number, Ptolemy arrived with the fleet at Zaphyrium, in
CUicia, and sent away some commanders to solicit the Argyraspides
•PC to side with £umenes, whom all the Macedonians had con*
demned to die. He sent likewise to the governors of the garrison
in Qoinda*, desiring them not to help Eumenes with any Qnoney,
sad he would bear them out: but no man regarded what lie said,
kseaose the kings, and their protector Polyperchon, and Olympias,
Ac Bother of Alexander, had written to them to be obedient in all
tbiDgB to Eumenes, as to the commander-in-chief, and general of the
kii^dom.
But of all others, Antigonus was most displeased and uneasy at the
giovth and advancement of Eumenes; for he looked upon him as
dK most powerful enemy he had set up against him by Polyperchon,
! he had deserted the kings : therefore he resolved by some
to cut him off; to which end he employed one of his
I, Phiiotas, and delivered to him lettera to the Argyraspides,
I the rest of the Macedonians, (that sided with Eumenes), and
I along with him thirty Macedonians (who were crafty and fair-
I men) with orders to deal with Antigenes and Tautamus, tiie
us of the Argyraspides, privately and apart by themselves, to
facroy Eumenes, promising tlicm great rewards, and larger pro-
riaccs; and that they should likewise apply themselves to their fcl-
Isv-citiiens and acquaintances amongst the Argyraspides, and by
kibes draw them to cat uflf Eumenes : but they were not able to
prevail with any except Tautamus, one of the captains of the Argy-
faqiides, who being corrupted by bribes, promised not only for him-
self, but undertook to draw over his colleague Antigenes to this foul
design: but Antigenes being a prudent and faithful man, not only
fcfdsed, but prevailed with him that was before corrupted to alter his
purpose: for he told him — ^That it was more expedient that Eume-
nes should live than Antigonus: for he being already grown great,
when he became more powerful, would thrust them all out of their
govemmcnu, and give tliem to which of his friends he pleased: but
* Wbrre tbc kiUf(B'riibci{ucr tor .\«:« wan kept.— Stnbo, 1. ii, 7^.
808 DIODORUS SICULU8. Book Xf^tU.
as for Eumenes, beiDg but a stranger, he durst not attempt tOjgafai
the sovereign authority, but woukl be content ^ith bis present ceflK
inaod, aad to gain their fayouf, would secure to them their inoviiice^
and pel haps add more to them. And in^tliis manner were oU the fOO'
jects against Eumenes frustrated and brought to nought, ':b the
mean time Pliilotas delivering a letter of Antigonus to thecommanden^
written to all the captains and soldiers in general; theArgyraepideseoi
other Macedonians got together by themselves unknown to Eumenes^
and commanded it to be read openly to them : in which were aecv^
sations against Eumenes, and advice to the Macedoniana forthwith
to seize upon him and put him to death, and if they did not, thethe
would come presently and fall upon them with his whole army, and
do exemplary justice on them for tlieir disobedience. Upea the
hearing the contents of these letters, the Macedonians and their cap-
tains were greatly terrified: for one of tliese two was unavoidaUc^
either to fall under the revengeful displeasure of Antigonus by adlier^
ing to the kings, or be punished by Polyperchon and the kings te
observing the commands of Antigonus. While all the soldiers weie
in these distracted thouglits, Eumenes comes in amongst them^ end
hearing the letters read, advised them to obey the orders of the kiDg^
and not to give any regard to an open declared rebel; and, Iiavisg
spoken many things pertinent to the present occasion, he not only
avoided the present imminent danger, but inclined all the soldiers to
him in a firmer bond of duty and affection than ever th^y weie be*
fore. And thus this man, who was again on a sudden eveninvahwd
in insuperable dangers, yet was so wonderfully fortunate, as thefdqf
to strengthen himself the more. Ordering, therefore, his army Is
march, he made for Phoenicia, and endeavoured to get ihippipg
from all sea-towns along as he went, in order to make up a skniag
navy, that, by having a fleet in Phoenicia, he might be master of the
sea, and have what forces he pleased, and be able to traDsportPofy*
perchon at any time with safety out of Macedonia into Asia against
Antigonus. To this purpose therefore he continued in PhoBDieia.
While these things were acting, Nicanor (who held Muayohis)
hearing that Cassander had left Macedonia, and was gone to Antigs-
uus, and that Polyperchon was suddenly expected with an amy io
Attica, earnestly solicited the Athenians to stand firm in their afiinc-
tions to Cassander. But when none would consent to what was de-^
sired, but all were rather for the garrison to march away widi all
speed, at first he over-persuaded the people with fair words to for-
bear a few days, and that he would afterwards do what should be
moiit for the good of the city. But after the Athenians had been
Chfp. ^ DIODOEUS SICULUS. S09
quiet for Adtae days^ secretly in the night he brought soldiers by lit-
tle and Kttie into Munychia^ so that now he had got in strength suffi-
cient to defend the place, and to oppote those who designed a siege.
Hereupon the Athenians, perceiving that Nicanor meant nothing
10 what he did for the advantage and safety of the city, sent a mes-
sei^ier to the king and Polyperchon, desiring their assistance, ac-
oordiog to the purport of their letters, whereby they restored the
Grecians to their liberties. Then they had frequent assembfies and
ceosttltations among themselves how to manage the war against
Nicanor: and, while they were busying their heads about these af-
fairs, he drew out many of his mercenaries secretly in the nighl^
possessed himself of the walls of the Pirseus and the mouth of the
harbour. The Athenians hereupon were vexed to the heart, to se^
hom they were gulled and cheated as to Munychia, and had carelesly
lost the Piraeus. They sent, therefore, some of the greatest persons
of quality, and such as were Nicanor's special friends, that is to say,
Phocion the sou of Phocus, Conon the son of Timotheus, and
Clearchus the son of Nausicles, as agents to Nicanor, to debate the
late transactions they had with him, and requiring him to permit them
to enjoy their laws and liberties, according to the late edict in that
behalf. To whom he answered ..That they must go to Cassander^
for he was commissioned by him to be governor of the garrison, and
Ittd no power to treat of himself.
About this time came a letter from Olympias to Nicanor, com-
Bianding him to deliver Munychia and the PirsBus to the Atlienians.
He, understanding that the kings and Polyperchon bad recalled
Olympias into Macedonia, and committed the young son of Alexan-
der, to her care and tuition, and had restored her to her former royal
state and dignity, (the same that she enjoyed when Alexander was
Uviog), merely out of fear, promised to deliver them, but always
eontrived some colourable excuse or other, and so protracted the
business. The Athenians in former times had ever a great esteem
for Olympias, and now purposii^ (in the reality of their aflections)
to celebrate thosie public honours which were decreed to her, (and
hoping that the liberties of the city would be by her perfectly re-
stored to them, and put out of the reach of ail future danger) were
very jocund and exceedingly pleased.
In the mean time, the promises of Nicanor not being performed,
Alexander, the son of Polyperchon, came with an army into Attica.
The Athenians indeed thought that he came to restore to them
Munychia and the Pirffius 3 but the event proved the contrary; for he
seized upon both for the service of the war. For some who had been
Autipalcr's fViends, (and among them Pllocion), fearing some pu-
310 DIODORUS 9ICULU9. Booh XFBl
nisfafmenffrom the laws^ met Alexfinder, and^ adTising bim what It
ioj persuaded him to retain the forts in his own liands^ and not re-
sture them to the Athenians till the war was ended with (
Hereupon Alexander encamped at the Pireas^ and woaki aoC j
the Athenians to treat with Nicanor; but^ by his separate treatia
with him^ and secret and private transactions of affiurs between ibesi
he gave manifest indications of the injary designed the AtheaiBM;
The people therefore met together in a common assembly^ nd di^
posed the present magistrates^ and set up such as most feyowed At
democracy, and condemned those that favoured the oligarchy, sana
to death, and others to banishment and confiscation of goods, amoagN
whom Phocton was one, who had the chief comBsand in the tine «f
Antipater.
These being all forced out of the city, fled to Alexander the aon
of Polyperchon, and endeavoured to engage his help for their pre-
servation. Alexander kindly received them, and wrote on their ke>-
Iialf to his father, to protect Phocion and his friends, as those thai
favoured his interest, and engaged readily to afford tlieir assBtaoce
in all hb concerns: the Athenians likewise sent an embassy toPcrif*
perchon, to accuse Piiocion, and to solicit for tlie restitution of M»-
nychia, and the restoring them to their antient laws and libertiei;
Polyperchon indeed had a very great desire to retain the Piraeus, be-
cause that port might be of weighty concern and importance in the
carrying on of the war, but was ashamed to act contrary to the edict
divulged by himself; and, fearing lest the Grecians should desert
him if he dealt so basely with that city, which was the metropoKs,
be changed^ his mind. Having therefore heard the ai^bassadors, he
courteously dismissed those from the Athenians with a gracious an-
swer, but seized upon Phocion and all his followers, and sent them
bound to Athens, granting power to the people either to pardon
them, or put them to death: whereupon, a general assembly being
called in Athens, judgment of death was resolved upon Phocion and
the rest that were accused : this was carried on by thos^ who had
been banished under Antipater, and others tl)at favoured not that go*
vcrnmcnt; both these strongly urged to have them put to death.
The sum of the accusation was this.— .That after the Lamian war,
they endeavoured for the most part to enslave their country, and to
abolish the democracy, and the antient lau^. Time being allotted '
to the accused to plead their cause, Phocion began to speak for him-
self; but the people tumultuously cried out against all that he said,
and rejected his defence, so that the accused knew not what course
to take. When the tumult ceased, Piiocion began agaiu to si)eak«
whereupon the wliolc muUitude set up a shout, oD purpose lluit what
Chttp.V. DIADORUS SICULUS. 311
be said sbould not be heard: for the commonalty (having been re-
cently excluded from any share in the administration of the govern-
ment^ and now lately restored to theif right beyond all expectation)
bore an inveterate hatred against those who deprived the citizens
of their bws and liberties.
While Phocion was thus overborne, and even in a dcsparate con-
dition, struggling to preserve his life, those that were next to him
mderstood the justice and equity of his cause^ but those at a distance
could hear nothing for the noise and clamour that was made by the
tunukuous rabble, but only discerned the various trembling mo-
tions of his body, occasioned by the inevitable danger that seemed to
dureaten him. At length Phocion, in despair of his own life, cried
cut aloud, desiring the'm to condemn him to die, but to spare the
Test.
But the common people being fierce and inexorable, some of
Fhocion's friends stood up to make his defence. Hereupon the
people were quiet for awhile, and heard what they said at first; but
when they proceeded to urge arguments in support of his innocencCt
they were rejected with tumultuous and contradicting clamours: at
length being all condemned by the unanimous voice of the people,
they were carried away to the gaol, there to be executed, and were
ioUoved by many honest and sober men, who bewailed their condi-
tion, and the greatness of their misery : for upon serious consideration
<tf &e inconstancy of every man's fortune, it terrified many to see that
magistrates and persons of eminent quality, and men that had shewed
many acts of kindness in the course of their lives, should neither
have liberty to plead for themselves, nor otherwise enjoy the benefit
of law. But many of the rabble being incensed against Phocion un-
mercifully, even rent his heart in pieces with scoi& and scorns, and
Utterly upbraided him with the misery of his present condition. For
hatred smothered towards men while in prosperity, when it breaks
forth with anger against them in time of their adversity, becomes
altogether savage and implacable. Being therefore all put to death
(according to the custom of the country) by drinking a potion of hem-
lock, all their bodies were cast forth unburied, out of the bounds and
limits of Attica: and this was the end of Phocion, and others who
sufiered the same calamity with hiuu
After this, Cassander having got five*and-thirty long ships and
four thousand men, sailed into the Pirieus, and being received by
Nicanor, governor of the fort, possessed himself of the PiraBUS and
the harbour: but Nlcanor kept Munychia himself, with a force suf-
ficient to defend the place. At this time Polyperchon and the kings
Uy in Phocis; where, being informed of Cassauder's having lauded
312 DIODORUS sicuLUS. Book JiPHK
at the PirsBus^ Polyperchon inarched into Attica, and eneaoiped iic«
the Pir»us: he had with him twenty thousand Macedonian fiiot^aiid^
four thousand confederates^ a thousand horse, and sixty-fite dc»
pbants; he resolved tlierefore to besiege Cassander: but becane
provisions were scarce, and the siege was likely to be long and tedious^
he was forced to leave so many of the soldiers in Attica as the oaoBtry
was able to sustain, under the command of Alexander, and he him*
self marched into Peloponnesus with the greater part of theamifytD
reduce the Mcgalopolitans to tlie obedience of the kings; for they^
being for an oligarchy, sided with Cassander. While PolypcKboa
was busied in these affairs, Cassander sailed with his fleet fe» the
^geans, and brought them in to join with him; but the SalamiMM
(who were disaffected) he closdy besieged, and being well fiiroidiedr
both with men and arms, he assaulted them several days together,
and reduced them to very great extremities: but when the city. was.
' near being taken by storm, Polyperchon sent a consideraUe force,^
both by sea and land, to attack the besiegers; at whose approach
Cassander being affrighted, be raised the siege, and sailed back to
the Eirttus. Then Polyperchon passed over to Peloponnetut, to
settle matters there for the service and advantage of the kings.
Coming there he called a senate, and spoke to them concerning their
joining with him as confederates in the war; he sent likewise (
missioners to the cities with orders to put to death them that ^
created magistrates in the oligarchy by Antipater, and to restore the
people to their antient laws.
Many obeyed the order, so that while slaughters and baiuthiiieiila
filled the cities, they that favoured Antipater's party were mined amd
destroyed; and the democratical governments being restored totfaenr
antient laws, all joined with Polyperchon. The Mcgalopolitans only
kept firm to Cassander, therefore he determined to besiege their cHy^
The Mcgalopolitans liearing what was designed by PolyperdiOD»
ordered by a public decree that every thing should be brought into
the city that was then in the fields: then taking an account of their
strength, they found that in antient citizens, strangers, and servants^
they were in number fifteen thousand who were able to bear arms;
they forthwith therefore formed some into regiments, others they
appointed to work in the fortifications, and to some were allotted the
care and charge of guarding the walls; so that at one and the tame
time some were employed in drawing a deep trench round the city,
some carrying earth out of the fields, and others repairing and making
up the breaches in the walls; others hammering of arms, and othera
were busy in making darts and artillery; so that the dangers which
threatened, and the forwardness of the inhabitants, put the whole
Chap. Pi DIODORUS 8ICULUS. 313
city into action : for tl^e greatness of the; king's army, and the wonder-
ful strength of the elepliants that attended them, was noised abroad
in every place. And now all things were ready and prepared, when
Polyperchon approached with his army, and encamped near the city,
dividing his forces. into two camps, one of Macedonians and another
of confederates; and then brings wooden towers to the walls, of that
height as to overtop them ; on which towers men were placed with
all sorts of weapon^, and with these he drove them off who were placed
CD the ramparts.
In the mean time the walls being undermined, and the props and
supporters set on fire, three of the largest towers were destroyed, with
the ruin of the like number of turrets placed between them* This
great and sudden destruction caused the Macedonians to set up a
shout, and the strangeness of the thing amazed the besieged : and
now the Macedonians rush through the breach into the city, and the
Megalopolitans, before in parties, now all together (having the ad-
vantage of the difficulty of the place, occasioned by the rubbish) made
up to one part, and bravely bore the brunt of the enemy's attack, and
beat them off: then they cast up another work of earth to guard the
breach I and working night and day without intermission, raised ano-
ther wall between them and the enemy, which was presently com-
pleted; for being furnished with everything that was necessary, and
having many hands at work, the Megalopolitans soon repaired the
damage sustai ned. As for those that assailed thjsm from their wooden
towers, they annoyed them with their engines of artillery, and with
darts and stones out of bows and slings, galled and wounded many of
their enemies. After many were killed and wounded on both sides,
till night approaching, Polyperchon sounded a retreat, and drew off
his men into the camp.
The next day he removed the rubbish before the breach, to make way
for the elephants, for he thought by the strength of these creatures to
break through into the city: but the Megalopolitans, by the help and
conduct of Damidcs, (who in the wars under Alexander had learnt by
experience the nature and use of the elephants), altogether baffled the
enemy: for he, makiqg use of his own reason and industry against
the strength and violence of the beasts, made their strong bodies use-
less. For in a great number of planks he drove sharp spikes, and
then strewed them here and there in deep trenches covered with
earth, so as that the points of the spikes might not be seen, and thus
over these he left tlie passage into the city : but he suffered none of
the soldiers to stand in front, but placed a great number of darters
and archers, and engines of artillery in the flank,
Polyperchon therefore having cleared ihe place, and now approach*
Vol. 1. No. -W, s&
314 DIODORUS SICULUS. JBook XFIIL
iDg with the throog of iiis elephants, an unexpected misfortune befel
them : for none appearing in front to oppose them, the Indians pressed
them forward to make their way into the city, who, by the great
weight of their bodies pressed down upon the spikes, so that their
feet being wounded, and even pierced through, they were so foundered
that they were neither able to go forward nor return back : and besides,
showers of all sorts of darts and arrows being poured upon them by
the flankers, some of the Indians were killed, and others so woonded
that they were disabled from further service.
In* the mean time the elephants (through the multitude of darts,
and the strange and unusual wounds by the spikes) were so cruelly
tormented that they forced back upon their own men, and trod many
under foot. At length the sMongest and most formidable aaumgst
them fell down, others became altogether unserviceable, and some
killed many of ihcir own men.
Upon this success the Megalopolitans were much encouraged; but
Polyperchon wished he had never undertaken the siege; and as he
could stay no longer there, he left part of his army to carry it on, and .
betook himself to more urgent affairs. Then he sent off Clitus the
admiral, with the fleet, commanding him to lie upon the coasts of
the Hellespont, to stop the passage of the forces put of Asia into
Europe, and to join with Aridasus, who had fled to the city of the
Ganians, being an enemy to Antigonus. After he had passed over
the Hel1esi)ont, and taken in the cities of the Propontis, he atreogtb-
ened his army with the forces of Aridaeus. Nicanor, the governor
of Munychia, on the other side, being sent off with the whole fleet
by Cassander, sailed to those parts where Clitus lay: he joined like*
wise with the navy of Antigonus, so that he had a fleet of above t
hundred sail.
Hereupon there was a fight at sea near Byzantium*, in which Cli-
tus was conqueror, and sunk seventeen of the enemy's ships, aod.^
took no less than forty, together with all their men. The rest got
into the haven of Chalccdon. Clitus being thus successful, imagined,
that on account of this great loss, the enemy durst not again engage
at sea.
But Antigonus having intelligence of this defeat of the fleet, by his
industry and admirable conduct, quickly repaired it: for having sent
for several t^*ansport ships in the night, from the Byzantines, in which
he put darters, slingers, and other light-armed men, sufficient for the
])resent design, and in the night transported them to the other side;
who, attacking the enemy at land before day, (who had left their
bhi|)s, uiiJ were there encamped), put Clitus and his men into great
• Now Cuu»tiuitiDopIc.
p. F. DIODQRUS SICULUS. 315
lir And confusioo^ who in that sudden fear and amazement leaped
their vessels, so that through the incumbrance of their luggage,
the multitude of their prisoners^ there was a great tumult an(^
irder.
n the mean time Antigonus had fitted out some long ships, and
med them with many of his stoutest foot soldiers, and bid them
Uy attack the enemy, for they were sure to be conquerors. Here-
0 they came up with Nicanor in the night, and about break of
fell, suddenly upon the enemy, still in confusion, and at the very
; charge put them to flight; some of the enemy's ships they broke
pieces with the beaks of their own, and brushed o£F the oars of
srs; some they gained without fighting, being delivered up by
men on board. At length all the rest (except the admiral's
i) fell into their hands. Clitus forsook his ship, and got ashore,
igoing to have preserved himself by getting into Macedonia;
in his way falling amongst some of Lysimachus's soldiers, he
1 slain,
Intigonus's reputation for skill and prudence in the management
nartial aflTairs, was much advanced by this remarkable victory,
reupon he was very earnest and intent to b^ master at sea, and
thout the least doubt of the matter) to gain the sovereignty of
a. To this end he chose out of his whole army, twenty thousand
t, and four thousand horse, of the most active men, and marched
raids Cilicia, to destroy Eumenes before he grew too strong. But
BQenes knowing the hot temper of Antigonus, marched into Phoe-
n, to regain it for the kings, then unjustly detained from them by
demy : but not having an opportunity to do what he designed, he
i Phoenicia, and marched with his army through Ccelosyria, to
: into the higher provinces. Afterwards he lost some of his men
the river Tigris, by an attack upon him in the night, by some of
\ inhabitants. In the like manner he was fallen upon in the pro-
ice of Babylon, by Seleucus, near the river Euphrates, and was in
lat danger to have lost all his army; where by the br^ch of a dike
. whole camp was very near being overflowed and drowned. But
ting his wits at work he fled to a high bank of earth, and diverting
5 water another way, preserved both himself and his army.
And so beyond his expectation he escaped Seleucus, and got into
rsia with fifteen thousand foot, and thirteen hundred* horse. Ha-
\g refreshed his soldiers after all their toils and labours, he sent to
; governors and captains of the higher provinces to furnish him
th more men and money. Arid in this state were the affairs of Asia
is year,
* Thre« thousand in tbe oiArgiTu
3l6 DioooRUS sicuLUS. Book XFIIL
But as for Europe, after the losses and misfortunes of PolTperchon
at Megalopolis, many of the Greek cities revolted from the kings to
^assander. And because the Athenians could not get rid of the gar-
rison either by the help of Polyperchon or Olympias^ one of the most
eminent citizens made bold to say, in the public assembly .^That it
was for the interest of the city to close with Cassander. At first there
was a great hurly-burly, some being for and others against what was
said : but the advantages being more calmly debated and considered,
by common consent it was at length agreed — That peace should be
made with Cassander, upon such conditions as could be obtained by
their ambasTsadors. In pursuance whereof (after some meedngs)
these were the terms agreed upon — ^That the Athenians should
quietly enjoy the city, the territory, and all the profits, together wiih
the shipping and all other things, and should for the future be friends
and confederates with Cassander; but that Cassander should for tbe
present hold Munychia till the war was ended with the kings: and
that the commonwealth should pay a tribute of ten minas; and that
an Athenian should be constituted protector and guardian of the ci^,
whoever Cassander pleased. Whereupon Demetrius the Phalerian
was chosen; who being invested with tlie office, kept the city inpefw
feet peace, and behaved very obligingly towards all the citizens.
After this Nicanor brought his fleet into the Ptrseus, adorned with
the beaks of ships gained in the late victory; on account of whidi
success he was at first highly honoured by Cassander, but afterwarb
perceiving that he grew proud and haughty, and still detained Ae
fort of Munychia with his own soldiers, he suspected he intended to
revolt, and therefore laid a trap for him, and cut him off* Then hto
marched into Macedonia, where many of the inhabitants revolted to
him: many likewise of the Greek cities were inclined to join with
Cassander*. For Polyperchon appeared to be slothful and careless
in managing the affairs both of the kingdom and the allies. Cis^
sander, on the other hand, behaved with great candour towiards allj
and approved himself industrious in the management of publjc affiiin^
so that he gained many who countenanced him in his seeking to obtain
the supreme authority.
But as Agathocles became tyrant of Syracuse the following year^
we shall, as we designed at the beginning, put an end to this bookj
and begin the next with the advance of Agathocles to the throne, and
go on with tbe affairs proper and pertinent to our history.
* Antiptter in the Greeks bat erroncoai.
v\
317
DIODORUS SICULUS.
BbOK XIX.
PREFACE.
IT is an old sayings (brought down to us by tradition) — Tliat none
evcrtum dcnaocracies, but men that overtop others in power and in* '
terest« For which reason some cities are always jealous of such of
their fellow-citizens as grow great and powerful^ and therefocc do
what they can to depress them : for when men are in power^ the oesX
«tep Is to domineer over their country; and with those tliat (through
Ae greatness of their interest above others) have grounds to expect
the sovereign authority^ it is very difficult to be free from a desire
of monarchy : for it is very natural for those that are ambitious^
«^en they liave much^ to thirst after more^ and never set bounds tp
their insatiable ambition.
The Athenians therefore^ upon this very account, made a law,
wbibh they called Ostracism^ for the banishing such as grew grea$
amongst them; not so much to punish them for any fault they had
committed, but to prevent the mischief and prejudice to their coun-
try, which, by their power and interest, they were in a capacity to
bring upon it: for they remembered (as it were an oracle) what
Solon had formerly said, who, foretelling the tyranny of Pisistratus,
composed this elegiac -i..
A city by great persons is o'erlhrown.
And fools beneath a monarchy do groan.
Of all other places, Sicily was most infected with this desire of
monarchy, before the Romans reduced it into the form of a province:
for the cities, deceived by the flattery of the orators, advanced incon-
siderable men to that height, that tliey became absolute lords over
the deluded multitude.
818 DiODORUS sicuLUS. Book XIX.
But the advancement of Agathocles to be prince of Syracuse ii^
above all others^ the most singular and remarkable: for he began at
first in very mean and unlikely circumstances^ but at last he involved
not only Syracuse^ but all Sicily, and Libya itself^ in blood and
slaughter. He was so mean and low in the world, in his origin^ that
he followed the trade of a potter; from whence he rose to that height
of power and cruelty, that he lorded over the greatest and richest
island in the world, and for some time gained the greatest part of
Africa, and some parts of Italy, and filled the cities of Sicily with .
butcheries and oppressions. None of the tyrants that ever were be-
fore him committed the like villanies, or exercised such barbaroui
cruelties upon their subjects : for, as for his own kindred, he put them
all to death, root and branch; and he so plagued the cities, that he
sometimes butchered all that were at men and women's estate, and
would cut the throats of multitudes of poor innocents for the faults
of a few, without any difference or distinction, and then presently
would murder whole cities, men, women, and children.
But because this book, with others that follow, comprehend the
' tyranny of Agathocles, omitting any further preface relating there*
unto, we shall now connect things coherent with those that were be-
fore related, first allotting to every thing we treat of its ^ut and pro-
per time.
In the preceding eighteen books, wc have endeavoured to set fbrtl^
whatever was done in the known parts of the world, from the hegjom
ning of time, to the year next l>efore the reign of Agathocletj to
which time, from the taking of Troy, are computed eight hundred
and sixty-six years.
In this book, beginning with the first of his reign, we shall end
with the battle fought by Agathocles with the CarthaginianSj con*
taining an account of affairs for the space of seven years.
CSlqi. /. DIO: RU8 8ICULI
CHAP. I.
/igaikocles^i parentage and educaiian: Mm rhk: hU straiagemsTx
hi$ bloody maseacre ai Syr acme. He gains the sovereign
' power. The e^faire of Italy. Ofynqriae returns into 3faee*
- donia by Polyperchon^s means. ThearmksrevoUtoher: Her
- entelties. She murders Eurydice^ and Aridmus^ her huAand.
jffbirs in Asia. Kumenes and Seleueus^ Eitsnenes joined by
many of the captains. The number of their forces. He
' tomes to Susa. Attains and others imprisoned by Aniigonus
in a strong castle; seeking to escegpe, are afterwards besieged,
taken.
AT the time when Demogenes niled as chief magistrtte at Athens,
and when Lucius Plotius and Manius Fulbtns were Roman consols,
Agatbocles became tyrant of Syracuse. That things as they were
aeverally done may be more <^learly and distinctly understood^ we
afadl premise a few things concerning thb prince.
Ccninus of Hhegium, being banished from hi» country^ dwelt at
Tliermae in Sicily^ which city was then in the hands of the Cartha-
ginians. This man married a woman of that place, whoj when she
was big with child, used often to be troubled with strange dreams:^
being therefore much perplexed in his^mind concerning this embrie^
he intrusted this afiair with some de\'out Carttmginians, who were
then going to Delphos, and desired them to inquire of the oracle
concerning this child; ^ wlio faithfully performing what they were en-
joinedj the oracle gave this answer That that chikt would brin^;
dreadful calamities upon the Carthaginians and all Sicily. The
fiither, being terrified at this predictioni exposed the child in the
open fields, and left it with some to watch and observe its end.
After several days^ it still continued alive, and the guard left with it
growing remiss and careless, the mother in the mean time stole
tiie child away in the night, but durst not bring it back to her own
house, for fear of her husband; but she intrusted it with her bro-
ther Heraclides, and called it Agathocles, after the name of her
own father.
Where being brought up, he grew very beautiful, and of stren^h
of body above what w^s usual at his age. When he came to be se-
ven years old, Carsinus was invited by Heraclides to sacrifice^^ and
* To a fcust at a sacrifice.
320 DIODORU9 SICULVS. Book XIX.
there seeing Agathocle? playing with some other children aboat the '
same age^ he greatly admired both his strength and beauty; and
ivhen his wife told him — ^That the child which he so exposed, if be
had been brought up, would have proved as manly a chiM as that be
then saw, he answered, that he was sorry for what be had done, and
then fell a- weeping: whereupon the woman, perceiving that what she
bad done would be very pleasing to her husband, discovered to him
the truth of the whole matter; whereat he was mightily pleased^aod
took away his son, and, out of fear of the Carthaginians, renoved
with all his family to Syracuse : but, being but a poor man, he taught
bis son, then a child, the potter's trade : at which time TimoIeoB the
Corinthian, having routed the Carthaginians at the river Cremissss,
made all free of the city that would come in to him, amongst whooi
Carsinus (with Agathocles) were enrolled as citizens; and Caniaiis
died a little time after*
The mother of Agathocles had in a certain place set up ber aon'ii
statue in stone, upon which a swarm of bees fastened, and began to
make their wax- combs upon the hips of the statue: wbicb remark-
able circumstance being related to those who apply themselves to
studies of that kind, all unanimously agreed ^That when he came
to be a man, he would be famous; which happened accordingly: for
I>emas,a nobleman of Syracuse, falling in love with Agathocles, first
supplied him liberally with every thing he had occasion for, so that
he began in some measure to taste of plenty; afterwards Denias> be-
ing created general of the Agrigentines, advanced him to be a cdo-^
nel, in the room of one that was then lately dead. He was indeed
very remarkable and of great esteem before he was an officer, vpmi
account of the strength of his body; for in the time of training and
military exercise, he bore so great a weight of armour, and carried
such mighty weapons, as no other man was able to bear. But now»
since he was made a military tribune, his fame spread abroad much
more than it did before; for he was eager to fight, daring in action,
and bold, nay, impudent in his harangues to the people. Deaas
afterwards fell sick, and died; and, having left all his estate to his
wife, Agathocles married her, and so was esteemed one of the richest
of the citizens.
Afterwards, the Crotonians being besieged by the Brutii, the Sy«
racusans sent a great army to their relief, under the command of
Antander, the brother of Agathocles, and others; but the sovereign
command and chief management of the afiiiir was committed to
Ilcraclidcs and Sosistratus, men who employed themselves all their
lives long In assassinations, murders, and all kinds of wickedness
Chap. L DIODORUS 8ICULUS. 391
and debauchery; which the book^ next preceding this hath particu-
larly set forth* With those in this expedition (by a decree of the
people) was jbined AgathocleSi who was then a colonel; and^ though
he had remarkably approved his valour against the barbarians, yet he
was so envied by Sosistratus, that he altogether disregarded him,
not allowing him the honour due to his demerits : at which he was
so exasperated, that he accused Sosistratus and his followers to the
people, as having designs to advance himself to the monarchy. But
the Syracusans giving no regard to those accusations, Sosistratus,
. after his return from Crotona, became supreme and absolute lord of
his country.
Agathocles being incensed against him, first (with those that sided
with him) remained in Italy, and endeavoured to possess himself of
Ciotona; but, failing in his design, with some few along with him,
he escaped to Tarentum, where he was entertained, and taken into
pay; but, committing many rash and inconsiderate acts, he began to
be suspected of some intended inuovation, and thereupon his com«
mission was taken from him; upon which he got together the exiles
of Italy, and relieved them of Rliegium, who were then besieged by
Heraclides and Sosistratus. Afterwards, when the monarchy was
abrogated at Syracuse, and Sosistratus was expelled out of the city,
he returned into his country. And in regard at that time many of
the nobility who were for an oligi^chy (to the number of six hundred
of the greatest persons of quality) were, together with the magis-
trates, thrust out of the city, a war broke out between, the exiles and
those that were for a democracy, and the Carthaginians sided with
Sosistratus and his exiles : hereupon there were daily skirmishes and
drawing up of armies one against another, in which Agathocles, acting
sometimes as a private soldier, and at others as a commander, gained
the reputation both of valour and policy; for always upon every op*
portunity he invented some stratagem or other which proved advan-
tageous to his party; amongst which there was one thing especially
to be remembered.
The Syracusans had encamped near to Gela, and at that time in
the night he broke into the city with a thousand armed men, who
were presently met by Sosistratus, with a strong and well-ordered
party, who forced them that had entered back, and killed three hun-
dred of them : the rest, looking upon themselves all as lost, endea-
voured to get out at a sally-port, aiid were, beyond ail hope and ex-
pectation, freed from their present imminent danger by Agathocles:
* Nothing ii stid of them iu the precediiig book^ therefore there must be tome mit-
tmkc or oaiiiiion. Rhodomtonus thinks liiere was either another book betw.eoa tbtso, tr
a want of what was to hare beoa iaierted In the precoding book,— See hu notei.
Vol. 2. No. 44. it
322 DIODORUS SICULU9. Book XIX.
for he fought with great Talour and resolutton at the head of his
men, and received seven wounds; and> when he was even nsady to
fiftint^ (through loss of blood) and the enemy bearing down upon
him, he commanded the trumpeters to sound a charge at both parts
of the walls; which being presently done, those who came to force
out those that had entered, could not discern the truth of the thing,
because of the darkness of the night; and therefore^ belteidng that
another party of the Syracusans had broken in at both places, they
made a haft, and pursued no farther: and so, being dinded into t|ro
parts, at the sound of the trumpets, they forthwith ran together to
defend thcr walls. In the mean time Agathocles, with his soldiers^
having thus made room for themselves, got safe to the trenches; and
thus, having deluded the enemy, he not only wonderfully preserved
his own men that first entered^ but seven hundred more who came in
to his assistance.
After this, Acestorides the Corinthian being created general at
Syracuse^ Agathocles was thought to aspire tb the monarchy for his
good service; but he avoided t)ie danger that hung over his head
upon that account: for Acestorides (not willing to cut him ofl^ for
fear of a tumult) commanded him to depart the city^ and ordered
some to kill him in the night as he was making away. But Agatho-
cles, conceiving what the general was plotting against hinftj jiAed
out one of the young men that was very like himself^ both in stature
and feature, and delivered to him his horse, arms^ and garmentSi
and by this means subtilely deceived those who were sent out to be
his murderers) but he himself slinked away in bye paths^ in a poor
ragged coat; and his pursuers, by the arms and other signs^ conjee-
taring that the other was Agathocles, (the darkness of the aigfat not
permitting a perfect discovery), perpetrated indeed the murder^ hut
missed the person.
Afterwards, the Syracusans having rc-admitted the exiles that were
driven out of the city with Sosistratus, and having made peace with
the Carthaginians, Agathocles himself, now an exile, raised an iinny
of his own in the heart of the country, at which not only the citi-
zens, but the Carthaginians were much aSnghted^ and therefoie
he was courted to return into his own country; and when he came,
being conducted into the temple of Ceres by the citizens, be there
swore tiuit he would do nothing to the prejudice of the democracy.
I^utting on therefore a cloak of dissimulatioui as if he would pro-
tect the democracy, and having deceived the people by divers tricks
and devices, he was made general and conservator of the peace, till
all matters siiould be appeased amongst the exiles that were retnraed
to the city : for every company and fraternity were divided into aany
Chap^ I. BIODORUS 8ICULUS. 3SS
factions, and very great heart-burnings there were between private
and particular persons: but the senate of six hundred, that was ap-
pointed to govern the city after an oligarchy, was most fierce against
Agathocles's party; for the members of this assembly were such as
ware the richest and of the best quality among the Syracusans.
However, Agathocles, who now affected the sovereignty, gained
many opportunities for the accomplishing of his designs : for he had
not only the command of an army as generalj but news being brought
that there was an insurrection in the interior of the country at Erbita,
he gained a further opportunity to increase his army, And raise wliat
men he pleased without suspicion. Under colour, therefore, of his
expedition to Erbita, he raised men out of Morgantium and <rtber
cities in the heart of the country, together with those that had for-
merly served him in the wars against the Carthaginians; for all these
had a great respect for Agathocles, upon the account of the many
instances of his kindness towards them, throughout the whole war.
On the other hand they hated the six hundred, who had been a part
of the oligarchy in Syracuse, and no less abhorred the people who
forced them into obedience. Tliere were three thousand of them
that were thus ready with heart and hand to overturn the democracy:
To these he joined some of the citizens, who by reason of their po-
verty envied the power and pomp of the great ones.
When every thing was ready, he ordered the soldiers to meet him
at spring of day, in a body, atTimoleontium^; and he himself in the
mean time sent for Pisarchus and Decles, who seemed to be the most
leading men among the six hundred, pretending to discourse with
them concerning the public good: when they came to him, accom-
panied with forty of their friends, he pretended he was to be betrayed
by them, and thereupon seized them all, and accused them to the
soldiers, declaring, that for his love to the people, he was likely to be
hurried away to destruction by the six hundred, and sadly bewailed
bis miserable state and condition ; at which all the soldiers were so
enraged that jthcy cried out, that revenge should be presently taken,
without any further delay, upon the authors of such injustice: upon
which he commanded the trumpets to sound a charge, and ordered
his soldiers to kill those that were the ring-leaders of the mischief,
and spoil and plunder the six hundred, and all those that sided with
them, of all their goods and estates.
Hereupon all being now eagerly set upon ravage and spoil, the
whole city was filled with horror and confusion; for the most inno-
cent of the citizens, not dreaming of -any massacre designed against
them, ran out of their houses into the streets, to learn the cause of
• Xrar SvrKCusr,
3€4 DIODORU9 SICULUa. Book XIX
sssBsasssssaasssssssssssasasssssssssssssetesssBBmmmmmBSSsaaa^^
the uproar; whereupon the soldiers^ partly through their covetous-
ness to enrich thtmselves, and partly through madness and ngCt fell
upon the naked people (hat (through ignorance) had no arou to de-
fend themselves, and put them all to the sword. For the soldiers
having secured all the narrow lanes and passes in the city, the citizens
were inhumanly murdered^ some w their houses^ and others in the
streets^ and many (altogether innocent, not accused of tlie least fiault)
weire knocked on the head wliile they were asking the reason why
they were to be killed. For the common soldiers (having now all ia
their hands) made no difference betwixt friend and foe j but be was
sure to be reputed an enemy where most was to be gotten by his
fall; so tliat then the city was filled with violence, murders, alangh*
ters, and all kinds of wickedness: for some, out of former grudges
spared not to load those they before hated with all sorts of disgrace^
having now full sway to do whatever they pleased; others judging k
an act of prudence to enrich themselves by the massacre of them that
were rich, spared no means, nor omitted any contrivance to dcatraj
them. For some broke down the gates of the out-courts; otheis, hj
ladders ascended the house tops; and some fought with them that
defended themselves from the roofs of the houses. Nay, there was
no safety even to them who fled to the temples under the shelter of
the gods; but piety towards the gods was crushed and borne dowo
by the cruelty of men : and these things Greeks against Greeks, in
their own country, and kindred against kindred in a time of peace,
without any regard either to the laws of nature, or leagues, or reve-
rence to the gods, dared thus audaciously to commit: upon which '
account not only friends, but even enemies themselves, and everf
sober man, could not but pity the miserable condition of these dis-
tressed people. All the gates were shut up, and above foor thousaod
were killed in one day, for no other fault but that they were in
greater esteem than others: of those that endeavoured to fly, sone
in running to get out of the gates were laid hold on, others who cast
themselves over the walls, escaped to the next towns. Some, tfarDogh
fear and inconsiderateness leaped off the walls, and broke their
necks. After all there were thrust out of the city, as exiles, above
six thousaod, of whom the greatest part fled to Agrigcntum, ^where
they were received and entertained with that humanity as was agree-
able to their present condition. But those of Agatbocles's faction
(who spent the whole day in butchering of the citizens) were not
sparing in committing their rage and villanies upon the women, but
thought they should be revenged upon them that escaped death, if
they could l)ut abuse their kindred and relations, in the most vile and
bcHNtly manner imaginable: for that it was very reasonable to think
Ckap.L DIODOEU8 StOULU.S. dSB
-smmmfmmBKaBaeaammBBBaaBBssaasssBsssss^^
that It HTMld be more Intter than death itself to hmbands and paieotB
to think of the abUMS of their wives, and the ratifhings of their
danghteti: httt from hence we nhst Ibibear oooiposing a tniged|^as
is verj tisual with other writers, especially to stir tip eompassion to-
wards them that are inTolved in such horrible soKrings; because
none will eaqpect an express accoont of efery particnfaur, when the
whole is so ready and clear to be understood. For they that durst
impodently at mtd-day murder innocents in the open streets and
nuurfcet-place, havfeno need of a writer to set fiMtii what they did in
Ae houses io the night, aod how they behaved towards mves and -
young maids then in the poiirer of their enemies^ without siny protec-
tion or defence.
But Agathoeles, after he had glutted Un^selfiRddi the slaujghter of
tiie citilBens two whole days, brought together all the prisoners, and
released Dinocrates, on account of an oh) friendship with himr hut
as to the rest, such as were his greatest enemies he put to death,
and banished the others. Then catling a common assembly, he
accused die six hundred, and those who had favoured the oligarchy,
declaring that he would purge the city of all those who idfi^cted m
^monarchy, and 'restore the people to perfect liberty; and that he
would henceforth stand upon equal ground with them all, and live
a private life, free from farther cares and toils : upon saying of which
he threw away his general's coat, and put on a jacket, and so went
' hb way, making a show of himself as one of the common people.
* He did this dissembUngly to act the part of a commoner; being in
Ac mean time very well assured that diere were uMiny of his brethren
in iniquity in the assembly, who would never suffer the gendralship
to devolve on any other.
Hereupon those that had robbed the oiq>ressed people of their
goods, immediately cried out, and with a loud vdce wished him not
I to desert them, but to take upon him the entire and absolute manage-
' mentofallaffiiirs. At first he appeared to be very shy; but being
afterwards more earnestly pressed l>y the multitude, he told them he
vras wniiag to accept of the chief command -as general, provided
he should not be joined with any other colleague, for he should
never be willing to be accountable (as the law then was) for the
miscarriages and irregularities of those that should be joined with
him in commission. Hereupon^ the people having agn^ that the
whole power should be in him alone, tbeyvoted him general, with
full and absolute authority; so that for the future he plainly
acted the part of a monarch, and managed the affiiirs of the whole
city. ,
The Syracusaos, ai| yet tame and quiet, some curbed by fear.
3^ DtODORUS SICULUS. Book XIX.
and others kept down by force^ durst not discover (as a thing fiin
and to no purpose) the heart-burnings that were aaiODg then.
But many of the poorer sort, and those that were in debr, were
much pleased with this revolution: for Agathocles had promised in
the senate that all former debts should be remitted and made void,
and that lands should be allotted and shared out t» the poor..
After lie had finished these things, he ordered that none tow tbt
future should be killed or otherwise abused. But on the cootniy^
changing bis former course, be carried himself with a grett deal of
mildness towards the people, encouraging many with lewaids, and
not a few with large promises, and courting all with smooth wofdsy
he not a little ingratiated himself into the favour and good opiniooof
the people : and though he was advanced to so high a pitch 6f ho-
nour^ yet he put not on a diadem, nor sufiered the attendance, of a
life guard, nor allowed any difficulty of access to hi» person, whidk
is the common practice of almost all tyrants: but he made it his
business chiefly to look after the public revenue, and the making and
providing all sorts of weapons and arms : he built, likewise, other
long ships, to increase and strengthen his fleet: and Isstlj^. he
brought many of the cities and towns in the heart of the ccNiotiy to
stoop to his authority. And thus then stood thfe afiiurs of Sicily.
In Italy this was the ninth year of the war of the Romans vidi the
Samnltes, l)efore which time there luid been very sharp battles and
engagements between them; but then (except some incarsioiis iolo
the cneroy*s country) there was little or nothing done wortfi taking
iu)ticc of, only some forts were taken, and the country harassed* But
in Apulia the Romans wasted and spoiled all Daunia*^ and having
conquered the Canutiif ^ received hostages of them. There were added
likewise two other tribes to the former, the one of Falerinaj and die
other of Ufentina.
While these things were acting, the Crotonians made peace with
llie Brutians ; but the war being continued another year with the
esilci^, (who were expelled by the people for their conspiring with
Ileraclides and Sosistratus, of which we have given a particular ac-
count in the former bookt) they created Parones and Mencdemus
their generals. In the mean time the exiles went to Thorium, and
there listed three hundred mercenaries, and endeavoured in the
night to break into the city: but being repulsed by the CroConiaDs,
they encamped on the confines of the Brutians; but within a short
time after, they were every man cut off by a much stronger party^ who
sallied out of the city against them.
* Now CapiUnia, in the kingdom of Naples,
t C;ftQu:ii in Ti'MCC, now coJled Chartrcs. * No >ucb tccooBt uppcMi there
Chap. L DIODOftUS 8ICULU8. . 327
And now haTing given an account how matten went in Siciljr and
Italy, we shall pass to the things done in other parts of Europe.
Eurydice being queen-regent in Macedonia, as soon as she heard
that Olympias was preparing for her return, sent an express to Cas-
aander, then in Pelopooneus, wishing him to hasten to her aid and
assistance; and in the mean time, by her bribes and promises, she
induced the most active men among the JVfacedonians to favour h^
designs*
. But Polyperchon got an army together, and being joinc^ with
i£acidas of £[Hru8, he brought back Olympias, with Alexander's
0on*, into the kingdom. And hearing that Eurydice vfas at Eutsea ia
Macedonia with an army, aiming to make an end of all by one battle,
lie makes swiftly after her; and presently, as soon as the armies en-
camped one over against the otiier, on a sudden the Macedonians (in
leverence lo Olympias, and calling to mind the many advantages and
kindnesses they had received at the hands of Alexander) turned
about; whereupon king Philipf with all his servants were presently
taken. Eurydice^, likewise, together with Polycles, (one of her
counsellors), were afterwards taken, having before returned to
AmphipoUs.
Olympias having thus gained the custody of both the kings, and
likewise the kingdom, without blood, used not her good fortune with
-that humanity as she ought to have done : but at the very first, impri*
aoning both Eurydice and Philip her husband, she uised them veiy
crmelly; for she cooped them both up in a very small place, where
every thing for their necessary use was delivered to them through a
little narrow hole: and for many days together she thus (against all
law and conscience) exercised her rage and revenge upon tliese mise->
rabie princes.
But when she perceived that the Macedonians spoke ill of her, out
of pity and conuniseraiion towards those that were thus miserably
dealt with, she delivered Philip to certain Thracians, (after he had
reigned six years and four montlis), to be stabbed with poniards.
But she ordered Eurydice to be more severely dealt with, because
ahc was so free of her tongue, that she was still blabbing it out that
^he was fitter to rule tlie kingdom than Olympias : and therefore siie
sent to her a sword, a rope, and a cup of poison, bidding her choose
which she would to despatch herself with, neither valuing the former
state and dignity of the injured lady, nor commiserating thecommoa
lot of mankind ; and therefore she came at length to experience the
same turns of fortune herself, and came to an end every way becom*
* Wis name was Alexander, the sou of Roxana. t AridatHS, called Philip,
t EurYdice the wife ©f Philip.
33S DIODORUS SICULU8. JBook XIX
ing her cruelty. For Enrydice^ in the pretence of the penon tbt i
brought her the instruments of her death, pnyed the godi tint she
might have the like present sent to her; and then hatriiig bound Vf
the wounds of her husband, as well as the shortness of tine woril
permit, she wrapped him up, and so without any womanish com*
plaints, or any base dejection of spirit through the greatness of her
misery, she strangled herself with her own garter.
HaWog made an end of these two, she killed Nicanor, the brodw
of Cassander: then she picked out a hundred Macedonians, of Gis-
Sander's Ariends, and put them all to death. Having gratified her
revenge by these cruel acts, many of the Macedonians were incM
to hate her mortally for her cruelty: for they all remembered the
words of Antipater, who, like anorscle, a little before his deaths hal
given strict charge not to admit thb woman to govern the kingdoBi
Olympias therefore managing things after this rate in Macedoniay it
clearly pointed out a revolution in the state.
In Asia, Eumenes having with him the Argyraspides under their
captain Antigenes, wintered In the province of Babylon, in the towns
called Canhee; thence he sent ambassadors to Seleucus and PfdHli,
requiring them to assist the kings, and that they would join with hia
in the war against Antigonus. Python was appointed lord-fieutenut
of Media, and the other of the province of Babylon, when the leoooi
division of the provinces was made in Triparadlsus. Seleucus aa-
swered, that he and those with him would supply the kings widi
whatever they wanted, but that he would never observe any of the
commands of Eumenes, who was adjudged to die by the oommoa
suffrage of the Macedonians. After many disputes relating to this
resolution^ Python and Seleucus solicited Antigenes and the Aigyru-
pides by their agents to cast off Eumenes.
But the Macedonians rejecting what they required, Eumenes
commended them for their fidelity, and marched away and came to
- the river Tigris, and there encamped, three hundred furlongs ftom
Babylon: for he designed to march to Susa, because he intended to
raise forces out of the higher provinces, and to make use of the
king's treasures as there should be occasion. But he was forced to
pass the riyer, because that part on this side was eaten up by foraging
and deprepations, and the country on the other side was yet nn*
touched, and afforded plenty of forage and other provisions for his
army. While he was procuring vessels to pass over the river, Seleu-
cus and Python sailed up the river with two gallies of three tiers of
oars^ and many other small vessels, being part of those that Alexander
built at Babylon.
As soon as they arrived at the place where the passage was intended.
€kap. L DiODORUS stcuLUS. 33g
I I III! w^M— I ■ r II
they rettfcwed their solicitations to the Macedonians, to persuade them
to cadt off EBinenes, and not to abet and encourage a fellow againat
^then who was but a stranger, ahd had destroyed multitudes of the
Macedonians. But when Antigenes could not be prevailed with
«ipoa any terms whatsoever, the Seleucians sailed to an old sluice,
mud brcrfce down the head of it, where it was grown up through length
of time; upon which the Macedonian camp was surrounded with
water, and all the tract of ground overflowed, so that the whole army
was in great danger of being utterly lost. All that day, therefore,
they rested, considering and advising what was best to be done ia
soeh an exigency. The next day, without any disturbance from the
enemy, they transported the greatest part of the army in flat-bottomed
boats, to the number of thirty, forced forward with long poles: for
Seleiici» had only horse with him, and those far inferior in number
t» the enemy. And now night approached, when Eumenes (in great
pmn for his carriages left behind) caused all the Macedonians to re-
pass tlie ri^r ; and then, by direction of one of the natural inhabitants,
he act upon cleansing another such like place, by which the water
might be easily diverted, and the ground all round about drained dry.
Whieh when Sdeucus perceived, (intending to get rid of them out of
his province with what speed he could), he sent ambassadors to them
to make a truce, and so permitted them to pass over the river: but
forthwith sent expresses to Antigonus in Mesopotamia, to desire him
with all speed to come down with his army, before the governors of
the provinces came in with their forces.
Eumenes having now passed the river Tigris, as soon as he came
into Susiana, he divided his army into three bodies, on account of
the scarcity of provisions; and thus marching through the country
three several ways, he was in great want of bread-corn, and therefore
distributed rice, millet*, and dates, with which that country abounded,
tttoDgst the soldiers.
Although he had before taken care to send away the king^s letters
to the lord-lieutenants of the upper provinces, yet he then again
sent expresses, to desire them all to meet him with their forces iu
Susiana. At which time it so happened that th^y had their forces
then in the field, and were got together for some other reasons.
Of which it is necessary here to say something before we proceed
farther.
Python was lord-lieutenant of Media, and general of all the higher
Satrapies, by nation a Parisian, who had killed Philotas the former
general, and had placed Eudamus, his own brother, in his room.
Upon which all the other provinces joined together, lest they should
* A white grain^ of which the Indians make oil.
Vol. 2. No. 44, vu
330 DiODORus sicuLUS. JBocik XDL
be served in the same way, because Python was of areatleas spirityand
had eugaged himself in matters of high importance. Having there-
fore overcome him in battle, and cut off moat of his army^ tbey dfove
the man himself out of Parthia, who first soi^t for shelter in ]
and in a short time after he went to Babylon, and prayed \
front Saleucus, and that they might join together in one <
terest. The governors, therefore, for these causes having dnwn
their forces together, Eumenes's messengers came to the anaics
when they were ready, and prepared in the field. Peucestes was the
most renowned captain of them all, and was made genenl faf a
unanimous assent. He was formerly squire of the body to ,
der, and advanced by the king for his valour. He was lord-
of the greatest part of Persia, and in great esteem among the nathreai
And for this reason, he of all the Macedonians was allowed by AlcK-
ander to wear a Persian gown, because he thought thereby to k
tiate himself with the Persians, and engage them to be i
to all hb commands. He then had with him ten thoosand ]
archers and slingers, and of other nations (taken into die nmk of
Macedonians) three thousand, with six hundred hone of Greds and
Thracians, and of Persian horse four hundred. Polemon, a ]
donian, governor of Carmania, had fifteen hundred foot, and i
hundred horse. Siburtius, governor of Arachosia, had a i
foot, and six hundred and ten horse. Androbazus, likewiae, was
' sent from Paropamisus (of which province Ozyartes was govcnwr)
with twelve hundred foot, and four hundred horse. Stasander, go»
vemor of Aria and Drangina, being joined with the Bactriana, had
with him fifteen hundred foot, and a thousand hmse. Out of India
came Eudamus with five hundred* horse, and three thousand ibo^
and a hundred and twenty elephants, which he got after Alexander's
death, when he treacherously slew Poms. There were in the whole^
with the governors of the provinces, above eighteen thoosand and
seven hundredf foot, and four thousand and six hundred hone.
When all these came into the province of Susiana, and joined with
£umenes, a public assembly was called, where was a hot dispnte
cpnceming the choice of a general. Peucestes, on account o£ hb
bringing most men into the field, and his eminent post under Alex*
ander, conceived he had most right to challenge the chief oonmand.
Antigcnes, captain of the silver targcteerst, insisted upon it, that tha
wh^le power of election ought to be committed to his Maccdmuans,
who, under Alexander, had conquered Asia; and by their rafeor had
so signalized themselves^ as to gain the reputation of being i
* Three hundred in the margin.— Uib. Ann. 90/T»
t llie particttUrs Bftke ood-and-tweoty thousaad. % Argympite.
Chap. I. DIODORUS SICULU8. 331
queimbtr. But Eumenes fearing lest by their divisions tbey should
become an easy prey to Antigonns, advised that they should not make
one general only, but that all who were before chosen capbiins and
commanders should meet every day in the king's pavilion, and there
consult of all the public aflairs. For a tent had been before erected
to Alexander^ and his throne placed therein, to which they used to
resort, (ofiering incense as to a god), and there debate all matters of
weight and special concern. This advice being approved and ap-
plauded by all, they met there every day, as in a city governed by a
democracy. Afterwards being come to Susa, there Eumenes was
supplied with what monies he had occasion for out of the kings' ex-
efaequer. For the kings by their letters had ordered the treasurers,
that they should issue to Eumenes alone so much money as he at any
time required. Hereupon he gave the Macedonians six months pay
before-hand, and to Eudamus (who brought the elephants out Of
India) he paid two hundred talents, under colour to defray the charge
and expence of the elephants, but in truth the more to engage him
to his interest. For if contests should arise, that party would have
tbe greatest advantage with whom he sided, by reason of the terror
occasioned by the use of these beasts. The rest of tbe governors
every one maintained their own soldiers they brought with them.
This done, Eumenes continued for some time in Susa, and there re-
freshed hb army.
In the mean time Antigonus, who wintered in Mesopotamia, re-
solved forthwith to set upon Eumenes before he grew too strong:
but when he heard that the provincial governors, with their forces,
together with the Macedonians, were joined with hin), he let his
soldiers rest, and made It his busines to raise more. For he saw that
he had need of a great army, and reason to make more than ordinary
preparations for the war.
In the midst of these preparations Attains, Polemon, Docimuf;, %
Antipater, and Philotas, who before were commanders in Alcetas's
army, and were taken prisoners and kept in an extraordinary strong
castle, hearing of Antigonus's intended expedition into the higher
provinces, (conceiving now they had gained a fair opportunity), bribed
some of their keepers to suffer them to escape. Having therefore ^
procured arms, about midnight tliey set upon the guard: they them-
selves were but eight in number, (surrounded with four hundred men),
yet valiant and expert soldiers, through their experience in the war
with Alexander. Xenopithes, the governor of the castle, they threw
oiTfrom the walls, headlong down a steep rock, a furlong high; and
as to the rest, some they killed upon the place, and others they hurled
down, and then set the houses on fire. Hereupon they took into th^
33 f DlODOftus S1CULU8. Boak XM3L
€ast1e five hundred men that were withoat, opecdng the inoes k
was indeed very well stored with proviftionti aad all ollitr thioga ■•»
cessary : but they consulted together whedier it w» better 1
there^ and trust to the strength of the place^ waiting far relief
Eumefnes, or to get away^ and wander about in the caaao^sf^ i
use of » change and turn of fortune when it might happM.
canvassing and disputing there was on both sides: Docimva ^
leaving the place^ but Attains declared he was not aUe to endure 1»»
bour^ by reason of the hardship of his late imprisoooieiit.
Whilst they were thus at variance nmongst tbemfelves^ dMm fiva
hundred foot and four hundred horse, were drawn oat of tbe i
bouring garrisons, and got together in a body, besides three i
of the natural inhabitants, and upwards, gathered from all parts of dw
country; these created one from among themselves to be their gene-
ral, and laid close siege to the castle.
Being therefore thus unexpectedly again cooped up^ Doeiasne^ no*
quainted with a passage under ground, where no guard was set^ bf n
private messenger kept correspondence with Stratonice^ the wife of
Antigonus, who was not far distant from the plaee: and nftewmiis
he, with one other in his company, through this pass dipt OQt t6 berf
but, contrary to her promise, be was seised and secured* And belhsi
came out with him undertook to conduct the enemy into the eastle^
and accordingly brought in a great number, and with them gained OM
of the highest rocks within the fort.
And although Attains, and all tbose witb him, were far inferior ki;
number, yet they defended the place courageously, fij^iting vaUantllf
every day, till at length they fell into the enemy's hands^ afternmc
of sixteen months.
Ckmi^. IL DiODoaus sifcuLus. 333
CHAP. n.
AnHganus marches to the Tigris after Eumenes, Eurnenes cuts of
a great many ofhU men there, jintiganus goes into Media.
JSumenes comes to Persepolis. The description of Persia. Peu*
cestes's great feast. Eumenes^s policy. His tale of the Uoau
A battle in Pareteceniy between Aniigonus and Eumenes. An-
Ugoivus returns into Media. The story of Ceteus*s two wives
striving which should be burnt. JButnenes marches to Oabene^
Cassander to Macedonia. Olympias goes to Pydka : i» there
besieged. The Epirots forsake their icings and Join with Cas*
Sander, Antigonus designs to surprise Eumenes, who stops hi^
march by a stratagem. The last battle between them in Oabene.
JBumenes basely delivered up. Antigonus returns to Media.
The dreaJ^l earthquakes in the country ofRhageSk
AFTERWARDS^ Democledes was chief governor at Athens, andr
Caius Junius and Quintus i£milius were consuls at Rome. At that
time was celebrated the hundred and sixteenth Olympiad^ at which
Deinomeoes the Laconian gained the victory. About this titne An-
tigonus marched out of Mesopotamia and came to Babylon, and made*
a league with Seleucus and Python, and having strengthened himself
with forces received from them, made a bridge of boats over the river
Tigris, passed over his army, and hastened away with a swift march
after the enemy. Of which Eumenes having intelligence, he sent
to Xenophilus, governor* of the citadel at Susa, not to give any
money to Antigonus, nor by any means to come out to parley with
him.
He himself marched with the army to tlieTigris, a day*s journey dis*
tant from Susa, where he came into the country of the Uzians, a free
people. The river is in some places three, and in others four
furlongs broad. The depth in the middle of the channel was equal
with the height of the elephants. It runs in a current |from the
mpuntiuns seven hundred furlongs, and empties itself into the Red
sea. There are many sea-fish and whales in this river, which appear
chiefly at the rising of the dog-starf*
The Eumeuians had the river before them for adefence, and man*
ned the bank all along from the head of the river to the sea t« with
forts every where built upon the bank, and there waited for the ene-
* Or treasurer. t In the dog-days: about the end of July.
X The Red sea, or Persian gulf.
S34 DIODORUS sicuLirs. JSudXt XIX
tty'sapproacli. But because these forts required a great nmnber of
men to keep them^ in regard they stretched out a great length. En-
menes and Antigenes solicited Peucestes to send for ten tbonaaal
archers more out of Persia ; who at first refused^ compkiniog how he
WIS denied to be general of the army. But afterwards, upon matme
deliberation with himself^ he compTted, concluding that if Antenna
prcTailed, he should lose both his province, and be in danger of Idi-
ing his life besides; careful^ therefore, to preserve his own interest,
and hoping thereby with more ease to gain the chief command hj
Iiaving more men than any of the rest, he brought ten thousand ardiefs
more into the camp according to their desire. And though some
of the Persians were distant one from another thirty daya aiaie&,yel
they had placed their guards with that art and exactness, that they
aH heard the word of command in one and the same day; the
son of which is worthy remark: for Persia is full of long and i
vallies, and is full of high watch-towers, upon which were placedi
of the inhabitants that were men of loud and strong voices r when
the voice was heard by those of the next divisbn, they imparted it in
the same manner to the others, and they again to the rest, one after
another^ till what was commanded came at length to the end of Ae
province.
While Eumenes and Peucestes were busy about these aflhin^ As*
tigonus came with his army to the king's palace in Susa, and 'made
Seleucos lord-lieutenant of the province, and leaving with lum m suf-
ficient army, ordered him to besiege the citadel, Xenophilus the troK
surer refusing to obey his commands; but he himself marehed awaf
with bis army against the enemy, through a hot scalding
very dangerous for foreign armies to pass. Therefore they were i
to march in the night, and encamp near the river before svn-ri&iDgt
however, he could not secure himself from all the inconveoieneiee
and mischiefs of that country : for though he did alt that was possiMe
for him to do, yet through the excessive heat of the season, fbdog
about the rising of the dog-stir*),helostagreat multitude of his aseii.
Coming at length to the river Coprates, he prepared wh&t was neces-
sary for the passing over of his men. This river issues from aaaoon-
tainous country, and runs into the Tigris, and b four aeies broad, aai
was fourscore furlongs distant from Eumenes's camp. The stream
is so rapid and swift, that there is no passing over without boate or a
bridge. . Having therefore got together a few flat-bottmned boats, in
them he put over some of his foot, ordering them to draw a trench
and cast up works to defend it, and there to attend tlie coming over
of the rest.
* See the foregoing page.
€h^. IL DIODORUS SICULUS. S39
itt
£iimeiies having iotelligeiice by his scouts of the enemy's design^ ^
passed over the bridge of Tigris with four thousand foot and thirteen
hundred horse, and found above three thousand foot and three hun-
dred horse of Antigonus's army got over*; and no less than six
thousand who were foraging up and down the country : these he sud-
den^ set upon and routed, and presently put the rest to flighr.
As for the Maoedoniansi ( whostood their ground) , being overpowered
by numbers, be forced them all to the river, where running head-
long into their boats, and overcharging them, they $oi^ down: upon
which many of them endeavouring to swim, some few of them es- ^
caped, but the rest were all drowned. Others that could not swim^
(judging it more advisable to fall into the enemy's hands, than cer-
tainly to lose their lives in. the river, were taken prisoners, to the
number of four thousand. Antigonus, for want of boats, was not
Hble to help them, though he saw such multitudes perish. Concdv*
i^g therefore that it was impossUile to pass the river, he marched
back to the city of Badaca, seated on the river Ulaie. By reason of
the vehement heat, this march was very sweltering and troublesome,
and many of the army were tired out, so that they were heartless, and
even at their wits end : but when he came to the city before men-
tioned, staying there some days, he refreshed his army. Thence he
judged it advisable to march to Ecbatana in Media, and making that
the seat of war, to take in all the higher provinces.
There were two ways that led to Media, and both were difficult;
tluKt over the mountains was pleasant, and the high way; but scorch-
ing hot, and very long, almost forty days journey. That through
the conntiy of the Cosseans was strait, narrow, and steep, leading
through the enemy's borders, and barren and scaut of provisions,
but a short cut, and more cool; yet it was not easy for an army to
march this way, unless agreement were first made with the barbarians
who inhabit the mountains.
They have been a free people time out of mind, ajnd iniiabit in caves,
and feed upon acorns and mushrooms, and the salted flesh of wild
beasts. But he looked upon it as a dishonourable thing for him who
commanded so great an army, to court these barbarous people with
smooth words, or gai i them by rich gifts. He picked out therefore
the choicest of his targeteers, and divided the archers and slingers,
and such like light-armed men into two bodies, and delivered them
to Nearchus, with command to go before him, and first secure the
straits and difficult passes. These being posted all along in the way,
he himself led the phalanx, and Python commanded the rear.
Tliey that were sent with Nearchus had endeavoured to possess
* The rirer Coprates, which f»lli ioto tlic Pasltigris.
9$6 DiODORUS 8icuLt}s« Book XIX.
themselves of m few watch-towers; bat,. being hindered «Bd pie»
vented of manjr, and the most necessary and ooMSBodiotn plweih
they lost many of their soldiers, and, being set npon on eveiy ride
by Uie barbarians, they had much difficulty in making dieir waf
through them. And as to those that followed AatigoBUSy (hftving
entered the straits), they fell into dangers that were ittexiricables te
the natives, being well acquainted with the pkures, and havbig tefim
possessed themselves of the steep and craggy rocks, cast down BMSf .
stones upon the heads of the soldiers as they passed by; and beiiBei^
making use of showers of arrows, they so galled them, that thej weie
neither able (through the inconveniency of the place) to annoy dirir
enemies, nor avoid their shot: and in regard the passage was rof
craggy and difficult, the elephants, horses, and heavy-anned awn^
were involved both in toils and hazards at one and die same tOM^
and in no capacity to help themselves.
Antlgonus being brought into these straits, now repented tlMd he
did not follow the counsel of Python, who had advised him to liive
bought his passage with money* But after the loss of many of hk
men, and the rest still in imminent hazard, after nine days tiOvUe*
some march, he came at length to the inhabited parts of Media.
One mischief after another thus felling upon the amqry the iotobi*
Table distresses they were brought into stured up the aohUers to cry
out against Antigonus, insomuch that they gave him very !
bitter words.
For in forty days time, they had three several times been i
slaughtered: but by fair words, and a plentiful supply of all thims
necessary, he at length quieted them. Then he commanded I^rthoa
to go oyer all Media, to get together horsemen, and horses, \
riages, which he easily performed, the country abounding with 1
and cattle. For Python returned, bringing along with him two
thousand horsemen and a thousand horses, ready furnished, and iO
many loads of ammunition as that the whole army might be com-
pletely armed; together with five hundred talents out of the king's
treasury.
Antigonus formed the horse into regiments, and distribated Ae
horses among those that had lost their own, and gave the dranghft^
beasts freely among those that wanted them» whereby he r^aioed ths
former love of the soldiers.
In the mean time, the governors of the provinces, and captaina d
the forces with Eumenes, when they heard that the enemy waa in
Media, were of various opinions what to resolve upon : for Enmenea>
Antigenes, and the rest who came up from the sea-coasu, were for
returning thither again. But those who came from the higher pro-
Ckep. 11. DiODORUs sicuLus. 337
▼inces (upon the account of their friends and relations that were left
at home) were for defending those parts. The contest growing hot,
Eumeiies, considering that one part of the army (which was now di-
vided into two) was not strong enough to cope with the enemy, com-
plied with the governors of the upper provinces. Decamping there-
fore from Pasitigris^ he moved towards Persia, and came to the royal
seat of the'kingdom, Persepolis, at the end of four-and-twenty days
march.
The country, in the first entrance into it, and as far as the Ladders,
(as they are called), is flat and low, exceeding hot, and barren of pro-
visions; but the rest is higher, of a wholesome air, and very fruitful:
wtierein are many shady vallies, variety of pleasant gardens, natural
walks bounded on each side with all sorts of trees, and watered
with refreshing springs. So that those "that pass this way many
times stop here and solace themselves in these pleasant places with
great delight.
Here the inhabitants brought in to Peucestes abundance of all kinds
of prey and booty, which he largely distributed among the soldiers, to
gain their fevour and good will. In this tract inhabit the most war^^
like of the Persians, being all archers and slingers, and is far more
populous than any of the other provinces.
When they came to Persepolis, the king's palace, Peucestes the
governor, and general of the province, ordered 4 magnificent sacrifice
to the gods, and to Alexander and Philip; and to that end sending al-
most over all Persia for beasts tcf be sacrificed, and abundance of all
other provisions necessary for a festival aad public assembly, he
feasted the whole army.
lo this festival the guests were placed in four rounds, including
one within another^ the greatest surrounding all the rest, which was
tea furlongs in compass, and was filled with mercenaries and con-
federates.
The second round was eight furlongs, in which were placed the
Macedonian silver targeteers, and the rest of Alexander's fellow-
soldiers. The other circle was of four furlongs, and filled with in-
ferior officers, special friends, commanders, and horsemen.
That in the midst of all was two furlongs, wherein the generals,
masters of the horse, and the nobility of Persia, had their several tents
allotted them; and in the midst of them were placed the altars of the
gods, and of Alexander and Philip.
The tents were made of green boughs of trees, covered with arras,
and all sorts of tapestry hangings, Persia plentifully affording every
thing for pleasure and delight.
The rounds were at that convenient distance one from another, a^
Vol. 2, No, 44. XX
338 DIODORUS SICULU9. Book XIX.
that the guests found (nothing of trouble or uneasiness; bat every
thing that was prepared was near at hand. All being thus graoefolljr
managed^ with the general applause of the common soldiers^ thereby
expressing how great Peucestes was in their fevour and esteem, he
was suspected by Eumenes^ who conceived that Peucestes did this to
ingratiate himself with the army, and thereby to gain the sovereign
command; he therefore forged a letter, by which he raised up the
spirits of the soldiers, and made them more courageous, and brought
down the haughty spirit and pride of Peucestes; but advanced his
own reputation with the army, by the hopes of good success for the
future. The contents of the letter was this ^That Olympias^ with
Alexander's son, (having killed Cassander),had fully recovered Ae
kingdom of Macedon; and that Polyperchon, with the main power
of the king's army, and his elephants, had put over into Asia aguost
Antigonus, and was then in Cappadocia. This letter was written in
Syriac characters, in the name of Orontas, governor of Armenia, ao
intimate friend of Peucestes. These letters passing as authentic, be-
cause of the continual (correspondence between him and the krd-
lieutenants, Eumenes ordered them to be carried about, and shewn to
the captains and most of the soldiers. Hereupon the whole army
changed their mind, and all eyes were upon Eumenes, as the chidf
fevourite, and therefore they resolved to depend upon him» as he whose
interest in the kings would be able to advance whom he pleased^ and
to punish whom he thought fit.
When the feasting was ended, Eumenes, the more to terrify diem
that were regardless of his orders, and who affected the soverefpi
command, called in question, in due form of law, Siburtins^ the go*
vernor of Arachosia, Peucestes's special friend: for Peucestes, send*
ing away some horse into Arachosia, had secretly commanded Si*
burtlus to intercept the carriages coming from thence. Whereupon
Eumenes brought him into such imminent danger, that unless he
had privately withdrawn himself, he would have been killed fay the
soldiers. By this piece of policy, having terrified others, and advanced
his own honour and reputation, he put on a new face again, and so
gained upon Peucestes with smooth words and large promises, that
he became both kind and courteous to him, and cheerful and ready to
afford aid and assistance to the kings. Desiring likewise to be as*
surcd of the rest of the governors and captains by some pledges, which
might engage them not to forsake him, he pretended to want money,
and desired them to contribute, every one according to his ability, to
the kings.
Hereupon, receiving four hundred talents from among so many of
the capUins and generals as he thought fit, those whom he bcfne
Ckc^.IL DIODO&US 8ICULUS. 339
1 ■ ■ , ■ .1 II ■ ■ ' ■ ssAgaat:
suspected of treachery or desertioD, became most faithfal attend-
ants aud guards to bis person, and stuck close to him in all en-
counters*
While he thus prudently managed afiiurs, and was providing for
the future^ news was brought by some who came out of Media, that
Antigonns was marching with bis army into Persia: whereupon he
moved forward, with a design to meet and engage the enemy.
The second day of their march he sacrificed to the gods, and plen-
tifully feasted the army, wishing them to continue firm and feithful
U> him; but, wishing to comply with the humour of his guests, who
loved to drink freely, he fell into a distemper, which caused him to
lay by, and so hindered his march for some days.
In the mean time the army was greatly dejected, to consider that
tl)e most expert and bravest commander of all the generals should be
now sick, at the very time (as they thought) they were even rea^ to
fight the enemy.
But bis distemper abating, and after a little time having recovered
himself, he pursued his march, Peucestes and Antigenes leading the
van; and he himself in a litter followed after with the elephants, to
prevent disturbance by the crowd, and the inconveniency by the
straitness of the places they were to pass.
And now the two armies were within a day's march one of the
other, when the scouts on both sides brought an account of their ap*
proacb, and what numbers they were, and ways they took. Where-
apon each party prepared for battle: but at length they parted
without fighting; for there was a river and a deep trench between
the two armies. Both indeed were drawn forth in battalia, but, by
reason of the badness of the ground, they could dot come to action:
wherefore, drawing off three furlongs distant one from another, they
spent four days in light skirmishes, and foraging the country there-
abouts, being much in want of all things necessary. The fifth day
Antigonus, by his agents, again solicited the governors of the pro-
vinces, and the Macedonians, to desert Eumenes, and commit them-
selves to his protection. For he promised that he would leave to
every one of them their own several provinces, and would bestow
large territories upon the rest; and others he would send into their
own country y laden with honours and great rewards; and, as for
those that were willing still to bear arms, he would give them places
and posts in the army suitable to their several circumstances: but
the Macedonians would not hearken to any part of these terms, but
sent away the messengers with great indignation and threats: upon
which Eumenes came amongst them, and gave them thanks, with
commendations for tlien* fidelity, and told them an old story, but very
340 DIODORUS SICULUS. BooUXTX.
suitable to the preseut occasion ^That a lion falling in love with a
young lady, treated with her father to bestow her upon him in mar-
yiage; who answered ^That he was very willing to give the ycNing
woman to be his wife, but that he was afraid of his claws an4 teetli,
lest, when he was married, according to the nature of his kind, he
should devour the poor girl. Hereupon the lion beat out his teetb^
and tore off his claws : upon which the father, perceiving that now he
had lost whatever before made him formidable, fell upon him, and
easily cudgelled him to death. And that now Antigonus was acting
a part not much unlike this: for he courted them with fair promises^
till such time as he could get the army into his power, and then he
would be sure to cut the throats of the commanders. This fine atocj,
thus handsomely told, was highly applauded by the army; and here-
upon he dismissed them.
The next night some deserters from Antigonus came in, and gave
intelligence, that he had ordered his army to march at the second
watch. Hereupon Eumenes, upon serious thoughts, and musing on
what his designs might be, at length hit upon the truth of the mat-
ter, that the enemy's purpose was to march to Gabene, which was a
country three days march distant, then untouched, abounding in corn
and forage, sufficient to supply the greatest army plentifully with all
sorts of provisions ; and besides, it was a place of great advantage, fall
of rivers and deep ravins that were impassable. Contriving there*
fore to prevent the enemy, he put in execution the like project;
and sent away some of the mercenaries, (whom he hired with mcK
ney), under colour of runaways, with orders to inform Antigbnos,
that Eumenes would fall upon his camp that night. But Eumenes
himself sent off the carriages before, and commanded the soMieis
with all speed to eat their suppers, and march: all which was pre-
sently despatched.
In the mean time Antigonus, upon the intelligence received from
the deserters, resolved to fight the enemy that night, and therefore
put a stop to his march, and placed his army in order of battle.
During which hurry of Antigonus, and while hfe was preparing to
meet his enemy, Eumenes* stole away with his army, and made to-
wards Gabene before him. Antigonus for some time waited with
his soldiers at their arms; but receiving intelligence by his scouts,
that the army of Eumenes was gone, he perceived that a trick was
put upon him. However, he went on with what he had before de-
signed; and, to that end, giving the word of command to his armj
to march, he posted away with that haste and speed, as if he had been
in a pursuit.
But when he understood that Eumenes had got six honn march
CkapkU. moDORUS 8ICUL17S. 341'
Mfaa
befofe buaip and to perceiTiog Aat he was not tble ct so great a dis-
tance to otertake him with hu whole anny^ he oontriTed asfollowss
he delivered the rest of the anny to I^thoo^ wUliog that; he shooli
comeeeMy after him; and he himself posted away with the horse.
About spring of day-he came up with the rear of the enemy's army,
aa Aey weie marching down a hill| upon the Uxp ai'iht menn-
tain he made a baltj and there presented himself to the view of
Ae enemy.
• Eumenc^Sy at a cuioTenient distahee, seeing the enemy's horsey ooiw
cdved thaf the whole army was near at hand^ and therefore made a
standi and drew up his men in order of battle^as if.Aey shoold fbitlU
with engage. In this manner these two genemls pat tricln one npott-
another, as if they were striving which shonld outwit the othevi there-
by shewing, that all their hopes of victory \kj and were groonded ap»
on their own stratagems.
By this means, therefore, Antigonus put a slop to the eneaay^a*
march, and gained time for his army to cmne up to him$ which at
length jcmiag with him^ he drew np in battalia^ and in that order
marched down the hill in a terrible manner npon the enemy. The
whole army (with those broaght in by Python and Seleucos) amounted
to above eight-and-twenty thousand foot, eight thousand five hun-
dred horse, and sixty-five elephants. Both the generals ranged didr •
armies in an array that was strange and unusual, as if they atrave
which should excel the other even in this piece of art also. In the
left wing Eumenes placed Eodamns, the captain of the elephants
ftom India, who had with him a body of a hundred and fifky hones
in front of these were drawn up two squadrons of choice hosse armed
with laifces, fifty deep, and were all jmned to those who were placed
upon the rising ground near the foot of the mountain. Next to them
was drawn up Stasander, with nine hundred and fifty of» his own
horse. After -these, he ordered Aftiphimachus^ l(»d-lieutenant of
Mesopotamia, who had under his command su hnndied hone*
Next to them were drawn up the horse from Arachosia, lately com-
manded by Siburtius, but, because he was then fled, the command
was given to Cephalus. Close to these were five hundred horse .
from Paropamisus, and as many Thmcians from the upper colonies.
In the van of all these stood five-and-forty elephants, drawn up
in the form of a half moon, lined with as many archers and slingem
as was thought fit.
Then he drew up his maiii body of foot in a phahnx in this man*
ner: at -the farthest i^oinfwere placed above six thousand foieign
soldiers, then five thousand out of several countries, armed after the
manner of the Macedonians; after these were drawn upon more
348 DIODORUS 9ICULU6.
than three thousand Argyiaspides^ but men never oon%uerttd» and far
their valour dreaded by the enemy. And lastly^ after ally tbiea i
mnd largeteert of the life guard; which, together with tke .
pides^ were commanded by Antigenes and TautamttS^ Aad ui thi
▼an of this phalanx stood forty elephants, lined with light-nitii
men. Next to the phalanx in the right wing he drew up e^;lrt hu«
dred of Carmanian horse, under the command of TlepoliiBU^ tUm
govemor of that province; and after them nine hundred who wcro
called Companions* Then the squadron of A ntigenes and PeacctleSp
being three hundred in one troop* In the utmost part of the
was placed Eumenes's own regiment, consisting of as many i
and before these was a forlorn-hope, made up of Eiimenes'a j
placed in two bodies, each consisting of fifty horse. There wna
likewise two hundred horse drawn up in four squadrons, aod plaini
in the Dank at a distance from the main wing, to be a guard to dm
part* And besides all these, he phM^ three hundred hofBe, called
out of all the provinces for strength and speed, to.be a guard to the
rear of his squadron : and in the van of this wing thus anajcd i
placed forty elephants, for the better defence of the whcdc*
nes's whole army amounted to five-and*thirty thousand Ssotp as
thousand and one hundred horse, and one hundred and fauitaoi
elephants*
Antigonus observing from the top of the hills bow the amj of tha
enemy was drawn up, drew up his likewise so as might be moat con*
venient to the present circumstances. For taking notaee thai Us
enemy's right wing was very strongly guarded with horse and cle«r
phantSy he fronted them with the choicest of his own horse^ who
being in small parties, at a considerable distance one from anotbciy
might charge in manner of a running fight, wheeling off one aficK
another, and^ so still renew the fight by fresh men. And bf tUs
SDcans the strength of that part of the enemy's - army, wherein thq^
placed their greatest confidence, was wholly eluded. For in thia
phalanx he had placed about a thousand archers and lanceteen on
horseback, out of Media and Armenia, who had ever been used to thia
way of charging by turns. Next to them were drawn up two thou-
sand and two hundred Tarentines, who came up with him fran the
sea-coasts, who were men very expert in laying ambuscadesy and
contriving other stratagems of war, and liad a great respect and \ubA*
nessforhim: athousand, likewise, out of Pbrygia and Ljrdia; fifkeen
hundred under the command of Python; and four hundred apeamen
led by Lysanias. After all these followed those called the Anthippi*,
anci them out of the higher provinces, to the number of eight
* Antliippi : u ^ eneiyics or oppostn of the 1
XSkgp. tL DIODORUS STCULUS. 343
4rod. And of Ibis body of hone was the left wing completed and
made up, all under the command of Python. In the main battle^ of
foot wei« pkccd in the front nine thousand fore^nere; next to them
three thoaaa«d Lyciaas and Pamphilians, and above eight thoasand
out of drrers nations^ amed after the Macedonian msinner; and in
the rear were the Macedonians^ to the number of eight thoasaitd^
wlMch Amipater had formerly sent as recruits when he took upon
him the government of the kingdom. In the right wing of horse,
dtooe to the right of the phalanx of foot^ were first placed five huii«
died mercenaries; next to them a thousand Thraetans^ and as aiAnj
confisdarales; and close after ttiem were a thousand called Ciompa*
iiiofia. These wefe all commanded by Demetrius the son of Anti-
0OIHIS9 which was the first time he appeared in arms to assist hts
fcther: la the utmost part of the wing were placed three hundred
korsC) with which Antigonus himself engaged. This sqttadron eoa-
•isted of three troops of his servants, and as many of others^ drawn
up in equal distances one from^another, supported by a hundred
Tarentioes. Round this wing were placed thirty of the strongest of
hh elephants, in form of a half-moon, interlined with light -armed
OMo: many of the other elephants he placed in the ftont of the
phalanx of foot, and a few with some horse in the fiank on the left;
The army arrayed in this manner, he marched down upon the enemy^
in* an oblique order: for he ordered the right wing to be stretched
oat iur in length, and the left to be much contracted, designing with
lllis to make a running fight, and to engage hand to hand with the
other.
And now the armies drew near one to the other; and signal of
battle being given on both sides, shouts echoed one to another, and
the trumpets sounded a ctiarge. And first the horse with Python fell
on, although they had no forlorn either of men or elephants for a firm
defence; yet overpowering the enemy in number and swiftness, made
use of that advantage: but lookiitg upon it not safe to encounter the
elephants in the front, they wheeled about, and poured in showers of
shot upon the enemy in the flank, and with little or no prejudice to
themselves, by reason of their speed, and nimbleness of their horses,
for they sorely galled the enemy, who were neither able to fall upon
tlie assailants, on account of the weight of their arms, nor in a capa«
city to avoid them as occasion required. Hereupon Eumenes seeing
how the right wing was distressed by multitudes of archers on horse-
back, sent for some of the swiftest horse from Eudamus, who com
manded the left wing; and by this body of horse brought in from the
other wing, (though it were but small), be made so fierce a charge
upon the enemy, being seconded by bis elephants, that he easily put
344 DIODORUS SICULU8. Sook XIX.
the Pythonians to flighty and pursued them as far as to the foot ot the
mountains.
In the mean while the foot fought stoutly a long time together;
at leugthj after many falling on both sides^ the £umenian8 roated
them by the valour of the silver shields*. For though they were now
very old, yet by frequent use of their arms in many battles, they si^
excelled all others^ both as to courage and skill in their weapons, tint
none were able to stand before them. And therefore at this voj
time, though they were only three thousand, yet they were the chirf
strength and support of the whole army.
When Antigonus perceived that his left wing was routed, and die
whole phalanxf put to flight, though he was advised (seeing that part
of the army with him was yet entire) to retreat to the mountains, and
receive in again those that were fled, yet he would not hear of it; bat
prudently making use of the present opportunity, both saved his own
men, and gained likewise the advantage.
For the Argyraspides, with Eumenes and the rest of the foo^ hav*
ing put the enemy to flight, continued their pursuit to the foot of the
mountains: upon which Antigonus, through an open pttsage made
in the enemies main body, with a party of horse fell upon tiie flank
of Eudamus's regiments, which were in the left wing, and by this
sudden and unexpected charge put them to flight; and after tke
slaughter of multitudes, sent away some of the swiftest of his horse
to recal his own men tliat were before fled, and so caused them to
rally at the foot of the mountains. And Eumenes also percdvinf
the flight of his men, hastened to the relief of Eudamus, and recalled
by sound of trumpet, those of his that fled. And now the stars be*
gan to appear, when the generals having recalled their flying meUf
on both sides prepared for battle afresh ; such was the heat and vigour
both of the officers and common soldiers. The night was very dear
and serene, and the moon at full : and tlie armies being about four
acres distant one over against the other, the clattering of arms, and
the neighing of horses seemed on both sides as if they had been in
the midst of one another. It was now midnight when they had drawn
off about tliirty furlongs from the place of battle where the dead lay,
and by reason of the troublesomeness of the march, and the toils and
grievances of the fight, with the want, likewise, of provisions, both
sides were but in a bad condition: therefore they were forced to leave
off fig)itingy and encamp, Eumenes had a design to have marched
back to the slain, in order to have buried them, as a sign of his being
absolute victor, but the army refused, and all were instant with load
cries to return to their carriages, which were then at a great
* Argjrraipides. t BsttaJioD of foot.
Chap. IL DIODORUS sicuLUS. 345
from them, so tliai he was forced to submit. For seeing there were
so maoy that affected the chief command, he had no power to move
the army by threats, nor saw at that time any convenient opportunity
to ^in upon them ihat were obstinate by arguments and entreaties..
But Antigonus, on tiie contrary, was an absolute general, without any
dependance upon the popularity, and therefore forced the soldiers to
encamp near the do;id bodies; and so gaining the privilege of bury-
ing the dead, he raised a doubt who was victorious, saying — ^That he
who had power to bury his dead, was ever to be esteemed conqueror
of the field.
In this battle there were killed on Antigonus's side three thoa-
saud and seven hundred foot, and fifty-four horse, and above four,
thousand wounded. On Eumenes's party were slain five hundred
mod forty foot, but very few horse, and above nine hundred hurt.
Aotigonus, after the battle was over, perceiving that the spirits
of his soldiers were very low, resolved, with all the haste he could^
to remove far off from the enemy's camp, and tliat his forces might
anarch the more readily, he sent away the wounded men and heavy
baggage to a town near at hand. Then having buried the dead, about
break of day (detaining with him the herald that was sent to him by
the enemy to beg the bodies of the dead), even at that very hour he
commanded the soldiers to dine. At night he discharged the herald,
and gave leave to come and bury the dead the next day. He himself
presently at the first watch of the night moved with his whole army,
and by continued and long marches got a long way off from the
enemy, to a country untouched, where he had plenty of provisions
for the refreshing of his army: for he marched as far as to Gamarga
in Media, a country under the command of Python, abounding in all
things for the maintaining of the greatest armies. Eumenes having
intelligence by his scouts that Antigonus was gone, would not
follow after him, botii because his army was in want of provisions,
and in other bad circumstances^ as likewise because he had a great
desire to inter his dead in the most solemn manner he possibly
could.
Upon which occasion a strange accident occurred at this time,
very unusual and dissoiiaiit from the laws of tlie Grecians: for there
was one Ceteus, who commanded them that came out of India, and
fought with great resolution, but died in this battle; he left two
wives behind him, who toilowed him all along during the campaign:
one he had but lately married, the other had been ni^ wife for som«
years bciore; and both loved their husband exceedingly. It had
been an antient custom iu India for men and women to marry with
Vol. 2. No. 44. yy
346 DioDORUs 8icuLU». JBook XIX.
their own mutual likings without consulting the adnce of their
parents. And in regard that in those former times young people
would rashly marry one another, and often repent after, as being
deceived in their choice, many wives were corrupted, and thimigli
their inordinate lusts fell in love with other men; and became thef
could not with their credit and reputation leave them they first cbose,
they would often poison their husbands; to the more ready elfectiiif
of which thecountry'did not a little contribute, by bearing many and
divers sorts of poisonous plants, some of which ever so little bruised and
mixed either in meat or drink, certainly kill the party. This wid»A
art growing still more and more prevalent, and many being destroyed
by this means, and though several were punished for these pieces ef
villany, yet othera would not be reclaimed, nor restrained fron the
like practices: another law therefore was made That wives shoidd
be burnt together with their dead husbands, except they were with
child, or luid born children; and that she who would not observe the
common law of the land, should remain a widow, and as one eon-
victed of that impiety, should be excluded from all sacred rites, and
all other benefit and privilege of the laws. Thb being thus esta-
blished, henceforward this wickedness of the wives was changed into
a contrary practice. For seeing that every wife, to avoid that inssf-
fcrable disgrace, was voluntarily to die, they became not onlyearefal
to preserve the health, and provide for the well-being of their hii»*
bands, as that which was likewise their own preservatiott; but Ae
wives strove one with another, as who slK>uld gain the highest pitch
o( honour and reputation. An example of which fell out at thb
time. For although by the law one only was to be burnt with the
husband, yet at the funeral of Ceteus, both strove which shoald die^
as for some honourable re^iard of their virtue : whereupon the matter
was brought before the generals for their decision. The yoonger
declared, that tlie other was with child, and therefore her death could
not satisfy the law: the elder pleaded, that it was a greater piece of
justice, that she who was before the otiier in yean, should be prefer*
cd before her in honour: for in all other cases the constant rule if
to yield more honour and respect to the elder than to the yoni^ger.
The captains being informed by the mtdwives that the elder was with
child, preferred the younger before the other: upon which she lost
her cause, went out weeping and wailing, renting her veil in pieees,
and tearing her hair, as if some sod and dreadful news had been toM
her. The other, rejoicing in the victory, made forthwith to the
funeral pile, crowned by the women of her house with attires calle|l
mitres^, and by her kindred brought forth most richly adorned^ nlo
* Auires womcD used to wear, with Ubels banging i
Chap. IL DIODORUS 8ICU1U9. 347
some nuptial festival, setting forth her praises all along as th^y went,
in songs fitted for that occasion.
As soon as she came to the pile she threw off her attire, and distii-^
bated them amongst her servants and friends, leaving these behind
her, as tokens of remembrances for them that loved her. Her attire
was multitudes of rings upon her fingers, set with all manner of
precious stones of divers colours. Upon her head were a great
number of little golden stars, between which were placed sparkling
stones of all sorts. About her neck she wore abundance of jewels,
come small and others*large ; increasing by degrees in bigness as they
were put on one after another. At length she took leave of all her
fieimily and servants, and then her brother placed her upon the pile,
and to the great admiration of the people, (who flocked thither to
aee the sight), with an heroic courage she there ended her life.
The whole army solemnly in their arms marched thrice round tbs
pile before it was kindled: she in the mean time (disposing of her-
self towards her husband's body) discovered not by any shrieks or
otherwise, that she was at all daunted at the noise of the crackling
flames, so that the spectators were afiected, some with pity, and
others with admiration, and extraordinary commendation of her re-
solution. However there are some who condemn this law as cruel
and inhuman*
After the funeral was over, Eumenes marched from Fareteceni to
Gabene, which being yet untouched, was in a condition to supply
the army with all things necessary, which was distant from Anti-
gonus's army (going through the countries inhabited) five-aud-
twenty days journey; but passing through the deserts, (where there
is no water), it is but nine days journey; being thus far distant one
from another, he there wintered, and so gave his army time to refresh
themselves.
As for the affairs of Europe, Cassander, while he lay at the siege of
Tegsea, hearing of the return of Olympias into Macedonia, and of the
death of Eurydice and king Philip, and what was done to the sepul-
chre of loias his brother, agreed with the Tegseans, and marched
with his army into Macedonia, leaving his confederates in great
trouble and perplexity. For Alexander the son of Polyperchon was
then entered Peloponnesus, and ready to set upon the cities with a
great army. And the iEtolians, to ingratiate themselves with Olym-
pias and Polyperchon, seized upon tlie strait passes at Pyl«, and
blocked up the passage to stop Cassander in his march : but he per-
ceiving that it was very difficult for him to force his way through
those narrow straits, by tlie help of some ships and several boats out
348 DIODORUS SICULUS. Book XIX.
of Eubcea and Locris, passed over into Thessaly. And hearing that
Polyperchon lay with his army in Perrhfiebia, he ordered away CalUtf
his general^ with some forces to fight him. In the mean time Dinias
being sent away to secure the straits of Perrhaebia^ possessed himself
of those passes before the forces of Olympias could reach them.
As soon as Olympias heard that Cassander was entering Macedonia
with a great army, she created Aristonus general, and commanded
him to fight Cassander. She herself, taVing along with her the soa
of Alexander, and Roxana his mother, and Thessalonica the daughter
of Philipthe son of Amyntas,Dcidamia the daughter of ^acidas king of
Epirus, and sister to Pyrrhiis, (who afterwards made war upon the
Romans), and the daughters of Attains, and other kindred and emi-
nent relations, entered into Pydna, so thnt a great throng of people^
useless and unserviceable for war, attc^nded upon her. Neithei'waa
there provision in that place sufficient for such a multitude, to hold
out any long siege. All which disadvantages, though they were clear
evidences of the greatness of the danger, yet she was resolved to stay
here, expecting many Greeks and Macedonians to come in to lier
assistance by sea.
There were with her some horse from Ambracia, and many of the
troops of the household; and the rest of Polyperchon's elephants:
the others had been before taken by Cassander, at his former irrup*
tion into Macedonia; who now having recovered the passes at
Perrhsebia, so as that he had his way open to Pydna, beprt the
town round with a mud wall from sea to sea; and sent for ship*
ping, and all sorts of weapons and engines of battery from hit
confederates, with a design to block up Olympias both by set and
land.
But when he had intelligence that i^lacidas king of Epirus was
coming with a strong army to the relief of Olympias, he delivered
some forces to the command of Atarchias, with orders to meet the
Epirots, who presently executing what he was commanded, pOBsessed
himself of the passes into Epirus, so that iEacidas was wholly defeated
in his design.
For the Epirots were forced against their wills to the expedition
into Macedonia, and therefore mutinied in the camp: however, .£a-
cidas, desirous by any way possible to relieve Olympias, cashiered all
those that favoured not his design; taking in those who were willing
to run the same risk with himself; he was indeed very forward to en*
giige, but had not yet force enough ; for the party that stuck to him
WHS very small.
In the mean time the Epirots that were sent away into their own
estop. JZ DIObORUS SICULU9. 399
coontTj revolted from the king; tnd hb people, by aeomniOD decree
of the sttte, btoished him the kingdom, and confederated with Gas-
siinder ; Hke to which never before happened in Ejpimf ^ 6om the time
that Neoptolemns the son of Achilles reigned there. For the kingdom
ever descended from the father bj right <rf succession to the son, tiff
this time.
Wlien Cassander was thus supported by the confederaey of the ^
l^rots, and *lmd sent Lyciscus both as general and viceroy into
E|»rus, they in Macedonia, who before were at a stand whether
dvey should confoderate with Olympias or not, now, (seebgfto bopee
lemaining for the retrieving her aflhirs), joined with Cassander. 8f>
d»t now the only prop remaining to rely upoii for rdief was Poly-
perchoo,«and thb was presently in'a strange manner ahettered and
broken in pieces; for when Callas, who was sent as general bf
Cassander, sat down with his army near to Polyperchon in Perrfass*
bia, he so corrupted most of his soldiers widi hnge bribes^ that veij
few remained, especially of those that were looked upon to be most
ftithful: and thus low were the affiurs of Olympias sunk in^ a verf
short time.
As for the afiairs of Asia at tlm time, Antigonus then wintering in
Gadamah's, otherwbe Gadarlb, looking upon his army too weak for
iiie en^my, contriving how to fall upon tiiem unawares, and td out-
wit them. Eumenes's soldiers were so scattered and dbpersed ift
dbeir winter-quarters, that some of them were six days mardi dbtaot
one from another. But A nrigonos judged it not advisable to march
Arough the countries that were inhabited, imth in r^ard the
journey would be very long and tedious, and likewise presently
known to the enemy, but conceived it much more tar hb sMlvantage
to lead his army through the dry and barren deserts, though it
were far more troublesome, for that it was much the shorter eutf
and by that means hb march would be secret, and so he might
fell upon the enemy suddenly and unexpectedly^ as they lay dis-
persed and scattered in their quarters, never dreaming of any sudi
thing.
Upon these considerations he commanded his soldiers to be r^y
for a march, and to prepare for themselves ten days victuals, such
as need not the fire. He himself gave it out that he would march
through Armenia: but on a sudden, contrary to the expectation of
his whole army, in the depth of winder*, he marched towards the
deserts. In their march he ordered fires to be made in the day, but
to be put^ut !a the night, lest that any seeing them far off frOm the
♦ The winter tropic.
350 DIODORUS SICULUS. Book XIX*^
mountains^ might discover his approach to the ciieoiy: fbr the
desert was almost entirely plain and champaign, snrroonded witk
many high hills, from whence it was easy to discover the fires
from a great distance off. But when the army had spent five dap
in this tedious journey, the soldiers, for very cold^ as for other
necessary uses, fell to making of fires by night as well as by
day; which some of the inhabitants of the wilderness espying,
they immediately, on the very same day, sent away messeagcis
upon dromedaries, to give intelligence thereof to Eomenes and
Peucestcs. This beast will commonly run fifteen bundled far-»
longs* a day.
Pencestes being informed that the enemy^s army was seen half
way of their march, began to think of running away as far as he
cooldf, being afraid the enemy would be upon him before he ceold
get the forces together, from every quarter where they then lay dis«
persed. Eumcnes perceiving the fright he was in, bid him be of
good heart, and continue upon the edge of the wilderness, for he
had found out a way that Antigonus should not comt into thoso
parts in three or four days. And having done that, they shonid be
able within that time easily to get all their forces together; and so
the enemy being tired out, and starved for want of provisions, wouU
all fall into their hands. Ail wondered at this strange undertakings
and every one was earnest to learn what it was that should give a
stop to the enemy. Eumenes hereupon commanded all the captains
and soldiers that were then at hand, to follow him with a great DiUB-i
ber of urns full of fire, and then chose out some of the highest groani
in the country, which looked every way towards the wilderness, and
there marked out several places, within the compass of seventy
furlongs, and allotted to every captain a |)ost distant about twenty
cubits one from another, with command to kindle a fire in the n^ght
in every place; and at the first watch to make the greater fires, as
if they were then still upon the guard, and going to supper and
refreshing themselves; at the second, that the fires should be less;
and at the third to be left nearly out and extinct; that so at a dis-
tance it might seem as if the army were certainly there encamped
together.
The soldiers observing the order given them, some of the inha*
bitants of ttie mountains over against them (friends to Python, the
governor of Media) perceived the fire, and supposing the army was
really there encamped, ran down into the plain, and informed both
* Two hundred miles, or tliercabouts.
t To the utoiOAt bounds of ihcir wiutcr quarterSi
Cki^K IL DIODpRUS SICULU9. SSI
Python and Antigonns; who being amazed^ (and as it were tlimider-
struck at this strange and unexpected news) made a lialt, and
consulted with those that brought them the news^ what coarse was
best to be taken. For men tliat were tired out, and in want of every
thing that was necessary, to engage with an enemy prepared and
furnished with plenty of all sorts of provisions, was alledged to be a
desperate and hasardous adventure. Concluding therefore that they
were betrayed, and that the forces of the enemy were drawn together,
(upon intelligence given them of what was designed), it was re-
solved not to march forward, but turn aside to the right; and so
the army moved into both parts of the countries inhabited, to the
end that the soldiers might refresh themselves after their toilsome
ffiarch*
In the mean time, Eumencs having by this stratagem thus de-
luded the enemy, got all his army together from all parts where
they were in their winter-quarters, and fortifying his camp widi a
janpart and a deep trench, he there recrived his confederates as
they came in lo him, and plentifully fumtsfaed his camp with all things
But Antigomis, after he had marched through the desert, reeeiviny
intelligence from the inhabitants that the rest of Eumenes'a fiMreeit
had almost all come to him, but that his elephants, coming out of
Aeir winter stations, were not far off, with a very slender guanl^
sent o«t two thousand horse lanceteers, two hundred Tarentines,
and aH his light-armed foot to intercept them : hr by setting upon
Aem as they were without a sufficient guard, he hoped he might
easily nuJce himself master of them; and so deprive tlie enemy
of the main strength of his army. But Enmenes fearing the worst
tbat might happen upon tliat account, sent away (for a further
guard) five hundred of his best horse, and three thousand light-
armed foot«
As soon as Antigonus's soldiers came in sight, the commanders of
the elephants drew them into a square, in the form of a tile, and
placed the carriages in the middle, and so marched on. They were
supported in the rear with no more than four hundred horse. The
enemy then pouring in all their force upon them, and pushing on
still with great violence, the horse in the rear being overpowered^
made away. The masters of the elephants stood for some tim^
galled with darts and arrows on every side, not able to damage or touch
the enemy. And now, when they were just ready to give up all, the
Eumeneans unexpectedly arrived, aqd extricated them out of all their
dangers, A few days after, the armies encamped within forty furlongs
352 moDORUS siculus. Book XIX.
of each other; and now being about to lay all at stake, both sidei
prepared for action.
Antigonus drew up his horse in two wings, and committed the
left to Python, and the right to hb son Demetrius, where he himself
intended to charge; the foot was in the middle battle, and all the
elephants he placed in front of the whole army, interlined with light-
armed men. His whole army was twenty-two thousand foot, and nine
thousand horse, besides those that were listed in Media; and sixty-fife
elephants.
When Eumenes understood that Antigonus had placed himself in
the right wmg, with the best of his horse, he himself fronted him
with the choicest of his own, in the left; for here he placed most
of the governors of the provinces, with the best of that horse which
they themselves brought into the field; and with these he ventured
himself.
In this wing too was Mithridates, son of Ariobarzanes, descended
from one of those seven Persians who slew Smerdis, one of the Magiy
a man of exemplary valour, and brought up in the feats of war from
his very youth. In front of this wing he placed sixty of his best
elephants, drawn up in form of a half-moon, interlined with light-
armed men.
As to the foot, the targeteers were placed in the front, then the
Argyraspides, and in the rear all the foreigners, and those that were
armed after the manner of the Macedonians, and so many elephants
and light armed men were placed in front of the main battle of foot
as was thought sufficient. In the right wing were drawn up such
horse and elephants as were judged the most weak and feeble of all
the rest, over which Philip was appointed commander, with orden
to retire leisurely as he fought, and diligently to observe the event of
the other side.
Eumcncs's army amounted to thirty-six thousand and seven hun«
dred foot, six thousand and fifty horse, and a hundred and fourteen
elephants.
A little before the battle, Antigenes, general of the Argyraspides,
had sent a Macedonian horseman to the enemy's plialanx, with
command to ride up as close to them as he possibly could, and pro-
claim with a loud voice what he had ordered him. Hereupon, when
|ie was come up wjtbin hearing of that part of the army where
Antigonus's Macedonian phahmx was drawn up, he cried out with a
loud voice, thus — Oh ye villains ! ye fight against your fathers, who
ventured their lives, aud performed all those noble acts with Philip
and Alexander, whom you shall sliortly experience to be men worthy
iJhap. IT. : moDOMXJs sictrLus. 85S
iMost kiDg% andtiiote former conqutsts !,,jnie yoongeit of th^Aigy*
«B8pide» At tbat rime were at least dirae icoie yeiK'tfage^ ^
the rest were seventy^ and aome older; all of them for itreogdi and
akiU is their wea|ioii8 aneonqaeiable: for cooiiataal pntticeof liidr
arms had Mule them expert; and dariog; \\,v.:- . :... .
Proclamadon beiog made^ as we have before said^ there weremaoy
i&arsh words aiid di^eootented speeches cast oat ia Aodgooos's aittiy.
That they should be forced to fight against thdr own coiuttrjmMit
and with men that were so much <rider than themselves, lo-Eome*
nes's army, on the other hand, they were contimiaHy crying out,
while the army was drawing op, to be led oot against the enemy;
\Somenes seeing the alacrity of the soldiers, Hfted up the ensign of
battle, upon which forthwith the trumpets sonnded a chaige, and die
whole army set i)p a shout for the onset. The elephants in the fiml
place fought one with another; then the horse charged oa bodi
aides. The field Was very large, sandy, and wafte, so that ao mneh
dust was raised by the trampUng of tlw hones, as that a man could -
not see what was done, though but at a small distance frmn him:
which Antigonus observing, immediately sent away some Mediaii
borse, and a body of Tarentines^ to set upon the baggage of tba
enemy.
For be hoped by lessoo of the dost that was raised (as the diillf !n
trudi prmred) that they would not be discerned, and that if he' got
possession of the carriages, he should easily bring the whole army into
his power. Hereupon those that were sent forth secredy slipping by
the enemy's wing, set upon the pages, scullion boys* and others thai
were with the baggage, and about five furkmgs diMnt from the plaea
of battle. . .
There they found a multitude of useless and unservieesble nbblCj
and a very small guard in the phure, so that they were presently put
to flight, and the rest all fell into the enemy's bands. lu the mean
time, Antigonus charging the enemy with a strong body of horse, s»
terrified Peucestes, governor of Persia, that he^ with his hofse, got
oot of the dust, and drew fifteen hundred more after him. But
£umenes, though be was left but with a very few in the outskirts of
the wing where he was, yet accounted it base to flag or fly; judging
it more honourable to be faithfuPto his word^ in the quarrel of the '
kings, and to die in an honest and just cause with resolution, made a
fierce charge upon Antigopus; so that now there was a sharp dispute
between the horse; where the £umeneana excelled the others in
heat and resolution^ but the Antigonians tbem in number; and many
fell on both sides. At which time the elephants fighting one with
another, the leader on £umenes*s side engaging with one of the
Vol. 2. No. 44. zi
354 DI0D0RU8 SICULUt. Book XIX.
stoutest of the other, was there slain. Hereupon, Eumeaes pcrceivw
ing his horse to be worsted on every hand, withdrew with the rest of
the horse oat of the fight, and passed over to the other wing, and
jmned himself to tliose with Philip, whom he had ordered to make
a leisurely retreat. And thus ended the engagement between the
horse.
But as to the foot, the Argyraspides (or silver shields) in a full body
flew with that violence upon the enemy, that they killed some upon
the spot, and put the rest to flight, for they were not to be withstood;
who, though they engaged with the enemy's main battle, yet they
signalized both their valour and dexterity to Chat degree, that they
killed above five thousand without the loss of one man, and pot
the whole foot to flight, though they were hx more in number than
themselves.
When Eumenes understood that all the carriages were taken^
and that Peueestcs was not far ofl* with the horse, he endeavoured to
rally them all again, and to try their fortune in a second ^gngcment
with Antigonus : for he concluded, if he prevailed he should not only
recover his own carriages, but likewise possess himself of the enemy's :
but Peucestes would not hear of fighting any more, but got farther
off", so that Eumenes was forced to yield the day.
' Then Antigonus dividing his horse into two bodies, he himself with
one sought how to entrap Eumenes, observing which way he made;
the other he delivered to Python, with orders to fall upon the Aigy*
raspides, who were then forsaken by their horse; who forthwith setting
.upon them, as he was commanded, the Macedonians drew ap in form
of a square, and got safe to the river, exckiming against F^eestes,
as the cause of the routing of the horse.
When Eumenes came up to them in the evening, they consulted
together what was then best to be done. The governors of the pro-
vinces were for returning with all speed into the higher provinces;
but Eumenes was for staying where they were and fighting, in regard
the enemy's main battle was broken and cut ofi; and that they were
then equal in horse on both sides. But the Macedonians seeing that
they had lost their carriages, wives and children, and all that was dear
to them, declared they would neither do the one nor the other. And
so at that time they parted without agreeing in any thing. But after-
wards the Macedonians secretly corresponding with Antigonus, seised
and delivered Eumenes into his hands. And having received their
carriages, and faith taken for security, they all marched away toge-
ther ; whose example the governors of the provinces, and most of the
other captains and soldiers followed, forsaking their general^ chiefly
consulting their own safety and preservation.
Chap. IL DIODOAUS SICULU8. 365
AntigoDus having thus strangely and unexpectedly possessed him-
self both of Eumenes and his whole army^ seized upon Antigenes^
captab of the Argyraspides^ aad pot him alive into a coffin, and burnt
him to ashes. He likewise put Eiidamus to death, who brought the
elephfmts out of India; and Celbanus, and some others; who appeared
against him on all occasions. But Eumenes he put in prison, and took
time to consider how to dispose of him; for he had in truth a great
desire to have gained so good si general to his own interest, and to have
obliged him upon that account ; but because of the great kindness and
strict correspondence which passed between him and Olympias, and
the kings, he durst not absolutely rely upon him; for but a while
before, though he had delivered him out of the straits he was in at
Kora in Phrygia, yet he shortly after fell in and sided with the kings;
and therefore upon the pressing importunities of the Macedonians he
put him to death. But in respect of his former familiarity with him,
he caused his body to be burnt, and his bones to be put into an urn,
and delivered to his nearest friends. Amongst those that were
wounded and prisoners was Hieronymus of Cardia, historiographer,
who having been ever in great esteem with Eumenes during hb life,
alter his death found great favour also with Antigonus.
Antigonus returning into Media with his whole army, spent the
ftst of the winter in a town not far from Ecbatana, where^tbe palace-
voyal of that province stood. He distributed his army here and there
all over the province, and especially in the country of Rhages; so
called from the calamities it had miserably suffered in formeftimes.
For being heretofore full of rich and populous cities, such terrible
earthquakes happened in those paru, that both cities and inhabitants
were swallowed up together, not one left, and the very face of the
country was so changed, that new rivers and ponch appeared in the
loom of the old.
356 OIODORirS SIC ULU9. r Book XJOL
CHAP, m.
ZTiff inundaiions at Rhodes. Aniigcfmis kills Python, getting
him into his power by dissimulation. Then he marches into
Persia. BevoUers from Awtigomu cuJt qff im AMia. He cfi?
vides the provinces of Ana, and contrives to destroy all the Ar^
gyraspides. Gets great treasure m Snsa. Cassander besieges
Olympias in Pydna: the great distress to which it was redsieedf
AmphipoUs surrendered to Cassander. He kiUs Olympias. Mat^
ries Tlhfssalonica: builds Cassandriia. Imprisons Roxanamsi'
her son Alexander. His expedition into Peloponnesus aguins^,
Alexander the son of Pofyperchon. The histosy cf ThAeu
Cassander rebuilds Thebes.
ABOUT this time happened a flood near the eity of Rhodes^ wUeh
destroyed many of the inhabitants. The first flood did little piqa*
dice^ because the city was then but newly built^ and far Inger in
compass; but the second was more mischievous, and destroyed mul-
titudes* The last happened at the beginning <tf the springy accoDr
panied with violent storms of rain, and hail-stQoes ot an inciedibk
bigness; for they were a mina in weight, and sometimes anore, wn
that they not only beat down houses, but killed many men. And b
regard Rhodes was built in the form of a theatre, and that the ^
ran for the most part into one place, the lower parts of the city i
presently filled with water: for, the winter being now looked opop
to be over, no care was taken to cleanse tlie channels and aqoedocta;
and the pipes likewise in the walls were choaked up; so that the
waters flowing in altogether on a sudden, all the ground about the
Digma^, (as it is called), and the temple of Bacchus, was filled with
water; and it now rising up like a standing pond to the temple of
iEsculapius, all were in a consternation, and could not agree toge*
tlicr what sliouid be done, in order ta their preservation. Some were
for making to tlie ships, and others for hastening to the theatre.
Some now almost surrounded with the evil that threatened them, in
great terror and amazement climbed up to the top of the highest al*
tars, and others to the top of the pedestals of the statues* The city
being in this danger to be overwhelmed and ruined, with all its in-
habitants, on a sudden they were unexpectedly delivered: for the
* Some luouiHDcnt in tb« towo, in memorj of tome rtatrkibls cttai;
either good or bad*
Chap. tlL' DIODORUS SICULUS, 997
sa:sessssssSBsasaBBss!^ , ' .jufi ii i iaaggg»aa— eaKgagge
wall bunt asunder, making a large breach, and the water, which be-
fore stood in a flood, made its way through, and ran with a violent
current into the sea, and so every one presently had free passage to
hb own house.
It was of great advantage to these distressed people that this
inundation was in the day-time: for most of the citizens ran to the
higher parts of the city for shelter. And another advantage was^
that the houses were not built of tile, but of stone; so that those
who got to the house-tops escaped without any great damage : how«
ever, there perished in this common calamity above five hundred
souls; and some of the houses were borne down to the ground, and
ethers-much damaged and shaken. And in this danger was Rhodes.
Antigonus, while he wintered in Media, discovered Python plot-
ting to draw over the soldiers, then in tlieir winter-quarters, partly
by bribes, and partly by fair promises, to his own interest, and to
make a turn and defection in thearmy. But Antigonus covered and
concealed his design, and pretended to give no credit to the in-
formers, but tb chide them as those that contrived only to stt him
and Python at variance together. In the mean time, he caused it to
be nobed abroad — ^That be intended to leave Python, with a consi-
derable army for his defence, lord-lieutenant of ihe higher provinces;
and he wrote likewise to Python, and desired him to hasten to him
with all speed, that, after tliey had consulted together on some
weighty aflblrS) they might forthwith march away into the Lesser Asia.
Thus he managed his business, thereby to remove all ground of sus-
picion, and to get the poor man into his hands, upon an expectattoa
and hopes to be left governor of thos^ provinces : for it was a diflEn
cult matter to take one by force who bad been in such great repute
with Alexander, and for his valour advanced by him to places of bo-
Bour; and who, being then governor of Media^ was a help and sup-
port to (he whole army.
Python was at that time in the farthest parts of all Media, In his
winter-quarters, and had now corrupted many, who had promised to
join with him in the defection. His friends likewbe acquainting him
by their letters with Antigonus's purpose, gave him an expectation
of mighty things: and thus deceived, he went to Antigonus; who,
having now seized his prey, brought him before a council of war, even
of hb own confederates, where he was easUy convicted, and forthwith
had his head cut off.
Hereupon Antigonus, gathering all his army together, committed
tlie government of Media to Orontobates, a Median born; but made
Hippostratus general of the army, who had three thousand five hun-
dred foreign foot-soldiers under his command. He himself, takiog
dSS DTODORUS SICULU9. AoJfc XI3^
with him the body of his army, went to Ecbatanty wbert mmraig
five thousand talents of massy silver, he marched into Pom; and
it coat him twenty days march before he arrived «t the cqiital ditf
Persepolis.
In the mean time, while Antigonus was on his inarchy Pjftbon's
friends, who were concerned with him in the oonqriracy^ (iIm chief
of whom was Meleager and Menetas), and other well-wbbciB of
Eumenes and Python, who were scattered abroad into comeiv, SMl
together, to the number of eight hundred horse; and in the fifst ]
wasted the territories of the Medes, who refused to join with i
Then, receiving intelligence where Hippostrates and Orontobatca hf
encamped, they broice in upon them in the night, and were ttCt tu
Arom effecting what they designed; but being overpowered by i
bers, and having only enticed a few of the soldiers to join with t
they were forced to retreat; yet some of the nimblest of them (all
being horsemen) made many sudden incursions upon the eountrf,
and caused a great consternation and confusion amongst them 9 bol
they were at last enclosed in a place compassed about with rodu^adl
were there all hilled or taken. But Meleager, and Cranes the Me-
dian, and some of the better sort of them, stood it oat to the lasfy and
died with their swords in their hands. And thb was the cobditioa^f
the conspirators in Media.
As for Antigonus, when he came into Persia, the people hoDoared
him as a king, and he that was now undoubtedly absolute lord of all
Asia. There calling together a council of his nobility, he propounded
to them the matter concerning the government of the proviooes: ia
which consultation they left Carmania to TIepolemos, and Bactria la
Stasanor; for it was no easy matter to expel them, having gained tlia
hearts of the people by their fair deportment, and likewise were as-
sociated with potent confederates. Eritus he sent into Aria; who
dying shortly after, was succeeded by Evagoras, a man of wonderfol
valour and prudence. Oxyartes likewise, the fiither of Rotana^ was
permitted to enjoy the province of Paropamisus, as he did belbre; for
neither could he eject him without a long expense of time and a vcrf
great army.
But he sent for Siburtius, a well-wisher of his, out of Arachon^
and bestowed upon him the government of that province, and |
him the most turbulent of the silver shields, under colour of 1
him in the war, but in truth with a design to have them all cat off)
for he gave him private instructions to employ them in such 1
as that by degrees they might all be destroyed. Amoi^st these ^
those that betrayed Eumenes, that vengeance might in a short 1
after overtake these perfidious villaios for their Ireaeheiy gainst their
Chtlp. III. DIODORU8 SICULU8* Sft^
i—aaa— aaBBgaae, ' ,' ^ ' n
feoenkl. For princes, by reason of their great power, may reap ad*
▼antager by the wicked acts of others; but private men who are the
•ctoifey for the most part, are by those means brought into miserable
disasters.
Antigonus moreover, finding that Peucestes was much beloved
in Persia, made it one of his first pursuits to deprive him of that go«
vemment. At "which all the nativesv greatly repined5 and a chief
man amongst them, called Thespias, spoke openly against it^ and
said«.That the Persians would be governed by no other man but
Peucestes: whereupon Antigonus slew Thespias, and made Asde*
piodorus governor of Persia, and committed to him a considerable
army; and he held on Peucestes with vain hopes of conferring upon
him higher preferments elsewhere, until he had drawn him quite out^
of the country.
While Antigonus was on his way to Susa, XenophiluS, who had
the keeping of the king's treasure there, bein^ sent by Seleucus, went
and met him at Pteittgris, and ofiered him his service iu whatsoever
be pleased to command iiim. Antigonus received him very gra«
ciously, and seemed as if he honoured him above all the friends he
had, fearing lest he might alter bis mind, and keep him out when he
eame thither. But when he came into the castle of Susa, he pos*
sessed himself of it, and there seized upon the golden vine, and store
of other such rarities, to the value of fifteen thousand talents: all
which he turned into ready money, besides what he made of crowns
of gold, and other presents and spoils taken from the enemy, amount-
ing to five thousand talents more, and a like quantity collected out of
Media, besides the treasure had from Susa; so that in the whole he
heaped tc^ether five-and-twenty thousand talents. And thus stood
die affairs of Antigonus at that time.
Since we have treated of the afiisiirs of Asia, we shall now pass over
into Europe, and relate what was done there concurring and cotem-
porary with the former. Cassander hanng shut up Olympias in
Pydna in Macedonia, could not assault the walls by reason of the
winter season ; but he blocked up the city with his forces on every^
side, and dr%w a mud-wall from sea to sea; and, to prevent all re-
lief by sea as well as by land, he guarded the mouth of the harbour
with his own shipping: insomuch that their provisions being almost
spent, the besieged were reduced to that extremity of want, that they
were nearly starved; for they were brought to that strait, that every
soldier was allowed but five chcenices* of bread-corn every month,
and the elephants were fed with saw-dust. At last they killed the
.draught-beasts and horses for meat.^
* AboMt scTea qnarts and bftlf a piut
3^0 DIODORUS SICULUfl. Book XIX
While the city was in this state^and Olymptas earnestly expecting
foreign aid^ the elephants pined away for want of food. And the
horsemen that were foreigners almost all died^ having no proportioa
of bread allotted them, and many of the other soldiers fared no better.
Some of the barbarians, (hunger overcoming what nature would have
other wbe dreaded and abhorred), fed upon the carcasses of the
dead.
The town being now filled with dead bodies, the colonels and cap*
tains of the king's guard buried some, and threw others over the walls;
insomuch, as not only the queens, (who were bred up delicately dl
their days), but even the soldiers, who were always inured to hard*
ships, could not endure the sight nor stink of the carcasses.
AuA now the spring came on, and the famine increased every day,
whereupon most of the soldiers came up in a body, and entreated O*
lympias to suffer them to leave the place because of the scarcity^ who
(not being able to supply them with bread, nor in a condition to
raise the siege), let them go; and they were all kindly received by
Cassander, and disposed of into several towns and cities round about*
For he hoped that the Macedonians coming to understand by them
how weak Olympias was> would conclude her affiiirs desperate and
without remedy. And he did not miss the mark in his conjecture!
for they who were just now sending relief to the besieged^ presendy
altered their purpose, and sided with Cassander. Only Aristoous and
Monimus, of all the Macedonians continued firm and faithful to
Olympias, of whom Aristonus was governor of Amphipolis^ and the
other of Pella. At length Olympias perceiving that many went over
to Cassander, and those who were her friends were not able to help
her; without further delay got ready a galley of five oars on a bank^
with a design to rescue herself and all her kindred out of the present
danger: but being discovered to the enemy hysooieof the descrteiSi
Cassander sailed to the place and seized the vessel. Whereapon
Olympias looking upon herself in a desperate condition, sent an
herald to Cassander to treat upon terms of pacification; but he in«
sisting upon the delivering up of herself to his mercy, with much ado
she at length prevailed only for the preservation of her person. Be-
ing therefore now possessed of the city, he sent some away tosanunoo
Fella and Amphipolis.
Monimus the governor of Pella hearing how things went mth O-
lympias, presently surrendered; but Aristonus at first resolved to
hold out and maintain the cause of the kings, in regard he had a
strong garrison, and had been then lately prosperous and successfol.
For a few days before he had fought with Crate vas, one of Cassander'a
captains, and cut off many of the eueiny^ and drove Cratevas himsclft
vith two thoumul of bis inent into the c^ty Bodys in BiiaUuis •nd
there be^uigod hun» took faiin^ luid dis^med hiis, aod tben^ upoo mu-
tual pMgesjid £uth gtvci) aod taken, discharged him. 3ei(ig^Q-
cottia^ upw thia account, and not knowing b|it that Eumeoes.waa
still living, and concluding that he should be sur^jai aid and falicf
from AleiMUHiqr aad Poljperchon, he refused t9 surrender Am-
. jpfaipolis.
But as soon as he received letters from Olymplftii (whi^reby abe
.commanded him, upon the £uth of hi^ former engagement,! |)q rasioiv
.^e city), he observed her commands, and deVvered it up, upoa aa*
aurauce of his own preservation. But Cassandera perceiving that ba
avas a man of great interest, by reason of the honours conferred qpon
iiim by Alexander, and determining to tak^ all such out of the way as
noight he in a capacity to make any disturbance, by tlie help of Cn»
tevas's kindred, he put him also to death. Thep he incited die ra*
latioos of such as were put to d^^ath by Olympias to prosecute h«r ia
l)ie general assembly of the Macedonians, who thereupon ytry readily
complied with what they were desired to dp; and, though she her*
self was not then present, nor had any person there tp plead bar
j^ause, yet the Macedonians condemned her* to die. -Cas^ander there-
4ipon sent some of his friends tp Olympias, and advised her to gd
oat of the way, and promised to procure for her a ship, and to cause
bar to be conveyed safe to Athens. And this h^ did not for her pro*
*aervation, but that, as one conscious of her own guilt by her flighty ic
ipight be judged a just vengeance upon her if she was cut off aa sbp
was 00 her voyage: for he was afraid as. wi^) of the fickle dispoajr
tbn of the Macedoniaos,.as of the dignity of her perspn. But Qlyoi*
pias refused to fly, and said — She was ready to defend ber cauae ba-
fore all the Macedonians.
Cassaoder therefore^ fearing lest the people, calling Ip mind 4nb
worthy acts and kindnesses of Philip and Aiexaoder towards the whole
fiation, should change their minds, and so take upon them tp defend
the queen, sent to her a band of two hundred soldieni well armed and
accoutred, with orders to despatch lier forthwith $ who rushipg pn a
sudden Into tlie palace, as soon as they saw her, (in r^verepce to her
person), drew back, without executing what they were commanded.
But the kindred of those she had put to death, both to ingratiate
themselves with Cassander, and likewise togratify.tbeir own revenge
for the death of their relations, cut her throat, she not in the least
crying out in any womanish terror or fear to spare her. In thia
manner died Olympias, the greatest and most honourable woman ia
the age wherein she lived, daughter of Neoptolcmus, king of Epirus;
Vou2. No. 44. AAA
362 DIODORUS SICULUS. JfeioJfc XIX.
sister of Alexander*^ who made the expedition into Italy; wife of
Philip, the greatest and most victorious prince of all that ever were
before in Europe; and lastly, the mother of Alexander^ who nefcr
was exceeded by any for the many great and wonderfial things that
were done by him.
Cassander now seeing all things go on according to his heart's
desire, in his hopes and expectations was already possessed of the
kingdom of Macedon: he therefore now married Thessaloinei»
daughter of Philip, and sister of Alexander by the same fiither^ am*
bitious to be related in affinity, and esteemed as one of the royal ftp
mily. He built likewise Cassandria, (calling it after his own name),
in Pellene, and peopled it with inhabitants drawn out of the dtiei
of the Chersonesusf, and out of Potideea, and many other iaeigl^
bouring cities, and placed there likewise those Olynthians that wen
left, of whom there were still a considerable number. To tfiii
city he joined a large and rich territory, and made it his earnM ene
to advance the glory and splendour of this place; so that it grew op
in a short time to that degree of power, as to excel all the cities of
Macedonia.
Cassander likewise, resolving to cut off all the posterity of AIcx^
ander, (that there might be none of his line left to succeed in the
kingdom), purposed to kill the son of Alexander, and Wwiana hii
mother. But for the present^, being willing first to observe what
people's discourses were concerning the cutting off of OlympiaSy and
having as yet no certain account how things went with Antigomii
he committed Roxana and her son close prisoners to the castle at
Amphipolis, under the charge of Glaucias, then by him made ga-
vernor, and one of his friends, in whom he placed great coofldeace*
He likewise took away from the young king those children that were
bred up with him as his companions, and ordered that he shoold be
no longer attended as a king, nor regarded otherwise than as a ptt*
vate person.
And now ruling the kingdom in all things as king» he royally ai
sumptuously interred Eurydice and Philip, the late king and qncen^at
Mgis ; and Cinna, whom Alcetas had put to death, gracing the dead
with the solemnity of funeral s^xirts and plays.
Then he raised soldiers out of Macedonia for the expedition rs-
solved upon into Peloponnesus. While he was employed in thcK
affairs, Polyperchon, who was then besieged in Naxos, in PenhoeUiy
when he heard of the death of Olympias^ in despair of retrferiog his
* Sister of AlcMuder. tliat u, TynhoM^
f The Cbersonef us •( PclIenc ia Duaca.
Chy.I|Z- DIQDORTO SIOULUS. . 9(b
affitffi io Macedmia^ with a few in bis company, broke out of the
€iJ^, and iwsied through Thessaly^ together with iEaeidas, and caoM
into JBtolia^ where be judged he might safely abide^ and observe how .
things went, because there was a good ondentaodiog between him
and that nation*
Bat Cassander having now nosed a considerable annyt marched
out of Macedonia with an intent to drive Alexander the aop <tf Fo^-
peichon out of Peloponnesus: for he with his army was the only
enemy kft^ «nd had possessed himself of many convenient posts and
towns there. ThroughThessaly he marched without any opposition {
but fimnd the pass at Pylai guarded by the ^tolians^ whom having
widi mnch difficulty beaten off^ he came into BoeotU^ where^ getting
all the Thebans together that were remaining from all parts, he set
about re-pecf ling of Thebes, conceiving that now he bad a fair op-
portumty put into his hands for the rebuilding of that city, famous
both ibr its* renowned acUonis, and the antient stories concerning^ it.
And by so good a work he concluded he should reap the fruit of an
immortal fiune and glory.
This dtj had felt very many changes and turns of fortune, and
Aose to the utmost eitremity, being sometimes in danger of being
rased to the ground. Of which to say something briefly will not be
any foreign digression.
After Deucalion's flood, when Cadmus had built the citadel, called
Klwfm^ after his own name, the people called Spartans, or Sparsans,
fledied thith^ in droves, called so by some because they flocked to-
gether from all places; othtn called them Thebigens*, because the
natives of Thebes were forced away by the flood, and duipersed here
and there up and down in the country. When these were again re-
lumed, they were afterwards expelled by force of arpis by the £n-
chdensians, and then even Cadmus himself was forced to fly to the
Dlyrians. After this, when Amphion and Zethus ruled^ and there
first built the city, (as the poetf says).
Who fim Tbttbct' wftllt with mvm piltm did nbt.
The inhabitants were again expelled when Polydorus, the son of
Cadmus, returned into the kingdom, where all things were then
carelessly managed, by reason of the sad condition of Amphioo| for
die loss of all his children.
Then again in the time of the reign of his posterity}, (when all
the country was called Boeotia, from one Bceotus, the sori of Mela*
• Boro at Thebet. t Homer.
X Bit Mven foni md stven daughters by Niohe were killed b/ Jepiter e&d Diana
with ^rrowi.«*»Pa«i. im Bm^ DM. lib. 4,
^ The petterity of Polyderai.
S64 DIOnORUS SICULUS. BookXJX.
nippe and Neptune, who reigned there), the Thebans were ejcpelled
the third time by the Epigoni* of Argos, when they took the dty by
force. Those that escaped of them who were expelled Sed to Alal-
comen® and the mountain Tilfossius; but, after the death of these
Argives, they returned into their own country.
In the time of the Trojan war, when the Tliebans were tn Asia,
these who stayed at home, together with other Bceotians, were ex-
pelled by the Pclasgians : and after they had endured many and Tarion^
calamities in the course of near four generations, (according to the
Oracle relating to the crowsf) they returned, and inhabited Thebes^
From this time this city continued in a state of prosperity ncaily
eight luindred jrears. And the Thebans at the beginning bad the chief
command over all the rest of their country.
Afterwards when they attempted to be sovereign lords of all Greece^
Alexander the son of Philip took it by storm, and razed if 16 the
ground. In the twentieth year next after, Cassander, to make him-
seif famous, and advance his own reputation, so far prevailed with the
Boeotians for their concurrence, as that ho rebuilt the city, and
restored it to those Thebans that were then renviining of the old
stock. Many of the Greek cities afforded their assistance to the re*
building of this place, out of compassion to the distressed cendhion
of the Thebans> and the antient fame and glory of the eh^. The
Athenians built tlie greatest part of the walls, and others assisted ac-
cording to their several abilities; and contributions were seat not
only from all parts of Greece,, but from some both in Sicily and Italy.
And thus the Thebans came to be restored to the antient seiat of theil
ancestors. Tlien Cassander moved with his army towanb Pelopon*
nesus; and when he found that Alexander the son of Pelyperchen
had fortified the isthmus with strong guards, he turned aMdeto Me-
gara; and there he fitted out some boats, and in them transported
his elephants to Epidaurus, and the rest of his army in ^other ships.
Thence coming to Argos, he forced them to quit their confederacy
with Alexander, and join with Iiim. Aften^'ards he brought over to
him all the cities and towns, with the territories, of Messenia, exee[ft
Ithonle; and Hermonidcs he took in upon articles of agreeknenir bUI
iipon Alexander's marching down to fight, he left two thousand men
at Geraniat, near the isthmus, uuder the command of IVloIycns^ and
returned into Macedonia.
* The postt*ruy of the seven captains who besieged Tbebc»h
t This story of the crows is — That th« oracle said, tlie BoBotians should be expelled
wheo they saw whitv crows: whiih happened aAerwards by playful boys panCiaf crewt
white, «od then letting ihcm go. A little while after, the Beeoliaiis ^»«K«}ecffd%yilK
.f^Iians, Sec the Aunot. upon Krasin. Adag. ( Ad Corvou) p. 37i.
X Gcraoia, a hill near the iUhmo^, in Jirgtn.
Chap. IF. DioDORUS sifULUS. 365
CHAP. IV,
Afitigwfcus's miny feasted by &leueus in Babylon. Qumreb with
SekucnSf who^fiies to Ptolemy, ofid is Idndfy received, Pttdemf^
Seleucuty Casmnder, and Lysimachus,join agmnai Antigetdsm*
They $end ambasscubrs to Aim^ who winters in Cilieia.\ Hegom
into PhoEsnda, and there huUds ships; besieges T^r^ The
fraise of PhyUa, wife of Demetrius. Aristodenms raises fostea
for Antigonus in Peloponnesus. The acts of Ptolemy, one of
jMigonus's captains. Antigonus's policy. Tyre delivered,
2fke agreement of Ptolemy* s captains, and the rest at Cypnts.
!the acts of Seleucus. A fleet comes to Aniigoiius from the
HeUespont and Rhodes. Things done in Peloponnesus. Ce»*
sender's etcts there and in Greece. The great victory by sea and
landobtainedby Polyclitus, Seleucus*s lieutenant: he is rewarded
by Ptolemy. Tlte acts of Agathoclcs in Sicily. Tlie Romtms
make war against the Samnites.
AT the end of the former year, Praxibulus -was created diief magrs-»
trate at Athens^ and Spurius Nautius and Marcus Popilins bore the
office of consuls at Rome; at which time Antigonus left one Asptsa,
a native, governor of Susiana. He himself resolving to carry away
with him all the money, prepared carriages and camels for that pur-
pose to bring it down to the sea-side; and so having it along with
him, marched with his army towards Babylon, which he readied inr
two-and-twenty days march; where Seleucus, the governor of the
provinces, received hlni with royal presents, and feasted the whole
army. But wlien Antigonus demanded an account of the revenney
he told him He was not bound to give any account of that province
which the Macedonians had bestowed upon him as a reward of his
service in Alexander's life-time. The difference growing wider and
wider every day, Scleucus, remembering Python's fall, was thereupon
the more afraid, lest Antigonus should catch an opportunity to put
bim also to death. For lie seemed to have a design to cut off (as soon
as he possibly could) all men in power, and such as were in a capa-
city to struggle for the chief command: whereupon, for fear of the
worst, he forthwith made away with fifty horse only in his company,
lutending to go into Egypt, to Ptolemy: for his kindness and cour-
teous behaviour towards all that came to him for protection and shelter
366 DIODORUS 6ICULU8. Mook XiX
was pndaed in every place. When Antigonus came to undeiittuid
this, he rejoiced exceedingly, in that be was not forced to destrojhia
friend and potent confederate, but that Seleucus, by his own foluntiiy
banbhment had seemed to deliver up the province of tiisowoftccoffdj
without a stroke struck.
Afterwards the Chaldeans came to him, and foretold that if Sdcacas
got absolutely away, he should be lord of all Asia, and that id abatdc
between them Antigonus himself should be killed. Whereupon
being sorry that he had let him go, he sent some away to pursue him;
but having followed him some little way, they returned as ihtf\
Antigonus was wont to slight these kind of divinations in oth«r i
but at this time he was so amazed and affrighted with the high <
and reputation of these men, that he was very much disturbed in Us
thoughts: for they were judged to be men very expert and sldlfbl^
through their exact and diligent observation of the stan: mod tbey
affirm that they and their predecessors Iiave studied this art of istio-
logy for above twenty thousand years. And what they had fcrdoid
concerning Alexander's death, if he entered intoBabyloo^ ^
true by late experience. And in truth, as those predictions <
ing Alexander came afterwards to pass, so what they' now aud
relating to Seleucus was likewise in due time accomplbhed. Of
which we shall treat particularly when we come to the times prapct
for that purpose.
Seleucus, when he was got safe into Egypt, was entertuned by
Ptolemy with all the expressions of kindness and affection tbatmlgbt
be; where he bitterly complained against Antigonus, affirming that
his design was to expel all persons of eminent quality out of their
provinces; and especially such as were in service under Alexander;
which he supported with arguments from Python's being put to
death, and Pcucestes being deprived of the government of Penh,
and ffom the usage he himself had lately met with; and all these
though they had never done any thing to deserve it, but rather upon
all occasions performed all the acts of kindness and service to him
that was in their power, and this was the reward they obtained for
their services. He reckoned up, likewise, the strength of his fbrecSt
his great treasure, and his late successes, which so puffed him
up, that he was in hopes to gain the sovereign command oier all the
Macedonians.
Having by these arguments stirred up Ptolemy to make war
against him, he sent some of his friends over into Europe, to pie*
vail with Cassander and Lysimaclius, with tlie like argumentSj to
appear iu arms against Antigonus; which orden being forthwith
Chtip.IPl DIODORUS SfCULUS. 3^
aecutedf foandations were laid for a migfaty war, wi^eh afttrwania
todc plaoe. - . .
Antfgomia, upon many probabk coDJteetiiresy coDcetYiogwlMct waa
Seleaciis*8 design^ sent ambassadors to Ptolemy, Cassandar, iiall^f*
aimachosy to desire them that the antient friendship might te piw
aemd and maintained aaooogst themi And then, haiiflB 9Mdi
l^ytbon, who came but of India^ lord-Ueutenant of the piwviMa «C
Babylon, he broke up his camp, and marched towarda Cificia. Ai
lOOD as he came to Mallos*, he distributed his army into winter^
qaarters, about the month of Novemberf : and he received out of tbft
tieasury in the city of Qoinda, ten thousand talents, and eleven tibgmf^ .
aand talents out of the yearly revenues d Aat province: so that be
\ very formidable both in respect of his great forces and the vast-
\ of his treasure. And now being removed into the Upper Syria^
ambassadors came to him from Ptolemy, Cassander, and I^tamAioMp
mho being introduced as he sat in council, demanded all Cappadom
suad Lycia to be delivered up to Cassander: Phrygia, bordering upon
the Hellespont, to Lysimachus; all Syria lo Ptcdemy; and the pro*
vince of Babylon to Seleucus; and all the cqmmon stock of OMmigr
"which he bad incroached upon since the battle witli Em^fi||^ tbbe .
shared equally amongst them; which if he refused, then they were
to let him know, that their masters intended, with their joint farces,
to make war upon him. Whereunto he answered ioiq;Uy«Jrhat
he was now making a war upon Ptolemy; and thereupon the am*
bassadors returned, without any effect of their embassy: and npoa
tbis answer, Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus, entered into a
league amongst themselves, and gathered their forces together, and
made it their business to provide arms^ and all other things neeeasaiy
for the war.
And now Antigonus perceiving how many great and potentadver*
saries had confederated against him, and what a storm was ready to
-fall upon him, sought the alliance and eoofbderacy of other cities^
nations, and princes; and to this purpose despatohed Agesikms to
the king of Cyprus, Idomineus and Moschion to Rhodes, and one
Ptolemy, his own brother's son, with an army, to raise the siege^if
Amisus, in Cappadocia, and to drive out those that were sent thither
by Cassander. He commanded him likewise to go to the Hellespont,
and fall upon Cassander, if he attempted to pass over out of Europe
into. Asia. He also sent away Aristodemus the Milesian^ with a thon-
sand talents, with orders to enter into a league of amity with Alexander
and Poly percbon, and to hire soldiers and make war upon Cassander :
* In Cilicia. t After the setting of Oriocu
36s nioDORUs sicuLus. JDm^ XIJL
snd he himself disposed beacons and couriers thnMighoat all Asiiii
which was entirely at his command^ hereby to give and get knowlcdgs
of all things that passed^ and to manage his afiEurs the more
expeditiously.
Having taken this order, he marches into Phcenicia to provide a
fleet; for at that time the enemy had the command of the sea, bdqg
possessed of abundance of shipping, when he himself had not OM^
Encamping near to Tyre, designing to besiege it, he sent fof tht
petty kings of Phoenicia, and governors of Syria, and treated with
them to join him in the building of ships, because all the sUps that
belonged to Phcenicia were then with Ptolemy in Egypt. He also
gave them orders to bring him, with all speed, four millions and five
hundred thousand bus»hels of wheat; for to so much came the jearlj
expense of his army. Then he got together hewers of timber^ sawyers^
and ship carpenters from all parts, and caused timber to be brought
down from Mount Lihanus to the sea side, employing therein eight
thousand men to work, and a thousand beasts for carriage. This
mount runs through Tripolis, Byblia, and Sidonis, and abounds in
most beautiful tall cedars and cypress trees. He appointed three
arsenals in Phoenicia, one at Tripolis, another at Byblia^ and the
third at Sidon; a fourth he had in Cilicia, whither timber was
brought from mount Taurus; and a fifth in Rhodes, where the inha-
bitanis suffered him to build ships of timber, conveyed thither at his
own charge.
While Antigonus was thus employed, and lay encamped bjthe
sea-side, Seleucus came with a fleet of a hundred sail out of
Egypt, quick sailers, and royally furnished, and in a scornful man*
ner skirrcd under the noses of thein, which not a little troubled the
minds of his new associates, and those that joined with him in
the. carrying on of the work. For it was very apparent, that
the enemy now being masters at sea, would be sure to waste and
spoil those who, out of kindness to Antigonus, had joined with their
adversaries.
But Antigonus bid them be of good cheer, for before the end
of summer, he said, he would be at sea with a fleet of five hundred
sail.
Agesilaus, in the mean time returned from his embassy out of
Cyprus, and brought intelligence that Nicocreon, and the most potent
kings of that island, had already jeined Ptolejuy ; nevertheless, that
Citticus, Lapithius, Marius, and Cyrcuites, would side with him:
whereupon he left three thousand men, under the command of
Andronicusi, to maintain the siege against Tyre, and he himself
€^ap. IV. DIODORUS SICULU9. 36^
xnarched witi) the rest of the army against Gaza and Joppa^ wluch
atood out against b.im^ and took them by force; and sach of Pto-
lemy's men whom he found there, he took and distributed among
his own regiments^ and placed garrisons in both those cities^ to keep
jthem in obedience. Which done^ he returned to his standing camp
about Tyre, and prepared all necessaries for a siege against it. At
ihe same time Aristo, who was intrusted by Eumenes to carry'Cra-
terus's bones, delivered them to Phila to be buried, who was married
^rst to Craterus, and at that time to Demetrius, the son of Antigo*
nus, who was a woman of excellent parts and prudence; for by her
prudent behaviour and carriage towards every soldier in the army^
she was able to qualify and moderate those that were most turbulent^
and she put forth the daughters and sisters of those that were poor,
.at her own charge, and prevented the ruin of many tliat were falsely
accused. It is reported, that Antipater her father (who was the moat
prudent prince that governed in his age) wa3 used to consult with
Phila his daughter in the most weighty aflairs, while she was yet but
a girl. But the prudence of this woman will more fully appear in the
following narration, and when things tended to a revolution, and
the btal period of Demetrius's kingdom. And thus stood the afiairs
4)f Antigonus and Phila at this time.
Amongst the captains sent away by Antigonus, Aristodemus passed
over to Laconia, and, having got leave of the Spartans to raise sol-
diers, got together eight thousand out of Peloponnesus; and, upoa
conference with Polyperchon and Alexander, joined them both in a
firm league of amity with Antigonus, and made Polyperchon general
over the forces in Peloponnesus, but prevailed with Alexander to pass
over into Asia to Antigonus.
Ptolemsus, another of his captains, going into Cappadocia with an
army, and there finding the city of Amisus besieged by Asclepipdo*
rns, a captain of Cassander's, raised the siege, and secured the place;
and so, having sent away Asclepiodorus, packing up certain condi*
lions, recovered that whole province to Antigonus; and, marching
thence through Bithynia, came upon the back of Zibytes, king of the
Bithynians, whilst he was busy in besieging two cities at once, that
of the Assareniaus, and the other of the Chalcedonians, and forced
him to raise his siege from both; and then, falling to capitulations
both with him and the cities that were besieged, after hostages re*
ceived, removed thenpe towards Ionia and L^ydia, becai^se Antigonus
bad written to him to secure th^t coast with all possible speed, hav«
ing intelligence that Seleucus was going into those parts with his
fleet; whhher indeed he came, and besieged flrythrse; but, hearing
of the enemj^'s approach, left it; and weal away as he came, MeaUn
S^U %^ No. 45« BM,
370 DIODORUS SICULUfl. Aok XlX.
while Alexander, the sou of Polyperchon, chme to AotigoDiis, whd
made a league with him; and then, calling a general eoaneil of Ae
army and the strangers resident there^ declared unto them how €i»-
aandef had murdered Oljmpias, and how villainoosly he had dealt
with Rozana and the young king, and that he had forced Thessskmi-
tm to marry him, and that it was very clear' and erideilt that he as^
pired to the kingdom of Macedonia. Moreover, that he bad planted
^he Olynthians, the most bitter enemies of the Macedonians, in the
«ity called after his own name ^That he had rebuilt Thebes, whkh
was razed by the Macedonians. Having thus incensed the amqr,
he made and wrote an edict That Cassander should be considered sis
an open enemy, unless he razed the two cities, released the king and
Roxana his mother, and returned them*safe to the Macedonians; and
lastly, unless he submitted to Antigonus, as general and sole piDtectoc
of the kingdom, and freed alrthe Greek cities, and withdrew all the
garrisons out of them.
When the army iiad approved of this edict by their snAagei, he
sent couriers away to publish it in all places: for he hoped that faj
this means all the Grecians, in expectation of having their Kbertiea
restored, would be his confederates, and readily assist hfm ill lift
war, and that all the governors of the higher provinces, wholieftM
Suspected him, as if he designed to deprive the postcfrity of AleAn-
der of the kingdom, (now that it clearly appeared that he took vp
arms in their behalf), would observe all his commands of tbeif own
accord.
Having despatched all these matters, he sent back Alexander irilh
five hundred talents into Peloponnesus, with his hopes raised^ in ex-
pectation of mighty concerns : and he himself, with ship^ng hoik
Rhodes, and others he had lately built, set sail for Tyre; where, be-
ing now master at sea, he so blocked it up for thirteen months toge»
thcr, that no supply of Actuals could be brought thither, and there-
by reduced the inhabitants into such great distress, that at lei^gdi
(upon suflTering the soldiers to march away with soihe small tld^fgs
that were their ovm) the city was surrendered to him upon ttrwB^
and he placed a garrison in it for its defence.
In the mean time Ptolemy, hearing what a declaration Antigonds
with the Macedonians had made concerning the libeffy of the <3ft-
cians, made the like himself, as desirous that all the world shonU
take notice that he was no less zealous for the liberty of Greece than
Antigonus was: for both of them, well considering of what great
mom^t It was to their afiairs to gain the good will of the GredaaSj
strove one with another which should oblige them mCMt'by a(!ls df
grace. Then he joined to bis party the governor of Caria, wlio was
Ck^p. IF. DiOBCMtUS SICU|.U8i SJl
■ I— — — ■ I — |B,»»»^ , ..i— M
H mao of great power^ and had many great cities under bis cominand.
Andt tfaougk be had before sent three thousand soldiers to the kinga
in Cyprus, yet he hastened away nuiny more, to reduce those who had
there sided against hiao. Those sent were ten thousand, under the
command of Myrmidon, an Athenian born, and an hundred sail of
ships, jcommanded by Polyclitus; .and the general over all he made
his brother Menelaus.
These coming into Cyprus, joined then with Seleucus and his fleet,
and in a council of war advised what course was fit to be taken.
The result of which was, that Polyclitus with fifty sail should pass
into Peloponnesus, and there should make war upon Aristodemus,
Poljrperchoo, and his son Alexander: that Myrmidon should go
with an army of foreigners into Caria, there to help Cassander a-
gainst Ptolemy, a captain' of Antigonus, who pressed hard upon him;
and that Seleucus and Menelaus, staying in^Cyprus, should bear up
Nicocreon the king, and the rest of their confederates, against their
enemies.
Having thus therefore divided their forces, Seleucus went and took
Cyrinia and Lapithus; and, having drawn over Stasiecus, king of' the
Malenses, to his party, he forced the prince of the Amathusians to
give him hostages for his fealty for the time to come. As for the
city Citium, (seeing that it would come to no agreement with him)^
he set about besieging it with his whole army.
About the same time came forty ships out of the Hellespont and
Rhodes, under the command of one Themison, their admiral, to An-*
tigonus; and after them came Dioscorides, with fourscore more;
and besides these, Antigonus had a navy of his own newly built in
Phoenicia, to the number of an hundred and twenty ships, with those
that he left at Tyre; so that he had in the whole two hundred and
forty men of war, of which there were ninety of four tier of oars, ten
of five, three of nine, ten of ten, and thirty open gallies.
Antigonus dividing this navy into squadrons, sent fifty of them in^
to Pekponnesus, and the rest he committed to Dioscorides, his own
brother's son, with this charge — That he should guard the seas, and
help his friends as their occasion required, and that he should gain
unto his party such of the islands as hitherto stood out against him.
And in this posture stood the afiairs of Antigonus.
And now, having related the things done throughout all Asia, we
shall give a particular account of the afiairs of Europe.
ApoUonides, being made commander of the-Arpves by Cassander,
in the night broke into Arcadia, and surprised the city* of the Stym-
phalians. And, while he was absent, some of the Argtves (enemies
* St japh«liM> iiear lb* Stj«pfaaUMi La){e«
372 DIODORU8 BicuLOd. Booi XDO
to Cassaoder) corresponded with Alexander, the soti of Polypeiclionj
and promised to deliver up the city* into his hands: but ^
being too slow, ApoUonides came to Argos before him^ and su
five hundred of the conspirators that were in a senate in the Ifrpar
neumf, and kept them in, and burnt them there alive; moat of die
rest he banbhed, and some few more he took and put to deadu
Cassander, having intelligence that Aristodemus was arrived ia
Peloponnesus, and that he had listed there great numbers of sol-
diers, in the first place sought to draw off Polyperchon fraDnAnti-
gonus; but not being able to prevail, he marched with an usf
through Thessaly, and came into Boeotia ; where, Imving assisted the
Thebans in raising of their walls, he passed into Peloponnesas, aodf
having first taken Cenchr»a, he spoiled and harassed all the teiritoij
of Corinth. Then he took two castles by storm, and, upon eondidm
of future feith and allegiance, dismissed all the garrison 8cddien4at
were placed there by Alexander. Afterwards he besieged QicImv
menus, and, being let into the town by Alexander's enemies^ he pot
a garrison into the city: those that sided with Alexander took aanc-
tuary in Diana's temple, whom he gave up to the dtixens, to do witii
them as tbey thought fit; whercupoh the Orchomenians drew dica
all out of the temple by force, and, against the conunon laws of Gieece,
put them all to death.
Cassander went thence into Messenia, but, finding the eiqf stnoagif
garrisoned by Polyperchon, he did not think fit for the prcecnt to
besiege it, but marched into Arcadia, where he left Damides govcr*
nor of the cityt^ &Qd returned to Argolides}, and there cdebntad
the Nemiean games, and returned into Macedonia* When he waa
gone, Alexander with Aristodemus lay before the cities in Pelopoa*
nesus, to expel the garrisons of Cassander, and endeavouied ail he
could to restore the cities to their liberties: which eoming to tht
ears of Cassander, he sent to him Prepelaus, to work upon him to de-
sert Antigonus, and enter into a league of friendship and amity with
himself, promising, that if he would do so, he would give him tht
sovereign command of all Peloponnesus, and create him genenl of
the array, and would advance him to high places of honour end |K*
ferment. Alexander, seeing that he was now likdy to eCtain that
for which from the beginning he made war upon Casaanderj entend
into a league with him, and so was made general of all the ibicea in
Peloponnesus.
• Argoa.
t A pnblic pltce where tlte great men used to MCrifiee, or t phct wBece » coart «■»
kM ^i^nging to tbe leMte.
I St jnpfatlus. i Afgia. .
ChapB tV. Dioix>&U8 sicutus. -a^J
Si
In the mean time PolycKtos^ Sdeociu's lieutenant^ sailing from
Cyfims^ eanie to Cenchma, where^ hearing of the defection of Alex-
ander^ and finding no enemy there to encounter^ he chiinged hi»
eonrae, and set sail for Pamphvlia; and from thence arAving at
Aphrodisiades in Cilicia, he there understood that Theodotus^ admi*
ml of Antigonus's navy^ would pass by from Patara, a port in Lycia,
frith the Rhodian fleets furnished with mariners out of Caria) and
that Perilaui with a land«army coasted along by the shore^ for the
defence of the fleet, if necessary; in this case he outwitted them
both; for he landed his men in a place out of view, where the land-^
army must of necessity pass, and himself with the fleet went and
lay behind a foreland, waiting for the coming of the enemy; then
the enemy's foot fell into an ambush, and Perilaus himself was
taken prisoner, and all his men either killed or taken. The fleet at
aea, seeing the land*army engaged, hastened to their relief; hat thea
Polyclitus coming upon them in this confusion, with his shipo drawn
«p in a line of battle, put them easily to flight; so that Polyditus took
all their ships, and most part of the men in them, and amongst the
rest Theodotus himself, their admiral, sorely martyred with wound^
<A which he shortly after died.
Polyclitus, having succeeded ao well on all hands, sailed back firH
to Cyprus, and then to Pelusium*, where Ptolemy richly rewarded hioi
for so great a service, and promoted him to a far higher dignity and
plaee of honour than he was in before, as the author of so great a
▼ictory ; but released Perilaus and some other prisoners, whom Ami-
gonus desired by a messenger sent to him for that purpose. And
then himself, going to a place called Ecregnia, came to a parley with
Antigonus; but Antigonus refusing to grant him what he demanded^
he left him and returned.
Having now given an account of the «iflrairs of the European Greeks,
both in Greece and Macedonia, we fhall pass over to tlie {Nirts lying
towards the west.
Agathocles, prince of Syracuse, having possessed himself of a cas-
tle belonging to the Messenians, promised tb restore it upon rccdv-
ingof thirty talents of silver; which when the Messenians had paid,
he not only broke his faith, but endeavoured to have scieed upou
Messina itself: for, being informed that part of the walls were fallea .
down, he sent a party of horse by land from Syracuse, und he himself
in some ships called Hemioliasf, went by sea, and arrived in the
night close under the walls of the city; but the Messenians, coming
to understand his design beforehand, wholly defeated him in what he
had contrived : however, he came to Mylas, and, upon iayii^g aicfe
♦ In Kg7J»t. t Bnrki «r fr»]{ti*«.
37^ DIODORU5 SICULU5. Book Xlim
to the castte, had it delivered up to him, and tbeo return^ to Sfsip
ciue. In harvest-time he made a aecood attempt upon Mftiimr,
WEkd, encamping near the city, made continual asaaulu^ hot was Ml;
able to efiect any thing considerable : ibr many exiles had flockad
into this place from Syracuse^ who, both for the sake of- thfir
preservation^ and out of hatred to the tyrant^ fought
geously.
About this time came ambassadors from Carthage arguing the <
with Aggthocles, and complaining of the breach of articles; aii^
making peace with the Messenians, they forced the tyrant to )
the castle*, and then sailed back into Africa.
After which Agathocles went to Abecenus, one of his
dties, and there he put to death forty^ whom (le looked upoa to be
his enemies.
In these times the Romans were at war with the Samnitetj w4
todL Ferentum by storm; and the inhabitants of Nuceria (caUad At*
&terna} were, by the persuasions of some persons, prevailed nilh U^
desert the Romans^ and join in league with the Sooioitca.
CHAP. V.
The acts of Jhristodemus, jtntigcnus*s general in PelqponnetiUk
Th0 Dimeans in Achaia seek to freis themselves from rffwaw-
der^s garrison: they take the citadel. Alexander, son qfPofy*
perchon, assassinated: the praise of Cratesipolis, his uj\fe. The
acts of Cassander in JEtolia, and other parts of Greece. Thf
cruelty of the Italians. Cassander sends an army inio Caria^
and Aristotle with a fleet to Lemnos. The acts qf Castanief^M
army in Caria. Antigonus leaves his son Demetrius m S^ria^
io watch Ptolemy. Mis troublesome march into Asia, The eif^
' fqArs of Sicily. Acrotatus^s misgovernment and crudties iis Si-'
cily. The acts of Agathocles. T/ie dffairs ofltafy.
WHEN the former year was ended, Nicodorus was icreited i
at Athens, and Lucius Papirius chosen the fourth, and Quiatns Pab-
lius the second time consul at Rome. At that time Aristodcinvb
made general by Antigonus, hearing of the defection of Akqmadeo
C3k^ V. DIODORUS SICULU8. S7S
the son of Poljrperchon, after he had opened die justice of the <
before the senate of the iUtoIians, solicited them to be assistant to
the afidrs of Antigonns. Then passing into Peloponnesus with the
mercenaries, found Alexander with the Elians besieging Cyllene, and»
just arriving in time, raised the siege; and then, leaving a garrison
to defend the place, he moTed towards Actria, and freed Patre from
the garrison of Cassander; but ^geae he took by force, and, being
possessed of the place, was ready to restore the i£g«ans to their It*
berty, according to the former decree, but was prevented by this acd«
dent. The soldiers began to plunder; and upon that occasion manj
of the citizens were killed, and the greatest part of the town was bomt
to the ground.
After which he sailed back into £tolia« The Dymsei, who went
awed by a garrison of Cassander's in the castle, separated their dtf
from the citadel by a wall drawn round it, and, encouraging one alio*
dier to stand up for their liberties, besieged the castle, and infested
It with continual assaults : of which Alexander receiving intelligence^
he came upon them with bis army on a sudden, and drove then
within their walls, and entered pell mell with them into the dty, and
took it. Some of the Dynueans he put to the sword, others he tm*
prisoned, and many of them he banished. After Alexander went
away, the rest of them were quiet for a little while, being both ter-
rified with the greatness of the late calamity, and likewise wanting
the assistance of their confederates. But some time after, they mads
application to Aristodemus's mercenaries, who marched tb them
firom iEgsese: whereupon they again assaulted the citadel, and took
itj and freed the city, and put many of the garrison to the sword,
And put to death such of their own citizens as favoured Alexander's
party.
Amongst these turns and changes of fortune, while Alexander
with hb army was marching from Sicyon, he was killed by Alexion^
a Sicyonian, and some others, who pretended to be his friends. His
wife Cratesipolis after his death took upon her the management of
mffiiirs, and kept the army in due obedience. Her obliging carriage
and botinty was such, that she was greatly beloved by the soldiers;
for she was continually affording all the help she could to them that
were in distress, and relieving and supporting many that were ia
want: besides, she was a woman of admirable prudence in manag-
ing affairs, and of courage beyond the natural temper of her sex.
For when the Sicyonians, in contempt of her, (after the death of her
husband), rose up in arms for the recpvery of their liberty, she ez6<«
coted her revenge by cutting ofi^ multitudes of them in a field-battle^
and crucified thirty of those she had taken prisoners: and u>^ having
Sj6 DIODORU8 8ICULUS. JBook X13L
settled the affairs of the city, she reigned over the Sieyonianft, h«r-
iag under her command maltitades of soldiers ready upon all ooct-
sions for any undertaking, though ever so hazardous* And this was
then the state and condition of Peloponnesus.
Cassander, pereciving that the ^tolians assisted Antigomis^ and
were then likewise engaged in a war with their neighbours the Acar*
nanians, judged that the most probable way to bring down the Muh
lians was for him to join with the Acarnanians, To this end, ha
marched out of Macedonia with a great army, and came ioto^tiriiay
and encamped near the river Camphylus. Here he invited the Acaiw
nanians to a common consultation, where he set forth how they had
been vexed for many generations past by war from their unruly and
troublesome neighbours; and therefore he advised them, that dwy
should leave their little forts and castles, (though they were fortified]^
and betake themselves to a few cities, lest, being so diqiened and
scattered in their habitations, they should not be able to get togethsr
to assist one another when tlie enemy at any time should sudden^
and unexpectedly break in upon them. The Acarnaniaos followed
his advice^ and the most of them removed to Stratopolis, whidi ^
the strongest and largest of their cities. The (Eniada, and
others, went to Saurion ; the Dorians, with the rest, to Agriniun.
Cassander hereupon left Lyciscus his general in those parts with a
considerable body of men, with orders to assist the Aearoanians; and
he himself marched with his army to the city Leucades, and bj treaty
gained them for confederates. Then with a swift march he cama
suddenly into Adria, and took in Apollonia upon his first i^iproadib
Thence marching into Illyria, he passed over the river Hebnis^ and
fought with Glaucias, the lUyriau king, and routed his army; after
which he made peace with him, upon condition that he should not
make war upon any of his confederates. Then he took£{Hdamnns*>
and, placing there a garrison, returned into Macedonia^
After Cassander had left iEtolia, the iGtoIiaus joining tugathei^
to the number of three thousand, besieged Agrinium, girting it foond
with a trench and a breast-work. But the inhabitants that came bei«
fore out of the country treated and agreed with the enemy-JIIuii
upon delivery up of the city, their persons should be secure^ and
Ihey should have liberty to depart and leave the place. Wherropa^
after faith given for their security, they went out; but^when they
were on their way, the ^toUans falsely and treacherously^ when tha
others never suspected any thing, pursued them^ and kilkd themak
most every man.
. * EptdMnnuro^ bordtdng upon the Adriatic trt. Now mIM Dvnmh
Pynuchium.
OlmF. f^^ PI0Q0RU6 SICUJJJftfk 977
II • ■ .1 Ji , mJ" ...^. ,... ..r ■
jSojindfiMm ietiiiMd ifito M»fff4o«Wf «i aooaiM^e bcird tKMr
. dM oMli ia <;iiirit<tlM| h«d Goiifedmitsd w$k IfMAmj wd SdeiiciMij
wtfc^ jplpilpd hf^ibft »«ri.iP>t over «a aroqr Mito Caria» both to Jbejp
the eQ«Menites> and also 10 tip^ to.div6n.4iK(goi|ii(b tM ^^
hsiMLJfKKMinn ID ffameA9to£im>p^,.:|ji
]caeii J>etiiatriai, I%aUiiM% and ]>iQn}^kW| gqmqor of .t^jTort of
IfuDychia^ to fit oat forthviEiith twenty ship^ for LemiHifi : who there*
«poo preseotly despatched away the fhips, .poder. the cpmoiaDd of
Aristotle, their admiial; and b^j.ariivMig,i^l4eDuiqfi^aQd beipg there
' joiaed by Sel^ucos^aod. W fi^j pireyaiM w\^k 1^ inhabitaota to
^mttm ADt^oBB. But they fikerwarda reti<cu:t^ what they haid be^
Sott engaged, to, and ithereupoo )ie wasted aod tiaraased the coantryj
and drew a trench round the city, and besieged it.
. Aboot this timeS^eucias arrived at Coos;, whose coming there 11^
ing HQiaed abvoad^ Dtoscsorides, admiral of Antigonus's jBeet, sailed to
liemnoaj and drove Aristotle out of Itbe ishmdjt and took many of his
aliip% ipgesher with all their man on board.
OmeCassander and Piqiehius were oom^iaoders of the forces aenl
imo Csm by Cassander; who^ hearing tha^ Ptolemy, Antigonii8*s
fcnenl in those parts, had dislrihated his army itoto their winterr
quartfBiSt and that he hims^ wa^ busied, in burying hb father, sept
away £npqlemus, with eight thousand foot and two thousand horse^ *
to. a place qalkd Caprima, io Carta, to lie in ambusp^e for him
tiMire: but Ptolemy getting notice thereof by some that fled over to
)MiB#.got together out of the next winter-quarters eight thousand
daree hundred foot, and six hundred horse, and, falling about inid-
oight into the enemy's trenches, and finding them nearly all fast'
fskep, took.EupoIemus prisoner, and forced all his men to surrender
9i. discretion. And tliis was then the condition of those sentliy Cas-
aander into Asia*
But Antigonus, perceiving that Cassander aimed at the sovereignty
of :Asia» left his son Demetrius in Syria, with instructions to Inter*
cqpt Ptolemy's men, whom^he suspected were then coming with ^^
army further up into Syria; and for that purpose left with bim ten
thousand foot of other nations, two thousand Macedonians, five hun-
dred out of Lycia and Pamphylia, four hundred Persian archers and
aliogers^ five thousand horse, and above forty elepliants; and four
neo kn his counsellors, Nearchon, Python, son of Agenor, who came
lately from Babylon, Andronicus of Olynthus, and Philippus, all
men of mature age and judgment, and such as had attended upon
Alexander in all hb wars: for Demetrius himself was but a young
' man, not above two-and-twenty year$ of age. Upon iVntigonus him-
self, while he passed with the rest of his army over jMount Ta'orns,
Vol, 2. No.45, ccc ' .
s
3f8 DIODORUS sicuLUs. Sook
there fell a mighty snow, wherein he lost many of bis men. Wbeie-
upon he returned back into Cilicia, where he found out a better mj
to pass that mountain^ and with little damage to his annyj^and to,
coming to Celsene in Phrygia, he there put his army into winter-
quarters. Then he sent for the fleet out of Phoenicia, of which Meffios
was admiral, who by mere chance in his way met with a fleet of thirty-
six sail belonging to the city of Pydna, and defeated them, and 1mnq;|t
the ships, with all their men, under his subjection. In thb poatm
stood the aflairs both of Greece and Asia at this time.
In the mean time, in Sicily, the exiles of Syracuse, who wen
in Agrigentum, stirred up the great men of the dty not to
Agathocles in that manner to make a prey of the cities, alleging,
that it was better to fall upon the tyrant before he grew too atmig^
than toVait till he was in greater power, and then to be- fereed to
contend with him, when it was more hazardous. Whereupon Ac
Agrigentines, approving of this adidce, decreed by their suflrages war
against Agathocles; and, joining in confederacy with the Geloans
and Messenians, they sent some of the exiles to the Lacedemoiuttis,
with orders to procure a general to be sent to them from theace: toi
they suspected that some of their own citizens were too modi ift-
clined to tyranny themselyes; but judged that foreigners, if they rs-^
membered the government of Timolcon the Corinthian, would better
manage the public aflairs. When they arrived, therefore, in Laco!-
iiia, they found Acrotatus, the sou of Jfiing Cleomenes, much hated
by many of the young noblemen at home, and therefore very derif-
ous to be employed abroad: for when the Lacedaemonians, after Ae
fight with Antipater, had acquitted those that escaped out of that
battle from all censures of disgrace^ he only opposed the decree; so
that many were ofTended at him, especially those that -were liable to
the penalty of the laws* And upon that account they had laia ia
wait for him, and beaten him, and were constantly seeking to eatn^
him : being therefore for this reason desirous of a foreign command,
he very freely complied with the Agrigentines; and thereupon, with-
out the order of the ephori, (resolving upon the voyage), he set sdl
with a few ships for Agrigentum: but, being driven back by a storm
into Adria, he arrived in the territory of the ApoUoniates; wheie,
fiiidnig the city besieged by Glaucias, king of the Illyrians, he per^
suaded the king to raise the siege, and enter into a league of fnead-
ship with the ApoUoniates. Then he sailed to IVuentom, and theic
solicited the people to join with him in procuring the restoration of
the Syracusans to their antient liberties, and so fiur prevailed, tkai
they decreed to assist them with twenty ships: for, on aeconat of
bis kindred, and the nobleness of bis family, his words were of gieaC
€HUp. V. DIODORUS 8ICULU8. S79
r , , , ^ssssKSsssssSsxsssassssssxssssssssamssssBema^
weight and credit. While iheTareotiaes were making prepantions,
he himself sailed to Agrigentum^ and there took upon him the com-
mand of the army; whereupon the people were in high expectations,
all coodading that an end would presently be put to the tyranny:
but, in a short time, it plainly appeared that he did nothing worthy
either the nobility of hie birth or the reputation of his country^ but
on the contrary became more cruel than the very tyrants themselves,
and so fell into the hatred of the people; he degenerated likewise
from the custom of his country in his manner of living, and so in-
dulged himself in voluptuousness, that he seemed more like a Per-
sian than a Spartan. After he had lavished away the greatest part
of the public revenues, partly by his misgovernment, and partly by
robbing of the treasury, in the conclusion he invited Sosistratus (the
most eminent person among the exiles) and one who had been a
general of armies) to supper, and treacherously killed him, not having
any thing in the least to lay to his charge, but only that he might
take out of the way a stout and valiant man, and on^ that was able to
discern and discover his miscarriages : which wicked act being pre-
sently noised abroad, the exiles in a body came upon him, and every
body else forsook him, and in the first place they deposed him^ and
presently after attempted to stone him to death; to avoid therefore
the rage of the people, he stole away in the night, and landed pri-
vately in Laeonia. After his departure, the Tarentinea recalled the
' fleet they had before sent into Sicily*
Hereupon the Agrigen tines, Geloans, and McssenianSftl^the me-
diation of Amilcar, the Carthaginian general, made peace with Aga-
thpcles, the conditions of which werc^That Heraclea, Selinus, and
Himera, part of the Greek cities, should belong to the Carthaginians,
pB they did before; all the rest, under the power of the Syracusans,
slmuld be free to be governed by their own hiws. But afterwards
Agathocles, when he saw the coast clear, and Sicily free from all ap-
pearance of an enemy, fell upon the cities, and without any difficulty
brought them under his subjection; and, gaining many in a very
short time, strongly fixed himself in the principality. For, in the
multitude of his confederates, the greatness of his yearly revenues,
and the power of a mighty army, he grew very strong: for, besides
his confederates, and those raised from among the Syracusans, he had
of mercenaries ten thousand foot, and three thousand and fifty horse;
he furnished himself likewise with all sorts of arms, foreseeing that
the Carthaginians (who had smartly rebuked Amilcar for making the
peace) would in a short time make war upon him* And such was
the state of Sicily at this time,
in luly, the Samnites, having now been at war with the Romans
380 DioDOkus sicuLUS. Book XIX
'■"'■■ =g=ga=
for many yean last past^ took Philiftta, wherein was a strong Roman
garrison, and prevailed with the Soranions to massacre all the Ro-
mans that were there, and to confederate with the Samnites.
Afterwards, while the Romans were besieging Saticula^ they came
upon them with a strong army, resolving to raise the siege; upon
which followed a sharp engagement, and, after many killed on both
sides, the Romans carried the day; and then presently jafter they took
the town, and gained several other neiglibouring towns and caatlei.
And now the war was brought over amongst the cities of Apvlia;
whereupon the Samnites listed all that were of age to bear armSy x
marched out, and encamped close to the enemy, being now i
to win or lose all. The people of Rome therefore, to prevent the
worst, sent thither a great number of soldiers; and, becauae thej
were accustomed in perilous times to choose one of the most noUe
and eminent persons to be their general, with full and absolute power
and authority, they therefore pitched upon Quintus Fabios and Qoin-
tus AuHus, master of the horse, for that honourable employment.
These generals afterwards fought the Samnites at Lantnlus, where
they sustained great loss of their men, and the whole army fled oat-
right, only Aulus (being ashamed of the dishonour) oppioaed tlie
whole body of the enemy, not out of any hopes or expectation of
gaining the victory, but to have it manifest and apparent to ally from
his own valour, that his country was unconquerable. Not sharing
therefore with the rest of the citizens in the dishonour of the flight,
he diedifS&re a glorious and honourable death.
The Romans now, fearing lest they should lose all Apalia, sent
colonies into Luceria*, the most famous city of all those parts; and
this proved of great advantage to them, by the (reqnent eraptions
made upon the Samnites : for, by the help and advantage of this city,
they became conquerors not only in this war, but several tiroes aikcr-
wards; and even to our present age they have constantly made use
of this city as a strong fort and citadel of war against all the neigh*
l)ouring nations.
* Lucerii> now Nocenu
C%». F7. DIODORUS SICULUS. 381
\ ' ' ' ■ , , ■
CHAP. VI.
Several eities revolt; Lysimachus comes against them. Pkilqf,
Cassander*s general, routs the Epirots and Italians. CassaU"
der agrees with uintigonus. Antigontis gains the cities in Cariiu
Cassander's acts in Greece* The Samnites routed by the Ro^
mans. Polemon sent by Antigonus into Greece to set the cities
at liberty. The acts of Antigonus and Cassander. Folemon^s
ads in Greece for Antigonus. Ptolemy goes against Cyrene
and Cyprus; and then against Demetrius. The battle tvith De*
metrius at Gaza. Ptolemy takes Tyre. The acts of Antigo*
nus's commanders in Greece. The Epirots make Alcetas king^
who is beaten by Lyciscusj Cassander^s general; and is beaten
again by the other. Cassander goes against the ApoUoniateSm
Sdeucus recovers Babylon with a small army. Demetrius routs
CiUes, Ptolemy^s general. Ptolemy returns to Egypt, after
wasting Samaria, Gaza, Joppa, S^c. Athen€eus sent against
the Nabathasans by Antigontis. The customs of the Arabians.
Description of the Asphaltites, or Lake of Sodom. Demetrius
sent against Seleucus in Babylon. The Wars between the Ro^
mans and Samnites in Italy. The conduct of Agathocles in Si"
city.
THE affiiirs of this year being brought to this conclusion^ Theo->
phrastus became chief magistrate of Athens^ and Marcus Petilius and
Caius Sulpitius were invested with the consular dignity at Rome...
The Callantinians^ the inhabitants of those parts on the left of the
Pontus^ cast out the garrison put upon them by Lysimachus, and re-
covered their liberty. In the same manner the Istrians freed their
city, and confederated with the neighbouring inhabitants to join to-
gether in a war against their prince. The Thracians and Scythians
likewise joined with their neighbours ; so that all the forces together
were of that strength, that they were able to cope with the most po-
tent army.
Lysimachus hearing what was done, marched with his army against
the rebels, and passing through Thrace, when he had got over mount
Haemus, encamped near Odcssus, which, upon blocking it up, the
inhabitants in a great consternation delivered up to him. Reducing
likewise the Istrians in the jame manner, he marched thence against
theCallantinians ; about which time the Thracians and Scythians came
in with a great army to the assistance of their confederates. Upon
382 DIODORUS SICULUS. B90k XIX
which Lysimachus advancing, faced themj and forthwith lifting np
his ensigns for battle, the Thracians were so terrified, that they march-
ed off and went their way. But he engaged the Scythians and rooted
them, killing a great number, and driving the rest out of the coun-
try* Then he laid close siege to the city of the Callantinians, settiuf
all bis wits at work, and making it his principal and only bnsineiB
how he might be revenged on the authors of the defection. While
he was engaged in this project, news was brought him that Ant^o-
nus had sent two armies to the assistance of the Callaotiniaoa, one
by land and another by sea; and that Lycon the admiral was frith
the fleet in Pontus, and that Pausanias was encamped with a great
land army at Hieron. At this news Lysimachus was much concern-
ed, and thereupon, leaving a considerable body of troops to main-
tain the siege, he speedily marched off with the main strength of bis
army to engage the enemy ; and being ready to repass mount Haonas,
he found Seuthes king of Thrace, who had revolted to Antifgoniis^
obstructing his passage with a great body of men : upon which he
engaged, and forced his way through the barbarians, with the lots of
a great number of his own men, but many more of the enemy.
Tlicn he fell upon the Pausanians, finding them in the struts,
whither they had fled. These he gained by force; and having killed
Pausanias, he discharged some of the soldiers upon ransoms <um1 o»
thers, who took up arms with him, he distributed amongst his own
troops. And thus stood the affairs of Lysimachus. But wlien this
enterprise failed, Antigonus sent Telesphorus into Peloponnesus
with a fleet of fifty sail, and a considerable number of soldiers, with
orders to set free all the cities, that they might live according to their
own ancient laws. This he did, hoping by this means to gain credit
amongst the Grecians, as one that really Intended the procurement
and preservation of their liberties and by this plan he concluded bo
should find out how matters stood with Cassander.
Telesphorus therefore, as soon as he arrived in Peloponnesus^went
to Alexander's garrisons, and set them all free, except Sicyon and
Corinth. For in these Poiyperchon had placed great numbers Of
soldiers, trusting to them and the strength of the places.
In the mean time Philip, being sent by Cassander as general to
moke war upon the i£tolians, as soon as he came with his army into
Acaruania, the first thing he did was to harass and spoil ^tolia : bat
not long after, hearing tliat i£acidas king of Epirus (who was re-
stored to his kingdom) had raised a strong army, he made against
him with all speed; for he endeavoured all he could to fight him be«
fore the /Ktolians had joined him. And finding the &pirots ready
prepared to fight, he forthwith engagc(], and killed niultitudea of
CAeq). VI. moDORUs sicuLui. 383
theni) and took many prisoners; amongst whom it happened that
there were about fifty of the faction who were the instruments of re^
storing Aacidas, whom he sent away bound to Cassander. After^*
wards, the broken troops of ^acidas rallying again, joined with the
/Btolians; and Philip set upon them and routed them a second time^
with the slaughter of many, amongst whom was iEacidas himself.
Having effected such great matters Ih so short a time, the iBtofi-*
ans were so terrified, tluit they forsook their unfortified cities, and
fled with their wives and children to the fastnesses of the mountains,
where it was very difficult to come at them* And this conclusion had
die afiairs of Greece at that time.
As for Asia, Cassander, though he was chief governor there, yet,
oveipressed with the weight of the war, agreed with Antigonua
upon these terms — Tliat he should deliver all the soldiers into the
hands of Antigonus, and should grant liberty to all the Greek cities
there, to govern according to their own laws; and that he should
keep the province he formerly possessed as by grant from him, and
should be ever after Antigonus's firm friend.
And for the true performance of these conditions, he delivered to
faini his brother Agathonas as hostage: but in a short time after he
repented of what lie had done, and got his brother out of the clutches
of those who had him in custody, and sent an ambassador to Ptolemy
and Seleucus, to desire them to send him aid with all speed: at
which Antigonus was highly incensed, and sent off forces both by
sea and land, with orders to set free all the cities, and created Medius
admiral of the fleet, and Docimus general of tlie land forces.
These commanders coming to Miletus, persuaded the inhabitants
to stand up for their liberties; and took the citadel with the garrisoa
therein, and restored the ancient laws to the cities.
In the mean time Antigonus took Tralles; and then lay before the
city of Caunus, and sending Ins fleet, took that likewise, except only
the castle; about which he cast a trench, and made continual assaults
upon it, in those parts where there was any hope of entry. He had
sent Ptolemy to the city of lasus, with a considerable army; but he
was glad to return again to Antigonus; and so all those cities in Ca-
ria came at that time into his hands.
Within a few days after, came ambassadors from the i^tolians
and Boeotians, with whom Antigonus entered into a league of con-
federacy; but, going to Cassander to the Hellespont to treat with him
for a peace, he returned without effecting any thing, for tliey could
not agree upon any terms. Whereupon Cassander, casting aside all
hopes of an accommodation, resolved again to pursue the settlement
of his affairs in Greece. To ibat end he went with a fleet of thirty
384 DIODORUS SICULUS. Mook XEL
sail, to the city of Oreum*, which he so fiercely assaulted, that he
took it by storm; presently upon this came in Telesphorus from
Peloponnesus, with twenty ships and a thousand soldiers, and Ue-
dius out of Asia, with a hundred sail, to the relief of Oreum, who^
spying Cassandcr's ships then at anchor in the harbour, burnt finr
of them, and disabled almost all the rest* But the Athenians (
ing in to their relief, Cassander, in scorn and contempt of the <
my, fell upon them afresh, and in the engagement sunk one, and look
three, together with all their men. And thus were affiiirs then m-
naged in Greece.
In Italy, the Samnitcs wasted and spoiled the towns and countij
round about that sided with their enemies : but the Roman con-
suls marched into those parts with an army, in order to sucooor
their confederates; and there encamping near Cinna, in the bee of
the enemy, they allayed the fears of the city. A few days after,
the armies'on both sides drew up in battalia, and fouglit a bloody
battle, wherein multitudes fell on both sides ; but at length the Ro-
mans, breaking through the main body of their enemies, totally
routed them, and pursued them a long way, and killed above tea
thousand.
In the mean time the Campanians, (not knowing of this battle),
in contempt of the Romans, rebelled : whereupon the people of Rone
forthwith sent out a strong army against (hem, under the command
of Caius Menius, as general, with absolute and unlimited power, with
whom was joined, according to the custom of the Romans, Marcus
FoUius, master of the horse. These consuls sitting down with their
army near Capua, the Campanians at first resolved to fight them; bot
afterwards, hearing of tlie rout and slaughter of the Samnites, and
thinking that the Romans would fall upon them with their whole
army, made peace with them : for they gave up tlic ringleaders of the
defection, who, after they were examined, prevented the sentence of
condemnation by murdering themselves. But the cities were par-
doned > and so returned to their former allegiance.
Tiie furnicr year being ended, Polcmus executed the place of the
chief magistrate at Athens, and Lucius Papirius the fifth, and Caius
Junius ihe second consulate at Rome, in which year was celebrated
tiu' hundred :iud seventeenth Olympiad, in which Parmenio of Mity-
h'lu' canicd away tiie prize. At this time Antigonus sent Polemon
iiu.» (jivccc, to sot at liberty all the Grecian cities, and with him a
hundicd and litty long ships, under the command of Medius, his ad-
mi lai, on board of which vessels were five thousand foot and five
Having made a^ league with the Rhodians, he re-
* In £ub<su, uow X r^roponL
Chap. tn[. DIODORU8 SICULUS, 3^5
1 ■■ lull. I ■ fill*. Ill' ■ • ■ ■ ■ II • ■ . .. I ,. _
ceived likewise ten ships of war more from them, to help forward the
restoring of the Greek cities to their liberties. About the same
time Ptolemy* arrived in the harbour of Boeotia (called the Deep)
with the whole fleet, and received from the Bceotians two thousand '
two hundred foot, and thirteen hundred horse. He ^vlX, likewise
for shipping from Oreum, and walled Salganeaf^ and there rendez-
voused his whole army ; for he was in good hopes that the Chaki-
dians would, con federate with him, who were the only Euboaans that
were garrisoned by the enemy. But Cassander was jealous of Chal-*
cis|, and therefore raised his siege before Oreum, and sent for his
forces thither.
Antigonus, being informed that the armies lay encamped one ovet
against another in Euboea, recalled Medina with the fleet into Asia^
and forthwith got his forces together, and with a swift march made
for the Hellespont, with a design to pass over into Macedonia^
that he might either seize upon it while Cassander was busy in £u-
boea, and the country void of sufficient defence; or that, by forcing
him to come in with aid for the defence of the kingdom, he might
thereby divert him from prosecuting the war in Greece, and ne-^
ccssitate him to endeavour for the preservation of his concerns nearer
at home.
But Cassander coming to understand what he designed, left Plis-
tarchus to guard Chalcis, and he himself marched away with the
whole army, and took Oropus by assault, and brought over the The-t
bans to be his confederates, and entered into a truce with the rest of
the Boeotians; and having so done, he left Eupolemus to defend
Greece, and returned into Macedonia with his head full of care con-
cerning the enemy's march into that country.
When Antigonus came to the Propontis, he solicited the ^yzan-
tines by his ambassadors to join with him as confederates; but it
proved that there were there at the same time agents from Lysi-*
machus, treating with them not to engage in any thing either against
him or Cassander. Whereupon the Byzantines resolved to remain
quiet at home, and stand upon equal terms of peace and amity with
both sides.
This unlucky accident giving a stop to Antigonus's further pro-^
gress in this afikir, together with the approach of the winter, he dis*
tributed his soldiers in the towns round about into their winter-
quarters.
In the mean time, the Corcyreans assisted the ApoUoniates and
them of Epidamnus, and, upon terms of agreement, sent away Cas-
* Antigpnas's generml. t Salganeoi in B«otia, otar Chalcis. % la Bceotia,
Vol. 2. No. 45. ppp
386 DIOnORUS 8ICULU8.
Sander's soldiers, and thereupon restored them of ApoUoBia to
antient liberties^ and EjHdamnus they delivered up to GIattdai»ldif
of the Illyrians.
But Ptolemy^ Antigonos's general, upon Caasander's vetum bM
Macedonia, and the constematton Chalds was in, had tlie city da«
livered up to him, and so freed the Chaleidiaos from reochring any
further garrison, to the end that every one might taka notice that
Antigonus was sincere, and did really design to restore all thcGfcdi
cities to their liberties; for it was a city of very great moment and
concern to sncb as were ambitious of gaiatng the sevcreignCy of
Greece, and valued a place of strength for that purpose.
Polemon likewise took Orop«s, and delivered it iq> to the Boeo-
tians, and made all Cassander's soldiers prisoners of warf and^ sAcr
he had brought in the Eretrians and Qirystiaas to join as coofBde*
rates, he led his army into Attica, Demetrius Pbalerius being thca
chief magbtrate of the city: for those Athenians that desired to be
restored to their antient hiws bad not long before sent privately 10
Antigonus, to treat with ban i^xin that accowst; and bow* bei^g
more resolved and encouraged upon Pti^eafiy's drawing near to die
city, they forced Demetrius to make a truice, and send an agent to
Antigonus, in order to treat of a league with himr
Out of Attica, Ptolemy marched into Beeotia, andt toofc the cita-
del Cadmea, and freed the Thebans from that garrison. Thence be
went forward into Phocis, and, reducing several cities there, he cast
ont tlie garrisons of Cassander in every place wherever he came.
Then he invaded Locris; and, because the Opuntians joined with
Cassander, he besieged ttiem, and pressed upon the place witli con-
tinual assaults.
About the same time, the Cyrenians revolted from Ptc»lemy, king
of Egypt, and besieged the castle there so fiercely, as if they would
presently Ivave taken it; and when aocssengers came from Alexandria,
persuading them to desbt, tiicy struck off their beads, and fell to
work against the castle more fiercely than before. Ptolemy being
exceedingly moved liereat, sent one Agb, a captain of his, thither with
an army, and withal a navy to assist him by sea, under the command
of Epenetus. Agis vigorously pursuing the war against these rebeb,
took Cyrene by storm, and committed the authors of this sedition to
prison, and then sent them bound to Alexandria, and disarnaed the
rest: and so, having set things in order there, (as be saw cause), re*
turned into Egypt.
Ptolemy having had thi» good success at Cyrene, took shipping,
and with his fleet passed over out of Egypt into Cjrprus, against those
who rebelled against their kings; and^ having seised Pjrgaalion,
eSkip. PI. ntOBORUS «ICULU9. 3^7
(whom be feitiMl coiteiponding with Anfigofius), he put him to death.
rhen he todi PMjdppus, king of the Lupithtt*, and-^prlnee ofCe-
ryneafy who wto suspected of a revolt, and laid them fiist: he toolc
likewise Stasiecus, a petty king of the Malieanst, and, destroying
their city, removed the inhabitants from thence to Paphos; wliich
iooe, he made Nieocreon commander over all Cyprns^^and gave him
tiie cities, together with the revenues of all the kings whom he had
east out of their dominions, and then went with his army into ths
Upper Syria, and saked the cities Posideum and Potamos, of the
CariaQi« That done, he went with a flying army intO'Cilicia, apd
ODok Mallos, and spld ail the inhabitants for slaves, and wasted all
the region thereabout; and, having stored all his army with rkh
phuider, sailed back again to Cyprus. He so shared with his soldiers
in all hazards and dangers, that he stirred them up, by his example,
cheerfully and readily to undergo all manner of difficulties.
Meanwhile Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, kept in Coelosyria^
expecting the coming of the Egyptians; but when he heard of the
faking of so many cities, he left Python to command in those parts^
leaving his corsleteers and elephants with him, and he, with hb horse
aad companies of light-armed soldiers, hastened away with all speed
to Cilicia, to aid them that were in distress there; but coming too
late, and finding the enemies all gone, he returned speedily to his
camp again, spoiling many of his horse by the way; for in six days
time he made away from Mallos, four^^and-twenty days journey, by
their ordinary stages; so that, through their immoderate speed ia
f ravelling, none of their servants or horse-boys were able to keep them
company.
Ptolemy therefore, seeing all go every where as he would have tt,
for the present returned into Egypt. But not long after, being pre-
vailed u|>on by Seleueus, (for the hatred that he bore to Antigonus),
he resolved to march into Coelosyria, and there to try it out withDe*
metrius: wherefore, gathering all his army tog^her, he marched
from Alexandria to Pelusium, having with him eighteen thousand
foot, and four thousand horse, whereof some were Macedonians, and
some hired soldiers : as for the Egyptians, some served to carry their
darts and weapons, and other luggage of the army, and some for sol-
diers ; and| having passed the desert from Pelusium, he encamped
near the old city of Graza, in Syria, not far from the enemy«
Demetrius, on the other side, called all his army out of theif
winter-quarters, and appointed them to rendezvous at Graza, there to
attend the enemy's approach. His friends indeed advised him not
to fight with so great a general, who had the advantage of a far mora
* In Thessaly, t In Arcidiii. \ Maliciiusji in Tb^ualj.
388 BIODORU8 sictJLUS* Book XIX.
numerous army; but he rejected their counsel^ and confideatly pre-
jnured himself for battle, though he was then but a mere boy^and was
to undertake so hazardous an engagement without his father. Gdl«
ing now, therefore, the soldiers as they stood at their arms^ he
mounted an ascent raised by earth, and there stood as if he were b
amaze and astonishment: upon which, all the soldiers cried out with
one voice ^' Be courageous;" and presently there was a deep si-
lence before the herald could command it: for, because that he had
but newly taken upon him the sovereign command, none took any
offence at his deportment, in relation either to civil or militaiy af-
fairs, which is frequently the lot of old captains, who have many
times all their faults exposed at one time : — For the common people
are not long pleased with the same things; and whatever grows stale
in the use, has a pleasant gust in the change and alteratioo. And
besides, the expectation of his coming to the kingdom (his filths be-
ing now old) conjoined in his succession both the supreme command
and the good will of the people together. Moreover, he was a very
proper and comely person, and, being clad in royal armour, appeared
in that majesty as possessed the beholders with awe and reverence^
and raised up the spirits of the army with high expectations of great
things to come. He was likewise of a mild disposition, becoming a
new prince and general, by which he won the love of all^ insomuch
that even those who were not as vet reduced into regular regiments
flocked to hvn: ;o receive his commands, being much concerned npon
account of his youth, and the hazardous battle that was presently to
be fought: for lie was not only to try the fortune of war against a
greater nuir;biT of men, hut against the most eminent and expat
commanders ol* the age, Y^ioiemy and Seleucus,whohad been captains
under A'^^andcr in all his wars, and had been often generals of their
own armies, never conquered to that day.
Demetrius therefore, after he had with winning and obliging ex-
pressions courted the soldiers, and promised rewards suitable to eveiy
man*s mt ilt: drew up the army in battalia. In the left wing (where
he hiuKscii intended to be) he placed first two hundred choice bone,
amongst whoiii, with other of the nobility, was Python, who liad
served under Alexander, and had been made general of all the forces
by Antigunus, and fellow-partner with him in all liis concerns. In
the fror.. ..e placed three regiments of horse, and as many flankers to
support them : at a distance out from the wing were three other re-
giments of Tarentines, to the end that five hundred horsemen with
iances, and a hundred Tarentines, might be ready at hand as the
king's iitc-giK\rd. Next lie placed eight hundred horse, which were
t'alkd Associates; and after thenj filtcen hundred out of several na-
Chap. VL DI0D0RU8 sicuius. 389
tioDs; and before the whole wing stood as a guard thirty elephants^
lined with light-anned men^ of whom a thousand were darters add
archers, and five hundred Persian slingers. And in this manner was
the left wing drawn up, with which he intended to make the onset:
then was ranged the main body^ consisting of eleven. thousand foot,
of whom two thousand were Macedonians, and a thousand Lycians and
Pkmphylians, and eight thousand hired soldiers.
In the right wing he drew up the rest of the horse, to the number
of fifteen hundred, under the command of Andronicus, who had or-
ders to keep in an oblique line^ and make a running fight of it, still
observing how it went with Demetrius. The rest of the elephants^
to the number of thirteen^ he placed before the main body of the foot,
lining them with as many light-armed men as were sufficient. And
in this manner Demetrius drew up his army.
As for Ptolemy and Seleucus, at the first they made it their busi*
aess to place their greatest strength in their left wing, not knowing
what the enemy designed : but being afterwards informed by their
scouts what was done, they forthwith so drew up, as that the greatest
strength being in their right wing, they might be the better able to
engage with Demetrius in the left; and therefore in that wing were
drawn up three thousand of the best horse, amongst whom they them-
selves intended to charge. Before these were placed those who bore
an artificial palisado before them, sharp-pointed with iron, and fas*^
tened together with chains, prepared against the shock of the ele-
phants; for this being drawn out in length, it was an easy matter by
this means to put a stop to their further career. In the front of this
wing were placed light-armed soldiers, who were commanded to ply
the elephants and their riders with darts and arrows as they came on.
The right wing being thus drawn up, and the rest of tlie army so dis-
posed as the present occasion at that time most required, they led
forth the army with a great shout towards the enemy; who, on the
other side, drawing down upon them, the fight was begun by the horse
in the fronts of both wings, where the Demetrians liad much the bet-
ter; but within a little time after, the Ptol cm ians and Seleucians
(having surrounded the wing) made a fierce charge with their whole
body, upon which (through the resolution of both parties) there fol-
lowed a very sliarp engagelnent. Upon the first onset they fought
with their lances, wlien many were killed, and as many wounded,
on both sides. Then they fell to it with their swords, and there,
thronging together, thrust one another through, and fell in heaps to-
gether.
The generals, exposing themselves to the utmost hazard, led on
th:ir nien^ and encouraged their troops to stick to it like valiant sol-
390 DIODORUS SICULUS. JSodJfe XIX
diers. The horse, which were placed to guard the wings, were all
brave and gallant men; and having their commaudersj who fought
together with them, eye-witnesses of their valour, strove to oatvit
each other. And now, when the fight between the horse b^d becA
a long time doubtful^ the elephants, forced on by the Indians, aiadc
so terrible an onset, that it appeared impossible for any force to have
stood against them. But when they came up to the pelisado, tha
darters and archers sorely galled both the beasts afid their ridersj and
being still forced on, and whipt by the Indians, some «rf then studs.
upon the sharp points of the palisado, with which, besides the bhiI*
titude of the darts and arrows that galled them, they were io sodi
pain and torment, that tl^y caused a horrible tumult and ronfusioni
for tliese creatures, in plain and level places, bear down all befim
them; but in those which are rough and craggy, they are of no
use or service, because of the tenderness of their feet. Ptolem
therefore, wisely foreseeing of what advantage this palisado would b^
by that means frustrated the rage and fury of the beasts. At leogtht
most of the Indians that rode them being, killed, all the elcphaali
were taken ; upon which the greatest part of Demetrius's hcwse i
in such a consternation, tliat they forthwith fled; and he himself i
left with a very few that attended him; but not being able, with all
the arguments he could make, to persuade his men to stand thai
ground, and not forsake him, he was forced likewise to retreat. A
great part of the horse that followed the other, retired in good order^
and kept themselves unbroken till they came to Gaza, so as Aat none
of the pursuers durst hastily fall upon them. For the field being a
large open plain, they had the more liberty to draw off in order and
retreat in a formed body. Some of the foot also, thinking it the best
course to forfake their colours and look to themselves, cast away their
arms, and followed the horse.
About sun-setting Demetrius passed by Gaza*; but some of the
horse left him and entered the city, for the purpose of bringing oat
some luggage. The gates therefore being open, and the streets ik
led with baggage horses, and all being engaged in leading and carry-
ing out their goods, there was such disorder and thronging at die
gates, that, upon the approach of Pkolemy*s troops, it was impossiWa
to shut them to prevent their entry; so that the enemy breaking ui»
the city thus fell into the bands of Ptolemy. And such was the is-
sue of this battle.
Demetrius, without stop or delay, about midnight arrived jt Aao-
tn^ t, having ridden about thirty miles from the place of battle {..^
** GuA, in Jud»tt, where Sftrapion carried awaj the gatet.
t A«dod, in Judxa, now a •wall nliagc called AUore.
S^p* ^- DtODC JS 8ICULU8. 89I
Dii^nce he sent ti t to b< tl bodies of the dead^ beiog very
ktiiDUS of perfoiuMug tu«^ last < re of right due to them that were
laia. Many of bis nobility were there killed; amongst whom, tfw
OKMt eminent were Python, joined 'm equal commiasion with him*'
idf^ and Beotus, who had long li?ed with Antigonus his father, and
f)u eter privy to all his designs, and partaker of all his councils*
rhere were slaia in this battle, on Demetrius's side, above five hi»-
Iced,* the greatest part of whom was horse, and the chief of Us oo*
iS^tjl and more than eight thousand were taken prisoners.
Ptolemy and Seleueus not only granted him the dead bocUes, hot
lent him back his own pavilion with all the furniture belonging to il»
md all tuch prisoners as were of his household, free and without
anaom; moreover letting him know, that they fought not with Anti«
{Onus for these things, but because he had not restored to the go*
nemors those provinces that were conquered by their joint arms ia
be Vfar first agsunst Perdiccas, and then against Eumenes; also be*
nuise, after that he bad renewed bis league of friendship with Seleu*
ms, he had. most unjustly, and against all right, deprived him of the
>fovinc€ of Babylon. Other prisoners Ptolemy sent into Egypt^
ifidi orders to distribute them amongst the several regiments in his
After Ptolemy had with great pomp and solemnity buried those
that were slain in the battle, he marched with his army against the
ntks of Phoenicia, besieging some and persuading others to yield«
Demetrius in the mean time (being no longer able to bold out) des«
palebed away a messenger with letters to his father, to pray him'ta
XMDe speedily to his assistance: and he himself going to Tripoli in*
Phoenicia, sent for the soldiers that were in Cilicia and elsewhere in
garrisons remote and far distant from the enemies' quarters to come
to huD« But Ptolemy, still keeping with his army in tbe open fields
marched unto the coasts of Sidon, and encamping near Tyre, sent
to Andronicus, governor of the garrison there, to surrender the city
!o himi making him large promises both of wealth and honour. But
lie not only answered — That he would never betray the trust which
Antigonus and Demetrius had put in him, but also used many revi^
ling speeches against Ptolemy : but a little while after he was sur
prised by a mutiny of his own soldiers, and fell into his hands; and
thereupon expected nothing hut death fur his refusal to deliver up tbe
city, and for his reviling language. But Ptolemy not only forgot
the injury but highly rewarded him, and took him into the number
of his friends, and honourably preferred him. For this prince was of
a most a&ble and gentle disposition, and very kind and geuvrous,
* Ftv« iboQMBd^ accurdini; to Piutsrck*
392 DIODORUS SICULDS. Bobk
x\bl
which much contributed to the increase of his power, and lb the m^
vancement of his lionour and reputation, and induced many npoo
that account to join with him, as his allies and confederates. Fork
honourably received Seleucus when he was cast out of Babylon^ and
made him and the rest of his friends partners with him in that plenty
and state of prosperity which he himself enjoyed : and therefbi^
when Seleucus desired some forces from him to go along with \Sm tD
Babylon, he very readily granted them, and besides promised Alt
lie would assist him in every thing to his power, till he had recover-
ed his former government. In this condition stood the afiairs of Aaii
at that time.
In Europe, Telesphorus, Antigonus's admiral, who then hy widi
. the fleet at Corinth, seeing how Ptolemy was preferred before hin^
and that all the concerns of Greece were entrusted to his banda^ae^
cused Antigonus upon this account, and delivered up to him those
ships be had with him. Then picking out so many of his soldieivas
were willing to join with him in his designs, he begkn to pat dm
in execution. And pretending to be in amity with Antigonus^ he
entered Elis, fortified the citadel, and enslaved the city. He Bk^
wise robbed the temple at Olympus, and took thence above fifty ta-
lents of silver, wherewith he raised and hired foreign soldiers. And
thus Telesphorus, out of envy to the advancement of Ptolemy^ he-
came a traitor to Antigonus.
But Ptolemy, Antigonus's general in Greece, as soon as he heaid
of the defection of Telesphorus, and that he had. seized upon the ci-
ty of the Elians, and robbed the temple at Olympus, marched mSk
an army into Peloponnesus: and coming to Elis, razed the chadd
to the ground, restored the Elians to their liberty, and the money la
the temple.
Afterwards, he so far wrought upon Telesphorus, that he regain-
ed Cylene, wherein Telesphorus had put a garrbon, and restored it ta
the Elians.
In the mean time, while these things were acting, the EphoCi^
iSEacidas their king being dead, delivered up the kingdom to Aleefa^
who had before been banished by his father Arybilus. This Alcetai
was an inveterate enemy to Cassander, and therefore l^ciscos^ C^
Sander's general in Acarnania, marched with an army into Epirtet
hoping be should easily depose him, the affairs of the kingdom beiof
then scarcely well settled.
Lyciscus for this purpose encamping at Cassopia, Alcetaa sent hit
sons Alexander and Teucrus, to all the cities, to raise as many soI«
diers as they possibly could; and he himself marched fcwward wtdi
what forces he had^and wlieu he came near the enemy made a hil^
waiting the approach of his sons.
CAap. n. DI0D0RU8 SICULU9. 3^'
But Lyciscusy who far exceeded him in namber, pressing upon him^ -
the Epirots in a great terror, ran over to the enemy: whereupon
Alcetas being thus forsaken, fled to Eurymenas, a city in Epirus—1 .
While be was closely besieged in this place, Alexander arrived with,
assistance to the relief of bis father; upon which followed a sharp
engagement, wherein many of Lyciscus's men were cut off, among
whom, besides other persons of great account^ were Micythus^ an ex-
pert captain, and Lysander the Athenian, Cassander's lord-lieutenant
in Leucadia.
Afterwards, Dinias arriving to the assistance of those thus worst*
ed, a secbnd engagement took place, in which Alexander and Teucrus
being routed, they, together with their father, fled to a strong castle
io that neighbourhood for shelter. Lyciscus presently took Eury-
qnenas, plundered it, and razed it to the ground.
Cassander at this time hearing of the defeat of his forces, but hav-
ing no intelligence of the success which followed, hastened away to
£pirus to succour Lyciscus. But when he came to understand how
well matters had succeeded with him, he made peace, and entered
into a league of friendship with Alcetas. Then with part of his ar-
my he went to Adria ^, in order to besiege the ApoUoniates t,who had
cast out his garrison, and joined with the Illyrians. But the inhabi-
tants were not at all alarmed, and having sent for help from their
confederates, they drew up in battalia before their walls : upon which
there ensued a sharp and long contested action; but the ApoUo-
niates, overpowering the others with numbers, put their enemies to
flight. Cassander therefore, having lost many of his men, being in
want of sufficient forces, and perceiving winter to draw on, returned
to Macedonia.
After his departure, the Leucadianst, assisted by the Corcyrians,
drove out the garrison of Cassander. As for the Epirots, they were
quite under the royal government of Alcetas for a time; but when
be grew more severe and tyrannical, they murdered both him and
his two sons, Hesioncas and Nisus, who were but then young chil-
dren.
In Asia, Sclcucus after the routing of Demetrius at Gaza in Syria,
(receiving from Ptolemy no mere than eight hundred foot, and two
hundred horse) marched towards Babylon with that confidence as to
believe, that though he had no forces at all with him, yet he should
be able to go up into tiie higher provinces with only his ownparticu*
* A cit\ and country upon the coast of the Adriatic sea.
t The inlmbitauU of Apollonia, a cily of Thracj.
I The peopie of Ltucas a peninsula near to the Ambracian gulf^ bordering on Epirus
cnllcd also Nrriti5.
Vol. 2. No. 4''» kke
394 DioDO&us fticuLUS. .BMft XtX
lar friends ^ud Bervants; bring verily persuaded^ tiMit the BdbylttD-
apa (for the former love and aflfection they bore Uat) iKiM ntod^f
come in and. side with him; abd that now he bid a fair oppoctad^
to accomplish bis design^ Antigobus being with Ua army at a gMt
distance from the place.
However, though he weAt on with such confidence of mtad^ ytt
his friends that were with Iiim, (seeing the incontiderabte nntaibar of
his soldiers, and on the other hand the great strength of bis <
against Wliom he was marching, and the abundance of
and number of the confederates wherewith they were aupplkd fend
furnished) were greatly discouraged: which Selevciia ohaenripg^ afek
dressed them to this efiTect-^It becomes not the captaina and fdhnr
soldiers of Alexander, in the expeditions of war^ to eonfide Miy bl
the strength of arms and confluence of wealth, but in their ]
art and prudence through which he accomplished gfeeat and ^
ful things^ by all for ever to be admired: but it is onr dtty ititber to
believe the gods who have assured us that this expedition ahaH hi
successful. For he told them That in consulting th^ oniclrtif Aa
Branchids^j some considerahle time before the god called hiili }aagi
and that Alexander stood by him in his sleep, and dearly <
to him the royal dignity to which in due time he should be \
and further declared .^That whatever was great and glorious i
men was always to be attained by hazards and toil. And
carrying himself fairly and amicably to all his soldiers be y
ed by every body, and all were willing to run with him the haaorf tf
this desperate enterprise.
On then he marched, and coming with them into MeaopoCaaiB
he ther^ dealt with such Macedonians as he found dwelling in Ckr>
Tffi, and come of them by persuasion, and some of them by phuB fefccj
he drew to go along with him in this expedition. Aa soon aa he en-
tered into Babylon, the inhabitants came in flocking to hiflft, and of-
fered him their service; for he had before carried himself in the
most obliging mapner to all, for the space of fbnr years tDgothar,
when lie was governor of the province, thereby to gain the good wfll
of the people, and to secure an interest for himself^ if at any titse ftf-
tcrwurds he should have an occasion to contend for tfie stfftHijgti
command. Polyarchus also came in to him, who bor* some Und of
office among them, with above a thousand men completely smicdi
But they who stood for Aiitigonus, when they perceived^he geneiil
and irresistible inclination of the multitude towards him, fled all to
the castle, which was commanded by Diphilus; and Seleocus fe|l
* 1 i.u tc;ii;Ie of Apullo Diilyniaiis in louiu, wber^ the pritfltti ud
called BnuichJda!.
Chap* FL DORUS sicuLUs. 39^^
prcaemly to besiege it^ and having taken it by force, delivered such
pf his children and friends as Antigonus (when Seleucos for fear fled
away from Babylon into Egypt) had there committed to prison.
This 401MS9 he began to raise soldiers in the country, and, having
hought horses, distributed them among such as were fit to ride them.
Aod withal, carrying himself with all fairness and affability towards
all sorts, made them all ready to run any hazard with him, and so in a
^hort time recovered all his government of Babylon. But afterwards,
liicaoor, whom Antigonus had made governor of Media, marched
against him with ten thousand foot, and seven thousand horse; and
Saleuous without delay went out to meet him, having with him in
all a little above three thousand foot and four hundred horse: and
paaaing the river Tigrb, when he heard that the enemy was not far
ofi^ he hid his men in the fens there near at hand, purposing to set
OB him unawares; who, when he came to the bank of the Tigris,
aad foond no enemy there, went and encamped near to a post-house
oC the king's, little thinking the enemy had been so near. But the
night fallowing (through a careless regard and contempt of the enc-
JBOji not keeping a due watch) Seleucus fell upon him, and raised a
great tumult in his army; for the Persians putting themselves for-
wardy Evager, their general, with several others of their commanders
ware slain. After which encounter, the greater part of Nicanor's
ariny, as well on account of the present danger they were in, as for
tha disgust they had to Antigonus's government, left him and came
ovar to the service of Seleucus* Whereupon Nicanor, fearing lest
at the next rencounter his soldiers should deliver him up to Seleu-
cos, absolutely stole away with some of his friends, and fled through
tha desert. Seleucus having by this means got a potent army about
him, and continued his fair carriage to all men as before, easily pro-
cured the provinces of Media and Susa, and other countries bordering
thereupon, to come under his subjection ; and sent Ptolemy word
how he had succeeded, having now got the full royal power and ma-
jesty into his hands.
Ptolemy continued still in Coelosyria after the gieat victory gain-
ed over Demetrius, whom he heard was returned out of Cilicia, and
lay encamped in the upper Syria; whereupon he sent one of his no-
bility about him, called Celles, (a Macedonian born) with a great ar-
my, commanding him either to drive him out of every part of Syria,
or tp coop him up and tread him to dirt where ho lay. While he
was upon his march, Demetrius understanding by his scouts that
Celles lay carelessly with bis army at Myus, leaving his carriatrcs be-
bind him, marched away with a company of light iufantry, who tra-
velled all night, and a Utile before day fell in upcn Cclles's camp,
SQS diodorus sicuLUS. Book XIX
took it without striking a blow, and Celles himself priaooer; by wUeh
victory (it was judged) that he was quit with them for the idnMr
loss he had sustained. Yet because he thought Ptolemy himself iv
coming after with all his army, he therefore pitched his camp h i
place where he had a bog on the one hand, and a lough on the otlNL
Demetrius wrote letters of this his good success to his fiither AntigSi
Dus wishing him either to send an army speedily, or to come himidf
in person into Syria. Antigoous was then at Celsenas in Phiypli
and having read the letter was wonderfully pleased with the nemi
both because the victory was obtained by his own son's conduct (win
was so young), and for that he had shewn himself to be a man wdi^
thy to wear a crown hereafter. Upon this news he himself with bb
army marched out of Phrygia, and having passed over mount Taorai
in a few days time he joined with Demetrius.
Ptolemy, hearing of the coming of Antigonus, called a council of
war to advise whether it were better to stay where he was, and theie
to try it out with him in Syria, or to return into Egypt and fight with
him from thence, as he had done before with Perdiccas? The result
of the council waSi..That he should not hazard himself by engaging
with an army far more numerous than his own, and where there were
such multitudes of elephants, and all under the command of a gene-
ral never yet conquered; and that it was much safer for him to figbl
in Egypt where he would be better supplied with provision than the
cneiDy could be, and had place!» ol' strength wherein he might confide,
Determining therefore to leave Syria, before he went he laid waste
and destroyed the principal cities he held there at that time in his
possession^ as Aolion in Syrophcenicia, Joppa, and Samaria; and Ga*
za in Syria, llicn taking along with jiim out of the country, whate-
ver he could drive or carry (loaded with wealth) he returned int(
r.gypt.
Antigonus, wlien he had reeoverc<l all Syria and Phoenicia withou
striking a blow, took a journey into the country of the Arabians, call-
ed the Nabathaeans''^ 3 for, thinking that they never much favourei
his proceedings, he appointed one of his nobHity, called Athenaeus
with four thousand four, and six hundred horse to fall in upon them
and to bring away what spoil lie could out of their country.
It is worth our pains here to relate the manners and customs o
these Ara})ians, for the information of those that are ignorant; by th*
use of which customs they have hitlierto secured theniselves and pre
served their liberty. Tliey live in the phiin and open fields, callinj
that desert their country, wherein are neither inhabitants, rivers, no
<:prings, ^vhelcbY any enemy's army can be relieved. It is a Uiw a
* Nubatli, of tb'> icdd of IsbuiavJ.
Chap, P'L DIODORU8 SICUL09. 397
mongst dien neither to sow, plant, build houses, nor drink any wine j
and he that is discovered to do any of these is sure to die for it*
And the reason of this law is, because they conceive that those who
are possessed of such things are easily (for fear of losing what they
have, or in hopes of gaining more) forced to comply with the will
and hnntour of those that are more powerful. Some of them breed
ikp camels, others employ themselves in feeding sheep, roving to and
fio in the wilderness for that purpose. There are no few, indeed, of
the Arabians, that though they give themselves to the pasturage of
cattle in the deserts, yet are far richer than the rest, but exceed not
ill number above ten thousand. For many oi them use to carry frank*
ineense, myrrh, and other rich perfumes down to the seaside, which
they traffic for, and receive from those who bring them from Arabia
the Happy. They highly priie and value their liberty, and when any
* strong armies invade them, they presently fly into the wilderness, as
to a strong fort and castle, for refuge; for no water being there to
be had, none can follow them tlirough these deserts: but as to
themselves, they have a sure and safe retreat by the help of earthen
pots and vessels hid in the ground prepared before hand. For the
toil is a fat clay, under which lies a soft stone, in which they dig
great caves very narrow at the entrance, but enlarging by degrees as
they increase in depth, till they come at length to that bigness as to
be a hundred feet square; these caves they fill up to the mouths
with these vessels filled with rain-water; then they lay all even with
Ae rest of the ground and leave certain marks where to find the
place, known to none but themselves. For the cattle (driven away
along with them) take so much water as may serve them for three
days, lest while they are in their flight in dry and parched places,^
they should ever be put to a stop by the continual watering of their
cattle.
Their food is flesh, milk, and roots. For drink, having Abundance
of wild honey, and a sort of pepper, they mix them together for that
purpose.
There are likewise other kinds of Arabians, some of whom em-
ploy themselves in husbandry, selling of corn, and other sorts of
provisions, and agree with the Syrians in all other things, except
dwelling in houses. And such were then the customs of these Ara-
bians.
Near at hand there was a public meeting of these Arabians*,
whither all l)ordering nations used to come, as to a common mart,
to sell ofif to them their commodities, and to buy from them the iVier-
cliandize of their country. To this mart the Nabathroans now went,
* The Nabathscam,
398 DIOtX)RUS SICULU9. JBpoA XiX
leaving their wealth and old meo^ with theif wiraa «ad cUMvcBj op-
90 the top of a rock. The place was very strongs but unvalM, ud
dbtant two daya journey from the country that was inhabited. Adifr*
aaBHS, watchiog hia opportunity, marched speedily to thia rockf nip
having marched out of the province of Edom the apace of two thm
aand two hundred fiirloogs in three days and three iughta» kte al
midnight (the Arabians knowing nothing of hia coming) poiMMl
himself of the place : of the soldiers there founds some he p«t to ike
awordj and others he made prisoners, and such M were wounded^ lib
there left behind him ; and he carried away the greatest part of ^bA
myrrh and frankincense, with five hundred talents of aihrorf ood^
staying there not above three hours, for fear of the countiy'a oomi^f
io upon him, presently returned ^gain. A»A Qow be and faia eok
diers, having gone two hundred furlongs, could go no fcrthti ior
extreme weariness, and therefore rested there, keepii^ neither weftdi
uor ward, presuming that the country people could 9Qt rendi tUtlMV
in less than two or three days time. But the Arabicms, raof ivji|g io«>
telligence by some that saw the army, presently go| together^ left tho
fair, and returned to the rock, where, being mpr^ ftiUy iofonrnd kf
tiie wounded men of what was done^ they imm^diiitely piinufd tfco
Greeks with all possible speed; and, because Atbtnmis'e mco hcpl
00 watch, and, after their long journey, lay weary n»i fMl Mlont
some of the prisoners stole away from them ; from whom, whieo tb^
countrymen (whom they met) had learnt how the enemy'a ctmp hfg
they hastened to the place, and, coming upon theni ^t three of tho
clock in the morning, fell into their trenches, to the number of eUgbl
thousand of them, and cut the throats of some sleeping iq Afir ci^
bins, and others, who made resi$tanc<r, they slew. In aboft, tbiy
utterly destroyed all the foot, and only fifty of their hQfPf got vmjn
and those too, for the most part, wounded. And thus AtheMm^
though he began well, yet, through his own imprudepce, leac ill ia
the dose. And therefore some, not without cause, ere of o^oiPif
that it is easier to improve misfortunes to the best advantage, thu i^
act with prudence under extraordinary successes : for the firitythrovgh
fear of what further mischief may follow, puts a man oa to « nmo
exact and careful management of his concerns; but, by pfoeperova
adventures, men are many times flattered into grps« negligence aoi
security.
The NabathsBans, having thus revenged themselves of their ene-
mies, and recovered their goods again, returned to the rock; aodj bf
a letter of theirs, written to Antigonus in Syriac charaeteiv> com-
plained of Athenseus, and the wrong he had dune them, and CJtcOffd
themselves. To whom Antigonus wrote back again, cttnniii{gly telling
Clid^* Vt. DIODORUS 8ICULU8. 3^9
vaHBopEOMBa — Baggggg i ^ i i i ' ^sssssss^
theim thAt Atfa ^ well eMttgh served by them, blaming him
for Ithtt he tutd dotic, and assuring them that be had given him nd
iueh orders. This he did to cover what he wias really designing a«-
gamst them, and to make them the less cautious, that thereby bo
l»ight vridi more ease ^fiectnally accomplish what he was now. coip-
triving: for, without some stratagem, it was no easy matter to over-
'Oome men that wander|;d np and down continually here and there^
aad had the wilderness for an inaccessible shelter and refuge at the
last extremity. \
The Arabians, upon the receipt of the letter, rejoiced that they
Memed at present to be freed from their great fearsy but yet they did
mH wholly rely upon his letter; but, being between h<^ and fear^
placed spies upon watch-towers and other high places, whence they
a^gfat easily see afar off, when any enemy made an incursion into
Atabia; and they themselves put all thin^ in readiness, waiting for
the issue and event.
But Antigonus, having for a time carried himself as a friend to*
wards these barbarians, now judged that he had a fair opportunity to
iiH «pon them, having brought them, as it were, to his bait. To this
•nd, dierefore, he chose out of all his army four thousand light-armed
fbot, and the swiftest he could find, and added to them four thousand
iMMnK) desiring them to take with them as many day's victuals as
they could well carry, and such as needed no cooking; and, assigning
Dmietrias his son to command them, he sent them away about the
fint watch of the night, with this charge, that he should by all means
kc revenged on them. He therefore travelled three days joomcy
tfaiongh the desert, hastening to fall upon, them at unawares. Bat
tkrir scouts, perceiving the first approach of the enemy towards their
borders, immediately gave notice of their comii^ to the countiy :
whereupon they presently betook themselves to their rock, where
there was but one wAy up, and that made by art, and there laid alt
tli^r baggage, and left a sufficient guard to keep it; and the rest
went and drove away their cattle, some to one place, and some to
another, in the desert. Demetrius, when be came to the rock, and
saw all the cattle driven away, presently began to besiege it; but
Ihey that were within manfully defending it, by the advantage xA the
place, had all tlie day long tlie better of it, so that Demetrius was
forced at last to draw off. The next day, when he appioacbed again
with his forces Xo the rock, one of the barbarians cri»l out..^^^ What
wonldest thou have, O king, Demetrius ? or what has provdced thee
to make war upon us, who inhabit the wilderness, and in pbces where
there is neither water, corn, nor wine, nor any thing else whidh you
want? But as for us, who can upon no terms endure to be skves.
400 DIODORUS SICULUS. Book XIX,
we betake ourselves to a country destitute of all things that ate of
absolute necessity to all other men; and we choose to li^e a sotttaij
life altogether^ like the beasts of the field, without doing the least
harm to any of you. Therefore wc intreat you Demetrius, and your
father, that you injure not us, but that you would accept of some
I>resents, and march away with the army from us, and receive thi
Nabathseans into the number of your friends for the time to come.
Neither can you possibly stay here many days, (though you had ever
so great a mind to do it), for want of water, and all other necessa-
ries; neither can yuu ever force us to change our course of life^
though perhaps you may take some poor dispirited prisoners, who wiD
never endure to be brought under the power of other laws and ndci
of living."
After this was said, Demetrius drew off his army, and wished then
to send ambassadors to him to treat of these matters. Hereupon the
Arabians sent their oldest men, wlio (using the same arguments with
those before related) persuaded Demetrius to accept of such gifts as
were of greatest esteem and value among them, and so put an end to
the war. Upon hostages therefore given him, and such gifts as were
agreed upon between them, he drew off from the rock, and so^ re*
moving with his army three hundred furlongs off, he encamped \
to the Lake Asphaltites*, the nature of which it is not fit to pass i
witliout giving some account of it.
It lies in the midst of the province of Edom, and stretches fbrtb
in length five hundred furlongs; but in breadth it is but threescoie*
The water is very bitter and stinking, so that neither fish, nor WBPf
other thing used to the water, can live in it; and, though many fe-'
markahle rivers of very sweet water empty themselves into it, yet k
remains as corrupt and unsavory, both as to taste and smell, as ever
it did before. Every year there rises out of the middfe of it great
nassy pieces of bitumen and pitch, sometimes bigger than three
plethrasf, and sometimes a little less than one. And upon that ac-
count the barbarous inhabitants call the larger pieces bulls, and the
lesser calves. Tliese pieces of pitch and brimstone, floating upon
the water, appear at a distance like so many islands. There are evi*
dent signs that forego and give notice of the casting up of this bita-
minous matter, at least twenty days before: for a horrid smell of
brimstone and pitch infects the air round about the lake at many fiir-
longs distance, and all metals, whether of gold, silver, or copper^
near the place, change their natural colour, which presently retnros
again as soon as the brimstone is exhaled. The places borderinf
• Aiiphnltites or ih« Deed Sea. The Lnke ofStidcim
t Kv#»rv pIrUira \% cni hiindrrd frrt.
9. FI. DIODORUS SICULUS. 401
it are so burning hot, (by reason of the sulphur and brimstone
r ground)^ and cast forth such a horrible stench, that the in-
ants are very unhealthy and short-lived : yet the country there-
tSj being watered with many pleasant rivers and refreshing
igs, bears abundance of palm-trees; and in a certain vale near
is place grows what they call Balm^j from which they raise a
; revenue, inasmuch as this plant grows in no other part of the
1 besides, and is of great use amongst physicians, for the healing
:uring of wounds, and other distempers. The inhabitants oa
sides of this lake are so earnest to carry away this brimstone,
they fight one with another; and they bring it off in a strange
ler, without shipping: for they cast in huge bundles of bul-
ss fastened close together, upon which three or more of them
t themselves, two of whom ply the oars that are fastened to the
ishes,and the third carries a bow and arrows to defend themselves
i8t such as attempt to make up to them from the opposite shorc^
> offer them any violence. As soon as they come to the brim-
s' they get upon it, and hew it in pieces with axes, as pieces of
t out of a soft rock ; and so, loading the bulrush boat, they row
. If any fall into the water, through the deficiency of the boat,
sver sinks, as in other waters, though he knows not how to swim,
jes upon the water a$ if he were the best swimmer in the world .-
his lake naturally bears up any thing that has either a vegetative
I animal life; and even such things as arc solid, and seem to be
out pores, as silver, gold, lead, or the like, are also much longer
slower in sinking than when they are cast into other waters.
this profit and advantage the barbarians reap from it: thej
tport this pitch into Egypt, and there sell it, for the use of em-
ling the dead; for, if they do not mix this with other aromatic
», the bodies cannot be preserved long from putrefaction.
Qtigonus, at the return of Demetrius, having heard the relidoa
is voyage, blamed him for making peace with the Nabatbaans,
)g that those barbarous people, having so escaped, would there-
) grow more insolei>t than before, concluding that they were not
ured out of love or compassion of the conqueror, but in despair
le conquest; but he commended him for discovering the Lake
baltites, seeing that from thence he might raise some yearly re-
le to himself, and made Hieronymus Cardianus, the historiao, his
surer for that revenue, and commanded him to build ships,'and
er together all the bitumen, or liquid brimstone, tliat could be
out of that lake: but Antigonus in the event was frustrated of
lopes; for the Arabians, coming together to the number of six
• The Balm Qf Gilead.
OL. 2. No. 45. FFF
402 DIOnORUS SICULUS. Book XIX.
thousand men, fell upon them as they were in their ships, gather-
ing this brimstone, and shot them ahnost all to death with their ar-*
rows; whereby Antigonus lost all hopes of making any standing
revenue that way, and forbore all further prosecution of that design,
both upon account of the miscarriage already experienced, and like-
wise because that he had matters of greater weight and concern then
in his head.
For about that time a courier came, and brought letters to bun
from Nicanor, governor of Media, and others, that Seleucus was re-
turned, and prospered in those parts : whereupon Antigonus> bcin^
much concerned for the upper provinces, sent his son Denietriii%
with five thousand Macedonian foot, and ten thousand mercenaries,
and four thousand horse, with charge that he should marcU to the
very walls of Babylon, and, having recovered that province^ should
from thence march down to the sea. Demetrius hereupon departed
from Damascus in Syria, and went vigorously on to fulfil his father's
command. But Patrocles, whom Seleucus had made president of
Babylon, as soon as he heard that Demetrius was marching into
Mesopotamia, not daring to stay his coming, (because he had but a
small power about him), commanded the rest to leave the city, and
that, passing the Euphrates, they should fly some into the desert,
others over tlie Tigris into the province of Susa, and to the Persian**
Sea; and he himself, with a company which he had about him, trust-
ing in the bars of the rivers and dykes of the country thereaboutSi
instead of so many fortresses and bulwarks for his defence^ kept him-
self still within the bounds of his own government, and studied liow
to entrap his enemy, sending ever and anon tidings to Seleucus ia
Media how things went with him, and desiring aid to be si>eedily sent
to him.
Demetrius, when he came to Babylon, and found the city itself
void of inhabitants, begun presently to besiege the forts and castles
that were therein; and, having taken one of them, gave the spoil
thereof to his soldiers: but, having besieged the other for some days
together, he departed in haste, leaving Archelaus, one of his trusty
friends, to maintain the siege, with five thousand foot and a thousand
horse; and he himself, seeing the time run out which his father had
appointed iiim to finish his work in, returned with the rest of the army
into the Lesser Asia,
While those things were acting, the wars between the Romans and
the Samnitcs continued still in Italy, wherein there were daily excur-
sions into one another's territories, besieging of cities, and encamping*
of armies, on both sides : for the contest between the most Warlilte
* Tlic Red Sea in (he Greeki but mittook.
Chap.n. DIODORUS SICULUS. 403
**™' ■ T"^'*^**y?**^T— — . ■ . ■ ^ ■■■■■" r ■" ■ ,-
nations of Italy was, wliich should gain the empire and sovereign
command of the whole^ upon which account Qiany great battles were
fought. ' •
At length the consuls of Home, with a part of their forces, en-
camped in the face of the ^nemy, watching for a fit opportunity to
fall upon them, by which means they preserved their confederate,
cities from annoyance and disturbance by the enemy. With the
rest of the army Quint us Fabius the dictator took Fretomanum, anc|
carried away tlie persons of greatest quality that were enemies to the
Romans^ to the number of upwards of two hundred, and brought them
to Rome, and exposed them as a public spectacle in the forum; and
whrn he had scourged them, according to the Roman custom, he cut
off their iaads. He made likewise an inroad into the enemy's terri-
tories, and took Celia, and the citadel of Nota*, with abundance of
6poil, and divided a great part of the country by lot amongst the
^olditTs. The Romans hereupon, encouraged with these successes;^
wliich happened according to their hearts desire, sent a colony into
tbe island called Pontiaf.
As for Sicily, after that Agathocles had made peace with the Sici-
lians, except the M essanians, the refugees of Syracuse all flocked to
Messana, because they perceived that to be the only city which stood
out against him. Agathocles therefore with all speed made it his
business to break their confederacy, and to that end sent awayPasi-
philus, his general, with an army toMes$ana,with private instructions
to do what he thought fit, and most agreeably to the circumstances
of'aflkirs as he should find theip; hereupon he entered the country
on a sudden, and, after he had taken many prisoners, and got much
spoil, he solicited the Messanians to peace and an^ity, and that they
would not suifer themselves so to be led aside as to join with the im-^
placable enemies of Agathocles.
Upon which the Messanians, hoping to extricate themselves out of
the war without fighting, cast out all the Syracusan fugitives, and re-
ceived Agathocles with his army into the city; who at the first carried
himself very courteously and obligingly towards all, and courted them
to admit those exiles that were in his army (and had been by them, ac-
cording to law, formerly banished) into the freedom and liberties of
the city.
But afterwards he sent for such out of Taurominium and Messana
as formerly had opposed his government, and put them all to death,
to the number of six hundred; for, intending to make war vipop the
• A city in Campania, in Italy,
f ronti2[> IiisuKt, in the Tuscan Sea. — 9\'n\. lib. 3, c. 6, Forcia^ ^ Uland in tiit
spnjc «a, commonly called Porcv*.
404 DIODORUS SICULU8. Sook XIX.
Carthaginians, lie resolved to rid himself of every thing that looked
like an enemy in Sicily. The Messanians therefore^ seeing thdr
chief citizens cut off that opposed the tyrant, and that they them-
selves had driven those, strangers out of the city that wished them
so well, and who would have been their main strength against him,
and had been compelled to receive those who had formerly been con-
demned for their notorious crimes, much repented themselves of
what they had done; but, out of fear of the power of the conqueror,
they were forced to stoop.
Thence he moved in the first place towards AgrigentonHy design-
ing to make a prey also of this city; but because the Carthaginiant
were there lately arrived with a fleet of sixty sail, he desisted and
left off that project, but wasted and harassed the territories of the
Carthaginians, and took some of their forts and castles by stormy and
gained others by capitulation. ^
Among these turmoils Dinocrates, captain of the Syiacusan cs-
lies, sent to desire aid of the Carthaginians before Agathocles had
brought all Sicily under his sovereign command; he himself recdr-
ed all those exiles wiiich the Messanians had banished the city, and
having now a very great army, sent Nymphodorus, one of his prin-
cipal friends, with part of the army to the city of the Centnripians;
for this place being a garrison of Agathocles, some of the citizens
had undertaken to betray it, upon condition they should be sufiercd
to gi>vern according to their own laws. Upon this encooragementi
therefore, breaking into the city in the night, the chief commanden
of the garrison presently took the alarm, and killed both Njrmphodo-
Tus and all the rest that had entered within the walls* Agathocles
made use of this as an occasion and ground to accuse the Cenli^jpi-
ans of contrivances against his government, and cut the throats of
all those whom he supposed to be the ringleaders of the defection.
While he was thus employed the Carthaginians entered the port
at Syracuse with a fleet of fifty sail, but all that they did there wis
the sinking of two transport ships (one of which belonged to the A-
thenians) and cutting off the hands of all those that were on board:
which was looked u|X)n as a piece of extreme cmelty towards thoie
who never oflered them the least injury; and God made this |irasent-
ly to appear: for soon after some ships that were forced from the
rest of the fleet about Brutia fell into the hands of AgathocleSj where
those Carthaginians that were taken received the same ponishoicttl
as they had inflicted on their prisoners.
Rut Dinocrates, commander of the exiles, baring with him abote
three thousand foot and two thousand horse, seized upon Gabu, («
it is called), invited thither by the inhabitants^ and dttt oat i
Gfop. VU. DIODORUS 8ICULU8. 40S
that sided with Agatbocles, aod then encamped before the walk of
the city.
Agathocles presently sent against him PasiphHus and Demopldltti,
xvith five thousand roen^ who fought with the refugees; whose cap«
tains were Denocrates and Philonides^ who commanded separately
in the two wings. The battle was doubtful for a long time^ while
both armies exerted themselves to the utmost. But Philonidea be*
ing slain^ that wing fied^ and Dinocrates was thereupon forced like-
wise to give ground, and Pasiphilus killed many of them in the pur-
soity and recovered Galata, and py t the authors of the defection to
death.
Agathocles receiving intelligence of what was done, resolved, to
fall upon the Carthagioians with his whole army, who had then pos-
sessed themselves of the hill atGela, called E^nomos*. To that
end, without any further delay he made up to them, and as soon as
ha capie near, offered them battle, being pu£fed up with the success
of his late victory. But the barbarians durst not engage, and there*
upon, supposing he was absolute master of the field without fighting,
ha returned to Syracuse, and adorned the chiefest temples there with
the spoils. And these were the actions of this year as far forth as
is needful for us to give an account.
CHAP. VH.
Cassander^ Ptolemy ^ and Lysimachus, make peace mthAntigcnui,
Casscmder murders Boxana and her son. The governors take
the title of kings upon them. 2%e Carthaginians raise forces a*
gainst Agathocles. Four thousand Oelans mwrdered by jtga^
thocles. The battle between Agathocles and Amilcar the Car-^
thaginian, at Himera. Agathocles routed. Several cities revoU
from Agathocles*
WHEN Simonides was lord-chancellor of Athens^ and the Romans
had created Marcus Valerius and Publius Decius consuls^ Cassander,
Ptolemy, and Lysimachus made peace with Antigonus^ the form of
which was put into writing, and contained the terms following:.^
* That Ih wicked.
406 DIODORUS SICULU8. Book XIX
That Cassander should be the sovereign lord of all in Europe^ antfl
Alexander^ the son of Roxana, came to full age; that Lysimaclms
should have the chief command in Thrace; Ptolemy shoald enjoy
the sovereign power in Egypt^ and the bordering cities in Arabit
and Africa; that Antigonus should be lord of all Asia; and the
Greeks should govern according to their own laws. But these coo^
ditions they observed not long; but every one took one occasion or
another to encroacli upon more than he was justly entitled to.
Cassander seeing that Alexander, the son of Roxana^ now grew tip
towards man's estate, and hearing how it was the discourse of some
throughout all Macedonia, that it was now fit the young roan shonM
be freed from his prison, and assume the government of his father's
kingdom into his own hands ; out of fear of being supplanted com-
manded Glaucias^ the keeper, to murder both Roxana and the king^
and to hide their bodies when he had done, and by all means possr-
ble to conceal their deaths. Tins he effectually executed, and so bj
this means Cassander, Lysimachus, Ptolemy, and Antigonus him-
self, were freed from all grounds of fear upon the account of the
king. For now all the seed royal being extinct, and no /successor
remaining, every one of the captains who had possessed themselves
of provinces or cities took upon themselves the titles and .stiles of
Icings ; and every one claiiped the province, of which he was gover-
nor, as a conquered kingdom. And thus stood the afiairs in Europe^
Asia, Greece, and Macedonia.
In Italy, the Romans marched with a great body of horse and
foot against Pollitium, a city of the Alarucci ; where they removed
part of the citizens and made them a new colony, giving them Ite-
lamna (as it is called) to inhabit.
In Sicily, t!ie power of Agathocles increased every day, his forces
growing stronger and stronger. Whereupon the Carthaginians be-
ing informed that he had gained almost all the towns and cities
through the island, and that their captains and commanders thexe
were not able to cope with him, they resolved to pursue the war with
more vigour. To this end they forthwith provided a fleet of a huii-
dred and thirty sail of men of war, and made Amilcar (a person of
eminent quality) general, and delivered to him two thousand soldieis
raised out of the city, amongst whom many were men of note; ont
of Africa, ten thousand;' from Tyrrhenia a thousand mercenaries
and two hundred charioteers ; and a thousand slingers from the Ba-
leares*. They provided likewise a great treasure, all sorts of wea-
pons, store of corn, and all other things necessary for carrying on the
* Tliref islaDdf io the MeUiterranf an. modernlj called M^'orea« Miqorc^
CVUp. VIL bioDORCs stcuLus. 4e7
war, as they had occasiou to use. And now when tlie whcfc fleet
had hoisted sail and. were come to the open sea, od a sudden a vao^
lent storm arose, which sunk sixty of tlie gallies, and broke in pieces
two hundred of the ships laden with corn and provisions. The rest
of the fleet, after much hardship jat sea, with great difiicuky got ipio
Sicily. Many of the most eminent men of Carthage were last at this
time, which occasioned a public lamentation in that city. For wlie«
any misfortune happens to that place greater than oidinary, their
custom is to cover the walls with black cassocks or cloaks.
Amilcar the general, after he had landed, mustered tkose that
were saved from the storm; and, to supply those that were lost, ia-
listed foreign mercenari^, and raised others from among the confe-
derates throughout Sicily, whom he incorporated with the rest of the
forces that were there before; and, carefully providing every tUnff
that was necessary for the war, he kept the army in the fieU, fanviog
under his command about forty thousand foot, and nearly five tiioii*
sand horse. Therefore, havin^g in a short time recruited himself,
and being accounted a man of great reputation for honesty and inte-^
grity, he not only revived the courage of the confederates, but in no
small degree struck a terror into the hearts of his enemies.
On the other luind, Agathocles perceiving that he was greatly
overpowered by the Carthaginians in number of their forces, con-
cluded, that many of the forts and castles, and those cities and towns
that bore him a grudge, would revolt to the enemy ; he especially
suspected the city of Gela, because he understood that all the forces
of the enemy were encamped in theiri territories. And besktes, no
small detriment befei him at this time in his fleet, for about twenty
sail, which then happened to be at sea, with all their men, fell into
the hands of the Carthaginians. However, he conceived it fit to put
a garrison into the place for its security, but durst not bring any for-*
ces openly into the city, lest the inhabitants should prevent him,
who had not then at any time before any occasion ofiered them to re-
bel, and so by that means he might come to lose a town which had
been very useful and serviceable to him. Therefore, to prevent sus*
picion, he sent soldiers into the city by degrees, a few at a time, (as
if they had come there for other purposes), till he had got so many
into the town as far exceeded the citizens in number. And then a
while after he came thither himself, and charged the Gelans with
a traiterous design to revolt; however, whether this were true or not,
or that they were falsely accused by the exiles, or that his design was
to scrape and get together what money he could, he put to death a^-
bout four thousand of the Gelans, and confiscated ail their estates >»
and tiu-eateued with death all the rest who did not bring forth all
408 DtODORUS SICULU9. Jb^ ZEC
tlieir money, whether gold or silver, coined or ODcoiiied. Wtwrt^
iqiOQ all (out of fear of this thundering edict) forthwith obeyed Ub
commaad; whereby he heaped together a Tast treasure, and becnie
a terror to all his subjects. And though he was jiidged to act yf/A
too much cruelty and severity towards the Gelansj yet he ordcMd
them to be decently buried without the walls; and then leaving the
city with a strong garrison, encamped over against the enemy. Ttk
Carthaginians possessed the hill Ecnomos, where formerly stood tbk
castle of Phaleris^as b reported, where they say the tyrant. had AA
hnaen boll contrived to torment oflenders, by putting fire oiider i^
Aereby causing it to grow scorching hot.by degrees. And thctefHt4
by reason of this horrid cruelty executed upon poor.misemble (
titres, the hill was called Ecnomos*. Agathocles possessed {
of another castle of Phaleris over against them, which he calledPUk
lereus; between both armies lay a river, which was a dcfenee mnA
bulwark on both sides. There was an ancient prc^hecy that a gMt
battle should be fought, and multitudes of men destroyed about i
place; and it being uncertain on whicl/side the slaugfatari
mainly fill, out of a superstitious awe of the gods, the armies liWi
more backward and slow to engage; and therefore neither party^^ ftf
a long time, durst pass the river with their whole fbrees, till a add*
den and unexpected occasion forced them to fight. For the Afirioinif
making a sudden incursion upon the enemy, stirred lip Agathodea ta
do the same: For when the Greeks were driving away their catde^
and some carriage-horses and other beasts out of the camp, aoaba
sallied out from among the Carthaginians to pursue them. Bat A*
gathocles, perceiving what the enemy would do, had befbre kid «tf
ambuscade of stout and resolute 'men near the river, who, aa socw at
the Carthaginians liad passed the river, and were in porsuh of tbcM
that were driving away the cattle, rose out of the ambush, and felloHf
them as they were in disorder, and easily routed them and pot theoif
to flight. While the barbarians were thus hewed down, and flyh^
to their climp, Agathocles, looking upon it now as a fit time to oh
gage, led forth his army against the enemy; and, iallihg upon thctif
on a sudden, presently filled up a part of their trench and cut thnmHU
their breast-work, and so forced their camp. The Carthagiaii^'
amazed at this sudden attack, having no time to put themsdvee ia^
order of battle, fell in as fortune led them, and engaged the tnmaf'
in the best manner they could: and in regard the hottest woik iriaf
near the trench, the ground all thereabout was stirewed vrith dead*
bodies; for the chiefest of the Carthaginians made to the dcfenee^
that place where they saw the camp entered.
* SisoiQrin^ the wicked place.
CAiq»i #7/» DI0D0RU8 ftlCuLUfl. 409
Od the other hind^ the Agathocleans encouraged by the happy
•access of their «ttempt| and supposing they should put an end to
the war by this oue battle> pressed resolutely upon the barb^^ans:
Amilcar, therefore^ perceivitig that his men were too weak^ and that
the Grecians were continually pouring in more men into the camp^
brings op a thousand stingers of the islands Baleares who wounded
many by the multitude of great stokies thrown out of their slings^
and killed many that were forcing Into the caitip, and broke in pieces
the shields and armour of many of their assailants. For these men
being used to cast stones of three pounds weight, were always rerj
serviceable, and contributed much in several battles to the gaining
of the victory, as being those that were diligently taught and well ex-
lercised tn the art of slingiog from their very childhood. And now
aft this tine they gained the point, driving the Grecians back again
beyond the out-works of the camp. But Agathocles broke into 4ttii
(9thcr places; and, just as ttie camp was forced, unexpectedly sue*
cours arrived from Carthage, which again revived the spirits of the
Gwthaginians, and those in the camp fought the enemy in the front,
and the new supplies hemmed in the Gteeks in the rear, and hewed
them down; thus the fortune of the day turned suddenly knd unex-
pectedly. For the Greciatis fled outright, some to the river Himera,
and others to their own camp, which was forty furlongs distant;
and being a plain and champain country, they were pursued with no
fewer than five thousand of the barbarian horse, so that the plain all
along was covered with dead bodies, the river contributing much to
the destruction of the Greeks. For the pursuit being about noon^
and in the dog-days, many of them that fled were so parched with
thirst, by the heat of the weather and the fatigue of the fliglit, that
they greedily filled themselves with salt-water, insomuch thut as ma->>
ny (who had not the least hurt) were found deadi near the river as
were killed by the sword in the pursuit. There were killed of the
barbarians in this battle about five hundred> but no fewer than seven
thousand of the Greeks*
Agathocles being thus grievosuly defeated, after he had received all
those that had escaped, burnt his camp and went to Gela» But he
bad caused it to be rumoured abroad, that he was gone away for Sy-
racuse. It happened that three hundred African horse, then in the
country, fell in among some of Agathocles 's soldiers, who told them
tliat Agathocles was gone back to Syracuse, and thereupon the horse-
men entered Gela as friends; but, being thus deluded, they were all
killed by darts. Yet Agathocles shut not himself up in Gela, be*
cause he could not get safe to Syracuse, but that he might divert the
Carthaginians from Syracuse to the besieging of Gela, that so by
VoL.2t No.45« fioe
410 DiODORus sicuLUS. Book XDL
that means the Syracusans might have leisure eo :h o get in their
harvest, while he protracted the time at Geku Amilcar indeed it
the first intended to have besieged . Gela, but bearing that there mi
there a strong body of men to oppose bim^ and that AgathiMslei ev
furnished with plenty of all things necessary^ be laid aside that d^
sign, and made his approaches to the forts and castlesj and fari
them all surrendered to biroi and, to gain the good (^ioioQ of tk
Sicilians, he carried himself courteously and obligingly towards alL
The Camareans, Leontines, Cataneans, and Taurominians sent ooi-
tinually ambassadors, and made their applications to the Carthii^ai*
ans* And, a little time after, the Messanians and Abaoenian^ aod
many other cities who before were at variance amongst themsebc^
all went over to Amilcar; such was the zeal of the common psopk
after the late defeat, through the hatred they bore against the tyiiat
But Agathocles led away all the forces that were yet left hia H
Syracuse, and there repaired the ruinous parts of the walla^ and Jit
in all the corn and fruits out of the fields | and now eontriasdlB
leave a strong garrison for the defence of the city, and In lianspiit
the power and strength of the army into Africa, with an iaH/spX la
draw the war out of the island into the continent. We shall i
fore, as we at first designed, begin the following book vrith the |
lug of Agathocles into Africa.
411
— ^'— — — — ■ ■ ' -—
DIODORUS SICULUS.
BOOK XX,
PREFACE.
THOS£ who stuff tbeir histories witb^long and tedious harangues^
or are constantly setting forth their works in rhetorical expressions^
are, not without just cause, to be blamed. For besides that it inter-
rupts and cuts off the natural course of the history by an unseasona*
ble introduction of set and contrired speeches, it likewise gives an
unpleasant check to the earpe^t expectation of such as are eager to
know the issue of the matters of f4(!t« Yet it is no ways to be dis^
approved for such as desire to be cried up for eloquent orators, to
compose public orations and speeches made by ambassadors, and pa-
negyrics of praise and dispraise, and such like. For they that ma-
nage both parts well and distinctly in a modest stile are justly to b^
praised and commended in both kinds of the discourse. But there
are some who so over-abound in rhetorical flourishes, that they make
their whole history but as an appendix as it were to the other. For
suf^h a tedious manner of writing is not only troublesome, but, in
this respect likewise, is to be condemned. That although the writer
seem in other things to have hit the mark, yet by this kind of writing
he seems to straggle and wander from the due course both of time
and place; and therefore they who read such sort of writings, partly
pass over such artificial and framed discourses, though they be ever
so apt and fit to the purpose; and partly tired out with the tedious
and unseasonable digression of the author, leave off reading altoge-
iljer. For the nature of history is simple, and in every pari agreea-
ble to itself, like to the body of a living creature, where tli^ cutting
off of one member is the deformity of thewhole^ On tlic other side,
that which is duly and ordc^K eomposed keeps within its proper
419 BiopoRus sicuLui. SoolfXX.
bounds^ and the coherence of the whole afibrds a clear and pleasant
Tiew and understanding of the matter in the reading.
However, we do not abandon altogether rhetoric and oratorictl
flourishes out of history: for, because that it ouj^t to be adorned
with variety, it is absolutely necessary in some places to insert these
speeches and orations. And I myself would not be deprived making
use of them upon such occasions; and, therefore, when the circiun*
stances of the matter related are such as that the speech of an am*
bassador, or the harangue of a senator, or the like, fidl in natimllj
and easily, he that does not then put himself forth to the utmost ia
this kind deserves justly to be censured apd condemned. •
A man may be able to give many reasons why rhetorical adorn*
ments are often to be made use of. For amongst qoaint itfid eh»-
quent discourses, such as are worthy remsric, and bring pioSt and
n^vantage along with them together with the history, are by no
means to be passed over: or when the subject treated of is b^ and
lofty, of things famous and remarkable, then it is very onbcepniiKKi
and not in the least to be endured, that the manner of expressioQ
sliould sink meanly below the greatness of the acts related. It msj
be likewise necessary when some extraordinary event happent^ so as
that we are forced to make use of words adapted to the oeeauoay ia
order to clear up and make plain the dark and intricate grounds and
reasons of such an accident. But what we have said of these thiiqp
shall suffice, and we will now proceed to the relation of those
we before designed, first observing the time where we are now j
in the course of onr history. In the former books we have tacalcd
of the affairs both of the Greeks and barbarians from the most an-
tient times till the yenr next preceding the expediUon of Agatbodes
into Africa : from the sacking of Troy to which time are nra ap
eight hundred and eighty-»three years, and somethiog more» In Aia
book we shall go on with things next in Qounos ud eoheieBi widi
the former rektion, and bepn with th^ descent of Agathodes iaia
Africa, and end with that year wherein t^ kings agreed to join toge*
ther in a common war against AQtigoni;is, t^e sop of Philip^ Comf|f%
bending the transactions of nine y^ars^
Ck^X DIO|)ORV8 8ICULUS, 413
CHAP. I.
Aguth/tkhs demgm to invade Africa. His crudty purtued in his
voffoge. An ttUfw efihe Sun very great. Lands m Africa.
Bums his ships. ISm successes in Africa. Hanno and BrnniU^
car made generals in Africa. BaUU between them andAgatho*
clesj who routs them; kUls Nanno. His stratagem by owls
The cruel superstition of the Carthaginians in sacrificing their
children. The actions at Syracuse. Actions ofAgathocles in
Africa. The acts of Cassander in Macedonia. Polyperchon
endeavours to restore Hercules, the son of Alexander. The.
miserable destruction of Nicocles and his fandfy at Cyprus.
The wars of Parisades's sons, king of the Cimmerian Bospho^
rus. The valour of Satyrus, one of the sons; his death. Th^
sad death of Eumelus, another of the sons.
IN the cbancellorship of Hieromnemones at Athens^ and the con*
Siilship of Caius Julius and Quintus i£miliu8 at Rome; Agathocles,
being routed at Himera io Sicily by the Carthaginians, and haviiig
lost the greatest and best part of his army, fled to Syracuse; where
perceiving that he was forsaken by all his confederates, and that the
barbarians bad got into their hands almost all Sicily (except Syra-*
cuse), and that they for overpowered him by their forces both by
tea and land, undertook a very rash and desperate adventure. For
when all were of opinion that it was not advisable for him in the
least to endeavour to contend with the Carthaginians, he even then
resolved to leave a strong garrison in the city, and with the choicest
of the rest of his forces to make a descent into Africa; and by that
means he hoped, by his old and experienced soldiers, easily to van-
quish the Carthaginians, who (through a long peace) were grown
soft and delicate, and unexpert in their arms ; and besides hereby he
thought that their confederates, who had been for a long time very
uneasy under the yoke of their government, would take an occasion
to revolt. And what most induced him was, that by this sudden and
unexpected invasion he should load himself with the spoils of a coun-
try that was never before harassed, and that abounded in the conflu-
ence of all sorts of worldly blessings. And to sum up all, that he
should by this course draw the barbarians, not only out of his own
414 DIODORUS SICULUS. Book XX^
country^ but out of all Sicily, and transfer the war entirely orer into
Africa, 'which hapf)ened accordingly.
. For, without advising with any of his friends, he made AntftsdcTy
his brother, governor of the city, leaving with him a considerable gar*
rison; be himself listed what soldiers he thought fit for his purpose^
ordering his foot to be ready with arms at the first call, and com-
manded the horsemen, that besides arms, they should every one cer*
ry along with him a saddle and bridle, that whenever he coald get
horses he might liave those ready to mount them who were fumialwd
with all things necessary for that purpose.
For in the late battle most of his foot were cut off, but most of lib
horse escaped; but their horses he could not transport into Africa.
And to prevent all stirs and commotions (in order to a defiectioD)
in Syracuse in his absence, he divided kindred and relations one from
another, especially brothers from brothers, and parents from childrefty
taking some along with him and leaving others behind: and be acted
in this very wisely; for^ certain it was, that those who renuuned in
Syracuse, although tliey hated the tyrant, yet would attempt nothing
to his prejudice, by reason of their natural love and affection to t
children, and near relations, and kindred. And because he '
great want of money, he took the estates of infants out of the \
of their guardians; declaring, that he would have a ftr greater
of them than they had, and be more faithful in giving then as (
count, and making restitution when they came to full age. He bor-
rowed likewise much from the merchants^ and converted to hie ovm
* use some of the sacred treasures of the temples; and, took the jewck
and ornaments from the women's backs.
Whereupon^ discerning' that tbe richer sort were h^ly diipTf ai
ed and incensed at this usage, and for that reason hated him^ he^eall*^
ed a general assembly, in which be greatly lamented the kte over-
throw, and the dreadful calamities that from thence seemed to hang
over their heads. He told them^ that he indeed was inured to hard*
slups, could easily endure the miseries of a siege; but that he ahoald'
{greatly pity tbc citizens if they should be blocked up and forced la
undergo the like. Tlierefore he ordered those that were not wiUi0g
to suder wliat might be their fortune and lot, to provide for the aafe*
ty of themselves and their estates. Upon which, the most wealthy
t iiizt.ns (who bore a mo<it implacable hatred against him) forthwith
1( ft tlie city: hut )ie prc^sently sent out some of his mercenaries af*
'« r them. Imd cut all their throats, and confiscated their eatates.
j\u\\ thu?^ when hy nnv nnj the same act he had both enriched him*
sT'if, and llke^iso piir»^Mi the ciiy of those that were his eneoues, he
nvAuv^iTi'irQi] ail \\ic slaves atiil f'crvsint.^ thdt were (it to bcarorimi
€kap.L DIODORU6 SICUUTS. 415
and now, having all things in readiness, and being furnished with a
fleet of sixty sail, he only waited for a fair wind. His design being
not commonly known, some reported tlmt he intended an expedition
into Italy, others that he purpMod to waste and destroy that part of
Sicily which belonged to the Carthaginians; to conclude, every body
gave them (who were ready to sail) all up for lost men, and con-
demned the folly and madness of the prince. The enemy at that time
had a 6eet far exceeding him in number in the harbour, therefore \m
was forced for some days at the first to lie stilt with his men on
board, because he had aot an opportunity to set saih Afterwards
fiome transport-ships laden with corn making with full sail towards
the city, the Carthagioians pursued them with their whole fleet:
whereupon Agathocles, (before almost in despair of accomplishing his
design), as soon as he saw the mouth of the harbour open, causing the
rowers to ply their oari with all the quickness imaginable, broke out
of the harbour. #
The Carthaginians being now come up near to the transport-ships,
and fleeing a fleet of their enemy's ships sailing out of the harbcwr,
thought at first that they came to secure and defend the corn-ships;
whereupon they tacked about, and prepared to fight: but when they
aaw that they directed their course straight forward, and were far be-
fore them, they pnfsued them with all the sail they could; and,
while these were striving to outsail each other, the trans|x>rt-sbips
unexpectedly escaped the danger, and plentifully supplied the city,
which was before in great straits for want of corn and provisions.
Agathocles also, though closely pursued by the enemy, by the ad-
vantage of the night, (beyond all hope), got safe off from them*.
The next day, there was such an eclipse of the sun, that the stars
appeared every where in the firmament, and the day was turned in-
to night: upon wbicii Agathocles 's soldiers (conceiving that God
thereby did foretel their destruction) fell into great perplexities and
discontents oonceroing what was likely to befal them. Having
therefore sailed six days and six nights, early in the morning they
suddenly espied the Carthaginian fleet making up close uixni them ;
upon which all set tliemselves to it with might and main to ply their
oars: the Carthaginians concluding, that tngeilier with the ships
they should not only take all tiie Syracusans prisoners^ but should
deliver their country from the present imminent danger: the Gre-
cians, on the other hand, saw apprent destruction to themselves be-
fore their eyes, and intolerable bondage and slavery to all their kin-
dred and relations tliey had lelt ut home, if they did not recover the
abore before the enemy. And now Airica was in view, wheu aU^
• Tlii> was on the Jj>ih of August. —Uih. Ann. p. S^3.
4X6 l>IOI>ORUS SICULtS. SookXZ
the saibn and rowers called out earnestly one to anoAcr to curt
themselves, so that the strife and pains to get to land waa incredibk.
The barbarians indeed were more swift aailefs^ becavse tiMy wsK
more accustomed to the sea than the others] bttt the Grecian aUps
kept still a considerable distance before tbem : making thcvefim a»
way with ail the expedition imaginable, when they came near dw
shore, they leaped out of their ships in throngs apoii the strandy ■
if they had been contending for the mastership at the Gynnaslle
games:- for the first squadron of the Cartha^finian fleet was come up
within a dart's cast of those in the rear of the Grecian fleet. Afker^
therefore, some contest for a while with Aeir bows and rimgs, (i
few only of the barbarians' ships being come «p), Agathocles (ofcr»
powering the other by number) gidned the advantage |
the Carthaginians tacked abont, and stood oflT a little above tlw
of a dart. Hereupon Agathocles presently laoded bis men «t • ]
called the Quarries, and drew a breast-work for the secttfliy of Mi
shipping all along from sea to sea; and, aftef be had eflected this
bold and daring attempt, he set abont anothet far anore <
for, calling together such of his captains and commanders
wholly deroted to him, he first sacrificed to Ceres andf RraacrpiM,
and then called a council of war; where, coming into the asaenUy
to make his harangue, splendidly clothed in royld robes, and with hb
crown upon his head, (after a few things premised, to make an in-
troduction to what he had further to say), he told them That at the
time they were pursued by the Carthaginians he had made a tow to
the goddesses Ceres and Proserpina, the protectresses of Sicily, tiiat
he would consecrate all the ships in the fleet to them, by homing
them all into so many burning lamps; and therefore, since ihey wefe
now safe, and were delivered, it vms just and fit that they should pay
their vows ; and he promised, that if they fought courageously, lie
would return them far more than those ships they then had : for the
gods by the sacrifices did fbrctcly that they sipould be conquerors
throughout the whole war. While he was speaking, one of hi» ser-
vants brouglit him a lighted firebrand, which catching hold of, and
commanding the like to be delivered to the rest of the captains, he
invoked the goddesses, and was the first that nnde to the admiraro
vessel, and, standing upon the stern, commanded the rest to follow
his example: whereupon all the captains of the vessels set fire tO'
their ships, and forthwith the flame mounted aloft, the trumpets
sounded a charge, and the whole army set up a shout, and all as one
man offered up their joint prayers to the gods for their safe return tO'
tlieir own country. And all this was done by Agathocles, that he
night necessitate his soldiers to fight^ without cfer thinking of turah
Chap. I. t)tODOKvn sicvLVs, 417
iog their backs: for it was plaia that, having no shipping left for
their laat refage, they could not have the least hope of safety in any
thing but by being absolute conquerors. Then he considered, tlmt^
having bnt a small army, if he would guard his fleet he must be
forced to divide ir, and so should not be strong enough to venture a
battle; and, if h^ left the ships without any guard, they would all fall
into the hands of the Carthaginians. . However, while the whole
navy was on fire, and the flame spread itself roand at a great dis*
tance, the hearts of tlie Sicilians quaked: for at first, being deluded!
by the juggling tricks of Agathocles, and the quickness of execution
giving them no time to consider^ they all consented to what wast
done: but when they had leisure distinctly to weigh every particu-*
lar, they repented themselves of what they had done; and, pondering
in their minds the vastness of the sea by which they were separated
from their own country, they utterly despaired of their safety and
preservation. Agathocles therefore, designing as soon as possibly
he could to cure this pusilanimity in his soldiers, led his army 10 the
great dty^ (as it is called) within the dominions of the Carthaginians.
The whole country through which they marched was beautified with
gardens planted with all sorts of fruit-trees, and sluices anci canals
were cut all along for the convenience of water, by which thai whule
tract was every where abundantly watered. This part of the country
was likewise full of towns and villages, adorned with stately houses,
the roofs of which were curiously wrought, all setting forth the
wealth and riches of their owners. The houses were full of all man-
ner of provision of every thing that was needful; for the inhabitants
(through a long peace) had stored up their treasures in great abun-
dance. The country is planted partly with vines, and partly with
olive-trees, and furnished likewise with many other fruit-trees: in
another part, the fields are pastured with flocks of sheep, and herds
of cows and oxen ; and in the neighbouring fens rqn great numbers of
breeding mares. And what shall I say more? Those places abound-^
ed virith plenty of all things for the use of man, and the rather so^
because they were the passessions of the nobility of Carthage, who
laid out much of their estates and wealth with more than ordinary
curiosity to improve them for their delight and pleasure; so that the
fertility and sweetness of the country was the admiration of the Sici-
lians, and rouzed up tiicir drooping spirits in the yiew they had of
those rewards and rich returns, which they judged were well worthy
the hazards to be run by the conquerors to obtain them. Agathocles
therefore, perceiving that his soldiers were now recovered from their
* SaniHtlio iu the Punic language, Whit«.
Vol. 2, No« 45, uhh
4 1 8 DIODORUS SICULUfl. Book XX»
despair and {ormer melancholy apprehensionsi made a sodden i
upon the walls of the city; which being so surprisiog mod unex-
pected, and the citizens unskilful in their arms, after s short resist-
ance be took the city by stonn^ and gave the plunder df the town to
the soldiers^ which both encouraged and enriched them At oooe.
Thence he forthwith moved with his army to Tunis*, and gained iImI
city, which is two thousand furlongs from Carthage. The loldMi
would willingly have garrisoned these two cities, having stos^d and
kid up in them the plunder they had got: but Agathocles weighing
what was most expedient in his present circumstances, after he had
convinced the soldiers, that it was by no means convenient to kaie
any place to fly to for shelter, till they had conquered the enemy if
downright fighting, he razed the cities to the gtound, and i
in the open field. In tbe mean time, the Carthaginians that lay i
to the Sicilian fleet at first greatly rejoiced when they saw their a
all in a flame, supposing that they were constrained to hum
navy, out of fear of their enemies: but after they perceived theai to
march forward up into tlie country with their whole army, and ina-
gining what they intended to do, they then concluded that the bom*
ing of the ships was a designed mischief to them: wlierenpoa tiMy
spread leathern hides upon the forecastles of all their ships, which
IS their constant custom whenever any misfortune seems to thicaten
the Carthagniian commonwealth. Moreover, they took into thair
own gallie.i the iron beaks out of Agathocles 's ships^ and aent ex-
presses to Carthage, to give them u particular account of every tiiiay
that iiad happened. But before these messengers reached the city,
some out of the country, who had discerned Agatbocles's fleet to he
near at hand, presently ran to Carthage, to give them an acooont:
whereupon the citiz^ens were so amazed at tbe surprising news of
such an unexpected accident, that they forthwith concluded that their .
armies in Siciiy ;veTe utterly cut ofi^and destroyed ; for that it was not
probable that Agathocles, unless he were victorious^ would dare to
leave Syracuse naked, without any garrison, or pasft over his amy
when at the same time his enemy w^s master at sea. The city tlm^
fore was in a great terror and confusion, and the people thronged
into the market-place, and the senate met together, to consult what
was fit to be done in the present exigency: for they had no army at
hand wherewith to fight the enemy; besides, the common citiaens
being raw and ignorant in matters of war, were altogetlier lieartlcsSy
and every body thought that the enemy was then just at their walls.
Some therefore were fur sending ambassadors to Agathocles^ to pro^
• White TvoU.
C%l./. DI0D0RU8 SICULUS. 419
pose tenns of peace^ who might likewise at the same time discover
the posture of the enemy; others were for wuting till th«y sliould
haye perfect intelligence of every thing that was done.
While the city was in tliis hiirry and perplexity arrired those that
were sent from the admiral of the fleet, and declared to them all that
was done: whereupon their courage revived; and the senate blamed
all the oiScers of the fleet, that, being masters at sea, they should be
so careless as to suffer the enemy's forces to make a descent upoa
Africa ; and thay created Hanno and Bomilcar generals of their ar-
ny, notwithstanding they were at private feuds between themselves,
and that antient grudges had been in their families one towards ano-
ther. For they thought that these private quarrels would tend much
to the common advantage of the city* But they were very much
mistaken : for Bomilcar had for a long time been ambitious of the
monarchy, but never yet had an opportunity fitted for his purpose t»
put his designs in execution, and therefore he greedily embraced the
offer of such a command as was exactly agreeable to what he was
aiming at. And the chief cause of these plots and contrivances of
his was the severity and cruelty of the Carthaginians : for they ad-
vance the most eminent persons to be generals in their wars, be-
cause they conclude that they will fight with more resolution than
others, when all lies at stake; but after the wars arc ended, and
peace concluded, then they briog false accusations against them^
and most unjustly, through envy, put them to death: and there<«
fore some generals, out of fear of those unjust sentences, either give
up their commissions, or seek to become absolute monarchs, as Bo-
milcar, one of the Carthaginian generals, then did ; of whom we shall
speak hereafter.
The Carthaginian generals therefore, seeing now that delays were
dangerous, waited not for soldiers to be raised out of the country, and
from the cities of their confederates, but led out the citizens them-
selves into the field, having under their command no less than forty
thousand foot, a thousand horse, and two thousand chariots; and,
possessing themselves of a hill not far from the enemy, drew up in
battah'a. Hanno commanded the right wing, supported by those of
the sacred brigade : Bomilcar the left, making his phalanx very deep,
because the nature of the place would not allow him to extend his
wing further in front; the chariots and horsemen he placed in the
van, to the end that with those, at the first charge, they might try
the courage of the Greeks* Agathocles, on the other side, viewing
liow the barbarians had drawn up their army, committed the right
wing to Archagathus, his son, delivering to him two thousand five
kundred foot. Then he drew up about three thousand five hundred
420 DIODORU8 SICULUS* Stmk XX,
Syracusaos : next to tbem three thousand mercenaries o«t of GrMeei
and lasUy, three thousand Samnites, Tyrrhenians, and Celts. He
himself, with the troops of the household^ and a thousand hcavy-araMd
men, commanded in the left wingi opposite to the Carthagioian Sa-
cred Brigade. The archers and slingers^ to the number of five han-
dred, he mixed here and there in the two wings. The truth wM^his
soldiers were scarcely all armed; and therefore^ when he saw some of
those that were naked, and without arms, he took the coven and
cases of the shields, and stretched tbem out upon sticks in the wonaA
shape of a shield, and so delivered them to the unarmed; however im
truih useless, yet so contrived by him, to the end that those who i
at a distance (and knew nothing of the stratagem) should look
them to be armed men.
Perceiving likewise that the .spirits of his soldiers weie veqf loWp
and much discouraged, by reason of the great numbers of their mMp
mies, he let out several owls (which he had before prepared for that
purpose) into divers parts of the camp, here and there, to deliver then
from their fears ; which birds flying up and down through the anoy,
and alighting ever and anon upon their shields and buckleni eheeied
up the spirits of the soldiers, all taking it for a very happy omen^ be*
cause that creature is sacred to Minerva. These sorts of tricks ibd
devices, although they may seem to some to be foolish and vain^ yet
They have many times been the causes of extraordinary success, es it
happened likewise at this time; for the soldiers by this means grav-
ing more bold and courageous, and it being generally noised abroad
that the goddess plainly foretold that they should be victortoes, thay
more resolutely underwent all dangers and difficulties: for, when the
chariots charged fiercely upon them, some they pierced through with
their darts and arrows, others they avoided and suffered to pass by,
and most of them tliey drove back into the midst of their own foot
In the same manner they received the charge of their horse, woandiog
many, and putting them all at last to flight.
When they had thus gallantly behaved themselves in the first
charge, the barbarians began to fall upon them with their whole body-
of foot at once; upon which there was a very sharp engagement,
wherein Hanno, with that body of men called the Sacred Brigade,
(striving to win the day by his own valour), made a fierce cliwge up-
on the Grecians, and hewed down many of them : and, though he was
even overwhelmed with showers of darts and arrows^ yet he fell not;
but, receiving one wound after another, he still went on» till, being
ovcrpressed and altogether tired out, he fell down, and gave up his
last breath. On the other hand, Agathocles's soldiers were so lifted
up with cxpcctaiions of victory^ that they were still more and mcve
Chap. L PIODORU8 8ICVLUS* 421
couragooQs; which when the other general Bomilcar came to under-
stand, eoDCciving that the gods had pat an opportunity into his
hands to gain the tyranny, he reasoned with himself, that if the army
of Agathecles were destroyed, be could not moant tlie throne, be-
cause the city would be too strong for him : but if Agathocles were
conqueror, aqd by that means broke the spirits of the Carthaginians,
then, when they were brought low, he should l>e able to lead them
which way he would ; and as for Agathocles, be concluded he should
be able to subdue him whenever he pleased. Revolving these things
m his mind, he began to face about and retreat, wishing the enemy
should take notice of what they were about to do: then telling his
soldiers that Hanno was slain, ordered them to keep their ranks and
get to a rising ground there near at hand, for that was now the last
coarse for them to take. But the retreat looking like a complete
flight, the enemy pressed so close upon them, that the Africans who
were in the rear, supposing that those who were in the front of the
battle were routed, likewise fled.
In the mean time, those in the sacred brigade fought bravely for a
while after the death of Hanno, and resolutely pressed forvrard upon
the enemy over the carcasses of their fellow soldiers; but when thej
perceived that most of their army was fled^ and that the enemy was
snrrounding them at their backs, they were forced likewise to give
way and begone.
The whole Carthaginian army being thus put to flight, the barba-
rians made towards Carthage; whom Agathocles pursued but a little
way, and then returned, and took the pillage of the field. * In thb
battle were slain two hundred Grecians, and not above a thousand
Carthaginians, though some have written above six thousand: among
otiier rich spoils there were found many chariots in the Carthagini*
an camp, in which were carried above twenty thousand pair of fetters
and manacles. For, concluding that they should easily overcome
the Greeks, they agreed to make as many prisoners as they could^
to throw them into the dungeons, fettered hand and foot; but Grod
(I conceive) purposely sets himself by contrary events to cross the
expectations of such, who proudly before hand resolve what shall ab-
solutely be done.
Agatliocles having now routed the Carthaginians both beyond their,
and even his own expectation, blocked them up within theur walls;
and thus we see fortune, whose common course it is to make che*^
cjuer-work of good and bad success, of defeats and victories in their
several turns, now humbled the conquerors as well as those that be-
fore were conquered. For the Carthaginians, after they had beaten
4St mODORUS 8ICULU8. Book XJL
Agathocles in Sicily in a great battle^ besieged Syracuse; ud
Agatbocles having routed them in Africa5 besieges Carthage:
that which was most to be admired was^ that this pfince x
by the barbarians in the island^ when all his forces were with hiss
whole and entire; but now is victorious in the contiiient over tha
conquerors with a piece of a broken and shattered army. The Cat-
thaginians therefore concluding that this miserable misEortBijie wai
brought upon them by the gods, they all betook themselves to pnyOi
and supplications to the deity; especially thinking that Hercaletj tht
ttttelaj^d of their country, was angry at them, they seut a vast sos
of money, and many otiier rich gifts, to Tyre. For, in as much ii
they were a colony which originated from them, they used in i
ages to send the tenth part of all their revenues as an offering to I
god. But afterwards^ when they had grown wealthy, and their j
Dues had greatly increased, they began to slack in their devotkMiyaBi
sent thither but a small pittance to their god. Being
brought to repentance by this remarkable slaughter^ tbej ]
bered all the gods in Tyre. They sent likewise out of their 1
to the images, golden shrinea^ supposing they should prevul tha
more iu averting the anger of the god, by sending sacred gifti io
pacify him. They gava just cause> likewise, to their god Satsnipto
be their enemy; for in former times tliey used to sacrifice to this ggd
the sons of the most eminent persons; but of later times they aecnfi
ly bought and bred up children for that purpose: and nponatrict
search being made, there were found amongst them, that were to ha
sacrificed, some children that had been changed, and put ia diepkoa
of others. Weighing these things in their minds, and now Sfring
that the enemy lay before their walk, they were seized with such •
pang of superstition, as if they had utterly forsaken the religiiisi af
their fathers. That they, might therefore, without delay, rafoiai
what was amiss, they offered as a public sacrifi^ two hundred. of thi
sons of the nobility; and no fewer than three- hundred oiore (i^
were liable to censure) voluntarily offered themselves up: faramnig
the Carthaginians there was a brazen statue of Saturn puttiqg foith
the palms of his hands bending in such a manner towards the earthy
as that the boy who was laid upon them, in order to be sacrificed^
should slip off, and so fall down headlong into a deep fiery fiiriuce» /
Hence it is probable that Euripides took what he fiibuUnisly idales
concerning the sacrifice iu Taurus, wher^ he introduces Iphv^Hl.
-asking Orestes this question—
But what Mpulchre will mc liMd receive,
»-4it Uic ^uif of M^ed ilre llien ^le bare:
I. /• DIODORUS SICULU9. 423
The antieot fable likewise that is oommon among all the Grecians^
diat Satum devoured his own children^ seems to be confirmed by
this law among the Carthagiuians.
But after this change of affiurs in Africa, the Carthaginians sent to
Amilcar into Sicily to hasten over to their assistance with all speedy
and ordered that all the beaks of Agathocles's ships should be carri«-
ed to him. When the messengers anived, he commanded them not
to say any thing about the routing of their forces, but to spread it
abroad among the soldiers, that the fleet and land army of Agathocles
were both utterly destroyed. And he himself sent away some (who
were lately come from Carthage) to Syracuse, tc^ther with the iron
' beaks, to demand the surrender of the city, and to tell them that all
their forces were cut off by the Carthagiqians, and their whole navy
burnt; and that, if they would not believe them, the beaks of their
vessels (there shewed) were a sufficient evidence of the truth of
what they related. When diey that were in the city heard of this
overthrow of Agathocles, many believed it: but the leading meai of
the city, wishing to keep private a matter that was yet uncertain, and
to prevent tumults, forthwith dismissed the nsessengers, and sent
them away. They cast out of the city likewise the kindred and
friends of the exiles, and eight thousand at least of others who seem-
ed to be uneasy under the government; whereupon, when so greats
number on a sudden were forced to leave the place of their birth,
the city was full of confusion, lamentatron, and crying of womea
running up and down in the streets; neither was there any boose at
this time which had not its share of weeping and mourning. For
they who favoured the tyrant bewailed the ruin of' Agathocles, and
the loss of their sons; others wept for those of their friends whom
they supposed were all cut off in Africa; others grieved and mourn-
ed for them that were compelled to forsake their houses, and the gods
of their forefathers, and who were neither suffered to stay nor could
get well out of the city by reason of the siege. And besides these
most grievous and bitter sufterings which they laboured under, they
were compelled to fly with their wives, and drag along with them their
little young children; but Amilcar courteously received and secured
the exiles, and marched to Syracuse with his army, as if he should
forthwith possess himself of the city, upon account of the place being
destitute of inhabitants, and of the misery those were in (as he heard)
who were left behind: however, he sent messengers before, and pro-
mised pardon to Antander^ and to all those who sided witli him, if
he would deliver up the city into his hands. Upon which tiiere was
a council of war called of those captains that were in the greatest
authority; where, after much debate on both sides of thequestion«
434 DIODORUS 8ICULU8. Book XX.
Antander (who was naturally a poor spirited m«i, and of a Weak
head, and mach inferior in courage and resolution to his brother)
was in favour of delivering up the town : but Eurymrton^ the AtoH-
an, (whom Agathocles had left to assist his brother in advice and
council) was of another opinioui and prevailed with them all to hold
out till they had certain intelligence of the truth. WheretipoB A-
milcar, coming to understand the resolution of the townsmen, pre«
pared all his engines with a full resolution to batter down the walk.
Agathocles, after the late battle, built two ships, each of thirty oars } *
and in one of them put on board the best of his rowers, with Near-
chus,oneof the most faithful friends he then had with him, and sedtzr
fhem away to Syracuse, to give an account of his viererry. Hairinf'
therefore a fair wind, on the fifth day (in the night) they arrived ii»
the harbour of Syracuse, and at break of day, crowned with garlands^
and singing the Psean as they sailed along, they made for the city;
which being perceived by the Carthaginian guard-ships, they pursiH
ed them with all their might, and the other not being far before
them, there was a great content between the rowers on both sides.
While the seamen were thus contending, both the besiegers and be-
sieged understanding the matter, ran down to tlie port; and each,
fearful of the event, called out and encouraged every one their own
men. And now the ship was upon the point of falling into the hands
of the pursuers, upon which the barbarians gave a shout; but the ci-
tizens not being able otherwise to assist, prayed to their gods for the
preservation of their men on board. The pursuers being now ready
to board her not far from land, she got within a dart's cast of the
shore, and by the help of the Syracusans, who came in to her relief,
narrowly escaped the danger. Amilcar perceiving that the citizens
(upon the account of tlie late contest, and the sudden arrival of the
intelligence expected) were all flocked down to the port; and there-
upon conceiving that part of the walls were left undefended, ordered
the stoutest of his soldiers to rear up scaling ladders ; who, finding
there no guards, mounted the walls without being discerned; and
had almost possessed themselves of an entire part lying between two
towers, when they that used to go the round came just then to the
place and discovered them. Upon which they attacked them before
any relief could be brought to the assailants, so that some were kill-
ed, and others were thrown down headlong over the walls. At which
Amilcar was so morti fieri, that he crew oft his forces from the city,
and sent away five thousand men to the relief of Carthage.
While these things were in aetion in JSieily, Agitthocles, heintr
now master of the field, took some forts and castles near to Carthaire
by storm; and other cities, some out of fear, and some through
Chap. L DI0D0RU8 8ICULU8. 4fi5
hatred of the CarthaginiaDs^ Tolantarily smrendered themselTes.
Having fortified his camp near Tunis, he left there a sufficient guards
and moved towards the towns lying upon the sea«>coa8t ; and first he
took by storm the new city, but acted very favourably towards the
inhabitants ; thence lie marched to Adrimetum, and besieged it, and
confederated with Elymus, king of Ldbya. News whereof being
brought to the Carthaginians, they bent all their arms against Tunis;
and possessed themselves of Agathocles's camp, and with their bat-
tering rams pressed upon the city with continual assaults. Agatho-
cles, receiving intelligence of the slaughter of his men, leaving the
greatest part of his army to carry on the siege, and taking with him
bis life-guard and a small body of men, secretly marched up to the
top of a mountain, whence he might view the country of the Adrime-
tines, and likewise the Carthaginians who were besieging Tunis.
In the night he commanded his soldiers to kindle fires, and with
them to occupy a large tract of ground, to the end that the Cartha-
ginians might think he was making towards them with a strong ar-
my, and that the besieged might conclude, that fresh forces in vast
numbers were come up to him to his assistance; both being deeeiv«
ed by this stratagem, were caught in the snare; for they who besieg«
ed Tunis fled, and left their engines behind them; and the Adrime-
tines, surprised with fear, delivered up tlie city, which was gained,
upon certain terms agreed upon, but Thapsus he afterwards took by
storm; and he took several other cities in this quarter, some by
force, and others upon capitulation. Having at length gained in the
whole above two hundred towns and cities, he resolved upon an ex-
pedition into the higher Libya: to that end he raised his camp, and
inarched on many days journey.
Then the Carthaginians marched out with those forces, besides o- ,
thers which were sent out of Sicily, and besieged Tunis a second
time, and recovered a great part of the country that was then in the
hands of the enemy. When couriers came from Tunis^ and gave an
account of what the Carthaginians liad done, Agathocles immediate-
ly returned. Being come within two hundred furlongs of the ene-
my he encamped, and commanded his soldiers not to light any fires :
then making a sudden march in the night, about day-break he fell
upon those who were wasting and harassing the country, and disor-
derly roving up ^nd down, and killed above two thousand of them,
and took many prisoners, which was a great step to his many succes-
ses afterwards: for the Carthaginians being reinforced by their aids
from Sicily, and strengthened by their confederates in Airica,
thought they had been too strong for Agathocles : but after this mis-
VoL, 2. No. 45. Ill
426 DIODORUS SICULUS. Book ZX
■ ■ ■ ■ I
fortune the barbarians became quite dbpirited; for he bad orercome
Elymus^ the king of Libjra, (who had deserted him), and killed like-
wise the general, with a great number of the barbariaii9» And thus
stood affairs in Sicily and Africa at thb time.
In Macedonia, Cassander came in to the assistance of Autoleimles,
king of the Psonians, who was then at war with the Autariats*, and
rescued him from the straits and dangers he was in at that time, and
transplanted the Autariats, together witli their wives and children
that were then with them^ to the number of twenty thousand^ and
phiced them near the mountain Orbitausf.
While he was thus employed, Ptolemy, Antigonus's general in Pe-
bponnesus, who was intrusted by Iiira with an army in these parts,
(took a pique against Antigonus, thinking he was not rewarded ac- -
cording to what he might justly expect), revolted and joined witk
Cassander. He had left one Phoenix, one of his confederates, presi-
dent of the province adjoining to the Hellespont, and sent over some
soldiers to him, wishing him to take care of the castles and cities there,
and henceforth not regard any orders that came from Antigonus.
It was generally agreed by Alexander's captains, as part of their
articles among themselves, that the Greek cities should be all restor-
ed to their antient liberties. Therefore Ploleniy, king of Egypt,
(accusing Antigonus of having placed garrisons in several Greek
cities), prepared to make war upon him; and sent Leonides, a cap-*
tain of his own, into Cilicia Aspera, and there possessed himself of
certain cities and places belonging to Antigonus; and, moreover,
sent his agent to some cities appertaining to Cassander and Lysima**
chus, that they would follow his advice, and not suHer Antigonus to
grow too fast in power.
And as for Antigonus, he sent his younger son Philip to make
war u\nm Phcenix, atid others who had revolted from him in the
Hellespont; but he sent his son Demetrius into Cilicia, who putting
in execution what he had in command, routed the captains of Ptolemy
that were there, and recovered the cities*
While these things were doing, Polyperchon (then residing in Pe-
loponnesus) still aflecting the government of Maccdon, cried out a-
t^ainst Cassander, and sent for Hercules, a son of Alexander ^ by
tiarsine, out of Pergamus, (now seventeen years of age), and sent
about to tliosc who were his own friends, and enemies to Cassander,
to assist in placing this young man in his father*s kingdom. He so*
licited the /Etolians likewise by his letters to assist him in his pre-
* A' people oi DaliDHtia. t Orbelus, a Mountain in Macedonia.
t The Great.
Chap. L moDORUS sicuLtrs. 4^
sent design^ prmnising that they should find more grace and fovour
from him than at any time hefore, if they would help hin) to restore
the young lad to his father's throne.
All things going on to his wish, and the ^tolians coinplying with
his request^ niady others came flocking in to restore the new king,
so that there w^e collected together above twenty thousand foot, and
not less tbao atboiiiand horse. AndtHiis diligently exerting him-
self in the undertakhig, he raised what money he cottld, iahd Mm
some to solicit his fiAeiids in Macedonia to assist him. ^
In the mean time, Ptolemy of Egypt liaving all Cyprus under hiis
cdraihand/ and findrog that Nicocles, the kitig of Paphos, lleld cop-
respondeooe. under-hand with Antigonns,* sent two confidents of hh
ownj Argaos and CalKcrates, with instrbctiohs to destroy Nicocles;
.for he wa^ mucli afraid lest some others also should fall ofl^, as h^ had
pefrceived mahy others had done before. Wherefore, passing Into
Cyprus, and taking with them a certain number of soldiers from
Menelaus, wh6 comhianded the army -there, they beset the house of
Nicocles i nM theu telling him what (he king's pleasure was, advi»»
ed him to dispo!^ of himself for. another world. He first begatffD ,
clear hhnself of what' was laid to his charge, but when he saw thUt
BO- man hearkened to what he said, he drew his sword and slew him^
self. Axiothea, his' wife, hearing of her husband's death,- took hel:
daughters, who were all young and virgins, and cut their throatd^
tliat tlf^y might not fall into any of the enemy's hands> and was
earnest with the wives of Nicoeles's brothers to accompany her in
her own death ; whereas Ptolemy had given no order concerningany
.of them, save only to preserve them. The king^5 paliiee therefore
thus filled witii the sudden and unexpected slaughters and dreadful
spectacles, so terrified the brothers of Nicocles, that each of them
shut himself in, and set fire to their houses, and slew themselves.
Thus the whole race of the kings of P^phos came to a tragical and
lamentable end. Having given ah account of those afiailrs we be*
fore promised, we sHkll now proceed to those which follow next in
order.
About this time in Pontus*, after the death of Parisades, king of
the Cimmerian Bosphorus, his sons Eumelus, Satyrus, and Plrytanis,
contended one with another for the kingdom : Satyrus, the eldest,
was appointed successor by his father, who reigned eight-and'thiny
years.
Eumelus, compacting with some of the natives adjoining, raised
an army, and laid claim to the kingdom agai^nst his elder brother j
* In tlic CiinmorL&n Bosphorus, near the Kusine sea^ or in Xaaru!) Chenonesas,
438 mODORUS SICULUS. Book XX.
■ ■ ■ ■
of which Satyrus being informed, went against him with a great ar-
my, and, passing the river Thapsus, when he came near his qoarteia,
fortified his camp with his carts and waggons, wherein he had brought
an infinite quantity of provisions; and, ranging afterwards his Army
in the field, (after the manner of the Scythian kings), he led the main
body himself. He had not in his army above two* thousand Greeks,
and as many Thracians; all the rest were Scythians, which came to
assist him, to the number of twenty thousand, and no less than ten
thousand horse. £umelus was assisted by Ariophames, king of
Thrace, with twenty thousand horse, and two-and*twenty thoosaDd
foot. Between these forces a bloody battle was fought, wherein Si*
tyrus (who had with him a choice party of brave horse) encountered
first with Ariophames in a skirmish of ht>rse, who likewise command-
ed the middle body opposite to Satyrus, where many fell on both odes;
but at length he forced his way through, and put the barbarian king
to flight, and, being the first in the pursuit, put every man to die
sword that was in his way. But when he heard that bis brother Ea-
melus in the right wing had routed the mercenaries, he left off die
pursuit, and made up to the succour of those that fled, and ]
the day, and utterly broke and routed the whole army, putting l
all to flight; so that he gave a clear testimony that he justly deserved
tp wear the crown, as well upon account of his valour, as the privi-
lege of his birth.
Ariopharnes and Eumelus thus beaten, fled into the king's palaeett
which was environed by the river Thasis, of an exceeding depth,
so that the place was of difficult approach : it was sumninded like«
wise with steep rocks and thick woods, into which there were only
two entrances made by art, one leading straight to the palace, de-
fended with high towers and bulwarks : the one on the other side was
made in the fens, guarded with forts and towers of timber, raised opoa
pillars over the water. The place being very strong, Satyms lint
wasted the enemy's country, and burnt their towns, whence he car-
ried a vast number of prisoners, and abundanc^of spoil. Afterwards
lie attempted to force his way through the passes; but, losing maoy
of his men at the bulwarks and towers, he was forced to retreat. Bat
making an attack upon that side towards the fens, he took the tim-
ber forts, which he demolished, and then passed the river. Upon
which he began to fell a wood, througli which he must necessarily
pass to the palace; and, wliile these attempts were carrjring on in
great earnestness, king Ariopharnes, fearing lest the casde should be
taken by storm, valiantly fell upon them, perceiving that there wu
no hopes of safety remaining but in an absolute victory. He placed
* One tlioasand io Ihc margin. t Ariopharoes** palace.
Chap.L DIODORUS SICULUS. 439
likewise archers on both sides the passage, by whom he sorely galled
the fellers of the wood, because they could neither see the arrows ^
before they pierced them, nor come at the archers, nor return the
like upon them, by reason of the thick and close standing of the
trees. However, Satyrus's soldiers continued felling the wood, and
opening a way to the palace, for three days together, though mih
great toil and hazard. The fourth day they came under the wall;
but, being worsted through showers of arrows, and straightness of the
places, they sustained very great loss: for Meniscus (who led the
mercenary companies) having got in at a passage, (though he fought
very manfully), was nevertheless (being overpowered by tlie multi-
tude within) forced to retreat; whom Satyrus seeing in such imrni- ^
Dent danger, came up to him with seasonable relief, and, bearing up
against the enemy's charge, was run through the arm with a spear,
which was so sore, that it forced him to retire to his camp, and the
next night he died of the wound, having reigned scarcely nine months
after the death of Parisades, his father. Hereupon Meniscus, captaid
of the mercenaries, breaking up the siege, drew off the army to a
city called Gargaza, and from thence carried the king's body dowa
the river, to a city called Panticap^um, to his brother Prytanis, who,
having magnificently buried it, and laid up the relicts in the king's
sepulchre, went presently to Gargaza, and there took into his hands
the army, together with the kingdom.
Hereupon came the agents of Eumclus to him to treat concerning
the parting of the kingdom between them two, which he would not
hearken to. Leaving therefore a strong garrison at Gargaza, he re-
turned to Panticapseum, tiiere to settle the afiairs of his kingdom*
But awhile after, Eumelus, by the help of some barbarians, possessed
himself of Gargaza, and sundry other towns and castles: whereupon
Frytanis marched with an army against him, but was overthrown in
a battle by his brother; and, being shut up within a neck of land
near the Palus Mffiotis, was forced to surrender himself upon condi-
tions, which were that he should give up all his army, and depart out of
the kingdom.
Nevertheless, when Prytanis returned to Panticapseum, which is
the place where the kings of Bosphorus keep the standing court,
he there endeavoured again to recover his kingdom; but, being
foiled there again, he fled to a place called the Gardens, and was
there slain.
Eumelus, after the death of his brother, to confirm himself in the
kingdom, put to death all the friends, wives, and children of botli his'
brjthers, Satyrus and Prytanis; only Parisades, Satyrus's son, being
bit a youths escaped his bands: for, by the benefit of a swift horse.
430 DIODORUS SICULUS. JBook XX,
he got away out of the city to Agarus, king of the Scythians. But
when Euinelus saw that the people repined at the loss of their friends,
ivboo; he bad murdered, he called them all tqgether^ and there cs-
ciised himself, and restored to them their antient formof governpcBti
and to tlie citizens of Panticapseum their former immaniiies, ud
promised to discliarge them of all kind of tributes, sparing no &ir
words which might reconcile the hearts of the peqple to himj hf
which means having gained their good opinions, be held a just and
moderate liaud over them, and grew afterwards into no small ;
lion for all kind of virtue among them. For he omitted not to i
the Byzantines and Sinopians, and the rest of tlieGrecwn inhabitants
of Pontus, by all the demonstrations of kindness imi^naUc: for
when the Callantiniaus were besieged by Lysimacbus, and wen
hrouglu to great distress throagh want of provisions, he entertained a
thousand of them who left tlie place for want of bread, and not only
granted them a safe protection, but allotted to them habitntioDs with*
in ike city ; and divided likewise a place called Psoa, with the tfffii-
tory tliereunto belonging, among them by lot. And for the beneit
of the merchants that traded to Pont us, be made war upon the bar-
barous piratical Heniochians, and them of Taurus, with the Achis*
ans, and scoured and cleansed the seas of them* So that his name
was advanced to the skies, (as the fruit of his generosity), not only
in his own kingdom, but almost all the world over, while the mer*
chants every wl*ere published the greatness and braveness of hb spi-
rit. Moreover, he much enlarged his dominion, by the addition of
a considerable part of the country of the barbarians bordering upon
him, and advanced the fame and reputation of the kingdom above
whatever it was before.
In conclusion, he had a design to have brought under all the
neighbouring nations, and would certainly have effected in a short
time what ]^ thus designed, if he had not been prevented by death:
for, after he had reigned five years and as many months, he ended
his days by a sudden and unusual accident: for, returning home out
of Scythia, with a great desire to be present at a certain sacrifice^
and making towards his palace in a chariot with four horses, coVered
over with a canopy, the horses took a fright at the canopy, and vio-
lently ran away with him, the coachman not being able to stop them
iu their career: upon which Eumclus, fearing lest he should be borne
away headlong *down some steep rock, threw himself out; but his
sword entangling in one of the wheels, he was hurried away by the
violent motion of the chariot, and killed forthwith.
It is reported that there were some predictions concerning the
death of Eumelus au4 his brother Satyrus, though something fooli&b
Chop. I. DIODORUS SICUEUS. 431
and vsuD, yet credited by the inhabitants. For they say, that the
oracle warned Satyrus to be aware of one Musculus, lest he should
kill him; and that for that reason he would not suffer .any of that
name^ whether bond or free, to abide within his dominions; and tliat
upon that account he was afraid both of house and field-mice^, and
continually charged the children to kill them, and stop up their
boles. .At lengtby.whcn he bad done all that h« ppMiUy cottld to
avoid his ftite, he was at last killed by a wound in the mnsAfe of his
i|rm. And as for Eumelus, that he was charged by theotade to
take heed of a moving house; and tlierefore thait he durst not go in-
to his house before his servants had made a diligent search to see
tbat.both the roof and foundation were sound: but when tliey came
toiindentand that the canopy placed upon the chariot was the occa-
sion of bis deathy every one concluded that the prophecy was fulfilled.
But this shall suffice concerning the affairs.of the Bos^>iiorus.
In Italy, the Roman cpusuls entered the country of the Samnkesf
wUh an army, and routed them in a battle at Talius. But the routed
party afteiwards possessing themselves x)f abiil, and tlie night -draw-
ing oo> the Bomans retreated to their camp^; but the next day the
fight was renewed^ and great numbers of the S:;muites.wei« slain,
and above two thousand two hundred were taken prisoners. The
Romans being thus successful, now quietly enjoyed whatever they liad
in the open field, and brought under all the revolting cities, and placed
garrisons in Cataracta and Ceraunia, |>laces they had taken by assault^
mod others they reduced upon terms and conditions.
* Mu«culut M a Uu\e mouM. ''
Y Iq die Greek, Italy if for Sarauiuni, aad Italium for TaliuiOb
3t DIODORUS SICULUS. BtmkXX^
CHAP. IL
TTie ads of Ptolemy in Cilicia, and elsewhere. Pofyperchcn \
ders Hercules, Alexander's son^ by the instigation of Cassamier,
AndUar taken, and put to death by the Syracusofis. His head
sent to Agathocles in Africa. The transactions in Sidfy. At*
chagathus, Agathocles* s son, kills Lysiscus: he and his son »
great danger by the army. Affairs in Italy. The works ef
Appius Claudius: the Appian Way. Ptolemy comes to C9-
rinth: his acts there. Cleopatra, Alexander* s sister, killed kf
the governor of Sardis. The further acts of Agaihodes in
Africa. Ophelas decoyed, and cut tff by Agathocles* CjpAf*
las*s troublesome march to Agathocles. Lamias* s cruelty, asi
the story of her. Bomikar seeks to be prince of Carthage, kA
is put to death by the citizens. Agathocles sends the spoils if
the Cyrenians to Syracuse: most of them lost in a storm. Af"
fairs in Italy.
WHEN Demetrius Phalerios was lord-chancellor of Athens, Quio-
tus Fabius (the second time) and Caius Martius were invested with
the consular dignity at Rome. At that time Ptolemy, king of Egypt,
hearing that his captains had Jost all the cities again in Cilicia, put
over with his fleet to Phaselis, and took that city by force, and from
thence passing into Lycia, took Xanthus by assault, and the garrison
of Antigonus that was therein. Then sailing to Caunus, took the city
by surrender, and then fell upon the citadels and forts that were in it,
and took them by assaults.
As for Heraclcum, he utterly destroyed it; and the city Persicum
came into his hands by the surrender of the soldiers that were put to
keep it. Then sailing to Coos, he sent for Ptolemy the captain, who
was Antigonus's brother's son, and had an army committed to him by
Antigonus : but now forsaking his uncle, he clave to Ptolemy, and
joined with him in all his affairs. Passing therefore from Colchis,
and arriving at Coos, Ptolemy the king at first received him very
courteously; yet after a while, when he saw the insolence of his car-
riage, and how he sought to allure the officers by gifts, and held se-
cret cabals with them, for fear of the worst, he clapped him up in
prison, aud there poisoned him with a draught of hemlock : as for the
Chap.IL DI0D0RU8 SICULU5, 433
Koldiers that came with him^ be made them his qwu by large pro-
mises, and distributed them by small parcels among his owq army.
Whilst these things were acting, Polyperchon^ having raised a great
army, restored Hercules, the son of Alexander, begotten upon Bar-
^ine, to his father's kingdom. And while he lay encamped at Stym*
phalia, Cassander came up with his army, and both encamped near to
each other; neither did the Macedonians dislike to see the restoration
of their king.
Cassander therefore, fearing lest the Macedonians (who are natu*
rally inconstant) should revolt to Hercules, sent an agent to Poly-
perchon, chiefly to advise with him conc^ning the business of the
king. If the king was restored, he told him, he must be sure to be
under the commands of others; but If he would assist him, and kill
the young man, he should enjoy the same privileges and honours in
Macedonia that ever he had before. And besides, that he should
have the command of an array; that h^ should be declared genera-
lissimo of Peloponnesus; and that he should share in the principality,
and be in equal honour with Cassander. At length he so caught and
ensnared Polyperchon with many large promises, that they entered
into a secret combination, and Polyperchon undertook to murder the
young king, which he accordingly efieeted; upon which Polyperchon
openly joined with Cassander in all his concerns, and was advanced
in Macedonia, and received (according to the compact) four thousand
JVlacedonian foot, and five hundred Thessalian horse; and, having
listed several other volunteers, be attempted to pass through Bosotia
Into Peloponnesus : but being opposed by the Boeotians and Pelo-
ponne^ians, he was forced to retire, and march into Locris, where he
took up his winter-c|uarters.
During these transactions, Lysimachus built 4 city in Chersonesus,
and called It after his own name, LysimAchia. Cleomenes, king of
Lacedasmon, now died, when be had reigned tlireescore years an^
ten montlis, and was succeeded by Aretas, his son^ who ruled lorty*
four years.
Al^out this time Amilcar, general of the forces* in Sicily, having
reduced the rest of that island, marched witli his army to Syracuse,
as i^ he would presently gain that city by force of arms: and to that
end hindered all provision from coming to the town, having been a
long time master at sea; and, having wasted and destroyed all th^
corn, and other fruits of the field, attempted to possess hinisclf of all
the places about Olympias* lying before the town. Then he resolved
forthwith to assault the walls, being encouraged thereunto by the a^i^
• A STong fort near tlic tcftiplc of Jupiter Ol^'nipu*,
V04.. 3. No. 45 KK'ii
434 DIODORUS SICULUS. Book XX.
gur, who, by viewing the entrails of the sacrifice, foretold that he
sliould certainly sup the next day in Syracuse. But the towDsmeOi
suspecting the enemy's design, sent out in the night three thousand
foot, and about four hundred horse, with orders to possess themselves
of Eurydus^, who presently effected what they were commanded to
do. The Carthaginians, thinking to surprise the enemy, fell on about
midnight. Amilcar commanded the whole body, and led them np^
having always a strong party near to support him. DinocraCeSy
master of the horse, followed him. The army was divided into two
battalions, one of barbarians, and the other of Grecian confederates.
A rabble likewise of divers other nations followed, to get what plao-
der they could; which sort of people, as they are of no use in an
army, so they are many times the cause of sudden alarms, and vain
and needless fears, which often occasion great mischief and pr^a-
dice. And at that time, the passes being straight and rough, the driven
of the carriages, and other servants and attendants of the army that
were not of any formed companies, quarrelled one with another for
the way, and, not being able to move forward, by reason of the throng,
some fell to downright blows; so that many on each side coming in
to help tliclr several parties, a great tumult, noise, and clamour ran
through the whole army. Upon which the Syracusans who were
posted at Euryclus, understanding the approach of the barbarians by
their tumultuous march, and having the higher ground, fell in upon
the enemy. Some from the high places where they were potted
galled them as they came on with their darts and arrows, and some
prevented them by gaining the necessary passes, and so blocked up
their way. Others drove those that fled headlong down the rocks;
for, by reason of the darkness of the night, and want of intelligence,
they thought the enemy was coming upon them with a mighty army;
so that the Carthaginians, by reason of the disturbance and tumult
amongst their own men, their ignorancef of the ways, and straightness
of the passages, were at a stand, and confounded, and at last fled
outright: and because there was no room to give way,gteat numbers
of them were trodden under foot by their own horse; and part of the
army fought one with anotlicr, as if they had been enemiesj led inio
the error by the darkness of the night. Amilcar indeed at the first
received the enemy's charge witli great resolution, and called out to
the colonels and commaiiders to stand to it, and valiantly bear the
brunt with the rest. But afterwards, being deserted by his soldien,
* Or I^iir Villus, a fort upon the lil;;)ir5t pciiit ol' the hill over the citj caUcd tW
t For suiue made nway even upon the appearance of the entmy, especially bciB|
pvniicd op, nud in amaze, llircu^h their ignor.wce of tlie J)Inccs.
Chap. IL^ DIODORUS SICULUS. 435
through the consterDation that was amongst them, haviug much ado
to save his life^ he fell into the hands of tlie Syracusans.
Here a man may justly observe the inconstancy of fortune^ and
the surprising events men are overtaken with, contrary to what they
expected. For Agatbocles^ not inferior to any in valour^ and who •
had the command of a great army in the battle at Himera, was n^t
only beaten by the barbarians, but lost the best and greatest part of
his army. But those that were left, and penned up within the walls
of Syracuse, with a small handful of men that had been before beat-
en, not only routed the army of the Carthaginians by whom they
were besieged, but took Amilcar the general, one of the noblest of tiie
citizens of Carthage, prisoner: and that most to be admired is, that
a small body of men by an ambuscade, and the advantage of the
place, should utterly rout an army of a hundred and twenty thousand
foot, and five thousand horse. So this is very true, which is in eve*
ry body's mouth — Many things are vain and to no purpose in war.
After this flight, the Carthaginians being scattered and dispersed
to a great distance from one another, could scarcely be collected to-
gether next day. But the Syracusans, returning to the city with
much spoil, delivered Amilcar to those that were resolved to revenge
themselves of him. Tliey remembered what was foretold by the
augur ^That he should sup in Syracuse the next day : the truth of
which, the deity now confirmed by the event. The kindred, there-
fore, of them that were slain, led Amilcar bound through all parts
of the city; and after they had most horribly tormented him, killed
him with the greatest scorn and contempt imagiqable. Then the
principal men of the city sent his head to Agathocles, with an ex-
press, to give him an account of the late victory.
But the army of the Carthaginians, after this defeat, though they
came to understand what was the cause of such great calamities
and misfortunes, yet were scarcely after all freed from their fears :
and because they wanted a general, quarrels arose between the bar-
barians and Grecians. The exiles, therefore, and the rest of the
Greeks, made Dinocrates general over themselves: and the Cartha-
ginians intrusted the supreme command to those that were next
in dignity to the late general. At this time, when the Agrigentines
perceived that Sicily was now in that condition as that it might be
easily gained, they began to seek after the sovereign command of
the island themselves : for they supposed that the Carthaginians
were not able to cope with Agathocles in the war; and that Dino-
crates, who had only a company of fugitives about him, might be
easily vanquished; and that the Syracusans, who were grievously
pressed for want of provisions, would npt so much as attempt 19
43$ DIODORUS SICUL0S. JBook XX,
gain the sovereign command. And lastly^ that which was of the
greatest weight was, that inasmuch as they took up anns to free all
the Greek cities, they concluded, that all would readily concur, bodi
upon the account of the hatred they mutually bore against die bar-
barians, [and the natural love and regard they all had to the tews of
their own country. They therefore created Xenodicus general, and
sent him forth to the war with a considerable army, who fordivMi
makes for Gela, and by some of his friends was let into the dfy in
the night; and thus gained more forces in the town, and a great
deal of money, at one and the same time. The Gehins having thus
recovered their liberty, joined in the war with the whele acrengdi
and power of the city, and most readily applied their helfnog bnkb
for the restoring all the cities to their antient laws.
This attempt of the Agrigentines being noised abfoad thrMil^t
the whole island, a sudden desire of liberty spread over all the cities;
and first, the Enneans sent agents and delivered up their eity to the
Agrigentines: who, freeing this city, marched on to EH)easii8 a pt-
rison of the Carthaginians : here was a sharp engagement, but the
citizens coming in to the assistance of the Agrigentines, the j
was expulsed, and many of the barbarians were killed, and five ]
dred laid down their arms and surrendered.
While the Agrigentines were employed in these affidrs, aone of
Agathocles*s soldiers in Syracuse, having taken Ecbelta, wisted and
harassed the country of the Leontines and Camareans. Thb eah-
niity grievously afflicted the cities^ because the country was laid waste,
and all the com and fmits destroyed : whereupon Xenodicus, the ge-
neral, marched into those parts, and drove tlie enemy out of die
country of the Leontines and Camarenians, and then retaking Ecbel*
tn, which was a very strong fort, he restored the democratical go-
vernment to the city, and struck a terror into the Syraessans* To
conclude, he marched up and down to tlie several garrisons and ci-
ties, and freed them from the Carthaginian government.
In the mean time, the Syracusans, being in great strails and per-
plexity for want of provisions, when they understood that some dups
were coming with corn, fitted out twenty gallics; and, nnderstaad-
ing that the barbarians kept but a slight guard where tbey lay, they
slipt by undiscerned, and got as far as the Megareans, and there
waited for the merchants. But thirty Carthaginian galKes makii^
up to them, they prepared themselves at first to flght : bift bcSng
presently driven on shore, they left their ships and swam out, and so
escaped to a certain temple of Juno, upon which there was a sharp
dispute about the ships; the Carthaginians threw in grappling iioDS,
and hauled them off by force from the land>aud so took tcnof theSi?
Chap.IL DroDORUs slcuLus. 437
the rest i^ere saved by some help that came in out of tlie cityr And
this was the coodltiou of Sicily at that time«
In Africa, after that they who brought the Iiead of Amilcar were
arrived, Agathocles, as sooo as he liad received it, rode up so neaf to
the enemy's camp as that his voice might be heard; and shewing
them the head| told them how all their forces in Sicily were destroy-
ed, which presently caused most bitter mourning and lamentation
among the Carthaginians, who bowed down themselves in adoration
to the head of their king, (as is the custom of their country), and
looking upon his death to be their own calamity, had no courage to
prosecute the war further. Agathocles on the other side, lifted up
with his successes in Africa, and with such conflux jce of prosperity^
carried himself high in mighty hopes and expectations for the future,
as if he had been now out of the reach of all dangers. But fortune
did not think it fit to suffer things to run on in the same course of
prosperity, but brought him under the most imminent hazards and
difficulties from his own soldiers. For one Lyciscus, one of his col-
onels, being invited by Agathocles to supper, when he was heated
with wine, and in his cups, began to rail against him with most bit-
ter imprecations. But Agathocles, because he liad a great esteem
for the man on account of bis valour, passed by all with a jest: but
Archagathus, liis son, on the contrary being enraged at him, retorted
upon him with bitter reproaches and threats. When supper wat
ended, and every one was returned to his tent, Lyciscus contemptu*
otisly charged Archagathus as an inceftuous adulterer with his own
step-mother; for he was judged to be too familiar with Alcia, his fa*
ther's wife. Whereupon Archagathus, stii red up to a degree of mad-
ness and rage, snatched a lance out of the hands of one of the guards
and ran him through the side, wlio, falling down dead, was carried
into his tent by those that attended him. As soon as it was day, the
friends of him that was slain, and many others of the soldiers, ran
up and down, and (enraged at the deed which was committed) filled
the camp with tumult and confusion. Many likewise of the cap-
tains, wlio were subject *to be called in question for their crimes,
fearinj; what might ensue, made use of the present occasion, and
stirred up tlie soldiers to a terrible mutiny; so that the whole army,
inflamed with the hatred of his cruelty, ran to their arms to execute
condign punishment upon the murderer. At length they resolved
to put Archagatbas to death ; and that, if Agathocles did not deliver
up his son, he should die in his room : besides, they demanded of
him their arrears, and chose new ofiiccrs and captains to command
the army. At length they possessed themselves of the walls of Tu-
nis, and inclosed the princes with their guards. This mutiny com«
438 IMODORUS sicuLUS. Book XXt
iDg to the cars of the enemy, the Carthaginians sent some of thdr
own men to persuade the soldiers to a revolt^ promising them larger
pay and ample rewards : whereupon many of the captains promised
to bring over the army to them. But Agathocles^ when he saw he
was in the utmost extremity of danger, and fearing lest if he were
given up to the enemy he should end his days with disgrace and dis-
honour, concluded that it was mucli better if he must suffer to be
killed by the soldiers: whereupon he laid aside his purple robe^ and
put on a poor country-fellow *s habit, and came into the midst of
tjiem ; at which strange sight there was a deep silence, and many
came in from every quarter flocking about him, where he made a
speech to them adapted to tlie present occasion, wherein he set forth
the acts he had done to that time, and told them he was now ready
to die, if they (his fellow -soldiers) thought fit it should be so« For
be was resolved never (like a coward) to make exchange of his honour
for his life, of which, he said, they should be then eye-witnesses;
and thereupon drew out his sword as if he would run himself through:
and just as he was ready to thrust it into his body, the wlu>le army
cried aloud to him to forbear, and all gave their voices generally.^
That he should be acquitted and discharged from all further accusa-
tion. The soldiers then wishing him to put on his royal robes, he
returned them many thanks, shedding many tears, and then cloath-
ed himself again as became his state and dignity, and the people with
cheerful countenances congratulated the reassumption of his former
power. In the mean time, the Carthaginians expected every hoar
that the Greeks would come over to them.
But Agathoclcs, that he might not lose the advantage of the pre-
sent occasion, led the army out against them; for the Carthaginians
expecting continually a revolt and a desertion from the enemy's
camp, never in the least dreamed of what was really in agitation.
But Agathoclcs, as soon ns he approached the enemy's camp, pre-
sently commanded hi^ men to sound a cliarge, and so forthwith fell
in upon them, and cut them down before him. The Carthaginians
being surprised by this sudden attack, after the loss of many of their
men, fled to their camp. And thus Agathoclcs, who was near losing
his life through the rashness of his son, by his own valour not only
extricated himself out of the snare, but completely routed his ene-
mies: but they who were the heads and ring-leaders of the mutiny,
and as many others as bore a grudge to the prince, to the number of
two hundred and upwards, vilely deserted, and went over to the Car-
thaginians.
Having now gone through the affairs of Africa and Sicily, we
shall next take notice of what was done in Italy. For there the £-
Chap. IL moDORUs siculus. 439
trascans came with a great army against Sutrium, a Roman colony:
to whose defence the consuls marched out with great forces, and
fought and routed the Etruscans, and pursued them to their very
camp. About the same time the Samnites (when the Roman army
was abroad at a great distance^ without the least fear of an enemy) be*
sieged the lapyges, allies to the Romans: therefore the consuls were
forced to divide their forces. Fabius continued in Etruria; but
Marcius marched against the Samnites^ and took the city of Alifa
by storm^ and freed their allies from the siege of lapyges. But Fa«
bios^ while the Etrurians flocklsd in great numbers to besiege Sutri«
tiiDj slipt secretly by the enemy through the bordering country^ and
made an incursion into the higher Etruria, which had for a long
time been free from all manner of inroads and invasions; where,
breaking in on a sudden, he wasted and harassed the country up and
down, and routed those of the irihabitants that made head against
bim, and killed many of them, and took a great number of prisoners.
Afterwards he overcame and killed hiany of them in a set battle, at a
place called Perusia, and put that people into a great consternation.
He was the first of the Romans that ever entered into those parts
with an army. But he made peace with the Arretines and Crotoneans,
and them of Perusia ; and taking the city called Castula, he forced
the Etrurians to raise their siege before Sutrium.
This year there were two censors created at Rome; the one of
whom was Appius Claudius; who, with the concurrence of his col-
league, Caius Plautius, abrogated many of the antient laws: for, to
gratify the people, he made no account of the senate. He brought
water, which from hitn was called Appia, into Rome, from places four
Hirlongs distant; and expended a vast sum of money in this work,
received out of the treasury by consent of the senate. Then he laid
a causeway of hard stones the greatest part of that road, whidi is
from him called Appia, extending from Rome to Capua, a thousand
furlongs and upwards; and with great cost and expense levelled all
the rising grounds, and filled up all the holes and hollow places,
making all even and plain ; but hereby drained the treasury of al-
most all the money that was in it. And by his employing himself
in promoting the public good, he left behind him an immortal me-
morial. He also made up the senate not only of the nobility, as the
antient custom was, but likewise of the libertines*, by choosing ma-
ny of them, and mixing them with the others, which the patricians
took very heinously. Moreover, he gave liberty to the citizens to in-
corporate themselves into what tribe they thought fit, and to be tax-
^d in wliatcvcr rank they j)lcasc(l.
• Su^:h a^ !j.i(i 1 • < u >1 iv: i:id were set free.
440 DIODORUS SICULUS. BookXJL
At lengthi perceiving how greatly he was envied by the Dobilitf,
he avoided the storm by insinuating himself into the fiiTOur of the
eommon people, and making use of them aa a biihvaik agftiut the
envy of the patricians. In mustering the horse^ he never took any
man's horse from him, nor removed any person, however mean, ool
of the senate (when once chosen) when be took an aceoont of die
senators, which the censors used to dob But the oooboIb, bodioat
of envy, and to gratify the nobility, convened a senate out of andiai
were enrolled by the former censors, and not those that were aUov*
ed by him i but the people opposed them, and sided with Appiaai
and that he might confirm the advancement of such aa were of B^iaa
and obscure birth, he preferred one Caius Flavius, the son of a li*
bertine, to the office of aedile, and to the highest phce in that ofioSi
And this was the first Roman bom of a libertine, that ever befcie
was advanced to that honourable situation. Appius, at length btt^g
removed out of his office, out of fear of the senate's malice^ kept hii
house under pretence of being blind.
Now Charinus was chief governor at Athens, and theRonaoa ere*
ated Publius Dccius and Quintus Fabius consuls. And at £Iis was
celebrated the hundred and eighteenth olympiad, in which Apol*
lonides of Tcgasa bore away the prize: at which time Plolefliyy sail-
ing from Myndus along the islands which lay in his way, came to
Andres; and, putting out the garrison that was there, restored it to
its former lilierty : thence he sailed to the Isthmus, and received Si*
cyon and Corinth from Cratesipolis. But for what reaaoi
on what account he took these eminent cities into bis
have related in the former books, and therefore we shall forlicar re-
petition. He designed also to restore the rest of the Greek citici la
their liberty, judging that, by gaining the hearts of the Greeiana, hi
should very much promote his own interest. But when tbe Felo*
ponnesians were ordered to provide money and victuals, but peiftna-
ed nothing of what they agreed to, he was so incensed that be made
peace with Cassander upon this condition, ..Thai each of thcai
should retain the cities they had then in their hands. Then haviog
put garrisons into Sicyon and Corinth, he returned into ligypt
In tlie mean time, Cleopatra, being incensed against Antjgnaaii
of her own accord inclined to Ptolemy, and left Sardis to go to knii
she was the sister of Alexander, the conqueror of the Persians^ lbs
daughter of Philip, son of Amyntas, and the wife of Alexander who
undertook an expedition into Italy. And therefore upon the aoeoaat
of the nobleness of her birth, Cassander, LysimachuSa AntigoaaSi
and Ptolemy, and even the chicfest of Alexander's captaioa afttt Us
death, were every one ambitious to ninrry her : for every oqe bofifd
Chap. IL motJoftUs slcuLtJS* 441
by this marriage to draw all the MacedoQians after him ; and there-
fore each coveted to be related to the royal family^ looking upon
that as the way to gain the sovereign command over ail the rest.
But the governor of Sardis, whom Antigonus had ordered to retain
Cleopatra^ stopped her journey ; and afterwards, by the order of An-
tigonus, with the help of some women, privately mUrdered her.
But Antigonus, who would no ways be thought guilty of her death,
struck off the heads of some of those tvomen for having a hand in her
murder, and buried her with all the magnificence that might be^
And such was the end of Cleopatra, before any solemnization of mar-*
riage; who was earnestly coveted as a wife by all the most noble
captains and generals of the army.
Having now gone through the affairs af Asia and Greece, we shall
pass over to other parts of the world.
In Africa, the Carthaginians sent an army against the Numidians^
who had revolted from them, in order to reduce them. Upon which^
Agathocles left his son Archagathus with part.of the army at Tunis;
and he himself, with eight thousand foot> £ind eight hundred horse
Qf the most valiant men of his afmy^ and fifty African carriages,
made after the enemy with all possible speed. In the mean iime>
the Carthaginians being come among the Numidians called Suphons,
caused many of the inhabitants to join with them ; and reduced like-
wise some of the revolters to their former alliance and confederacy
with them; but when they heard of the enemy's approach they en-
camped upon a high piece of ground lying od the other side of a
deep and impassable rlver, to secure themselves against all sudden
attacks and incursions of the enemy; and commanded the most ac-
tive Numidians to hinder the march of the Grecians by constantly
harassing them with continual attacks ib the rear; who accordingly
executing their commands, Agathocles sent out the archers and
stingers against them; and he himself, With the rest of the army,
made towards the enemy'^ camp. But the Carthaginians^ under-"
standing his design, drew the army out of the camp, and stood rang-
ed in battle array, ready and prepared for fight r as soon as they saw
Agathocles^s soldiers pass the river, they fell upon them in a full
body, and made a great slaughter at that part of the river where
it was so difficult to pass; and in this endeavour to force their way
through the river^ the Greeks as fat excelled the barbarians in valour,
as they did them in number and multitude. While both sides stood
stoutly to it for a long time, the Numidians in each army left off
fighting, expecting the issue of the engagement^ with a design to rifle
the carriages of that party which was routed. At length Agathocles
with those brave and valiant men he had about him, broke through
VoL<2« No«4S# LLL
4%2 DIODORUS SICULUS. Bofdk XX.
that part of the enemy's battalion which was opposed tohioiy and put
thetn to flight, and the rest presently followed him; only the Greci-
an horse that sided witli the Carthaginians, under the command of
Clino, bore the shock of the Agathocleans, who prest Tery sore up-
on them; upon which there was a very sharp engagement, and ma-
ny figliiitig courageously died on the spot, the rest by good fortone
escaping: then Agathocles, leaving off tlie pursuit, bent all \u$
strength against them who had fled back into the camp; but, endea-
vouring to break in at places strongly fonified and of difficult ap-
proach, he sustained as much loss as the Cartliaginians; however,
he remitted nothing of his resolution, but being lifted up with his
victory still pressed upon the enemy, confidently concladiog he
could force the camp. In the mean time the NumkUans weie very
intent in observing how things were like to go, but could not fill
upon the baggage of the Carthaginians because both armiea were so
near the camp. When therefore they saw that Agathocles vras at a
great distance, and the guards but small in the Grecian camp^ they
broke in there, and easily killed those that withstood them, and took
many prisoners, and possessed themselves of other prey aad plonder.
Which, as soon as Agathocles came to understand, he hastened thi-
ther with his forces, and recovered some of the spoil: huttheNami-
dians carried most away with them, and in the night got a fcog way
oflffrom the place. TIten the prince erected a trophy, and divided
all the booty amongst the soldiers that none might repine at the
losses they liad sustained. Tlie Greeks likewise, that sided with
the Carthaginians, he committed prisoners to a castle; who, feaonng
that the prince would revenge himself on them, in the night fdl
upon the guard in the castle; but being worsted, they got Into a foit
'jLud sheltered themstlvcs there to the number of a thousand at least,
amongst whom were above five hundred Syracusans. As soon as
A;^athocles came to know what was done, he marched with his army
thither, where after terms and articles agreed upon, those complot-
ters came forth from the hold, but he put them all to the sword. Be-
ing crowned with this victory, and having done all that he possi^y
could contrive for the subduing of the Carthaginians, he sent Ortho
the Syracusan to Cyrenc, as his ambassador to Ophehs, who was
one of Alexander's captains during the whole of the late wars, and
was then possessed of Cyrenc with the neighbouring cities, and had
the command of a great army, and was contriving how to enlarge his
dominions; and while he was employing his mind on these amhi*
tious projects, the agent of Agathocles just then arrived to soliiut
him to join with him in affording his assistance to subdue the Car-
thaginians. In return for which piece of service Agathocles pfOflM»*
Chap. IL DiODOaus siculus. 443
ed be would yield up to him the sovereign commaud of all Africa^
and that he himself would be content with Sicily, where^ being free^
from all fear of future dangers and troubles from the Cartl)aginianS|
he sliould be able with ease and safety to reduce tlie whole island tp
his obedience. And if he should have a desire to enlarge his domi*-
nion^ he said that Italy was near at hand, where he might gratify his
ambition in that respect. That Africa was fai* from him, separated
by a large sea, and that he came not into it of choice, but was driven
tiiere by necessity. This therefore coming in the way so heighten*
ed him in his former hopes that he readily hearkened to him, and
sent his agent to Athens to pray their aid and association in this war*
For he had married from thence Eurydiec, the daughter of Miltiades,
who was general of the conquerors at the battle of Marathon ; and
therefore, upon account of this marriage, and other acts of kindness,
he was received into the franchises of the city; many of tlie Atheni-
ans readily hearkened to this motion, and not a few likewise of tlie
other Grecians willingly joined in this expedition, hoping thereby to
have the sharing of the ricliest parts of all Africa witli ail the wealth
of Carthage among themselves : for the state of the af&irs of Greece^
by reason of the continual wars and quarrels of tl;ie princes among
themselves, was but in a Vjsry weak and low condition; therefore
they concluded they should not only reap much advantage, but be
freed likewise from those pressing evils which at that time lay hea-
vy upon them.
Ophelas at length, wbeii he had made plentiful provision of all
things necessary for his expedition in hand^ led forth his army, hav-f
ing with him above ten thousand foot, and six hundred horse, and a
hundred chariots, and above three hundred men drivers and soldiers
to manage them, besides extraordinaries and followers of the camp
to the number of ten thousand more; many of whom carried their
wives and children with their stuff and baggage along with them, so
that they looked like a colony going to be planted. Having there-
fore Inarched eighteen days journey, and in them gone three thou^
sand furlongs, they came to a city called Automolus, and there en-
camped; thence marching forward, they came to a mountain shelv-
ing down dn both sidos with steep and sharp rocks, having a deep
valley in tlie midst, out of which rose a soft stpnc spiring up like un-
to a sharp rock, at the foot of which \v;is a wide cave overshadowed
with ivy and the leaves of the yew tree, in wliich it is reported, queen
Lamia, a lady of admirable beauty, formerly dwelt; but for her cru-
elty, they say, her face was afterwards transformed into the shape oji'
a beast; for it is reported tliat, being bereaved of all her children'*^^
* 4U bcr phildccuj \\ic^ say^ vere killed bv Juno, because tkev were got bjr Jupiter
444 DIODORUS SICULUS. Book XX,
she took it so grievously, that she envied all other women that had
children, and commanded the poor infants to be plucked out of their
mothers' arms, and foithwith murdered. And therefore, cveD to
this day, the tale of this woman is fresh among children^ and with
the name of Lamia they are presently put Into n great fright. More-
over, being much given to drunkenness^ she let every one do what
they pleased, without any en(}uiry after mens* manners) and because
she never seriously minded what was done in her province, it was
believed she was blind. And therefore there is a fable told by sobk
that she put her eyes into a little purse, excusing lier drunken soC*
tishness by such an invented tale, as if that was the reason she saw
nothing. That she was in Africa one brings in Euripides for v wit-
nessj for so he says.^
To whom Is thtt most btteful name uakqown?
Or of th* Africtn Lamia Uie spawn i
But Ophelas, removing again, travelled with gr^t toil and labour
through a dry and thirsty country full of wild beasts; for they did
not only want water, but bread and other provision, so that the whole
army was in danger of perishing. These sandy deserts near the Syr-
tes were pestered with noisome serpents and all sorts of hurtful
beasts, and it being for the most part deadly to be bitten by these tc-
nomous creatures, many were brought into a sad condition; oat of
the reach both of friends' help and remedy from medicines. Fur
some of ttie serpents were of the same colour with the earth, so that
none could sec them before they were hurt, so that many treadiiif
upon them were stung to death. At last^ after two months misera-
ble marching, with much difficulty they came to Agathocles's campi
where they pitched their camps at a small distance one from ano-
ther; on the other hand the Carthaginians, hearing that they were
come up to him, were in a great consternation^ seeing the great for-
ces that were making against them.
Agathocles, hearing of his approach, went to meet hlqi, and ad-
vised him by all means to have a care of his army after so teduMis
and hard a journey, and to see them well refreshed. He himself lay
quiet a few days, observing every thing that wa$ done in the neigli-
bouring camp. At length, taking his q>portanity when the greater
part of Ophelas^s army were gone a-foraging into the eoontrj, and
taking notice that Ophelas never suspected any thing of what he
was then contriving, he suddenly called his army together, and be-
fore them accused Ophelas for that, being called for as an assistant
in this war, he went about to betray him ; and, having incensed the
multitude, drew out his whole army in battalia against him and his
C>rcuians. Ophelas^ growing amazed at this unexpected altenrtwo,
Chap. IL BI0D0R17S SICULU8. 44S
put nevertheless liicnself and the men he had with him in a postm'e
of defence : but the enemy being too quick for him, and he too weak
for them, he was there slain upon the place. Agathocles persuaded
those that were left to lay down their arms; then telling them what
great things he would do for them^ he got the whole army to him-
self. And thus Ophelas^ by indulging his ambition^ and being over
credulous^ came to this fatal catastrophe. In the mean time Bomil*
car ,at CArthage was waiting for an opportunity to put in execution
what he had a long time been hammering in his brain in order to
^ain the sovereign power and authority. And^ although he had se-
veral times fit occasions offered him for that purpose^ yet alwayi
9ome light and inconsiderable jcause or other intervening^ put a stop
to his design. For some superstitious persons many times are pre«
paring to act great and remarkable pieces of wickedness^ and yet al«
ways choose rather to delay than act, to put off, than execute the
thing; which even then came to pass: for, concluding that he had
a fair opportunity offered him, the better to eflfect his purpose, be
sent away the most eminent persons of the citizens that were about
bim on an expedition against the Numidians, that he might Iiave none
of the nobility at hand to oppose him; but then, checked by his own
liears, he dur3t not reveal to any his design of gaining the principa-
lity, and so let the matter fall again» At length it fell out that be
attempted to set up himself at the very same time that Ophelas was
cut off by Agathocles; and neither of them knew what was done ia
one another's camp. For Agathocles knew nothing of the ambition
of the other, or of the tumult and disorder that was in the city, whicb
lie might at that time have easily subdued: for if Bomilcar had been
surprised, and taken iu the very act, he would have chosen rather to
have joined with Agathocles, than to have given up himself to be
punished by the citizens. Neither did the Carthaginians know any
thing of Agathoclcs's falling upon Ophelas; for they might easily
have overcome him, by joining with Ophelas. But I suppose both
sides were well enough content to be ignorant, although they were
things of great weight and concern, and contrived by them that were
near one to another.
For Agatiiocles, being plotting to cut offa person that was his friend
and associate, minded not to inquire after any thing that was doing
with the epcmy; and Bomilcar, on the other side, contriving how to
overturn the liberties of his country, cared not what was in dotation
in Agalhocles's camp, whose purpose was now not so much to con-
quer an enemy, as to subdue his own fellow-citizens. Matters beinf
thus, here some may find fault with history, seeing many things of
divers natures happening at one and the same time, and that writers
446 DIODORUS SICULUS. Book XSL
are forced to break in with new matter of another nature^ and to dl-
Tide between things done at the same instant^ that the truths related
may delight the more. But to answer this, the history that is denied
tbb liberty, although it afterwards represents the things done, yet it
postpones tlie true pleasure of the thing to too great a distance firom
the first relation.
Bomilcar therefore^ picking out a select number of men in the
New Cit)^^^ (as it is called)^ not far distant from the dd Carthage,
dismissed all the rest; then, having called together fi?e hundredf of
the citizens who were privy to his design, and about a thousand mer-
cenary soldiers, he declared himself sole monarch of the Carthagini-
ans. Tlien he divided his troops into five bodies^ and fell upon the
city, killing all that he met in the highways; upon which an incre-
dible terror and amazement possessed the whole city. At first, the
Carthaginians suspected that the town was betrayed, and that tlie
enemy had broke in by that means: but when the truth was known,
the young men marshalled themselves, and made against the tyrant,
who hastened into the forum, killing all he met in the streets, and
slaughtering great numbers of naked and unarmed citizens. But the
Carthaginians, mounting the tops of the houses that were round a-
bout ti)e market-place, cast down showers of darts from thence, so
that the conspirators (the place being altogether exposed to the shot)
were galled most grievously : whereupon in a full body they forced
their way through the narrow passes, and got into the New City, be-
ing plyed and wounded with darts and arrows all along as tliey came
under the houses. Then possessing themselves of a hill, (the whole
city being now in arms), the Carthaginians drew up their camp in
the face of the rebels. At length they sent some of the most antient
and gravest of their citizens to them, and remitted what was past, and
so all things were peaceably composed. Towards all the rest, indeed,
they performed their articles, and (because of the cloud that hoQg
over the city) passed by the crimes committed; but, without any re-
gard to their oaths, they most ignominiously tormented Bomilcar,
and put him to death. And thus the Carthaginians, when their cooh
monwealth was near upon the point of expiring, recovered their an-
tient form of govcrjiment.
In the m<'an time, Agathocles loaded all his transport-ships with
spoils, and such of the Cyrenians as he found not fit and serviceable
for the war he put on board, and sent tliem to Syracuse; but a fierce
tempest overtook them, in which some of the ships were lost, and o-
•'lers WLir cast upon xhv Plihccir^ian islands bordering upon Italy, sa
that very few arrived at Syracuse.
Cft<ip. lit. DIOt>ORU» SlCULtTS. 447
LI I I 'tf ' ■' '■.■■!r " " ,■"■■■— ■ " ii ■ '
In Italy, tbe Rotnan consols assisted the MarsilianSi (who were
sorely oppr^sed by the Samnites); and were conqoerors, killing great
tiumbM of the etiemy opon the place. Then they marched throogli
the country of die Umbii, and invaded Etmria, then at war with
them, and todc a castle caUed Caprium by storm* But the infaabif*
tarns sending their ambassadors to tneat upon terms of peace, th^
iraade peace with theTatquinfams for forty years; bat with the rest dP
tiie Etrurians only for one yean
CHAP. ni.
toemetrius frees all the Orecian cities: takes thePirans ai Alkem.
Demetrius Phalerius Jfxes to Ptolemy. Honours given to JDe-
metrius in At hem. He sails lo Cyprus: his acts there: te*
sieges SaUtmis. His great engifies. Ptolemy sails to Cyprus*
Sea-Jight bettoeen Ptolemy and Demetrius, wherein Ptdlemy bt
routed. Antigonus takes the title of king , as likewise do severet
other captains. AgaihoCles*s acts at UHca in Africa. 7^es Km
prisoners to a great engine. TTle sorts qf people in AfricOf
Xenodochus routed in Sicily by Agafhocles*s iaptams. The eutM
ofAgathocles in Sicily. fFhat was done by Archagathas in
Africa. Maschala inhabited by some tSreeks that came Jrom
Troy. Apesy their custom efmong the Pithecusee. i%e Car-*
thaginians draw thirty thousand men out of Carthage. Jlfif-
fortuiies to Agaihocles's captains in Africa. The army btoc^k^
up, and almost starved. Agathoetes beats the Carthaginians ett
sea near Syracuse. His captain Leptines harasses theAgrigen^
tines. Agalhocles feasts the Syracusans. His jocund tender.
IBs cruelty. Routed in Africa. Carthaginian camp burrtU
TJie misfortune afterwards to both armies by one cause. Aga^
thocles put in chains by his otvn men. Steals out of Africa. The
soldiers kill Ms two sons. They make peace with the Carthagi-
nians. Agathocles's exceeding cruelty at JEgesta; and afters
ivards at Syracuse.
AT the end of the year, Aiiaxicrates was created chicff gi>rernor of
Athens, and Appius Claudius and Luchis Vulutius consuls at Rome.
At this time Demetrius, the son 6f Antigonus, being fuTnfshed* with
44ft DioDORUS SICULUS. Book X3L
two strong armies^ one by land, and the other by aea» and piovideil
with Weapons and all other necessaries for the war, set firtth horn
Ephesos with full orders and instructions to set all the Grecian cities
at liberty, and in the first place to free Athens^ which was then hdd
by a garrison of Cassander's. To tliis purpose he arrited at the PI«
XflBos with his fleet; and upon his first arrival caused the edict to be
proclaimed, and then assaulted the Piraeus on every side. But Db-
nysius, the governor of the fort Munychia, and Demetrius PlialmnSi
whom Cassander had made president of the city, with a strong body
of men beat off the enemy from the walls: but some of Antigoous't
men forced their way near the slK)re,and scaled the walls; where-
upon many within came up to their assistance, and in this manner
was the Piraeus taken. Dionysius the governor fled into Manydiii»
and Demetrius Phalerius into the city. The next day he, with soma
others, was sent by the city to Demetrius, and, after he had treateil
with him concerning the liberty of the city, and his own preservi^
tioo, he prevailed so far as to be dismissed with a safe conduct, and
90, without any further care or concern for Athens, he fled toThdicSy
and thence to Ptolemy in Egypt. And thus he, who had gtyvemed
the city for the space of ten years, was in this manner thrust oa< of
his country. The people of Athens being hereupon restored to tbetr
fiberty, decreed public honours to them that were the aathon of
their deliverance. Demetrius forthwith brought up his engines and
battering-rams, and besieged Munychia both by sea and land. Bat
the Diooysians nude a stout resistance, and, by the advantage and
difficulty of the height of the pkces to be assaulted, beat off the De*
metrians, (for Munychia is not only strong by nature, bat by ttt win,
and defended by high walb), tliough Demetrius indeed far exceeded
the other in number of men, and warlike preparations. At length,
after the assault had continued for the space of two days togethOj
many of those within being wounded and killed by the shot from the
engines, so as that there were not men enough left to defend the
place, the garrison-soldiers began to flag. In the mean time theDe*
metrians, who assaulted by turns, and mutually relieved one another
with fresh supplies, having cleared the wall by their shot, broke into
Munychia, and so, forcing the soldiers within to lay down their annsy
they took the governor prisoner. Having despatched this business
in a few days time, Demetrius demolished Munychia, and entirdy
restored the people to their liberty, and entered with them into a
league of peace and amity. The Athenians therefore nuide a deciee
(which was written by Stratocles)«_That golden statues of Antigonut
and Demetrius sltould be set up, and mounted upon a ehariotj nezl
Chap. III. DIODORU8 SICULUS. 449
to Harmodius and Aristogiton* ; and that they should be both a-
domed with crowns of gold of two hundred talents weight a-pieee;
and that an altar should be erected in honour of them, called the
Saviour's Altar: and in further honour of them, to the ten tribes of
Athens they added two more^ called the Antigonian and Demetrian.
And thus the people of Athens, after they had been stripped of all
their liberties by the Lamian tii'ar, after fifteen years were restored to
their antient laws and government. M egara was still under the curb
of a garrison ; but Demetrius likewise took that city, and restored
the people to their former privileges; therefore he was highly ho-
noured and richly presented by the inhabitants upon this account.
Moreover, when the Athenian ambassador, who was sent to Antigo-
nus, presented to him the decree, he, understanding that they both
Wanted corn for necessary provision, and timber for building of
ships^ sent them a hundred and fifty medimnas of wheat, and as much
timber as would build a hundred ships. Then he withdrew the gar^
rison out of Imbros, and restored the city to the inhabitants. After-
wards he wrote to his son Demetrius, and ordered him to call a se-
nate of members chosen out of all the confederate cities, in order to
consult concerning what might be most conducive to the public good
of all Greece; and that he himself with all speed should transport
forces into Cyprus, and there fight Ptolemy's captains. In obedi-
ence to his father's commands, without any further delay, he passed
over first into Caria, and moved the Rhodians to make war against
Ptolemy^ who were slack and slow in the matter, willing rather to be
neuters, and keep in with all parties : hence first grew the heartburn*
ings between them and Antigonus. Thence be sailed into Cilicia^
and, furnishing himself there with shipping and men, he passed over
into Cyprus with fifteen thousand foot, and five hundred horse, and
a fleet consisting of an hundred and ten ships of three tier of oars
a-piece^ of singular swiftness, and fifty-three not so swift as the
others, but men of war, as they were; besides transport-ships of all
sorts, answerable to so great a multitude of men and horses. Being
landed, he first encamped near the shore, not far from Carpasia, and^
drawing up his ships to land, fenced them with a deep trencii and
ramparts; and then he fell upon the cities next at hand, and took
Urania and Carpasia by storm ; and, leaving a sufiicient guard to de-
fend his trenches about the fleet, he marched to Salamis.
Menelaus, appointed by Ptolemy chief commander of the isle, be-
ing then at Salamis, and seeing the enemy within forty furlongs of
* Two brothers ttiat killed the tyrant Hyparcbas in Athens.— Qlymp. 0^^
Tbucjd. h\sX,
Vol. 2. No. 46. MMM
450 DIODORUS SICULUS. . JBook XX,
the city, drew out of^the garrisons adjoining, to the number of
twelve thousand foot, and eight hundred horse, and went out t»
meet him, and fought awhile; but, not being able to endure the ene-
my's charge, he fled, and Demetrius, pursuing him even to the gttei
of the ciry, took to the number of three thousand of his men, and
killed a thousand upon the field. The prisoners he pardoned, and
distributed them among his own men: but finding that they were
ever ready to fly over again to Menelaus, because their wealth wai
in Ptolemy's hands in Egypt, he shipped them all away to Antigonui
his father.
Antigonus at that time was building a jcity in the Upper Syrian
near the river Orontes, called by his own name Antigonia^ Lajring oat
great sums of money upon it, and taking within the walk seventy
furlongs of ground : for the place itself was very opportune to lie as a
yoke both upon Babylon and the upper provinces, and likewise upon
the lower, with the other provinces, as far down as to Egypt. But
this city continued not long; for Seleucus razed it, and transplanted
the inhabitants to another, built by himself, called Seleucia^ after hb
own name. But we shall give an account of these things when we
come to the time proper for them.
But Menelaus, after he was thus routed in Cyprus, drew all hii
engines within the walls, and lined all the bulwarks and battlements
with soldiers, and prepared for fighting, observing at the same time
that Demetrius was doing the like. He despatched likewise a mes-
senger to Ptolemy, to tell him what had happened, and to denre
more help, in regard the afiairs of Cyprus were in a very low and
dangerous condition.
Demetrius, seeing that the city was in no contemptible conditioOy
and that it was furnished with a great number of soldiers for its de-
fence, was resolved to prepare engines of an extraordinary bigness,
and all sorts of battering rams, and other instruments of war^ that
might in any manner terrify the besieged. He sent likewise tot
workmen out of Asia, and for iron, timber, and every thing else thit
was necessary to be made use of in the works he designed. And now
every thing being ready at hand, he built an engine^ which he called
Helepolis, from taking of cities, forty-five cubits broad on every
side, and ninety in height, drawn upon four strong wheels, eight cu-
bits high: he made likewise two exceeding great battering nunS|
and galleries to support them. He put several great shot of massy
stones in the lowest story of the Helepolis, the greatest of which
weighed three talents: in the middle were placed very great ms-
chines to shoot darts and arrows; in the highest part were thgie
Chap.ni. DtODORUS STCULUS. 451
that were less, and a great store of stone-snot, ancf above two hun-
dred men, who knew the manner of managing all these deuces to the
best advantage.
Bringing np, therefore, his engines ^o the walls of the city, by
showers of shot he there swept off the turrets and battlements, and
battered down the walls with his rams: but the besieged made such
obstinate resistance, and opposing engines to engines^ that the issue
for some days was very doubtful; and toil, labour, and wounds, were
the mutual lot and portion of each party. At length the wall tumbled
down, and the city was even upon the point of being taken by storm;
but night coming on, both sides drew off. Then Menelaus, having
a diligent eye for the security of the city, lest it should be taken by
some fresh stratagem, got a great deal of dry stuff and matter toge-
ther, and cast it in the night from off the walls upon the engines, to-
gether with many lighted firebrands, and burnt the principal of them.
On the mounting up of the flames, the Demetrians came in to quench
the fire; but it was so quick and furious, that the engines were totally
consumed, and most of the men that were in them^
However, Demetrius, though he was for the present disappointed
in his design, yet desisted not in the least, hut still urged on the siege
both by sea and land, supposing that time at last would crown him
with victory.
But Ptolemy, having received intelligence how his forces were
roated, set sail from Egypt with an army well furnished both for sea
and land service; and, arriving at Paphos in Cyprus, took boats, and
went to Citium, two hundred furlong^ from Salamis. His whole fleet
consisted of an hundred and forty long ships, the biggest whereof was
of five tier of oars, and the least of four; and these were attended by
two hundred ships of bnrthen, carrying no less than ten thousand
soldiers. From thence Ptolemy despatched away by land some mes-
sengers to Menelaus, to bid him with all speed to send him (if pos-
sibly he could) those ships that were then iq the port of Salamis^
which were sixty sail: for he was in hopes that with this addition,
having made his navy two hundred sail, (if he should Come to a sea-
fight), he should be victorious. But Demetrius, foreseeing what
might be in contriving, left part of his army to carry on the siege,
and manned all his vessels wiih the best of his soldiers, and placed
his engines to shoot stones, arrows, and darts of three spans in length,
upon the forecastles of his ships. Then with his fleet, top and top-
gallant, ready prepared for battle, he sailed about to the city, and an-
chored about a dart's cast from the mouth of the harbour, and there
lay all nighty both to prevent that fleet in the p<>rt firom joining with
4S2 DIODORUS SICULU8. Sook XX.
the other, and likewise waiting the coining up of the enemy^ being
himself then prepared to fight him. ,
On the other liahd, Ptolemy set sail for Salamts; and in regard be
had with him in bis fleet a great number of tenders, bis navy seemed
to be exceedin>r great. Demetrius, hearing of tbe enemy's approftdii
left Antisthenes the admiral, with ten ships of five tier of oars, to
keep in the fleet that was in the harbour; and commanded the horw
to keep near the sea-side, to be ready to relieve those that should
swim to land, in case any misfortune should happen. He himself
drew up his fleet in a line of battle, and made towards the enemy,
having not above a hundred and eight sail, with those taken in the
forts that were deserted; the greatest of which ships were of seven
tier of oars, but the roost of them were of five. In the left wing were
seven Phoenician gallies of seven tier of oars, and thirty Atbenisn
vessels of four tier of oars, commanded by Mcdius as admiral. To
support these, he drew up ten gallies of six tier of oars> and as many
of five, conceiving it prudent chiefly to guard that wing where he
himself intended to engage. In the middle division he placed the least
ships, under the command of Themisus, the Samian, and Marsyas, the
writer of the affairs of Macedon. The right wing was comoMinded by
Hc'gcslppus of Halicarnassus, and Pleistliias of Coos, who was lord-
high- admiral of the whole fleet.
Ptolemy at the first made with all the sail he could in the night
time towards Salamis, in hopes to enter the port before the enemy:
but at break of day, spying the enemy's fleet not far off ready drawn
up» he likewise forthwith prepared for battle; and for this purpose
ordered his transport-ships to 'lie off at sea at a great distance^ and
drew up the rest in a line. He himself commanded in the left wing,
where were the greatest of his ships ready to defend him. The fleets
being thus drawn up, both sides (according to antient custom) called
(by their priests) upon their gods, and the whole army followed tbe
noise and cry of them that first began. But tbe princes, seeing noir
all (both lives and fortunes) ready to be laid at stake, were both in no
small concern. Demetrius now, not a quarter of a league diitant
from the enemy, gave the sign of battle which was before agreed up-
on, and that was the liftmg up of a golden target visible to the whole
fleet, one part after another. Ptolemy doing the same, presently the
fleets joined, and the trumpets sounded a charge, and both annief
setting up a great shout, to it they went in a dreadful and teniUe
manner. At first they made use of bows, and engines to shoot tr-
rows, stones, and darts, by which many on both sides were grievomlj
galled and wounded.
Chap. in. DI0D0RU8 8ICULUS. 4Mlt
When the ships came side to side, aod fell foul with grtat Tiole&ee
one upon another, those upon the decks fell to it with thdr lances
and speaiB, and die row^rt (encouraged hf them that (lalled out to
them) plied their oars with extraordinary eagerness. And now the
vessels, with the fierceness and violence of the eharge^Were so pressed
upon each side, that sooie brushed off the oars one of' another, so
that they could neither fly nor pursue, abd by this tneans disabled the
soldiers on board from n^aking a vigorous defence, by putting a chedt
to the force wherewith they might otherwise have borne down updii
their enemy; others so forced with the beaks of their ships one upott
another's poops, that they rowed a-*stem from time to time to repeat
their strokes. In the mean time, those upon the hatches mutuallf
wounded one another, every one having his mark nearvnd plun be*
fore him. Some of the captains of the vessels struck the broadsides
of their adversary's ships with that violence, that the beaks studc fast
in them, whereupon they boarded the enemy's ships, giving and re«
ceiving wounds and blows on either sidet some catching hold upon
the sides of ships, when they missed footing, in their attempts to
board the other, tumbled headlong into the sea, and were forthwith
run through with the lances of them that were next at hand. Some
who prevailed in the boarding of theur enemy, killed some upon their
first entrance, and drove all the rest in heaps one upon another, and
threw them overboard. In fine, various and sudden were the turns
and changes of fortune in this battle, while th^y that were worsted
now, were presently after conquerors, by the bright of Aeir sUpa
overtopping their adversaries; and then i^n the oonquerora wero
brought into straits, by being driven into bitd stations^ and by other un-
accountable accidents, which frequently happen in these cases. For
in land-fights valour apparently carries the day, when no iailttsual
misfortune intervenes; but in sea«>fights there nremany^ and vluioni
accidents often bccur, which sometimes on • sodden rain then^
whose valour otherwbe would certainly and amM jnstly have brought
theip off victorious. Of all the rest, Demetrius, placing himself
upon the stern of his galley of seven tier of oars, behaved himself
with most gallantry: for, when he was surrounded by throngs of ene«
mies on every side, he so exerted himself, that he strewed the decks
with them, some by darts at a distance, and others by his lancei
hand to hand : showers of darts and other weapons, it is true, were
cast at him, but some he nimbly declined, and others be received
on his target and other defensive arms that he then wore. In thia
conflict there were three that stuck close to him as assistants, where-
of one was run through arid slain with a lance^ and the other tWd
were both wounded. But at length Demetrius lepolsed his eQemiei^
454 DIODORUS SICULU8. Sook XJL
. and put the right wing to a total rout^ and forthwith those that were
next to them.
Od the other hand, Ptolemy, who had with him the greatest ships,
and the best soldiers, easily broke that party that opposed him^ and
put them to flic^ht, sinking some of their ships, and takiDg othen^
with the men in them, and then returning from the porsuitj thought
to have done the like with the rest: but when he came, he foood
his left wing totally routed by Demetrius, and him in liot pnnnit
of them; upon which he made back to Citium. But Demetrius,
being now^ conqueror, committed his men of war to Neoa and Buri*
ehus, with orders to pursue the enemy, and to take up such as
they found swimming for their lives. He himself, with his own
ships richly adorned, and those that were taken of the enemy's, towed
along after small skiffs, returned to his own camp and port^ whence
he set out.
Meanwhile^ about the Tery time of the fight at sea, Menefanu^
governor of Salamis, sent out to the aid of Ptolemy the sixty ships
completely manned and armed, tinder the command of Menetius^
who, engaging with those ships in the mouth of the harbour, which
were set to keep him in, charged through them; whereupon they fled
for safety to the army that was at land. ''But when the Menetiua
were in the open sea, and perceived that they catne too late, they
returned back to Salamis. This being the issue of this fight, there
were taken above a hundred transport-ships, wherein tliere were al*
most eight thousand soldiers: of ships of war he took forty, with the
men in them, and of those that were bilged in the fight about fimr-
score, which being almost full of water in the hold, they hawkd to
land under the camp near the city. Demetrius had twenty of his
own ships much damaged in this fight, which yet, being refitted and
rigged up again, proved serviceable as before.
Afterwards, Ptolemy, seeing no good to be done in Cjrpms, letumcd
into Egypt. But Demetrius, having taken in all the towns and
cities of the island, distributed the garrison-soldiers among his own
companies, to the number of sixteen thousand foot, and six hundred
horse; and put messengers on board the greatest ship in the flee^
and sent them to his father, with an account of the victory he had
gained.
As soon as Antigonus received the news, he was so traasported
with the greatness of the victory, that he put a diadem upon his head»
and frdtn that time assumed the stile and title of a king, and allowed
Demetrius to do the same. And' Ptolemy also, not at all willing, to
hang the bead at his late ill success, took the crown and title of a Icing
tp himself likewise; and in all his letters from that time focwird \
CUsp. III. DIODORUS SICULUS. 4SS
himself king : . and by their example^ other governors of provinces, «8
Seleucus, who bad lately subdued the upper provinces, and Lysima-
chus, and Cassander, who held the provinces first allotted to them, all
proclaimed themselves kings.
Having now spoken sufficient concerning these affiiirs, we sliidl
proceed to give a distinct account of things further done in Africa
and Sicily.
Agathocles, when he heard that the governors of the provinces be-
fbrementioned had taken upon them the dignity of crowned beads,
judging himself no way inferior to them, either as to the strength and
power of their arms, largeness of his dominions, or memorable ac-
tions, took upon him likewise the name and title of a king, bat yet
did not think fit to wear a diadem: for, from the very time of h»
first aspiring to the principality, he wore a crown, after the manner
of a priest, which he never laid aside all the time he was in cooteat
for the tyranny.
Some say, that he always wore this, because he wanted hair. And
now he made it his business to do something worthy of the honour*
able title he had assumed, and therefore he led his army against the
lebellious Uticans; and, surprising them on the. sudden, took threes
hundred of tliem as they were abroad in the %elds. At the first he
pardoned them, and required the surrender of the city; but those
within refusing so to do, he built an engine, and banged up all the
prisoners upon it, living as they were, and so brought it up to the'
walls. The Uticans, though they pitied the miserable crditaies, yel^
they valued more their common liberty, and therefore Ibed the widCb,
and resolved to abide a siege. Whereupon Agathdcles furnished hig'
engine with shot, siingers, and darters; and,plyiDg them with shot ^
from his machine, began the siege, and so terrified them, that he
even cauterized the spirits of the besieged. Those that were apon
the walls at first scrupled to use their darts and arrowii having their -
own citizens placed before them as their marks, aniongst whom were
tome of the chief nobility: but the enemy still pressing on with',
more viulence, they were forced to endeavour to beat o£F them that -
were placed in the engine; and here it happened that the Uticans
fell into a sudden and unexpected misfortune, through an inevitable ^
necessity. For the Greeks exposing the prisoners they took abroad
in the fields to be marks to their own fellow-citizens, they were con«
strained either to fall into the enemy's hands, by sparing their towns* '
men, or unmeicifully to kill a great number of miserable creatures in^
defending the city, as in truth it happened. For while they re«
pulsed the enemy with all sorts of darts and arrows, and other wea*
pons, the same time as they wounded and galled those thatmaoiq^cd ^
4B6 diodorus siculus. Book XX,
the engine, at the same time they wounded the citbens that hong
at it, shooting some through, and fastening others with their duts
and arrows, as with nails, to that part of the machine towards wUeh
the body happened to move, so that their ignominy and misfer*
tune resembled that of the cross. And thus some suffered (as for*
tune ordered it) by the hands of their near relations and friends^ a*
tremity and necessity not allowing any consideration of aataral re»
lations.
Agathocles, perceiving the townsmen to defy all dhnger, and throw
Dff all regard and affection to their countrymen, bcj^ the city nmnd^
and made a violent assault upon a part of the wall where it
weakest^ and there broke through into the city; upon which i
fled into their houses, and others Into the temples. Agathocles be-
ing enraged, filled all places with blood and slaughter: some ^
lulled in the heat of fight, others that were taken prisoners
hanged up afterwards, and those that fled to the temples and altan
were altogether frustrated of their hopes. After he had rifled and
plundered the town, he left a garrison in it, and marched to the cita-
del called the Horse*castle, naturally defended by a lake adjoining
to it : but he took it by storm, after a close siege, and a sharp fight
with the inhabitants upon the water with his gallies. Thos^ biving
subdued the cities, he brought most of the sea-coasts, and those that
inhabited in the heart of the country, under his own power^ acept
the Numidiana, part of whom made peace with him, and the rest were
in continual expectation to fight it out to the last.
Africa was at that time divided into four sorts of inhabitants^ dnt
is to say, the Poeni, who inhabited Carthage : the Libyan Poeni^ who
had many cities upon the tracts lying to the sea-shore, wfao^ being
conjoined in affinity by 'marriages with the Carthaginians, were called
by this name, which imported the denomination of both people. Hie
most antient inhabitants, and most numerous of all the rest, were
called Africans, who bore a deadly hatred to the Carthaginiatis^ by
reason of the severity of their government. The last are the Nnmi»
dians, who hold a vast tract of Libya, as far as to the very deserts.
But Agathocles, though he was now, by the help of his confiede*
rates, and the valour of his own army, conqueror over the Carthagi-
nians, yet being much concerned for the aflbirs of Sicily^ he buOt
some open vessels and skifis, rowed with fifty oars a-piece, and pat
on board two thousand soldiers, and sailed from Africa with his wfaok
fleet towards Sicily, leaving his son Archagathus chief commander and
governor of Libya.
While these things were acting, Xenodochus general of die Agri-
gentines having freed many of the cities, and raised the hopes of the
Chap. IIL DIODORUS 6lCOtU9. 4if
Sieilians tbtil they should aH be restored td tlieir antient liberties
throughout the whole island, led odt his Ibf^es a^inst Agat!hbcI^sV
captains, luhrto^ with him abo^e ten tfaoiksatad foot, a&d alfnost a thou-
sand horse. Leptioes and D^mophilu^ on the otli^r hand, having got:
together as gMat an aroiy as p<MsibIy they 6ou1d out of Syracuse and
the Aeighbouring garrisons, encamped ligainst him with eight thou-
aatid and two hundred foot, and twelte hundred hotse. At lehgtli'
there was a sharp engagement between th^ tWo armies, in which
Xenodochus was routed, and lost fifteeA hundred of his men, and was
forced to fly to Agrigentum. The Agrigendnes, Wealcened by this
loss, leftoif their honourable design, and frustrated the hopes where-
with they had filled the hearts of the confederates. Presently after the
battle, Agathocles landed at Selinus in Sicily, and shortly forced
the Heracleots, who had regained their liberty, to stoop again to his
government: thence marching into another part of the island, he
brought under the Thermites, (whose city was held by a Carthagi-
nian garrison), and received hostages of them. Then he took Cepha-
losdis, and made Leptlnes governor. Then marching up Into the
heart of the country, he attempted to have entered Centuripa in the
pight by the help of a faction he had in the city: but the treachery
being discovered, the garrison-soldiers fell in upon him and drove him
out of the town, with the loss of above five hundred of his men.
After this, some of the Apolloniats sent to him, and promised to dcn
liver up their city; whereupon he forthwith made thither. But the
traitors being apprehended and punished, he made nothing of it the
first day; bot the next, after many hardships, and the loss of many
of bis men, he at length with moch ado gained the place; and put-
ting multitudes of the Apolloniat? to the sword, he gave xhe town up
to the plutider of his soldiers. While Agathocles was thus employ^
ed, Dinocrates the captain of the exiles revived the jirosecution of the
former design of tlie Agrigentines,- and declared himielf Protector
of the con^inon liberty, and got together great' dutobers wlio camp
flocking to him from all parts. Sori^e out of a natural love of liberty^
and others out of fear of Agathocles, were at his deVotiop. Having
therefore now an army of twenty thousand foot, and fifteen hundred
horse, (who were all accustomed to the hardships and toils of exiles),
he took the field, and dared Agathocles to a battle. But Agathocles
being moch inferior in numbers, made a running fight of it; but Di-
nocrates still pressing close at his heels, often gained several advan«
tagcs without any di$culty. From this time forward things began
to go baclcwards with Agathocles, oot^ only in Sicily, but also in
Africa. For Archagathus, left general there, after his father was gone^
sent a part of the army into the upper countries^ under the comipancl.
Vol. 2. No,46\ <<inj?
456 DIODORU8 8ICULUS. Book XX.
of Eumachus and at first was successful; for Eumachos, took die
great city Tocas, and subdued many of the DeighbouringNamidiaiis.
Then lie took another town called Pbellina, and subdued the border-
ing inhabitants called Asphodelodians, who are as black as the £tlik>-
pians. He gained likewise Maschala^ an exceediog laige city^ an-
tiently inhabited by the Greeks, that planted there in their retnm
from Troy, as we have before related in the third book. Afterwards
he brought under tiie citadel called the Horse-castle, formerly talcea
by Agathocles : the last town he gained was Acris, a free city^ the
plunder of which he gave to his soldiers, and sold the inbabitanta
for slaves; and so, laden with spoil, he returned to Archagathusto tiie
camp.
His name being now up for a brave aqd valiant inan, he under-
took another expedition into the higher Africa; and passing by the
places lie had before lately taken, he inconsiderately broke iDto the
city called Mittines : but the barbarians coming upon him in a foil
body in the streets, they so far prevailed, that unexpectedly they drove
him out of the town again, with the loss of a great number of his
men. Thence he marched away over a high mountain, two hun-
dred furlongs in length, full of wild cats; there no kind of birds breed,
cither in trees, holes, or elsewhere, because of the greedy nature of
these beasts. Having passed over these mountains, he entered into
a country abounding with apes, and came to three cities, in the Greek
language called Pithecusffi* : but their customs are far different from
purs; for those apes are as familiar in the houses as the inhabitmnti
themselyes, and are worshipped as gods, as the Egyptians do dcgs.
These creati|rcs come and take meat out of the cellars and butteries,
whenever they are hungry, without any disturbance; and parents
use to name their children after these apes, as we do after the gtids.
Whoever kills any of them, is sure to die as a notorious atheistf:
and therefore it is a common proverb amongst some of them, if a
man carry himself haughtily and proudly, to say...'' Tboa hast
drank the blood of an ape." Eumachus took one of these cities by
storm, and razed it to the ground: the other two submitted. Bat vt^
ceiving intelligence that the bordering barbarians were coming against
him with a great army^ he hastened away as fast as he could towards
the sea asts.
To this very time al| things succeeded in Libya according to Ar-
chagathus's heart's desire. But afterwards tl^e senate of Carthage
y])on more mature deliberation^ ordered fheif fprcefi to be divided
* Pithecuta, i. e. Tlie city of apei.
t See Erasmus Adag. (Siiuise sanguinem profudiise, p. 49i)^ refenrtng to tbif pfaMi
where ibis piovcrb is applied to tboic that die a ? iqleat de«th,
Chap. itL l!>tODOfttJS MCULU^. 45^}
I ■ . f* ^E ■ I ■ , ■
into three bodies^ and to march out of the city, one td the towns upon
the sea coasts, another into the heart of the country, and the third
into the upper Africa. For by this means they supposed they should
free the city both from the siege and the inconveniences through
scarcity of provisions at one and the same time. For being that all
had flocked to Carthage from everyplace around, the city was in very
great want, having now spent and eaten up all their provisions, sd
that they had nothing left to subsist upon ; they knew likewise that
there was no danger that the city should be taken by force^ because
it lay so close to the sea, and was so well guarded by the strength of
the walls, so that it was then even inaccessible: besides, they. con-
eluded that if they had considerable armies in the field ready to assist
their confederates upon occasion, they would remain firm and con-
stant in their alliance. And that which was of more weight than all
the rest, they hoped that by this means the cinemy would be obliged
to divide their forces, and go to other places far distant from
Carthage: all whidi good counsel was afterwards crowned with suc-
cess in all these particulars. For sending thirty thousand soldiers
out of the city^ there was not only provisions sufiicient fof the mer-
chants that were left, but a glut atid overplus more than they had oc-*
casion to use ; and those confedettites who before out of fear were
forced to join with the enemy^ now recollecting themselves, returned
to them as their old friends and allies. Hereupon Archagathus, per-
ceiving that the Carthaginian armies were now in every part of Af-
rica, divided likewise his army} part of which he sent to the. sea*
coasts, half of the rest he delivered to £schrioo, and the other \ih\i
he led himself, leaving a sufficient .garrison at Tunis. While great
armies were thus marching to and fro all over the conatry, and every
one expecting a sudden revolution at band^ all were in a fear and
amazement, in expectation of what would be the eventa
Hanoo, who commanded that part of the forces that noiarcHed up
into the heart of the country, laid an ambuscade for Eschrion, and
surprising him on a sudden^ cut off above four thousand of his foot
and two hundred of his horse, amongst whom was the general him<*>
self. Of the rest, part of them was taken prisoners, and the remainder
escaped to Archagathus, who was five hundred furlon^Js* from tfaei
place. Himilco, general in the higher Africa, first possessed himself
of a city near to Eumacbus, whose army was overloaden with spoils
taken out of several cities* But the Grecians notwithstanding threw
up in battalia, and offered the Carthaginian general battle; where-'
upon he left a part of the army.ready drawn up in the town, with this
* Akoat silt/ miles.
4SO DIODOaus SICULUSp
order, that as soon as tbey taw him flj, tbqr ihwiU sdif <
the porsuen. Marching therefore out with half of the s
gaged the enemy almost cloae ander their camp, and ]
as if he had been io a great fright; wbercnpoa Eumachss'a
proud of cheir victory, pursued them in disorder, and ib dnr
sioo followed them dose at their heels; and presently on a
issued out from another part of the city the body btUm i
the town, and at one word of coounand set up a great i
struck tlie pursuers with fear and astonbhment; and, the
rians falling upon the other that were in disorder, and aimwiarf he*
s ides, the Grecians presently fled : but the enemy having blodnd «p
the passage to their camp, the Eumachians were forced to twa vide
to the next hill, where they wanted water; which being i
by the Carthaginians, they almost all there perished, aooie faj i
and others by the sword: for of eight thousand foot, tUity oaiy ca»
caped, and of eight hundred horse only forty.
Archagathus therefore, being thus distressed, left Taua, aad w^
called the rest of the soldiers (he had sent afaenad) finom all pait^
and sent messengers into Sicily to give an aconnnt to Us hAna af
what had happened, and to entreat him to hasten oven
with all speed. Besides these misfortunes, other inconi
mischiefe overtook the Grecians; for all their coafederatsa (caoapl a
very few) forsook them, and all their enemies joined i
encamped just in front of them, and were ready to swallow tl
For Himilco had blocked up all the passes, and aecored tka (
from all inroads of the enemy far a hundred fiirhMga distaat; aaidaa
the other side, Atarbas had placed his camp farty farloiigp fnm Ttti
nis ; so that the Greeks, liemmed in both bj sea and land, ^
stan-ed for want of provisicms, and nothing but temr and i
filled every place* While tbey were in this sad and dreadfal i
tion, Agathocles, receiving intelligence of the dcstractioa of I
in Africa, had prepared seventeen men of war for the asshlaaoa si
Archagatlms. But his affairs in Sicily growing every day woma sad
worse, and the number of the esiles with Dinoccates 'orfising maai
and more, he left the management of the war ia the hkad ta Iap«
tines and his captains; and he himself, having maancd his si^ip%
waited only for an opportunity to get out, far at that tsiaa lUrty CW»
tbaginian ships lay in tiie momh of the harbour* But sonaa tiBM.afv
ter, when eighteen ships came in to his assistance fcom Blrariay ak
had passed by the Cartliaginuias in the night into the haihoai^ Ipa
took that occasion, and by a stratagem deluded thecaemy; fav^
charged part of his fleet to lie still for some time, while he, by gMkinr
out of the port, should draw oil the Carthaginians to pursue him. Out
tbcrefope he want witli seveiKeen sail, with aH Ae wiad he oonld
make, whom the enemy's fleet forthwith pursued: but Agathodes^as
sooB at he saw that the Etrariant were got out uf the hai^Knif , (ne-
seotiy taoked about, and fell upon the barfaarians; upon which the
CarthagiolaBS, suvprised with the uaexpeetedaess of the thing, and
BOW suiToiinded by the gallies of titeir enemies, in a great terror made
away and iled. The Grecians then took five of their ships, together
wkh iIms men in them 5 and the Carthaginian admiral (seeing that tha
^liip he was io was upon the point of being taken) killed himself,
preferring death before eaptivhj, which then (as he thought) was
jiist at band. But he took no right measures at tliat time; for the
ship, by the help of a happy gale of wiofd, got off with the loss of
the Kttle tnnket-saH* Thus Agathocles, who never in the least
kopjMl to overcome the Carthaginians at sea, unespeetedly beat them
in a sea-fight, and, being thenceferth flMSler of the port, he se-
cured tlie |J4Ssage for the benefit of the merchants; so that the Sy-
vacusaas, having provision brought in fffom all parts, instead of their
former scarcity of every tiling necessary, presently abounded in plenty
of all things.
Agathoeles, lifted up with Ats success, sent Leptines away to ha**
tans the enemy's eountj^, and especially the Agrigentines : for Xeno-'
dochiis was in disgrace amongst his fellow-citizens, and blackened
hy his adversaries ui)on account of his late overthrow, so that he was
troubled with mutinies and seditions. Therefore Agathocles com*
manded Leptines to make it his business to draw him out to fight, if
lie possibly could ; for that it was a very easy thing to vanquish aft
army that was in divisions and mutinies among themselves, and that
had been beaten but a little before; which afterwards happened ac-
cordingly : for Leptines, making an inroad into the territories of the
Agrigentines, harassed and spoiled all before th^m. Xenodochus,
k)oking upon himself as too weak, lay quiet isnd still at first; but,
heing called a coward by the citizens, he marched out with an army
nearly as many as the enemy, but far inferior to them for courage and
resolution; because the citizens had lived altogether in ease and
idleness, but the other had been used to lie in the open field, and
continually inured to all manner of hardships. A battle therefore
being fought between them, those with Leptines presently put the
Agrigentines to flight, and pursued them even to the walls of Afri->
gentum. There were killed of those thus routed about five htmdred
foot, and fifty horse. Tlic Agrigentines being grievously incensed
lit these losses, one after another, summoned Xenodochus to his trial,
as the occas^ou of two overthrows and slaughters of the citizens^
46i DIODORUS SICULU8. BOoi XXi
who, fearing the severity of the sentence he wis likely to &U i
fled to Gela.
Agathocles, having conquered his enemifc^ both at sea and land is
a few days time^ sacrificed to the gods, and entertained bia friends
with sumptuous feasts and rojral banquetings* In the time of hit
feasting and quaffing, he laid aside all his ensigns of royalty and auH
jesty, and appeared as one of the meanest among thedi} and this he
did in the first place to gain upon the good will of the people, wUdi
lie sought thus to purchase; and in the second, that, by giving every
man free liberty in their cups to say what they pleased of hian, he
might the better learn how every one stood afiected towards I
for, by the force of wine, truth often appears from behind the I
ing. He was naturally of a jocund and jesting temper, and woold
not sometimes lose his jest even in public assemblies, but wonU jeer
the very senators, and mock some of them by his apish imilatiottSi
insomuch that he would often set the people laughing, as if they
had seen some juggler or stageplayer. For he would go alone to the
public assemblies, attended only by the common people^ much differ*
ing from the practice of Dionysius the tyrant; for he waa ao fearfol
of every body, that he would let the hair of his head and beard grow
to excess, that the principal parts of his body might not be at the
mercy of a razor; and whenever he wanted shaving, or poUing, he
burnt ofi* the hair: every one may hereby see, that the only guard
for tyranny is diffidence. Moreover, at this time of revelling Aga-
thocles took up a great golden bowl, and boasted, that he never left
off the potter's trade before he had made cups and bowls eacdy of
that shape: for he did not deny, but rather glory in his trade, as a
foil that set off with more lustre chat high state and dignity to whieh
his own valour had advanced him from a mean and contemptibk
calling.
Once when he besieged one of the considerable cities, the soldieif
from the walls cried out — ^**0 potter! Sweep-chimney! When wilt
thou pay thy soldiers ?" To whom he answered — *^ When I have taken
and razed this place."
When he had found out by the craft of his carousing Mid festind
jollity who were his enemies, he invited them another time by them-
selves, together with five hundred other Syracusans^ who were men
of brave and undaunted spirits; and when they were together, he
surrounded them with his mercenary soldiers, and murdered them
every man: for he was terribly afraid lest, when he was gone into
Africa, they should recal Dinocrates and the refugees, and abrqgnte
his government.
Chap. III. DiODORUS sicuLUS. 46s
Having thus settled afikirs id order to the establishing himself in
the principality, (le departs from Syracuse. When he landed in Africa^
he found there in the camp nothing but want and desperation; there-
fore judging it most for his advantage to fight, he made it his busi-
ness to encourage the soldiers to engage the enemy, and thereupon
drew them all out in battalia, and ofiTered the J>arbarians battle. The
remainder of the foot then with him were at the most not above six.
thousand Grecians, and as many Celts, Samnites, and Etrurians, and
almost ten thousand Africans of those that stayed with him. These
Africans are a treacherous sort of men, ever upon any occasion run-
ning over from one party to another. Besides these, there were with
him fifteen hundred horse, and about six thousand African carriages.
But the Carthaginians, though they had the advantage of a high*
ground, and of difficult access, yet they were not willing to venture
all at once with men that were desperate, but by lying still in their
camp, (where they had plenty of provisions), and by protracting of
time, they hoped to starve the enemy, and so be masters of their camp
without fighting.
Agathocles therefore, not being able to draw the enemy forth to a
battle in the open field, and being necessitated by his present cir-
cumstances to attempt something, and enter upon some desperata
action, marched up with his whole army close to the enemy^s campi
thereupon the Cartliaginians made out against him; and, though they
had the advantage of ground, and far exceeded him in number of
men, yet Agathocles, pressed hard on every side, for some time re-
solutely bore up against them: but his mercenaries and some others
at length giving ground, he was forced to retreat to his camp. The
barbarians pursued them close; but, to gain the good will and fevouf
of the Africans, they passed by them without doing any execution:
but the Greeks (whom they knew by their arms) they killed all along
till they had driven the rest into their camp. There were slain of
Agathocles's men at that time three thousand.
The next night a sudden and unexpected disaster fell upon both
the armies: for the Carthaginians, when they were sacrificing the
most eminent and considerable persons among their prisoners, in
gratitude to their gods for the victory they had gained, the flame
rising high that enwrapped the bodies of the sacrificed captives, a
fierce wind on a sudden carried the flame to the sacred tabernacle
npar the altar, where it catched and burnt it down to the ground |
thence it proceeded to the general's pavilion, and the officer's tents
next adjoining: upon which arose a mighty consternation, and as-
tonishment filled the whole camp, while some endeavouring to quench
the fire^ others striving to carry away arms and rich f^mitme^ wqr»
464 vioDonvn siculus. 'AM XX,
cansnmed b j tht flames. The tents were made of reeda and i
aBd therefore the fire (through the height of the wind) ngod Ite
morel so that by its quichoess it prevented all bel|p and tnihfartfc
tiiat the soldiers eould any ways contribute. Tlie whole eaisp bekif
presently in a flame, many in straight and narrow passes were inter-
cepted by the fire, and burnt to death. And thos they pftBca&f
pud for their cruelty to the captives, suffering the like pnniilnnent
as a retaliation of their impiety. And others, who tmntibiKlusly widi
woful cries got out of the camp, were pursued by another and greater
misfortune: for those Africans that were in Agathocles's aroqr, l9
the number of five tiiousand, deserted the Grecians, and Were flyk|g
to the barbarians. When those that went out to scout saw tbale dH
serters make towards the Carthaginkin camp, thinking the whoit
Grecian army was at hand ready to fall upon them, they fbrfliwitb
gave intelligence to their own party, that the enemy^a whoie mmf
approached ; which being noised abroad, confusion and dread of the
enemy's being just in the midst of them ran through the
camp ; whereupon every one placed his own safety in the i
of his heels; and in regard no word of command was given by any of
the officers, nor any ordejT kept among the soldiers, those that fled
fell down one upon another; and some of tliem through the daarkncv
of the night, and others out of excess of fear, fell a-figbting wid^
tl>eir own men, not knowing who they were. Tlie mistake still <
tinning, and increasing, a great slaughter was made; and i
^killed hand to hand, and others running away with the lost of their
arms, in the height of a surprising fear, in their haste fell down ita^
and craggy rocks, and were dashed to pieces; about five thousand of
them being destroyed, the rest at length c!:ot to Carthage. The citioi
zens within the town (deceived by the report of their own men) be^
lieved they were routed, and that the greatest j^art of tlie arany w»
cut off; in this fright they opened the gates, and received them irfib
great terror and amazement into the town, fearing lest the cnaqf
should likewise break in at the lieels of them. And though when it
was full day they came to understand the truth of the matter, yet thqp
could scarce allay the fears they had been in, as if the evils were stiK^
even at their doors.
About the same time, through a vain fear and foolish imaginatioi^
Agathoeles fell into a misfortune something of the same kind* For
the African deserters, after the burning of tlie Carthaginian emnf^
and tlie confusion and uproar that followed therenpon,dant not i— fJi
forward, but made their way back to the place from whence thif
came; wly>m some of the Greeks espying to make towards thm^
th^ took thcfi\ to be the Carthagioian anny, and tberemion gtf»iit»
CAap.IIL DT0D0RU8 8ICULU8. 405
I ' 'I II III I Jiii II " INI 1 1 I I gggsasBg ■ I i' I I I m
telligence to Agathocles, that the enemy was near at hand: upoa
which, by the king's order^ they cried out-^^' Arms! Arms!" and
forthwith the soldiers came pouring out of the camp in great tumult
and confusion. And besides all this^ when they saw the flame in the
enemy's camp mount up into the air^ and heard the shouts and cries
of the Carthaginians, they were the more confirmed in their opi*
nion, that the barbarians were making towards them with their whole
army.
But excess of fear leaving no room for due and serious considera-
tion, horror and amazement filled the whole camp, and all of them
took to their heels; and the Africans being presently mixed among
them, (the night causing the mistake), every one opposed him that
be met as an enemy, and being all the night long dispersed here and
there, and wandering up and down in a panic fear, there perished of
them above four thousand : the rest, (with much ado, at length coming
to understand the mistake), returned safe to their camp. And in this
manner both armies, deceived by the vanity of war, (as the commoa
proverb is), fell into miserable disasters. After which misfortune,
being now deserted by the Africans, and having not sufficient forces
left to contend with the Carthaginians, he resolved to leave Africa:
but he thought it impossible to transport the soldiers with him, be-,
cause he both wanted shipping, and heard that the Carthaginians were
masters at sea, and lay to intercept hb passage: and he concluded
that the barbarians (whose forces far exceeded his) would never make
peace with him, but rather cut off every man of them that first set
footing upon Africa, to deter all others for the future from the like
attempt. He determined therefore to slip away privately with a few,
and^take along with him his younger son Heraclides; for be feared
lest his son Archagathus, being a daring man, and one that had beea
too familiar with his step-mother, would plot something against his.
life. But Archagathus perceiving hb design, resolved to discover
the matter to those captains and officers who would be able to defeat
him in his contrivance, and to that purpose strictly observed his mo-; -
tions: for he looked upon it as a base and unworthy thing that he,
who had undergone a good part of the toib and hazards of the war.
for the sake of his father and brother, should be now left alone as a
prey to the enemy, without any hopes of deliverance. He informed
therefore some of the captains and most considerable officers of the.
intended departure of Agathocles and hb companions the next night:
whereupon all the body forthwith made up to him, and not only put
a stop to his voyage, but acquainted the common soldiers how ths^
plot was laid; who being both grieved and enraged together, laid hold
of him, and bound him, and so committed bim to custody. An
Vol. 2. No. 46. ooo
466 DIODORUS SICUL^S. Beok ZX.
anarchy following hereupon, there was nothing but tunralt and i
fusion throughout all the camp: and when night canae on, a mndar
was spread over the camp, that the enemy was just falling id amongit
them: upon which all were so possessed with a panic fear^tbrt^
having none to command them, every one was preparing to get aw^;
at which very time they that had the custody of the prince (in as great
a consternation as the rest) thought that some or other called them
forth, who thereupon came out with Agathocles in his chains aloiy
with them; at which sight the whole army was so afiected with pity
and compassion, that they cried out ^^ Loose him, let him goJ\
Being freed from his chains, he presently after mth a soiall at*
tendance stole away, and took shipping about the bcginoing of Oc-
tober* in the night, in winter-time, and got away. And thus to pie-
serve himself, forsook his children; whom the soldiers presently, up*
on the news of their father*s flight, killed; and then they choae cap-
tains from among themselves, and made peace with the Carthaginiui
upon these conditions, viz. That the Greeks should receive thiee
hundred talents, and should restore all the towns they then faddy
and that all that would, might take up arms with theCarthaginians^ and
receive the usual pay: that the rest should be transported to Sicily^
and should have Selinus for their habitation. The greatest part of
the soldiers, who were feithful to what they had agreed^ had all as
faithfully performed to them: hut those cities and towns that held
out in hopes and expectations of relief from Agathocles^ were all taken
by force of arms; whose several governors the Cartfaapnians craei*
fied, and the rest they bound in chains, and employed theaa to till,
and repair by their own labours, those parts of the country that Aey
bad before wasted and destroyed. And thus the Carthaginians, alter
they had been harassed and vexed with a four-years war^ reccitqei
their former peace and liberty.
In this expedition of Agathocles into Africa, any one may i
most remarkable accidents, and the divine providence in the ]
ment inflicted upon his sons. For, being routed in Sicily, lie kit
the greatest part of his army: a little time after, he overcame the
conquerors with a very inconsiderable body of men in Afncn. la
Sicily, being thrown out of all the cities, he was cooped up by a doie
siege within the walls of Syracuse: in Africa, he guned all the toirns^
except Carthage, and closely besieged the Carthaginians in that city;
by which fortune seemed to make it her business to let eveiy one see
what power she had to retrieve those things that seemed to be ioa
desperate condition. But after that Agathocles, in the height of btf
prosperity, had murdered Ophelas, against all the laws of fricnddlip
^ At the »ettiD^ of Uie Pleiadoi* or ieTea tttn.
Outp^UL moDORus aicuLus« 467
■ ■ W ^^^^^^^^^^ ■ ■"■•la —^—^^1^—
and hospitaliiyj God made it manifefttly apparent^ that for the piece
of wickedness acted upon that man^ whatever happened to him after-
wards was ordered and dispensed by bis own hand: fpr the very
month and day of the month that he killed Ophelas, and brought over
to him all his army, the veiy same day and month he ^gain lost both
his sons and his army* And that which is more especially to be ob-
served was, that God, as a just law-giver^ inflicted on him a double
punishment ; for he who had most wickedly destroyed his friend, was
deprived of two sons together, even by the hands of those that came
along with Ophelas. This remark ought not to o£fend those who
slight and despise such providences.
As for Agathocles, as soon as he landed in Sicily, by a hasty flight
out of Africa, he sent for part of his forces, and marched to the con-
federate city of the iEgestines ; and, being in want of money, exacted
the greatest part of the estates of those that were rich, in which place
were ten thousand inhabitants. This many of them took very hei-
iiously,and met together in private cabals; but Agathocles, finding out
that the ^gestines were plotting against him, brought most dreadful
calamities upon the city: for, drawing all the poor out of the town, he
cut all their throats upon the bank of the river Scamander; and all
those who seemed to be richer than the rest he put to severe tor-
tures, to force them to confess how much money they had: for some
be broke upon the wheel; others he bound to his engines of battery^
and shot them away like stones; and of others, he cut out the ankle-
Jbones of their feet, and by his cruel and unmerciful dealing put them
to most horrible torments. He invented likewise another son of
punishment, not much nnUkc the Phalarian bull ; for he made a hvA.
of brass esLactly after the shape of a man, wherein were several open-
ings and hollow places on every side: those that he intended to tor-
ment he put into this bed, and then put fire under it^ and burnt them
to death* In one thing this engine differed from the bull, that those
who perished, and were consumed in those strait and narrow holes,
were exposed to the view of every one. He would likewise break in
pieces the ankle-bones of some of the rich women with iron pincers,
and cut off the breasts of others; and wo|ild sometimes hiy a weight
of tiles upon the loins of women with child, till he forced the child
to leap, as it were, forcibly out of the womb. While the tyrant was
in this manner endeavouring to find out all the wealth eveiy body had,
and the whole city was in terror and astonishment, some burnt them-
selves and their houses together, and others hanged themselves* And
thus iEgesta, in one black and doleful day, had the prime and flower
of her youth cut off. But the young women and children the tyrant
transported into Italy, and sold them to the Brutxi: and, that tlie very
468 DIODORUS SICULUS. Sook XX.
name of the place should be extinguished and forgottent be cdird it
Diccepolis^ and granted it as a habitation to such refugees as came
over to hina*
When he heard of the murder of his sons^ he was so enraged at
those he had left behind him in Africa^ that he sent some of his friends
to his brother Antander at Syracuse, with orders, that he should cut
the throats of all the kindred and relations of those that went over in
the Carthaginian expedition; who thereupon executing what he wis
commanded, committed such slaughters and murders as never occoned
at any time before: for he not only hurried away to destraction young
men in the prime of their age, as brothers, fathers, and children;
but even grandfathers and great-grandfathers, if they happened then
to be living, though they had one foot even in the grave, and ooold
neither see nor hear, through extremity of old age : nay, even infants
carried in arms, who were not sensible of any harm designed them
before they felt it; they dragged away likewise to execution women,
whether they were servants or kindred to them in Africa, or whoever
else that (by their death) might be the occasion of grief and sorrow to
them : so that, while a vast number of persons of all ages and sexes
were hauled away to execution at the sea-shore, where the bntcfaers
stood ready for them, tears, earnest entreaties upon their knees, and
woful lamentations appeared every where, both from them that were
butchered, and from others, who so far compassionated the sad con-
dition of their neighbours, that their hearts were as full of grief at
theirs who were just ready to die. And that which was the most
grievous of all was, that after so great a slaughter, and that the car-
cases lay cast forth upon the shore, neither kinsman nor friend durst
bury them, lest any of them should be thought related to those thrt
were dead. The multitude of them that were murdered upon the
shore was such, that the sea was dyed with blood a long way off, whieh
presented to the eye at a great distance the horridoess of that baiba*
rous cruelty.
Chap. IV. DI0D0RU8 SICULU8« 46^9
— — — — ""■■^— — — ' 1 I -
CHAR IV,
AnHgonus^s march into Egi/pt. A thvtpest near Uaphia^ wher^
he lost some of his ships. He returns into S^ria. Dinocratcs
prevails in Sicily. Agathocles is willing to resign his govern-'
mmt; but Dinocrates stands off, JVhat was done in Italy.
Antigonus^s tear with the lihodians* Rhodes besieged by De-
metrius. Agathocles routs Dinocrates's great army with a fern
men. His cruelty to those that sitbmitted upon terms j where he
butchers seven thousand. Dinocrates in favour ivUh Agathocles i
he betrays the confederates. Further transaetiatts iti Jtaly.
THE year following, Corybus was chief magistrate at Athens, and
Quintus Martins and Publius Cornelius were created consuls at Rome.
About that time king Antigonus buried his youngest son with royal
pomp and splendour; and, calling home Demetrius out of Cjrprus,
commanded his whole army to meet at his new city Antjgoaia^ for
he purposed to march from thence into Egypt: whert^f ore leading
the foot himself, he passed through Coelosyim^ having an army of
fourscore thousand foot, and above eight thousand horse^ »nd four*
score and three elephants. He made Demetrius admiral of his fleet,
giving him orders to keep close to the shore^ in sight of the land*
army, having in all a hundred ai^d fifty Bghting s^ips, and a hundred
more of burthen, wherein was an infinite store of arms of aU sorts:
and when the |)ilots told him, that they were to stay till the setting
of the seven stars, which would be the eighth day* from thence, he
condemned them for being too timorous. Coming to Gaza, and pur-
posing to fall upon Ptolemy before Jie was provided for him, he com-
manded his soldiers to take with them ten days nctuals; and, getting
together camels out of Arabia, he loaded on them a hundred and
thirty thousand bushels of wheat, and an infinite store of hay upoa
other beasts of burthen ; and, carrying his ammunition on carts, went
through the desert, not without some trouble to the army; for they
met with sum'ry fens and dirty places by the way, especially about
the place called Barathra. Demetrius departing from Gaza in the dead
of ni^ht, was for many days together becalmed; so that the lighter
ships were obliged to tow the ships of burthcu after them with ropes*
* About ihc bf giuuJn^ ol AprU.
470 DionoRUs sicuLuik.
But after this, and as soon as the seven stars were set, a Donlwrly
wind arose, and fell upon them, by which many of the ships ?dth
four tier of oars a-piece were driven on shore near to the city Raphii^
where there was no commodious landing for them : but of those which
carried the artillery, some of them were sunk, and the rest recoTered
Gaza again. Yet some of the best of them bore up, and came under
the promontory of Cassius. That foreland is not far distant from
the river Nile, but is not a place fit for shipping ; especially if any tem-
pest happen, there is no coming near it: wherefore every ship drop*
ping two anchors each, two furlongs off from land, were obliged to
jide out in a huge sea, in tlie midst of a thousand dangers; f<Ir the
fury of the waves was such, that the great danger was, lest both meo
and ships should sink down together; and because there was no fit
landing-place, and likewise as the shore was guarded by the enemy,
the vessels could neither make to land, nor any swim oat without
extreme hazard. But the most grievous of all was, that they had
spent all their fresh water, and were reduced to that extremity of
want, that, had the tempest lasted but one day longer, they must all
necessarily have perished through extreme thirst. But in this greit
extremity of theirs, and when they expected nothing but deaths the
storm ceased: Antigonus with his army coming to the place, there
encamped, and the weather-beaten men came on shore, and refiresbed
themselves in the camp, and waited for the ships that were sepaimted
from them by the storm* Nevertheless there were lost in this tem-
pest three ships of five tier of oars each, out of which some men es«
caped alive to land. From hence Antigonus removed, and sat down
with his army two furlongs distant from the river Nile. But Pto-
lemy, having manned all the bank of the river with strong gamsons^
eent some in river-boats, with commands that, going as near the
farther bank as safely they could, they should there proclaim .jrhat
if any of Antigonus*s army would come to him, he would give liiB»
if a common soldier, two minas, if a captain, a talent. No sooner
was this proclamation made, than a multitude of Antigonus's flseOy
who served him for pay, grew very desirous to be gone; yea, and
some of his captains too, for that and some other reasons, had n niad
to go also. But when Antigonus perceived that a multitude of Us
men were flying away from him, he disposed archers and slingen^
and other engines of war, upon the shore, to keep them from flyiof
over the water in boats; and some that ran away he overtook, and pot
to horrible torments, to deter others from the like*
Antigonus, gathering together his ships that came in after the
tempest, though later than him, went to a place called Psendostomoa,
thinking there to have landed some of his men ; but he found a strong
a^.IP: DIODOHTTf SICULtri. ifi
gsrriaoii, and nns btates off with bows and alings^ and other engine
of war: the night therefore drawing on, he went his way, giving or-
ders to the masters of every ship, to follow the admirars lanthom^
and to mdce to the month of the river Nile which is called Phagneti-
cum: but the next morning, finding that many of his ships had lost
their way, he was forced to come to anchor there, and to send away
the swiftest ships he had to seek them oat.
The time thus spent and protracted, Ptolemy being advestised off
the approach of the enemy, came in speedily to the rdief of his men^
and rai>ged bis aro^y all along the shore. Whereapon^ Demetriwi
inding no possibility of landing here neither, and being inibrmed
that the country adjoining was naturally fenced with feaa andmoorisb
grounds, be set sail and returned. B«t as he was going, the wiodl
struck up to the north, and with a mighty tempest drove three of hig
ships of four tier of oars, and some others of his transport-shipsy npoor
the shore, all which came into Ptolemy's bands^ the rest with much
ado recovered Antigonus's camp. Now Pidemy had placed strong
garrisons at every one of the mouths of the river Nile, and had an ia«
finite number of river-boats every vAere ready, stored with darts and
fKngs, and men which knew well how to ose them, wfaick gveatly
vexed and troubled Antigonus ^ for the mouth of the rivisr at Pdi^
slum being strongly guarded by Ptolemy, he could make no^ use ot
hh ships at ail : and for the land forces, diey were not able to do any
thkig, because of the height of the river: and that whiehiWB
by his long tarrying, boUi food for men, and fodder for cattle^
tD grow scarce. Wherefore Antigonns seeing lus araydiaheartc
ened, called them all together, and propounded it to the aiptmam.,^
Whether of the two were best, to stayandfight it ouli now, or to g»
into Syria for the present, and to return again bettec piovide^
and when the waters should be lower? And when every nnm^s voice:
was for departing, he bid his soldiers traa^ q>tbwtriiflcets; and sa
with his navy keeping still along the shore by them, ht returned
into Syria.
Ptolemy growing glad at heart that the enemy was thus gone, ot^
fered sacrifice to his gods for this great deliverance; and inade withal
a most magnificent feast for his nobles, and wrote off letters toSe*
leucus, Lysimaehus, and Cassander, of his prosperous success, in*
forming them likewise, how a multitudeofAntigonus's men had fled
over to him. And now having rescued as it were Egypt a second
time, and obtained it by his sword, judging' therefore he might law^
fully reckon it as his own, he returned to Alexandria.
While these things thus passed in £gypt, Diooysius*, the tyrant
• Stt JEliAQ. Vv. Hiftor. 1. 9. c I9» the jlitneai Qf tifif m^ ,
4f2 DIODORUS 8TCULUS. Book XXb
of Heraclea in Pontus^ died, having reigned thirty- two years: and
his SODS Zathras and Clearchus succeeding him reigned aventeea
years.
In the mean time, Agathocles visited ail the cities in Sicily that
were under his command^ filling them with garrisons^ and poUiog
them for money: for the man was in a terrible fright, lest when he
should fall under a cloud, they should recover their liberty by foro^
of arms.
About that time, Pasiphilus, the general, hearing of the death of
Agathocles 's sons, and the rout of his forces in Libya, held the tyimt
in contempt: and falling offtoDinocrates,joined in confederacy with
him; and being possessed of the cities which were before committed
to his care and trust, he enticed and drew off the army (then under
his command) from the tyrant by fair promises, and hopes of mighty
things.
Agathocles therefore being now every where disappointed and fros*
trated of his hopes, was so far dejected, that he sent an agent to Di»
Bocrates, and offered to make peace with him upon these conditioiis^
viz. ^That he would lay down his sovereignty, and restore Syracuse
to the citizens; and that Dinocrates should be no longer ao eule^ao
that he would deliver up two castles, Tharma and Cephaloedisy ttH
gether with their adjoining territories, to Agathocles. Heie aoBe
may justly wonder how it came to pass, that Agathocles, who waa at
all other times, and in all other things resolute and obstioate, t
sever in the least discouraged when his condition was moat <
rate, should be now so dastardly, as to be willing to give op all into the
enemy's hands, without striking a stroke for the obtaining and com*
passing of which he had fought so many and great battles : and that
which is the strangest of all, was, that he who was lord of Syrecaa^
and of many other cities, and had a considerable navy at sea, and aa
army at land, should become so weak-headed, as not to remember
anything of that which happened to Dionysius; for when bewai
reduced to most miserable straits, and to that degree of fear of thoia
mischiefs that hung over his head, as that he was altogether hnprlf
of retaining his principality, and was upon the very point of moantiiif
his Iiorse, and flying away from Syracuse; Heloris, one of the most
antient of his noblemen (to put a stop to his career) said to himi..
** TUesepulchre of a king is honourable/' And the like to this is what
his father-in-law, Megacles, said to him, that — *^ He who ia deprived
of a kingdom, should part with it so, as if forced from between his
very thighs, und not as one making a voluntary abdication/' By
which serious admonitions, Dionysius was so encooragedy that he
went through every thing courageously, though ever so terrible, and
Chap. IV. DIODORUS SICULUS. 47*
afterwards mightily enlarged his dominion, and continued in this
height of prosperity till he was old^ leaving the greatest principality
in Europe to his children.
But Agathocles not in the least encouraged by any of these con«>
siderations, nor considering the vanity of human confidence and ex-
pectations by what he had learnt by his own experience, set to sale so
gr^at a principality for a trifle : but yet the proposals took noefiect;
for though Agathocles would willingly have had them confirmed, yet
the ambition of Dinocrates rejected them; for he affected an ab-
solute monarchy, and therefore hated the Syracusan democracy,
and was better pleased with the command (as general of the army)
which he then enjoyed: for he had at that time under his command
above twenty thousand foot, and three thousand horse, and many of
the largest and chiefest cities ; so, though he was called only general
of the exiles, yet in truth he had the majesty and authority of a king;
the chief and absolute power of every thing being in his hands; for
if he returned to Syracuse, he concluded he must of necessity be no
more than a private man, and be reputed but one of the many, (for
liberty loves equality), and subject to b^ undermined and degraded by
the suffrage of every demagogue in the public assemblies; for the
common people are ever enemies to those that are rising men, and
speak tiieir minds most freely. And therefore a man may justly say^
that Agathocles voluntarily lowered his sails; and that Dinocrates
was the only cause of whatever good was done by this prince at any
time afterwards. For Agathocles often sent agents to him to solicit
and treat about the conditions of peace, still insisting upon haying the
two castles for his subsistence, and he as often contrived some spe-
cious pretence or another, to dash and break all in pieces; some-
times requiring that be should depart wholly out of Sioily, and at
others, that he should give up his children as hostages*
Agathocles therefore smelling out his design, sent agents to the
exiles to accuse Dinocrates of the project he was carrying on, to ob-
struct the restitution of their antient liberties. He sent likewise an
ambassador to the Carthaginians, and made peace with them upoa
the following conditions, viz.-^That all the cities the Carthaginians
formerly enjoyed, should be forthwith surrendered to them : for which
he received of tlie Carthaginians three hundred talents of gold, aC'^
cording to the account and value of silver} but as Timeus says, a
bundled and fifty talents, and two hundred thousand medimni* of
wheat. Thus stood the affairs of Sicily at that time*
* Every roedironusit eighteen gallons^ and eight galloni make a bashd; lothst twa
hundred thousand mediiuui make five hundred thousand boabcls.
Vol. 2, No, 46 ppp
474 DIODORUS 8ICULU8, ^ook XX»
111 Italy the Samnites took Sora and Atia, ((wo canfedciimte cities
of the Romans), by storm, and sold all the captives foralaTca: apoQ
ivhichy the consuls broke in with mighty forces into Jspygiflf and sit
down before the citySilviumi agarrisop of the Si^moiteSi wlychthe
Romans took by assault after a few days siege, and carried awtyabon
five thousand prisoners, and abundance of rich spoil and booty. Thai
they harassed the country of the Sam nites, cutting down allthctiee^
and -making bavock and spoil wherever they came. For Rooae hav-
ing for many years been in contest with this nation for the supreat
command, hoped at length, that the enemy being stripped of all thif
})ad throqghout the country, would be forced to stoop to the stroogvri
and to that end they continued wasting and s|)oiling the cpoutryiiff
months together, within which time they burnt down to the giuuad
almost all the towns, and rooted up every plant and tree^ and wbati
ever other thing that might yield any fruit for daily food. After thipi
the ^giuetes* proclaimed war for the injuries done them, and took
l^iusinof by assault, and sold the territories belonging to it^
After the end of this year, Xenippus governed at Atheoa» imdW
cius Posthumius and Tiberius Minucius, bore the office of couab
at Rome. About this time the Rhodians were at war with AotigioaM
upon the accounts following: — ^The city of Rhodes ^aa very atn^
in shipping, and the best governed of any city among tli^ Grcelii^aad
therefore all the kings and petty princes strove which shouMfiiD the
greatest interest among the citizens, every one endeavouring to have
her for their confederate. But foreseeing afar pff", what wooli be aoH
for her advantage, she secretly noiade peace with all^ bat woold WfH
meddle with any of the wars wherein the princes were cngagtd OM
against another; so that she was courted and richly presented by evvy
one of them, and grew exceeding rich by the epjoymeot of n hiag
peace. For she became so potent, that in the piratical war, nodcFr
taken for the common good of all Greece, she scpwered theacas aD4
freed them from pirates at her own charge.
Alexander, the most potent prince of any that ii recorded,
ed this city above all others; for there he l|iid up bis but will
cerning the disposal of his whole kingdom, and hoDOuriog her ii
other respects, advanced her to the state of a royal city. Tbe Bko^
dians tiuis in amity with all tlie princes, kept themselves (with alt
the art they could) from giving any just offence by outward VP^*^
ance; though ip their hearts they most fiivoured Ptokmyt fiorthqp
were mo<it enriched by the merchants which traded thepce into lSupt|
and the whole city was maintained and supported by the weakb eC
thai kingdom ; which being understood by AntigonuSj be did all k
• AiM^nJA; or Aiiag&v in ItaljT i * city of the UcroacL t \
eould to draw them off from siding with Ptoleoijr: and therefbi-e at
first, when he Was engaged in a war a^inst Ptolemy for the island of
Cyprus, he sent ambassadors thither to solicit rhem to send aid add
ilhippingtotlemetrias; which they denying, hb conimanded one of
his admirals to gfo with his fleet agaihst them, Atid intercept add
rifle all the ships that proceeded from the poi*f of Rhodes for Egypt.
But the Rhodians beating the adniira), he charged them to be thd
aggressors and he^nhelr^ of an unjust war, and threatened to besiegel
their city with the Strength of his whole ahnyf upon which the
Rhodians decreed him great honours, and sent aitibassadors to him
to entreat him that he would not fbrce them to engage in a war a-
gainst Ptolemy, contrary to the league they had made with biin: bdt
the king growing more enraged at this, sent Demetrius against them
whh the army and all manner of engines for a siege; who were there-
vpbn so terrified with the mighty pdwer of the* kidg, that at first they
signified to Demetrius by their ambassadors^ that they would assist
Aotigoniis against Ptolemy t but afterwards,_#hen h^ required a hun-
dred of the nobility for hostages, and that his fieet ftiight be admitted
into the harbour, they concluded that he de&igueil to surprbe the city j
. Hud therefore they prepared for war.
Demetrius, on the Other liand^ rendezvoused all \\U flfi^t in t lie port
Jrt Eiorymna, and put all in readiness for an c?h perdition to Rliotlesj
He had with him two hundred men of war of sevens I dimeitsK^is, a
hundred and seventy ships of burthen, in which were carried nbout
folly thousand soldiers, together with horse and auTtiliarieiG from i\\t
pirates: besides, there were on hoard abundance of all sor!s of dartsy
arrows, and other engines fit for the carry tni]^ q^j of au assault. Aud
along with all these there followed almost a thousntid vessels, be-^
longing to private men^ full of wares and merchandize. And where-
as the country of the Rhodians had been free fr^Jin all dtviistatlons
for many years together, a vast multitude of men thar had ctuiclied
tfiemselves by the losses of others in the war flocked iliithcr ftom all
places. Demetrius therefore drawing up fiis fleet in a line of Uittle^
aa ready prepared for a sea-fight, commanded his men of war (which
carried engines upon their forecastles to cast darts and arrows of
three spans long) to sail before; and the transport-ships, and such as
had horses on board, they that rowed in lesser vessels towed after
them by cablc^ropes. In the rear came the Vessels of the pirates, and it
numerous company (as is before said) of merchant-ships laden
with corn and other provisions; so that all the sea between the
bland and the opposite shore seemed to be covered oter with ships^
which struck a great terrot add amazement into those that had thd
pvoapecl from the city. For the Rhodiaa sohUera who were placcA
476 DionoKus sicuLUS. Book JTX
upon the walls there, waited for the enemy's approach: the old men
and women likewise had a prospect of them from the tops of their
houses, (for the city was in its situation like a theatre); and all bring
amazed and terrified with the greatness of the fleet, and glittering of
the arms, were in no small perplexity; for all they had in this world
was now lying at stake.
Demetrius now at last arrived at the island, and landed hu men,
and then encamped near the city, but not within the cast of a dart:
which done, he forthwith sent out some of the pirates, and othen fit
for the purpose, to spoil and pillage all before them, both by sea and
land. He cut down also all the trees of the country next adjoiniog,
and razed the towns; and with the timber and materials from thence
he fortified his camp, drawing round it a treble trench^ and maoy
great and strong ramparts; so that by the misery and loss^ of the
enemy he efiectually provided for the securityof his troops. Thcn^by
the labour of his whole army, and the seamen that came along witk
him, in a few days he enclosed with a rampart of earth all that partioa
of ground lying between his landing-place and the city^aod enkigcd
the haven, for the more commodious riding of his ships.
In the mean time the Rhodians sent ambassadors to him, entreat*
ing him that he would not do any thing that might be irrepwable:
but when they perceived that he would not hearken to any teims^
(laying aside all hopes of composing matters), they sent messcDgen
to Ptolemy, Lysiinachus, and Cassander, praying tlieir assistaocey be*
cause that war was made on them upon their account. Both inha*
bitants (that were not free of the city) and foreigners (lately ccane
in) were admitted to take up arms, if they thought fit, for defence of
the place; the rest of the rabble that were useless they put forth out
of the city, both to prevent scarcity of provision, and lest any, uneasy
under the present circumstances they were in, should betray the towo.
Then taking an account of the number ot them in arms, they fonad
that there were of the citizens six thousand, of inhabitants and stimng*
ers one thousand. They made likewise a decree ^That all senrantt
who had approved tliemselvcs honest and faithful in all hazards sod
dangers should be bought oft' from their masters, and set free^ and
enrolled into the number of the citizens. Then a proclamation m»
made ^That whosoever died in the war should be buried at the pub-
lic charge, and that his parents and children should be maintained
out of the city treasury; that portions should be given to tbedaqgh*
ters out of the public stock, and that the sons, when they were grown
up, should be crowned and adorned in the theatre, at the time of the
festivals of Bacchus, with all sorts of arms and armour. With these
promises all were presently excited to stand to it to the hsij and cn
Chap. IK DioDORUs siculus, 477
dure the utmost extremity; and then they made it their busiuess (aJ
far as it was }X)ssiblc) to provide all other things that were iieci^ssary;
for all l>eing^ unauimous^ the rich brouglit In thc^ir moi^ey, and the
smiths and other workmen earnestly set tliemselvcs to the makinj^ of
«rm$, and all were so intent upon their business^ that evciTy one strove
to exceed each other* Some therefore employed themselves in mak-
ing engines to cust darts and lihuot stones, and others in making and
pTepari[ig other things^ some repairctl the walliti where they were de*
fecttve, and many loaded men with stones to carry to the walls.
They sent out likewise three awift-saiUng vessels against the enemy,
and the merchants that brought them in provisions i these falling sud*
denly upon them, sunk many of the merchant-ships, the cr^¥s having '
gone on shore to rob and spoil the country, and burnt no few that i
were driven up to land; and what they received for the redemptioa 1
of captives they brought with them back into the city: for the.Rho-* j
dians had agreed with Demetrius what the value of redemption oa ^
both sides should be, that is, for every freeman a thousand drach- ^^
mas, and for every servant and bondman five hundred. Demetrius
being furnished with plenty of all things necessary for the making of
engines, began to make two, called Testudoes, the one against the . .
engines tliat cast stones, and the other against those that sliot darts
and arrows; these they placed upon the fore-decks of two transport-
ships, which moved from place to place, and were chained close to-
gether: he likewise made two towers four stories high cnch, htghet
than those turrets belonging to the town in the harbour, buih whieh
likewise were placed upon two ships of equal height, and joined one
to another, that both might be equally ballasted when they were
forced forward. He built likewise a rampnrt upon a four-footed piece
of timber nailed together, to float upon tlie water, in order to beat off
the enemy in any attack they might make upon the ifhips where the
engines were placed. At the same time while he was making these,
be got together a number of the strongest water-boats, and fenced
them round with boards and planks, and made loop-holes in the sides^
(to shut at pleasure), and in these he placed engines to shoot dart^
and arrows of three spans long at a great distance, together with such
soldiers as knew very well how to make use of them, and with them
some Cretan archers. Coming up, therefore, with his ships withia
the cast of a dart, he sorely galled the townsmen with his darts and
arrows, the engines in the ships being higher than the walls next to
the harbour. The Rhodians, on the other hand, understanding that
Demetrius made it his main business to gain the port, were as earnest
in providing all things necessary for its defence. To this end they
mounted two engines upon a rampart, and put on board three otherai
I
J
4f 8 DIODORUS 8ICULUS. Itdok X^.
f * ' 1
upou two transport-ships^ and lay with them at the nlooth of the
little harbour; and in these they put great numbers of engitica tat
the shooting of stones, darts, and arrows, of all sizes, that by the help
of these they might repulse the enemy, if lie either attempted to kol
men, or make up with his engines. Besides all this, they bad coo-
trived convenient places and apartments in the transport-^liips whkk
then lay in the harbour, wherein to place their engines aiid dartSj as
they had occasion. Both sides being now thus ready prepared, and
Demetrius just upon the pdiut of moving into the barboura with his
machines, was prevented by a fierce and violent storm which tfaett
arose. But being calm all the night afterwards, he sailed op secratfy^
and seized upon the highest rampart of the great harboat^ and forth*
with drew a mud wall about it, and fenced it with stones and pfambl
of timber: then he landed four hundred of his men, and placed them
there, with all sorts of darts and weapons; the fort was five pkthms
distant from the walls. As soon as it was light they came op wiA
the engines into the port^ with shouting and sound of trompety thett
with their small shot, which did execution at a great distance^ thcgf
beat off those that were building the wall in the port, and with thek
battering engines broke in pieces the enemy's machine^ and
the Wall near the rampart in one part, and battered it down ii
ther : for it was but low and weak at that time. The citizcM
defended themselves, and spent all that day in Wounding and
iAg wounds from their enemies i but night drawing on>
towed his ships by cables tied to smaller vessels, and got oflF his co*
fines out of the reach of the enemy's artillery. But the
took fire along with them, and in boats filled with combustible
ter pursued theil* enemies, and, coming up with the et^nes^ pot fim
to the matter in the boats; but being presently beaten off by darts and
arrows from the floating rampartj they were forced to tach aboul^
and to retire; but the flame raged to that degree, that some few oidy
having extinguished the fire, returned in the boats; and the gnHUesi
part of them, having had their vessels burnt down to the walev^ h)f
swimming only saved their lives^
The next day Demetrius in tlie same manner made his ttttaeh Ikeas
the sea, and ordered that an assault, with shouting and suMid ef
trumpet, sliould be made on every side from the land, that he
strike the greater terror into the Rhodians, while innumeral
surrounded and distracted them on every hand. He contimed thus
assaulting the town for the space of eight days together, shootieg frstt
his engines upon the rampart stones of tlie weight of a tskntysod
buttered down the middle walls between the towers, together wkh tfas
towers themselves; the soldiers likewise possessed
Chmp. IK DIODOIttJS 8ICITttJ9. «79
of the wall th^t bced the harbours : upon which the RhodiaDS all
flocked to that place, and there they sharply fell to it, and CDgaged
theeneiny; and, overpowSenDg them id number, with the^ slaughter
of some qt them, forced the rest to draw o£ The uneasy, rough,
and uneven passage to the place, (by reason of many heaps of great
and massy stones which were laid before the walls on the outside),
was of great advantage to the besieged. Many of the enemy's ves-v
sels, (in th|s midst of this conAision), manned with soldiers, coming
^p, the Rhodians presently tore off the beaks of the ship^, and by
combustible matter and firebrands thrown in among them, burnt the
ships themselves. While the besieged were thus hurried and dis^
tracted in defending themselves, theDemetrians coming in with their
vessels on eyery side, set scaling-ladders to the walls, and pressetl
on with the greater resolution, being assisted in all parts by the sol*
diers at land, who, together with them in the ships, mutually repeated
their shouts and acclamations. And now many boldly and resolutely,
in contempt of danger, pressed forward, and in great bodies mbunted
the walls; upon which followed a sharp engagement, the assailants
forcing on with great resolution from without, and the besieged with
as much courage flocking together to defend themselves within. At
lengtii the Rhodians, after a brave resistance, beat off the assailants,
killing some, and taking others prisoners that were wounded, amongst
whom were some of the chiefest commanders. The besiegers being
thus baffled, Demetrius drew off his engines into his own port, and
then set upon repairing both them and his ships.
In the mean time the Rhodians buried their dead, and dedicatc4
to their gods their enemy's arms, and the beaks of their ships, and
repaired those parts of their walls that were beaten down by the
fngines. "
Demetrius however, after seven days time spent in refitting hia
battering engines, and repairing his shipping, having now all thinga
in readiness, entered the harbour again: for be made it his main bu«
siness to be absolute lord of this, and to intercept all provisions thaf
might be brought in to the relief of the city. When he came within
the cast of a dart, he threw firebrands (of which he had a great nun[i«
her) into the Rhodian ships, which lay scattered here and there, and
shook and battered the walls with his engines, and wounded and galled
with his darts and arrows whoever appeared in view. The assault
thus ppntinuing, to the great terror and amazement of the in«"
habitants, the Rhodian pilots (in great fear and concern for the
shipping) extinguished the firebrands; and the magbtrates el the
city, (whom they call Prytanes), seeing that the port was now eves
upon the point of being takeD> efuri^tly entrented i^l the citizensj^
480 BIODORUS SICULUS. Book XX.
both high and low without distinction^ resolutely to put ta their iielp-
iDg hands for the common preservation and security of the whole
city. Whereupon many readily came in', and manued three of thdr
strongest vessels with the hest of their men, giving them orders to
do the utmost they could with the beaks of their ships to siak the
enemy's vessels that carried their engines. Those thus sentoat,
though they were plied with showers of darts and arrows, yet by the
violence of their cliarge they broke in pieces the rampart* that was
fenced with iron, and so shattered their ships with one stroke after
another, that they filled them with water, and dismounted two of
their engines: whereupon the Demetrians towing hack the third with
cables, the Rhodians, encouraged by their success, pressed on still
with Boore boldness than prudence; and therefore, being pierced and
shattered by the beaks of many great ships that surrounded tliem,
Execestus the admiral, and the captain of the gallics, and some
others, (being badly wounded), were taken prisoners f the rest by
swimming got to their own men; only one ship was taken by theDe*
metrians, and the rest escaped the danger. After this conflict, Deme-
trius made another engine, which was thrice as big as the former.
Loth in height and breadth. And now, being just upon entering
into port, there arose a violent south wind, which suddenly burrt
CHit of a cloud, and sunk the ships which were advancing, and over-*
turturd the engine. Upon which the Rhodians, taking advantage of
the present opportunity, at the very same time flung opep their gates^
and made a sally upon them that entered the port: upon which there
was a sharp dispute for a long time together; and because that Deme-
trius could not come up to the assistance of his men, by reason of
the storm, the Rhodians still fell upon them with fresh parties one
after another, so that the Demetrians, to the number of four bun^
dred, were forced to throw down their arms, and submit* Mitt this
victory gained by the Rhodians, there arrived to thqir aid and assist*
ance a hundred and fifty Gnossians, and five hundred men sent hf
Ptolemy, amongst whom were some Rhodians tliat were soldiers un-
der tl>e king's pay. And thus stood matters in the siege of Rhodes
at tliat time.
In Sicily, Agathoclcs, not being able to compose matteis with
Dinoerates and the exiles, marched out with what forces he bad ••
gainst them, looking upon it as absolutely necessary to baxard bis
person, and resolutely to fight it out, and gain all, or lose alL He had
not with him above five thousand foot, and eight hundred horse.
Dinoerates with the exiles, seeing that the enemy came faoldlj on,
went out with as much earnestness and resolution to fight theni^^
* The flottios tUBpart^
C^ap. IV. DIODORUS SICULUS; 481
Cause he was far superior to the Agathocleaas in number^ having a-
bove five-and-twenty thousand foot^ and three thousand horse. Both
armies sat dbwa one against atiotber at ^ place called Gorgius. At
length they dr^w up in battalia^ atid fell to it; and the fight i^as very
sharp for a while, by reason of the heat and resolution of both par-^
ties : but after a little time sonle deserted Dinocrates, (to the num-
ber of two thousand), and went over to the tyrant^ which was the
ruin of the exiles : fgr the Agathocledns were thereupon much more
encouraged and heartened; but those with Dinocrates were as much
amazed and dejected, and, thinking that many more went off than
there did^ tliey all took to their heels. Agathocles pursued them a
little way ; but then called off his men from the slaughter, and sent
to the broken troops proposals, that all differences being at length
laid aside, every one should have free liberty to return into their own
country : for they found by experience that they were never able to
overcome him by force of arms^ being even now routed, when they
had an army far superior to his in number. The horse indeed all es-
caped to the castle of Ambicas ; and some of the foot the night fol-
lowing got away. The greatest part possessed themselves of a hill ;
b.ut, despairing to prevail by force of arms, and desirous to return to
their kindred, friends, estates, and country, made peace with Aga-
thocles. Having therefor^ plighted his faith to them, and thereupon
all of them being come down from the hill, which was a natural for-
tification, he first disarmed them^ then hemmed them in with his
forces, and put them every man to the sword, to the number of se-
ven thousand, (as Timaeus says), but as others have written, four thou-
sand. For this tyrant never in the least valued either his word or
oath, and increased his power not so much by tb^ greatness of hid
forces, as by the weakness of his subjects, fearing more his confede-
rates than his enemies. Having thus cut off his enemy's army, he
received the rest of the exiles into his protection, and, receiving Di-
nocrates into grace and favour, made him general of part of the army,
and intrusted him ever after in his most weighty afiaifs. At Wliictf
every man may justly wonder that he^ who was so jealous and sus-
picious of every one that he would never confide in any, should to the
last maintain a firm friendship only with Dinocrates, who, having
thus betrayed his confederates seized upon Pasiphilus at Gela, and
there murdered him, and delivered up all the castles and cities to
Agathocles, bringing all his enemies, under his feet in two years
time.
In Italy, the Romans subdued the Paliniahs, and took their coun-:^
try from them, and some that were students at Rome they made free
of tiie city. Afterward^ the consuls marched out against the Sam*:
Vol. 2. No. 46. qqq
4S2 niODORUS SICULUS. JSookXX.
nites, who had wasted and harassed Phaleria, and in a battle routed
them, wherein they took twenty standards, and two thousand priso-
ncrs; and, after they had taken the city Bola by assault, presently
appeared Caius Gellius, general of the Samnites, with six thousand
men; upon which there was then another sharp engagement, ia
which Gellius himself was taken, and many of the other Samnites
slain and taken prisoners. The consuls being thus successful, re-
covered Sora, Harpina, and Serenia, cities of their allies^ which bad
been before taken from them.
CFIAP. V.
j?7ie siege of Rhodes conthiKeiL The acts of the sea-capiaitu of
the Rhoiiians, Peace made tvith the Rhodians. The acts of
^gathocles in the Lijmri islands. The acts of Demetrius in
Greece, The war between the Tare^itines and Lucanians. The
acts of Cleo?ii/mus the Spartan. Cassander sends to Antigonus
to make peace^ who refuses. L,t/simachns joins with Cassander^
and so does Ptolemi/ and Seleucus^ against Antigonus: he
marches against Lysimachu^. Demetrius* s further acts in Greece.
Tfie armies of Cassander and Demetrius. Demetrius leaves
Greece f and goes with his armj/ to his father in AsiUy after peace
made with Cassander. The viisfortunes of Plistarchus at sea*
Ptolemy besieges Sidon^ but returns to Egypt upon a false report,
Seleucus marches from Babylon with a great army.
AFTER the former year had run its course, Phereclea was made
chief governor of Athens, and Publius Scmpronius and PuhliusSll*
picius were invested with the consular dignity at Rome. At the same
time WHS solemnized the hundred and nineteenth Olympiad, id which
Andromcncs the Corinthian bore away the prize. About this time
Demetrius, who lay still before Rliodes, seeing things did not sue*
coed as to his attempts made at sea, resolved to assault the city by
land. To that end he made preparation of plenty of all sort of tioH
bcr, and framed the engine called Helepolis, far bigger than any of
the former. Its basis was four square; every side was olmost in length
fifty cubits, made up of four-square pieces of timber^ bound togttlMBr
Chap. K DionoRUS sicuLUS. 483
by plates of iron. In the middle part he placed strong planks of
timber, a cubit distance one from another, for those that forced the
engine forward to stand upon. The whole was moved upon eight
strong and large wheels, whose felloes were two cubits thick, covered
with strong iron plates : across over the spokes were contrived An«
tistreptas * to turn about the engine in a trice whenever they pleased.
At every comer of the machine were pillars raised, little less than a
hundred cubits high, every one of an equal length, so compacted to*
gether as that the whole machine was nine stories high. In the first
were three-and-forty beds, and in the highest nine : the three sides
of the engine were lined on the outside with iron plates fastened with
nails, to prevent all damage from fire that might be shot or cast from
the city. In every story at the front were made loop-holes, propor*
tionable, and in shape, to the nature of the artillery that was thence
to be dischjirged. To these were shutters (fastened to the engine)
to draw up, for the better defence of them within that threw the
darts; for they were lined with skins stuffed with wool, to deaden the
force of the stone-shot. Every story was furnished with two large
ladders, that whatever was necessary might be brought in to them at
one and the same time by one, while others were going down upon
other occasions by the other, that so every thing might be despatched
•without tumult and confusion. There were chosen out of the whole
army the strongest men (to the number of three thousand and four
hundred) to move the engine forward ; of whom some from within^
and others placed behind, so forced it forward, that art and strength
together much facilitated the motion. He made also Testudoes f, by
some to fill up treuches and ditches, and with others to bring up
battering rams : he made likewise galleries, through which they that
were employed might pass and repass with safety at their pleasure.
By the help and assistance likewise of the seamen, he plained and
laid even all the way along which the engines were to be brought up,
to the space of four furlongs, so that the breadth of the work faced
as much of the city-wall as consisted of six divisious between the
turrets, and of seven of the turrets themselves. The multitude of
artificers and workmen that were got together were no less than thirty
thousand men. Every thing therefore (through multitude of hands)
being perfected and completed sooner than could be imagined, De-
meuius became a terror to the Rhodians; for not only the greatness
of the engines, and the multitude of men, but the valour and dili-
gence of the king in carrying on of sieges amazed them : for he was
extraordinarily ingenious in iiiveniion, and contrived many things
* Instruments to turn the engine,
t Artificial covers orcr men's hczdi, made of strong timbfr cq?«fed with ^aw ajtina,
464 DIODORUS SICULUS. Hook XX.
beyond all the art and industry of the artificers, whence he got the
name of Poliorcetes*: for he was so fierce and violent in his assaults,
that no wall seemed to be so strong as to be a sufficient defence to
the besieged against him. And besides he was so tall and beautifuli
that he looked like a demi-god; insomuch tliat those wlio came to
him but as guests and strangers, and saw his graceful mien, clothed
with royal majesty, were struck with admiration, and would often at-
tend upon him in his expeditions, merely to have the satisfaction of
looking at him. Moreover, he was of a high and noble spirit, and
scorned not only to stoop to the common sort, but even to princes
themselves. And that which was most strange, and peculiar only to
himself was, that in times of peace he was given to drunkenness and
banqueting, to dancing and rioting, and would imitate even the man-
ners of Bacchus himself, such as is fahulously reported be used to
practise when he was ppon earth; but in times of war he was veiy
active and serious, insomuch that he went beyond all the rest, both
as to his head and hand, when any thing was to be done. For in his
time, and by his contrivance, were made the greatest darts, and such
sort of engines as far exceeded all other nations in the world: and
after this siege, and his father's death, he launched forth the greatest
ships that were ever before seen. In the mean time the Rhodiani,
perceiving how the enemy's works went on, built another wall witli-
in, answerable to that which was now presently to be alsaulted ; and
to this purpose they used the stones that walled in the theatre, and
pulled down some neighbouring houses and some temples for the
same purpose, vowing to the gods to build larger and fairer, if the
city were preserved. They s^*nt out likewise nine ships, and cotot
inanded the captains that, infesting every part, and surprising what
ships they could, they should sink some of those they took, vU
bring others into the city harbour. These captains divided their
squadron into thfee parts; Damopiiilus, with the ships which the
Khodians called Phalacidsef, sailed to Carpathus^, where, surprising
many of Demetrius's fleet, he sunk some, and burnt others that were
drawn up upon the shore, making choice of such prisoners as miglit
be most useful and serviceable ; and many ships that were carryiDg
corn and other. fruits out of the island he brought away with him into
his own country.
Menedemus, who comipanded three small gallies § between two
find tliree tier of oars, made for Patara and Lycia, and there found a
^hip at anchor, and burnt her, all her men being before gone off t^
* Foliorcetes^ city^taker. t Gatrd tbipt.
^ Carpathus, an island between Rhodes and Crate, now ScapABto.
$ Tnemoltianij sometbiug les3 thaa three tier of aac^
Chap. Fl DIODORUS SIC'ULUS. 484
land; he took likewise many of the enemy^s transport* ships which
carried provisions to their camp, and sent them t^ Rhodes : he took
also a ship of four tier of oars coming out of Cilicia, which carried a
royal rohe, and other rich furniturci which Phila, Demetrins^s wife^
had curiously wrought, and had sent as a present to her husband.
He ordered the garments to be conveyed into Egypt, for they were
purple robes, fit for none to wear but kings ; but the ship he took
away with him, and sold all the seamen he had taken, both out of the
galley of four tier of oars, and other vessels. Amyntas, who com-
manded the other ships, sailed to the islands, and, falling in with
some of the enemy that were conveying away something of use for
the engines, he sunk son^e of the ships, and brought in others to tlie
city, in which were taken eleven famous artificers, most expert artists^
in making of darts and engines.
After this was called a general assembly, wherein it was proposed
that the statues of Antigonus and Demetrius should be pulled down,
affirming, that it was a thing intolerable that enemies and besiegers
of the city should have the same honours as those tliat were friends
and benefactors : but the people were much incensed at this motion,
and checked them that proposed it as those that did ill, and would
not sufTer any thing in diminution to the honour of Antigonus, there-
by wisely consulting both their own reputation and advantage : for
this greatness of mind and soundness of judgment in a democraticat
government redounded amongst nil to the praise of the besieged, and
softened and melted the spirits of the besiegers : for they that had
set at liberty the Greek cities, who had testified nothing of their good
will towards them as their benefactors, now seemed to go about to
enslave that city, who had given a clear and evident demonstration
of the firmness and constancy of their gratitude. This resoliitioa
likewise might reasonably be concluded to be of singular advantage
to them in the worst of fortune 5 for if the city were taken, the re^
inembrance of their kindness might plead and prevail for their par-
don : it is clear, therefore, that the Rhodians manifested singular pru-
dence in the management of this affair.
Demetrius had now even undermined the city, when a deserter
very opportunely came in, and informed the city, that the miners
were approached almost within the walls : upon which the Rhodians
drew a deep trench all along the wall that was now ready to be tum-
bled down, and forthwith fell to countermining ; and at length met
the enemy under ground, and so prevented the mine from proceed-
ing any further : and while both parties guarded the mines,* some of
» Pemetrius's soldiers with money bribed Athenagoras, the captain of
486 moDORUs sicuLus. Book XX.
the guard for the Rhodiaus. He was a Milesko, sent thither by
Ptolemy, and captain of the mercenaries, who having promised to
betray the city, appointed a day on which Demetrius should send some
one of the chiefest of bis commanders, who should enter in the night
througli the mines into the city, and find out a place fit and c«>Dve-
sient to receive the soldiers. Athcnagoras having now raised up the
hopes and expectations of the Demetrians, discovered the whole in-
trigue to tlie senate. The king, according to the compact, sent one
cf his noblemen, Alexander, a Macedonian : but the Khodians seized
bim as soon as he peeped out of the mine; but vrowned Athena-*
goras with a crown of gold, and for a reward gave him five talents
of silver ; and then made it their business to engage the rest of the
mercenaries and strangers to be faithful to the people att the ways
they could.
However Demetrius, leaving now finished all his engines, and
plained and laid even every place under the walls, brought up h»
Helepolis* in the middle, and so ordered his Testudoes for filling up
of trenches and ditches, (which were eight in number), that be placed
four on each side of the Ilelepolis. To each of these was adjoined
a gallery, and they who went in and out migiit execute wliat was
commanded without any danger. He had likewise two other Testudoes
that bore battering rams, far larger than the rest; for both of tkem
were a hundred and twenty cubits long, strongly armed with iron, and
their headsf resembled the beak of a ship, and were easily moved
forward by the help of wheels; but to do ell'ectual execution, they
were forced on by a thous;u)d men at least.
Being ready to bring up his engines to the walls, he filled eveiy
Story in the Helepolis with as many engines for shooting of stones,
arrows, and darts, as each would hold. Then he sent his sea-forcea
to the haven and the places adjoining, and ordered his land-army to
tl)e re!»t of the wall where any approach could possibly ,be made. At
length, atone signal and word of command all set up a shout toge^
ther, and with great violenve stormed the city on every side: and at
the very time that the walls were shaking and trembh'ng with tlic
strokes of the battering rams, and stones shot from the engines, in
came ambassadiirs from Cnidus, and intreated him to forbear all fur*
ther proceedings by foi^ce of amis, and promised, that they would per-
suade the Khodians to submit (as far as it was possible) to his com-i
mands. The king hereupon remitted his heat, and ambassadors were
sent from boCli sides, who banded matters tp and fro, but could nol
eome to any agreement. Whcreu|x>n he resolutely rciiew^ the aa^
. * The great ciigUte. t Ibe raiu^' lie^dj^
II I t I I I III- I " —^
sault, and battered down one of the strongest towers built of foar*
square stone, and so shook the whole space between the towers, that
the besieged could not pass that way to the bulwarks.
But at this time, king Ptolemy sent a great fleet with provisions
to the Rhodians, in which were three hundred thousand Aitabaos^
of corn, beans, and peas. 'J^hese making a straight course for Rhodes,
Demetrius sent shipping after them, in order to seize the provisions
for the use of his own camp: but the Ptoleitoians, (hoisting up all
their sails), by the favour of a fair gale of wind, arrived safe at thek
port, and so those that were sent after thein by Demetruis returned
as they went, Cassander likewise sent ten thousand medironi of
barley to the Rhodians, Ad Lysimachus forty tl&ousand of wheat, and
as much of barley.
The town thtis supplied with plenty of provisions, their languisluii|(
spirits now revived ; and thereupon judging it much to tiieir ndvan^
tage if tliey could ruin the enemy's engines, they got together abuci<^
dance of ^re-balls, and several engines for shooting of (ire, and
placed them and their other artillery upon tlie waUs ; a^d the next
night, about the second watch, they suddenly commenced playing
upon the enemy's guard, with arrows, darts, stones, and other wea«*
pons 3 and at the same time making use of all sorts of fire engines^
they grievously wounded and galled all that came flocking into that
part : whereupon the Demetrians, who were altogether surprised bf
so sudden and unexpected an attack, being mightily conceroed iot
their engines and their other works, ran all in a body togetliet toi
defend them. The night being very dark, no moon appearifig^ Are*
brands flying about with great violence, gave light to the night; and
darts and stones from the catapults and baljstas, not duK^erned when
they were shot, wounded and galled many of the combatants, wha
could not see how to avoid them. And now, at thia very tin^^ some
of the iron plates fell ofl^ from the great engine, and the fire-bcaods
had the good fortune to fall upon that part that was bare : upon which
as the fire increased, Demetriiis was in a great fright lest the engine
should be totail/ consumed; and therefore he endeavoured to pre^
vent it with all the speed possible, and to quench the raging flame
by the water before prepared, and ready in the apartments of the en**
gine for such accidents* At length he called together, by sound
of trumpet, those that were to move the engines, and by their help
removed them out of the reach of the darts* When it was day, he
ordered the boys and pages in the army to gather lip all the darti
and arrows shot by the Rhodians. because be had a desire, by oum^
* Al^eryian measure^ something fn/ger than a inediiDntM^ irfaicb bvigfatecli giilooft '
48S DiODoRus 9ICULUS. Book XX^
fl
bering of these, to make a coojecture Low the citizens were famish-
ed and providedi These boys performing wliat they were com-
manded, there were in number of fire brands, and other vehicks of
fire of several sizeSj above eight hundred ; and of darts^ oo fewer
than fifteen hundred. This vast number of darts^ arrows, fire-
brands, and balls, shot in so little a |K)rtion of the night, caused him
to admire the store and provision of the city in their ammunitiooi
and likewise their great charge and expense in providing them...^
Then he set about repairing his engines, burying the dead, and cur-
ing those that were wounded ; during which time the citizens^ Lav-
ing a respite from the assaults and batteries of the engines^ built a
third wall in the shape of a half moon, which encompassed all that
part of the wall which lay most open and exposed to the enemy's
attacks. And besides this, they drew a deep trencli round that part
of the wall which was ready to fall, that the king might not enter oa
a sudden at the first push* They likewise sent out some sigrift sail^
ing ships under the command of Amyntas, who made over to the
continent of Asia, and there set upon some privateers tliat were com''
missioned by Demetrius : they had three open vessels, and were re-
puted the stoutest men the king had in bis fleet. After a short fight,
the Rhodians t6ok both the ships and the men^ among whom were
Timocles, the chief of the pirates* They likewise fell upon tomt
xberchant-ships, and took some light vessels laden with troro, and
with these, and the open vessels of the piratesj they secretly passed
by the enemy, and got into Rhodes.
Demetrius having repaired his machines, brings them aguo op
to the walls, and, with showers of darts and arrows, forced the be*
sieged from the bulwarks; and batterlBg the place adjacent with hn
rams, he beat down two spaces between the tower. In the heat of
this action the besieged with all their might defended the middle
tower, and were continually harassed by strong parties of fresh men
one after another, so that Aminias their chief commander, coun*
geously behaving himself^ was there slain, with many of the com*
mon soldiers*
While these things were doing, king Ptolemy sent to the Rbo^
dians as much corn and other provisions as he had done before; and
also fifteen hundred soldiers> under the command of Antigoous a
Macedonian.
About the same time there came to Demetrius, about fifty ambas-
sadors, from Athens and other cities of Greece, all soliciting the
king to compose matters, to conclude a peace with the Rhodiaos«
Whereupon there was a cessation of arms, and many harangues wens
now made to the people, and then again to Demetrius, but tbqf*
Qhap. M blODORUS sicuLbs. 48fJ
could not agree upon any terms; and therefore the ambassadors de-^
parted without effecting any thing.
Demetrius was afterwards contriving to make an attack upon x\\6
city in the night, at that part of the wall which had fallen down. — ^
To this end he picked out the best of his soldiers^ and some others
fit for the purpose, in all to the amount of fifteen hundred, whom he
commanded to approach the walls secretly, about the second watch*
He himself stood ready with the rest of the army, and gave orders
to the officers of every regiment, upon a signal given, to set up a
shout, and forthwith to make an assault upon the city both by sea
and laud; who all executed his commands accordingly: and pre-
sently one party made to the ruins, and killing the watch at the
trench, broke into the city, and possessed themselves of all the pla-
ices round the theatre. 1 he Rhodiatis seeing all tiie city in an up
roar upon the knowledge of what had happened, commaiidtrd them
that guarded the port and the walls, every one to keep their Several
posts, and endeavour to beat off the enemy that attempted to enter;
They in the town, wiih the stoutest of the citizens^ and those sol-
diers who had lately come from Alexandria, attacked them that had
broke in within the walls: but as soon as it was day^ Demetrius lift^
ed up the signal, at which both those who had made at) attack upon
the port, and those around the walls, set up a shout all together^ to
encourage the men that had cTLtered^ and wvrc atiout tlie tluatre...^
^he poor women and children throughout the whole city were in a
state of terrible fear and consternation, as if ihe towu hud bccQ then
actually taken by storm.
However^ a sharp encounter took place between the RAdifttis and
those that had entered the town j and tfiuiigh many WW <>*fflKHh sides,
yet neither of them at the firsit guve the least ground. But after
awhile, when many more of tJie Kliodians camo flocking tri^ resol-
ved to endure the greatest extremity in fighting for their cour^tiv,
and for all that was dear to them in the world, the ting's piirty were
overborn; and Alcimus and'Mnntius, the commanders of the purty^
after many wounds received, were there slain; most of the remain^
der were either killed upon the spot, or taken prisoners; but some
few made their escape and got to the king. Many likewise of the
Rhodians were slain at the same time, among whom was Damotetis^
president of the council, a man most renowned for his valour. De-
metrius, although he judged that fortune had, as it were, wrung the
city out of his haiids, yet prepared for another assault. But his fa-»
ther writing him to make peace with the Rhodians on such terms and
conditions as he could get, he watched for the most convenient opJ
portunity that might attbrd him a colourable pretenee lor aa agree
Vol. 2. No, 4(». rbr
490 DioDORus sicuLUs. Sook XX
mcnt and settlement of matters between t^iem. Ptolemy likewise,
though he had before written to the Rhodians to acquaint them that
he intended to send them a great quantity of com, and three thoa-
sand men, yet afterwards advising them to treat and agree with An*
tigonus upon any reasonable conditions, they all inclined to peace.
At the same time likewise, the iGtoHan commonwealth sent ambas-
sadors to negotiate a pacification. The Rhodians therefore at length
struck up a peace with Demetrius upon the conditions following:
'^ That the city should remain subject to its own laws, and should
i>e without a garrison : that they should enjoy their own estates and
revenues : that they should join with Antigonus in his wars against
all persons except Ptolemy; and that they should deliver a hundred
citizens as hostages, such as Demetrius should make choice of, ex-
cept such as were magistrates.*' And thus the Rhodians, after a
whole year's siege, put An end to the war, honouring those with jost
rewards, who approved themselves honest and faithful to their coao-
try: and such slaves as had behaved themselves stoutly and Taliant*
ly, they set free, and enrolled them as members of the city. The/
set up likewise the statues of the kings, Ptolemy, Cassaoder, and
Lysimachus, and of some others inferior to them, who yet had con*
tributed mucn to the safety of the place. But, that they might ex-
press their gratitude and thankfulness to Ptolemy above all the rest^
they sent some of their priests to consult the oracles of Amnion,
whether they should worship Ptolemy as a god ? And being an-
swered that they should, ttiey consecrated to him a four-square
grove in their city, building on every side thereof a gallery of a fur-
long in length, and called it Ptolemseum, or Ptolemy's gallery...
They repaired also the theatre, and the pans of the walls that were
thrown down, and made them, and all the other places which hid
been damaged, far more beautiful and glorious than they were
before.
Demetrius, having ratified the peace with the Rhodians, (accord-
ing to his father's commands), loosed from thence with his whole
army, and, passing by the islands, he arrived at Aulis in Bceotii,
minding with all speed to set the Grecians at liberty; for Cassander
and Polyperchon, grown bold through the absence of the eneniy,
iiad nut long befcjre wasted and harassed many parts of Greece.
And first of all he freed the city of the Chalcidians from a garrisoa
of the Boeotians, and forced the Boeotians (out of fear of him) to
fall ofF from their league with Cassander. Afterwards, confederating
with the iEtolians, he prepared to make war upon PoIyperchoD and
Cassander.
During these transactions, Eumelus, the king of the Cimmeriaa
Chap. K DI0D0RU8 SICULUS. 491
Bosphorus^ IiaTing now reigned six years, ended his days; after
whom succeeded Spartacus, his son, who reigned twenty years.
Having now given an account of the affairs of Greece and Asia, wf
shall pass over to other parts of the world.
In Sicily, Agathocles on a sudden, and without any provocation,
invaded the inhabitants of the Lipari islands, being then in full and
perfect peace and security, and exacted from them fifty talents of
silver. At which time, many thought that it was spoken from a iU
vine spirit, when it was said ^That God would remarkably pursue
him for his wickedness. The Liparians then desired hiiPj that he
would give some time to make up the money that was short, declar<«
ing, that to that time they never made use of the dedicated treasures
but Agathocles forced them to give him the money that was in the
sacred treasury*, upon some of which was stamped the im^ge of
j£olus,and upon others Vulcan; and when he had got it, he get sailj
and away he went: but there arose a storm, which broke in piecea
eleven of the ships that carried the money: which gave occasion to
many to conclude, that iEolus (who is said to h^ve command of the
winds in those parts) executed vengeance upon him at hb first set«<
ting forth; and that Vulcan, at bis latter end, punished the tyrant iu
his own country according to the just desert of his wickedness, burn-*
ing him alive with hot coals: for it was one and the same justice an4
divine will that forbore and passed over those that saved and preserved
their parents at the foot of Mount ^tna, and that exerted his power
in punishing those that had impiously prophaned the deity. But what
b now said concerning the return and misfortunes of Agathocles shall
be further confirmed, when we come to the time proper for that re-r
lation; but now we must apply ourselves to w^at was done in those
parts of Italy that lay bordering upon one another.
The Romans and Samnites, after a war of t^o*and-twenty yearf
and six months continuance, by their mutual ambassadors at length
made peace one with another. But Sempronius^ oae of the consutsj^
broke into the country of the i£qui, and took ferty towns in forty days
time at the most; and, bringing the whole country into absolute siib*-
jection to the Roman yoke, returned home, and most worthily and
gloriously triumphed. But the Romans entered into a league with
the Marsi, Peligni, and Marrucini.
When the last year was ended, Leostratus was chosen chief magi»*
trate of Athens for this succeeding, and Servius Cornelius and Lucius
Genucius were created consuls at Rome. In the time of whose go«
vernments, Demetrius resolved to make war upon Cassander, and to
f^sture liberty to the Grecians; and above all other couctrns^ tp put
4Q2 DioDORUS sicuLW. Book XX.
the affairs of Greece into a good and happy condition; because he
hoped by the liberty granted thereby both to advance his own reputa-
tion^ and also to break those captains of Cassander's who were joined
with Prepelaus, and tiiat, by falling upon Cassander, he should gaio
the sovereign power to himself. The city of Sicyon w^s then held
by a garrison of Ptolemy the king, of which Philip, a brave and gal-
lant man, was governor: upon this place Demetrius made a sudden
attack in the night, and l)roke in within the walls; whereupon the
garrison -soldiers presently hurried into the castle. Demetrius, being
how possessed of the town, posted himself between the houses and
the citadel; and being just upon the point of bringing up his en-
gines, they within were so terrified, that they surrendered upon terms,
and then sailed away into Egypt. Afterwards, having prevailed with
the Sicyonians to remove and settle themselves within the castle, he
laid that i)art of the city adjoining to the haven even with the ground,
which was a place before every way strongly fortified : then joining
with the inhabitants, and helping them to build houses*, and re-
storing them to their former liberty, he was honoured by those he had
thus obliged as a demi-god; for they called the city Demetriades,
and appointed sacrifices, festivals, and sports, with other honours, to
be yearly celebrated and offered in memory of him as the builder
of their city. But time and turns of fortune put an end to these
solemnities.
The Sicyonians therefore, being fixed in a far better place than
they were before, have continued there from that very time to this
clay: for the site of the citadel is large and plain, compassed in on
every side with inaccessible rocks, so that no engine can possibly
approach or come near it: it is furnished likewise with plenty of wa^
ter, by which the inhabitants greatly enriched their gardens and otn
chards: and therefore all approved the wisdom and ingenious con-
trivance of the king, who had provided for them every thing conduc-
ing to their pleasure in time of peace, and to their protection and se-
curity in time of war. Having settled all things at Sicyon, he marched
thence with his whole army to Corinth, which Prepelaus, Cassander's
general, then held with a strong garrison; where being presently lei
in by the citizens in the night, (through a little sally-port), be gained
the city, together with the havens. The soldiers in garrison hereupon
fled, some of them into the Sisyphiumf, (as it is called), others into
tlie citadel: whereupon the engines being brought up to the fortifi-
cations, after much toil and labour, he took Sisyphium by storm.
The besieged had (before he entered) all fled to them that were la
tl>e citadel; but he so terrified them also, that he forced thei^ ta
• lu the ciudek t Fdacc
Chap. r. DIODORUS SICULUS. 49^
surrender: for this king in assaults was not to be resisted; and ift
inventing of engines for the assaulting of places was extmordinarilj
ingenious.
And now, although he restored the Corinthians to their liberty, yet
he put a garrison into the citadel*, because the citizens desired to
continue under the king'sf protection until he had subdued Cas«
Sander: and so Prepelaus, having thus poorly lost Corinth^ went to
. Cassander.
Then Demetrius marched into Achaia, and took'Bata by assault;
and within a few days after, he had Scyros delivered up to him, and
expelled the garrison thence; and, moving forward, he freed all tke
rest of the cities of Achaia. Then encamping at iSigenm, b^ lay
with his army round the walls; and, upon a parley with Strotnbichtii
the governor, demanded the surrender of the town: but he notonfy
refused, but railed against Demetrius from the wafis, and'gave him
base language; whereupon x\^ king brought tip the engines^ bol^
tered down the wall, and took the city by storm, and there crucified
Strombichus, (who was placed there as governor by Polyperchon),
and about fourscore more that were his inveterate enemies, 4)efore
the walls of the town. And from among the prisoners he picked
out two thousand mercenaries, and intermixed them amongst his own
Regiments.
After the taking of this city, they who held the neighbouring forts
and castles thought it to no purpose to oppose the king; and there*
fore all surrendered their garrisons. And all the governors of cities^
seeing that Cassander and Folyperchon sent them no assistance, and
that Demetrius with a potent army, and with engines the greatest tliat
ever came into the field, was ready to fall upon them, surrendered all
up to him. And thus stood the affairs of Demetrius. ,
In Italy, the Tarentines (being at war with the Lncanians and tbe
Romans) sent ambassadors to Sparta desiring aid, and that Cleonymus
might be sent them for their general. The Lacedsemonians readily
granted the general that was desired; and the Tarentines sent ships
and money, wherewith Cleonymus raised five thousand men, and
mustered them at-Tenarus in Laconia; and thence by a short cut
sailed toTarentum, where he hired as many 'mercenaries as the for-
mer, and listed some of the citizens: in the whole he raised above
twenty thousand foot, and two thousand horse. He joined to his
army likewise many Greeks of Italy, together with the Messapians;
whereupon the Lucanians, being terrified with the greatness of his
army, made peace with the Tarentines: only the Metapontians stood
• Aero Corintlio.
t Aatigonus'fl prot^^tion^ who bad assumed the title of king, at it Mtd before.
494 BIODORU8 8ICULU9. Boot XX.
cS; and therefore he required the Lucaniana to join with hia ia
apoiiiog and harassing their country; and accordingly making uae af
a fit opportunity^ he broke in upon them, and put them into a teni-
ae fright: aodj though he entered into the city as a friend^ yet he
Vapanned the citizens out of six tliousand talents of aiirer and op*
wards, and took away two hundred young ladies of the best qiiaUt]f
for hostages, not so much to secure the performance of tlie kague^
as to gratify his own brutish lusts; for he threw off his Laconic ha-
bit, and gave up himself to all manner of voluptuousness, and brosght
them into bondage and slavery who had committed theaiaelvea l»
lis care and protection. For, though he had so great att anoy^ and
so well provided, yet he did nothing worthy the name of a Spartaa
He determined, indeed, to make an expedition into Sicily, under oo»
lour of overturning the tyranny of Agathocles, and to restore the Si«
ctlians to their antient laws and liberties; but omitting that for tha
present, he sailed to Corcyra, and, having taken the city, got there a
Tast treasure, and garrisoned the place, designing to make use of'
that as a town and citadel of war, and thence to manage all the af*
fairs of Greece. Forthwith ambassadors came to him from Deme-
Irius, Poliorcetes, and Cassander, severally, to solicit him to join
them as confederates; but he joined neither*
Afterwards, hearing that the Tarentines and some othen badre*
volted and deserted him, he left a sufficient garrison at Corcyra, and
with the remainder of his forces sailed in a great rage into Italy, with
a resolution to execute exemplary punishment Q|>on those who had
rebelled. Arriving at the very place where the barbarians keptguaid^
lie took the city; and after he had sold the men for slaves^ he de
vastated and harassed all the country. He took also a town called
Triopiub by assault, and carried thence three thousand captivea,.^
But about this time the barbarians got into a body, and attacked his
camp in the night, killed above two hundred of his soldiers, and
toi^k about a thousand prisoners : and on the back of this misfortnna
there arose a violent storm, which destroyed twenty of hia shipa aa
they lay at anchor near his camp.
Being grieved and plagued with these misfortunes falliiif nna
upon the neck of another* Cleonymus returned with his finrcea to
Corcyra.
The former year being past, this year Nicocles executed the office
of Lord Chancellor of Athens, and Marcus Livius and Marcus i£*
milius were consuls at Rome: at which time Cassander, king of
Macedon, perceiving the armies of his enemies to increase^ end that
the impending storm was ready to fall with all its weight n|X>n hiffl^
was in much ahurm concerning the issue of the event* ,, lie there-
Chap. V. niODORUS 8ICULUS. ^49ft
■ ■ , ■ -I '■" ' 'I'r ;' ' — ?
fore sent ambassadors into Asia to Antigonus, to entreat faim to- be
reconciled, and make peace with him: who iSerceiy and rougtily aa«
swered ^That he would own no peace which should be made with
liim, unless Cassander would deliver up all into his hands. At this
answer he was greatly terrified, and sent for Lysimachus out of
Thrace, to venture all in a cemroon lot together: for at all times, ui
his greatest straits, his manner was to have recourse to him for f««
lief, both on account of his valour, and because his kingdom bor-
dered upon Macedonia. These two kings therefore, consulting to*
gether how to manage their mutual affiiirs to the best advantagei
sent ambassadors to Ptolemy king* of Egypt, and %ci Seleucus, pri«ee
of the higher provinces, giving them an account of the proud an«
swerof Antigonus; and representing to them ^That they were aM
in equal danger by this war; for if Antigonus gained Macedoma, he
would presently swallow up the rest; and that he had upop several
occasions given a clear discovery of his covetousness and ambitkm;
and that he would have none to participate with him in any part of
the empire; and therefore, that it was very fit and expedient tfaaC
they should all join together against him.
Ptolemy and Seleucus, judging what was said to be certainly true,
readily came into the league, and raised numerous forces to assist ia
the war. However, Cassander judged it not prudent to suffer ths
enemy first to break in upon him, but that it was rather for hit idk
vantage to be beforehand whh them, and fall first upon tbeoi. T#
that end he delivered part of the army to Lysimachus, and sent a ge^
neral along with them; and he himself marched with tfie reit iiM
Thessaly, to fight with Demetrius and the other Greciaos.
Lysimachus with his army passed over out of Europe into Asia^
and set free the inhabitants of Lampsacus and Paros, who had-sidcd
with him u[)on their own accord: but taking Sigsutn by asaaok, bt
placed a garrison in it: and then ^ommittod six thousand foot mad
a thousand horse to the charge of Prepelaus, and sent hiln totake tht
cities in ^Eolia and Ionia: but he himself in the first pl$oe •design-
ed to besiege A by dos, and carried along with him darts, battering
rams, and other engines for that purpose. But a great number of
soldiers being sent by sea from Demetrius fof the defence of the ci-
ty, he laid aside his design; and having taken the Hellespont and
Phrygia, he went forward and besieged the city of Synada, where
the king's * magazine lay; and at the same time drew over Docimus^
a commander of Antigonus's party, to join the common causey and
by his help took both Synada and other forts where the king's trea-
sures were laid up,
• ABtSgomis.
4g$ WODORUS SICULUS« Book XJt
Id the mean time Prepelaus, who was sent to make wmr upon
£olia and Ionia, by the way took Adramyttium, and besieged £[riie-
sus; and so terrified the inhabitants^ that they submitted : and find-
ing there the hostages which the Rhodians had given to Demetrinsi
lie sent them all home again to their friends, and did not hurt any
of the Ephesians in their persons ; but he set on fire all the ships be
found in the harbour, because the enemy still commanded all at
sea, and because the issue of the war was as yet uneertaiD. After
this^ he joined to him the Teians and Golophonians. But as for
Erythrse and Clazomen», they had succour sent them by sea^ and
therefore he could not take them : but having wasted their tenito*
lies, he departed for Sardis ; and there he drew over^ by fair wordsy
Pheenix and Docimus, two of Antigonus's captains, and took the
city itself, all but the castle, into his protection. As fur tha castle^
Philippus, a friend of Antigonus's, kept it, and would not betray his
trust. Antigonus was at that time wholly taken up in making sporta
and feasts in Antigonia, and had proclaimed great pria^es for such u
would put in for them, and large wages to all expert artificers that
could be found.
But when he heard that Lysimachus was come into Asia, and that
his soldiers revolted to him by multitudes, he discontinued bis sports,
and distributed among the wrestlers and artificers no less than two
hundred talents; and then taking his army with htm, leftSyria^ and
by long marches hastened to meet the enemy. As soon as he came
to Tarsus in Cilicia, out of the monies which he took with him from
the city of Quinda, he gave his army three months pay beforehand;
and besides this, he brought three thousand talents along with him^
in order that there should be no lack of money if need shotdd call
for it. Then passing the Taurus, he quickened his march into Cap*
padocia, and reduced all the cities in the Upper Phrygia and Laoo-
Ilia which had formerly revolted from him; and these served him ia
the wars as they did before.
Then Lysimachus, hearing of the enemy's approach^ consalled
with his council, in this imminent danger, what was fittest to
be done: and their advice was, by no means to hazard a battle till
Seleucus came down from the upper provinces; but to take posses-
sion of the strongest places, and to intrench himself in the best man*
ner he could, with ramparts^ palisades, and stakes, and there await
the coming of the enemy. Lysimachus having heard this advice,
put it seriously into execution: and Antigonus on the other hand,
as soon as he came near his camp, drew out in battalia, and eodea '
voured to provoke Lysimachus to fight: but seeing he would, no^
he went and kept all the passages by which any victuals might cooM
Chap, i\ DIODORUS SiCULUS. 4^f
jhui the camp- Whereu|>on Lysimachus Karing lest he siiould fait
into the hands Df the enemy ihrouglt want of provisiotis, removeil
by night; and huvln^^ marched four hundred furlortgs, came to Do-
rylteuiti, and there encamped j for in those parls there was ahun*
dance of com artd 'other provision s^ having a river at the back of him
as a defence to his camp. Wlierefore, liavhig raised a work aUd en-
closed it with an exceeding deep treneh, and pallisadocd it witii
three r6ws of stakes, he made all sure as he thought. But Antigd^ <
nus finding the enemy gone, pursued him with all speed; and com-
ing near to vhe place where he by intrenched, and seeing no dispo-
sition hi him to fight, he prescntiy fell to wol'k and drew another
trench around his camp, in order to hesiege hirti there; tind for that
purpose caused darts^ arrows^ and catapults, to he hrought thither to
him. And tlibugh uifiny skirmishes were made about the trenches,
because Lysimaclius's men tindeavourcd by their darts and arrows
to drive the etiemy from their works, yet AiUigonus's party had stltl
the better of it in every encounter. For in process of time Antigo-
nus's worka came to be almost finished; but Lysimachus's provi-
sions began to fail; who therefore talking advantage of a tempestu-
ous night, made off with his army^ and through mountainous coun-
tries reached his wiuter^quavters^ But when AnttgonUs the next
tooniing perceived that tliu enemy wds grtiie, he also marched after
him, through the champaign country; hut there having fallen 4
great quantity of rain, and the ways being thereby foul and decp^ he
lost many of bis carriages, and some of his men also in that journey ;
and the whole army was in great distress; wbtrcfbrc, in order t6
spare his men, and the winter coming on, he gave up the pursuit ;
and casting about for the fittest places, he disiribotcd his army Int6
winter-quarters. But on receiving intelligence that Seleucus Wai
tnarching down from the liigher provinces with a numerous army^
he sent one of liis friends into Greece to Demetrius, commanding
liim with all speed to come to bim with his forces. For be was ex-
tremely alarmed, lest all the kings joining together should force bint
to fight, and Ko lay all at stake before the forces out of Europe could
join him.
Lysimachus in the like rnadher sent his aHny to bd (]tlf(Hefed id
the country of Salmonia, having made large provision for thfem Dot
of Heraclea, he being in alliance with theiri of that city : for he ttiir^
ried Amestris, the daughter of Oxyartes, niece to the late king Da-
rius, whom Alexander gave to Craterus to Be his ivife, and now at
this time governess of the city. Atid thus stocrd tbfe affairs of Ai^iit
At that time.
But as to the afifairs of Ctreece^ Peihetrius beHlg at AtbeoK^ iMi
Vol, 2, No. 49, •••
498 DioDORUs sicuLUS. Book XX.
greatly desired to be iaitiated into the sacred mysteries of Ceres and
Eleusina: but io regard that the time appointed by the law, and
commonly spent by the Athenians in performing the ceremonies of
thb solemnity, was very long and tedious, he entreated the peopk
that, in return of his forn;er kindness to them, they would alter their
antient custom; which they agreed to do. Whereupon he com*
mitted his person unarmed into the hands of the priests ; and thos
being initiated before the legal day, he departed from Athens, and
then rendezvoused both his fleet and land army at Chalcisj in Bobo-
tia: but hearing that Cassander had blocked up all the passes, ha
judged it unsafe to go by land into Thessaly, and therefore sailed
with the army into the haven of Larissa, and there landed his men;
upon which the city was immediately surrendered to him : but the
citadel he took by force of arms, and bound all the addien h
the garrison in chains, kept them close prisoners, and restored the
people of Larissa to their antient laws and liberties. Then he took
Prona and Pteleum. Cassander had commanded the inhabitants oC
Pion and Orcbomenum, two cities in Thessaly, to remove and set-
tie at Thebes: but Demetrius put a stop to this measure,
der, when he saw that every thing went as Demetrius would
it, strengthened the garrisons of Pherse and Thebes, and rendexvons^
ed his forces in the face of the Demetrians. His whole army con-
sisted of 'twenty-nine thousand foot, and two thousand horse.-.*
Those who followed Demetrius amounted to fifteen hundred hone,
at least eight thousand Macedonian foot, and fifteen thousand mer-
cenaries; and out of the cities of Greece twenty-five thousand;
besides several regiments of light-armed men; and a dlsaritAj
rabble of sordid fellows out of all nations, to the number of at IcMt
eight thousand, such as are used to follow camps only to rob and
plunder wherever they come : so that the whole land army consisted
of fifty-six thousand men.
The armies had now lain opposite to each other for several days^
and though they were drawn up in battalia on both sides, yet neir
ther attempted to fight, solicitously expecting to hear how thiofl
passed in Asia. At that time, Demetrius entered with part of his
army into the city of Pherte, being invited thither by the inhabitants;
and took the citadel, and dismissed all Cassander's soldiers on the
terms agreed upon, and restored the Pherseans to their former libera
ties.
While these things were acting in Thessaly, the measepgen fnm
Antigonus came to Demetrius, who delivered his £sther*a command^
and ordered him to transport his forces over into Asia, with all the
speed imaginable.
Cfu^. V. biODORus sicuLtJil. 499
Whereupon^ looking upon H as a thin|^ of absolute Necessity to
obey his fiither^ be fortbwith concluded a peace with Cassander^
upon condition that his father should approve of it ; not in the l^t
doubting but he would make all void, whotef be knew had resolved
to put an end to the war by no other meanaf than' by force of arscis.
However, he was willing to manage his business !k>, that he should
have a feasible pretence for leaving Greece, and not to resemble «
flight. For among other matters^ he took care to have it inserted
in the articles of peace ^That all the Greek cities^ both in Greece
and Asia, should enjoy their antient laws and liberties. At length,
having got ships together to transport his army and the carriages;
he set sail with his whole force, and steering a right course ihrougb
the islands of the iEgean sea, came to Ephesus; and" there landing
his army encamped before it, reduced it to its former obedience;
and saiTered the garrison which Prepelaus had put there safely to
depart. Then putting a strong garrison of his own into the castle^
went off with the rest of his army as far as the Hellespont, where
he reduced the Lampsacenians and Parians, and other revolted ci-
ties, to his subjection. And thence going to the mouth of Pontus^
encamped near the Temple of the- Chalcidonians, and there forti-
fied; which done, he left there three thousand foot, with thirty sail
of good ships to guard the port, and sent the remainder of his army
into winter-quarters in the neighbourhood.
About this time Mithridates, who was subject to Antigonns, be«^
ing suspected of favouring Cjassauder^s party, was slain at Cius, in
the country of Mysia; of which, and of Arthiras, he had been prince
thirty-five years. His son, also called Mithridates, succeeded him
in his principality, and added to his dominions Cappadocid and
Pbphlagonia, Which he held for thirty-six years.
In these days Cassander, after the departure of Deinetriiii^, reco^
vered all the cities lying od the sea-coast^ and' sent Plistafcbus in«
to Asia, with ah army of twelve tliottsand foot, and five hundred
horse, to assist Lysimachus. But Plistarchus coming to the mOutb
of Pontus, found that strait occupied by the enemy: andthereupoa
despairing of any passage that way, went to Odes&us, whidi lies be-
tween ApoUonia and Galatia, over against Heraclea, where a part of
Lv.imachus's army lay. But not having shipping enough for the
transportation of all his forces at that place, he divided his army in-
to three parts. The first landed safely at Heraclea; the second was
defeated by the enemy's sliips which lay at the straits of Pontus; and
the third, wlierein Plistarchus himself was, being overtaken by a
violent tempest, the greatest part of the ships, with the men in them,
|)egshed. Amoug the rest^ the ship in which he was^ being a vessel
500 DIODORUS SICULUS. Book XX.
pf six tiers of oars^ and all the men in her, (which could not be less
than five hundred), except thirty-three, (of whom Plbtarchos was
one), were ^i\ lost; getting upon a plank when the &bip went to
pieces, he was cast on shore half dead : but recovering a little, he
was afterwards carried to Heraclea, apd there recovering his strength,
}ie went to Lysimachus in his winter-quarters, after having lost the
greatest part of his army.
About the sara^ time, Ptolemy coming with an excellently well*
appointed army out of Egypt, reduced all the cities of Ccelosyria to
his obedience. But when he lay in siege before Sidon^ there camea
false rumour to him, that a battle had beeh fought, wherein Lysi-
inachus and Seleucus were rputed and fled to Heraclea, and that
Antigonus was thereupon hastening into Syria with his victorioos
^rmy.
Ptolemy giving too easy credit to this repojt, made a truce with
the Sidonians for five months; and putting garrisops into other ci-.
ties which ho had taken \\\ those parts, returned into Egypt.
While these things thus passed, two thousand Autariats, and
about eight hundred Lycians and Pamphilians, soldiers belonging to
Lysimachus, fled over to Antigonus, put of their winter-quarters,
and Antigonus entertained them very courteously, furnishing them
with such pay as they said Lysimachus owed theip, and also rewarded
them with large sums of money over and above-
About the same time also Seleucus, with a gre^t army, cane
down out of the upper provinces into Cappadocia, and wintered his
army under tents which he brought with him ready made. His ar-
my consisted of twenty thousand foot, and abo^t twelve thoasand
horse, including his archers on horse-back, and four hundred and
eighty elephants, and a hundred iron chariots. Thus these kiogi
j[oined their forces, resolving the next summer to decide the con-
troversy by the sword. But we shall give an account of the win
among these princes in the beginning of the next book, accordio^K
we first designed.
TH£BMBi«
THE FRAGMENTS
or
DIODORUS SICULUS.
OUT Of
SOME OF HIS BOOKS THAT ARE LOST.
soa
DIODORUS SICULUS.
FRAGMENTS.
TO THE READER.
THE hst twenty books of Diodonis Siculss are entirdylost, ex-
cept some eclogues or fragments in Fhotiu3*s Bibliothecaj^ and
others, recovered by Hoes Chelios^ and published by LameoAit
Ehodomaunus^ which contained an account of albin for the spaM
of two hundred aud forty-four yearSy or thereabcmtsf that is, from
the end of the hundred and uinteenth olympiad^ (when Antigonof
f.d Demetrius Poliorcetes vrere routed by Ptolemsus Laguft and
the other confederates, A. M. 3650) ^ to the end of Uie hundred
and eightieth olympiad, at wUich time Julius Caesar made his firct
expedition into Britain, which was in the six hundred and nioety-
third year of the city of Rome, aa Eatiopins aocoonta, in. Us siitlii
book.
The reader is desired to obsenre—JThat these being but ftigmntSj^
or pieces of Diodorus, recovered, as it were, out of the rubbisli oC
antiquity, the relations are often broken, and new maittar somelimgi.
begun, which has no coherence with what went before.
Where they are broken, they are noted grnnrally thwa^ j
The new matter is easily discenied by observation.
504 THE FRA(iMENTS OF
A FRAGMENT
Ota of the Sixth Aook of the Bibliotheca of DiodorUs ^wutuSy ti^
ken out of EuseUus Pamphiluu Book 11.
THESE therefore are the most remarkable things which are re-
corded among the Atlantides concerning the gods; and they saj,
the Greciaos use the same rites and ceremonies. The same thiogf
Diodorus says in the third book of his history; and Diodorus also
confirms the same theology in his sixth book, from the history of
Evemerus the Messenian, where these are his words The antients
held two opinions (which are brought down to posterity) concerDiDg
the godis: some they say are immortal and incorruptible^ as the taoi
moon^ and the rest of the stars; and likewise the winds, and dhcr
things of the Tike nature^ for none of these have either begioniog or
end. But there are others, tliey say, that are earthly gods^ bat foe
their good deeds to the benefit of mankindl, have attained to the
highest pitch of honoiir and glory; and such were Hercules* Die-
nysius or Bac(;hus Aristseus, and such like. Of these terrestrial
gods, many and various stories are related by historians and mytho*
logists. Among the historians, Evemerus has composed a sacred
history, and written peculiarly of these deities. Among the mytho-
logists, or poets, Homer, Hesiod, Orpheus, and others of that .sort^
have feigned most prodigious stories of the gods. We shall endea-
vour briefly to ruh over what has been written by both, observing a
kind of middle course. Evemerus, a special friend of king Cassan-
der, being forced to undertake some great and weighty affairs, and
long and tedious voyages for die king, they say, was driven to a vsrf
distance through the ocean, southward ; and departing from Arabh
Felix, after many days sail, arrived at certain islands situated in the
midst of the ocean; the greatest of which was one called Panchaisi
in which he saw the people very sealous and eminent for religioof
who adored the gods with magnificent and pompous sacrifices, and
rich gifts both of gold and silver. They say, moreover^ that thd
island is consecrated to the gods, and that there were many othef
things in it which were admirable, both for their antiquity and ex<*
cellency of workmanship; of which we have given a particular ac
count in the preceding books. That there b likewise in it^ lyoU
DIODORUS SICULUS. 505
p of a high mountain, a temple dedicated to Jupiter Triphy-
)uilt by him when he conversed here with men, and governed
fiole world; in which temple there is a golden pillar, whereon
istinctly described in Panchaian tetters, the acts of Uranus ^^
1, and Jupiter. Afterwards he says That the first king was
IS, a just and good man, and very skilful in astrology; and
e was the first that adored the heavenly gods, and was therefore
Uranus : and that he begat on his wife Vesta two sons. Pan
aturn, and two daughters, Rhea and Ceres. He says, morer
that Saturn reigned after Uranus, and married Rhea, and be-
ipiter, Juno, and Neptune; and that Jupiter, succeeding Sa-
married Juno, Ceres, and Themis: on the first of which he
e Curetes, Proserpina on the second, and Minerva on the
and that afterwards coming to Babylon, he was entertained
ilus. And that from thence arriving at the island of Panchaia,
ttcted an altar to Uranus's grandfather; and then passing
gh Syria, he came to ptiude Cassius, from whom the moun-
ras called mount Cassius. Then travelling into Cilicia, he
ime Cilix, the lord of the country; and having at last passed
gh several other nations, was highly honoured by all, and stiled
. When he had delivered these, and such like matters con-
3g the gods, as of mortal men,^he subjoins this << Let this
;refore suffice in reference to Evemerus, who wrote the sacred
itory."
d as to what the Greeks fabulously report concerning the gods^
lall endeavour to give as succinct an account 9s we can^ tracing
eps of Homer, Hesiod, and Orpheus.
A FRAGMENT.
ge Monachusy or the Monk^ who wrote a history in Greek, out
of Diodormj cancenung the Corinthian kingdom*
riNG given an account of these things, it remains tha* we should
speak of Corinth and Sicyon, how they were planted and inha-
by the Dorians; for almost all the nations in Peloponnesus.
>t the Arcadians, were removed from their antient seats at the
* CceiuiD, lieaTeA.
)L.2, No. 46 TIT
506 tHE FRAGMEKTS OF
time of the return of the Heraclids; who^ leaving out Corinth in the
division^ sent messengers to Alethes, and gave him the said pnmDce,
together with the tfeighbouring territory. Thb roan became very
famous, and enlarged Corinth, where he reigned thirty-eight yean.
After his death, the eldest and next of kin ever succeeded in the
kingdom, down to the reign of Cypselus, four hundred and twenty-,
seven years after the return of the Heraclidse. The first that reigned
at Corinth after Alethes was Ixion, who held the kingdom thirty-eiglit
years; after whom, Agesilaus reigned thirty-seven years; and after
them, Prumnides thirty-five years, and his son Baccbis as long, who
was the most famous and renowned of any of his ancestors, so that
those who reigned after him were not called Heradidse, but Bic-
chides. After Bacchis, Agilaus enjoyed the throne thirty years; Eii-
damus, twenty-five; Aristomedes, thirty-five, who after his death kft
behind him a son called Telestas, a little child, who was deprived of
his father's kingdom by Agemon, his uncle and guardian, who reigDcd
sixteen years; after him, Alexander came to the crown, and enjoyed
it twenty-five years, and was then killed by Telestas, who had been
before deprived of the kingdom of his ancestors, which he now re*
gained, and possessed it twelve years, and then was murdered by some
of his own kindred, and Automenes reigned in his stead one year:
after which the Bacchid®, the posterity of Hercules, enjoyed the
kingdom for above two hundred years, and all governed together with
equal authority; but every year they created one of themselves P»y-
tanis, who had the power of a monarch for ninety years, till the time
of Cypselus, who put an end to that sort of government. These there^
fore are the kings of Corinth. Bacchis reigned thirty-five yeafs»
A TRAGMENT.
IVie same George of the origin of the Romans, out of tie
book ofDhdorus SiculuSm
SOME writers have erroneously held, that Romulus, who built Rome^
was the son of iEneas: but this cannot possibly be true, since thers
were many kings that reigned in course between iEneas and Roma*
1 ;s, the city being built the second, year of the seventh Olympiai^
mODORUS SIC0LU8. 50/
I ■— ^fc— ^I^MMM^ili^l^^ ■lit — — — m— — — ^— m^p
»■' ■ ■ ■! ■ ■■ I ■ *■ 1. I 11 > ■ III I ■
which was above four huudred and thirty years after the Trojaa war.
For iEneas gained the kingdom of the Latins three years after the
destruction of Troy^ and reigned only three years^ and after hb death
was adored as a god. Ascanius, his son^ succeeded him, and built
Alba, called at this day Longa. He gave the city this naine from
the river which was then called Alba, and now Tiber: but Fabius,
who wrote an history of the Roman aflairs, speaks otherwise of the
naming of this city. For he tells a story, thfit ^ueas was foretold
by the oracle, that a four-footed beast should shew htm the way to
the place where a pew city should be built, which came thus to pass:
being about to sacrifice a white* sow then big with young, she made
her escape, and ran away to a hill, whither she was pursued, and
there she brought forth thirty pigs, ^oeas, wondering at the acci-
dent, and calling to mind the answer of the oracle, forthwith went
about to settle inhabitants in the place; but being warned by a vi^i-
sion in the night to desist, and not to build till after thirty jrears then
Bcxt ensuing, he left off his design till the number of years was
completed.
Here follow the Eclogues or Fragments of Diodorus Siculus, out
of books tweuty-one to twenty-suL inclusive, which are now lost.
BOOK XXI,
1. ALL vice is to be avoided by every wise man, but especially co«
vetousness: for this (through hopes and desire of gain) prompts
many to acts of injustice, and so becomes the occasion of the greats
est mischiefs to mankind; for being in ihe very highest sphere of
wickedness, it involves not only mean men, but even kings them-
selves, in extreme calamities. For Antigonus, king of Asia, as an
example of this truth, out of his insatiable desire, beginning a war
against four other kings, (who joined against him), viz. Ptolemy La-»
gus, king of Egypt, Seleucus, king of Babylon, Lysimachus, of
Thrace, and Cassander, the son of Antipater, king of Macedonia,
perished in battlef, being shot through the body with multitudes of
darts and arrows, (though afterwards buried in a royal manner), and
}^is son Demetrius, with his mother Stratonlce, who were then in Cin
* Alba significi white. t At Luus ia JPlit^gia.— FJyt, in Pjnlif t
508 THE FRAGMEKTS OF
licia, were forced to sail away wi(h all the wealth they bad toSaluniii
ID Cyprus, that remaininfi^ still in the hands of Demetrius.
2. A^aMiocles, king of Sicily, burnt all the Macedonian fleetj tod
so freed Corcyra, when it was besieged by Cassander both by tea atd
land, and very near and likely to be taken. Oh the ratny QDcerttin-
tifs of war ! For folly and fraud many tinnes effect as great tbiop as
true valour and courage.
S. Agathoclt s, being returned to the re^t of his artny from Gor-
cyra, when he heard that the Ligurians and Tyrrhenians (who were
Ills nierceiuiry soldiers) had assisted those who killed his ton Archi-
gathus in his absence, put theiti all to the sword, to the ntmiberof
two thousand: upon which account the Brutii deserting him, he re-
solvea to besiege their city called iGthas*^. But the barbarians ia
groat numbers falling upon him suddenly in the nighty cat off four
thousand of his men, and so he returned to Syracuse.
4. Afrathocles rigged out a great fleet, and sailed into Italy; aadi
liaving a design to march his army to Crotona, he sent a measeDgcr
before to Menedemus, king of Crotona, who was his particular fnead,
not to be afraid of his motion; which was merely to deceive him;
and, purposing to besiege the place, he gave out that he Was sending
a\%«4y his daughter Lanassa with a royal fleet toEpirus^to manyher;
and by this fraud he came upon them when they were unprovided,
and never suspected him. Thereupon, applying himself with tU
earnestness to the siege, he blocked up the place by a wall drawn
from sea to sea; and, having by his mines and batteries ruined the
greatest house of the town, the Crotoneans out of fear opened tbrir
gates, and received his army into the city, who, breaking in like a
flood, first rifled all the houses, and then put all the men to the sword,
lie likewise made a league with the neighbouring barbarians^theja-
pygians, and Peucetians, furnishing them with ships for piracj, tod
shared with them in the robbery. At lengthy having pat a glurrisoo
into Crotona, he*sailed back to Syracuse.
5. Diallus the Athenian writer composed a general history li
twenty-six books, and Psaon of Platsea another in thirty books.
6. In the war against the Hetruscans, Gauls, and Samnites» aal
their confederates, the Romans destroyed (when Fabins was consol)
a hundred thousand men, as Duris relates.
7. Antipater, out of envy, killed his own mother. Alexander^lus
brother, was likewise killed by Demetrius, whom Alexander had seat
for to his assistance. Antipater, the murderer of his mother. Was tlso
served the same sauce by Demetrius^ unwilling to have a partner ia
the kingdom.
* JEim, people of Sici^.
WODORUS STCULUS* 50^
8. AgathotUs raised an army, and sailed over into Italy, with thirty
tWusand foot, Tuid two thousand horse; and^ giving^ the command of
the fleet to Siitpo^ be ordered him to waste and spoil the country of
the Brutii : while he was harassing the sea-coasts, he lost many of hti
ships in a storm. But Agathocles, by the help of his battering en-
gines, took the city dipponium; which so terrified the Bvutiij that
they sent ambassadors to treat with him upon terms of pc&ce: npon
which he put in a garrison, and carried away whh him six hundred
hostages, and returned to Syracuse. But the Brutii mUde slight X)t
their oath, and with the whole poWer of the city fell upon the gftrrison,
and slew every man, and afterwards recovered their hostages, Iki^d freed
tliemselves from the yoke of Agathocles. Lenity is to be prefertdi
before revenge.
9. Nf ost generals of armies, when they are brought into straits attd
diiBculttes, (out of fear), do generally humour the multitude.
10. When the Thebans made a second defectkm^ Demetrius bat-
tered down their walls, and took the city hy storm, and put only tea
jnen to death, who were the ringleaders of the rebellion.
11. Agathocles sent hisson Agathocles to Demetrius, to enter in-
to a league with hfm, offensive and de%nsivc. The king kindly re-^
ceived the young man, and bestowed on him a royal robe, and many
other rich and princely gifts, and sent along with him Oxythemes^ his
special friend, under colour of confirming the league^ but in truth to
be a spy in Sicily.
12. King Agathocles, after a long peace between him and the
Carthaginians, at length rigged out a fleet: for he designed to trans-
port an army into Libya, and with his navy to hinder the exportation
of all corn and provisions from Sardinia and Sicily to the Carthagi-
nians, who by the last war had gained the dominion of the sea, and
thereby had secured their country from invasions. And, though
Agathocles had a well furnished fleet, to the number of two hundred
gallies of four and six tier of oars, yet he failed in his design, by rea*
son of what shortly happened. For there was one Menoo, an ^gis*
tan, a beautiful captive, then servant to ihe king, who for some time
conformed himself to a strict compliance with the king'^ humoux^
so that he was taken into the number of his beloved* and intimate
friends. But, because of the ruin of his country, and the di^onour*
able abuse of his own person, he bore a secret hatred to the king, and
watched an opportunity to be revenged. The king, because he HvtiM
old, intrusted Archagathus with the command of the army: he wlu the
son of Archagathus, who was killed in Libya, and was king Agatbo^
cles's grandchild; he was a man of a strong body, and of a brtdve tod
* His catamite.
1
510 THE FRAGMENTS OF
generous spirit, far above all the rest of bis family. Wheu he wn
encamped with the army near i^tna, the king bad a desire to pio-
mote his son Agathocles to be his successor in the kingdom^ and to
titat end recommended the young man to the Syracusans^ and de-
clared his purpose and design to have him succeed. Afterwards he
sent him to the camp with letters to Archagathus, which ordered
him to deliver up the commaod of all tbe forces both by sea and
land to bis son: upon which Archagathus, perceiving that tbe king-
dom was designed for another^ contrived the destruction of them both:
and to that end sent a messenger to Menon of iEgista, who per-
suaded him to poison the king: Archagathus himself^ celebrating a
sacrifice in a certain island where Agathocles then lay with tbe fleets
invited him to the festival; and in the night (when be was dead.
drank) cut his throaty and threw his body into the sea, which heiag
afterwards cast up by the violence of the waves, was known by the
inhabitants, and carried to Syracuse. And whereas it was the king's
custom always after supper to pick his teeth with a quill, now rising
from the table, he called to Menon fur his tooth-picker, who, having
dipped the end of it in poison^ delivered it to the king, and he, never
susptctifig any thing, plied ay his teeth with that care and earnest-*^
ness, that none of his gums escaped the touch of jthe poison. Upon
tills the king began by little and little to be very ill, which was sac*
ccedcd by violent torments in Lis body every day. Then an incur-
able putrefaction and rottenness covered his gums and teeth: and
now drawing near to his end, he called a senate, where he complained
of the wickedness of Archagathus, and incited the people to take re-
venge of him for his villanics, declaring that he would forthwith re-
store them to their democracy. Afterwards, when he was in the I'Ciy
height of his extremity, Oxythemes (who had been there a little be-
fore, sent by king Demetrius) hurried him to the funerat pile, and
burnt him while he was yet alive, and not able to speak by reason of
the foulness and filthiness of his mouth through the poison. And
thus Agathocles, for the many slaughters and murders of bis reign^
and cruelties towards his own subjects, and impieties against the
gods, came to an end such as he justly deserved for bis former wick*
ednesses, after he had reigned twenty-eigtit years, and lived seventy-^
two, as Timaeus the Syracusan relates, and Callias, another Syracu-
san, (who wrote two-and-twenty books), and Antander likewise^ the*
brother of Agathocles, an historian. TliQ SyracqsanSjt liaving now
regained their democratical government, confiscated all the goods
and estate of Agathocles, and broke down all bis statues, Menon^
in the mean time, who had plotted and executed the treason^ was 9%
the camp with Archa^athuS;, having fled thither from Syracuse: b^A
BIODORUS SICU LtiS. 511
I— ^fc— ^I^MMM^ili^l^— ■111 I ..iiii ■ — — 1— — in— — — ^— m^i
»■' ■ ■ ■! ■ *■ I ■ I . 1 ■ Jl 1. I 1 11 > ■ III ..I ■
now begiDDing to look very big upon k^ as being a man .who kad
ruined tlie monarchy, he secretly murders Archagathas, and with
fair words and winning behaviour, brought over the army to his in-
terest, and determined to force Syracuse to obedience, and gain iho
principality. Hereupon the Syracusans created Hicetas general
against Menon, who continued the war for some time; Menoa
all along seeking to avoid fighting, and could by no means be
brought to engage. But when the Carthaginians joined with Me«
non, by which he became far stronger than tlie Syracusatis, thej
were forced to agree with the Carthaginians, and delivered four
hundred hostages for further security t)f the peace, and to restore all
the exiles. However, when the mercenary soldiers were denied
their right to vote in the choosing of magistratesi the city was pre**
sently in an uproar; and both the Syracusans and mercenaries raa
to their arms. But some of the better sort interposed, and by muck
intercession prevailed with both parties to agree upon this couditioa
^That the soldiers should depart out of Sicily by such a time, and
take all their goods along with them. Hereupon the foreign sol-
diers left Syracuse, and came to Messana, where they were reoeireA
into the city as friends and confederates; and being kindly enter-
tained in their houses, in the night they massacre'd all their hosts,
and marrying their wives, seized upon the city, which they called
Mamertina, from Mars, which in their own country* language thqr
call Mamers.
13. For they who are not members of the democratical govem--
nent, are not admitted by the tribune of the people to give their euf*
frages anjong those that are.
14. It is a commendable thing to be ever terrible to an enemy^
and always kind and courteous to a friend.
15. Since at that time, when you knew not what was best and
fittest to be done, you were caught with fair and enticing words; and
now when you see calamity upon the totmtry indeed, you are taught
another lesson. For sometimes to be ignorant of things which may
fall out in this life, is natural to mankind; but to be deceived tvrice
in the same thing, argues a man to be a fooL And the ofteoer we
are deceived, the greater punishment we deserve. Some of the ci-.
tizens have arrived at that height of coyetousness, that they would
fain raise up the glory of their families by the ruin of their country.
For they who have so wickedly acted in assisting others, pray, how
have they been used by them ?
16. Offences are to be forgiven, and peace to be kept for the time
to come.
* Campania.
512 THE FRAGMENTS OF
17. Not they that offend, but they who repeot not of their offisn-
ces, ought to be severely punished.
18. Mercy and kindness annong men, is more aotient than wntk
and revenge.
19. It is a commendable and desirable thing to lay aside all ani-
mosities, and instead thereof to return to friendship and amity. For
when a man is reduced to poverty and straits, he presently, at tht
first nod as it were, runs to his friends.
20. Covetousness being naturally ingrafted in men, uo man can
be wholly free from that vice. Pride, and a tyrant's robes, ought to
be left at home. For he that enters into a free city, ought to ooo*
form himself to the laws of the place. He that is of a princely fa-
mily, and comes to a kingdom by hereditary descent, is desirous alss
to succeed in the glory and reputation of his ancestors. For it is a
base and dishonourable thing to carry the name of Pyrrhus the son
of Achilles, and yet in actions to imitate Thersites*. For the more
honour and reputation any person has gained, so much the move
regard and respect will he have for them who were the instruments
of his advancement and happy successes. Therefore what may bt
honourably and deservedly obtained, should not be used unjustly
and disgracefully, when it is etijoyed. It is therefore, gentlemen, a
commendable thing, by the example of other men's suflferings and
mistakes, wisely to provide for our own security*
21. It does not become any man to have more regard to stran-
gers, than his own kindred; and to be more fearful to exasperate an
enemy, than careful to preserve the good will and opinion of his
allies. .
BOOK XXII.
1. IT is the natural property of the Epirots, not only fo fight Ibr
their country, but to run all hazards likewise in the defence of Uieir
friends and allies.
2. Decius, the Roman tribune governor of Rhegium, to revenge
his country of king Pyrrhus, killed all the inhabitants except the wo-
men, whom he sold for slaves> and seized on all the goods and estate*
of those that were slain. Tliese were Campanians, who acted the
same cruelty here as the Mamertiues did when they massacre'd all
* A filthy ogly fellow killed by Achillei for his Mucinesa» by a bos oa tb« Mr.
mODORUi SICULU^i flli
the Messanians. Afterwards, because he made not aiv equal distri-
bution of the prey and plunder taken from those miserable people^
he was banished Rhegium by bis own country nren the Campanians.
The Mamertines themselves assisted in this butchery: and with the
money that was left, hired him to be their captain^ and chief com^
maoder. Af^erwards^ a distemper falling into his eyes, he advised
with a skilful physician, who, to revenge the injuries and cruelties;
done to his country, prescribed an application of cantharidesi whick
wholly deprived him of his sight: and the physician himself took
care to withdraw from Messana. In the mean time, there were these
princes in Sicily, Hicetas at i^yracuse, Phiutiasat Agrigentum, Tyn-.
darus at Tauromiuium, and some others in the lesser cities: Phin<^
tias and Hicetas were at war with each other, and fought a battle at
Hibleum, in which Iliceias was conqueror. Afterwards, making
several incursions upon one another, and robbing and spoiling eve-
ry where, the country by this means lay untilled. Hicetas^ puffed
up with his victor}', engaged the Carthaginians at the river Terias,
where he was beaten with the loss of a great number of his men. ■,
At that time Phintias built Phintia, and planted there the Gelans^
who had been driven out of their country. It is situated by the sea-^
aide: for both the houses and walls of Gela being utterly demolish-
ed> after he had walled in Phintia, and made a stately itiarket-place^
and built temples for the service of the gods^ he transplanted the
people of Gela thither. When he committed the murder^ he was
hated by all the cities under his government, who drove out all the
^rrisons, among the first of whom were the Agyreans;
3. King Ptolemy was killed by the Gaus^ and the whole Madedo^
nian army utterly destroyed.
4. A Cadmean victory is a proverb^ meant when the conquerors
have lost abundance of men^ and the vanquished are but little th^
If orse, because of the extent of their empire.
5. Phintias, the builder of Phintia, and tyilunt of Agrf^nttlm, in
a dream had a representation pointing out to him his own death..^^ .
He thought he saw, as he was hunting the hoar, a soW fiercely come
up to him, and strike him on the side with her teeth, Which so pierc-
ed him that he died.
6. Hicetas, after he had reigned nine years at Syracuse, ifras d^-
J»rived of his kingdom by Thynion the son of Mameus.
7* Thynion and Sosistratus^ the successors of Hicetas^ sent agaffi
for king Pyrrhus into Sicily.
8. The Mamertines^ who treaeberously murdered the Messaniand^
having entered into a league with the Carthaginians, in a senate d^
•reed to hinder Pyrrhus from landing in Sicily* Bat lyndartis^
Vol. 2* Nb* 4Bi ¥W¥
514 THE FRAGMENTS 6t
tyrant of Taurominium, sided with him, and was ready to reeeife
into the city all those forces that joined him.
9. The Carthaginians entered into a league with the RomHns^ and
took five hundred men on board their own ships and sailed over to
Rhegiufflj and began to assault the place, but at length raised the
siege; and having set all the timber and other materials on fire,
which had been prepared for shipping, they put to sea^ and there hf
to observe the motions of Pyrrhus.
10. When Thynion had the command of the Island*, and Sosistrt-*
tus lorded it over the Syracusans, having each an army of ten thoa-
sand men, they broke out into a war with one another; but beiof
tired out, they both sent ambassadors to Pyrrhus.
1 1. Pyrrhus made war in Italy for the space of two years and four
months, and whilst he was preparing for his departure, the Cartha-
ginians closely besieged the Syracusans both by sea and land. They
had a fleet of a hundred sail^ which lay in the great haven; aod a
land army of fifty thousand men, encamped near the walls. With
these they penned up the Syracusans on every side, and wasting and
plundering the country round about, they even converted it into a
desolate wilderness. Tlie Syracusans therefore, wearied oat with
the war, depended only upon Pyrrhus, in regard he had mairied
Lanassa, the daughter of Agathocles, of whom he had bcgotteD
Alexander. On which account they sent daily to htm; whereopoo
shipping his men, elephants, and other provisions, he departed fion
Tarentum, and arrived the tenth day at LcwTis: thence he sailed, af»
tcr his landing in Sicily, to Taurominium; and there being jobed
by Tyndarus, prince of that city, and reinforced by him with more
soldiers, he made from thence, and came to Catana; where, hmg
magnificently received by the inhabitants, and laden with golden
crowns, he lauded his nten, with which he marched straight to Sy«
racusc, his fleet ready prepared for an engagement, sailing with him
all along the coast. When he came near to Syracuse, the Cartha-
ginians, having sent away thirty of their ships for necessary provi*
sions, durst not venture a battle with those that remained | ao that
Pyrrhus came to Syracuse without any opposition; the Islaind beiiif
still kept by Thynion, and tlie rest of the city by the Syracnsut anf
Sosistratus. For he had Agrigentum under his command, and ma-
ny other cities, and above ten thousand soldiers. And having the»
reconciled Thynion and Sosistratus, and the Syracusans, and bfou^t
them all to a right understanding among themselves, he was there-
upon highly esteemed and applauded. The king received weapons^
engines, and other furniture and povisions which were Uk tho dtj^
* A paH of the city.
blODORUS SICULUS. 61A
with a huodred Hod twenty decked fihips^ and twenty optn Tetselff..^
But* the palace belonged to Ennercs. Tlie whole oavjr tlierefore>
includiDg those he brought along with bira, consuted of two hQQ<«
dred sail. Whilst he was thus employed, ambassadors came from
the Leoutines, sent to him from HeracUdas the governor, with pro^
mise to deliver up the city into his hands, with the garrisons, ani
four thousand foot and five hundred horse. There were then many
others at Syracuse, who promised to deliver ap their cities to Pyrr*
husy and to join him in the war. He received them all graciously,
and sent them back to their several countries, expecting to be short**
ly lord of Libya.
12. The port of Corinth is called LtchsBum.
13. Brennus, king of the Gauls, made an inroad into Macedonia
with a hundred and forty thousand targeteers, and ten tho€isan4
horse, and a great multitude of other foreign rabble, and many ttier«
chants, together with two thousand carts and carriages. He madt
great liavock and slaughter, with a design to ruio them utterly. At
last he broke into Greece, and fully purposed to rifle the temple at
Delphos. By frequent engagements Qrennus lost myriads of hie
men, and he himself received three desperate wounds. Being
near his end, he called his army together, and made a speech to the
Gauls, and advised them to kill both him and the rest of the wounded
inen, to burn their carriages, and return home with all speed, and
make Cichorius their king. Brennus at length, after h^ had drunk
freely of wine, ran himself through the body. Cichorius, ao soon
as he bad buried Brennus, knocked all the wounded men on the head>
those at least that were likely to be starved with hunger or perished
by the cold, to the number of twenty thousand; and then returned
witli the remainder the same way they came. But the GrecianSji
who lay in ambush in the strait and narrow passages, cut off all Iheir
rear, and took most of their baggage. Marching forward to Ther^
inopyl^e, they there left behind them twenty thousniid more for wat^t
of food. At length, as they were passing thfough the country o£
the Dai danians, they all perished ; and not one man returned to hi^
own country.
11. But Pyrrhus, when he had settled all things at Syracuse lind
Leoiitium, marched his army towards Agrigentum; and while on his
march, he was told by soH>e from on ship-board that they had drivea
out the Carthaginian garrison, in order that Phinlias might not go-*
yern them; and promised they would deliver the cily into hia hsLwk^
a SooketbiBg is w^uliog iMfre. for it seent to 1i»t« no oohsfsnce wilh wliatit>4iU^«e
6l6 THE TRAGMEKT8 OF
and join with him as confederates in the war. Having therefore re«
ceived the forces, he marched straight to Agrigentum, aiid received
the city and soldiers from Sosistratus, to the number of eight thou-
sand foot and eight hundred horse, nothing inferior to the EpirotB.
And now he took into his protection thirty cities which were under
the command of Sosistratus. Afterwards he sent to Syracuse lor
the engines of battery, and all the arms and darts; and wheo thej
were brought to him, he marched into the territories of the Cartha-
ginians, having an army with him of thirty thousand foot and fifteeo
hundred horse, and some elephants. And first he took Hemclea, a
Carthaginian garrison: tlien Aaones; afterwards the SelinaotiDCS
came in to the king, with the Halicysans, .figestioes^ and many
pther cities. Sryx at that time had in it a very strong CartbagintiQ
garri9oo, and was besides naturally fortified, and very difficult of ap«
proach. Pyrrhus was resolved to storm this place; and for that par^
pose brought his battering rams to the walls. After a strong de«
fence for a long time, the king, desirous to make his name fiunous,
in imitation of Hercules, was the first that entered within the walk,
and fought with that courage and resolution, that he despatched all
the Carthaginians that came in his way. At length succoars cool-
ing in to him, he took the town by storm : then leaving there a strong
garrison, he marched to Eginora, a very strong place, and pleasant-
ly situated near Panormus. The inhabitants surrendered the city.
Thence he forthwith made for Panormus, which had the hest har-
bour of any city in Sicily, from whence in has its name: he took it
likewise by storm. Then taking the fort at Ercte, he gained all
that belonged to the Carthaginians except Lilybieom. Thb city was
built by the Carthaginians after Dionysius the Tyrant had ruined
Motya: for those that were left alive after that slaughter, the Car^
thaginians placed in Ulybfieum. Just as Pyrrhus was ready to be-
siege this place, a great army landed there out of Africa^ having the
advantage of being masters at sea, and brought with them abundance
of corn, and an inpumerable number of engines and weapooa of war.
And oe^ause the greatest portion of the city lay near, to the aea^ tbcy
were principally careful to guard that part towards the main land;
and for that purpose they raised many bulwarks and high toweiSy and
drew -i 1.: ge trench to prevent an approach on that side. Then they
sent ambassadors to the king to treat upon terriis of peace, and to
offer him n, great sum of money : but the king refusing the money,
they desiied that he would permit the Carthaginians to keep only
Lilybseum. But the confederates who were then assemhled in se-
nate, and the representatives of the several cities, sent to hiip, and
earnestly entreated him^, that be wpi^ld not upon anv tenns vluMef ^
mODORUS STCULUS. &IJ
permit the barbariaiis to liHVe any footmg in Sicily^ but drive the
CartbagiDJaDS wlioUy out of the isUnd, and limit their power at sea.
Upon this the king encamped near the walls, and at first made seve-*
ra) assaults^ one after another; hut the Carthaginians^ being well
furnished ix>th with men aiid othtr oeces^aneSj beat hitii oift for they
had so vast a number of engines that cast darts and stones, that the
wall eould scarcely contain them; which being all plied again??t the
assailants^ they were so galled and cm o% that Pyrrhus was forced to
draw off his men. Then he began to contrive other engines^ and did
all he could to undermine the walls: but the Carthaginians making m
stout resistance^ and the place being all of rock^ be was now out of
all hopes of taking it by force, and therefore (after two months lying
before it) he raised his siege. And now he designed to bend hit
force elsewhere, and to that end to furnish himself with a great fleet,
in order to be master of the sea, and to transport a great army Into
Africa.
15. When the Mamertines in Messana grew strongs tliey fortified
many castles, and put garrisons into them ; and came presently, witb
an army they had ordered to be in readiness, to the relief of Messana.
But Hiero, leaving the enemy's country, took Myle by storm, and
brought under his command fifteen hundred »oldters,and then marched
towards Amesalus, (which lies between the Centoripians** and the
Agyreansf), and, thoogh it waa a strong place, and had many sol-
diers in it, yet he took it by assaulr, and razed it to the ground; but
he pardoned all the garrison-soldiers, and joined thcni to his own
army. The territory he gave to the Centoripians and the Agyreans*
Afterwards Hiero (having a great army) marched against the Mamer-
tines, and gained Alese; and, being readily received hy the Abaceni
and Tyndaridse, he gained their cities also, and so penned tip the
Mamertines into a strait and narrow corner: for on that side towards
the Sicilian sea he was lord of Tauromin turn, a city near Mes-'^ana^
and towards the Etrurian sea he commanded the Tyndaridie. And
now making an incursion into the territories of Messana, he encamped
at the river Lotanus, having with htm in his army ten thousand foot,
and fifteen hundred horse* The Mamertines encamped over against
him with eight thousand foot, and but fortyt horse, under the com-
mand of Cion, who called the augurs together to constilt the- issue
of the battle by the view of the sacrifices; who answered ^Tliat bv
the entrails the gods foretold, that he must lodge that night in the
enemy's camp : upon this he was transported with joy, to think that
he should be master of the king-s camp. Hereupon he forthwith
* Or Centuripiau».-»Vid. pottea. t Agyreani^ tbe city Agyrium.
t Tbii teemi to be a mittak**
1
<^19 THE FRAGMENTS OF
attempted to pass the river with his hrcea drawn up ia battalia.
Hiero, on the other side, commaDded two hundred exiles of Mes*
#ana, (who were stout and noted men for their valour), with whom
)ie joined four hundred others of his best soldiers, to compass a bill
called Thorax, there near at hand, and so to come round upon the
back of the enemy, and he himself in order of battle met them iq
the front. Whereupon the armies engaged, both horse and foot, (the
king having gained a rising ground near the river, much to bis ad*
wantage). The issue was doubtful for some time: hot they that were
ordered to the hill on a sudden fell upon the Mamertines, who (be-
ing but raw men, and tired out) were easily vanquished* At lengths
|)eing hemmed in on every side, they took to their heels : but the
Syracusans pursued them so close with their whole army, that they
cut them off every man, save the general, who, fighting with great
valour, at length fainted by the many wounds he received, and was
taken prisoner, and brought half dead into the king's camp, and
committed to the care of the surgeons; thus being brought to
spend the night, according to the prediction of the augers, in the
enemy's camp. When the king was very earnest to have Cion
cured, some came to the king with horses they had taken in the fight:
Itpon which, wiien Cion saw his son's horse among the rest, he con«
eluded he was killed; whereupon he was so transported with passion,
that he tore in pieces all the bands and ligatures of bis wounda»that
by his own death he might honour his son*s. The Mamertines, heaiw
ing that both their general Cion and their whole army was destroyedf
resolved to go and humble themselves to the king as suppliants.
However, fortune suffered not the Mamertines to he altogether Joat
and undone. For it happened that at that time Hannibal, the Car*
thaginian general, lay at the island Lipara; who, as soon as be heai4
of this slaughter, went to the king with all speed, seemingly to eon*
gratulate his victory, but in truth by some stratagem to circaniTeol
him : and the king, trusting to the Carthaginian's word^ lay stilly
But Hannibal, going to Messana, and finding the Mamertines ready
to deliver up their city, he dissuaded them, and, making a league
with them, put forty^ soldiers more into the city. Thus tlie Muneis
tines (even now in despair by reason of their great slaughter) were bf
this means secured from present danger. As for HierOf (being ihun
cheated hy the Carthaginian general, and so discouraged horn bfn
sieging Messana), returned to Syracuse, after his many snccessea^
Afterwards, when the Carthaginians as v(qII as Hiero had tbtu los(
Messana, they had an interview, and, upon second thoughts^ eotere^
into a confederacy to besiege the city with their jpint forceSi^
* A oii^taLe it is coocvif ed. See beftfn?. foL pxecediQ|*
DIODORUfI ttCbLtJfl. St^
BOOK XXIIL
1. SICILY h one of the finest islands in the world, condiie{n|f tttadft
by its power to the gaining and increase of a larger dominioii*
2. Hanno, the son of Hannibal, as aoon as he arrifed in Sieiffi
rendeKToosed his forces at Lfiljrbttum, and thence marched as far i§
Sefimis, where he left his army encamped o^r the chjr; bttt he him^
self went forward to Agrigentom, and fortified the citadeL Theft ImI
brought over the people to the interest of the Carthaginians^ afld a#
engaged them to be their confederates. After he returned to Ut
camp, ambassadors came to him from Hiero, to cootuit concewiing
the public good of Sicily : for they had made a league and agrtemaK
one with another to make war upon the Romans^ if they would net
forthwith withdraw all their forces out of Sicily. In execution «#
which they both marched with their armies to Messana, where Hietm
encamped on the hill called Chalcidicus: the Carthaginians inf
with theirs near the monuments^, and possessed themsehres of Ai§
anenal called IVIotias, and both presently hid duse siege to Mta*
aana. As soon as the news was brought to Rome, they aenf mmf *
Appios Claadios, one of the consols, with a great army, who ramr
to Rheginm with all speed, and from thence sent ambassadors W
Hiero and the Carthaginians to raise their siege, and promised in tf
general assembly not to make any incursion into the territories of
Hiero. To which Hiero answered ^.That the Mamertines, for their
razing and ruining of Gcla and Camarina, and their cruelty and mnik^
cdness in getting the possession of Messana,were most justly bestegedi
imd that it did not become the Romans, who are so cried up in erery
pboe for their justice and faithfulness, to protect such bloody villainy
who had contemptuously broken all the ties and bonds of faith and
truth amongst men. And if, notwithstanding, they begin a war itf
the defence of such notoriously wicked men, it will be erident and ap-
parent tcvail mankind, that succour to them that are in dbtress is but
a mere pretence to cover their covetousnessi whereas in truth their
aim is to gain Sicily.
3. The Romans at first bore four-square shields, but afterwards,
when they observed the Tyrrhenians to carry brazen shields, they got
the like, and conquered them*
4. When the consul landed at Metsana, Hiero, suspecting thai
^ CaMtf, or lod|iii| pfa
520 THE FRAGMENTS OF
. ' ■ ■ / T I
the Carthaginians had made way for him, fled himself to SynuruMf*
l*he Carthaginians being at length subdued, the consul besiqpej
£gesta, and, after the loss of a great numl)er of his men, returned l6
Messana«
5. When both consuls arrived in Sicily, they besieged the city
Adranum,and took it by storm. And while they were besieging the
Centoripians*, and lay encamped at the brazen balls or palaces, first
ambassadors came from them of Leessina : afterwards other cities that
were terrified with the Roman armies sent ambassadors for terms of
peace> promising to deliver up all their towns into the hands of the
Romans, to the number of sixty-seven : from all which places they
marched to Syracuse^ to besiege Hiero,- who, seeing the uneasiness
of the Syracusans at thb preparation against them, sent ambassadors
io the consuls, to negotiate for peace; who readily agreed to the
conditions, designing chiefly the war against the Carthaginians. A
peace, therefore, was concluded for fourteen years, and the Romans
were to receive one hundred and forty thousand dracbmasf* And,
after he had released all the prisoners to them, they agreed that Sy*
racu$e and all the cities under his jurisdiction, viz. Acra, Leontitun,^
Megara, iElora, Neatina, and Taurominium, should remain in tiie
hands of Hiero. In the mean time, Hannibal was come as fiir as
Xiphonia to the aid of the king; but, hearing what was done, he
marched back*
6. The Romans, after they had besieged the towns called Adrooes
and Macella for a long time together, at length raised their sieges
without effecting any thing*
7* The i£gestines, who were the first brought under tjie power of
the Carthaginians, revolted to the Romans. The Alieneans did the
like. But they took Hilarius, Tyrittus, and Ascelum by force. The
Tyndaridse, seeing themselves deserted, (through fear), designed to
deliver up themselves as the rest had done: but the Carthaginians,
suspecting their design, took the chiefest of the citizens for hostages^
and carried them, and th^ corn and wine, and all the rest of the pto-
visions that was io the town, to Lilybeum.
. Philemon the comedian wrote ninety-seven eomedies; he lived
ninety-nine years. The Unmans that besieged Agrigentum, and that
made the trenches, and cast up the works, were one hundred thousand.
At length, after a stout resisunce^ the Carthaginians delivered op
Agrigentum to the Romans*
8. After the siege of Agrigentum, Hanno the elder brought ovex a
* Or Centuripians^ their lowo called Ceaturipia. Tb* pcoplt now oAM '
Centorlnaos.
t A dracbraa it tCTea peuce fartUHif. ^ ,
great ariny out of Africa into Sicily, of fifty thousafid foot, and six
thousand horse^ and sixty elephants. Phiitnus the histonat), of AgrU
genttim^ sets forth this expedition. Hanno v^tth all these forces
ttiarched from Lilybeeam to Heracfea. About this time some came *
and offered to deliver up Erbesstis, HannOj in prosecution of iU6
War, lost in two battles three thousand foot, a [id two hundred horse,
and fouf thousand _ .^ .^ that were taken prisoners. In the mean ,
time^ thirty -of his elephants died, and three were wounded, T
9. There was likewise the eity Entella. .^ -jl .^ Hanno tbere^
^ore, hy his prad^fit fnanag'emeat, by Me ^ratftgem cut off both hb
open and secret enemies at one timei And after they had lain ihtts
before it for the space of six months, Agrigearcuin Was ftt length de-
livered ap to theiti, and they carried away above twetity-^four thousand
as slaves. But the komans lost thirty tkousat^d foot, and Utt bun-
dred and forty horse. But the Cartbagrniaos fined Haooo Id six
thousand pieces of gold, and took away hts (Mhdfimissioti, afid sent
Amilcar general into Sieily^ itl his room. The Romans then lArsleged
Mystfatus, and for that purpose devised many engmes: but after se-
ven months time they laised their slege^ with the loss of a great
tiomber of their men. But Amilear fought whh the Romans at
Therms, and routed them, killing sut tfaousaud upon the place^ and
it was not far from, but the whole army. ^ ^ Hie castle Maea-^
ton was likewise taken by the Ho mans. Then Camarina was be-
trayed into the bands of Amilcar the Carthaginian^ and not long after
Enna In the same manner. There he walli^d in Drepanum*, and
made It a town of defence; and, after he iiad transplanted the in-
habitants of Eryx thither, he razed the city to the ground^ except
that part whieh surrounded the temple. But the Romans took My-
fetratUs, now besieged the third time, and levelled it to the ground,
and sold the inhabitants for slaves. The consul afterwards marched
to Camarina^ and laid siege to it^ but could not reduce ft. But at
length, by the help of some engines of battery, and other itistruments
*f war, sent to htm fVom Hiero, he wton the place, and sold most of
the Camarineans for slaves. Presently afier^ lie became master of
Enna-by treachery, whefe lie put the garrison to the sword^ ?Hve sOrne
Who made their escape out of the town, and fled to tbeit! cobfedemtet^
Thence he marched to Satana, and took it by storm. Then pladng
garrisons in other cities, he made ^ot Camlcue, a castle .belonging to
the Agrigentines, which was also betrayed and delivered op to hin!|
and tliefe he placed a garrison*. About this time Crbessu^ wai de^*^^
ierted by its inhabitants. -^«..^ But the river AlycUS> andtfatf^Jitl
of all the other. — -«- — *
* Pre^auiiifl, up«n th« proBMmtoi; Qrepaniiai^ U9fif SrjnN
Vot«2. No.4« kJhsu
TH£ FRAGMENTS Of
10. A prudent man oughl either to resolve to conquer^ or else la
submit to those that are stronger than be.
1 1. All men in time of adversity are apt to be more religious, and
more frequent in devotion tlian at other times s but in times of pros-
perity and success, they make slight of the gods, as so many fables
and romances. And when they are again brought into troubleSj thea
they run again to their natural shelter.
12. It is much more easy to get the advantage of an enemy, whta
a man will be advised, and be willing upon all occasions to rectify bis
own mbtakes. And it often happens that they who are carried awsf
to the same ^ -^
Many are stirred up to virtue through the credit and repatatkm
which attend upon them, that employ themselves in good and com*
mendable studies and exercises. -^ .— i
For not being able to bear, as an over-heavy burthen, the successes
of fortune heaped upon him, he deprived himself of most of the |^
ly of his actions, and involved hb country in great calamities.
.. Moreover, when the Romans had transplanted a groil
army into Africa, under the command of Attilius the consul, thej
first prevailed over the Carthaginians, and took many of their towns
and castles, and destroyed great numbers of their soldiers: bat as
soon as Xantippus the Spartan, whom they had hired to be their
general, came out of Greece, the Carthaginians totially routed the
Romans, destroyed a numerous army. Afterward* they fought se*
veral battles by sea, wherein the Romans lost many ships, and a»
bundance of men, to the number of a hundred thousand. .*...,^
The honour he had gained before, highly aggravated the dbgract
and contempt; and by his own example, he instructed others to be?
have humbly and modestly when they are in the greatest power and
authority. And that which stung him most, was, that he became the
scorn, and was brought into the power of those whom he had befoic
proudly trampled upon in disdain : and now he had deprived himself
of all pity and commiseration, commonly shewn to men in miseiy
and distress.
For those that before were conquerors in all, be now altogether
conquered: and those who formerly, through the slaughter made
amoR^st them, expected nothing but utter destruction, now, by the
greatness of the victory by them on the other hand obtained, be in-
cited to slight and contemn their enemies. .^ ... .,» For it is nd
wonder if the prudence and experience of a general effect those
things which seem to others impossible: for all things are easy an4
pobbiblc to ingenuity and diligence, supported by skill acquired hf
WODORUS SICULUi. S'«5
experience. . — -» For as the body b the servant of the soul^
so great armies are governed by the prudence of their generals. — -i.
The senate ordering all things for the public good. .. _ Phi-
lustus then wrote his history.
But the Romans, who had then passed over Into Africa^ andYoughft
with the Carthaginians a battje at sea, and beaten them, and cap^
tured twenty-four of their ships, after they had taken on board those
Romans that were left of the land army, as they were saiMng to Si-
cily, were all shipwrecked near Camarina, and lost three hundred
and forty men of war, besides vessels for transporting of horses, and
other transport-ships to the number of three hundred: so that
all the coast from Camarina to Pachinus, was strewed with the
carcasses'of men and horses, and wrecks of ships. Hiero courteous-
ly entertained those that escaped, and supplying them with meat
and drink, clothes, and other necessaries, conveyed them safe to
Messana. Carthalo the Carthaginian, after the shipwreck of the
Romans besieged Agrigentum, took it and burnt the town, and de-
molished the walls ; and those that were left fled to Olympius. The
Romans, after the shipwreck, fitted out another fleets of two hundred
and fifty sail, and came to Cephalcedis, which was delivered up to
them by treachery. Thence they marched to Drepanum, and laid
siege to it, but upon succours brought in by Carthalo, they drew off,
and sailed to Panormus, There they cast anchor in the harbour,
even under the walls, and landed their army, and then drew a wall
and trench round the city. And the country being very woody,
even up to the city gates, they had the advantage to raise mounds
and bulwarks all iilong from sea to sea.
Then the Romans, by continual assaults and batteries, beat down
the v;alls, and entering the outward forts, put many to the sword;
the rest fled to the old city, and sent out commissioners to the con«
6ul to treat for the sparing of their lives. These conditions were
agreed upon,--That every person who paid twoTX^inas for his headj^
should be free. Hereupon the Romans entered, and forty thousand
were sQt free for the ransom agreed upon; the rest, to the number
of thirty thousand, were sold for slaves, together with the spoils. —
But they of Jetae drove out the Carthaginian garrison, arid delivered
up the town to the Romans. So did the Selinuntines, Petrineana,
Knaterineans, and Tyndaridse. Then the consuls leaving a garrison
at Panormus, marched off to Messana.
The year following, the RoibaDS designed another descent into
L/ibya, but being prevented from landing by the Canhaginia]]|i,'tfae]|
f«turocd to P^noro^us, Tbence, Ja t^ reti|CQi*9 Jlome^ .by aaoK
$24 THS raAGMEKTS Of
ther tenpest they lost a hundred and fifty ships of war, l^etidcs tniis«-
port ships, with all their Isdiug and provisions. About tbU timet the
gp^vnqt of Tlierms^ being abroad about some necessary nfiairs, «9i
tak^n prisoner by the Homan army; and during his copfinement he
treated by messengers with the gf oeral, to open th^ iVites of tbe ci«
ty to hitti in the night, if he o^ight be released. Tha time was a*
greed upon, and lia w^s oidered to be discharged; and a thofisaa4
ipen wert^sent thither in the night, who came there at the time ap-
lioioted^ whereupon he opened tbe gates, and the chiefest persoai
of quality oj^ly entered, giving a strict diarge to the guard, to shot
the gates and suiT^ no one else to enter; and ^ia they did, tint
totie but themselves might iiave the plunder and pillage of the cily;
};ml t\^y were all prftiently knocked on tlie head; a just rewaid for
(heir covetouspess ! But at anotlker time Theraua and Lipum w«e
given up into the hands of tbe Bomana^ Yet they fiuled of Ihcii
purpose at the castle of Ercta, though they besieged it wit^ forty
thousand foot, and one thousand horse. .^ »^ ,1^
Asdrub«|l the Carthi^nian general, being ill spoken of by hiaaot',
dJers for pot fighting, marched off witli the whole armj, and came to
Panormus, through tbe straits of Selinus, and pas^ng oirer the river
B«er to the town, h^ encamped close to the walls without fortifying
himself, in contempt of tbe enemy. And now agian plenty of wine
being brought ii)to the camp by the ^aerchants, the CeUss made
themselves diui^k; and wlvle they were roaring and carousjpg^ and
^Uipg every place with disorder and confusion, Cecilius the consul
broke in among them, and totally routed them, and sent sixty ele*
phants, then taken in ^he fight, to Rome, wj|uch were tbe admiration
f^f all ^p Roisi^ans.
'I- Jif
vooKxxiy.
THfi Oartfiaginiaqs, after t^y had ra«ed the city of SeltnqS|» i
planied tlie crtiaens to Lilyfaeum. But die Bomana sailed with hK(
hundred and forty long gallies, and sixty roui^d vessels, and all other
^orts of shipping, to Panornius, and thenoe to Lilyhsanm, wUcb ch^
now b^an to besiege; and fortified tfaemselvea bja trondi dassio
all along Xrom aea to sea. Then they Gonstmcted a^nea to %\mM
atones, Mttering lams, ai^ csiginea ayot only toiiattar, b^ p floflk
MO0OEUS SICtTLUS* f 9i
ibt stonrs by YioleDce out of the wallsp and all other thioigs necM*
IKiy for the nisii)|( of OMMiDds and bulwarks. Then they filled fifr
tacB of their nMiod vesieb with stones, and sunk them in the mooA
t4 the haAoor to choak it up. The Roman army amounted to thf
munher of a hundred and ten thousand men, of whom sixty thousand
foot and seven hundred horse were ordered to carry on the siege...^
Bat four tliousand men with corn and provisions, were sent frooi
Carth^fe to the besieged, which greatly encounged them, and Atar«
bas* their governor. When the Bomans understood that the city
kad been relieved, they fiUcd up the mouth of the harbour a «teOD4
timey and made a boom with anchors and great pieces of timber: but
the wind, which then blew high, and the violent suiges of the ae^
brake ic all in pieces. The Humans likewise made another epgine
to cast mighty stones; but the Carthaginians raised another vndl
iratUo, and the Bomans filled up the city-trench with earth, whidi
was sixty cubits broad, and fony deep. And while a skirmish wa9
foaight on that side of the walb towards the sea, the Romans plaoe4
an ambush on the other side, and the soldiers within making saliiet
out of the tQwn, to help them that were engaged at the sea side, tboso
that Uy in ambush, having scalii^ ladders ready mounted, g»inA}
the first wall; wliich being known, the Carthaginian commander fell
iiirioQsly upon them, and killed ten thousand of them on the spo^
aod pot the rest to flight, and burnt all the Roman engines, batteri^f
nuns, instruments to cast stones, and all their works and fortifica-
tiooa. After this, the Carthaginians seeing that their horse were
of no use to them in tbe strait and narrow passages, sent them
away to Drepanum. Then presently came in strong recruits to the
Carthi^iniaos; but tbe Romans, by the burning of their engines^
sofi through want of provisions, and the breaking out of the fh/pm
amoi^st them, were reduced to great difficulties, (for only the Ro-
■Mns and their confederates eat flesh), and so great a distemyief
seised them, that in a very few days ten thousand were cut o&, so
that tliey were very desirous to break up tbe sic^; but Hiero, kiiig
of Syractise, sent them a great quantity of corn, which again encon*
tagod them to continue. After thb the Romans chose another con-
sul, and gi|ve the comoumd of the army to Claudius the consul, the
SOD of Appius, who taking charge accordingly, stopped up the ^louth
of tbe port as his predecessor had done, but the sea bore down
and cleared all away a second time. Moreover, Claudius thinking
bim»elf able to do great tbiogSj equipped two hundred and ten of the
telahvs> and aniuriiff at i>rc;pannm, there engaged the Cmhagi*
fiaS THE FRAGMENTS OT
nians id a sea fight, was beaten, and lost a hundred and seventeen o€
Us ships, and twenty thousand men. There never happened so
great a fight at sea, and so absolute a victory, either among the Car*
ibaginians, or any others about these times; and that which was more
fo be admired was ..That though the Carthaginians were in so great
danger, and had only ninety sail, yet they lost not one man, and bad
but a very few wounded.
— - ,. With thirty sail, which intercepted the corn and prt)-
vlsions belonging to the Romans, and carried it to Drepanam, and
taking thence every thing which remained that was useful, they came
to Liiyb«eum, and loaded the besieged with all kinds of provisions.
And now Carthalo the general came from Carthage with seventy long
ships or men of war, and as many laden with corn, who also set npoa
the Romans, and sunk some of their vessels, and carried off four o-
Ihers which lay at anchor. But after he heard that the Roman fleet
kad sailed from Syracuse, having called a council of war, he proceed*
cd against them with two hundred and twenty sail of the best ships
Ire had. When the fleets came in sight of each other^ near the
coasts of Gela, the Romans^ struck with a panic fear, tacked about
and fled to Phintia, deserting all their transport-ships laden with
provisions, and other vessels, behind them. But the CarthaginiaoSj
making a swift pursuit after them, a fierce engagement took place;
in which the Carthaginians sunk fifty of their great men of war, and
sixty other long galiies, and disabled thirteen. After the fight, the
Carthaginians sailed to the river Alycus, and there took care of their
wounded men. In the mean time Junius the consul, not knowing
what was done, left Messana with thirty-six long galiies and many
ships of burden, and having passed Pachynus, and gained the port of
Phintia, upon intellrgence of what had happened he was amazed j
and the Carthaginians making up upon him with their whole navy,
he burnt twelve of the most useless of his ships, and sailed with the
rest towards Syracuse, hoping to be succoured by HierG. But near
Camarina a storm arose, which drove him upon the shallows and
rocks, the winds being very fierce and boisterous. But the Garths*
ginians having reached Pachynus, anchored in a safe and secure bar*
hour. The Romans being thus distressed, lost all their transport-
ships of corn and provisions, and a hundred and five long galiies, so
that there were only two escaped; and of those which were lostj most
of their men perished.
Juijius, with those two, and the men which were preserved, came
to the eamp at Lilybseum : he surprised Eryx in the night, and waH*
ed in ^gothalus, which is now called AccUus, and put in it a garxisoi^
i>lODORUS SICULUS^ 8ff
of eight hundred men. But wheh Carthalo had intelligence that the
places about £ryx wire possessed by the enemy^ he wafted tfaittier
a conskierahle body of men in the n^ht, and assaulted the gitfrlsoli
of iGgotbalus, and took the castle J soniete put to the sword, and
the remainder fled to Eryx, where was a garrison of tlirec thousand
men. Id the first sea'^gbt the Romans lost thirty-fiv^ thousand fiietU
and as many were taken prisoners^
In the territory of Catana there was a castle called ItaUuBdf mhiA
was assaulted by Barcas the Carthaginian.
^ For the counsels and stratagems of the comtiMAd^i%
being communicated to their friends, were discovered by aoRie 4e^
serters to the enemy, which terrified the soldiers, and possessed theat
with an expectation of some imminent danger. But Baneas uniwiog
there in tl^e night, landed his men, and was the first that led tbatfl
to Eryx, {which was thirty stages distant), took the city, andp ut mwl
of them to the sword; and those who survived h^ removed to Djw««
panum. ^^ — . .— .^
Always, and in every concern, it is known by experience, that liitf
observance of good rule and order has produced many good and fftafk
cfiects, -^ — -.-— • ' »
But Calatinus the consul sailed into Sicily with three husdrd lan|f
gallies, and other shipping, to the number of one thousand ki ilie
whole, and anchored at the mart-town of the Eryxians* Hantid a!*
so arrived in the sacred island from Carthage, with two hwidr«d
and fifty long gallies, and other ships of burthea; and thence fa#
came to Eryx. -^ *— — —
The Romans fell on, and a sharp and obstinate engagement Aere
was on both sides, in which the Carthaginians lost a hundred and
seventeen ships, among which were twenty with all their men*
But the Romanes .^eighty; thirty for their own charg^mod
expense, and fifty to divide for spoil) and six thousand prisoner!^ at
Philinus reports, but according to others, four thousand and tortft
the rest of the fleet ^t safe with a fair wind into Carthage. ^
For valour signified nothing, when tlie fleet was so dispersed that k
had nobody to fly to, but Was by the sea, as it were, delivered up ia^-v
to the hands of the eneniy. So that after the war had continued be*
tween the Romans and Carthaginians for the space of twenty-four,
years, and Lilybfieum had been besieged ten years, a peace was rau^
tually concluded.
8t8 tilt ntAOMCNfS ov
.fiOOKXXV.
feiMCtJRUS th« t)hn(Nk>pher, iti hfs boc^c cttilM IfncHnti^^ n^ft-s
^^ That a religious life is void of all trouble and dbturbabce; but aft
Itari^teouft one, ndthinc: biit trouble and sbrrtilir.*' it ccmtnm
much matter in brief and coticiae senteftee^, tending ^^ntlj to At
ycfortfmtioii of the live^ and mannets of men: for injiiatiee it
the greatest of M evils, involving not only private tnen, bitty thit
lire diay.Bum up all at once^ nations, kings, and kingdoms, in meM
ttisertible calamities. .^ .^ .^ For the Spiiniards gall tbHn of dii
Balearj islands^ Africans, Carthaginians, and Liguriana, joid^ iMk
them of Carthage^ And the slaves, whose parents were Gtedalrir
en one side, who also rebelled. ^ ^^^ i Then it wks petkt&f
8^en by experience, how far the diligence of an expeft ceminuidet
cseelled the blind and headstrong vulgar, and the rash Aild $g<
Borant conduct of a rude common soldier. *^,^*^.m^^^ 80 et->
cellent a thing is modesty in commanding, that it enfeiiM ndthilff
beyond the power of^ men. .^^. .j. but after their Aepartufe oat
of Sicily, the Carthaginian mercenaries ix>se up ib anttft i^fUkiflt tbedl
for these reasons. » They were unreasonable and etoenivi
in their demilnds for the horses and men which they had loot in S(«
eily. _ -; And they were in war with one another foul' yeatfi
and as many months. But at length they were pet te death by BaN
cos the general, who had likewise performed mMobte senrleea in fii«ly
against the Romans*
24 But Amilcar the Carthaginian general in a shoft time lOcfeai*
td the bounds of his country; for he advanced with hb Beet as far
as the pillars of Hercules and the Gades *. This dty hi a colony Of
the Phoenicians, lying on the farthest corntr of the earth, on the tm*
side, and hath a haven. Having subdued the Iberians and the ToN
tessians, with Istolottus, the general of the Celtse, and his bMbel)
he put most of them to the sword, amongst whom Were the tHO
brothers and several other honourable persons. And he HftcdteC
into his own army three tinmsand of them that were ptiaontt^
But Endortes got again together fifty thousand men, but fled bo'
fore he engaged, and betook himself to a high hill } where betti|^ hdKk
and blocked up by Amilcar, he decamped again in the night, and
most of his army were cut off. Endortes himself at length fell into
the hands of the enemy, arid Amilcar put out his e^eSj and then with
^ Now C.adij^ or Cales^ is tiie siniritf
btdDoku^ sicuttr^.
thany scof& and scorns crucified bim. But he discharged about ten
thousand other prisoners, and tdok diany cities ^ some by fair pro^
tnises and persuasions, and others by force.
Then Asdrubal, the son of Amilcar, being setlt by hi^ father-in-
law to Carthage a^inst the Numidians, who had rebelled agtunst the
iCarthaginians, killed eight thousand, and took two thousand prison-
ers: the rest were subdued and brought under tribute. In tlie in*
terim, Amilcar having gained thany cities in Spain, built a very large
town, which^ from its situation, hii called Acra Leuca* Having
afterwards besiisged the city of Helice^ he sent the greatest part of
bis artny and elephants into winter-quarters to the city he had late*
ly built, and coutinued with the rest at the siege. But OrissUs the
king, under preteni!^ of coming in as a friend to join Amilcar,, suc-
coured the besieged, and foi-ced Amilcar to raise the siege and fly;
His sons and friends he ordef^ed, for their safety, to take one rcfad by
themselves, and he himself took anbther; and being hotly putsued
by the king, ih crossing a great river he wAi forced frdm his horse
by the violence of the stream, and was drowned. Biit Hknnibal and
Asdriibal, his st^ns, got safe to Acra Leuca^ or the white citideh
.A^ And thdUgti Amilcar died many ages before our time^
yet history has left an epitaph and commemoration of bis due praise;
But Asdrubal his son-in-law, so sobh as he heard of his father-in-
law's death, forthwith marched off, and came to Acra With upwards
of one hundred elephants. Being chosen general by the army, [and
also by the Carthaginians^ he picked out fifty tliousand foot,* of old
experienced soldiers, six thousand horse, and two hundred elephants.
in the first place, he ruined, and totally broke in pieces the troops
of king Orissus ; then he put to the sword kll that were the oceasioa
of Amiicar's flight, and got possession of twelve cities; and at length
all the cities of Spain. And havifag now celebrated a new marriage^
and taken the daughter of the king of Spain to wife, he was invested
with full |K>wer in the government, by all the Spaniards. He after^
wards built a city by the sea-shore, which he called Carthage j and
after this another, and aspired to exceed Amilcar in power and great-
nesSb He had in his army sixty thousand foot, eight thousand horsey
and two hundrtd elephants. But at l^hgth he was assassinated by
one of his own household, having been general nine years.
3. The CehsB and the Gauls entering into a war with the Ronlansj
raised an army of two hundred thousand men, and were victorious
in the first battle, and likewise in the second, wherein one of thi
Roman consuls was killed. The Romans had an army of seventy
thousand foot, and seven thousand horse. However, although they
Vol* 2. No. 4/* yyy
830 THB Fragments or
were worsted in the two first battles^ yet in the third they gained a
signal victory, killing forty thousand upon the field of battle, and
taking the rest prisoners. So that the greatest of their
kings cut his own throat: but the other was taken alive. Afta
this brave exploit^ i£milius being made consul, wasted the country
of the Gauls and Celtas, took many cities and castles, and filled the
city of Rome with spoils.
4. Hiero, king of Syracuse, supplied the Romans with corn ia the
Celtic war, and was paid at the conclusion of it.
5. The army being in went of a general after Asdrubal was slaio,
the Carthaginians unanimously chose Hannibal, the eldest son of
Amilcar, to be their general. While the city of Sagon-
tum was besieged by Hannibal, the citizens got together all the riches
in the temples, and all the silver and gold in the houses, nay, evea
the very jewels in the women's ears, and laid them in a heap, and
melted them down, mixing brass and lead with the gold and silver,
to make them useless and of no value: and having so done, they all
valiantly made a sally, and fought it out to the last man; and ate
having made a great slaughter of their enemies, were all killed apoa
the field. Tlie mothers likewise first killed their own children, and
then stilled themselves by the smoke of furnaces. And thus Hanni*
bal gained the town without any benefit from the plunder: wIioid,
when the Romans demanded to be brought to trial for his breach of
the league, and could not prevail, they began the war called the Haa-
nibal war.
BOOK XXVI.
THERE never was any poet or historian, nor any learned man of
what science soever, that could please all their readers in every thingt
Neither can any thing that is mortal, though it attain its end and de«
sign, gain the general approbation of all, so as to be wholly free from
exception and censure. For neither Phidias, who was so admired
for his ivory images; nor Praxiteles, that excellent stone-cutter;
nor Apelles or Parrhasius, who both attained to the highest pilch of
art and bkili in limning and painting; could ever reach to that de-
gree of happiness, as to exhibit any piece of their several arts, that
wa:j not in some respects capable of censure. For who was a more
DIODORUS SICULUSL 531
famous poet than Homer; or an orator than Demosthenes } Whq
more just than Aristides and Solon? Yet joined as a flaw to all their
excellencies^ there is an oration which carps at them, apd makes
them as if they were all igQorant fellows. For indeed, being but
men, although they attained to eminent perfection in their several
accomplishments, yet through human frailty, they failed and erred
in many things. However, some men there are who disclose both
their envy and folly, who wilfully omit to give an account of what
is commendable and praise-wortiiy ; but where they liave any colour
to find fault, there they fix, and are unwilling ever to leave it, en-p
deavouring, by blackening another, to set forth the more their owa
supposed worth and excellence; not considering that ev^ry art ^nd
peculiar accomplishment is more to be judged of by inquiry into th^
thing itself, than by making conclusions from the partial and peev^
ish passion of another. But any candid person would duly appre-
ciate this industrious folly of detraction, whereby an individual, by
aspersing another, in fact lessens his own reputation. -^ ..^
There are some things which, by a certain destructive tendency, are
naturally hurtful, as frost and snow, which destroy and blast th^
fairest and most pleasant fruits; and the resplendent whiteness of
the snow so dazzles the eyes, that it almost deprives them of their
sight; and so some men, who have neither wit nor will, to do any
thing that is commendable themselves, yet have malice and folly e-
nough to judge and condemn the actions of others. But it is the
part of a prudent and understanding man, always to attribute due
praise to those who by their industry have prosecuted virtuous dc-r
signs : and where any have not been so successful as they wished,
not to taunt at the infirmity of human nature,_But enough of these
envious men.
2. For as a brave champion, after he has spent much time iq
anointing himself, at length descends into the lists. _ .«, «^ Hav-»
ing gained great experience and a habit.
3. Menodotus the Corinthian wrote the affairs of Greece in fourn
teen books. And Sosilus the liian* wrote the acts of Hannibal ia
$even.
4. Among the Romans a legion consisted of five thousand men.
5. Men naturally flock to those who are in prosperity, but domi-^
neer over those who are brought into distress. . For the
soul presently to undergo a mere contrary change, which is in it&
pwn nature unchangeable,
(j. The city of Rhodes bemg ruined by a great earthquake^ Hi^rq
• A people ia the island o( Corc^iai or Cor(H.
539 THE FRAGMBKTS Of
the Syracusan bestowed six talents of silver towards the repairing of
the walls, and silver cauldrons of great value, l>esides money; aii4
let them have corn free from duty.
7* That which i^ now called Philopolis^ was heretofore paUed PU*
ptis of Thebes, over all Thessi|ly.
8. For <oft beds, constant delicate ^e, and the use of all torts of
precious ointments, unfitted them for toil and hardship. .. —i. •«. .—
For both their bodies and minds were habituated to eSeminacy and
luxury. . For meil naturally cannot well brook toil and paios^
find low diet; but delight in idleness and luxury. For Hannibal
with much toil and care gained cities both from the Romans and
Brutians, and took Crotona, and l>esieged Rhegiam. For, from di^
Pillars of Hercules in (he westj tp Crotoqa^ hf over^ran all the fixft
fnai) territories.
w»
THE FRAGMENTS
p»
DIODORUS SICULUS,
OUT OF
THE BIBLIOTHECA OP PHOTJUS,
1^'' '"f.
»35
DIODORUS SICULUS.
FRAGMENTS.
BOOK XXXI.
WHILE these things were doiog, ambassadors came to Rome from
Khodes^ to beg pardon for what they had done. For in the war with
Perseus they seemed to favour the king^ and to break their league
with the Romans. But not being able to accomplish any thing for
whkh ihey were sent, they were greatly dejected, and solicited with
tears the great and principal men of the city. Whereupon, being in-
troduced into the senate by Antonius, one of the tribunes of the peo-
ple, Philophron was the first that opened the matter and business of
their embassy: and after him Astimedes. When they had made
many arguments and apt discourses to prerail with the senate, and
at last, according to the proverb*, had with the swan concluded
their mournful ditty, they received suck an answer as presently dis-
pelled their fears: however, they were sharply reproved and fined
for their offences. So that it is evident how the most noblle among
the Romans, by whom the greatest affairs are managed, strive which
shall be most generous, and on that account gain most honour and
reputation: for in the administration of public affairs elsewhere,
one envies another. But the Romans praise and commend one ano-
ther. So that while all endeavour to advance the public good, great
and glorious things are achieved : but as to others, while they aim our
ly at their own vain glory, and envy the successes of each other,
they ruin their country.
2. At length ^Emilius took Perseus, the last king of Macedonia,
who bad often leagued with the Romans, and as often appeared in
the field with great armies against them. And after the victory .^-
milius triumphed gloriously. And thougli Perseus was brought into
so great miseries and calamities, that the ruins and destructions
wliieh he sufTercd can scarcely be paralleled by any romance, yet he
was not willing to part with life: for before the senate had deter-
mined any thing relating to his punishment, one of the chief officers
* Sung ibe swaa song,
^38 THE t^kAGMEKTS 6f
of the city* cast both him arid his childreo into th^ giol Albinos;
l*his prison is a deep dudgeon of th<i bigness of a chamber^ capable
of only holding nine beds at the most; dark^ and full cff all sorts of
filth and nastiness, by teason of the multitude ttf men condemned for
capital offences who from time td time were thrust down there; and
in general roost of such malefactors were put into this place. So that
many being shut up together in so small a place, those miserable
creatures were even turned into beasts: and in regard the meat^
drink, and other necessaries that wete brought them, were juitibled
together in one chaos and heap of confusion, there arose thence
such a stench, that none who approached were able to endured it. In
a most miserable condition Perseus continued here for the space of
seven days, insomuch that he begged relief^ and some share of the
food of those strangers in prison, who had only a stinted allowance.
They out of compassion to this miserable man, with great htimaoity
ttndtearsintheireyes^gavehim part of the small pittance th«T had,aod
trithal offered him a s^ord and a rope^ to use which of theni h^ would
at his pleasure, for patting a period to his existence. Yet nothiog
seems so sweet as life, even to the miserable; for though they suffer
what is equivalent to death itself in the mean time^ To conclodei
he had certainly ended his days in this extreme misery^ if Mareni
£milius, president of the court, out of respect to the digoitjf of his
person, moved by the natural and innate humanity of the Roma&Si
had not with some indignation moved the senate in his behalf, pitf^
ting them in mind, that though they feared not men, yet they should
bear some awe and reverence to Nemesis ^| who will take vengeance
ou them that use their power with pride and insolence^ Upon this
he was committed to a more moderate confinement, and while he
was consoling himself with fresh hopes, he ended his days agreeably
to the former misfortunes of his life : for after he had lived two years
in this fond love of life> having displeased his barbarous keeper^
they would not suffer him to sleeps and so he died.
3. The kings of Cappadocia say that they sprung from CynM^
king of Persia. They affiirm likewise, that they are descended froa
one of those seven Persians that killed Magus. And they draw
down their pedigree from Cyrus thus:.^That Atossa was the sister
of Cambyses, and daughter of Cyrus; that Gallus was the son of
Atossa and Pharnaces, king of Cappadocia, Smerdis the soo of Gal-
lus, and Artanes the son of Smerdis, and Artanes the issue of Ana^
phas, a brave and valiant man, who was the father of one of the se«
ven Persians. In this manner, therefore, do they make out their
eonsanguluity both to Cyrus and Anaphase who it is said was of i^
* Ibe Goddess of RcTCuge.
DIODORUB SlCUlUS.
wiout £1 spirit*, that before he would pay tribute to the Pcrsittnsi lue
abdicated his i^overnment of Cuppadoejn. After his deaths Atiapha:^,
his son^ refgLurd In his stead; who dyitig^ left two sons^ Ditamus and
Arimiicus, of whom Ditumus took upon him the government, a war-
like prince, and in all re^fiecis accomplished for the ttinj^dom; who
joining in battle with the Persians^ and conducting himself with greit
gallantry and resoltition, was killed it) the fight ; and hU sou Arienn-
nef succeeded him iti thr kitigdum, lie had two sons, Aiiftrathes
and Holophcrnes; he diird after he had reigned fifty yenr*;^ having
done nothing memonibk ; and the elder of his sons, Ariurathcs^ suc-^
teeded him, who it is said bore so great and tender a love to his bro-
ther, thai he advanced hitn to tlie highest degree of honour and pro-
ferment. And he sent him to join the Persians in the war H^iniL
ilie Egyptians, who aftt^rwardi rcturtied laden with many and large
marks of i>onour conferred upon him by Oehus, for his vahjur, and
died in his own et^untry, leaving behind hfm two sons^ Ariarailtes
and Arysses, And that his brut her, the king of Cappadocia, having no
legal issue, adopted ArlarathisSj his bruther^s eldest sou. About this
time AU'xnt^dcr the Macedonii^n king ruined the Persian empire, and
presently afierwards died. But Perdiccas, who had ilte chief com-
mand, ^ent £umcues as general in[o Cappadocla^ whi> subdtjed and
killi^d Ariarathea, and brouj^lit Cappadocia, with all the bordering
territories inio the power 6t' Mie Maeedoniuns^* But Arfar^thes^ the
adopted son of the former king, despairing for the present ^o rega'in
the kingdom, fled into Armenia with n few follower*. But both Eu*
mcnts and Perdiccas not long alter dying, aud Antigonn;* atid Sa-
leuctis embroiled in a war, AriuratheS} with the lielp of Arcloathuft^
king of Armcuia^ wlio furnished him with forces, routed and kiUed
Amyntas, the Macedoi^ian general, and prt-sently drovt^ all the Mi-*
ccdojiian^ out of the country^ and recovered his kingdom* He had
three s(Mis, the eldest of whom, Ariamnes, succeeded him; who join-
ed in aifinity with Antiochus Thcos, and married his tldest son Ari-
aratlies to Sciatonice, Antiochus'^i daughter. And for the great lovfi
he had to him above all his children, he set the diadem upoii ht%
head, and made him co* partner with htm in the kingdom: arid after
the death of his father he reigned alone. Then he dyings his soa
Ariaratiics, of a very tender age, succeeded, — He married Antio"
chide, the daughter of Antiochus the Great, a very subtile woman ;
who, because she bore no children, to make up that defect, contrived^
unknown to her husband, a supposititious birth> asiC^she had born
two sons, which were called Ariarathes and Holopbernes. But not
long after, she conceived in reality, and unexpectedly waa delivered
* OthecB saj, it fibould be eow«niice«'
Vol. 2, No.4?. zzz
1
bSS THE FRAGMENTS OF
of two daughters and a son called Mithridates. Upon this she ac-
quainted her husband with the imposture^ and so wrought upon him,
that she prevailed with him to send away the eldest of the two sons,
with a smalt sum of money to Rome, and the other into Ionia, lest
they should challenge the kingdom from him that was lawful heir to
the crown, who after he came to man's estate, it is said, was called
Ariarathes, and was educated in all the learning of Greece, and wu
a person accomplished in all manner of virtuous endowments. That
the father, who was wonderfully beloved by the son, strove all he
could to repay his son's love ; and their mutual endeared affectioiu
one towards another went so far, that the father would' have given up
the whole kingdom into the hands of the son, but the son oo the o-
ther hand told him, he could not possibly accept so great an advan-
tage from living parents. Therefore, after his father died, he suc-
ceeded, spending the rest of his life very virtuously, and in the stu-
dy of philosophy : so that Cappadocia, which was before but little
known to the Grecians, was now a desirable place of residence for
all learned men. He renewed the league of peace and friendship
with the Romans. And in this manner is the pedigree of those who
have hitiicrto reigned iu Cappadocia, brought down from Cyrus.
4. For statues are erected to such Romans as are of noble families,
in near resemblance of the persons, and according to the whole pro-
portion of their bodies. For all their life long, they have some who
observe their mien and deportment, and the special remarks of every
part exactly. Likewise every man's ancestor stands in that habit,
and in those ornaments, and is so clearly represented, that everyone
knows tlic person as soon as he looks at him, and to what degree of
honour every one was advanced, and what share and interest they had
in the commonwealth.
5. Memmius* was sent general with the army into Spain. But
the Lusitanians, (now Portuguese), just upon his landing, fell upon
him and routed him, and cut off most of his army. When this suc-
cess of the Iberians was noised abroad, the Araucians, who looked
upon themselves to be far better soldiers than the Iberians, slighted
and contemned the enemy; and upon this ground and confidence
chiefly it was that in their general council they determined to make
war on the Romans.
• llalbcr Fulfiuj,
DIODORUS SICCLUS- - 339
1. ALEXANDER fled out of the fight witli five himtlrcd mm to a
city in Arabia, called Abas, to Diodes the prince there, with whom
he had before intrusted his soo Anllochus, a child of very tender a ere.
Afterwards the chief commanders nho were about [{cliudes, and hntl
been with Alexander, plotting to assassinate Alexander, <;ffnt ofTsome
messengers privately among themselves, promising secvcily to rour*
der him. Demetrius consenting lo what they proposed, they became
both traitors and murderers of their prince, We might be justly
eondeinned if we should pass in sUence that which happened before
the death of Alexander, although , from the strangeness of the things
it is almost incredible. King Alexander, a little before these tlqies^
consulted with the oracle in Cilicia, where they say is the temple of
Apollo of Sarpedon: and it is reported that the oracle made answer^
^That he should take heed of that place which sl\ould bring forth a?
god of two shapes. This divine hint was then taken for a riddle:'
but after the king was dead, the truih was discovered in this maii*
ner. Far in Abas, a city in Ar;ibia, dwelt one Dlophamus a Mace^
donian. ^^fhis man married ao Arabian woman, by whom he had a
son called after his own name, and a datij^^hter called Hcraldcs : his
son died when he w^s young; but he gave a portion to his daughter
when she was grown up, and married her to one Semiades, who, af-
ter he had lived with his bride one year, undertook a long journey.
In the mean time, it is reported, that Hcraidcs fell into a strnngcdod
wonderful distemper, such ms is scarcely credihlc. For she had a
vehement inflammation, and a great swelling at the bottom of her
belly, which increased to tliat degree, that it brought her loto a vio-
lent fever. The physicians conceived it was an ufccr about the neck
©f tlR' matrix: refrigerating medicines and phisters were tliereforc
applied, to bring down and cool those hot burning tumours* Upon
the seventh day the humour burst, aud out started from the privy
parts c)F llcraides, a man's yard with the testicles compIete._Thi^
happened when neither physician nor any other stranger was pre-
sent, but only the mother and two servants; who with thp strange-.
iiess of the thing, were struck with amazement. However, they
made it their business to cure her, and kept all secret to themselves.
And when she was recovered, she still wore a woman's hahJi, antl
managed the aflairs of the house as usual* But those wlio were prt^
vy to what had bappeued, suspected her to be a hermaphrodite. Aft4
#•
^
540 THK FRAGMENTS OF
SO, although formerly in carnal embraces with her husband, there
might be no natural copulation, yet she had been seen frequently
to have carnal knowledge of women. In the mean time, while all
things were kept secret, Semiades returns and demands his wife, as
was very fit and reasonable. And being continually urgent for the
society of his wife, the father refused, and yet was ashamed to de-
clare the reason ; which occasioned great dissension', so much so, that
the husband resolved to sue the father for bis wife: so that this won*
der was exposed to public view, like a play upon the stage, hj ncaos
of a criminal accusation. The person contended for was present ia
court when the matter was debated on behalf of each party: con*
cerning which the judges were in doubt whether the power and au-
thority of the husband over the wife, or that of the fiither over the
daughter, should be preferred. At length, when they were ready fo
give sentence tliat the wife slKMiId abide with her huslmmti she htt4
open the truth of the whole matter, and with great boldness and as-
surance of mind threw off her feigned habit, and discovered herself
to be a man to all that were there present, and in a surly manner ot-
tered these words: Can any compel one man to marry another)
Upon which all were amazed, and set up a shout of admiration at the
strangeness of the thing. Heraides being now discovered, after*
wards, as is reported, changed her woman's attire, and pnt on the
habit of a young man. And it is likewise said, that the phyftieiaoSy
when they saw those parts of the woman, judged that the nature of
the male lay hid in the womb of the female, in a place of the shape
of an egg; and that in the thin scarf or skin that wrapped about
the yard was an unusual hole through which the urine passed.- And
therefore they declared, that the place first being pierced and vmit
like a hollow pipe, should be turned into a green wound, and at
length brought to a scab ; and when the yard was reduced to its pro*
per shape, that suitable remedies should be applied for the cure of
the patient. Heraides was afterwards called Diophantus, and served
in the king's camp in a regiment of horse, and then resided with the
king at Abas. At that time, therefore, when the king came to Abaa»
where this hermaphrodite was born, was the meaning o£ the oracle
understood, v\ ; i h had been dark and obscure before. It is reported
that Semiades at length, through the love he bore to her, upon ae*
count of their former familiarity, and through shame of his unnatu-
ral marriage, was no longer able to bear up, but after he had left all
his goods to Diophantus, and made him his heir, he broke his heart
and died. So she that had been a woman, assumed the coomgr of
a man ; and he that was ever a man^ appeared to be
mous than a woman.
DIODORUS srCULUS. 541
The like to this fell out about thiny years ;ifter,in the city of Epi-
dnufu^^*. There wa^ a younj^ maid in Gpldaurus, (as the report
goes), nn orphan, whose name was Catlo. This maid had no passage
in her privy parts; but about the pecten there was a place li^e na
issue^ 1 hrougli which the urine passed tcver from the time of her birth.
When she came to a mature age, she was married to one of the ciii-
zenSj with whom she ItvccI two years, and^ though she was not capa-
ble of natural embraces as a womanj yet she was forced to endure
those that were prefer natural^ or beside nature. But afterwards k
toxnour arose near the pecten, which put her to exceeding torment^
so that many physicians were sent for to consult together, and ali
despaired of curing her; but an apothecary undertook the care, and
made an incision in the place, whence came forth a man's yard with
testicles, but solid, without any passage. And when all were amazed
at the strangeness of the thing, the apothecary supplied the parts with
what was deficient. First he made an incision into the end of the
yard, and pierced it even to the uretor, and^ thrusting down a small
silver instrument, brought away the urine, and other excrementitious
humours; but the place where iht issue was he first turned into a
green Wdund, and then healed it up. Having performed this extra-
ordinary cure, he demanded a double reward: for he said he liad un*
dertakf n to cure a sick woman, and had now set right a young man.
Callo hereupon laid aside her wheel, and other efieminate employ-
ments, and took upon her the name of Gallon^ adding only the last
letter N to her former name. Some say, that before her nansforma*
tion she was the priestess of Ceres, and because she shewed to men
those things that were not to be seen, this judgment fell upon her for
her pro{>haneness. They report that at Naples and several other
places the like hath happened: not that the two sexes of man and
woman are really formed by nature ip two several shapes, (for th2(t is
impossihie), but that nature is deceived in fashioning the members
ofahe body, to the amazement and deceit of ^^ the beholders.
We have therefore judged these strange events, which are brought
down to us lioth by writings and traditions, worthy to be taken notice
of, in respect boih of their pleasure and profit to the readers: for
many, lo<jKing upon such things as these as monsters in nature, are
thereby infected with a kind of superstition; not only privaie men,
but whole cities and nations. For it is reported, that a little before
the beginning of the Marsian war, there dwelt an Italian near Rome,
who, having murried such a one as is before described, complained
to the senate; upon which they, out of a fond superstition, and per-
suaded thereunto by the Tuscan augurs, ordered the hermaphrodite
• In Peloponnesus.
n
542 THE FRAGMENTS OF
to l>e burnt. And thus (they say) this poor creature was most un-
justly doomed to destruction, and was ignorantly judged a monster^
because she had some resemblance of both sexes. And Dot long
after there happened the like at Athens; where, the thing not being
understood, they say the man was burnt alive. Some there are wbo
tell idle stories how that there are Hya^ne, (for so th^y call such is
are both men and women) who have cariKil copulation one with ano-
ther, according to each sc\, by turns every other year; when in truth
there is no such thing. For although both sexes have a peculiir
and distinct nature, without participation one whh another, yet bja
laUe formation the inconsiderate spectator may be imposed upon:
for to the female (which is naturally such) is joined something Ukc
unto a man's yard, and so, on the other hand, to the natural male
something like to the privy parts of a woman. The same reasoa
holds in all kind of living creatures, there being many and various sorts
of prodigious births; but sucli as never receive any nourishment^ nor
can ever come to any peifcction. But what hath been said may suf-
fice for the reforming this superstition.
i!. They say that the walls of Carthage were forty cubits high, aD(|
twenty- two broad, but though liiey were so, yet the Roman Talour
and chuines were too strong for all their defences and fortifications^
for ihe tiiy was taken and lazed to the ground.
3. ^laiiassesk (called Masinis^a by the Latins) who reigned ia
Afiioa, am! wus always a iViend to the Romans, lived ninety years ia
sireni:ih and lirn) lieahii, and left ten sons beiiind him when he dieil»
>;vlioni ho conunittcd to the care and !:nardianship of the Romans.
He was of a stiong body, a!id from a child inured to hardship: ia
i\ liatevcr business he was eng.iiied he would keep close to it all the daj
ir.iuuwiable : he w<»uld never rise from his seat till night, spending
x\\c whole day in laborious projects and ecnirivances. When be was
vuoe on h.orsebaek he wiuilil ride continually night and day, and ne-
ver bo woary. A gieat instance of the lualih and strength of his
biHly, wa^, that when he was almost ninety years of age, he had a
son but four years old, yet of a very stiong Inxly. lie was so extra-
ordinarily given to husbandry, th.ii he left to every one of his son^
tin tliousand ploihras of land, adorned with all manner of delight-
ful in\pnne...enis. and instruments necessary for that purpose. He
rei 'ned with crcai commendation sixtv vears.
I. Nioomedes after he had routed his father Prusias, and forced
him lo tly to the temple of Jupittr for shelter, tiicre killed him, and
by that wicked and bloody mui Jer got possession of the kingdom of
KMhinl.'u
WioboRtrs stctJLu*. 543
5. The Lusitanians at first not having an expert general, were
easily vanquished by the Romans; but after Viriathus became their
general, they did them much mischief. He was of them tlmt inha-
liited the sea-coasts, a shepherd upon the mountains from his child-
hood; by nature of a healthful constitution, in strength and agility
of body far exceeding all the Iberians: for he had inured himself lo
a sparing diet, much labour and toil, and to no more sleep than was
absolutely necessary. He likewise continually carried iron weapom,
and was famous for his conflicts both with Wild beasts and robben,
and at length was made general; upon which a whole drove of thieves
and rogues on the sudden flocked about him. Being very successful
ii\ many battles, h^ was not only admired for his other excelleneies^
but likewise for his military condudt. Besides, in distribution of
the sjioils he was very just^ alloting to every man proportionabljto
his merits and deserts. Still proceeding and prospering he approved
himself to be a prince, rather tha^ a thief and a robber. Heloaght
several battles with the Romans and came off conqueror, insomuch
as he routed Vitellius the Roman general, broke his army and took
faim prisoner, and then put him to deaths And many other brave
exploits he performed, till Fabius was appointed to go out as gene-
ral against him, and from that time he began to decline. But not
long after rallying his men, and bravely managing the matter against
Fabius, he forced him to terms dishonourable to the Roman frame*
But Ceepio who was afterwards general against Viriathus, slighted
all the former conditions as of no effect, and often routed Viriathtis,
whom (now being reduced to those straits, asf that he sued for terms
of peace) he caused to be treacherously assassinated by some of lilt
own servants: and striking a terror into Tantalus his successor, acid
all his army, he imposed what terms and conditions he pleased upoa
them, and in the conclusion gave them the city and land about for
tlicir habitation.
BOOK XXXIV.
1. KING Antiochus* besieged Jerusalem, But the Jews stood it
out for some time : but when all their provision was spent, they
were forced to send ambassadors to him, to treat upon terms. Many
of his friends persuaded him to storm the city, and to root out ths
• Silicic*.
544 THE FRAGMfeNtS Ot
whole nation of the Jews; For that they only of all people, hated
to converse with any of other nations, and treated them all as fene-
mies: and they suggested to him that their ancestors were drifco oat
of Egypt, as impious and hateful to the gods: for their bodies being
overspread, and infected with the itch and leprosy, (by way of expi-
ation) they got tliem together, and as profane and wicked wietches,
expelled them out of their coasts : and that those who were thus ex-
peiled, seated themselves about Jerusalem, and being after embo-
died into one nation (called the nation of the Jews) their liatred af
all other men descended with their hlood to posterity. And thcvp-
jfore they made strange laws, and quite different from other people!
never will eat nor drink with any of other nations, or wish them any
prosperity. For said they, Antiochus surnamed Epiphanea having
subdued the Jews, entered into the temple of God, into whieb
none was to enter by their law but the priest; in which when be
found the image of a man with a long beard, carved io stone sitting
upon an ass, he took it to be Moses who built Jerusalem, and set-
tled the nation, and established by kw all their wicked cusUhbs aad
practices, abounding in hatred and enmity to all other men. AotK
ochus therefore abhorring this their contrariety t6- all other peoplti
used his utmost endeavour to abrogate their laws. To that end he
sacrificed a great swine at the image of Muses, and at the altar if
God that stood in the outward court, and sprinkled them with the
blood of the sacrifice. He commanded likewise that the
books, whereby they were taught to hate all other natiooa,
be besprinkled with the breth made of the swine's fleah: And he put
out the lamp (called by them immortal) which was ever bomiiy
in the temple. Lastly he forced the high priest and the other Jews
to eat swine's flesh. Wlien Antiochus's friends had debated and con*
sidered of these things, they were very earnest with him to root o^
the whole nation, or at least that he would abrostate their laws, and
compel them to change their former manner of living and convena*
tion. But the king being of a generous spirit, and mild dispositiott
received hostages and pardoned the Jews: but demolished the walto
of Jerusalem, and took the tribute that was due.
2. The afliiirs of Sicily after the overthrow of_Cartbage—.—
having continued successful and prosperous for the space of sixty
years ; at length broke out the servile war upon the following occa**
sions. The Sicilians (through the enjoyment of a long peace} being
grown very rich, brought up abundance of slaves; who beioigdri*
ven in droves like so many herds of cattle from the sefend placet
where they were bred and brought up, were stigmatised with certain
marks burnt in their bodies: those that were young, they used fee
DIODORUS SICU LU». ^45
shepherds,'^ others for such services as Ihey had occasion. But their
masters were very rigid and severe with them^ and took no care to
provide either necessary food or raiment for them, insomuch as that
most of them were forced to rob and steal, to get necessaries : so
that all places were full of slaughters and murders, as if an army of
thieves and robbers had been dispersed all over the island« I Thego-*
vernors of the provinces (to say the truth) did what they could to
suppress them : but because they durst not punish them, in regard
to their masters, who had the S5le command and power over their
servants, were rich, and men in authority, every governor in his se-
veral province was forced to connive at the thefts and rapines that
were committed. For many of the masters being Roman knights^
and judges of the accusations (brought before the prsetors) were a
terror to the governors themselves, v The slaves therefore being in
this distress, and vilely beaten and scourged beyond all reason, were-
now resolved not to bear any longer. Therefore meeting together
from time to time as they had opportunity, they consulted how to
free themselves from the yoke of servitude they lay under, till at
length they really executed what they had before agreed upon. There
was a Syrian a servant of Antigenes of Enna, born in the city of
Apanea a magician and conjuror: he pretended te tell future events,
(or fortunes), discovered to him, as he said by the gods in hia
dreams, and imposed upon many by this kind of practice. TThen he
proceeded further, and not only foretold things to come, revealed to
him in dreams, but pretended that he saw the gods when he was
awake, and they declared to him what was to. come to pass. ^And.
though he thus juggled, and played the fool, yet by chance many
things afterwards proved true. And whereas those things which ne-<
ver happened, were by none censured, but those which did come to
pass were every where applauded, he grew more and more into es-i
teem. At length by some trick of art or other, he would breath
flames of fire out of his mouth as from a burning lamp, and so
would propliepy as though he had been at that time inspired by Apol-*
lo. / For he put fire with some combustible matter to feed it, into a
nut-shell or some such thing bored through on both sides, then put^^
ting it into his mouth, and forcing his breath upon it there would is-,
sue out both sparks and flames of fire. Before the defection this
juggler boasted that the goddess Syria had appeared to him, and
told him that he should reign, and this he declared not only toothers
but often to his own master, f The thing being become a common
jest and subjeet of lauq;hter, Antigenes was so taken with this jest^
^nd ridiculous conceit of the man, that he took £unus, (for so he w^
Vol. 2. No. 47. MA\
THE rftAGM£KTS Or
^vLtii him to fe:t^is :jmc1 repasts, audi
I tL) niiD concerning i\\t kingdotn^ be wafi a»kc^ bow be «rotttd
tW rvery oitc that w;ts there prrMiit At thr tiblc: he r««dibf
went on with hi& «t*ry, tind told them thai he would be very tiifwl lo
hU mafltGrs^ and lik«t a conjurur uitng many mcmvtroiu mak^l«d
term»» aikd expreattion*, Ite %i£\ %\\\ tbe f^ueAtu n Uug^biUj^, u^vw wbidi
somo of ihrni a^ a reward g^vc bun lur4,'ti incM.%c:t frum the tablc^ de-*
siring birn to remembej: their kindne*i.s whanho came tohh klnf^tkuaa
but all this jeKtfnn; oame ut le»>^tfi j^aUy tiJ urn! in the adv4iicmi; <>f
htm tt> tbo kingdom; and att those tvlio at Uie feasts by way of ridU
citle bad been kind to bim, be rewarded ju earnest.
But the beginning of the deletion was in this awmncr, ''Tbctt
was one Oamo|>bibis of Kiniii, t^ mitn by venMm of his woaJtb^ of «
great spirit, but of a proud und hnugbty dispositiim. This nraa
above all mca&urc w^a cfuel and ^evero to his itervant^; and hi&wif«
Megallii strove to cxee«d her husband id uII kind of ertnfhy and ta-
btimaahy towards the tilaves. U[)on thii^, ihey tbat bad h^*n tbtn
crtjelly u&td, were enm^^d like wild beasts, and plotted together bo
rise in arms and cut the throats of ihtir mnsicrs. To tbb end they
applied themselves tt^lLuuus, and dcxired to know of liim wbetber
the Goda ^'ou)d succeed them in tbeir de^l^n. He eucouraj^in^
them declared that tbey should pro&pcr In what ihry luid in hand,
lining, (afcording to bis former muiuier), t^*n^junng words am! trx-
prcssioDs, and ckargiog tliem to be apeedy in thfiior execation,
\ I Whereupon they forthwith raised a body of four huadred sbtves^ and
upon the first opportunity, on a suddeii< broke io amed ioto the
city Enna, led by their captain £untis, by bis juggling tricks^ fla-
wing out fire at bis mouth. Then entering the bouses, tbty madcso
great a slaugbter, as that they spared not even tbe suckling ckUdrea,
but plucked them violently from their mother's breasts and dashed
them against the ground: it cannot be expressed how vilely and fil-
thily, (for the satisfying of their lusts), they used men's wives in the
very presence of their husbands. With these villains joined a mtd-
titude of slaves that were in the city, and first executed their rage
and cruelty upon tbeir masters, aiul then fell a murdering others.
( ' In the mean time Eunus heard that Damophilus aad bis wife were
in some ore iird near the city, he sent therefore some of his rabble
thither, who brought them with their bands tied behiod their backs,
loading them, as they passed along with scofib and scorns; only
they declared that they would be kind in every respect to his da^gb-*
ter, for her }iity and compassion towards the servants, and her rea^
diaess always to be helpful to them. They tliat were sent for Dama«
UtODOHtJS BttVLVB 6*f
«^-L..^-.ji I I ,iiM immmmmammmmmmBmammraaBB. jiiiw^'i i uiiia=8BgMiii»
philas and Mefallishis wile to the city^ brooght them itito the tlie«*
atre^ wlitther all the rabMe thit made a def^ctioa flookccU Tbmt
Damophiltts pleading eafneitly for his Wfe^ mtkd moiring many vvStb
what he satd^ Hcrttins and SUtnh loaded him with Inany bitteir mt^
cusations^ aod cailed him a cheat and disaetnbler; and tim waitik^
What woald be detemtiwed by the people cdncertiing hini) the ontt
ran him through with a ivrord^ and the dthter cat off his head witit
an axe. Then they made Eanas king^ not ibr hit Valour or akIU itt
martial aftairs, but upo«) the account of bis eat#«ordinary joggling^
•^d that he was th« bead and authM*of the defecttoni and for that
his kiame seemed to portend and tt) be a good otnen, that he wbixld
be kind^ to his subjetts^^"^ Being therefore made general^ (with^bn
solute power)^ to order and dispose of ail things as he pleased^ an
aioembly whs called, and he put ail the prisoners t» death except
such as were Rkilfol in making of arms^ whoan he forthwith set on.
work ; as for Megallis he delivered her up to the wiU 6f the wonae4
slaves, to take their revenge of her as they thought fit x who after
they had whipped and tormented her» threw htt down a steep preet*^
pice. And Eunus hiuAself killed hia own master Aati^kles and Py^
tho. ^"^ At length putting the crown upon his head, and graced witi|
all the ensigns of royalty, he caused his wife, (who was a Syrian^
and of the same city) to be owned as queeti, and ohoee saeh as b&
judged to he most prudent to be of his privy coancih Amongst
whom was one Achieus by name, and an Achsean by nation^ a Wis£i
man and a good soldier t having therefore got together id the apace
of three days above six thousand men, armed With what they couhl
by any ways or means lay their hinds upon, and being joined with
others, who were all furnished either with axes, hatches, slings^
bills, or stakes sharpened and burnt at one end, or With spitsi ho
ravaged and made spoil all over the country* And being at length
joined with an infinite number of slaves, they grew to that height
and boldness as to engage in a war with the Roman g«oeral8t and
often in several battles got the victory, by overpowering them with
number; having now with him above ten thousand men.
' ^ tn the mean time, one Cleon a Cilician was the author of anothct
defection of the slaves, and now ail were In hopes that this Unruly,
rabble would fall together by the ears one with another, and so Sicily
would be rid of them through the mutual slaughters and destruction^
amongst themselves* But Contrary to all men^s hopes and expectaa
tions, they joined forces together; and Cleon Was observant in ^vary
thing to the commatids of £unus, and aerved gen^rftl tinder bitn M
* Eunul> lignifjring in Greek, kM*
548 rnt FRAGMENTS OP
his prince, having five thousand men of his own soldiers. Thirty
days were now expired since* the first beginning of this rebellion:
I \ and presently after a battle was fought with Lucius Hypsius, (wha
coining from Rome commanded eight thousand Sieilians)^ in whick
fight the rebels got the day, who were then twenty thousand, and ia
a very short time after, their army increased to two hundred thousand
men. And although they fought with the Romans themselves, yet
they often came ofi* conquerors, and were very seldom beaten J^This
being noised abroad, a defection began at Rome by one hundred and
fifty slaves,, who conspired against the government; the like in At-
tica by one thousand; the like at Delos, and many other places. But
diose in the several places who had intrusted their concerns in their
hands, to prevent the mischief from going further, made a quick des-
patch, and fell upon them on the sudden, and put them all to death,
and so those that remained and were ready to break out iato rebel-
lion, were reduced to more sound and sober thoughts.
}o But in Sicily the disorders more and more increased: for cities
were taken, and their inhabitants made slaves, and many armies
were cut off by the rebels, until such time as Rupilius tiie Romaa
general recovered Taurominium, after the besieged had been reduced
to that extremity of famine, (hy a sharp and close siege), as that
they began to eat their own children, and the men their wives; and
at length butchered one another for food. There he took Comaoos
the brother of Clcon, who was endeavouring to escape out of the
city while it was besieged. "^'At last Sarapion a Syrian, having be»
trayedthe citadel, all the fugitives fell into his hands, whomhavinf
first scourged, he afterwards crucified. Thence he marched toEnoa,
and by a long siege reduced them into such Straits, as that there
was no hope left to escape. Afterwards having slain CleoD tbdir
general^ (who hud made a sally from the city and fought like a hen>),
he exposed his body to open view; and not long after this city like-
wise was betrayed into iiis hands, which otherwise could never have
been taken by force, by reason of the natural strength of the place.
' And as for Eunus, he like a coward fled with six hundred of Us
guards to the tops of certain high rocks, where those that were witk
him, (foreseeing their inevitable ruin, for Rupilius pursued? then
closf), cut one another's throats. But Eunus the. joggling king^
out of fear, hid himself in some caves, he had found out for that
purpose; whence he was plucked out with four others of iosgaug^
viz. his cook, his barber, he that rubbed him in the Jbathj Und-te
that in the midst of his cups was his jester. ^Tp conclude he was
thrown into the g;iol, and there eaten up of lice, and so ended his
days at Morgautiuni* by a death worthy the former wickedness of fais
lu Sicilj.
DIODOBXJS SICULUS. ". — B4Q
life. Kupilius afterwards with a small body of men^ marching* all
over Sicily, presently cleared the country of thieves and robbers*
\ This Eunus king of the robbers called himself Antiocfaus^ and all
his followers Syrians. ^ i Ly)
BOOK XXXVI.
ABOUT the time that Marias in a great battle routed Bocchus and
Jugurtha, the African kings, and slew many thousands of the Afri«
cans, and afterwards took Jugurtha himself, (delivered up to him by
Bocchus, to gain favour and pardon from the Romans for his making
war upon them), the Romans themselves were in great perplexity^
by reason of the many losses they had sustained by the Cimbriaos^
who then ravaged and harassed all the country of Gaul*. - And is
further aggravation of what they suffered, at the very same time eame
some out of#Sicily, who gave an account of many thoosand slavfii
that were there risen up in arms. Whereupon tbe whole Roman
commonwealth was in such straits, that they knew not which way to
turn themselves, having lost sixty thousand men in Gaul, ia tli^ war
against the Cimbrians, and they had not then soldiers sufficient for a
new expedition. And besides, (/before 'the rebellion of the slaves la
Sicily), there were defections that disturbed tbe state in
Italy: but they were short and inconsiderable, as if God had ap<-
pointed these for omens and presages of the great rebellion in Sicily*
The first rising was at Nusi&riaf, where thirty servants entered into
a conspiracy, but they were presently executed. The second was at
Capua where two hundred were got up in arms, but they were in a
short time suppressed. The third happened after a strange manaci'^
which was thus, there was one Titus Minutius a Roman knight, -wiio
had a very rich man for his father, he chanced to fall in love with
another man's servant who was very beautiful, and having enjoyed
her, lie was the more wonderfully inflamed, and even to madness^ in-*
som uch as he would needs buy her of her master 5 who being with much
ado prevailed with to part with her, the lover at length bought her
for seven AtticJ talents, and limited a certain time for the payment
* Now France.
t la CumpaDia in Italy niae. miles from (be se»«
$ 130D/. 10*. sterling.
590 THs fraomkkh or
6[ the moncjj to which time the greatness 6i hfo fttktr's estate pf^
cured him Credit: but now, when the day of pajrmeDt waft eoroe^ he
kid not the money tlien ready» but prayed forbeamnee ft>r thirty dayt
longer. That time being run up, the creditor then deaiiandcd hk
money, but tlie lover knew not how to perform his word> and yet his
love continued still as hot as ever. At length a wicked design came
into his head, which induced him to lay a trap for them that de-
manded the money, and to that end to take upon him the state and
dignity of a monarch. To which purpose he bought five hundred
arms of all sorts, and ap|X)iDted a day for payment; and being trusted,
withdrawing himself privately into a certain field, he stirred up his
own slaves to a defection, to the number of four hundred; and, put-
ting on the diadem and purple, and assuming iill the other badgel
and ensigns of royalty, declared himself king, the deliverer of the
slaves. In the first place be caused all those who demanded the m«*
ney he had given for the young woman to be scourged, and then eat
off their heads. Then he entered the next towns with his armed
slaves, and those that came readily to join with him| he fnmuhcd with
arms, and killed all that opposed him. Having in a short time got
together above seven hundred, he divided them into companies*; and
then fortifying and intrenching himself, he received all the siavct
that ran away from their masters. I1ie rebellion being noised at
Kome, the senate (by the help of prudent advice) put a stop to the
mischief, and happily suppressed it.
The care and management of the business for the reducing and
punishing of the fugitive slaves was committed to Lucius LacnlltB,
who was the only general that was then iti the city, who raised sit
hundred men in Rome, and with them the same day marched to Ca*
pua, where he listed four thousand foot, and four hundred honet
When Minutius heard with what speed Lucullus was making towafds
him, he possessed himself of a strong hill, having with him thfee
thousand five hundred men. In the first engagement the fktgltlvtSi
by the advantage of the higher ground, got the better : afterwaidl
JLuoullus bribed Apollonlus, Minutius^s general, to betray Ms oonfi^»-
derates, withal p/omistng him, u|xhi the security of the public hlUkf
that he should have his (itrdon : whereupon he began the work) aad^
seizing Minutius, he (to avoid the punishment he feared fcr bis ft»*
bollion) ran himself through the body | the rest were all presently eet
off, eacept A))Ollonius. And tliese were prologues to that grtat dt*
fcction in Sicily, whose beginning was thus occasioned. Ia the aa^
pcdition of Marius against the Cimbrians, the senate had given a
* A nompnnj cmi^istcd of one hundred mtn, of whkli the cipuin was
ctlled a ctnturion.
1
DIODORUSI SICULU9. «51
oatBmis^ion to raise men uut of the countriea beyond llie seas; t4
which enr] Mar! us sent ambaanti^ors tu Ni corned e«^ king of Bithyuta*
to l>t;lp fiim Willi «anie men; but lie returned answer^ tbat most tH
ibc Bitliyuluus were violirhtly Uiken Hw^y for slaves by the ptibllcaQSt
zn6 w^'re dispersed hercf and tliere ihrough tlie provmces. Upott
vhrcii the senitie decreed That no freeman belonging toanyof thti
Boman Hlliea aboutd iti any pnivince be forced to be servants or
^laves^ uod tltat the }iro-cocT)iub sliould cake care to s^c theui all set *i
trte. In pouuaiicii of tUlu older Liclniuf Nervs^ tbou ^t^^ioi m Sif^
cily, (having first consuliled wkh the jud|^), araniunktedl ao mnrnf
that in a few daya above eight hundred were set at liberty; ao that all
the slaves in Sicily were herehjpceae&tlyencoiinigedlyaiidgiMihigh'^
crested, in hopes of liSerty* The magiatratea therefore addneaaai
tliemselves to the praetor^ or pra-conaul, and deaired him to forbear
making any n(K>re free. Hereupon be (whether brihed^ or to gaim
favour) laid aside the former determiaation of the jadgea, and wMa
checks and foul words sent them tfant came to him to be made free
Vack to their masters. Upon this tiie servaats entered into a con-
spiracy; and, after they came froaa Syracuse^ and ^'ere got togetbef
at the grove of Palicum, they consulted concerning their mtcoded
rebellion. This boldness of the slaves hegan to make a noise in manj
places of the island. Amoogat others, tliirty servants of two nek
brothers in the country of the AnycUlhos weie the first that appeared
for their liberty, whose leader was one Varius. These tn the fiisc
place killed their masters, when they vviTe asleep ui their beds: tlioa
tliey went away to the next towns, and stirred up all tlie scrvanta
and slaves there to appear for the gaining of thr tr liberty, of wlioai
came in flocking to them in that one night to the number of otie
hundred and twenty, and upwards* Upon thl^t they possessed them-*
selves of a place naturally strofi^ ol itself, which tiiey endea^-ourcd
to make stronger by art and labour, where eighty moi^ we!) arn^rd
came in to them. Liciuius Nerva hastened out against theni^ with
a design to put a stop to their ravages, but all his labour ivas in vain.
Seeing therefore that the place was not to be taken by force, he
sought how to gain it by treachery; for he had prtv^itc correspond-
ence with one CaiusTitinius, surnamed Gadffius, whooi he wrought
upon to be the instrument of accomplishing his design, promising
him safety and protection. This man Iiad been condemned to die
two years before, but had made an escape, and had robbed and mufw
dered many freemen in that province, but never in the least injured
any servant. Tiiinius, with a great body of slaves, came to thii^ ^oit,
where the rebels had posted themselves, as if he designed to join wttk
them in making war upon the Homatis; who being wittingly ao4
received by th^ra, and for his valour made tlietr gecKrst, he ft
rayed the fort; u\ton wlncli some of the rebels were
lin , and the rest, out of fear of what they shotild ioffcr if
iDcy were TaKeu prisoners, Ujicw themselves down headlong from itw
topof thcTock. And in this maniii*r was the first rising of the slam
auppressed,
Bui the soldiers had no sooner pot to their quarters, than nevs
was brought that about elglity slaves had caused a tumult to be raised,
ind had cut the throat of Puhlius Glomus, a Roman knight, and ihat
now (heir nuraher was much increased. And to aggravate (he mat*
ter^ the praetor, being ill advised, had clisbauded most of his arm?,
by reitson whereof he was so slow, that he gave time lo (he rebels
the more to strengthen themselves. However, be marched out »-
puQSt them with those he then had* As soon as he ps^ed the river
Alba, he turned aside from the fugitives, who weie then lodired upoo
MouT»t Citprianus, and arrived at Heracica, Upon this, a report be-
ing spread of the cowardice of the general, as if he durst not attack
theiD, very many slaves were encouraged to join in the defection*
Many therefore flocking in, (furnishing themselves as well as they
could for a battle), there were above ei^ht hundred in seven days
time that took up arms; and presently aftL-r they amounted to two
thousand* But the general at Heraclea» being informed that their
number was iacrcasingj sent Marcus Titinius as chief commflnder
against them, inforcing him witli six hundred men out of the forts at
Bona. This Titinius fought the rebels, who (having the advantage
both of place and number) routed him, and killed many of his men,
and the rest threw away their arms, and with much difficulty saved
themselves by flight. By this means the runagades on a stiddeo got
such a great number of arms, that they were more firmly resolved to
persist in their rebellion, so that now most of the slaves were ii^
arms. The defection e^ery day increasing, the number amounted itm,
a sliort time to such a height as none ever suspected it could, inso-
much that within a few days they were above six thousand; who,
having now called a council of war, and debated on matters in refer-
ence to the management of affairs, in the first place they chose a king
called Salvius, a fortune-teller, and one who in the women's sports
and shews, with his pipes, acted the part of a fool and madman. But
having now gained a kingdom, he waved living in cities, as being
the nurseries of sloth and effeminacy. Afterwards, he divided th6
army into three bodies, over each of which he appointed a captain,
and ordered them to make inroads up and down in the country, and
at a certain time and place all to join again in one body. By these
depredations they were so stocked with horses and other oattloj tlia|
DIODORUS SICULUS. * Sfi3
in a short time they had above two thousand horse^ and no less than
twenty thousand foot, but men very raw and ignorant in martial af-
fairs. Among other attempts^ th^y fell upon Morgantium witli great
fury, (which was a strong and well-fortified cky}^ and made many
fierce and continual assaults upon it*
The Roman general marching out in the night, as if be Would re-*
lievc the city, (having with him about ten thousand men out of Italjr
and Sicily), surprised the rebels (busily employed in tlie siege) on a
sudden; and, breaking into their camp, found a very slender guards
but a great number of prisoners, and abundance of plunder of all
sorts, and with great ease made himself master of all; and, when he
had rifled the camp, he marched away towards Morgantium i but the
rebels turning back upon him with great fury, and having the advaa*^
tage of the higher ground, soon routed bim» and put all his army to
flight. Whereupon the rebel king commaoded proclamation to be
made ^Tliat none should be killed who. threw away their arms: up««
on which most cast them away, and.iled. By this means Salvius
both recovered what he had lost ia bis campi add gained a glorious
victory, and much spoil; but there werd not killed of theltaltaos iad
Sicilians above six hundred, (which was oeim^ioiied by the moderallkiq
of the king), but four thousand were token prisoners^: Upoathis
victory, many coming in flocking to Salvius, his army bectoie double
to what it was before, and he was now absolute- Hiaaler of the £^ld^
so that he again sat down before Morgantium^ and proclaimed liberty
to all the servants that were there. But their masters promising the
same to them, if they would be faithful, and join with'themia "tbe
defence of tlie place, they chose rather to accept o( what was ofTelred
by their masters, and fought with that resolution, that they forced the
enemy to raise their siege. But the general afterwards, makio^ifoid
all that was promised (as to manumitting of the servants) ocoariooed
many to run away to the rebels. After this, all the slaves aiid ster-*
vants in the territories of iEgesta and Lilybseum werelikewisrinfeeted
with tl)is desire of rebellion, whose leader was one AthenidDj a valiant
man, and a Cilician. This man, having .the charge and miuiagement
of the concerns of two rich brothers, and being an excellent astro*
loger, first wrought upon those to join with him over whom he
had some sort of command, to the number of two hundred :* after*
wards tliose that were bordering round about^ so that in five days
time there were got together above one thousand, wlio made him
king, and placed the diadem upon iiis head. This man resolved to
order niattors and aftairs so as never any did before him: for he Tt^
ceived not all promiscuously that came in to him, but only such as
were of stroo^ and healthful bodies, to bear arms; the rest he forced
Vol. 2. No, 47« bbbb
TIIE FRAGMENTS OT
■ ODtinae id the stations xhey were in, and every one in his pU«4F
eotly to apply himself to the duty incumbent u|>on hlmi by
ch means those that were with him Iiad plenty of promtonj.— .
f pretended, that by the stars the gods foretold — That he should
gaiQ the whole kingdom of Sicilyj and therefore he was to rcfraia
from spoiling the country, or destroying the cattle and fruits of the
earth, ns being all his own. At length, having now got together sbovt
ten thousand men, he was so daring aa to besiege Lilyb^eum, a city
Oom its strength looked upon to be impregnable* But finding it i
Tain thing to proceed, he desisted from his design, pretending he
iid it by commiind from the gods, by whom he was told^^Thit if
they continued the siege, they would certainly fall into some sud*
den misfortune.
Accordingly, \vhile he was preparing to draw off from the cityj i
fleet of Moors entered the harbour, who had been Bcni to the assm-
mnce of them of Li)yb»um, under tho command of one Gomon, who
in the night surprising Athenion's army, now leaving the sirge and
marching ofi^, killed a great number of them and wounded as many^
and so got into the town. This was the occasion that his former
prediction was highly admired and cried up by the rebels.
At the same lime great disorders, and all sorts of calamities, over-
spread Sicily. For not only servants, hut freemen that were reduced
to poverty, committed all sorts of rapine ai\i acts of wickedness:
fer they ihamefully killed all before them^ whether bond or finee,
that none might be left to tell tales; lo that those who were in the
eities scarcely enjoyed any thing that was their own, though it were
with them within the walb : But as for that wliicb was withool, all
was swallowed up and violently seized upon, as prey taken from s
eommon enemy. Many other things against the laws of hQaiaoity
were impudently committed by many persons throughout the whole
of Sicily.
Salvius likewise, who had besieged Morgantium, after he had
harassed all the country, as far as the territories of Leontium, there
mustered his army, consisting of above thirty thousand fighting men.
Then sacrificing to the heroes of Italy, he dedicated one of his royai
robes, in gratitude for his victories. And now he caused himself to
he proclain^ed king, and was called by the rebels Tryphoo*: having
a design to possess himself of Tricala, and there to build a palace,
he sent to Atheuion, and as king commanded him as general to repur
to him. Every man then thought that Athenioo would endeavour to
gain the sovereignty fur himself, and by that means the rebels woald
* Or Tropboo, rather an antient soothMjer, who lived in a cava, intd which who*
•oavar deacendcdi he aaver laughed afterwards, r*
DtODOftUS 8ICULUS. |5J^
be divided, and so a speedy period would be put to the wur. But
fortune so ordered tbe matter, that the armies of the fugitives being
thus increased, the two generals were unanimous, and agreed very
well together* For Trypbon marched speedily with his army to Tri-*
eala, and Athenion came thither to him with three thousand men, in
every thing obsenring the commands of Trypbon as king. Athenion
bad sent the rest abroad to harass and spoi) the country, and to bring
over as many as they could to join with them in the defection. But
not long after, Tryplion suspected that Athenion had a design to sup^
plant him, and therefore he caused him to be seised In time. TJie
castle, which was well fortified before, he made stUi more strong, an4
adorned it likewise with many stately buildings. After which, they
say, it was called Tricala, because it was remarkable and famous for
three things.^First, for springs of excellent sweet water; secondly,
for vineyards, and olive plantations, and rich lands for tillage; an4
thirdly, that it was a place impregnable, built upon a high and inac-
cessible rock. After he had drawn a line of eight stages round about
it, for the building of a city, and bad encompassed it with a deep
trench, he made it the seat- royal, being a place abounding in plenty
and fatness of all things neceiBsary for the life of man. He likewise
built there a stately palace and a market-place, capable of jreeeiving
a vast number of men. He chose likewise a competent number of
the most prudent men to be of his council, and made use of them
for the administration of justice. Moreover, whenever he sat in the
courts of justice himself, he put on a long gown* edged with purple,
and a coatf studded with large spots of purple. Lastly, he appointed
lictors with rods and axes to go before him, and took great care thi^t
all other ensigns and badges of royalty should be observed.
At length, Lucius Licinius Lucullus was chosen general by tbe
senate of Rome, to go against the rebels, who had with him fourteen
thousand Romans and Italians, eighteen thousand Bitbynians, Thes-
salians and Acarnanians; and six hundred out of Ldicania, under ihi^
command of Cleptius, an expert and valiant soldier; and also six <
hundred from other places; in the whole amounting to seventeefi
thousand. With this army he entered Sicily: whereupon Trypbon
released Athenion, and advised with him how to manage the war a-
gainst the Romans. Tryphon was of opinion, that it was the safest
way to continue at Tricala, and there expect the enemy: but Athe-
nion advised rather to draw out and fight in the field, than to sufiei
themselves to be besieged; whose counsel prevailing, tliey marched
* The Romftn toga prsBtextt, which was white.
1 Tlyc coat was tlie Roman tonic, cDbroklcrcd with larga ttti4t ofgeM 9r |mr|Ui,
called naili^ Kt^i the whols gataicot was callad Tunica laticlam.
556 THE FRAGMENTS OF
out and encamped near Scirthsea, with no fewer than forty thousand
men, twelve furlongs distant from the Roman camp. At first the
armies employed themselves every "(lay in light skirmishes; but at
length they engaged, and while victory seemed to incline sometimes
on one side, and sometimes on the other, and many fell on both
sides, Athenion came on with two hundred choice horse, and covered
the ground round about him with the bodies of his enemies. But
being wounded in both knees, and then receiving a thirds he was
totally unable to fight, which so discouraged the rebels, that they
fled outright. Athenion lay concealed, as if he were dead, and so
feigned himself till night came on, and then stole away. The Ro-
mans having now gained a glorious victory, forced Tryphdn himself
to take to his heels, and in the pursuit killed at least ti^'enty tlion*
sand men. The rest, by the advantage of the night, got to Tricala,
though the general might easily have cut them all o£F, if be would
have continued the pursuit. Upon this rout they were so much dis-
couraged, that it was proposed amongst them that they should re-
turn to their masters, and submit themselves wholly to their power
and pleasure: but those who advised to stand it out to the last, and
not to give up their lives to the lusts of their enemies, prevailed over
the other.
Nine days after, the Roman general besieged Tricala; hut aflter
several slaughters on both sides, he was obliged to draw off and
leave the place. Upon this the rebels recovered their spirits, and the
general on the other hand, either through sloth and negligence, or
corrupted by bribes, neglected entirely the proper discbarge of his
duty, for which afterwards he gave an account to the Romans. Nei-
ther did Caius Servilius, who succeeded LucuHus, do^ any thing
worth remembering; and therefore he was brought to judgment, at
l/ucullus was before, and banished. In the mean time Tryphon
died, and Athenion enjoyed the kingdom. And what with taking of
cities, and wasting and spoiling the country, without controul or any
opposition from Servilius, he got together a great deal of rich booty
and plunder. But the year after, Caius Marius being chosen at
Rome the fifth time consul, and with him Caius Aquiliua*, Aqui-
lius was made general against the rebels; and his valour so far ad-
vanced his success, that he wholly overthrew them in a great battle;
and, like a hcroe, fought hand to hand with Athenion the king of the
rebels, and killed him, but was himself wounded on the head. Arid
now he resolved to prosecute the war against the remainder of them,
who were about ten thousand; and though they fled to their defence^
QOt being able to stand against him, yet Aquilius alackeoc^ iMbn
* Marcui Aquilius,
DIODORUS SICULUS. 557
resolution in the least, but pursued his design till he had wholly
broken them There remained now only a thousand, led by Satyrut^
whom at first he determined ^to reduce by force; but when they
made their submission by their commissioners, for the present he
remitted their faults; but when they were brought prisoners to
Rome, he ordered them to fight with wild beasts, where it is report-
ed they ended their lives with great gallantry and nobleness of mind;
for they scorned to fight with beasts, but thrust one another through
at the public altars : and after they were all dead, Satyrus being the
last, with a heroic spirit killed himself* And this was the tragical
end of the servants' war, after it h^d qoptinued for the space of al-
most four years.
FROM THE SAME.
ONE Battaces, a priest of the goddess Rhea, they say, came to Rome
from Pessinus, a city of Phrygia; who declared he came thither by
command of the goddess. He told the magistrates and senate, tliat
their temple was prophaned, and that a public expiation ought to be
made in the name of the Romans, His habit and other orhaments
of his body were very strange, and altogether unusual at Rome; for
he bore a crown or mitre of a vast bigness, and a flowered gown
embroidered with gold, representing the state and dignity of a king.
After he had spoken to the people from the bench, and instructed
them in matters of religion, he was honoured with public entertain-
ments, and large gifts and presents: but he was forbid to wear a
crown by Aulus Pompeius, a tribune of the people. However, be-
ing brought by another tribune to the desk, and being asked how the
expiatory sacrifices shoold be made, his answers were stufled with
nothing but superstitious rites and ceremonies. At length things
were so managed that he was driven out by Pompeius's faction, with
many scorns and scoffs: upon which he went to his inn, and never-
after appeared abroad : but only told them that he was disgraced, and
that the goddess was reproached and dishonoured. Presently after
Pompeius fell into a high fever, and then had a quinsey*, whicfii took
away his speecii, and he died the third day. Upon which it was the
general discourse and opinion among the common people, that he
wa3 thus punished by a divine hand, for his profane and impious
^ C^uaiiciiino morbo; oFj a dog'i diseaie.
TH£ FRAGMENTS OF
e of pddess and her priest. For the Romans are addkted
I iiiLivii more than any other natiQn, Aitd tbcreforc BatUccp
Id ^ooured with many presents, and liberty granted to him to
r HIS sacred vestmeDtg, with all their ornaments^ the day he it^
signed for his departure^ he was coaducted by mulutudc5j both mta
and womeiij i ut of the city.
FROM THE SAME.
was a CDstom among the Roman soldiers .^That if any commm*
der of an army fought a Uittle and killed above six thousand of tbe
enemy, he was termed emperor, which is the same with kjDgamooj
the Grecians.
BOOK XXXVIL
THE Marsian war took its name from the authors of the defeetioBi
though the Italians generally made this war upon the BooiaBt. It
is said, the first occasion of this arose from the proftiaeoess and lax-
Dry the Romans were fallen into, who were formerly frugal aud spar-
ing in their way of living. This alteration caused great heart-ban-
ings between the commonalty and the senate: for when the senate
prevailed with the Italians to supply the city with provisioosy aad
upon their frequent addresses had promised to eofranchiae tbeai, and
make them free citizens of Rome, and to ratify it by a law, and the
Italians saw nothing performed tliat was promised, these were
the sparks which at length broke forth into a flame at the time when
Lucius Marcius Philippus, and Sextus Julius*, were coosiak, ia the
hundred and seventeenth olympiad.
Many were the slaughters, sieges, and sacking of towns on both
sides, during this war, victory hovering sometimes here and some-
times there, as uncertain where to fall, giving no assurance to eitha
party which of them she favoured. But at length, after the shed-
ding of much blood, the Romans with much ado got the better, and
• Julius Cbmt, Gr. ITOtli OJymp. Otiiers tay 17td,
DTODORUft SICULUS. Afg
regained their former power and sovereignty. There were engaged
against them in this war the Samnites^ Asculans, Lucanians, Pice-
nians, them of Nola*, and other cities and nations: amongst which
was Corfiniumfy a large and famous city, greatly frequented, ia
which the Italians had a little before planted a colony. Here wcfe
all things necessary for the support and defence of so great a eity,
and the maintenance of the government; particularly a large market-
place and court-house, with a vast treasure, and a plentiful stock ef
provisions of all sorts. They bad likewise a senate consisting of
five hundred members; out of which were chosen those reputed fit
to execute the highest places in the magistracy, and to manage the
weighty affairs of the commonwealth. These therefore they in-
trusted with the management of the war, and put tbe absolute power
of disposing of all their concerns into the hands of the senators, wlio
made a law that two consuls should be chosen every year, and twelte
generals. At which time Quintus Pompoedius Silo, a Marsiao, (a
person of the highest quality in his country), and Caius Apootua
Motulus, famous for his noble acts above the rest of his own natioiiy
were chosen consuls. They divided all Italy into two parts, and
took eacii an equal share for the executing of their consular autho-
rity. They allotted the region or tract from the Cercoli (so called)
to the Adriatic sea, which lies to the north and west, to Pompcs^ut
and six of the generals. The rest, which lay to the south and cast,
the Italians assigned to Motulus, with as many more of the military
officers. Having put all things into this good order, and, to auM
up all, having ordered all things according to the antient model «f
the Roman government, they set themselves more intently and ear-
nestly to the prosecuting of the war, and called the city itself Italy.
And they were so successful, that they for tbe most part came of
conquerors, till Cneius Pompeius was made consul and getiaral^
who with Sylla, deputed by Cato the other consul, often routed
them, and reduced them to those straits, that at length their pow^
was broken in pieces. However, they still continued the war, bat «
were often worsted by Caius Cossius general in Japygia^. Being
therefore distressed and harassed with so many and great mischiefs,
one upon the back of another, and the Marsians and other nations
falling to the Romans, they forsook their new city, and transplanted
themselves to iEsernia, a city of the Samnites, under the condud^
of five generals; of whom they made Quintus Pompoedius the chiefs
* This town is still in beiag* situated about fourteea miles from Naples,
t Corfmium, in Itaij; a city of the Peligni, it is now called P^enza^ and is under the
Duke of Florence.
t An iitbrous in Italy, called Calabria,
THE FRAGMENTS OT*
» -rrr—
(or his valour and prudent management of tUe war; who wtth flic
consent of M the other captaiuSj raised a great army> which with
the old soldiers amounted to the numher of thirty thousand. And
besides^ he got together at least twenty lliousand foot, and one ibou-
sand horse^ of manumitted slaves, and armed them as well as tbe
time would iiUow, And coming to an engagement with the Riimaus,
whose general was Mamcreus, he killed a few of them^ but loec u{^
wards of six thou^iand of his own men*
About the stmie time Motellus took the famous city of Vcausit
ID Apulia, wfiich had in it a great number of &oldiera^ and earritd
>way above three thousand prisoners. And now the Koman« ptt^
Tailed every day more and more against tfieir enemies: so tlmt ik
Italians sent ambassadors to Mithridates king of Pontu^, who \id
then an excellent and well appointed army, to entreat him to mattfc
into Italy, with his army, to oppose the Romans; by which mcii%
they told him, that their power would be easily broken. Mithridb*
tes answered, that he would march into Italy as soon as he liad sub*
dued Asia^ in order to which lie was then engaged. The rebels be-
ing tticrefore now frustrated iti their hopes of assistance^ and of sup-
plies of money^ were greatly disheartened: for there were but a few
of the Samnites remaining; and the Sabelli kept themselves clou
within Nolo, as did also Lamponius and Cleptius^ who commanded
what were left of the Lucanians.
The Marsian war being now almost at an end, there arose again
a great seditiom in Rome, by reason of tiie coDtentious arobitioQ of
many of the Roman nobility, every one striving which shotild be ge-
neral in the expedition against M itbridates, impelled thereto by tbe
greatness of the rewards and riches to be reaped in that war. For
Caius Julius, and Gaius Marius, who had been six times consul, op-
posed each other; and the people on that occasion were divided,
some for the one and some for the other. There were likewise other
disturbances about the same time : for Sylla the consul went from
Rome to the forces which lay near to Noia, and so terriBed many of
the neighbouring territories and cities, that he forced them to the
obedience of the Romans. But when Sylla was engaged in the war
in Asia against Mithridates, and Rome was filled with slaughters and
intestine broils, Marcus Lamponius and Tiberius Cleptiiiis^ generals
of those Italians who were left remaining in Brutia, not being able
to take the strong city of iEsias, after a long time they had lain be-
fore it, left part of their army to maintain the siege, and fiercely as«
saultcd llhegium, in the expectation, that if they gained this place,
they might with ease transport their army into Sicily, and so become
masters of the richest island under the suu« But Caius Urbanus,
DfoDdRUs srcuLtjfi. 5(>t
the eovernor of RHesfium^ eo terrified the Italians with the greatness
of hh affnvt and hii» vnst preparatjons, that tlicy drew o\Y from
the siege; and so the Rbegtans were delivered. And afterwards^
when the civil wars broke forth between Darius and Syila, part of
them sided with Marius^ and the rest with Sylla) and itiost of them
were killed in the war; and all those who survived, joined the con^
queror Sylla. And thus etxled the Marsian war, and the greatest
home-bred sedition that had ever before occurred among the Ro-»
roans.
2. And now that the KUfslao war was M an ehdj a second great
sedition was raised in Rome, stirred up by Sylla and Caius Marius,
a young man, the soa of Marina who had been seven titties constiU
In this cotntnotion many thousands of ttien perished: at length
Sylla prevailed ; atid being created Dictator, he called himself £«-
paphroditus*; which vain-glorious title did not altogt^her deceive
him, for he prospered all his life long^ and died a natural death after
all his victories. But Marias, although he behaved with great
gallantry in the war against Sylhi, being at let^h routed) fled with
fifteen thousand men to Pr<eneste, where he was besieged a long
time: at length, being totally deserted, and aeeibg n0 way of ea*-
cape, he earnestly entreated one of his faithful servants to afford
him his helping hand to extricate him from the piiesent datlgers and
mischiefs that surrounded him. After much persuasion, the ser-
vant at one stroke put an end to his master's life, and then irnme^
diaiely killed himself. And so at length ended this civil war..^
However, sonle relics of it still gave Sylla disturbance for some
time, till those who joined in it^ with some others^ ilrere suflpressed.
But aftrr these were all ruined and destroyed, there broke out
fiuch a flame of discord between Julius Csesar and Pompey, who for
the great and eminent services he had done the Romans, partly by the
conduct of Sylla, and piartly by his own valour^ was sirsamed the
Great, that the Romans were again itivolved in intestine slaughters
and butcheries. And as soon as Pompey had lost all his army in a
great battle, he himself was afterwards murdered near Alexandria.
And the unbounded power of the consuls, being at length restrainect
and limited, fell wholly into the hands of Ceesar himself; and thus
ended the sedition.
But after Osar's murder, another civil war broke forth Against
Brutus and Cassius, his murderers, which was managed by the con-
suls Lepidus Aiitonius, and Octavius Augustus. When this war
was ended l)y dint of the sword,'and Cassius and Brutus being dead,
not long after the secret and p: ivate grudges and quarrels between
* Which dignifies beftutifuJ.
Vol. 2. No. 4/* gccc
t THE FRAGMENTS OF
Augustus and Aotony, for tlie supreme power, broke out mto open
war: and nf^er mucti blood spilt on both side:3> Augustus gained iht
empire, whicb he. beld during his life, having now WEived his con»u*
lar power and digaity* "^
FROM THE SAME.
CTNNA and Marius*, ealUog together a council of the princtpRl
officers, consulted what ways and methods were best to be laJtcu fw
the better settling and confirmlnf^ the pcace^ At length tbey re-
solved to put to death the greatest persons of quality that were ini*
mical to them, and who were most capable of making a disturbance
nud of overturning all (heir aflairs; so that the factious party beinj
purged out from among them, they and their friends might goven
fur the future with more security, according to their own will anl
pleasure. Hereupon all regard to former leagues and articles w0
ivhoUy laid aside; persons were proscribed and butchered in every
place, without behig heard. At that time Quintus Luctatius Catulus
who hud had a glorious triumph for his victory over the Cimbrit
and had more than an ordinary share in the affections of the pe<^le,
was accused by a tribune of the people for a capital offence, who
fearing the imminent hazard of the calumny, made his application
to Marius, to entreat him to interpose for his deliverance, (for he had
been his friend formerly, but through some suspicion he then enter-
tained of him, he was become his enemy) ; but he answered him-.
Die you must. Upon this Catulus, perceiving there was no hopes
of Ins preservation, studied how to die without disgrace; to whick
end he destroyed himself by a strange and unusual way: for he shut
himself up in a house newly plaistcred, and caused a fire to be kindled,
by the smoke of which, and the moist vapours from the lime, he wu
there stifled to death.
* T)u9 was long before In time, and thereCore comet in here with relation to toiB« othu
lu.iiter bclorc related, but now loM} for this sedition wu in the l7Sd Oljzap.
t Danes
DIODCttVS 8ICULU9. tSS
BOOK XL.
being aboQt to write of the war against the Jewa, we esteem it
t of our province^ before we proceed further, in the first place
J to relate the origin ft thb nation, and their laws. In antient
I there happened a great pbgue in Egypt, and many ascribed
ause of it to God, who was offended with them. For there be>v
Dultitudes of strangers of scTeral nations who inhabited there,
made jose of their foreign rites and ceremonies in the admiois-
n of public sacrifices, the antient manner of worshipping ihm
, practised by the ancestors of the Egyptians, was qnite lost and
ftten. Hence it was that the natural inhabitants concluded,
unless all the strangers were driven out, they should ncTcr be
fimro their miseries. Upon which they were all espelled, and
DOSt valiant and noble among them, under the conduot of skil*
CMnmanders, as some relate, after many great hardships, came
Greece and other places, dt whom, amongst other leaders, the
Cunous and remarkable were Danaus and Cadinus« The great-
art of the people went into the country now called Judea, not
om Egypt, and at that time altogether desert and uninhabited,
leader of this colony was one Moses, a very wise and valiant
. who, after lie had possessed himself of the country, amongst
* cities, built that now most famous city, Jerusalem, and the
pie there, which is so greatly reverenced among them. He
instituted the manner of God*s worship, and the holy rites and
nonies; and made laws for the government of the common*
Ji, and reduced them into methodical order. He also divided
leople into twelve tribes, as the most perfbct number, as he
eived; because of answering the twelve months,- which make
le wliole year. But he made no representation or image of the
» because he judged nothing of a human shape was applicable
od: but that the heaven, which compasses the earth around, was
•nly God, and that all things were in its power. But he so or*
I the rites and cereroouics of the sacrifices, and the manner jmd
of their conversations as tliat they should be wholly diff*erent
ail other nations : for, by reason of the expulsion of his people,
)mmanded a most inhuman and unsociable conversation. He
rd out likewise the greatest persons of quality, who were best
to rule and govern the people, (then embodied into one nation)^
them he created priests; ^hose duty an4 ofiice was contint|ally
c64 TBS nAOUxam ot
to attend in the temple, and employ themselves in the public ^
ship and service of God. He likewise constituted them judges, for
the decision of the most weighty causes, and committed to their care
the keeping and preservation of the laws. Therefore they say that
the Jews never bad any king; but that the care and authority of go-
verning the people was always submitted io him, who excelled the
rest of the priests in prudence and virtue, whom they cal) the chief
priest) and him they i^ways supposed to be the mtmongtr and ifr*
terpreter of the mind and commands of God to them. And tbey
aay that he, in all their public assemblies and other meetings, de*
Clares what he has in command; and for that reason the Jewn are m
observant, that forthwith they prostrate themselves upon the groinrf,
and adore him as the high priest, and interpreter to them cif the o?
racles of god. But io the conclusion of the laws this is mb|duied.ip»
^* Moses, the Messenger* of God, tbus ssith to tkf Jews/* This
lawgiver likewise laid down many ei(cellent rulesi md inetraetions
for martial affairs, and inured the youth to hardsblpi and dilHeuWei^
and to exercise patience in all miseries and distresses. Moreofcr,
he undertook many wars against the peighbpuring nations, and gain*
led many large territories by force of arms, and gave them as an in*
heritance to his countrymen, in such n^nnertis that every one s|iaKd
alike, saving the priests, who had a larger portion than the rea^ thsl
having nM>re, they might continually attend upon the public wofaiilp
of God without interruption. Neither was it lawful for any m/ut fn
sell his inheritance allotted to him, lest, by the covetonaneM crfthoia
that buy, others should become poor, and so the natioii beoooie de*
populated. He ordered likewise the inhabitants to be careful in the
education of their children, who are brought up widi very little cost
or charge; and by that means the Jewish nation was alwnja popt^^
lous.
As to their marriages and funerals, he apppinted them biwa flineh
different from all other people. But under th^ empires wbieb ham
risen up in these later ages, especially in the fourth monarchy of tka
Persians, and in the time of the Macedonian eqipire, which
turned the former, through a mixture with foreign naliona,
the anti^nt laws among the Jews have been changed 9q4 I
pbsolete,
* Co wlw heaal dwte thiagt Ihwi CM.
THE FRAGMENTS
o»
DIODORUS SICULUS,
AS
PUBLISHED BY HENRY VALESIVS.
rm» ■■ -..li
667
DIODORUS SICULUS.
FRAGMENTS.
TO THE HEADER.
THESE fragments of Diodorus SicUlus, were first collected by Coo^
stantine the seventh, one of the eastern Emperors, the sod of Lea
the sixth. He began to reign about the year of our Ix>rd 911..^
He got together from all parts, books of all sorts of learning, in or-
der to make up a complete library. Out of the several authors, be
collected such observations as were most remarkable, and marshalled
such of them as concerned one and the same subject, under their
several distinct heads. The heads or common places of his histori-
cal collections were fifty-three in number; and made up a hundred
and six volumes. For he divided each head into two books; in the
first of which was contained what was said of that particular subject
by the most antient authors, or such as wrote universal histories from
the beginning of time. In the second are collections out of those
authors who wrote of the acts and a£birs past, in the time of the
Ceesars. That common place wherein are these fragments of Dio-
dorus, is one of the fifty-three, intituled thuS— Of Virtues and Vices.
It was brought out of Cyprus to Paris by Nicholas Fabricius, not
long before the fragments were pubtushed by Valesiu^^ as appears in
his epistle to Fabricius, as well as in that to the reader. The rest;
of the fifty-three heads of this emperor are lost, save only one, inti-
tuled thus Of Embassies, which is divided into two volumes. The
first, published by Fulvius Ursinus, where collections are again
made out of Diodorus; and the other by David Hceschelius. This
account of the preservation of these fragments, and how they camt
to light, I conceived was needful to satisfy the reader, to the end he
jnay be assured that he is not imposed upon by any thing fietitioui
or spurious.
666 Tllt& rRAGMEKTS Of
*BOOKVI.
1. CASTOR and Pollux^ who were also called Dioscuri^ are tald til
be eminent above oHierit Ibr valour, andremaitable in their aadtt*
ance in the expedition with the Argonauts; andafibrded consider*
able help to them that were hut otherwise very weaki and to say ill
in a word) they gained in all places exceeding great honour and re-
potation for their valour, justice, {Mety, and martial skill and disci*
pline, and were always ready in every hazardous exploit with sueh aa
weife most forward;' and therefore, for the eminence of their vahtti)
Ihejr were reputed tlie aons of JuptM*; and after their daatba^ mtm
honoured with divine hoaours.
2. Epopeus, king of Sicyon, cliallenging the godato m cnmhat^ It
that end destroyed their temples and altars.
Su Sisyphus is said to excel all others in craft and cunniogy and
by looking into the entrails of beasts^ declared future events.
4. SalmoneuB^ king of Elis, was proud and proihney
the gods, and preferrod hn own, above the acta of Jupiter J
and therefore, out of an engine* which sent forth a niiighty $imwi§
he used to thunder, and never offered any sacrifices, or dhaerved aii|
solemn festivals to the gods.
5. Tyro, they say, was Salmoneus's daughter, who was ao calk4
from her beauty and comeliness of persoOi
6.'Adnietu8) for bis justice and piety, was ao- approved ondba*
loved of the gods^ that when Apollo frli into tiie dlspirnauie €lJm
piter, he was ordered to be a servant to Admelus. They -aij lihamn^
that Alceste the daughter of Pelias> who was the only daugliter tM
was innocent as to the murder of her father, was married to Admetoi .
on account o( her piety. ^
7* MelampQs was beloved by ApoHo^ for his eminent virtues end
piety.
& When Troy was taken and entered^ jfiaeaa, with 4
of the dtizeosyposseased himself of part of tbed^joid <
bravely and valiantly agaii^st the assaults of tlie enemj» When the
Greeks^ upon the terms made, agreed that each of them ahonld i
Ty away as much of their goods as they could, all of them lot .
took away gold and sthrer, and whatever else was esteemed pteckm
* A brMen brMgc> orer wbicli be dranre a cbfttkt^ tO'faritala- i
Vii^. .£oeid. lib« §, , /. .; >' . ^or 1 •
.^^AhSkifw..
iand valuable $ bUC'be carried away only his old father upon his shoul-
tlers. The Grecians so much admired this^ that they permitted him
to make choice ef wliat part of his wealth and his household goods
he pleased ; upon which, taking only bis liousehold gods, the virtue
atxi piety of tire man astonished them more than before; for thejf
perceived) that m the height cf bis dangers and troubles, his chiefest
care was to disqhavge his duty to his father, and hb due Itnd pious
regards to the gods: and therefore, it is said, that both he, and the
rest of the Trojans that remained, bad liberty given them, with as«-
surance of safe passi^, to, go from IVoy lo whatsoever place they
pleased.
f 9. Romulus Sylvfius was exceeding pitHid all the days of bis Hf^^
and a contemner c^f the gods. When Jupiter thundered, he used
to command his soldiers, upon a sign given^ all at onoe to strike on
their shields with their swoids, and vaunted that it was a greater
Doise than tlie other, and therefore lie was struck dead with a thun*"
4flerboltfc
10. About this time, one Malachus became king of the chy of
Cuma, by ingratiating himself with the common people, and accus-^
ing and calumniating great men x for afterwards^ putting to deatb
the richest of the citizens, he seized their estates, and with the wealth
Ihus got, hired a strong guard, and inspired the Cumani with dread
sand terror^
11. Such was the eminent virtue of L»ycui^tts> that once when h^
came to Delphos, the oracle saluted him^with these verses* Seek in
the fragments of sentencesi
While the Ladedfemonians observed the laws of Lycurgtis^ frool
a mean and low condition, they became very powerful, and held the
sovereignty of Greece for above four hundred years. But when by
degrees they neglected and disregarded one bw i^er another, and
degenerated into sloth and voluptuousness, and b^aa to accumu«
Jate money and wealth, they lost their sovereign aathority.
12. Whereas the Elians were full of strong And useful fiien, And
had a well -governed commonwealth, the Lacedsdmonians, jealous of
the increase of their power^ endeavoured all they could to make them
sacred, that so being at peace, they might gain no experience in mat<>
ters of war; to that end, with the consent of all the Grecians^ they
devoted them to Jupiter; and therefore, neither when Xerxes broke
into Greece, were they compelled to raise soldiers, but, as the priests
of Jupiter, and overseers of the games, were free^ Nor in the civil
wars of the Greeks did any molest them, all endeavouring to preserve
their country as a city sacred and inviolable* But in after times> th^
Elians betook themselves to arms of their own accord*
Vol.2. No.47« PJ>D]|
13, The twg iKotbers, Romulus aiiJ Remus, being tbu$ exposed
in a cradle, when they grew up to men's estate, far excelled their
equals in strengtli and eonieilness of tlieir persons; and secured ill
the shepherds and thefr flciek^j by freeltjj; them from the thieves that
used to make n iftcy of them, killlojr some iu their attempts upop the
flocks, and taking others. And besides tlie honour they g;:atned by
tiicir valour, they were greatly beloved by <be neighbouring shep-
herdsj bolh for tlieir familiar converse, and their civil and courteous
behaviour to all that made their addresses to lbem< The security
thererore of them nil being lodged hi them, most persons submittei
to them of their own accord^ and were obscrv:mt of [heir command^
went wheresoever they were orde ed by them.
4. Polychares the Messcnian, a man of noble birth, and W
h, entered into a strict bond of familiarity and friendship iritiv
ephnus the Spartan, who taking upon him the protection of tto
flocks and shepherds, bef^an to covet what they had; but his trei-
chery was soon discovered : for having sold some oxen^ together with
the herdsmen themselves, to foreign merchants, and prete tiding thai
rohbirs bad carried them away by force, it happened that the mer-
chants sailing by the coasts of Peloponnesus towards Sicily, by a sud^
den storm were cast upon the land* Hereupon the herdsmen, tak*
ing advantage of the nii^ht, got ashore; and being well acquainted
with the piaccj thvl and nuide iheir escape; and when they came to
Messena, they declared the whole business to their master: where-
upon Pulycliares concealed the herdsmen, and sent for Eucephnus
from Laceda?mon; who, when lie came, swore^ and impudeotly
stood it out, that the shepherds and herdsmen were some of tbem
forcibly carried away by robbers, and the rest were killed: upon which
Pulychares forthwith produced the herdsmen. At widch Eticeph*
Tius was amazed; and thus plainly convibtcd of falsehood, preseotly
began to beg pardon, and promised to restore all the cattU, and used
many words to regain his favour. Polychares therefore, out of re;*
gard to the sacred ties of friendship, concealed the fact, ftod sent bis
son with Eucephnus to Lacedfiemon to recover the cattle. JKut Eu-
ceplinus, disregardful of his promises, murdered the young man that
yvus sent along with him to Sparta. Polychares, enraged at this
bloody act, required the Spartans to deliver up the murderer. But
the Lacedaemonians, not willing to comply with his demands, sent
the son of Eucephnus with letters to Messena, wherein Polychares
v.as ordered to come to Sparta, and there to abide the judgment of
the ephori and the kings, concerning the matters whereof be com-
phiincd; but Polychares, by way of retaliatiooj killed the son of
DIODORUS 8ICULUS. Sfl
■ ■■ ■ ' ■■ -■- ■ * ' .^ ■. . II ii'ii
^ucephnus, and drove away a prey of cattle out of the country oi!
Sparta.
15. Archias the Corinthian falling in love with Actseon, first
courted the youth with presents and fair promises; but not bein&r
able to prevail by reason of the honesty of the boy's father, and the
sobriety and modesty of the young nian himself, he got a compaivy
of his friends together, resolving to do that by force which he couM
not obtain by entreaty and fair means. Having therefore made him-,
self drunk, with those he had brought along with him, he was hur-
ried on to that degree by his love-passion, that he broke forcibly in-'
to the house of Melissus, and took away the boy by force; but his
father with his household servants laying hold of his son to detain
him, and both parties earnestly striving to get him one from the
Other, the poor child was pulled to pieces among them, so that his
sufferings, and manner of them, occasioned both grief and admira^-
tion at one and the same time; for the youth came to the like end
with him tliat bore the same name*, both of them being destroyed
much in %he same manuery by those that came in to their assist*
ance.
16. Agatliocles, to whom was committed the care of buildihg a
temple to Minerva, paid the money out of his own purse; but htt
selected the best and largest of the stones^ and built for himself a
sumptuous and stately house: but the power of the goddess made It-
self evident, in destroying Agathocles with a thunderbolt, and burn-
ing his house; and the Geomorians confiscated his goods, although
his heirs proved clearly that be had not embezzled any of the sacrcrl
treasure. They consecrated likewise the carcass of his house, and
made it a place inaccessible, which is now called Embionteeum.
17. Pompilius, king of Rome, lived , peaceably all his d^s^ and
some say he was a hearer of Pythagoras, and that he had his laws
concerning religion from him, and many other things which mucii
advanced his reputation; and therefore, though he was a stranger, ho
was sent for to take upon him the crown.
18. Diodes, king of the Medes, when all sorts of wickedness a*
bounded, was eminent for justice and all other virtues.
VJ, The Sybarites -were addicted to gluttony and voluptuousnessy
and sucli w^s th<:ir strife and study to be luxurious, that they love^i
the lohians and Thuscians above all other strangers, because those
^morig tlie Greeks, and these an^otig the barbarians, were most lux-i
urious and effeminate. It is said that Mjndyrides was the most vo-
luptuous of any of the Sybarites; for when Clisthenes, king of Si^
cyon, was victor in the race with chariots drawn by four horse^^^ 'd^i^
* Act^son «va^ torq iu pieces bv bit own ^o^ty
THE FKAGMENTS OW
i) proclaimed by the crier That whosaevL^r would m*»Ty Uii
cfaugliter, a most beautiful lady, should come to Sicyoti at a cefiaio
day appointed^ this Mindyrjdes set out from SybarU in a res^vl of
above fifty oars of a side^ and furnished it with rowers oiit of hb owti
family, of whom some were fishermeu, and the rest were fiivlers —
And vwljen he came iuto the haven of Stcyon, he not only far sur-
passed all bis rivals for state and grandeur, but likewise the king
himself, although the whole city, out of vued gU*ry, pntfoidy ciw-
tributed their wealth to Clisthenes. And being [nvsenily afier hii
arrival entertained at supper^ and asked by one who »hfnihl ^U neit
hiitiT he caused it to be proclaimed by the voice of an herald — Tltt
lie would *it next the bride, or by himself alone.
20, Hippometieji, archon of Athen^t, when bts daughter had plafrf
tiie whore, punished her ultor a niosi cruel and iuhuuuin manner;
for he shut her up in a stable with a horse kept *ome days wtthottt
meat, which through want of food at length eat up the miserable and
unfortunate lady.
:3L Arcesihus, kine of Cyrene, hein^ grievously aMieted with
many pressing calamiiieSj cottsulted the oruclc at Dclphos; to whom
ApoUo answered — ^That the gtwls were, angry because none uf ilic
j(uceeccling kings since Battus governed no justly and riEfhteouAly as
he didj fv>r he reigned oiihlly nnd genlly, content only wUU the nnme
pf a king; and that which was most commendafajf of all was, that
he carefully kept and maintained the worship of the gods; bat his
successors have ever since reigned tyrannically, and converted the
public treasure to tlieir own private use^ and neglected the senrice of
the gods.
22. Demonax of Mantinea^ was the arbitrator to allay the sedition
among the Cyreneans, a person of great honour and esteem for his
wisdom and justice. When he arrived at Cyrene all their differences
were referred to him, and he reconciled the cities upon these terms
^nd conditions
23. Lucius Tarquinius, king of the Romans, being carefully edu-
cated from a child, and much addicted to the liberal sciences, was
greatly admired by all for his virtuous qualifications; and therefore,
when he attained to man's estate, he was in great favour and esteem
with Ancus Martins then king of Rome; and, together with the king,
he ordered and managed many of the weighty affairs of the kingdom.
Being very rich himself, he liberally supplied the wants of otbers,
and.was courteous and obliging to all, and therefDre cried op greatly
for his wisdom.
24. Solon was the son of Exechestides ; he was an Athenian, aod
his ancestors inhabitants of the island of Sabuoiai for wisdom and
DlQI>e9;V& W>UL^S. &73
laarBing h& fajr exfi^eM^ 4U of his time : beiog viituously inoUoed ia
his youths he ^ppUed biv^elf to the atudy of the best arts and sciea-»
ces : and having long inured hUaself to aU aorta of leainiog, he be^
came the great master aod cluimpi0a of eTerjh virtue. For, being
uoder the care of the best tutors from a child> when he gr«w up to
man's estate, he associated with sqch as were esteemed the greatest
philosophers ; upon the account of which conveise, he was esteemed
one of the seven wise men, and was not only preferred before al|
the rest, but likewise before all others that wene eminent for tlieir
wisdom. He was in great honqiir for making q£ laws, and admiMd
by all for his singular prudence in. his private discourses and answere,
and in giving counsel and advice* When the Athenians became
lonians in tlielr manners, and in a high degree tuxurioua audeflfemi-
nate, Solou by degrees gained them to the love of virtue and honours-
able actions : for Hxu*modius and Aristogiton, principled by his laws
and discipline, overturned the tyranny of Pisistratus.
25. There was one Myson of Malea, living in a town called Che-
na, who lay most commonly in the fields, obscure, unknown almost
to every one, upon the expelling of Periander the Corinthian fof hit
tyranny and cruelty, was taken into the society of one of the sevea
wise men. -
26. Chilo lived according to his doctrine, which is a thing rare to
be found : for we may see many philosophers in our age, who talk
at a great rate, yet their manners and couvse of life are filthy and abo-
minable, who look and speak like grave wise men, yet by their ac-
tions give themselves the lie* But Chilo, besides his virtuoua life
all his days, conceived and uttered many excellent things worthy of
remark.
27. Pittacus Mitylene, was a man not only to be adn)ired for his
wisdom, but was such a citizen a$ Lesbos never before produced the
like, nor is ever likely to do, as I think, till it produce pleoty of sweet
wine. For he was an excellent law-maker, and civil and courteooa
towards all his fellow citizens in their various meetings and public
assemblies, and freed his country from the three most grievous cala-
mities, tyranny, sedition, and war. He was a most prudent and oour-r
teous man, ever ready to excuse other men's faults, and tlierefore
seemed to be a person perfectly virtuous in every respect; for in
making of laws, he was prudent and politic, faithful to his word, va-*
liant ill war, and one that scorned corrupt lucre and gain.
2S. The Prienians say That Bias having redeemed fr^om the
hands of robbers some captive Messenian virgins, persons of consi-
derable quality, he took thetn into his own house, and honourabi]^
entertained them as his own daughters : aod wb» their lelatiOBi
» THE FRACMENTJt Or
u^ kindred i ne to Priene to look after them^ he rtstorcd tbem to
their fnendst, vithout ticking any thing cither for their dji^t or »*
dcaiption ; but on the contrary presented tliem with many gifts oat
of his own estate^ And dierefore the ladies loved him as their own
fAtber, both for his noble entertainment, and the targcoets of hh
bounty; £>o that when they rcturnt^d home, they were still mindful of
bis kindnesij to them: and therefore, when the 6sherii>en of Mcisc-
M drew up a brazen tripod with their nets, whereon were inscnbed
these words To the wisest! they proeured It to be given to Biis-
He was the tnost rhetorieal and eloquent man in his time; but far
diflerent from all others in the use he made of his eloquenee ; for he
was wot mercenary, nor atmtrd at gain, Imt practised it for ihtf lelief
of men in distress, which is rare now to be found.
29. Cyrus, ilie son of Camhyscs and Mandane, nephew to Astva-
gfs king of the Medes, for valour, prudtnce^ and other virtues, ex-*
celled all others in the age wherein he lived; for his father gave bim
1 royal education, encouraging him to every thing that was high and
brave. And even while he was a boy be gave evident tokcn» of Im
attempting great things at onetime or another; his virtue and valour
appearing now beforehand so evidently while he was but a ehitd^i
^0. Astyages, king of the Medes^ being beaten in a battle, and
forced to a dishonourable fiight, was enraged at his soldiers, and dis-
banded all his oilicer.^. nnd phced others in their steiid; but as for
those that were the occasion of the flight, he picked them oat of all
his troops and put them to death, thinking by this eicample to make
the rest more careful in the discharge of their duty when they came
to fight; for he was naturally cruel and implacable. But his soldiers
were so far from being terrified by his severity, that, in hatred of hia
cruelty and inhumanity, every odc of them were ready to revolt,
and to that end began to meet in great companies, and talk trea-i
ton, stirring up one another to revenge the deatlxs of their fellow
soldiers.
31. Cyrus, they say, was not only valiant against the enemy, but
mild and gentle towards his subjects; and therefore the Persians call
him their father.
32. One Adrastus a Phrygian, by casting a dart at a l)oar lo hunt-
ing, accidentally killed Atys the son of Croesus, king of L^dia; and
though he slew him unintentionally, yet he said that he himself who
killed him was not worthy to live, and therefore entreated Crcesua
not to spare bim, but forthwith to cut !ils throat at his son's sepul-
chre. Croesus w^s indeed at first in a rage with Adrastus for tlie
death of his son, and threatened to burn him alive; but when he
i that the young man did not Sccck to. avoid puuishmeut> but
DIODORUS SICULUS. 97^^
rather voluntarily offered his life as a sacrifice fur the deed, his anger
was appeased, and he pardoned him, complaining of his own mis*
fortune, and not of any purpose or design in the young man^ ho#-
ever, Adrastus went privately to the sepulchre of Atys an(l there kill-
ed himself.
33. Croesus, king of Lydia, pretending to send Eurybatas the E-
phesian to Delphos, sent him in truth with a great sum of money in-
to Peloponnesus to hire soldiers 5 but Eurybatus fled to Cyrus, king
of Persia, and discovered to him all Croesus's designs: and therefore
this treachery of Eurybatus was so remarkable among the Grecians,
that when they would upbraid any man with a base action, they call
him Eurybatus.
34. Cyrus believing that CroesUs was a religious man, because a
sudden storm of rain from heaven extinguished the fire in the pile
whereon he was burnt, and calling to mind the saying ofSoloo; car-
ried Croesus along with him, using him with all honor and respect,
and made him one of his privy council, conceiving him to be a pru-
dent man, who had familiarly conversed with so many and such emi-
nent persons for wisdom.
85* Servius Tullius king of Rome reigned forty-four years, and ottt
of his own virtuous disposition ordered many things for the good of
the commonwealth. .
3G. When Thericles was chief magistrate at Athens in the sixty^
first olympiad, Pythagoras the philosopher flourished, having attain-
ed to the highest pitch of wisdom ; a man worthy to have his memo-
ry eternized, if ever any philosopher deserved it; he was bora at Sa-
nios» though some say at Tyrrhenum. His speeches were uttered
with so much grace, and force of persuasion that almost the whole
city gazed upon him daily, as if some god had been before ' them,
and u great concourse of people came from all parts to hear Urn.
And he was not only eminently eloquent, but very sober and grave,
and was a wonderful example for young men to imitate in the course
of their lives iu that respect: and all whom he conversed with he
dissuaded from vain pomp and luxury; all the inhabitants of that
country (through plenty and fulness of all things among them) beidg
given to ef!'emliiacy and filthiness both of body and mind*
This Pythagoras, when he heard that Pherecydes once his master
was very sick in the island Delos, forthwith sailed out of Italy thi-
ther; where after he had for some time cherished the old roan, and
used his utmost endeavour to restore him to health, at length, through
old age and tlie violence of his distemper, he died, and Pythagoras
carefully buried him; and so having performed the oflice and duty
of a son, as to a father, he returned into Italy.
Vy^ THE tRAGMEKTS OP
S7. Th« PytlHigofeilns (if any cf their society fall ifllto dewy) 4i-
vidfe and contribute fn'oportions of thetr jg^ods w Mia that it "so in
1*rfrm, as if tae were their brother; and this they do, «ot •oly u to
tifefn that are daily conversant vfiAx them, but HkeWise to ^ ochM
of the same sect and profession wherever they be. And iberafin^
tme Clinlias of Tfffentnm when he understood Vhat Proran « Cyvmian
nnd a Pythagoitfan, by Bome misfortune -or cjther had lost iill fah«s«
Ulte, and was becoitie exceeding poor, passed miit otft of Italy to Cy-
I'ene with a consriderabte sum of money, and ffiode fip the loss of Us
fKttrimony though he had never seen him before, hut ^oty uaderatood
% heatsay that he ivas a Pythagorean. And k is tepolted that ma-
ny others have done the like. And they have not only soppKed their
cottipamoBs with money in their wants, but lunre hazarded their fer-
son's with them in the most dangerous times. For iti the H^gtt of
Dionysius the Tyrant it is reported that one Phrnrliasa PjrthaigcAcaay
Ivhen by fhe contrivance of the tjrrant he was to be led to eseoatim,
-desired of Dionysius but a few days to scale his faousehcAd idUls»
tind provttii^ that in the mean thne he would leave ooe «f hkCrkAds
to suffer in his stead, if he returned not. Dionysrus hareopoB «MNh
dering whether any such fricfnd could be Ibond, who HFdiAd be wQ-*
ling to be cast into gaol for his friend, Phhitias presently called Da^
mon a Pythagorean, one of his scholars, who forthwith wtthootvay
hesitation became his hostage to die in his rootn.
Many there were that conmiended this singular deaionatrtfckta df
)ove and kindness to his friend, o^ers condemned it as a IbeKsli Mi
rash act. But at the day appointed, all the people ^fiooked togethi^i
very eaniest to see whether he «hat had left his pledge wofoM ^peifum
his word. But tlie day drawing near to an end, everybody began »
despair, and Damon Was led forth to execution, and then on a Md-
deU) at the very last moment of the day, Pbintlas came ratnanag inl
This wonderful friendship and kindness for each other was adnifacd •
by all; and Dionysus pardoned the condemned person^ and dcsbrf
that he himself might be taken into the society.
SB. The Pythagoreans 'had a great art in improving iheir llieai9*
Ties, and to that end employed their utmo^ care and diligence. Fbr
the first thing they did con^tanffly tffter they rose firotti (heif beds ik
a morning, was to recollect anfi Call to midd (every thing they had
done the day before, from the morning to the evening: and if they
had time and leisure, they would go 'back to 'examine the 'adUons dJF-
the second, third, and fourth days, and sometimcslartfaerj eoaceivii^
it rery helpful and advantageous for improving the memoty^ and Itt*
creasing knowledge.
S9. These philosophers inured themselves to absttnciiee bylUi
DIODORUS SICULV8. ^fj
means. They prepare all sorts of delicacies and laritiesy such as
tables are furnished with at solemo feasts f and after they have gazed
on tbenei for a considemble time^ ob purpose to whet their appetite^
which naturally desires in such eaaea to be gratified^ on a s«iddcn the
table is ordered to be whipped away^ and thereupon they withdraw,
without tasting any of the dainties.
40. Pythagoras commanded his disciples to forbear taking an oath
as much as they could; but when they had once taken it, to be care^
ful to keep it. Having likewise regard to what was convenient, even
in the acts of Venus, he advised to abstain from women in the snin«>
mer time, and to be moderate and sparing in winter: for he looked
upon all carnal copulation to be hurtfuU but if it were freqaene, he
saidy it impared the strength, and was destructive*
He advised likewise, that the sacrificers should not make their ad-
dresses to the gods in rich and gaudy habits, hut only in white and
clean robes; and should not only bring before them bodies free froi|i
gross and outward wickednesses, but pure and undefiled souls. Com^
manding these and mauy such like things, and stirring men up to
sobriety, valour, constancy, and all other virtues, he was adored by
the Crotonians as if he had been a god.
<41. One Cylo of Crotona, the most wealthy and eminent man
of all the citizens, being desirous of being received into the society of
the Pythagoreans, was rejected, because he was naturally a fierce and
stubborn man, seditious and ambitious. At which he was so en<»
raged, that he got together a number of factious persons i^inst the
Pythagoreans, and began to rail and do all the mischief he could to
them.
42. Lysis the Pytliagorean, going to Thebes in Boeotia, became
tutor to Epaminondas, and instructed him in all the ways of virtae;
and by reason of his excellent endowments adopted him to be his
fion: and Epaminondas, from those sparks of knowledge he had
gained from the Pythagorean philosophy, excelled not only the Tfae^
bans, but all the rest of the Grecians of his time, in patience, fhiga^
lity, and all other virtues.
43. To write the lives of persons in former ages is indeed a diffi^^
cult and troublesome task to the historians, but very profitable to o-.
thers, for their direction iu the course of their lives. For this kind
of history, by recording good and bad actions, graces the^ memory of
the good, and fixes a stain upon the name of the wicked, by sharing
out praise and disgrace to each of them according as they deserve if*
<^ For praise is a certain reward of virtue without cost; and disgrace
<* is the punishment of vice without a wound." , And therefore it is
very fit that every oue should understand, that according to.the course
Vol. 2, No. 47. VBX&
6T^ THE FRAGMENTS Ot
of life men lead here, sach will be the account and remembrance of
them afterwards when they are dead; so that they need not emplof
all their thoughts upon marble monuments^ which are set op only in
a little comer, and decayed and gone in process of time; but rather
apply their minds to learning, and other virtuous qualifications, which
would render their names famous over all the world.
Foe time, which consumes all other things, preserves these to
perpetual generations; and the older they grow, the more fresh
and flourishing it presents them. For they that have gone long
ago, are still in every man's mouth, as if they were now at this very
day alive.
44. Cambyses was naturally furious and even a madman^ and the
more fierce and insolent on account of his large domioioo.
Cambyses the Persian, puffed up with the success of his urns, after
the taking of Memphis and Pelusium*, insolently demolished the aa»
pulchre of Amasis, an antient king of Egypt; and finding hb body
embalmed with odoriferous spices, basely and inhumanly cudgeled it
and abused it with all manner of contempt, and afterwards ordend
it to be burnt to ashes. Fur, because the Egyptians never burnt
their dead bodies, he thought by this means he sufficiently revenged
himself of the man who was dead long before.
Cambyses, when be prepared for his expedition against the iEtlu*
opians, sent part of his army against the Ammonians, and commaod-
ed his officers to rob the temple of Jupiter Ammon, set it on fire,aad
make all the people around captives.
45. Certain Lydians flying away to avoid the tyrannical govern*
ment of Oroetes, the governor of the province, went to Samoa with a
vast treasure of gold, and humbly addressed themselves to Polycra-
tes for relief; who at first courteously entertained ftiem, but notlo^g
after cut all their throats, and robbed them of their money.
46*. Thcssalus the son of Pisistratus, a wise and prudent awn^ WH
luntarity abdicated the sovereignty, and acted only as a private maa,
contented merely to share in the common rights and liberties of
the citizens, for which he was held in high esteem and repadh
tion.
But his brothers Ilipparchus and Hippias, being rigid and emd,
ruled tyrannically over their citizens. After they liad for so
grievously oppressed the Athenians, Hipparchus fiilling in love ^
a beautiful boy, plunged himself into pe^rilous circumstances : fat
Harmodius and Aristogiton joined in a conspiracy against the tyranff
in order to free their country from slavery: but Aristogiton was the
chief man for a brave and resolute spirit, in enduring all sorts of tor-
ments with patience and constancy, who in the most periloos tifl
DIODORUS SICULUS. $79
was especially famous for two things^ frnthfuloess tb his friends^ and
just revenge to his enemies*
■ 47. Zeno of FMsy being seized upon for a conspiracy agai A Ne-
archus, who tyrannically oppressed the country, was put to the rack.
When the tyrant asked him who were his fellow conspirators; he re-
plied, I would to God I had as much command of the rest of my bo«
dy as I have of my tongue.
Hereupon the tyrant screwing him up, and tormenting him th^
more, Zeno for sopie time courageously endured the pain, but after-
wards, to free himself and be revenged on the tyrant, be had this con-
trivance— ^The rack being extended to the utmost, he feigned as if
he could no longer bear it, and therefore cried out to release him
and lie would discover all; the rack being thereupon loosed, he de-
sired the tyrant would come to him himself, for he had many things
to discover, which required secrecy. Upon which he came readily
to him, and put his face close to Zeno's ear; upon which he took
fast hold of the tyrant's ear with hb teeth 3 whereupon the guards
came running in, and racking him to the utmost they could, to ibrcd
him to let go his hold, he fastened histeefh the more fiercely; to
that the guard not being able to baffle the resolution of the man, the]^
were forced to entreat him to let go : and by this trick, he was released
from his torments, and at the same time had his revenge upon the
tyrant.
48 Sextus, the son of Lucinius Tarquinius, kiqgof the Romans^
took a journey to the city of Collatia, and there lodged at the house
of Lucius Tarquinius, the king's nephew, whose wife was called Lu-
cretia, a most beautiful lady, and renowned for her chastity. Sextus
70se up in the night and broke down her chamber door, when she
was in bed, and attempted to force her, her husband being then ia
the camp at Ardea, and with his drawn sword in his hand threatened
to kill her unless she yielded, and told her he had a slave ready,
whom he would lay naked in bed with her, and kill them both, that
it might be said she was justly killed in *the act of adultery, and
that he had done it in revenge of the injury done his kinsman..-.
And therefore it was better for her quietly to gratify him in What hfi
desired, promising her likewise manylarge and rich rewards, and to
marry her, and so from a private condition, she would be advanced
to the state and dignity of a queen. Lucretia, amazed at the strange-i
7)ess and suddenness of the thing, and fearful lest it should b^
thought she was killed really in the act of adultery, was quiet at that
time. Tiie next day, when Sextus was gone, she sent for all her ser-
vants and household, and desired they would not suffer the wicked-*
DCS3 of tt)e man to go unpunished, who had violate^l all the lawt of
580 TflS nUlGMBNTS OV
friendship liod hospitality: and as for barsdf, she iaM, it ipasoot
honourable longer to survive the violation at her ehaatit|r« Ami hav*
ing tl^ spoken, she stabbed herself with a 4ag;gci^ and ao toeathed
her last.
49' Hippocrates, king of Gela, after his victoiy over the Syiaca*
sans, when he encamped near the temple of Jnpiters to6k the chief
priests, and some of the principal citizens of Syiaciiae» who bad spoil-
ed the temple of some of the consecrated golden veaa^ and car-
ried awi^ other things, especially Jupiter's cloafc^ wUch was made
of massy and solid gold, sharfdy rebuked them aa aacrilegioiia per*
sons, and commanded them forthwith to return to the citj» He
himself touched none of the things devoted, both to adtanee the ere*
dit and reputation of bis own name, as likewise jndlgiiv iti^nfit Csr
him> who had undertaken so great a war, to act so g^«nt « piece of
impiety against the gods. Besides, he coooeived fay thb iraw ha
should stir up the people against the governors of Syfacnsa^ who nd*
ed the commonwealth with riigour, bcg^ondaU bonnda 4if anodemlian
or equity.
50* Theron of Agrigentum, for wealth and nobilitjr of birtliy and
bis courteous carriage, towards even the meaoeat of iha fMople, mm
pot only highly honoured amongst the citizens^ but even aflsoDgaU
the Sicilians.
51 Cimon the sou of Miltlades, when his father died in the i
moa gac4, because he was not able to pi^ the fine ii
him, gave up himsffif into custody, to abide in prison for bia fabler's
mulct, that he might have the body of his parent to bwy it.
52. Cimon was very eminent when he was a civil nagistii^
and afterwards became a bmous general in the waniy and psi^
formed such actions by his valour, as are worthy
remembrance.
59* Those of Thermopylse died fighting conragoooaly^
lour, &c ..^ ^ ^ Which sare published in the llth bocdt of Disr '
dor«s*s history, page 369, of the present edition.
What is further contained in tfie manuscript, I havie j
mitted, to the amount of twelve foliod, heoawM thegrniv k
^be history.
.>'7-<J^.'.
DfODOHUS BICULV9 .%Bl
FROM THE SAME..
1. ANTICIONUS, from a private man, advanoed to the state ani
dignity of a king, was the iDOst potent priDce of any of his time; but
not contented with his condition, without the least colour of right,
was prompted by his ambition to grasp at the dominions of other
princes, and by that means both l<>fit his own, and his Hfe at tins
jame time*.
2. When Agathodes heard that the Ligurians and lynrbeniaiis
had mutinously fallen upon his son Archagatfaus, in his absence, for
their pay, he put them all to the sword, to the namber of almost
two thousand.
3. The Thracians, who had taken Agnthocies, the son of king
Lysimachus, in a battle, sent him back to bis &ther with several
gifts; by this means hoping, in case of misfortunes, to shelter them*
selves under his protection, and hereby likewise to induce him free-
ly to restore their territory, which he then possessed: ior they were
out of all iiopes of victory, seeing so many potent kings conlederaSed
with Lysimachus.
4. DromichGetes, king of Thrace, having taken Lynmadius pri-
soner, treated him with every kind of civility; and kissed and em-
braced him, calling him his father, and brought him with his diilr
dren into the city of Helis. And when the Tfaracsans came in a bo-
dy together, and demanded that the captive king should be brought
forth and put to death, for it was but just and equal that they who
liad adventured their lives, should dispose of the captives as they
tliought fit ; Dromichcetes making a speech against potting the king
to death, told the soldiers that it was for the public good to preserve
the king: for if they killed him forthwith, someothe^ would tdie
possession of his kingdom, who periiaps might become more formi-,
dable to th^m than Lysimachus. But on the other hand, if they pre-
served him, that favour would work so much, as in gratitude to pro-
duce a favourable respect to the Thracians, and to procure, without
running any risk, tlte restitution of all those forts and castles which
formerly belonged to the Thracians.
The army then agreeing to what he said, he brought forth all the
friends and servants of Lysimachus whom he could find among the
captives, and delivered them to him. Afterwards, when he ofiered
a solemn sacrifice to the gods, he invHed Lysimachus and M hit
♦ AttbcbattJcoflssus,
S82 THE PRAGM£NTi OF
friends, with the chief officers and commaDden of the Thrackiis to
soppen And having prepared two apartments, he cowered the bedi
whereon Lysimachus and his friends were to sit, with rich eupetl^
part of the spoils takea in battle; bat for himself and tbe rest ^i the
Thracians, the coverings were but poor and mean. He picpnreci
Kfcwtse two sorts of suppers) that tw Lysinmehus JB4r|ik:frtc&dt
consisted of all sorts of raritks and noble dishes^ set npoa sahev
tables; but for the Thraciaos, he ordered herbs and flesh meanly
dressed, to be set on a table uncovered, in wooden pUttten. To con-
cUtde, the first were served with wine in gold and silver hoifb} IM
lor himself and his Thracians, he ordered cups of wood iMid iKicn^
after the mauner of the Get», Afterwards^ in the he%ht of the
leastt be filled up the greatest horn with wine, and calling Lyaiva-
dms father, asked him wbiQb of the two seeo^'d to )yai more prioer-
ly, a Thracian or a Macedonian supper? When LgrsioDpeliwa replied^.
n Macedonian. See tbe rest in the fragments of fntences,
5. King Demetrius, after he had forced the rest of the caitiai if m
sobmission, conducted himself nobly towards the Bopocianss for he*
sides the fourteen persons, that were at the head of the defiei^tiovit he
pardoned ail the rest.
(L Arebaigathus was valorous and poQnigeo«Sjbe]fOQdli|si^s |oc
be was very young.
7. Timieus was a bitter censprer of former historians, jret in other
parts of his history, very careful to declare the truth; but hie liatred
ef Agathocles was such, that he forged many things concerning bia
actioiis; for, being banislied by AgathcKles out of tbe island^ he
could not be revenged of the tyrant while he lived: bnt afiter hh
deatli, be loaded him with reproaches in his liistory, to mek^ hw 1
mory odious to all posterity. For besides the vices this lung
really guilty of, he imputed many others to him, invented hj liini-i
self, and always lessened his prosperous spccesses, and aggravated
his misrortunes which were merely casual, and turoed them upon-
himself as the cause of them, through his own ipiscarriages. Foe
whereas all knew that Agathocles was^a prudent and expert
and commander, and was bold and courageous in the greatest (
cuhics, he is all along in his history contio^ally calling him a 1
headed coward. And yet who is there tliat is ignonmt that
were ever under meaner circumstances who afterwarda l\^taiiied t/h
such a degree of sovereignty and dominion? for his povcrqr end
low birth was such, that from his childhood he was a meanartifieer*:|
but afterwards by his valour, he not only gained the sovereign powei:
over all Sicily, but conquered a great part of Ita^ imd Afpn^ jf^
♦ A potter's ¥m^
DIODORUS SICULUS. 583
any one may justly wonder at the vanity of Timaeus, who almost in
every page extols the valour of the Syracusans, and yet affirms him
who conquered them to be the greatest coward of any man living...^
From these contradictions add iticoDsisttncies it is clear and mani-
fest, that out of a private pique and disgust he betrayed the trust of
a faithful historian: and therefore his last five books, wherein are se
forth the acts of Agatliocles, for very good reason, were oerer approve
cd by any.
8. Callias, likewjse a Syracusan, deserves as much to be censured
as the other, who being enriched and advanced by Agathoctes, ne*
ver ceases piaising him far above hi^ desert, and so dtshooauiiiig
history, which should be the herald of truth. For whereas Agatho-r
cles in many things violated both the laws of God and man, lie cries
him up as the most pious and righteous man in the world. To eon*
dude, as Agathocles took away, the goods of the citizens by force,
and most wrongfully bestowed them upon this writer, so this admir-
able historiographer, by way of requital, loads him with praises of
all sorts and sizes. But in my opinion it were no difficult task, hf
way of grateful return, to repay favours received from jirioces, bf
moderate and due praises and commendations^
9. After the mercenary soldiers* had agreed with the Syracit-
sans, they marched off, and were received by the Messantattt at
friends and confederates: and being thus kindly entertained by the
citizens, in the night they murdered all their hosts, and took their
wives as their own, and possessed themselves of the city.
10. When Demetrius was a prisoner at PelIa,JLysimachus sent an
ambassador to Seleucus, to caution him not to suffisr him upon any
terms to get out of his hands, being, as he said, an insatiably ambi-
tious man, and one continually plotting against tlie kings; and pro-
mised lie would give him two thousand talents if he would put De-
metrius to death. But Seleucus sharply rebuked the ambassadors,
for endeavouring to persuade him not only to violate his iaith, but
to commit so horrid a piece of wickedness against one so nearly re-
lated to him. But he wrote a letter to his son Antiochus, who was
then in Media, to ask his advice what should be done with Deme-
trius; for he had resolved to release him, and restore him honour-
ably to his kingdom; but was willing likewise to have the favour
acknowledged by his son Antiochusfj who had married Stratonice,
the daughter of Demetrius, and had several children by her.
* The Mamertines. t Soter.
B84 tnt fHAGUMxm tut
BOOK XjpL
1. WH£N a ganiaoo was pot into Rhcgi«a hf liie Kdumm^ Die*
cias, a Campaniany a covctoos and impudaiit feUow> acted tlic Iwt
and treacherous part of the Mamertines; for as they were rcerivod
as fiiends by the Messaniaiis^ and aeiaed opott thab city> and eat the
tbroats of all the McssaBiaiis their kndbtdsy ui thdr tnm fcoosai^
and married their wives^ and possessed themselves of the caMca el
those they had murdered ; so the Campanian soUBefai to whoos, with
I>ecius, the garrison of Rhegiam was eomaaitted by the
mih the like perfidioosness lulled all the Rhegiana^ ^d
their goods among theaoselTeS) possessed tbemaelves of the eity*^
But Decins the governor^ afker he had sold the goods of tiMiae Btt»-
serable people, and shared the money he had treacheioaaly wnrni,
was expelled from Rhe^um by the Canipaniaasi his eo^pactneis ia
this wicked act. But every one of these perfidioos vUlaisa at lei^
met with their just reward: for Decius being seised witk ft giiemm
pain in his eyes^ sent for an eminent physician of Rhegiun^ whcs
to revenge the wrong done to his country, anointed Deeina's eyes
with cautharides, and by this means having made him ataik bliady
forthwith quitted Messana.
2. Phiotias having tyrannically oppressed his dtiMBS, and pot la
death many of the wealthy men, bc^|^ to be hated by Us salyects
for bis cruelty; and therefore all being ready for a geneial ddee*
tion, and he himself reduced to great straits, on a suddea
his former course, and ruling more moderately^ kept his
within the bounds of their duty and obedience.
3. Ptolemy Ceraunus, king of Macedonia^ being indeed i
and altogether unexpert in military a£Eurs, and eatandly laah
weak-headed, made no provision for any thing aa he o^ghlt
therefore, when lie was advised by his friends to wait for the ea
forces, who were not as yet come up to him, he disiegnded dMil
counsel.
4. Apollodorus affecting the sovereign power^ aed dcaiieaa ta
confirm the conspirators in what they had undertaken^ aent fori
young man, one of his friends, under colour of coauog to ancsifiesf
and when he came he offered him up to the gods, .and gave his en*
trails to be eaten by the conspirators, and drank to them in iua Uood
mixed with wine.
A.^^^'^t^. '. M
1>IODO&UB SICVLVB. Il85
5. The same ApoHodorus armed some Gauls, and engaged them
witii large gifts, and made use of tfaeni for his life-guard, beoause
they were naturally cruel, and ready to execute any viUaRy. He
raised likewise a great Mun of OKXiey, by confiscating, and eaiposing
to public sale, the goods of the weaitfay citizens. He became very
powerful in a short tiaie, by increasing the pay of €he soldiers, and
distributing money among the poorer classes.
Being wholly given up to cruelty and oov^ifoosness, be squeeud
money from the •citizens, and forced both men and ivmnen, by racks
and torments, to bring forth all <heir fgM, aj^ silver; for he made
xSse of one Calliphon, a Siciiiaa for his adviser, a proficient in tyran*
ny, who had been long bred tip a courtier among many of the iy^
jants in Sicily,
S. When Pyrrhus had pkndered jf^as, the seat-royal of the
Icings of Macedonia, he left there a garrison of Gaiils^ who being in^
formed by 8on>e persons that there were greait treasures, according
to antient custom, hid to the sepulchres of the Icings, dug up ail the
tombs and divided the wealth among themselves, but S(C|ittered abroad
the bones and ashes of the dead.
However, Pyrrhus, thouglh be was railed at for this piece pf iobn^
tnanrty, yet he punished not tlie barbarians, because he made use of
them in his wars.
mmef
BOOK XXIII.
1 . I LOOK upon it as the duty of an historian diligendy to obeiem
tlie stratagems and management of affairs by generals on both sides :
for by laying open, and criticising other men's faults, the Ijke mis-
carriage may he prevented in them that come after. And on the o-
ther side, by commending things which are done well, others ave
stimulated to virtuous actions. For who ca|) but utterly condemn
the pride, iolly, madness, and insolence of Attilius*? who, not able
to bear the weight of his prosperous fortune, both lost his own se-
putation^ and brought n^any great mischiefs and calamities upon
his country. For when he might have concluded a peace with the
Cartliaginians, honourable and advantageous to the Romans, but
• Attilius Regulus.
Vol. 2, No, 47. ffff
586 THE f RACMEKTS OY
base and dishonourable to the other, and bis name might have been
for ever renowned amongst all men for his clemency and humanity,
he had no regard to any of these things: but proudly iDsulting the
distresses of the afHicted, stood upon such terms as not only provok-
ed the Gods to anger, but forced the conquered, by reason of these
unreasonable conditions, to stand it out resolutely to the utmost ex*
tremity : so that the face of affairs was suddenly changed^ insomucb,
that the Carthaginians, who but a little before were in great terror
and amazement, on account of their late rout, and despaired of any
relief, gathered courage, and routed and cut off their enemy's army:
and upon this misfortune, such was the distress and amazement of
the city of Rome, that they who were before esteemed the best sol-
diers in the world, durst not engage the enemy in that kind any more;
and therefore this is the longest war we read of in former times...
And the matter was now to be decided by sea-fights, in which a vast
number of ships, both of the Romans and their confederates^ were
destroyed; and a hundred thousand men perished in these battles.
And it is easy to conceive how vast a treasure must be expendedi
sufficient to maintain so great a fleet for the continuance of a war for
fifteen years. But he who was the author and occasion of ao many
miseries, had himself no small share in the calamity, since his pre-
sent dishonour and disgrace far over-balanced his former glory and
reputation; and by his misfortune others are taught not to be proud
in prosperity. And that wiiich was most cutting and grievous was^
that he was now forced to endure the scofis and scorns of those over
whom lie had before exulted in the time of their calamity; liaving
entirely debarred himself from that pity and commiseration which is
usually shewn to those that are in affliction. But as for Xantippos,
he not only delivered the Carthaginians from the present evils whick
hung over them, but ahogether changed the face of afiairs; for be
utterly routed the Romans, who were but just now conquerors* and,
after a prodigious slaughter, raised the Carthaginians to such a height
of prosperity, who were expecting their last doom, that for the fa-
ture tliey slighted and contemned their enemy.
I'he report of this famous action being circulated over almost the
whole world, every one admired the valour of this general. For it
api'eared like a miracle to every one, that there should be such a
sudden change of affairs, by one man only joining with the Cartha*
giiiians, and tliat they who were but lately so closely besieged,
should on a sudden besiege the enemy: and that they who by their
valour were a little before lords both of sea and land> should be DOir
cooped up in a small town, expecting every day to become a p^ey to
DIODORU8 SICULUS. ftSf
their enemies; but it is not to be wonder<Kl ftt^ since the pruclence
and wisdom of the general overcame all difficulties.
2. Amilcar the Carthaginian^ called Barcas, and Hannibal bia son^
the great Carthaginian generals, are reputed the greatest captains
that ever appeared either before or after them, and by their victories
greatly enlarged the dominions of the Carthaginians,
BOOK XXIV.
1. CLODIUS coming into Sicily, as soon as he had received th«
charge of the army^ which then closely besieged Lilybsum, called
the soldiers together, and began bitterly to inveigh against the con-
suls from whom he received the legions, declaring they had negli-
gently managed the war, giving themselves up to wine, luxury, and
voluptuousness, and that they were really more besieged than the
enemy. But this man being naturally hot and fiery, and somewhat
crack-brained, acted many things rashly and like a madman. For
in the first place, imitating the indiscreet actions of those he had
before censured, he attempted to raise up a mole in the sea to block
up the haven, with so much the more imprudence, as the fault is the
greater not to learn to profit, by before seeing the mistakes and mis-
carriages of another, than to run into an error upon the first attempt.
Being likewise naturally cruel and severe in the infliction of punish
ment, after the manner of his ancestors, he was inexorable in pu-
nishing the soldiers, and scourged the Roman confederates with
rods. To conclude, he was so swelled with pride on account of bis
noble bii til, and the renown of bis ancestors, that he despised every
body else,
2. Amilcar, before he was chosen general, was noted to he a man
of a magnanimous spirit; and after he was advanced to that honour,
he deceived not their expectation, but.^ behaved himself as a noblQ
Carthaginian, in every thing aiming at fame and renown, and des-
pising dangers. He was both prudent, valiant, and industrious, thft
best king and the most valiant general.
3. I^Ianno was naturally of an aspiring spirit aud thirsting aftw
588 THtf PKACMBUn OF
glory, and having a great army which lay idle, hoped by thk expe-
dition both to train and exercise the soldiers, and likewise to maiii*
tain them, and hy that means to ease the eity ot a great charge; and
besides, to perform some considerable serrice, which might prove
both honoarable and profitable to the commonwealth.
4. When Hanno had taken Hecatompylos*, and the eMers of die
city addressed themselves to him, and begged and entreated him to
shew them pity and compassion, being something vain-glorious at
this time, he preferred mercy to severity^ and took three thousand
hostages, and preserved the city and the estates of the citizens entire
and untouched: for which he was highly honoured by the poor peo-
ple, and the soldiers were splendidly and liberally entertained by the
inhabitants with all manner of rich provisions.
5. But the mother t of the young men grievously laid to heart the
death of her husband, and conceiving that through their careless-
ness and neglect he lad lost his life, she incited her sons to use the
captives most cruelty and inhumanly, for they were thrust into a little
close room, by reason of which they were forced to throng upon one
another like beasts; and after they had been kept witiiout meat for
five days, Bostar | died, through vexation of mipd and famine. But
Amilcar, being a man of a great spirit, held out still, though he i
no hopes of relief: but told her how careful he had been of her I
band, and entreated her with tears to compassion; but slie was so lar
from being touched with the least sense of humanity, that this crnei
woman shut up the carcass with him for five days together in that
close hole, and gave him meat only to keep him alive, that he might
be the lofigcr sensible of his miserable condition. Amilcar dow de-i
spairing by entreating or begging to move her to pity, began to call
upon Jupiter, and cry out to the rest of the gods who tocdc.care of
mankind, to revenge him upon the woman, and repay her with jost
and due punishment.
However, in the midst of all these torments he was kept alive^
till, through the mercy of the gods, or some good fortune^ he '
wonderfully and unexpectedly delivered. For even when he
upon the point of death, through the stench of the dead body, and
other miseries he laboured onder, some of the meaner servants be*
longing to the house told it to some others abroad, who, io iodigna*
tion to such cruelty and wickedness, forthwith informed the tribanes
of the people of this horrid fact. Whereupon, when it was ditoo-i
vercd, the magistrates sent for the Attilii, who, for branding the Ro^
|nan name with such a dishonourable mark of barbarous crnehji
• Actrj ftf Thf hri fnjgjfpu t The wiicof Attilof. | Ou
DI0DORU9 iStCULUS.^ 589
very narrowly escaped beii^ put to death: bat the magbttates
threateoed the Attilii severely to punish them if they did not for the
futnre use their prisoners ciftliy, and take due care of them* They
imputed most that was done to their Bsother; and bnining the body
of Bostar^ sent the ashes badt to his own country, and freed Amilcar
from the distress and calamity he groaned under.
BOOK XXV.
] . THE Carthaginlansy who bad been at war with the Romans for
the possession of Sicily now four-and-twenty years, suffered not so
much by that war as they did by their mercenary sol£ers whoteAthey
had injured: for designing to defraud them of their pay, they were
in a fair ^^y of k)sing both their sovereign authority and their coun^
try together; for the mercenaries resented the injury to that degree,
that they forthwith revohed, and brought the Carthaginians into mi-
serable distresses.
2. The Carthaginians sent a trumpet to the revolters, to desire li-
berty to bury them that were slain in the battle. But Spondius, and
the rest of the captains of t lie revolters, with barbarous cruelty not
only denied that, but warned them upon their peril not to send any
more messengers to the;m on any account whatever; for if they did,
they should sutler tiie same punishment. And they then made au
order, that every Carthaginian they took prisoner should be put to
death in the same manner they before mentioned ^ere, and that
their confederates who happened to be taken should have their hands
cut off, and so sent back to Carthage. This cruehy of Spondius was
the reason that Amilcar was forced to cast off his former lenity,
and retaliate the same cruelty upoi^the prisoners taken by the Car-
thaginians : and therefore, after he had first racked and tormented
the captives, he then cast them to the elephants, who trod and
trampled them under foot, so as they died most miserably.
3. The Hippacrineans ai>d Uticans revolted from the Carthagini-
ans, and killed the Carthaginian garrison, and threw them over the
walls, an<l would not sufier them to be buried, though it was desired
by the Carthaginians.
Amilcar, sirnamed Barcas, performed many great and excellent
services to the advantage of his country, both against the Romans In
Sicily, and in Africa against the mercemnriea and the Liii^aiiis^ whb^
590 THE FRAGMEHTS OF
revolted from the Carthaginians, and stiaigbtly beaieged Carthage ic^
aelf* For in both these wars he performed nobla actioos witb greitt
Taloor and prudence, and therefore was highly honored bjr all the
citizens. But after the war was ended in Africa^ be got together a
body of lewd fellows; and having enriched himself with the BpoUg
of his enemies, and by his actions gained a great interest and the
love of the people, he prevailed so far as to be created generaUsauKi
of all Libya for a short time.
BOOK XXVI.
1. HANNIBAL was naturally of a warlike spiriti and tfain«d upaa
martial affairs from a child; and having been for many years tage«
tlier in several expeditions with the greatest captaio8» he aeqiiiRd
much experience in matters of war, so that being by nature pronqpt-
in feats of arms, and improved likwise by daily exerciae far a lei^gtb
of time in the wars, he plumed himself upon it, in ezpectalkM oC
doing great things.
2. Minutius, being overcome by Hannibal, it was evident by tba
event, that he ruined all by bis imprudence and unskilfulnesa; bal
Fabius, by his valour and policy, preserved the commonwealth.
S* Dorimarchus, the provincial governor of the ^fitoliana^ cooH
mitted a most notorious act; for he robbed the famous temple of
Jupiter DodonaBus, and afterwards burnt the whole of it except tht
treasury.
4. Hannibal's army having for a long time together glutted theoi*
selves with the riches and pleasures of Campania^ became wiioUy de*
generated: for their luxury, soft beds, ointments, wid all aorlsat
delicate fare, lessened tlieir courage, rendered them unfit to enAM
liardships, and caused both their bodies and souls to aink into eft*
minacy.
5. When Hannibal had spoken much against the cmd^ ani
malice of the Romans, or rather their pride and arr^gamse^ be pi|t
the sons of the senators to the sword, and their relatkNiay which ha
picked out from the rest of the captives, in tliis manne
himself upon the senate.
G. Hannibal being possessed with an implacable hatred
the Bx)mans, picked out from among die captives auch m. lie tlMW||ht
Qt^st for single combat^ matched them oqe with Wtimg^ltAMmt^
/-..j.1^-.
DIODORUS SlCULUSw Spl
manded them to fight, brothers with brothers, fathers with children,
and kinsmen with kinsmen. In this barbarous injunctioo, who cati
refrain from abhorring the cruelty of the Carthaginians, and adaiir*-
ing tlu3 piety, patience, and constancy of the Romans, in tbe midst
of their most grievous sufferings! For though they were tormented
with fire-goads and cruel stripes, yet none could be brought to lift
up tlieir hands against their friends and relations, but all resolutely
died in the anguish of their sufferings, preserving themselves pure
and unspotted from the guilt of destroy ing* one another.
7. Wiien Gelon and Hiero, kings of Sicily, were dead in Syracuse,
and Hierouymus, who was very raw and young, succeeded, the king-
dom was but ill supplied with a governor; for, being flattered and
soothed up by his friends, he fell into luxury, debauchery, and ty-
rannical cruehy. For he ravished many men's wives, murdered his
friends that advised him, confiscated the goods of many without hear-
ing them, and gave their estates to the flattering informers; which
£rst stirred up the hatred of the people against him, then put them
upon plotting, which broke out at last, and ended in his destruction,
the coinmon lot of tyrants in such cases.
8. When Hieronymus was killed, the Syracusans called a senate,
where it was decreed that all the kindred of the tyrant should be put
to death, both man and woman, and that none of his race or family
should be left alive,
9. When the dead body of Sempronius Gracchus was sent by IVIa*
go to Hannibal, the soldiers, seeing it lie upon the ground, cried oat
to have it cut in pieces, and to be hurled away, piece by piece, out
of slings. But Flannibal, having an object before his eyes to instruct
him in the uncertainty and inconstancy of fortune, and honouring
and admiring likewise the valour of the man, said it was an unwor-
thy thing to wreak a man's anger upon a speechless carcass; and
afterwards celebrated his funeral with all the marks of honour and
^ respect, and civilly sent his bones and ashes in an urn to the Roman
camp.
9. When Syracuse was taken, all the citizens went forth to meet
Marcel! us with olive-branches in their hands; and he told them he
would spare all the lives of.those that were freemen of the city, but
all their goods should be a prey for his soldiers.
10. Tlie Carthaginians, after they had made an end of the Libyc
war, severely punished the Micatanian Numidians, with their wives
and children ; for they crucified all their captives, insomuch as their
posterity, ever since keeping in remembrance the cruelty executed
upon their forefathers, are most implacable enemies to the Cartha-
ginians.
^
TBI ntACME^TS OF
«e vaJourof Asdrubal l£ not to be parsed over in sticftcr*
le SOD of Acnilcar Barcaa, tb^ brateftt cnptaki of hjj age,
(iciltan war was the oniy geucral that often ovtrcAOK
and having put a bmppy eini to the cjvll witr^ wks tlte
led over with an urmyioio Sp«m: And this AnInthiaJ ap^
HL >tira fton not unwoTtf^y the honour and <L]giuty u( suchl
J he ^9s gienerally ovn^ned to be the best soUli<:r, cic\t lo
t brother, of all the Canhaj^ntHO comaiunders^ ^ndfce
wets tliereiore by Hanmbal left gf^ncral <)f all tiic forces io S,^
* where he fought nriatiy battles j and freqoently freietag his army from
diibcult straits^ he ofteD ran himself into great dmi^rs: and bci]||
lit length forced tip into tlie neart o the coaotry, farfrom \he io,
^D account of his valour he got to, hnr a migfity army^ ami «t litt
came unexpectedly into Italy.
12* Nahts^ king of Laceds^monj murdct>cd Pelop^^ ibe eon of Lf*
cnrgus the former king, wbeu be wtis but a very cbii<l; for be w»
afraid when be was j^own up to man's estute^ he would efttleavDur
to free and rescue his country, on account of hi;; being of the bl«)d-
royal. And for this reason he put lo death the nobility of SparU,
>&Dd hired the basest and most abject ft^llavs^ wherever he coold
find them, to be his iife-guavd, and protect bira in his domLoioc,
So that robbers of temples, thieves, highwaymen, and coodemued
persons^ flocked from all places to Sparta. For, iste(^ing into tbe
throne by wiekedness, he bad no expectaticm of pieservsoi^ irhat he
had so wickedly got, but by the help of fiuck pMfaoe aiiiiinpi«is
fellows.
13. The Cretans fitted cot seyen ships for pimcjr^ wni rohbedina-
ny vessels at sea; whereupon the merchants being altogatlKr dEs-
couraged, the Rhodians looking upon it to heloBgioithein toxedsess
this mischief, prdclaimeil war against the <}retans.
14. Pleminius was left governor of Locris by Scipio^ aa4 beoiga
profligate wretch, he forced open the treasuiy of iProterpioa, and
carried away all the sacred valuables. The Locrians, enraged '«l<fae
fact, addressed themselvas tothepeopleof Rome, sod «Dtfeated.tfaeir
relief according to their usual good faith; whereupon, two anlkacy
tribunes seem much offended with the impious act oonMnhted, sad
sharply rebuked Pleminius; not that they were renUy angry 4rt wiut
was done, but because they themselves had no part of the money.^
But in a short time after, the goddess revenged their impiety. Fortbis
was reported to be the most famous temple of all that vreve in Ilil^'t
and in all ages before that time, through the care of the inhabitaflt<)
had remained safe and unviolated. For at the time «ehen Pyrrbos
t^nsported his troops out of Sicily to Locris. and bis s^oldien ^^
biotoORud sictJLU^. 693
pressing upon him for pay, he was fort^ed to make use of this sacred
treasure; but in returning; back, they say^ he suffered much> his
whole fleet being dispersed, shattered and torn to pieces by a fierce
and violent tempest, and therefore Pyrrhus himself^ out of a rell-^
gious reverence for the goddess, endeavoured to pacify her, and re-
turned every penny of the money before he left the country. But
the tribunes before mentioned, pretending to abhor the sacrilege,
sided with the Locrians, and rebuking Pleminius for the crime>
threatened severely to punish him* The quarrel grbwing hotter and
hotter, it came at length to blows> and the tribunes threw Pleminius
upon tlie ground, and bit off his ears and nose, and sliced off both
his lips. But afterwards PJeminius caused the tribunes to be seized,
and whipped them to death with rods. In the mean time the se-
nate and people of Rome, through a religious awe of tlie gods, were
in great concern about this sacrilegious act; and upob this occasion
the enemies of Publius Scipio having got an opportunity to cast dirt
Upon him, accused him as if he had been the adviser of Pleminius,
and tliat he had done all by his order and command* Wljereupon,
by a decree of the senate, two tribunes of the people and an sSdile
were sent into Sicily, with orders to bring Scipio forthwith to Rome^
{f they found that the sacrilege had been committed by his com-
mand or contrivance; but if they could not discover any such thing,
that then they should suffer him to transport the forces into Africa.
While they were upon their journey, Scipio sent for Pleminius, and
cast him into gaol; and every day with great care and diligence ex-
ercised the soldiers; of which the tribunes, of the people so much
approved, that they highly commanded bin). But Pleminius being
brought bound to Rome, the senate forthwith cbmniitted him to pri-
son, and a short time after he died there in custody* His goods wer^
all devoted to Proserpina, and what they were deficient 10 making
Jsatisfaction, was decreed by the senate to be supplied otit of ih^
public treasury; and that it should be death for any soldier to with-^
hold apy goods or money whatsoever he mi^ht have in his Iiands>
which had been taken from the treasury of Proserpiiia^a temple; and
further decreed, that the Locrians should be free.
15. Scipio, when he saw Syphax among other prisonet-s led up id
him in chains, at the first fell a-weeping, to consider the former
royal state and dignity of the person : resolving therefore to use his
fortunate success with moderation and humanity, commanded that
Syphax should be freed from his chains, and gave up his tent to hin^^
for the reception of himself and the royal family; and retaining
liim still as a prisoner^ yet with all the liberty imaginabk> often
courteously conversed with him, and entertained him at his tdble»
Vol.2. No. 47* 6GG0
5f)4 THE FRAGMENTS Of
I ■' • t^ ■ f ■ , ^ I'l
IG. Sophonisba, who was the wife of Masinissa^ and afterwards of
Syphax> but being taken prisoner was afterwards recovered by Ma-
sinissa, was a woman of admirable beauty, and by her cunning tricks
and charming devices could obtain Whatevei' she pleased : and be-
ing confederated with the Carthaginians her countrymen, plied her
husband every day to fell off from the Romans; which when Sy-
phax was assured of;, he acquainted Scipio with the design, and cau-
tioned him to have a special care of that woman. All which bein^
confirmed by Laelius, Scipio commanded the lady to be brought to
him^'which Masinissa refusing, he threatened him severely ; at which
Masinissa was so alarmed, that he ordered that some persons should
be sent from Scipio to fetch her away. 'But in the interim he went
into his tent, and forced Sophonisba to drink a cup of poison.
1 /• Scipio, through his clemency and compassion towards all the
prisoners he took, for ever after was secure of Masinissa, as a faith*
ful and constant confederate.
18. Hannibal called together his confederates, and told them that
he must -of necessity pass over into Africa, and that he had provided
shipping for all those that were willing to go along with bim; some
agreed to the thing; but as to those that chose rather to continue in
Italy, he compassed round with his army, and gave his soldiers liber-
ty to pick out as many of them as they pleased to be their captives;
and the rest, to the number of twenty thousand foot>»aod three tho««
sand horse he put to the sword, together with a vast nomber of
cattle,
J 9. Four thousand horse of those that went over to Masinissa af-
ter the rout of Syphax, deserted him and came in to Hannibal t bat
he, enraged at them, compassed them round with his army, and shot
them all to death with darts and arrows, and divided their horses a-
mongst his soldiers.
20. Scipio sent ambassadors to Carthage, but the common people
, were on the point to have knocked them all on the head: but the so-
ber men of the city preserved them from that imminent danger, and
got them on ship- board, in order to send them back to Scipio*s camp:
but those who were popular, and sided with the people of Carthage,
ordered the master of the vessel, that when the ship wherein the am-
bassadors were began to sail, he should throw all overboard, which he
performed accordingly.
However, the ambassadors swam to land and got safe to Scipio:
but the gods within a short time after, by a remarkable Instance, evi-
denced their power to punish those who designed so wicked an act.
Fur it happened about that time the Carthaginian ambassadors were
iciurnin^ from Uonic, and were driven by a storm into the midst of
DIODORU9 SICULUS. 69&
tlie Roman fleet, and brought to Seipio; and when all cried cot to
retaliate the wickedness of the others upon the heads of the ambas-
sadors that were then taken, Scipio utterly refused, saying — ^That
they themselves ought not to do that for which they blamed the Car-
thaginians. They were therefore all discliarged, and p^me safe to
Carthage, ^nd highly e!{;tolled the pi^ty of the Romans,
21. Philip, king of Macedon*, persuaded Picoeardus the iGtoIian,
a daring man, to become a pirate, ^nd to that e^id ddivered to him
twenty ships, with orders to exfi^t tribute from the islands, and assist
the Cretans against Rhp4es« Hereupon, according to his orders, he
robbed and spoiled the merchants; and wasting the islands, screwed^
abundance of money from them.
22. Philip the Macedonian kingf^ had with him one Heraclides
a Ti^rentine, a wicked fellow, who in private was constantly buzzing
calumnies and false accusations against his best friends in his ear,
and incited him at length to that degree of impiety, that he put five
of the senators to death; so that the king's afiairs declined, and be-
came worse and worse : for undertaking wars frivolously and unne-
cessarily, he was in danger of having lost his ^hole kingdom to the
Romans; for none of h^ friends durst speak freely to him or advise
him, all dreading his stubborn and haughty temper. He also made
war upon the Pardanians without the least provocation^ and slew ten
thousand of them in battle.
23. This king Philip of Macedon, be^des his rooted covetousness,^
was so lifted up with his prosperous successes, that he put his friends
to death without any legal trial or just cause, and robbed and spoil-
ed the temples and sepulchres* In like manner Antiochus attempt-
ing to rob the temple of Jupiter in i£iymais:{, there received a just
overthrow, with the loss of his life and the total ruin of his army.
And both of them conceiting that their armies were invincible, lose*
all in one battle, and were forced to receive laws imposed upon therai
by others; and imputed their misfortuaes to their own miscarriages,^
and acknowledged themselves behpldipg to the humanity and gene-
rosity of the victors, for the pardon of their offences; and, according
to the desert of their own wicked actions, they saw their kingdoms,
through the anger of the gods, grievously plagued and afflicted. But
the Rymaus then, and ever after, beginning no wars bui upon just
and honourable principles, and having a sacred regard to their leagues
and oaths, were always deservedly assisted by the gods in all thei^
counsels and designs.
* This was Philip the falser of Ferse\jLs« the last kiug of Macedon.
t The same Philip*
^ iu Persia. — Sec this story in 1 Mac. c. 6, ▼. 1, *, 3L
596 tRH FftAGMiSMtS 6t
24. Th6 saifie Philip being in extreme want of prbriMdiij obnti*
noally wasted and spoiled the coantry of AttatiU^ Up to the -wXf
gates of Pergamena*. He ruifaed likewise t(i0 tediflletf in tlie waSfi^
urbs of Pergamas, especially Nicephorus, wliich was ezeedHiilgricli:
besides several other sumptuous fabrics; for out of hatred to IbtB!*
lus^ because he could not cdtch hirn^ he vente^ |^is iii|e iipoii thes6
places.
25. Philip entering into Attica, encamped at CyotiMrges, and af-
terwards burnt i^ca^amia, demolished the sep^ldifes^ and robbed ^
temples of the gods; and gratifying his rage antl fory^ aa if he hal
been only incensed against the people of Athens^ and bot agabat tlia^
gods themselves, as he was evil spoken df before, $d he waa ifb#
hated of all, and in a short tim^ he was ovetlaken by the vengeaneaof
the gods, for he was nearly being ruined by his .Owi\'\|iipnldeoe^ bftt
preserved by the clemency of the Romans. ^
26: Philip perceiving he was hated by altiiost all th^ ttieiMioiuailiiy^
for his ^indness to Hcraclidea, pot him in prison. Thii HteadBdiei
was a Tarentine, a notorious wicked fellow, wbd frM| a mUA adl
gentle prince, changed Philip into a fierce aod cmel tyrant^ and fit
which he t was exceedingly hati^d by all thei[jr^iati$j ai w<^.iiAa.'
Macedonians.
27* The name and fame of Hannibal, was ciibulated Of«r afftlia
world, and therefore in every city and town wherever he canie^ tfacj
assembled in great multitudes to see him*
28. Ptolemy, king of Egypt, for some time reigoed irith grei^
commendation : but afterwards corrupted by parasitei^ lie began ta
form a dislike towards his tutor Aristomenes, for the freedom lie tdek
in telling him of his faults, who had all along managed ereiy HiSag
with great prudence, and whose advice Ptolemy had befinr^ Mlfitii
as his father; but at length'he sent him out of the world, hg fiij^ciiijl.
him to drink a cup of poison |. From that time incieaaing ib fero-
city, and making use of tyrannical cruelty instead of ttgfi ^vMianff^
he was hated by the Egyptians, and not far offfiom the loaa of Hii
kingdom.
29. There is a temple not far from Chalcis, called Delium, lAM
a considerable number of Roman soldiers who weie eareleialy Slu-
ing about to indulge their curiosity, were suddenly eat off hy iASi^ i
chus§, in a time of peace, and before any war was prpc1aiine4« 1^
which the king was greatly condemned and censured by theOraidniJ^
as occasioning a war with the Romans. And thereli^ Ittaia Ah
* Or PergioM, one ofHie letea ebardM ot'AtUi
t Ucraclidev | Uemldck. f
iilODOtttJS 8ICULUA. 5^7
jninius, who was then in Corinth, called gods and men to witness^
that it was the king who first began the war.
30. Antiochus wintered at Demetrius *, where he laid aside all car^
of warlike affairs, being then aboTe fifty years of age. But he fell in
love with a young lady f, and married her, and set forth most magni-
ficent shews and public games; by which meai^s he not only weak-
ened his own body, and effeminated his mind^ but enfeebled the
courage of his s^fwy; and therefore his soldiers, who had passed the
winter in luxury iin^ voluptuousness, when they were dr^wn out^
could neither endure hunger nor thirst, nor any Qther hardship; but
some of th(^ fel] ^ick^ aqd others i||raggled about here aqd theire fat
from their colour^.
31. King Antipchus Cfteiog the cities of Thessaly inclining to the
Romans, and the $low motion of the forces he expected out 6f Asitj
and tiie carelessness and sloth of t)ie ^tolians, continually fratnitif
and pretending one excuse after anQthei*, was in great anxiety, and
very uneasy; so that he was- highly iQ^ensed at those who advised
him to begin the war, at a time when he he was unprepared, and
had no confederates, but only the i£toliaDS. But he greatly admired
Hannibal for his prudence, who advised him to the contrary, and
therefore now reposed all his confidence in him; and whereas he
suspected him before, he made use of him as his most trusty friend
and counsellor.
32. Antiochus, wholly disheartened by his late rout, determined
to leave Europe, and in Asia to act on|y on the defensive. He there-
fore ordered all the Lysimachians to quit the city t, and pass over
into Asia : for which every body censured him as being guilty of a
very imprudent act, whirrtby, without an effort being made, he gave
up into the hands of x^e eneuiy a city so advantageously situated, as
might have provid a clit- ck to ihe passage of his troops out of Europe
into Asia, which aftt^rwards proved to be the case; forScipio seizing
on Lysimachia thus deserted, made great advantage of it in transport-
ing his army.
33. Marcus Fulvius the prfBtor§, was deservedly punished for his
abuse of the Roman confederates in Liguria: for he disarmed the
Cinomani, (who received him as a friend and ally), although he could
find nothing against them; which matter reaching the ears of the
consul, he ordered him to restore the arms, and imposed a mulct
upon him.
34. King Antiochus being in want of money, and hearing there
*■ h\ Thessaly. f Of Chalcis, daughter of Cleoproltmai .
X Lysliuaciiia in the Hellespont.
'§ Chief justice, or governor of a piovince; or chief fomouiii^er iatn uwj.
59» THE FRAGMENTS OT.
were vast treasures of gold and silver^ and other precious jeweUyOf*
ferings made in the temple of Jupiter B^lns, to M)jmm$f sesolvedl
to rifle it. Comiog therefore into the proviooe of JEiymaii, and
pretending that the inhabitants of that place had rabed a war i^9St.
biin, he robbed the temple^ and got together a great sum of money;
lut in a sliort time after> the gods executed vengeance opoiD Urn fior
tliis sacrilege.
3S« Philopoemen, governor of Achaia, was both au ^aLcdlent aol-t
dier and a statesman^ who all his life long was of ^ hhumlesa conver-
sation, and (i&d been frequently praetor* Having governed the com-
S|iouwealth for forty years together, he muck ^^vanced the alBuia of
Achaia, and was always afiable and coA^rteous eveii to the meanest
persons, and though for his virtue h^ was admired both hj the Gfe*
ciana i^nd Ronuins, yet he came to an unfortunate e^dt but hj a din
vine providence his unhappy e&it was. recompensed afker kb death
with divine honours; for besides what was publicly decreed by tha.
Achaians in honour of him, the citizens hoik a temple ia zemem^
brance of him, and appointed a buU for a yeigrly si^rifice to hioo^ and
ordered young men to sipg hyn;\ns ii^ praise and comiqend^itiop of
his noble acts. \,
3G. Hannibal was the most expert general, and p^rfgnoed dm
greatest enterprises of any of the Carthaginians: he was oevec troa^
bled with any mutinies in his army, but by his prudent condtict kep(
tbcm in their duty and orderly discipline* although they dtflBnred as
much from one another in their several hun^ours, asi they did in theia
various languages.
For whereas those of his own nation were accustomed upon verf
slight occasions to desert and fly over to the enemy, npoe under hiq
dared ever attempt any such thing.
And though he marched from place to place with ?ery great armia^
yet he never wanted either money or provisions* And thut which ii(
most remarkable is, that the foreigners and mercenary soldien kive^
him as well, if not more, than his own countiymen didi^
therefore his army in cxf^ct discipline, he performed. the gceater i
more renowned actions, l^or be made war on the most potent uk
tions, and wasted and harassed almost all Italy, for the apeoe of at)
venteen years. He was so victorious in every battle he foi^gfal^ wfd
made such terrible slaughter^ ^mong them who were reputed the loed^
of the world, that, on account of the prodigious multitades that ww|
cut off by him, none durst look him in the face^ or fogpig^ hig^ jg^
battle.
He likewise laid many cities in ashes, which he had taken faj staviji
and almost depopulated Italy, which was before full qf pcMle; all
rtlODORUS SlCtJLUS. Ag^
tvhich, as they were accomplished by the strength and wealth of hi»
own fellow-citizens, so likewise by great numbers of foreign ailxi'^
liaries and confederates, those Who by their unaniniUy were uncon-^
qacrable, he overcame by policy and warlike stratagems; and so tnadb
It evident, that as the soul governs the actions of the body, so a ge-
neral rules and directs all to a right end in an army
37. P. Scipio, when he was but very young, performed great and
wonderful things in Spain, beyond the expectations of all ; and hav-
ing beaten the Carthaginians, delivered his country from immit;ient
perils, and compelled Hannibal, ^ho Was tiot to be overcome bj
force of arms, to leave Italy without fighting a stroke; and at las^
by his valour and military conduct, overcame Hannibal in a great bat-
tle, and brought Carthage under the Roman yoke.
38. Leocritus, general of king Pharnaccs, after he had often as^
saulted the city of Pius*, at length forced the mercenary soldiers
who defended the place, to surrender the town on the condition --^
That they should be safely conducted to what place soever they pleas*
«i to go: who, when they were marched out of the city, and brought
on their way according to the capitulation, Leocritus, (who was or*-
dercd by Pharnaccs to put them all to the sword, because they had
formerly incensed him), against the faith of the articles, as they were
upon their march, fell upon them with darts^ and slew them every
man.
39. Seleucus having raised a great army, and on his march to as-
sist Pharnaces, was now ready to pass mount Taurus, but calling to
mind the league the Romans had made with his father, by which it
was not lawful
40. But they who had committed such a notoriously wicked act^
and had murdered Demetrius f, escaped not divine justice. For those
who contrived the false accusations from Rome, within a short time
after incurred the king's displeasure, and were put to death. And as
for Philip himself, he was restless all the days of his life after, and
so much troubled in mind for the murder of so hopeful a son, that he
did not survive above two years, but pined away with extreme grief*
And Perseus, the author and contriver of the whole, being conquered
by the Romans, and flying to Samothracia, by reason of the wicked««
ness of the act perpetrated by him in the murder of his brother, could
find no sanctuary in that holy temple.
41. Tiberius Gracchus being sent lieutenant-general into Spain>
vigorously managed tlic war: for though he was very young, yet for
valour and prudence he excelled his equals in age, and gave such
* Rntiicr Tcios.
t TI>c son of Philip, king of Maccdou, Uic father of PefsvoK
$00 taK HUOM£KTA <Mf
E=asas«=ss
^ideot signs of ioing grW tWogBj that kt wf^ pNVOvd^ 94-
42. Paulus ,£tniiitt8, tht coilsvl and |ltitrott iDf ^ lfaQe4oiu«]B|»
«iw a man eminent 6>r nobknesp at binb) fiudeiioey wd romriinfw
of person, and thereEoie all marks of honour were conferred on hip
by the Romans his couotrymen. Every one echoed forth Us piiiie
while alive, and When dead his fame and renown, (together widi the
profit and advanuge prociired by his valour to the fioitiiiio&wctltl^f
aurvived him*
43. Antiochus*, n0w recently Hdvanced to the ihrdoe of Syrisy
hfegan a Hew course of life, unusual with, kings and primaes* For at
£xst, he would steal out of his palace unknowu to atiy of hb attend*
ants, and walk about the cjty, calling one or another to hiai where hi
came as he thought fit. Then he took a pride In being fiuniliarand
drinking with ordinary fellowsiand mean and poor travellers and stnoh
gers; and if perchitnce he discerned any young men met together |ft
celebrate a festival, he would presently join them> with hia cop 10 hii
band, ^nd become one of the choir; so that many were often ao
stmtled with the strangeness of the things that they would rail awsyl
and others through fear were struck with amasementj not nblc toaqr
o word* Lastly, he would kjr aside the royal robes, nod pot on a
Roman gown f; and in imitation of the candidates at Booiet who
were soliciting preferment, would salute and hug every
fejUow he met in the street, sometimes desiring they would
choice of him to be asdile, and at other times to be a firibaue of tkr
people.
Having at length obtained the. office he desired, he would aoMl
himself updn an ivory tribunal, and> after the manner of the Roman%
bear causes; and was so earnest and diligent in the decisioii of coii»
troversies, both between foreigners and citizens, that the aaoat pr^
dept and serious among them knew not what to think of luoi, oral
what he aimed or designed; for some gave a fiivourable
tion of it> others accounted it folly> and some no other than
right madness.
44. After Eumenes was way^laid, and tiews eametoi
that he was dead^ Attalus, rather too rashly^ married the qneeas hul
Eumenes returning a little time after, took no nbtioeoM^ botm*
braced his brotber> and behaved with the same respect tonuida luv
as he did before.
45. Cptys, king of Thhice, was valiant in war, aDdpradetttiaUs
counsels, and highly to be commended for bis oare and diligeMO ju
all other respects: besides all which he was of sif^iilar 1
* The Third. f dOlcdl
'v^i^alk^^A:^.
blODORUS SICULU9. COt
^ - - » ■' ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ I .1 ■ -
and sobriety; and that which vi*as most remarkable for his honour and
commendation was.^Tbat heiwas altogether free from tlie oatural
vices of the Thracians, '.\
4G. Perseus havidg taken Chlilesfta by-stonh, piit all tiiit were
able to bear arms to the sword; and tl^bereas five hundred of the
garrison soldiers threw themselves into a fort, and treated for their
lives^ the king, upon their laying dowd their arms, gave t-hem
quarter, and liberty to be gone. But when they were out of: the
town, and on their march> according to the terms granted them>
the Macedonians, whether at theii" owti instigation, or by order
from the king is uncertain, pursued them and slew them every
man.
47. Charopes the £pirot, and son of that Chari[ypiis who in the war
against Philip sent a guide to Titus Flaminius, to direct him through
the strait and difficult passes in the mountains, by which means the
Romans unexpectedly passing those place8> possessed themselves of
the straits; this Charopes, I say, being bred up at Rome, iipou the
account of the good services of his grandfather to the Romans, had
great interest with the most eminent persons of quality, and berng a
fellow of most extraordinary malice and impudence, was continually
at Rome accusing and slandering the chiefest persons of quaKty at
Epirus, so that by ter/ifying all that were in a capacity to (>pfK>se
him, he became as it were absolute lord and master of all Epiros*
^* Cephalus* therefore, and others who were oppressed by his ca-
^^ lumnies, were forced to confederate with Perseus," and to that
#nd sen I messengers to him into Macedonia, and by them promised
to deliver Epirus into his hands.
48. King Eumenes being out of all hopes of taking Abdera,
which he then besieged, dealt underhandedly with one PVthon, a
chief man among the Abderites, who by his servants and freemen^ to
the number of two hundred, guarded the strongest [wirt of the city*
This man, being corrupted by bribes, and won by fair promises, let
bim in at the gates, and so Eumenes gained the city. But Python^
receiving but a poor and mean reward for his treason, and seeing be«
fore his eyes the utter ruin and destruction of his country, repented
i>f what he had done, and pined away with grief*
49. When an opportunity was put into the hands of Perseus to
cut oft' the whole army, he loitered not far off, i bout Dium in Mace-^
donia, careless and negligent in the very nick of time, wherein only
by a shout and sound of trumpet he might have surprised and taken
all the forces of the enemy, who were then shut up and enclosed
within steep and craggy rocks; and, as the king was negligent, «a>
* This is omitted in the Greek.
Vol. 2. No. 47. hhhh
6ot taBnAOWMntu
the Mactdoniaa guaiik thst w«fe pkeed iipomllw
tuns were in like manner «t carelete in their wefteli m tbeir Micnl
posts.
50. Fersens, lodkfaif npon all to be lort^ and hdng aitegslliu Jis-
comagedy emmanded Nieo^ hk lord^treasnrerj t»tliMiir*all Am bmn-
ney and treasare at Phoeis* into the sea»
He sent away likewise Aadronicos^ the sqaiieof his bodly^ tellMa*
saloniea^ with orders 'forthwith to bom his wholB fact; who canip
neeordingly to Thessalonica, bat with a design to act more paodandy |
for he forbore to ezeeute his orders^ hoping^ by presenrfaig dM i
ping^ to ingratiate himself with the Romans.
51. Perseus in the mean time pulling down all the golden i
at Dionf^ ordored all the inhabitants, with their witns and eUkkpen^
to remove along with him to Pydnat, than which (a nuui ansy JM[^
say) nothing was more impmdently done by Peneos dnrinf tUs wnr« •
52. At this time the Cydoniates§ committed a moat impioan ns^
against all the laws and customs of Greece; for, being leedtnd kjf
the Apolkmiatsl into the city as friends, in timir rrf pnann^ ihf J sriwi
upon the place, and pat all the men to Ae sword, and diwMad ihak
wives and children among themselves, and took pnssnaaiou of iha
whole territory.
53. King Antiochus, when he had routed die JSgypdanayOnd nrigld
have cut them off every man, rode about and called ont to his amn
to forbear killing them, but rather to take them pijaonan^ tnm
which counsel he reaped considerable advantage in n short tiasn; fo^
upon the account of his humanity, he presently gained Pidaainkn^anl
not long after all Egypt.
54. But we cannot (observing the method we hi^ve pmpoaadia
ourselves) pass by the cowardice of Ptolemy | for who ean tet jnd^
him of a most efieminate spirit who would, without n stiobn i
give up so great and rich a kingdom, when theue was not dm
danger at haod, and tlie enemy at so great a distance ftnoi Umt
which efieminacy, if it had been natural, would perfaapa hnvn hmk
more excusable; but, it being apparent from the thing$ ht
Vk*ards did that he was a prince inferior to none for
resolution, tbb sloth must needs be imputed to hb i
the eunuch Eulaius, who, breeding him up from hb eUUboad ka
pleasures, and womanish recreations, emasculated the rigoar of kii
spirit.
* Phocion, or PhocuB« » town in TheiMlj. t In Thcntlj. ' f Ta
§ llie inhabiUnti oTCjdoniay an kland nea
t ApollouU^ a city in Afi; tipon tli« lea-soaits; anatbcr la
•i>iam>Rut sietji.^^ 603
55. Kiog AntiochcM seemed to all to be a prudent and active
prince, and worthy of the kingdom in every respeci, exoepttng that
ope miscarriage at Pelusium.
56. When Perseus understood that a choice body of Gauls liad
passed the river Ister^ in order to assist him, he greatly rejoiced^ and
sent messengers into Msedica to hasten their march with all speed.
But the general of the Gauls demanded present pay according to the
agreement, to the villue of about five hundred talents, which Perseus
through his natural covetoUsness, refusing to pay^ though be had
Y»efore promised it, the Grauls returned back into their own country,
57. Paulus iEmilius, as soon as he had received the legions, called
t}iem together, and put life and spirit into the hearts of his soldiers;
for he was now above sixty years of age, and a man of great repute and
authority among the Romans, for his noble services to the state t
and he had invented many new and subtile stratagems in th4t war, and
by his valour and policy had overcome the Macedonians,
58. Perseus desirous to have many to go along with him, when he
fled by sea, brought out to them money and rich furniture, to the
value of sixty talents, to take and carry away with them* Afterwards^
when he arrived at Galepsus, he told his companions that some cS
those things that he had suffered them to carry away, were formerly
the goods of Alexander the Great, and desired they would forthwith
restore them to him, and he would repay them to the value in money |
to which all readily consented, and he received every thing back again^
but never made good his promise*
59. Alexander was of a far different temper from Perseus^ fort,he
former was of a brave and noble spirit, and gained an empire like to
the greatness of his mind. On the contrary, the other throng hi3
sordid covetousness, lost the assistance of the Craulsi iind by such
like gross miscarriages, utterly ruined an antient floUriikin^ king«
dom,
60. After the flight of Perseus, Lucius iEmilijos begaii to seek fof
his younger son Publius Africanps, who was the natural soi| of
v£milius, but the adopted son of Scipio, who overcame JH[anniba^
At that time he was a yoqth about seventeen years of age, and under
the care and tutorage of his father, in that great and perilous war^
so that afterwards he became as famous a general as his father^
Being at length found out, and brought safe into the cainp, th^
consul w^s at rest, and freed from that anxiety of mind h^ li^Qure4
under; for he loved him with more than a paternal affectipOt
61. iSmilius, by his civil and courteous u^ge qf P^rseus^ enter-
tainiog him at his table, and receiving him into all public oo^n^ils^
* A i>roTiDce of Xbracc ne«r ]
604 THE FRAGMENTS Of '
ssssssssBBsaBSsasss
gave evident demoDstrations, that as he was a terror to hte enemies
in the open field, so he was mild and merciful to them that were
subdued : wliich course being followed by others, Rome became
mistress of the world, without envy, and so contiDued as^ long as it
made use of such noble generals,
62. For in former times when the Romans had overcome those
two potent kings Antiochus and Philip, they not only forbore iaflict-
ing punishment, but restored them to their kingdoms, and took them
into the number of their allies. And io these later times, after
many battles fought with Perseus, and overcoming maoy great ha-
zards and difficulties, and after they had possessed themselves of all
Macedonia, beyond all men's hopes and expectations, they proclaimed
liberty to all the cities ; whicb favour neither the Macedonians nor
any body else could ever expect should have been granted by the
Romans, because they were very conscious to themselves hair mnch
they hud injured the Roman state. For they judged (and thmt most
justly) thut there was no room left for mercy, being tluit they had
before been pardoned former wrongs and injuries.
But the senate forgot all that was past, and carried themselves
towards them with great clemency and generosity. For tliey suflfiered
Perseus to go at large, only with a keeper, a punishment less than
his demerit, who, against the faith of his league, and the (ri>ligatioB
of his kindred and alliance to the Romans, had most unjustly made
war upon them; and they set free all the people of Macedonhy
(whom by the law of arms they might have made perpetoal slaves),
and with that readiness and nobleness of mind, beyond all that the
conquered themselves could have desired. The Illyrians, likewiscii
whom they had subdued, they suffered to use their own laws; Cpr
they made it more their concern to do what became the majesty and
grandeur of the Ri^mans, in carrying it nobly towards others, withoot
piide and insolence in prosperity, than that they looked upon the
barbarians any way worthy of such favour.
6S. The senate decreed the Macedonians and Illyrians to be free,
and that they should pay but half of that tribute to the Romans wUdi
they paid to their own kings.
64. Perseus thus thrown into the gaol, miserably ended hisdi^in
such sad and uncomfortable circumstances.
The rest is to be found in the Fragments, Book 31, in Pbotns's
Bibliotheca, at the end of Diodorus Siculus, Fragment 2.
G5. The general of the Gauls being retuucd Irom the pursnit of
the enemy, gathered the captives together, and committed a. most
horrid piece of wickedness; for he picked out the choiGest and
strongest young men amongst them, and sacrificed tbeni to the godS|
BTODORUS 8ICULUS. 60S
as if the immortal deities are pleased with such sacrifices. The rest
he shot to death, with darts, most of whom^ of antient acquaintaacey
he well knew; however, former friendship was no argument to spare
a man of them. Thus are barbarians pufied up with prosperous
successes.
66, Eumenes,far difierent from Perseus, not only paid his soldiers
what was their due pay, bat bestowed qn them several gifts besides,
with promises of more afterwards, whereby he gained all their
hearts, and held them fast to his interest* But Perseus, when twenty
thousand Gauls were near at hand ready to assist him, through his
niggardliness refused their aid and assistance; butEumenes, though
he was nothing near so rich as the other, obliged his mercenaries aud
all others that might be helpful to him by his bounty and liberality.
And therefore Perseus, sinking below the generosity of a king, and
enslaving himself to a covetous and sordid parsimony, lived to see
all the wealth he had heaped up together, with his whole kingdom,
fall into the hands of the conqueror. But the other, preferring
victory before any thing else, not only freed his own kingdom from
the imminent dangers it laboured under, but brought the whole na-
tion of the Gauls into subjection.
67. Some of the counsels and acts of Antiochus were both princely
and admirable, others so poor and mean, that they were justly des-
pised and ridiculed. For when he celebrated public games, he first
acted contrary to the manner and practice of all other kings; for they,
when they were strengthening themselves all they could with men
and money, it was their greatest care to keep all private and secret,
out of fear of the Roman greatness: but he, on the contrary, invited
to his sports the most eminent persons from all parts of the world,
and most magnificently adorned every part of his palace; and thus
bringing together all the riches of his kingdom into one place to be
exposed, as it were, upon a stage, to the view of all, he occasioned
every thing he did to be known and blazed abroad.
68. And in thestate, grandeur, and variety of those famous games,
Antiochus far excelled all the princes that ever were before him;
but that part which he himself acted in those may-games, was vcty
despicable and contemptible. For he would ride up and down
among all that solemn assembly upon a little nag, meanly accoutred, ,
bidding some go on, others to stop, and commanding this and that,
as best pleased his own fancy; so that if his diadem had been off,
^ none would have believed him to have been a king, who scarce
represented the garb and mttu of a common officer*. All the time
of the public entertainment he stood at the door, and introduced
♦ A lictor.
€06 TIIE FRAGMENTS Of
some, and ordered others to sit down^ and ushered in the semnts
thftt brought in the dbhes. Sometimes, also, be would go to some
one of the guests, and sit down by him, and at other times laj him*
self along on the floor, and then would start up on a sudden, and hop
Dp and down, sometimes placing dishes of meat upon the table, and
other times washing the drinking cups, and diligently obeenring every
thing round the room, would pledge those that drank to him standing,
sporting and jesting with those that were merrily disposed. When
it drew towards evening, and most were gone, he was wrapt up ia
linen, and brought in by the auticks, and laid upon the ground; and
presently after (as if he were called) he started upon a sudden naked,
and in a jocund humour danced in most ridiculous gestures with th«
mimics and stage-players; insomuch as all l>eing put out of oounte*
nance through shame withdrew and left the place. Every one indeed
that came to the solemnity, as often as they cast their eyes upon di^
sumptuous furniture, and the stately and magnificent order Aod dis^
posal of the whole, in the celebration of the sports and games^
admired both the king and the riches of his kingdom; but when they
looked upon the king himself, and his irregular actions, they scares
believed it was possible that so many vices and ^rtuea could be
found to concentre in one and the same person.
69. When the solemnity was ended, Tiberius Gracchus arrived as
an ambassador sent to inspect the aflairs of Syria, whom the king
received and entertained with so much kindness and civility, that
Gracchus did not in the least suspect any ill designs in the king, nor
discerned that he took any thing amiss in relation to what was done
in Kgypt. But Antiochus in truth was far from such a tamper^ but
was altogether a mortal enemy to the Romans.
70. Ptolemy being driven out of his kingdom, and on his journey
to^ Rome by land, it was made known to Deml^trius, the son ot
Seleucus, who, surprised with his misfortune, gave an instance of his
royal and generous disposition. For forthwith, attended with his
servants, and taking with him a royal robe, a diadem, and a horse
adorned with trappings of gold, he went to meet Ptoleniiy, and cams
up to him at the twenty-sixth stone*^ distant from the city^ whoa
(after he had courteously embraced him) he advised to put oU the
^ royal robes, and to make use of the other ensigns of royalty, and sgi
enter into the city as became the dignity of his person, lest he should
^e despised : Ptolemy was muqh taken with him for his estrwrnlinaiy
kindness, but was so far from accepting what was o£feredf that Ihi
entreated Demetrius he might rather stop, and take up his abode 9%
some smc^ll village in the way.
* fivery ttoae was s mile: two hundred fiirlongi.
mDDORUS ftICULUS«. 60/
7 1 Antipater having breathed out hU last m the midsC of thete
torments^ they bring Asclepiades, governor of the ctty» crying out
that Timotheus was the contriver of the whole scene of this mischU^
and that it was through his persuasions that the young man so in^
piously and unjustly put his biother to death. Hereupon when all
the great men and commanders began to smell out the whole design
and contrivance^ and to commiserate the sad condition of those that
suffered such cruel torments, Timotheus was iki a great fright, aadi
loosed the rest that were condemned from their torments, and after-'
wards put them privately to death.
' 72. Philopater, surnamed Ariarathes, being now come to the
crdwn after the death of his father, the first thing be did was the «&*
lebrating his father's funeral in great pomp and state; afterwards^
caressing his friends, great officers, and commanders, and the rest of
his subjects, he gained the good will of all sorts.
73. When Ariarathes had restored Mithrobuzanes to his father's
kingdom, Artaxias king of Armenia, still infected with his old vice
of covetousness, sent an ambassador to Ariarathes to solicit han to
join with him, and kill one of the brothers that were then in his
hands, and divide Sophene* between them. But Ariarathes greatly
abhorred such a piece of cruelty and treachery, and smartly rebuked
the ambassadors, and wrote a letter to Artaxias, wherein he advised
him to forbear such wicked practices; which carriage of Ariarathes
mucii advanced his fame and reputation; and Mfthrobuzanes, through
the faithfulness and integrity of him to whom he fled for shelter, re-^
gained his father's kingdom.
74. Lucius iEmilius, who conquered Perseus, and was fi consul
and censor, and the bravest man of his age of all the Romans, died
about this time; whose death, when it was generally known, espC'o
cially at the time of his funeral, caused such a general sorrow aniA
lamentation, that not only artificers and ether sorts of common people
fiocked together, but the senate and all the magistrates of the city
prepared every thing that was necessary for the gracing of his funeraL
And all persons of the free towns and cities bordering upon Rome^
that could possibly attend at the day, came in flocking together, both
to see and honour the solemnity.
73. Such as i^imilius was reported for his wealth while he live^
Buch he appeared to be wheO he was dead. For though he was the
only person in his time that enriched the treasury at Rome with
plenty of gold, brought with him out of Spain, and had the command
of all the riches of Macedonia, and was clothed with absolute
* A cuuntrjf la X»idj l/orderiug upon tby Ureatet Armcuk,
608 THE FkAGMENTS Of
authority in all those places, yet he was so far from converting any-
thing to his private use, that when his two adopted sons . after hb
death, possessed themselves of his estate, out of all his goods thej
were not able to raise so much as would be sufficient to render to bb
wife her just dowry, without selling some of his lands; and tbenefoire
some have preferred him for his abstemiousness and freedom from
covetousness before Aristides and Epaminondas, who were so famous
and eminent among the Grecians upon that account: for they only
refused money that was oifered them by such as thereby designed and
aimed at their own advantage ; but this man meddled not with any
thing, where he had possession of all, and might have taken to his use
as much as he pleased.
And if any look upon thb as a thing incredible, let such consider
that they must not judge of the sobriety and moderation of the an-
tient Romans by the griping covetousness of those at this day: for
in truth in this our age the Romans exceed all other nations in their
insatiableness after riches./ But, since we now revive the memory of
so excellent a person, we shall briefly say something of Scipio, hb
son, he who afterwards razed Numantia^ lest ignorance of his care
and diligence in the study of the most excellent and commendable
arts and sciences shoul({ occasion incredulity that he should attain to
such an eminency in all virtuous qualifications. Publius Scipio, there-
fore, was the natural son of Lucius ^milius, who conquered PeisenSf
as we have before declared; but was the adopted son of Scipio, who
conquered Hannibal and the Carthaginians, and so by adoption Scipio
Africanus, the most eminent of all the Romans that ever were before
him, was his grandfather.
Scipio thus nobly descended, and taken into so famous a familyf
approved himself not the least unworthy the glory and renown of hb
ancestors. For he was brought up and instructed from his childhood
in the learning of tiie Greeks; and, when he was eighteen years id
age, applied himself to the study of philosophy, under the inspection
of Polybius of Megalopolis, the historian, his tutor, with whom he
continued a considerable time; and, increasing in all manner of vir*
tue, he not only excelled his equals in years, but those for older than
himself, in sobriety, affability, generosity, and all other virtuous qoa*
lifications. But before he began to study philosophy, it was etery
body's opinion that he was but dull and blockish, and very unworthy
to be heir to so great a family. In the first place he made it hb chief
care and business to be sober, as conducing much to the commenda-
tion of his youthful age, which was then, at his years, a very diflicult
task. For the youth at that time were hurried away by filthy lusts,
and an excess of intemperance^ wiUi an impetuous current^ some to
broDORus siculUs*
sodomy, others to whores, ^lutnmy, diunkennesSj revellings, and
such like luxurious and voluptuuas courses: for the Romans pre-
sently Icafni the effeminate manacrs of the Greeks in this kind
through the long continuance of the Pensian war; and besides, hav-
ing gained aljundatice of wealih| they ^cre plentifully supplied witii
fuel to feet) their luxury.
7G. But Seipio followed another course of life, dnd combating
with all his natural corrupt lusts, as with so many wild beasts, with-
in the space of five years attained to a fixed atid habitual state of so-
hriety and temperance. To which all giving their testimony, and
generally crying him up upoti that account, he then put forth him-^
self in acts of bounty, generosity, and liberality, it) distributing his
money for xlre good of others: for which sort of virtue he had an ex-
ample in his father i£milius, under whose instrut^tion he was long
l)red up, and now exhibited, as it were, H perfett copy of his virtue:
but fortune likewise presented him an eminent occasibd of expresft^
ing ins liberality. For when iEmilia the wife of the great Scipio, the
sister of i£milius who conquered Perseus, died^ and left a great
estate behind her, of which Scipio was heir; he first gave an in-
stance of his generous disposition upon this occasion. For his mo-
ther Papiria being cast off long before the death ef his father^ had
lived a considerable time separate from her husband, in a far mean-
er condition than became one of her noble birth: but i£milia the
mother of his adopted father leaving behind her a great inheritance,
besides other riches, had a rich robe and woman's gown, together
with a splendid retinue of household servants, as being the wife of
the great Scipio, and so sharer with him in his estate and fortune:
all these Scipio nobly bestowed upon his mother, in which^tately
habit, when she appeared in public amongst the ladies of quality,
the bounty and generosity of the young man, and his piety towards
his motiier, were highly applauded, first among the women, and thea*
among all companies and societies of men, throughout the whole
city. This piece of liberality was looked upon by the whole city^
not only as a thing commendable, but even wonderful, especially
at Rome, in which city none easily part with any thing they have
to another. After this there being a great sum of money owing to
the daughters of the great Scipio, as their dowries*; and whereas
by the Roman laws the party that was to pay such portions, had li-«
berty to pay them in three years time, by a certain proportion every
year, he paid the whole down at once. Afterwards, when his natural
father ^miiius was dead, and he and his brother Fabius were cotisti-*
luted joint heirs of his estate, Scipio did another honourable act,
• Portiortf.
Vol.. 2. No. 48. nil
6 10 THE FRAGMENTS OF
well worthy to be remembered. For when he knew that his brother
had far less than himself^ he freely bestowed upon him his own
share of the inheritance, amounting to above sixty talents^ and so
made his brother as rich as himself: which act being generally cried
up^ he did that which was further remarkable; for when Fabius was
resolved to exhibit single combats by gladiators at the funeral of his
father, yet was not well able to bear the great charge it would re-
quire, Scipio bor€ half of the cost and expense out of bis own purse.
A little time after, when his mother died, he was so far from taking
again what he had before bestowed upon her, that he gave not only
them, but all the rest of his mother's inheritance to his sisters, al**
though no part of her estate by the laws belonged to them. Thas
Scipio being cried up by the unanimous consent of all persons, for
his generosity, he grew every day more and more famous and re-
nowned, which he attained unto, not so much by greatness of ex-
pense, as by choice of fit opportunities to express his kindnesses,
and an art of conferring his gifts and benefits upon proper objects.
He gained likewise a just reputation for his chastity without any
cost or charge, but only by his moderation and sobriety, from
whence likewise he reaped the great benefit of health and strength of
body, and following this course during his life, he enjoyed a reward
of his temi)erance with great pleasure and delight. And as for all
the parts of valour, which is a virtue absolutely necessary eveiy
where, especially among the Romans, he was not in the least want-
ing or negligent, in that respect fortune affording him a special op-
portunity to approve himself; for the Macedonian kings being much
given to hunting, Scipio by far surpassed them all.
77* After the Romans had conquered Perseus, (orratherCbaropea),
they put some of them to death who had sided with the Macedooians,
and others they sent to Rome. But Charopes being cloathed with
an absolute power and authority in Epirus, because he seemed to be
a great favourer of tiie Romans, at first dealt with the Epirots some-
thing gently and mildly, but afterwards growing every day more
proud and insolent, he turned every thing in Epirus upside down.
For by false accusations against the richest men, he banished somr,
put others to death, and confiscated their goods: and he not only
squeezed money from men, but from women, by the help of bis mo*
ther Philota; who was more tlian a woman in cruelty and wicked*^
ness. Many likewise^ who were accused to be plotting against the
Romans, he gave up into the hands of the people, who were all
condemned to die.
78. Orophcrnes having deposed his brother Ariarathes» wbeo he
ought to have cianagcd ills afiaiib with the greatest prudence imagi-
DIODORUS SICULUS. Oil
nable, and iogratiated himself into the hearts of his people by kind •
ness and acts of grace and favoor^ intended no such matter: but be-
ing wholly intent on scraping up money together^ he wickedly put
many to death ; he gave to Timotheus fifty, and king Demetrius se-
venty talents, and promised in a short time to pay other four hundred
talents ; and besides, to add to them, six hundred more : at which, dis-
cerning that the Cappadocians were greatly incensed, he began to
rob and spoil every body, and confiscate the goods of the nobility;
and having treasured up a vast sum of money, he intrusted four
hundred talents with the Pirenians, to serve him at a turn mid
change of fortune, which were afterwards fiiithfully repaid him.
79. Ptolemy the elder, having presently by the multitude of bis
forces penned up his brother*, by Iei close siegef, and reduced thend
to the utmost extremity, yet pardoned him; induced thereunto, both
by his natural clemency, and the nearness of relations, and his awe
and fear of the Romans : and he did noc only pardon him, but en^
tared into a league with him, according to which, he was to beeonr>
tent as the younger brother with Cyrene, and with a certain propor-
tion of wheat every year. And thus a war between brothers, which
had wholly alienated their affections one from the other, and was con-
tinued to the utmost hazard of them both, was on a sudden endi^d
upon moderate terms and conditions.
80. When Orophernes discerned that his afiairs declined much to
the worse, he resolved to satisfy his mercenary soldiers as soon as he
could, lest they should mutiny for want of their pay: but being at
present straitened through scarcity of money, he was necessitated
to rifle Jupiter's temple, situated at the foot of Mount Ariadne^
which before had been ever preserved sacred and inviolable^ and by
this means he paid his soldiers all their arrears.
81. Prusias king of Bithynia, being altogether disappointed in his
design of taking Attalus, destroyed and laid waste the sacred grove
called Nicephorius, which lay under the walls of the cityt, and ri-
fled the temple itself, and took away the slatues, and the images of
the gods; and among the rest, the famous statue of iEsculapius,
said to be one of the curious pieces of Phipomachus, and robbed
the place of nil its sacred and consecrated goods and treasure. Fot
which sacrilege, the gods in a short time after, inflicted upon him
deserved punishment: for most of his land- army perished by thd
bloody flux; and the like calamity happened to his naval forces, for
by a sudden storm in the Propontis, most of his ships with their sol.
cjiers and rowers together were sunk j and sotpe few were cast upoft
* ETcrgftes. t In tlie crtj, ^ per^amoi,
6l2 THE FRAGMENTS OF
the land, and shipwrecked. And these were the first puDishmcnts
inflicted upon Prusias for his impiety.
52. The Cretans arriving at Siphnos, besieged the city, and the
inhabitants partly through fear, and partly through feigned and de-
ceitful promises admitted them into the city; the Cretans first pro-
mising that none of the inhabitants should receive the least preju-
dice; but wlien they were entered, according to the usual treachery
and perfidiousness of the Cretans, they both carried them all away
captives, and rifled and robbed all the temples of the gods; and so
loaded with spoil, hoisted up sail, and made back for Crete. Bat
in a short time after, they paid dear for this treachery, the gods pre*
sently executing vengeance upon them for their impiety; for out of
fear of some enemies that overpowered them in shipping, they were
forced to loose out of harbour in the night, and most of their ships
by a sudden storm were sunk at sea, and others were cast upon land,
and dashed in pieces upon the rocks, where all in them miserably
perished ; some few that consented not to this perfidious dealing es-
caped.
53. Philip the son of Aroyntas, coming to a kingdom then sub-
ject and tributary to the Illyrians by his arms and skill in martial af-
fairs, restored it to its former liberty, and by his mild and gentle
usage of those he subdued, he enlarged his kingdom above any that
Mas in Europe. For having beaten the Athenians in a great battle,
(who contended with him for the principality of Greece), he buried
all their dead that fell in the fight, whom they had left in the opep
iit'ld, and sent back above two thotisand prisoners to their own
country, without any redemption: so that they who before had con-
tended with him, hearing of his generous usage of their fellow citi-
zens, vohrntarily yielded up to him the sovereignty W Greece; and
so what he could not accomplish by so many battles and hazards,
merely hy his mildness and humanity he obtained with the free and
ununimous consent of his enemies. But what he had got, he after-
wards maintained, by striking a fear and terror into the hearts of his
enemies, for he razed the |>opulous city of Olynthus to the ground.
In the same manner his son Alexander, by the ruin of Tliebes, de-
terred the Lacedaemonians and Athenians (who were plotting against
him) froiu \x\r designed revolt. And his civil and generous us^
of the prisoners in the Persian war, was such, that he gained the
hearts of the Asiatics, not so much by his valour, as his mildness
and humanity. But in later times, the Romans thirsting after « uni-
versal monarchy, in a great measure obtained their ends, by the
force of liieir arms, btit their clemency toward such as they had con-
(^uercd, added much to the increase and enlargement of their con?
DIOI>ORUS SICULUS 6l3
quests. For they were so far from cruelty, or being rigorous in ex«
ecuting punishment upon those they had subdued,, that^they seemed
to carry it towards them rather as friends than as enemies. For
when the conquered expected the utmost severity of revenge from
the conquerors, they left no room for any others to exceed them in
humanity, and clemency: forsojne they made free of the city, with
others they joined in affinity by marriages, others they set free to
govern according to their own laws; and to sum up all, none un-
derwent any severity by being conquered, funher than what was fit.
And therefore, upon the account of this extraordiuary clemency,
kings, cities, and countries, generally sheltered themselves under
the protection of the Romans. But when they were lords almost of
tlie whole world, then they strengthened and confirmed themselves
in their dominions, by severity, and razing of towns and cities, to
strike a terror into their enemies. For they utterly destroyed Corinth
in Acbaia,^ Carthage in Africa, Numantia in Spain, and rooted up
the kingdom of Macedonia, in the ruin of Perseus, and became a
terror to many.
84. The Romans make it their great care, that the wars they be-
gin, he upon just grounds, and therefore never resolve upon any
thing rashly, or inconsiderately.
85. Publias Scipio, (who was afterwards simamed Africanus,
and was then a tribune*, when almost all the rest of the Romans
made liglit of their terms and articles made with their enemies,
though confirmed by their solemn oatlis), most religiously observed
and kept his promises with the besieged, and used them with all hu-
manity and clemency when they fell into his hands. His faith and
integrity therefore being noised abroad all over Africa, none surren-
dered up themselves into the hands of the Romans, unless Scipio
joined in signing of the articles.
86*. When there were only three Ronaans killed in the skirmish,
;ind were left lying upon the ground unburied, all were very much
troubled and concerned at it. But Scipio with the consent of the
consul wrote a letter to Asdrubal, to desire him to bury those Romans :
who presently ordered the thing to be done; and when all was per-
formed sent their ashes to the consul, which added much to the ho-
nour of Scipio, as one whose authority was prevalent even with the
enemies themselves.
8/. The counterfeit Philip, having beaten the Romans in a great
battle, became proud, cruel, and tyrannical; there was not a wealthy
person which he put not most wickedly to death, upon false ac-
cusations: he spared not his own intimate friends, but despatched
• Colonel.
6l4 THE FRAGMENTS OF
many of them out of the way; for he was Datarally fierce and cme),
proud and haughty in all his familiar iutercourses, audi at last deeply
CDgaged in covetousness, and all manner of vice.
88. The Romans had such a kiudness for Publius Scipio, tluU
though neither his age nor the laws did qualify him^ yet tbey endea-
voured with all their might to elect. him consul.
. 89. Calphurnius the consul, after he had some towns delmred up
to hini upon articles, contrary to the terms agreed upon, and against
his faith and engagements, razed them to the ground, and therefocc
in all his designs and contrivances afterwards, he was disappointed
as a faithless and treacherous person, as if some deity set himsdf
against him; for he attempted many things, but was never able to
effect any thing.
90. King Prusias being both of an ugly visage, and a mean and
effeminate presence, was mortally listed by the Bithynians.
91. After the taking of Carthage, Scipio gave liberty to the Sici-
lian ambassadors to search among the spoils, and ordered every one
to carry back into their several cities such things as had formerly
be^n taken away from them by the Carthaginians : upon which were
^und many statues and pictures of famous men, of exquisite work*
manship, besides many things devoted and consecrated to the gods,
some of silver and others of gold; among which, was the ftimoos
Fhalarian bull of Agrigentum, made by Perillus, for the tyrant
Plialaris, who caused the artificer himself to make the first esperi-
meut of his own art, by executing that sort of punishment upoa
him, which he had invented for the torturing of others*
92. In our time Caius Julius Ceesar, sirnamed for the greatness
of his actions Divus^, when almost a hundred years after be saw the
ruins and rubbish of Corinth, was so compassionately afiectcd, and
withal desirous to make himself glorious, that he put forth himsdf
to the utmost to rebuild the city. And therefore it is but just that
th^ humanity and clemency that was eminent in this man, should
be allowed its just and due praises, and that his virtue should be re-
corded in history, for an everlasting remembrance to his eternal
praise and honour. For when his ancestors were extreme in their
severity against this city, he rectified their excesses by hu own leoi*
ty and moderation, preferring mercy before cruelty. Besides, he
far excelled all that were ever before him in the greatness of his ac-
tions, and upon the account of his virtuous qualifications, was sir*
named Divus. To conclude, this man was the most fiimoos and rt^
nowned for eminency of birth, fluency of tongue, the art of war^i.
and contempt of riches, of any whatsoever that was io hi» a^,
* Divine.
DI0D0RU9 SICULUS. 6l5
93. Viriathixsof Lusitania, the captain of therobb^ft, wt^jttit
and exact in distributing the spoil, and those who bad valiantly be-
liaved themselves in battle, he would liberally reward according to
their several iperits, aud he never converted any of the public mo-
nies to his own private use, and therefore the Lusitaniaiis never
shrunk or drew back from any hazardous undertaking, when be
commanded them, and was their leader, honouring him as the com-
mon benefactor and saviour of their country.
94. Plautius the Roman prietoi^ greatly misgoverned his province,
being therefore condemned by the people, because he luid disho^
floured his government, he fled from Rome.
95. In Syria, king Alexander, being far unfit for to high a ita-
tion, by reason of his sloth and meanness of spirit, gave up the
government of Antioch to Hierax and Diodotus*.
96. The kingdom of Syriaf, being now brought low, .add De*
metrius being only the surviving branch of the royal stock, belieV'>
ing himself to be out of all danger, disregarded the deportment of
the former kings, who studied to ingratiate themselves into the good
opinion of their people, by their aflable and courteous behaviour:
but he growing every day more and more unsufieiable, fell at length
to downright cruelty, and all sorts of heinous enormities. Tti6
cause of all which is not only to be attributed to his own corrupt dis"
position, but to one of his friends, who had the management of all
the affairs of the kingdom : for being a wicked and rash fellow, h6
incited by l)is flattery, the young man to all manner of wickedness*
At first therefore, he put to death all that had sided against him in
the war, with unusual sorts of punishments. Afterwards, when the
Antiochians taunted and jeered at him, as they were wont to do,
he got together a company of mercenary soldiers against them, and
oommanded that they should be disarmed, but the Antiochians refus>»
ing to deliver them; some he killed as they fell into his hands,
others he murdered in their own houses, together with their wivei
and children; upon which a great uproar being raised in the city,
he burnt down most of the town to the ground, and many that
were accused to be heads of this commotion, were put to death, and
their estates confiscated, and brought into the king's exchequer:
and therefore many of the citizens, both out of fear and hatred to
Demetrius, fied out of the city and wandered up and down all Sy-»
ria, watching for a fit time and opportunity to be revenged. In the
mean time Demetrius, hated of every body, raged notwithstanding
ill slaughters, banishments, and confiscations, far exceeding his fa-
* XJsh. An. 470. before Christ, 140.
i In the Greek it is i£g>'pt, but mistaken I conc^ve^
6l6 THE PRAGM£NTS OF
tber in cruelty: for he was far from royal clemency aod kindae&^;
but exercising a tyrannical and arbitrary power, oppressed his sub-
jects with' most grievous and unsufferable calamities. lasomuch as
the kings of this family, for their oppressions, were liated by all,
those of the other^, were as much beloved for their moderatioo and
clemency; so that through the mutual plots and circumventing
contrivances of the heads of both these families, one a|?ainst ano-
ther, Syria was always full of stirs and commotions: and the con*
mon people themselves, through the flattery and fair promises of
those kings that sought to succeed the otlier, were so led aside^ as
that they still delighted in change.
97. The Aradiansf growing high crested and insolept, abused the
Maratheniant ambassadors, who crying out against their impiety,
challenged the sacred regard that ought to be luui to supplianu, and
the security and protection due to ambassadors, upon which, some
of the audacious young fellows, presently knocked them on the
head. Then these murderers and their co-partners got together in
a general assembly, and adding one piece of wickedness to anothcr»
contrived an impious and vile design against the Maratbenians; for
taking the rings off the fingers of them that were murdered, thej
wrote letters to the Maratbenians, as from the ambassadors, bv
which they informed them, that the Aradians would within a shoft
time send them aid, to the end that the Maratbenians might receive
the Aradian soldiers into their city, and so be surprised, thinking
they were really, and without fraud, sent to them as auxiliaries. But
the Aradians failed in their wicked design, for when they had laklaQ
embargo upon all the ships, that none might discover their treachery
to the Marathenians, a certain seaman, a neighbour to the Maratbe-
nians commiserating their condition, and being accustomed to sail
in the neighbouring sea, took a ship, and in the night passed over
that narrow cut, about eight furlongs in breadth, and discovered the
fraud of the Aradians to the Marathenians; the Aradians therefim,
when they understood their plot was discovt^red, forbore sending the*
letters.
98. Ptolemy Physcon, the brother of Philometor, began hb
reign most wickedly; for charging many with plots against his life,
he put them all to death, with most cruel torments, others for pre-
tended crimes invented by himself, he banished and confisoUed
their estates: by which cruelties, in a short time, his subjects wer;
^ Of Alexander Dale, who pretended to be the son of Aatiocbot "EfUphutm^F^mh
phus lib. 13. c. 3. 1. Mac. 101. U»h. An. 465.
t Of Aradus island. X Of Marttbos ia PbOBnictt*
DIODORUS SlCULUS. 6 1 f
SO enraged, that they all hated him mortally; however, he reigned
fifteen years,
99. Viriathus, when at his marriage many gold and silver eupsj
and all sorts of rich carpets of exquisite workmanship, were set
forth to grace the solemnity, he held them all upon the point of a
lance, not with admiration of such rich and splendid furniture, but
rather in scorn and contempt; Aftef^ when he had upon this occa-
sion spoken many things^ \Vith tniith wisdom and prudence, he
Concluded with many emphatical expressions^ and with this one,
very remarkable*, for by this saying he signified, that it was the
greatest imprudence imaginable^ to trust in goods of fortune^ which
are so uncertain; especially, since it was apparent, that all those
highly esteemed riches of his fathen-in-law, were liable to be a prey
to him that might carry them away upon his spear's point; further
he added, that his father-in-law ought rather to thank him, for that
nothing of his own was given by his father- in-lawj to him who was
lord and owner of all. Viriathus therefore at that time, neither
washed nor sat down, although he was earnestly entreated so to do.
And whereas the table was plentifully furnished with rich dishes of
meat, he only distributed some bread and flesh amongst them that
came along with him. After he had a little more than tasted the
meat himself, he ordered his bride to be brought to him, and having
sacrificed after the manner of the Spaniards, he mounted her on
horseback) and forthwith carried her away to his apartments in the
mountains: for he accounted sobriety and temperance the greatest
riches, and the liberty of his country gained by valour^ the surest
possession. In his leagues and treaties he was very careful and ex-
actly faithful to his word, and spoke plainly and sincerely what he
intended, instructed therein (without any other arts) by his own na-
tural principles of honesty and fair dealing.
100. Demetrius, while he staid at Laodicea, spent his time in
banqueting, and such like luxury; and yet exercised his tyranny on
many in the mean time, not at all bettered by his afBictions;
101. Tiie Cnossians contended for the sovereignty of the island^
which they alledged belonged to them, both upon the account of tl\^
antient dignity of the city, and the glory and renown of their an-
cestors in tlie heroic times. For some say that Jupiter was brought
up amongst them, and that Minos, who had the dominion of the
seas, was bred up by Jupiter, at Cnossus> and excelled all othef
xncn in virtuous accomplishments^ ,
102. But in Egypt, king Ptolemy for his cruelty, was hated by
all his subjects : for his manners were not to be compared with his
* Here something is wantiog.
Vol. 2. No, 48* KUit
^18 THE tRAQHSms Of
brother Philometor^s; for be was of a mild and gentle nalore, but
the other fierce and cruel; and therefore the people loDged fior I
change^ and earneatly waited for a fit opportanity to revolt.
103. At the time when Ptolemy, (after the solemn muiper of the
jEgyptians)) was enthroned at Memphis, his queen Cleopatra wm
delivered of a son, at which be es:ceedingly rejoiced, and cdlcd him
Memphites, because be was born ip the city Memfdiia^ at thetUnt
of his solemn inauguration. But while he was celebmtioghis son's
birth day, he forgot not his usual cruelty, for be ordeced aone af
Cyrene, (who had brought him intai^pt), to be pat to death, ba^
oause they rebuked bim something too freely, upon the acconnt- of
the strumpet Irene.
104. After Diegylis king of Thrace, came to the thiooe, be waii
so pufibd up with his prosperity, that he began to rule over his pea*
pie not as his subjects and friends, but to domineer o?er then, assa
many slaves and bondmen: for he put many good and honeat Una*
cians by tortures to death, and abused with the liigbest marin of da^
grace many others : for he spared neither woman nor boj liiat mm
handsome and beautiful, and stuck not at stripping men ottt of «|
they had, by force and strong hand, but filled all bis dominkMia wA
rapine and violence. He plundered and spoiled likewise the ddn
of Greece that bordered u|K)n him, and abused some of the capttvai^
and put others to death wkh exquisite toTrments. After he had tabo
the city Lysiroachia, (which belonged to Attalus), he \mpMt h daitv
to the ground, and picked out the greatest persons of qoafity fmm
amongst the captives, and put them to death with strange aivl aiK
heard of tortures: for he cut off the heads, hands, and fect'of Mf
children, and hung them about their parent's necks, andexchaqfll
the members of men and women on^ from another. Of aoma te
cut off their hands, and clove them down the small of the bmki
and sometimes woul.d cause the members to be canied ahom ofM
the top of their spears, so that he far exceeded Phalarja«himae)l^ ail
Apollodorus the tyrant of the Casisandrians. His barharitjr h wMMt
evident in this one instance following L-^When he waa celehouim
his nuptials, after the ancient manner of the Thraeiapa^ he cal9h|i
up two young men of Greece that were travellings vh^.'WV^iinl^yMi^
to Attulus, and were brothers, both very beautifnl. 11k| t|Oi HH
fully attained to man's estate, and thp other was n|Mhor4ei^PS Wk
it; Diegylis causec] then) both to be introduced crotam^t wMl pik
lands, after the manner of the victims: the younger faaillg,hudialitA
and extended at length by the officer, as one readv.to i^HtJUtmollai
the middle, the tyrant cried out, that kings a ui
not to oQ'cr the like sacrifices; hereupon th^ elder
DtODORlfS SifcUtlTSi GjIQ^
mentation, out of endeatcd love to his bi-other, irttei*poi56d hirhself
between him and the sword ; upon which Diegylis comnianded he
should be likewise luid along, and then doubling his cruelty, at one
stroke despatched them both, the spectators all applauding so noble
a piece of dexterity. Many such like wicked acts Were committed
by him.
105. When Attains understood that Diegylis was liated by all his
subjects for his cruelty and covetousness, he took a quite contrary
course : and therefore, when he had taken many Tliracian prisoners
captive, and freely released them all, there were many that spread
abroad his fame for his generosity and clemency : and when many
of the Thracian nobility out of hatred to Diegylis, fled to him, and
were kindly received, and the thing came ttf be known, Diegylis
tortured the hostages of them that were fled with the most grievous
torments. Many of whom that were very yourig, and of tender age,
he pulled in pieces, limb from limb, and of others he cut off their
hands, feet, and heads; some he crucified, and others he hung upoQ
trees; many women likewise, who were persons of quality, he stig-
matised before they were put to death, and prostituted them to the
lust of every vile fellow, in a mbst barbarous manner giving up hini-
self to all manner of fiUhiness. Which as it clearly evidenced his
unparalleled cruelty, so it moved many of the spectators, who had
but the least sense of humanity, with pity and commiseration.
106. When Pom pey was preparing to besiege the city Laghus, the'
Numantians willing to assist their countrymen, sent to theni in
the nigiit four hundred soldiers; whom the Lagnetians at first rea-
dily received, and bountifully rewarded as their saviours. But in
a few days after, dreading a siege, they treated with Pompey, to de-
liver up the town upon terms, insisting only upon sparing their lives.
Biit when Pompey would admit of no conditions, unless the Nu-
mantians were delivered up to him, the Lagnetians ai first shrunlc af^
the thoughts of such a wicked act against their benefactors, and
therefore resolved to stand it out to the utmost; but being afterwards*
reduced to the utmost extremity, they sent to Pompey to acquaint
htm they were ready to redeem their own lives by the destruction of
their contecleratcs; which the Numantians coming to understand,
they sei ujon the citizens unexpectedly in the night, and made a
grievous slaughter amongst them. Pompey having intelligence of^
this tumult and hustle in the town, forthwith set scaling Itldders to
the walls, and took the city, arid put all the JjagTictians to the sWbrdj,
but generously discharged all the Numantian auxiliaries, to tik niiifi^'^
ber of two hundred; both paying the men that Were so unwohhtly
brought into such e.\tremity and distress^ as likewise hereby design^
THE FRAGMENTS OF
to gain tlie good will and opinton of the NumsiDtiam towards
, Homans. Afterwards he razed the city to the ground.
107- Aisaces king of the Parthians being a mild and graciotu
piiiice, was exceedingly prosperous and successful, and greatly en-
larged the bounds of his empire; for he conquered all before him,
as far as to India, (where Povus reigned formerly), with a great deal
of ease: and though lie was advanced to that degree of power and
authority, yet lie inclined not in the least to pride and luxury, av is
common with princes in such cases^ but was kind to his subjects,
and valiant in the field against his enemies: and having subdued k-
veral nations^ gathered together a system out of the best of thdr
laws, and imparted tliem to Iiis Punhians.
108, Variaihus was buried by the Lusitanians with great pomp
tiudfitatc; for two hundred gtudlHtors were niMched singly with as
many morej and fought duels at iiis sepulchre, in honour of the re-
markable valour of this man. For he was, as is agreed by all, vali*
ant in dangers, piudont and careful in providing whatever was ne-
' ccssary, and that which was most of all considerable was, that whilst
he commanded he was more beloved than ever any was before himi
For in dividing tlie spoil he never served himself with any thing aboT^^c
^ny of tlie restj and of those things which fell to his share^ hcofcco
rewarded tliem that had behaved themselves valiantly, and relieved
those soldiers that were mobt in want* He was likev^tsc of incredi-
ble sobriety and vigilance, not sparing any labour, or drawing back
from any hazard, not to be overcome in the least by ease or plea*
sures. Tlie arguments of h!s virtuous qualifications ar^ evident aod
demonstrable: for being general of the Lusitanifins for the space of
eleven years, during all that time his soldiers were not only peaceable
without any mutinies, but remained unconqqerable; but after his
death the forces of the Lusitanians in a short time after were broken
and dispersed, being deprived of such a general.
109, Ptolemy for his cruelty, murders, filthy lusts^ and deformed
body, (whence he was called Physco,) was hated by all. But Hierax
his general being an expert soldier, and popular in all general as-
semblies, and a man of a great spirit, took upon him the govern-
ment : for when Ptolemy wanted money^ and the soldiers for want of
pay were ri^dy to revolt to Galiestes, he put a stop to their mutiny
by paying off their arrears out of his own purse.
1 10, Tiie ^Egyptians altogether condemned Ptolemy when they
saw him so childish in his speeches, drowned in filthy lusts^ and his
body emasculated by his intemperance.
iU. ^milius* the consul being of a heavy and unweildy bodyj^
^ Marcus ^l^miliut.
DIODORUS SICULUS. ftgl ,
by reason of his bulk, and too muph pampering of ^himself^ was^,
very unfit for martial aflfairs.
BOOK XXXIV.
\ . ABOUT this time there arose so great a mutiny and sedition of the
slaves in Sicily, as no age before could ever parallel^ in which many
cities suffered, were miserably ransacked, and innumerable multi-r
tudes both of men, women, and children, fell into most grievous ca-
lamities; and the whole island was now upon the point of falling
into tlie hands of the slaves, who designed no other bounds should
be put to their exorbitant power, than the absolute destruction of
their masters.
And these things fell out when none in the least suspected them;
but. those who were accustomed to pierce deep into the grounds and
causes of all events, concluded that this was not a thing that hap-
pened merely by chance. For the inhabitants of this rich island
growing wanton with too much plenty, fell into luxury and volup-
tuousness, and then into pride and insolence. For those reasons
the cruelty of tlie masters towards their servants, and the hatred of the.
servants towards their masters raging and increasing more and more
every day, at length a fit opportunity offering itself, their hatred
broke forth^ and many thousand slaves on a sudden, without any
sign or appearance of any such thing before^ got in a body together
to cut the iliroats of their masters.
And tlie same thing happened in Asia^ almost about the same
time. For when Aristonicus*^ without any colour of rights sought
to gain the kingdom of Asia, all the slaves, by reason of the cruelty
of their masters, joined with him, and filled many towns and cities
wlti) blood and slaughter.
1 ' ^. In like manner those that had large possessions in Sicily bought
np whole gaols to till their lands — some they sti^ckled, others they
overcharged witii hard labour, and branded and stigmatized every
one of them : so that such a multitude of slaves, even like a deluge,
overflowed all Sicily, that the excessive number may seem incredi-
ble to all that hear of it; for all the rich men of Sicily vied with the
Italians for pride, covetousness, and vicious practices; for many of
iic Italians who had great numbers of servants^ accustomed tbei^.
* £ase brother to AttuI OS kiB|( of PergaiBiM,
622 THE FRAGMENTS OF
shepherds to tliat degree of rapine and licentiousDesSj as that they
suffered them to roh and steal for want of necessary subsistence from
them themselves/^ Which liberty being once granted to those men
who had strength of body sufficient to enable them readily to execute
any villany, together wilh time and leisure, and through want of
subsistence were reduced to the utmost extremity of attempting aoy
thing for their supply; these unruly fellows in a short time were ripe
and complete in wickedness. At first they used to murder travellers
upon the highway, when only one or two were together: afterwards
they would in bodies enter into little villages, in the nighty and pil-
lage ])oor men's houses, and forcibly carry away whatever they fouod^
and killall thatopposed themt^ At length growing everyday more and
more audacious, there was neither security in the roads in Sicily
for travellers in the night, nor safety in thoir houses for them that
dwelt in the country, but all places were full of rapine^ robberies, and
murders. And because the shepherds and herdsmen were furnished
with arms, and inured to lie night and day in the open fields, they
every day grew more bold and daring: for carrying clubs and lances
and long staves, and covered with the skins of wolves and wild boars,
they looked with a most dreadful and terrible aspect as the children
of Mars. Besides, every one had a guard of great mastiff dogs to
attend theni9 and guzzling down milk, and glutting themselves with
flesh, and all sorts of other food and provision, they resembled beasts
both in souls and bodies. So that the whole island seemed as if it
had been full of soldiers roving up and down in everyplace, oras if
all the daring slaves were let loose by their masters to act the part of
madmen.' It is true indeed that the Roman pretors and governors
did what they could to suppress this insolence of the slaves $ but
because they durst not punish them, by reason of the potency of
their masters, they were forced to suffer the country to be infested
with robl)eries; for whereas most of their masters were Romaa
knights, who liad judicial authority at Rome, and were used to choose
judges out of the equestrian order in the causes of the pretors and
the proconsuls, who were summoned to appear before them aftef
their provincial authority was deterrtiined, the . magistrates were
upon good grounds afraid of them.
. 3. The Italians, who had large possessions in Sicily, and theieforfc
bought many slaves, everyone of whom they stigmatized with oiiifa
on their cheeks, and oppressed them with hard labour, and yet de-'
frauded them of their wages and subsistence.
4* There was one Damophilus of Euna, a wealthy man, bttt wp
proud and arrogant; this man tilled a large ccmipass of'landly liadP
a va&t stock of cattle, and initiated the luxury and crueltj of the
DIODORUS 6ICULUS. 623
Italians towards their slaves. For being carried in a coach drawn
by stately horses, he traversed the country up and down, ji^uarded
with a company of armed slaves; he carried likewise about with him
continually many beautiful boys, flatterers and parasites ;^ind in the
city and villages had his silver vessels curiously wrought, and ali
sorts of purple carpets of very great value; and made magniHceot
feasts and entertainments, after tl^ state and grandeur of a king, in
pomp and expense far surpassing the Persian luxury, and as much
as all other men in pride and arrogance. For being rude, and n^ver
bred up with learning, or any liberal education; and having heaped
up a great deal of wealth, and himself left to a licentious liberty,
without controul; he 6rst, froni fullness and plenty became insolent,
and at last was a plague to himself, and the occasion of bringing many
miseries and calamities upon the countryj^For having bought many
slaves, he abused them in the highest degree; and those that wcr«
free horn in their own country, and taken captives in war, he stig«>
inatizcd in their cheeks with the sharp points of iron pins, some of
whom he sent bound in fetters to the gaols; and to others that were
ordered to look after the cattle in the fields, he neither allowed olothet
nor food sufficient to satisfy nature.
^ 5. The barbarity and cruelty of this Damophilu$ was such, that
never a day passed wherein lie scourged not his slaves, without the
least cause or occasion. And his wife Megallis was as cruel as hkn-*
self, towards the maid servants, and other sVaves that fell into h^r
hands. Hie slaves therefore being thus provoked by the cruelty of
their master and mistress, concluding they could not be brought into
a worse condition than they then were, rose up all on a sudden.
'^ jr. In Sicily Damophilus had a young daughter of a very gentle
and courteous disposition, .who made it her business to relieve and
heal those slaves that had been abused and scourged by her parents^
and to bring meat to them that were in prison; so that she was won-
derfully beloved by all the servants, insomuch, as in remembrance of
her former kindness, all had compassion of her, and were so far from
offeiiug any violence or injury to the young maid, that every one of
them made it their business to preserve her chastity unviolated; and
chose some out of their own company, the most expeditious amongst
them, to conduct her to Catana to some of her friends.
7. After Eunus was declared king, he put many to death, and
spared only those that for the sake of his prophecies commended him
at their feasts, to which his master Antigenes used to bring him to
make sport ; those likewise that were so kind as in a jest to give him
part of the dainties with them, he preserved; so that the strange
turn of fortune was to be admired, and that kindQC3S shewed to
624f THB FRAGMEKT8 OF
such mean aud iDconsiderable pers< 1 oo lo great fiivov'
and re^ect^ at a time when it was so «*clcOu.v ».«• •v«iaoiiable.
i/3 8. About the same time broke out another rebellion of the slaics;
one Cleon a Sicilian near Mount Taurus^ inured to rollberics fRMn a
boy, being appointed td look to the horses in their pastures ia^Sicilj,
beset the highways, and committed heinous mufderi op and down
the country. This fellow hearing^ of the good fortune of Eoiras aad
his followers, hairing persuaded some of the neighboorin^ slaves to
join with him, on a sudden revolted, Wasted and spoiled the ci^ of
Agrigentumt and all the neighbouring country round aboal.
9. In Asia, Attalus being newly come to thecrowni began to ma*
nage afiairs in a way quite diflferent from all the former kiagi; 6r
they by their clemeticy aud kindness to their subjects, reigned pras-
perously and happily themseWes, and were a blessing to the kia^
dom; but this prince being of a cruel and bloody disposition, op*'
pressed his subjects with many slaughters, and grievoos calaoiitiei:
suspecting that some of his own relations that Were potent and
men of interest, were plotting against him^ be resolved to rid Uoh'
self of them. To that end he picked out some of the most eofeibns
and bloody fellows from among his barbarian mercenary mAdknf
and hid them in certain vaults in the palace ; and then sending iir~:
Such of his friends and kindred as he was most jealous of, vrheailiri .
had them there, he cut all their throats by those bloody execndoncai -;
of his cruelty, and forthwith ordered their wives and childrett Is tltf^
put to death after the same manner. «
The rest of bis father's friends that either had command in dis
army, or were governors of cities, he either caused to be i
ously assassinated; or seizing them, murdered them and their ft
lies together. Being therefore hated not only by his sabjeets,
by all the neighbouring nations, all within his domiaionSy
voured as much as they could to bring about a revolution and i
of government.
10k Tiberius Gracchus was the son of Tiberius who bad lif#rftnli#
consul, and a man very famous, both as to the swoid
He was likewise the grandchild of Publius Scipio by bis i
that Scipio who conquered Hannibal and the Carthi^iniana*
nobly born on both sides, he excelled all his equals in age, in \
judgment and elocution, and indeed in all manner of leaming^'sSlhst:
he was not afraid to enter the lists with any that dared to oppose liiab ^
11. The Syrian slaves cut off the hands of those they toolT pifr
souers, not at the wrists, but hands and arms togethern,
li» The senate dreading the anger of the | onstilted it^t
Sibyl's books, and sent ambassadors into Sicily^ i s»ed tli^oi^^b
DfODORUS STCULUS. B2S
the whole island, eretted altars to Jupiter ^tnetift, atid offered so-
lemn sacrifices to him, enclosing tbe altars round with stone walls to
exclude al) but those of rlie several cities, who after the customs of
their own country, were used to oBer sacrifices to him.
13< Gorgus was of Morgantium*, surnamed Camhalus, a principal
man for wealth and authority in the city. Going abroad to hun^
and failing in amongst a company of r6bherS| he took to his he^Is
to get into the town, who being by chancd tnet by Goirgus hb father
on horseback, the father forthwith leaped off hi^ horse, and desii'ed
his son to mount, and make away with all sfieed into the city ^ butiis
the son was dot willing to prefer hia dwn pteservatioii before that of
his father, so the father could not bear the death of his son by avoid-
ing the danger himself. And thus while they Wiere with teafs eti^
treating one another, and striving to etce^d e^<ih other in endearing
natural affections, the love of the father in contest with the love of
the son, they were overtaken by the thieves, and both killed upon
the place.
14. Zibelmius the son of Diegylis following his father's steps in
cruelty, enraged at what the Tliracians had done, proceeded to ibut
degree of implacable severhyj and bcigiit of wickedness, that he
put to death all that had displeased him, with their whole families,
and upon most sliglit and frivolous occfisions cut£ome in pieces limb
from limb, crucified others, and sawed several asunder. He killed
likewise little children before their parent's faces, and infants at
their mother's breasta, and having cut them in pieces, dished up
their members as curiosities for their kindred to feast upon, reviving
as it were those antient repasts and entertainments of Tereusf and
Thyestes.J At length the Thracians seized upon his person ; but it
was scarce possible to punish him according to his deserts. For how
could one body suffer the puuishmcnt justly due for tlie cruellies and
injuries committed against a whole nation? However, to the utmost
of their power they repaid him with all the scorn and contempt, and
totremityof torture upon his bodyj they could invent.
15. Ptolemy Physcon, when he saw his sister Cleopatra was so
great an enemy to him, ^nd could not revenge himself otherwise
upon her, contrived a most notorious piece of vUlany for that pur-
pose. For he imitated the cruelty of Medea, murdering her son
Memphites, begotten by himself, who was then in Cyprus, and a
* Now Georgeto in the kingdosu of Naples.
i Tcrcus a king of Thrace. See the ttory of Tereas Progne aod PhiloiBehH-0?idj
Met. lib. 6. His panUfameDt hj his oim subjects.
i TLjcstes feasted b^ his brother Atreos king of Hjeenm, with his own sons begotlea
upon Atreus's wife— ^fid, Ifet.
You 2. No, 48, LLLi
T
686 THE FIIAGM£NT8 OP
erjr yoang boy: nd not conteDt with thig, he Gommttcda bimom
wicked act: for^ cutting off the child's Umbt^ bo pot dwmlii i
ebesti and delivered them to one of his guard to be oonveied to Alex-
andria; and whereas Cleopatra's birthday was then near at hand,
he commanded that in the night next before that day, be shoaM
set down the chest at the palace gi^tes; which being accordingly
executed, Cleopatra made great lamentation, and all the people were
in a great rage against Ptolemy.
.16. Atheneus, Antiochu^'s general, in a short time met with a
just and due reward for his insolencies and abuses in all phees
whereTcr he quartered in his march: for being the first that fled,
and forsook Antiochus in the heat of the fight^ eoming to some ef
the towns where he had abused his quarters, all shut their doois npoa
him, and every one refused to help him, either with meat or diink^
so that he wandered up and down the country, till at kngdi be wss
fiunished to death.
17> HegelochnSjgeneral of Ptolemy Physcon, sent against llaisjsi
the. Alexandrian general, took him prisoner, and cut off. all his
army. When Msrsyas was brought before the king, and all ooa-
tluded that he would forthwith put him to some cruel death, Ptokny
pardoned him, beyond all men's expectation : for now he bcgui to if-
pent of hb former cruelties, and endeavoured to regain the people'i
love and favour by acts of clemency.
IS. Evemerus, king of Parthia, born in Hyrcania, exceeding all
Other princes in cruelty, omitted no sorts of torments he could is*
vent. For many of the Babylonians, upon slight grounds, with
their whole families, he made slaves and sent them into Media to be
sold. He burnt likewise to the ground the market-place, and some
of the temples in Babylon, and razed the fairest and most beautiful
parts of the city.
19. Alexander surnamed Zabinas, when those renowned captains
Antipater, Ponius, and iEropus, revolted from him^, and seized upoa
Laodicea^ he at length took the city: however, he generously spared
them all. For he was of a mild and gentle disposition, and pleasing
temper, and of a wonderful affability in his converse or discourse,
and was therefore greatly beloved of every body.
20. When Caius Sextius had taken the city of the Gauls, andsoU
the inhabitants for slaves, one Crato who was led in cliains witli the
rest, came up to the consul, as he sat upon the tribunal, and told
him he had ever been a friend to. the Romans, and for that reason had
suffered many injuriesj and had undergone many stripes and scourge
ings from his fellow citizens: upon which Sextius forthwith, witk
* To Sclcucu^ Dcmetriu*^ «ua of Kic4tior.
DIODORUS SICULUS. 62/
— ^ ^ , , , . ■ =^=^
all the demonstration of kindness^ as of a kinsman, released him
from his bonds, and restored him his goods; and for his good will to
the Romans, gave him power to set free nine hundred of the citizens,
«uch as he himself thought fit. For the consul was more generous
and bountiful to Crato than he expected, to the end t]ie Gauls might
see how exactly just the Romans were, both in their punbhments and
rewards.
21. Alexander not being very confident of the multitude, both in
tegard of their rawness in martial affairs, and their natural incon-
stancy, and hankering after innovations, would not adventure upon a
pitched field; but having got together as much money as he could^
yout of the public treasuries, and pillaged the temples, resolved by
night to steal away into Greece. But whilst he attempted, by th«
help of some of his barbarians, to plunder Jupiter's temple, he was
seized upon, and himself and whole army had like to have been cut
off: but he soon escaped out of their hands, and made towards Seleu->
cia. But the Seleucians having heard beforehand, of his savage sa-
crilege, shut their gates against Him; and failing there of his {>urposig
he went to Pusidium, and never after departed from the sea coast.
22. After Caius Gracchus was killed by the hands of his own ser-
vant, Lucius Vitellius who had been one of his particular friends,
^as the first that got his body; and was so far from being troubled
at his death, that he cut off his head, and carried it to his own house^
thereby giving a remarkable instance of his cruelty and covetpusness.
For when Lucius Opimius*", the consul by proclamation, promised to
reward, iiim that should bring to him Gracchus's head, with the
weight of it in gold, Vitellius bored a hole in the neck, and drawing
cot the brains, poured in melted lead ip the room. Th^n be brought
the head to Opimius,and returned with the promised reward; but was
afterwards hated by all to the day of his death, as a betitay^r of hU
friend. The Flacci were also all put to death.
23. In Libya the two kings drew up their armies one against ano^
fher, and Jugurtha routed the Numidians in a great battle, slaying
many of them; whereupon Adherbal his brother fled to Cirta, where
being straitly besieged, he sent ambassadors to Rome to entreat
them not to suffer a king that was their friend and ally to be utterly
ruined: whereupon the senate forthwith sent messengers into Nu-»
midia with orders to Jugurtha to raise his siege: which he disregard-
ipg, they sent another embassy vested with power and authority: but
that was as fruitless as the other ; and at length Jugurtha, straitly
blocking up the city tpund, through extrepfiity of famine forced it to
9Hrrender, and most unnaturally slew his brother as he was goui(^
♦ Vid. Plio. Nat. Hist. lib. 33. c. %
62R niZ FRAGMENTS OF
out of the city with his children, and leaving the kingdoro> beaeech-
ing him only to spare his lifci neither regarding the l^ws of nature
and consanguinity, nor of arms, in sparing those that beg for quar-
ter: he likewise scourged all the Italians to death that aided with his
brother.
24. Publius Scipio Nasica, the consul, was a man reoovned both
for his virtue and nobleness of birth; for he was of the same familj
with Africanus and Hispanicus; of whom the first conquered Afri-
ca^ the other Asia, and the third Spain; and from th«ncc gained the
several surnames before mentioned: and besides theeminency of Lis
birth, his father and grandfather were the most eminent men of the
city; for lK)th. of them were presidents of the senate*; and the first
that gave their votes, and delivered their opinions in all public mat-
ters, to the time of their deaths. Hi$ grandfather upon an. occasioa
was judged by the senate the best man of all the Roman citixeas.
For it beingfound written in the Sybil's books^JThattbe RonDianashoaU
build a temple in honour of the great mother of the gods^ and ahooU
bring her image from Pcssious in Asia» and meet it out of the citf
with all the orders and degrees of the citizeps in soleom pomp and
Slate, and tjiat the Ixest man should le^d the men, nnd the best wo-
man be at the head of the women, wh^i^ they rc<;eived the inage of
the goddess: the senate performipg; all that wa3 prf sccil^d by dn
Sybil's writings, judged Publius Na^ica to be the beat man, ^ndVa*
Icria t^ie best woman. Fur h^ was not only eminent for bis piety to-
wards the gods, but of siitgular prudence in gQveroingapd ordeiiaf
mutters of state, and of a piercing judgment. For when Marcos
Ccito who, was surnamed Demosthenes, in daliverJQg bin opinion ia
the senate, was ever and anon ai&rming.^That Carthage most be
razed, thouglv nothing wf^ in debate concerning it, but t^e leoali
was consulting of other matters ; Publitis Nasica. was ever ofjk coa*
trary opinion, that Carthage was to be preserved^ in whjkh dififv
ence of opinions it seemed a matter of great di%ulty to tj^ senate
which of the two was most advisable ; but those that w^re accpuntad
the best statesmen amongst them, preferred the opinion, of .Nmmbi.
For they conceived, that the power and grandeur of the Romans mu
not to be judged of by the rain and destructipn of other citips^ but
rather hy its sovereign power and authority oyer such ao are aeeonnt*
cd the most potent. Besides, if Carthage stood, out of fear of thit
city the Romans would be kept within the bounds of tb^^r di|ty, aod
in peace and concord among themfelves^ and tbq.cpmi|KM|msliii
would be forced to carry it towards their subjects witk)noi]pinodcia.<*
tion and clemency; which things usually .^trengtbcp^ aqd (
* ChairracD, orsptaken*
^lOBQRrVS SICULUS* ^Sg
sorts of governments: but i£ Carthi^ the rival city be oAce de-*
stroyed^ what can be expected but civil wara amoog the SonnaM
themselves, and the hatred likewise of all their allies for thct pridtt
and covetousness of the Roman magistrates; all which aceordiogiy
happened to the Romans after the destruction of Carthage. For
turbulent factions. Agrarian laws, grievous revolts, of confed^ratM,
continual and destructive civil wars, andall theothernuschiefipi which
Publius Scipio foretold, came to pass: his son Nasica afterwards^
when he was well in years, ordering the senate to follow him, killed
Tiberius Gracchus with his own hands, when he was contriving to
set himself up and take upon him the government. At the commis-
sion of which act^ the commons being in an uproar and exasperated
against the authors of the murder, and the tribunes of the peopb
asking every one of the ii^nators man by man, being brought before
' them, wIk) it was tliat killed Gracchus: every one out ot the feac
of the rage of the ))eople, denied the fact, and made use of shifting
and im)>ertinent ai>swers: but when it came to Naaiea, he owned,
that he killed him with his own liand; and forther declared, that the
designs of Gracchus in aspiring to be absolate monarch, was a secret
to all other persons, but very well known to him and the senate^
'Whereupon the people, though they were much troubled at the iact^
yet being moved by the boldness and authority of the man, from
thenceforth rested quiet and said no nv>re. This Scipio Nasica like«>
wise, (son of the former Nasica), who died consul this year, was of
an unspotted conversation all his days, never tainted or oormpted
with bribes: and being endowed with philosophical principles, he
was not only a philosopher in words, but in truth; so that he inhe*-
lited both the glory and virtues of his ancestors.
25. Antiochus Cyzenicus, as soon as he got into possession of the
kingdo^ii, applied himself to revelKngs and luxury, and courses al*
together unbeseeming kiogs^ For being extremely addicted to an*
tics, stage players, and all sorts of jugglery he karned iheit art»
with a great deal of vehemency ; he applied hiiiiseif also to poppit*
playing, and phiced his 'Chiefest -delight in ntaking the images of
living creatures in bulk five cubits, covered oyer with gold and silvery
to move of themselves, and other engines of that nature. But as
for warlike engines and testudoes, called helepoles, whose prepara-
tions and magnificence belonged to princes, and were commonly of
great use, he was altogether wanting in them. Moreover, he was
much addicted to unseasonable huntings, and oftentimes would steal
out privately by night, with a servant or two, to hunt boars, lions^
and leopards; so that many times he was in danger of his life by hi
rashly encountering these wild beasts*
630
TIIE FRAGMENTS OF
26. Micipsa^ son of Masinissa king of Nomidia, bad maDy
ehildren; bat above them all he loved Adherbal bis eldest, and
Uiempsaland Micipsa; the last of which was the mildest prince of
«n the kings of Numidia^ and sent for the most learoed men out
of Greece be could hear of, and spending his time with them in im-
proving himself in all sorts of liberal sciencesi and especially in
philosophy, be enjoyed bis kingdom, together with hb study of phi-
losophy td his old age.
27. Contoniatus, the petit prince of Jontora in Gaul, was emi-
nent fpr bis prudence and skill in martial affairs: be was a friend and
an ally of the Romans, being formerly brought up in Rome, and so
seasoned with virtue and civility; by the help «f the Romans he
gained that principality in Gaul.
28. Caius Marius, one of the ambassadors, was slighted by the
proconsul, as one of the meanest of them'. The rest who were of
eminent birth, and in high place, were honoured and respected
by il>e proconsul. But as for the other who was said to have been
but a publican, and had much ado to get into the lowest form
amongst the magistrates*, Metellus made no account of him.
Though in truth, all the rest loved their ease and avoided the camp,
yet Marius, having been often employed in the wars in desperate ad-
ventures, seemed highly to resent the injury and affront. But ad-
dicting himself with great application of mind to martial affairs, he
became a most expert soldier; and being naturally of a warlike spt*
lit, in a short time be grew very famous; and for his generosity and
courteous deportment, and his affable carriage in all meetings to-
wards all that were under his command, he gained the hearts of all
the soldiers, who studying to make grateful returns for his kindness,
fought the more cheerfully and courageously, to the end they might
advance the honour and reputation of their general : and if any other
at any time happened to be sent to command them, the soldiers oq
purpose in the very height of the battle would fight more carelessly;
so that most commonly things miscarried and came to nought when
any other commanded the army; but when Marius was general, the
Romans were ever conquerors,
* The proconsul.
DIODORU8 SICULUS. 631
BOOK XXXVI.
I. THE rebellious slaves did not only Wast6 and destroy Sicily^ bnt
those that were free, who had neither lands nor gbods^ betook them*
selves to rapine and robberies^ and ravaged up and down in the coun-
try in flocks and droves; they drove away whole herds of cattle;
robbed the barns in the towns and villages, and carried away the
corn and other fruits of the earth, and killed every one they met,
without distinction of either bond or free, that noTie might be left to
tell tales of thei^ murders and cruelties. For as there wrs at this time
an anarchy in Sicily, having no Roman pretor that exercised any
jurisdiction, all ran headlong and committed many and gri!at exior-
mities with impunity^ so that all places were fuU of rapines and rob^
beries, and the goods of the rich made a prey to force and violence:
and they who a little before were noted and eminent amongst
their fellow citizens for their wealth, by a sudden change of fortune
were not only treated with the greatest contempt and scorn imagina-^
blc, and robbed of all they had by tlieir slaves, but were forced to bear
unsufferable abuses from them that were freemen of the same coun-
try. And therefore none could scarcely call any thing hla own with in
t];e city gates; but what was witliout^ they looked upon as quite lost,
and to he an irrecoverable prey to the robbers. To conclude, confu-
sion and utter subversion of law and justice, raged throughout all
the cities and towns in the country. For the rebels after they had
wasted the country, out of hatred to their masters, and insatiable
covetousness, beset the high ways and made them impassablCp And
those slaves that were yet within the cities sick, but In their hearts
longing for an opportunity to rebel, were a dread and terror to their
masters.
2. Saturninus the tribune being a man of profuse life, and questor
in the province of Ostia, ordering all the corn to be carried away to
Rome, for his mal-administration of the government was rebuked
by the senate, and divested of his authority, and the province com-
mitted to the care of another. But afterwards leaving off his former
luxurious course of life, and growing sober in his conversation^ he
was chosen tribune of the people.
3. Whereas for two years together in every public assembly Q^
Mctellus's restoring from banishment was taken into debate His
Hon traversing the market-place with his beard and hair overgrown^
fist fiik fftAGifnm d»
and id a nasty gannent^ with teafs io his eyes^ prostmted himseir •!
die feet of every eitisBeOt entreating them to recid his fiither. Bat the
people, though they were very backward to make a precedent tat
exiles for the time to come Co hdpe ioit return, against the laws,
yet, in compassion to the young man, and being moved with the im-
portunity of his entreaty, they recalled Metellu^ fifom banishmeot,ind
saraamedthetMFlttHftrhbfetoglklilr ifi^^ MM eat« he kel el
Usfiitber.
4.'The RomMi fomiftrly, bdttg guMtWi hyj|diid mA WhidesdH^
laws and coasiiitttions^ by d^ffUM fii^fw to ihAt M^glif of powir,
that at lengA theygain«d the gtCateM eidplfe of ai^r thMt UsiMf
makes menttoo^of. But of kktef thiws, atier ihejr bid conqutrrf
aosmy oationsittid bttd so loi^. Indulged fbeittsetvei ih the Mjoymcit
of an nnloterropled peace, they deeEiked fidm their ililti^iit ihmeti^
to wieked' and destructive oiMdMs* Fb^ the yMbg iSieD^ cit|oyii^
rest and case from war, whh pienty of ill thiigs Io l»6 ffeiel to thdr
lusts, gait tMnselves up to taaury and Intempenince; for in ite
city piodlgriity irb pvfettfed befato frtigiifrty, and Hiring at ease lj^
fbie the serviee of the camps mti he that wMed all his tinlie in lu*
loptuousness, and not he tiMif was of a virtnoctt and sober couseim^
tion, was aecuuuted hf aH to be the only hippy man* Antf tbcrdfaii
aumptucms feasts, most ffsgrant ofMments, floweieo^and esBbioi- ^
dered carpets, rich and s^rteiy furniture for their ban<iueting roomsi
curiously wrdught with gold, silver, ivory, and such like roateriab^
were then cried up every wllere. Wine tliat was but of an ordiaary
quaKty they would not touch, but only Falernian* and Chian, tntf
such tike pleasant wmes: the choicest fish Kkewise, and every thio{;
of the best sort, was provide to gratify their shameless luxury. The
young gallants likewise wore garments of the finest and softest wool, r
woven so fine, as that they were even transparent, and, for their
slender webh, altogether Kke uqto women's gowns. AH these things,
serving to nourish luxury and voluptuousness, (to their rutn and de-
struction), being generally coveted by all, in ashort time grew to cx«
cessive rates: for a hogshead of Falemian wine was sold for a hua-
dted drachmas, and a hogshead of salted fish from the Pontic sea for
four hundred, dkilfol cooks were sold for four talents a-piece, and
delicate and beautifUl boys for many talents. And whereas all with
full swing gave themselves up to this luxurious course of life, some
of the governors in the provinces used their utmost crtdeavour to re-
form these enormities; and to that end, being in high places, and s0
most observable^ by reason of the eminence of their stations, they
* Of Fdlemus, in CampMiii^ in Uie kingdom of Naples, now cmlled
T«rra dM^n? aro.
DIObORUS SrCULlJS; 63i
framed their awn lives 50 as to be examples of virtue and liberal edu-
cation to others,
5. QutDtus Mutltu Scaevdiii used his utmost endcavoiir to tefortit
other men's corrupt manners by his ovi^n virtaous example. For^
when he was sent proconsul tnto A^ia^ he made choice of Quintus
RutUius^j his most intimate friend, for his legate, and ever took hir
advice in the management of his government^ and makitig of tawsi
All the costs and expences both of himself add his retinue he ordered
to be defrayed ont of his own purse j and by hts moderation and fru-^
galityj together with his just and upright deatirtg, he freed the pro-
vince from its former miseries and oppressions: for the proconsuls
of Asia that \vere before him confederated with the publtcaas, (in
whose hands at that time was the administration of justice at Rome)
and filkd the whole province with tire pressures of their illegal ex-
actions^
6. Mutius Scttvolsi mahftging his government with all possible
diligence and integrity^ did not only suppre^ ail false accusations^
but rescrained the injuries and oppressions cotnmltted by the pt^li-*
cans* For as often as any who had been oppressed by those ioU
gatherers made their address to Inm, he commissioned upright judges^
by whom he condemned them wheresoever he came^and forced them
to pay tlie mulct imposed upon them to the persons they had in}uredt
hut fnr rttVnces that deserved deatli^he gave sentence of death. One
of the chief of these publicans, who h^td contracted with liis master
for his freedom for a great sum of money, before he was manumtttcd,
he condemned to die^ and cruciBed him.
7- Those that were condemned by the judges, he delivered over to
the persons injured^ to be by them carried away to prison; so tiiai
they wfio before, through their insolence and covetonsnessj com*
mitted all manner of injustice^ were unexpectedly hurried away to
the guol by those whom they had injured. Moreover^by discharging
his own expenses and the expenses of his retinue out of his own prj^-
rate purse, he soon inclined the hearts of all the province towards the
people of Rome.
8. Lucius Asellius (whose father was a questor) being sent pretof
into Sicily, finding in the province great havock and devastation; by
his prudent management of things in a short time restored it to its
former state and condition* For^ after the example of Scsvbla, he
made choice of his intimate friend Caius Sempronias Longtis for his
legate, and joined with him Publius, the famous Roman knight, for
his counsellor^ who then resided at 8yrflcuse^ afid^ bilides tbc fbods
of fortune^ was eminent for the virtues of his mind» His piety to*
• Publiua BatHiat Ruiiit.
Vol. 2. No. 48* MITMK
6:m the fragmekts or
wiurds the gods is safficlently testified by his sacriBces^ gifts, and a-
doming of the temples: and the quick and lively use of all his senses
io the last momebt of his life was an evident afgamefit of his sobriety
and temperance : .and his learning and coarteous dispositioD are 9p*
pareht from the great value and esteem he ever bad of learned mafr,
and his bounty and liberality out of his own purse towards then tiiat
applied themselves to the study of the liberal arts and ideneM^
Asellius^ assisted with the advice of those two men, who coiitinaei
with him under the same roof, and sat with him in judgment apoa
the bench, made it his daily care to reform and set M things ri^
again in the province.
9. In the courts of justice, he aimed at the public good, and cleared
the court of all sycophants and false accusers ; and it Waift his ehief
care to relieve the poorest man, and those that were less able te hel^
themselves: for whereas the other pretors committed the care af
orphans and widows that were destitute of friends tt» tutors and guar-
dians tliat were strangers^ he looked after them hialself^ tad deckM
their causes with all the care and diligence imaginable, and wii a
great relief to the oppressed. And as long as he was goremor af
Sicily, continually using his utmost endeavour to suppresa both pti*
vate and public injuries, he at length settled the prorinee in its for-
mer state of happiness and prosperity.
10. Marcus Livius Drusus, though he was very yonng^ yet Was
adorned with whatever was commendable, either in reference to bb
body or mind: for he was the son of a renowned father^ wtm was sin-
gularly beloved of the people of Home, both upon the account of Uf
noble birth and virtuous qualifications. And he himself for elo-
quence excelled all his equals in age, and all his Asllow-citizens h
wealth and riches : and upon the account of his faithfulness to hii
word, he gained a very great interest and authority among the citi-
zens; and, being likewise of a great spirit, seettaed to be the onlf
patron of the senate.
BOOK XXXVII.
1 . POMPCEDIUS, general of the Marsi*, attelnpt^ inritetf igMf,
but a most rush and inconKidemte act: fi>r fte^Altd Mt ten thoth
• A pi'^Vt^e in Flftljr.
DioDORUs siinrUM
3aiid 5oMi«rs from amofigst those who \ver« afraid of su^ering due
punislioient for their oflcnccs^ and^ coniiiunding them to hide their
swords under their coats^ marched with them towards Kome^ with
a design to b«^t ihe senate round witb this rabbU, and to dr-
mQiul the freedom of theeuy^ and^ if he could not prevail , to Iny the
city waste witli fire and sword. Being by chanec wet upon the road
by Caius Doaiitlus, he asked }Jm-^" Whither goest thou^ Pompo*-*
dius, with so great a company?*' who answcrcd^^To Rome^ for that
he was sent foi hy tlie trihnncs of tlte people, to be reeeived into tho
f*eedoTU of the city. But Domitius ruplied, saying — '' Thou ruayest
obmiD what thou seekeat for with far more ease, and much more
honesty, if thou didst not make up to tiic senate in a hostile manner:
lor the senate will not be compelled^ but entreated and petitioned, to
bestow that grace and favour upon the Latins, who are their allies
and confederates,'' The man being taken with tlus, as with a divine
Jtdmonition from heaven, and over-persuaded with what Domitlus
had said, forthwith returned home, And thus Domitius, by his sea*
^onahle and prudent advice, delivered his country from dreadful mis-^
chiefs that threatened u, addressing himself to Pompoedius^ much
better than Servilius the proconsul did to the Pieentians: for he
spoke not to them as to freemen and allies, but as to slaves, and in-^
suited tliem with the greatest scorn and contempt imaginable, and
Thfcateued and terrified them to that degree, that he stirred up the
contt^derate^, to the ruin and destruction both of himself and others.
But Doinitius on the contrary, by his mild and calm discourse, allayed
tkc fury and violence of the t-uiiiged multitude.
^, There was one Agamemnon, a Citician, for his many wicked
pranks and slaughters of the confederates, was committed to prison
iu Asculum^ by the Homaus, Tliis man being released by the Pi-
(cntians, in gratitude for the kindness shewn him, fought resolutely
oil their side; and, being inured to robberies from a boy, joining
jvith oUiers of the like gang, he waated and spoiled the enemy's
cp wintry,
3* Tiie inhabitants of the city Pinnate for their constant fidelity
to the Romans, fell into most dreadful calamities; for, being obsti-
nately resolved not to desert the Romans, (without any touch or BeDs<
of natural aflectiou), wtre forced to see their child'e.nicnocived oq tli*
iiead before their eyes. ,
4. Lucius Sylla bravely and gallafttly fwrforincd most nobi^ aC'*
tlons, and his fame and reaowD was biasQioed all Qver the city^ ^^Jt
the people of Rome judged him worthy of the CQpsu]9bip> lov'^io^
* A city iu ApttU«r h» Itfklj, t ^^tiUj^
636 THI& FRAGMENTS O*
upon him a^ a man eminent both for valoar and conduct in martial
affairs : to conclude, it was apparent that he was likely to anive at
the highest pitch of glory.
5. Mithridates having conquered the Roman generals in Asia, and
taken many prisoners, sent them all home clothed, and with provi-
sions in their knapsacks* This mild passage was cried up everf
where, and all the cities generally came flocking in to him; inaomoch
that ambassadors came to him from all cities, inviting him by their
public decrees to come in to them, oalling him their god and deli*
verer: and, upon notice of the king*s approach, the people came
huddling out of the several cities in white garments, to salute him,
and received him with great joy and acclamation.
6. Mithridates-s party sweeping all before them in Asia, as fbey
wenjt without control, all the cities strangely revolted from the Ro-
mans; and as for the Lesbians, they resolved not only to yield up
themselves to the king, but to deliver up Aquilius also, who flew
away to Mitylene, and lay there to be cured of a disease. Where-
upon they sent to his lodgings a company of choice yonths, stout
and resolute, who came rushing into the room where Aquilius was,
and took him aud bound him, supposing he would be a most nue
present, and very acceptable to Mithridates: but Aquilius, though he
was but as yet a youth, performed a most noble and heroic act ; fbr^
preferring death before disgrace, and the punishments of a slave, he
prevented them that were ready to hurry him away, and killed him*
self: with which desperate act those that came to take him along.
with them were so terrified, that they durst not approach him. His
valour* and resolution, therefore, was. cried up every where, who, bj
the putting an end to his own life, had rescued himself with an un^
d.iunted courage from the torments designed to be executed
him.
7* In order to a sea-fight, the Rhodians were overnuitched in i
thing but in the nuRfiber of ships; and in all other respects they y
far superior, as being the better pilots, knew better how to Older
their ships and ply the oars, had the more sprightly soldiers, and die
more expert commanders: whereas, on the contrary, the Capped^
cians were but fresh -water soldiers, seldom exercised at aea-flghtSy
and, which commonly proves the bane of all, did all tumnltnous^
and without any order. It is true, indeed, they were as cheerfal and
ready to engage as the Rhodians, because they were to fight just in-
der the king's eye, and therefore desired to approve theur kjalty and
• But Plin. Ntt Hist. lib. 3S, c. 3, sayt, MitKridatet poued aelled foM &&9M Uk
throat, for bij cofetouMiew.— Uib. Ana. StS.
DIODORUfi 81CULUS. 6d7
affection to him; and^in regard tfaey only overpowered their enemies
In number of ships, they used idl the arts and coDtrivances they could
devise to surround and hem them in.
8. Caias Marlqs was the most renowned person of any of his time^
when he was young: be was ambitious of honour and glory, free
from covetousness, and performed many noble acts, both in Europe
and Africa, so that his name was fiimous, and cried up in all places.
But when he grew old, and coveted the riches of Icing Mithridates,
and the wealth of the cities of Asia^ and sought, against the laws, to
have the province which was allotted to Cornelius Sylla transferred
to him, he fell justly into many calamities; for he not only missed
those riches which he coveted, but lost all that were his own, the
questors, by reason of his extAiordinary covetousuess, being sent to
seize upon all his goods for the public use. He was, moreover, by
the judgment of the people condemned to die; but escaped that pu-
nishment by flight, and wandered solitarily and alone up and ^own
Italy, and at length got into Numidia, pour and destitute of alt things* -
Afterwards, when the civil wars broke out in Rome^ he joined with
those that were judged enemies to tlie Remans, und, being victori-
ous, he was not contented with his return into his own country j but
raised great commotions io the commonwealth. But at length hav*
ing gained the seventh ronsulshipj and by his owti misfortunes
learned the inconstancy of fortune, he was unwilling to put thin^
to a hazard any more : and therefore, foreseeing the dreadful war SylU
was bringing upon his country, he murdered himself; but, leaving
behind him the seeds of a most grievous war, he involved his son amd
country in most dreadfulculamitiesi for his son being forced lo con-
tend with an enemy more potent that) himself, he most miserably
perished (upon taking of the city) in a vnult, whither he fled to hide
himself. And the people of Utime, and cities of Italy, having bc«a
now long engaged in a cruel wnr, fell under many dreadful calamities.
For two principal men of the city, Scaevola and Crttssus, without any
course of legal proceedings, were murdered in the senate; wliose "
cruel murder plainly evidenced the greatness of those miseries that
then threatened both the city and all Italy: for the gres test part of
the senate, and the most eminent men of the city, were slaughtered
by Sylla, and no less than one hundred thousand soldiers were sUig
either in mutinies or battles; and all these miseries were at first oc-
casioned by the covetousness only of Marius.
9. Lucius Cornelius Merula, who was chosen consul in the room
of Cinna, when Cinna agreed to peace, upon condition that be might
be rtstored to the consulship, approved himself a good citizen^ and
638 THE FRAGMENTS OF
evidenced his extraordinary love to bis couBtij: for,i
self to the senate and people, and, disoouniog GOBCcraiog what Ufkit
most tend to the public good, he prouused that be woiiU hr the pn>-
curer of peace : and whereas he was choaeo consiil much ^uost his
wil]^ lie declared he would now freely, of his owa accord» give op
his authority into the hands of Cinoa; upon which he fbrlhvith sur-
rendered his consulship, and became a private maa. The araate
hereupon sent ambassadors to Cinna, and, having agreed with Un
upon the terniC) of peace, introduced bim into the city.
10. Lucius Sylla, being greatly straitened for want of moBey,
riflt'd three temples that were full of devoted gold and silver, that is,
the temple of Apollo at Dclphos, of Esculapius at £{Mdaunis, aod
the famous temple of Jupiter at Olympus; oat of which last he car-
ried Hway a vast treasure, fur it bad never before beeo vkdated. Bat
as to the temple at Delphos, the Phocions, in the time of the sacisd
war,^ad drained it of its wealth. When Sylb, therefore, bad thai
heaped up a mighty mass of gold and silver, and other ireasare, he
was sufficiently furnished with money to carry on the war ia Italy.
But having, without all fear or sense of religion, thus robbed the
temples^ he consecrated a piece of laud to the gods, for the maia-
tiiiniiig of yearly sacrifices, in lieu of the money; and would often,
in a joke and jest, say .That he was sure to be victorious in all ea-
couiiters, who had tlie gods for his assistants, and for that cad hid
helped him with money.
11. Fimbria, having out-run Flaccus, and got a loag way before
him in his luaich, thought he liad now gained a aiost coavenicat
opportunity for some commotion or other; and therefore, that hf
might endear the soldiery to him, be permitted them to make iocar-
sions into the countries of their allies, and make what havock they
pleased therein, and to take captive every one they met with. The
soldiers very readily embraced the license, so that withiu a few days
they had scrambled together abundance of wealth by their plaadtf*
ing. But those that had been spoiled of their goods went to meet the
consul, and made bitter complaints to bim of the injuries tbey had
received, who being much troubled at the business, commanded them
to follow him, and he himself would see restitution aiade to evcij
one that had sutl'ered; and accordingly with threats he Ammn«iwl#J
Fimbria to return forthwith to the owners whatsoever had beenttkeu
away from them. But Fimbria laid all the blame upoa ilie soldiev^
who did this without any commission from him; but covertly he ad-
vised them not to regard the consul's command, aor suflBur that to he
taken from them which tbey had got by the law of arms: upoa tbis^
when Flaccas commkhded rHtitation to b^ made of thefr- rtf^d^,
adding threats to bis commands, th^ sdldkts rHiisled tO obey, so tb8t
there followed a great mutiny in the camp.
12. Fimbria, having again ei^ossed thfe Hdlcspont, afrimated bb
soldiers to rapines and all kinds of villanies, exacted money from this
cities, and divided it amongst the soldiers, Wh6, having obtainlfd aa
UBcontrouled h'cense, did what they please J; and allar^d, moreover^
with the hopes Of a htge income, loved Fimbria as one who had de-
served extremely well Of tile whole army. Moreover, thOie*citieythit
had stood out algainst him, when he baci tAen them^ be gave tbem t6
the plunder of his soldtets, and so be dealt with NrcOm^dia.
13. The same Fimbria being admitteci itito Cyzicum, professing
himself a friend to the pla^e, as sOob as be wHS got' in, began to im^-
peach all the wealthiest of them, and charge thbiti'#ith some crime cfr
other. Two of these, the principal m^if bl^ the dty, aftet he had
passed sentence on them, he caused to be wbi|^pM With rod$, to ter-
rify the rest, and afterwards strudc oiF their hi^ad^^tihtlset thehrgbodi
to sale, and forced others, otit of feiir, to ^V^ blm all tHey had, as k
ransom for their lives. ' ur. . . v. > .
14. Cn. Pompeius addicted' ItiMsdf to marVial afltifrS) at^d Muted
himself to the hardships and fatigues of War, so that in> a short' time
he became very expert in military mattet^i' fb)r, casting bflf afl iloth
and effeminateness, he was always, nigfttllnd'diifyi'doIhgisOmifthf^
or other that was useful and mlvahtageofiM fbr tna^tet^'rektittg to ^f\
for he was very sparing in his diet, eat bib ifheat sittings atW ^Itbgethet
forbore baths, and sudh liW delists. H6 Allotted But a*w houts
of the night for sleep, and's^ent the rest in the cares of a geneiral^
rehiting to what he was toptit in cjtecutioA the tiext day^ so that, by
bis constant forethoughts of th^imcrttain events of #at, be b^andi
a most expert comttittnd^r. And therefore, whereas another 6oUkl
scarce in the same time fit hitnieH to talrt iipon him the ehaf^'tdf
an army already raisfedj in that '^ime,iand n^uc^ k^, betaised thi^nl^
trainedyand disdplined them. And whin the nkWs^t his famous ex*»
ploits was brought to Rome, every body at ferst, reflecting upon bin
youth, more than thinking upon his valour, slighted him, supposing
that the messengers stretched in their relations, and made things look
bigger than in truth they were. But when the certain event con-
firmed the former report, the senate sent out Junius* against bim^
whom he routed, and put to flight.
15. Lucius Scipio's army being corrupted, revolted, and went over to
Sylla: Scipio now looking upon himself as a lost man, Sylla sent
to him a party of horse, to conduct him whithersoever he pleased.
• Junius Brutus.
640 THE FRAGMENTS 0f
Being therefore forced in a moment to lay aside the •nstgn^ of his
aathority, he was forthwith, by the courtesy of Sylh, brought in a
private habit to the place he desired. But presently after he resumeil
the ensigns of his authorityi and again marched forth with a consi-
derable army.
16. Id the mean time the persons of the greatest quality at Rome,
by false accusations, were put to death, amongst whom QatntusMu*
tius Scsvola, the chief priest, a most honourable and vinuous per-
son, camt to an unworthy end, only the Romans were fortunate iu
this, tliat the high priest died not in the most sacred place: for the
cruelty of the murderers was such, that they kid him upon the very
altar*, and there cut his throat, so that by his own blood he extin-
guished that fire which, out of a religious devotion, from antieot times
was ever kept burning.
17* The names of those that were proscribed being fixed up in the
market-place, on a sudden a multitude of people cauie flocking iu to
read it, of whom very many pitied those that were thus coudemned
to die. Bult one amongst the rest, a most malicious and insolent
fellow, gloried over the miserable condition of the afflicted, and bawled
out most spiteful words against them, whom some incensed deity
forthwith repaid with a just revenge: for by chance reading bb own
name as one proscribed at the bottom of the roll, he ptresently threw
his gown over his head, and began to fly through the thickest of the
people; but, being known to one that stood next to himi who disco-
vered him to be one condemned, he was instantly surrounded and
seized, and then put to death, to the great joy of all tliat heard it.
18. Cneius Pompeius, being a long time pretor in Sicilyj applied
himself to the business of the courts of justice, andj deciding both
public and private controversies, discharged his office with so much
diligence and integrity, that none ever merited more connaendataaoi
for, though he was but two-and-twenty years of age^ a time whiek
might have drawn him off by foolish youthful lusts, yet he carried
himself with so much gravity and sobriety all the while he was in Si-
cily, that the virtue of the young man was much adndred by all tbt
Sicilians.
• 01 Vcsu.
A^ 1^ I J ,', ' „ , ■ HI ^ >
THE FRAGMENTS
QP
DIODORUS SICULUS,
CON CB BUI NO
EMBASSIES.
PUBLISHED BY FULVIUS URSINU8.
Vol, ::. No. 48, nnnn
nr
643
■■11)11 'I' li I iiii 11 -IB
DIODORUS SICULUS.
1 ji.i Mill I..II u,n. o,--,.^
FRAGMENTS.
• - ■ III
TO THE READER.
THESE few fragments, together with those of PolyUtis^ Dionysiu*
Halicarnassus, Dion Cassius^ and Appian^ were published in the
year of our Lord 1581, by Fulvius Ursinus, a Roman born, and omi-
nently learned : but for a further and more particular account of
them, I refer the reader to the epistle to the fragments gf Valerius^
placed next before these; and therefore ha^e now nothing further
to add, but an acknowledgment of thanks due to a learned person
in Oxford, through whose candour the book out of which the transla-
tion of these fragments was made was brought to hand for perusal.
BOOK XXXVIL
1. IN the reign of TuUus Hostilius, king of the Romans, the Af-
bani, jealous of the growth of the Roman power, pretended that the '
Romans committed thefts and robberies in their country, and there"*
fore sent ambassadors to Rome, to demand justice, with instructions^
that if they did not liearken to them, to denounce war against them.
Hostilius, the king of Rome, understanding tliat they sought occasion
to pick a quarrel, and begin a war, commanded his friends and offi-
cers to entertain the ambassadors courteously, and persuade them to
peace and amity, fiut the king, not willing hastily to give them au-
dience, sent some in the mean time to the Aibani, with orders and
Instructions like to those of the Aibani to him; ordering this,iis
prompted thereunto by that antient custom, according to which X\^
old Romans studied nothing more than that their wars should: be just
&44 THE FJU^Btkirrs Of
jmd WImrantable: for he was very caatious lest, not being able to find
. ont the first authors of the depredations, or socb u were to be de-
livered up to the demauds of justice, he should be thought to be die
first fomeuter of aa usjust war. But it faliiug out that the ambasst*
dors that wera sent to Alba were first denied justice, upon the thirtt*
^h day they denounced war against the Albani. The Alban ambas*
sadon, according to their desires, received answer^JThat they bciof
the first that denied doing justice, the Romans wtere they who now
denounced war against them. And these were t)tie reasons that die
people who were before allied by marriages, and at mutual amitj
one with another, now became enemies, and alienated 'one bom
another,
2. When Cambyses, king of Persia, was lord of all Egypt, the
Libyans and Cyreneans, confederating with the Egyptians, sent pe-
sents, and promised entire obedience and subjection to their cofD%
xnands.
3. Hie ambassadors that were sent from Nabis and Flamininds*
to Rome, concerning the terms of peace, after they had opened t9
the senate the matters given them in charge, the senate decreed the
articles to be confirmed, and tliat all their garrisons should be re-
moved, and their forces drawn out of all paru of Greece. When
Flamininus heard of the senate's decree^ he summoned all the -nobi*
Hty of Greece from all parts, to meet in a general council, where he
t'ehearsed to them the great kindnesses and good will of the Romaos
towards the Grecians, and apolo^rized for the matter relating to Na-
bis, because they did in that alFair as much as they were able. He
told them likewise, that, according to their desire, all tiie inhabitant*
of Greece should, he free, and eased of all their garrisons, and, above
all, be governed by their own laws. But he begged that the Greek*
would so far gratify him as to inquire what Italian servants were a-
mong them, and to discharge them within thirty days; which was
done cccordingly.
4. The senate again gave audience to the Grecian ambassadoni
and caressed them with very tair words, desirous to have them earnes:
and forward in the prusccution of the war against Antlochusf, whlck
thty suddenly expected. They gave answer likewise to the ambas*
sadors of Philipt — That becau!»c he maintained his fidelity, they
would free him from tribute, and discbarge his son Demetriu!Ȥ.
And to those that came from Antiochus they appointed ten of the
senate to hear what they said they had in cliarge from the kiuf.
* Titus Quietus l^amimnus, hot Flamiiilas^ as Plutarch sayii for FUoitiitn'ii war*
putricbn extrartion, but Fkifnuiius of plebeian. — See I.itv, lib' S5?.
i Tbc GMAt . ; KiBg or^ftageJmiu* ^ H ho wm wi jMsingc— Lir. iib.^ . '
DIODORUS SICULUS. 64^
When the commissioDcrs sat, one of the ambassadors named Menip«
pus, president of th« embassy, declared, that they came to make up
a league of friendship and confederacy between t£e Rdmaos a^nd
Antiochus. But he said that the king greatly wondered for what
manner of reason the Romans should lay their commands upon him^
what parts of Europe he should make his concern; what cities h«
should not meddle with, nor collect the tributes of some tliat were .
in arrear; that it was not usual for those that are making a treaty
upon equal terms, but for the conquerors, to impose in such a man-
ner; and that their ambassadors who were sent to him toLysimacbia
iniperiously charged him with these things: that Antiochus wai not
at war with the Romans, and, if they had a mind to enter into aa
alliance and league with him, he was ready. Fiamintnu$ answered
^rhere were two things propounded by the senate, let him choose
which of them he would; and that is — If he would relinquish all
his pretences in Europe, the Romans would not meddle with hit
concerns in Asia: and if this did not please him, then t|iey were to
let the king know, that the Romans would assist their friends ancV
allies, when oppressed. The ambassadors replied ^They could not
agree to any thing that might in^pair the king's sovereignty. The
next day the senate told the Grecians — ^That if Antiochus did busy[
himself, and intermeddle with any thing in Europe, the Romans
would, with all the care and diligence imaginable, set free all the
Greeks that were in Asia. The Grecian ambassadors hc^reupoo ap-
proved of all by an applause; but the king's ambassadors entreated
the senate that they would consider into what dangers and miseries
both parties would be brought, and not to be rash in their resolves^
but that they would give the king time to consult, and themselves to
be better advised about these things.
5. As to the yEtolian ambassadors that sought for peace, the se«
nate decreed ^That they should either give up all their country to
the Romans, or forthwith pay to them a thousand talents of silver.
Upon this severe answer (never suspecting any such thing would
have been enjoined) they were seized with great fear; and, seeing
that they had adhered to the king*, they fell into inextricable straits
and perplexities, not having any means left, or way open, to escape
utter ruin.
(). Antiochus, hearing that the Romans had passed over into Asia,
sent Hcraclides of Byzantium to treat with the consul about a peace^ '
with ofl^rs to bear half of the charges of the war, to give Up Lamp-
sacus, Smyrna, and Alexandria, upon the account of which cities he
couccivcd the war broke forth : for those were the first pf all the
• ^ilil^p of ?.Iaccd«n. .
■ ■ n I
Grtek cities of Asia that, by tbeir aoBhassadors to Ifca acttate, pf^ni
Ibt assiatanca of the Romans £ar tlte ioegaiBuig of diair liberty.
7« Antiochus prooused PuUiiis Scipio^ tiie preaSitet of tlia ceao-
dly to. release iua sod without nuiauin^ whom be ba4 taken priMHMr
when he lay about the island Euboaa; and besides thi% that he wooM
give him a greet sum of money, upon the obtaining of a peace. Set*
pio answered — That he would return the idog thanka for the rclme
of his son, but that he did not want those sums; and in requital of m
femarhable a kindness, he advised him o a friend not lo withstaad
.4ie Romans, of whose valour he had had experience. But Antiochns
jndgine those terms to be harder than ware fit to be complied wilk,
sejeeted his advice. . \"
S. In Rome, before the overthrow of Antbchus, die ambMsadofs
fiom the Atolians being brought into the senate, and not in ife least
micusing the faults, but setting forth the great services the iEtpliaas
had performed to the Roman state, one of the senate rose up, sad
asked tlie ambassadors, whether the iEtolians had given up thcss-
aelves tot the protection of the Romans? The ambassadors beiag
hereupon silent and dumb, the senate, suspecting that the JBtolians
fixed their hopes in Antiochus, sent them back into Greece with t
fruitless embassy.
9. Antioclius, laving aside all thoughts of war, sent ambassadors
to the consul, to ask pardon for his miscarriages, and to procure a
peace upon any terms that possibly might be had. The coosol,
keeping close to ihe moderation and clemency of his country, aod
advised likewise by his brother Publius^, agreed to a peace, upoo
these conditions — ^That the king should leave all Europe to the Ro-
mans, and part likewise with all the countries and cities lying on thh;
^ide the Taurus: that he should give up all his elephants aod loag
ships, and pay all the charges and expenses occasioned by the wir,
which were computed at fifteen thousand Euboean talents: that bf
should deliver up ittto their hands Hannibal the Carthaginian, aiu) <
Thoas the ^Etolian, and some others, and give twenty hosts^, I
such as the Romans should nominate. Antiochus, out of a io&g-
ing desire of pence, having accepted these conditions, was freed froc
the war.
10. After the overthrow of Antiochus, there came ambassadon
from all the cities and states of Asia, some concerning the freedoc
of their cities, others i elating to congratulations for the good services
they had done for Rome, in joining in the war against Antkichas.
To all whicli the senate gave great encouragement, and said tbfT
would send ten commissioners into Asia, who, with the geociaUt,
• P. Scipio.— Vi^. Lit. ]ib. 38. f FttloTi,
mODOEUS 16ICULUS« $4f
shmiM bring all orders with ihem. When the ambassftdors were fe«
turned tnto their own countries, the ten comnrisskmers, with Scipior
uad iEmilius, met in council together, and deoveed, thiit the re^ons
on this side Taurus should he.ghFen to Eameiies, and the eiephanls.
But Caria and Lycia they assigned to the RhocKans. Tliey ordered
likewise that such cities as paid tnbote to Eomenes should be sob-
ject to him, but that such as were tribntary to AotiecliUB should be
freed from all tribute whatsocwrr.
1 L When the Galatian^^ ambassadors came 10 Onehis MaDlius ihe
proconsul to treat for peace, he answei«d«.^e wmild come to tenns
of /peace with them wlien their kings eaoie to him.
i2. The same coming 'i mo tLycaoiua, brovght oom that was ivtft
from Antiochus, and the yearly tribute of a thousand talents, accord-^
ing to the articles of peatce.
IS. The general Assembly of the Achaians coming together in
Peloponnesus, the Roman commissioners met them, and declaiieil,
that the senate was much displeased at itie demolishing of the walls
of Lacedaemon, which was done by the states of dkchaia when Aey
were lords of Sparta, and had brought the Lacedemonians, as mem-
bers, into the same coaunonwealth. To this assembly canie the am*
bassadors of £umenes, and bronght along with them a preaent <3S
twemy t talents, out of whicfi the king intended that tlte charge <tf
such as were members of the Aefaaian senate abcNiM be ddfirayed. But
the Acliaians, disliking the disposal of she mon^, cefuaod the gift.
Thither likewise came ambassadors from Seleucua, to renew the
league formerly made between ttie Achatans and Amiochus, whacli
league they renewed, and accepted the present sent from him.
14. Ambassadors coming to Rome from the >king8 and pisinces of
Asia, those princes with Attalus had a noble Jivoeption; for they
were met with great state and pomp, and -presented with rich ^ifts,
and other extraordinary marte df respect and ^our : fortlieae princes
were fast friends to theiRomans, and observant in every thing to tlie
senate; and besides, having courteously entertained above lili ot Iters
those Romans that came to visitthequeen^, they weve judged worthy
of the most honourable reception. For these peasons the senate,
having heard ull the ambassadors, and especially desirous to gratify
the princes that belonged to Eumenes, returned them a graciousan-
i)wer; for they signified that they would «end delegates from the ae-
rate to put a full end to the war with^Pharnaces.
15. llie defrauding of creditors in Thessaly setting all in a fko^e
♦ Gallogreefes. t Polyb. Leg. 41, one hundred and t«reBty*tafeiltf.
i Strutonicc, upon the news ofEumeiTes, 4i<r htiibitnd^'being dead. — See Lir.
lib. 42,
648 TH8 FRAGMENTS OF
among the iEtoliaus^ and every city being filled whh
tumults; the senate suspected that all this confnsioa was oraaedhf
Perseus*, and declared to his ambassadon that ^buf troold ac^oit
him of other crimes whereof he was accused :• but u to Us geeciof
of Abrypolis king of Thrace out of his kingdon^ thcj
Perseus, to rectifyt what he had done.
16. When Arpalus, Perseus's ambassador was silent, die
so far honoured Eumenes as to present him with an ivocy ehaiioc},
and conferred upon him other honours^ and with special ImTOor tad
lespect sent him away into Asia.
17* The same day the senate decreed the war against Peiaais^
and declared it to the ambassadors^ bat returned no antwer; fcod
commanded the consuls expressly lo rqect them|| in the MteasbBa^
and ordered that the ambassadors and all tha Macedonians shosU
that very day depart out of Rome, and within ilbixtj daja ont of
Italy.
18. Ptolemy§, king of E^t, knovring that hia aneeatofi M
been formerly lords of Ckslosyria made great preparatiooa to grit
that justly, even by the law of nati6ns that was before lost by an
unjust war. Antiochus^ having intelligence of these
sent ambassadors to Rome, commanding them toaoqnsint the
that Ptolemy had begun an unjust war against him; bot be
named, sent ambassadors to make his defence, and to infbnn tbsss^
nate how Antiochus, against all right and justice, lorded it over Corli^
Syria, being Ptolemy's own inheritan«:e, descended to bim fhon iS
ancestors. But he ordered them to renew friendship with the Bfe>^
mans, and to endeavour to put an end to the war against Peitens. ^
19. Ambassadors came to Rome from Rhodes to clear tbcmsdias
of tiiose crimes that were charged against them^ lor in the WS^'
against Perseus they seemed in their hearts to lean to tlie kin^ anf^^
tu be loose in their friendship towards the Roasam; bot |Hmhil|[ \
tlie aversion and displeasure of the senate agaiast tlieaa, thcf
greatly dejected; and when one of the pretors^ jrlio
gether an assembly, stirred up the people to a war agi
diaus, they were exceedingly afrahl upon the account^ tiicir istrilli
try, and teil into tliat consternation, that they put on mowaiag Jotf;
bits, not any longer making their < lands, or soliciyng alhwrttiPr
usual treedom of friends, but depreatiog with tcais, thnt
irremediable might be decreed agai t them. Bnt oon «C
* King of Macedon— Lir. Ub. 4S. f To Bcnd lOt
;t Cluuc of lUte. H Peneos'i AmbuMdon. $
^ f 4ntiochai£pipliaBfis.—Aa^ 0^.141^
DIODORUS SICULUS. ^49
. .i .. I. I III, .1 ■ ■ ■ ■ -
t)unes^ introduciDg them into the senate^ and violently plucking
down the pretor from the desk, who was stirring them up to the
war, he caused them to speak, who saying many things in a way of
humhie supplication, received such an answer as altogether freed
them from their excessive fears; but for some of their crimes they
were sharply rehuked.
20. About this time came ambassadors to Rome from all parts t6
congratulate their victories: the senate courteously received them all,
and returning them gracious answers, presently sent them back into
their own country.
21. About this time there being many ambassadors arrived, the
senate first despatched those that came along with Attalus. For the
Romans were jealous of Eumenes, by reason of some letters that
were intercepted, by which it appeared that he had confederated witH
Perseus aijainst the Romans, being likewise accused by many am*
bassadors that came out of Asia, and especially by those that were
sent from king Prussiasf, and the Gallogreeks; those with Attalus
readily answered to every article of the charge, and not only cleared
themselves of all the crimes, but returned home with much honour
and reputation However, the senate did not altogether lay aside
the suspicion of Eumenes: but pitching upon Caius, sent him away
strictlv to observe his affairs and' motions.
22 Prussias became unworthy of the royal dignity, spent his days
basely and sordidly, in flattering his superiors; and when the Roman
ambassadors ea'ne to him, he threw aside the ensigns of royalty, the
diadem and the purple, and, imitating exactly the garb of the Roman
libertines, met the ambassadors with his head shaven, and wearing
a white cap, and, having on the gown and shoes of a manumittedT
slave, so saluted the ambassadors, declaring himself^to be a liber-
tine of the Romans, than which it is no easy matter to find a more
dishonourable title; and many other such mean things he had done
before. And when he came to the portico of the senate house^
standing at the door straight over against the senators, he fell down
prostrate upon both hands, kissing the threshold, and cried out with
a loud voice to them as they sat, all health I ye gods! the saviours!
not sparing any high-soaring compliments of unmanly flattery and
effeminacy. And moreover, making a speech in the senate agree-
able to his sordid deportment, he proceeded so far as is a shame for
me to write. But the senate being offended at many things he said,
returned him an answer suitable to his flatteries. For the Romans are
eager chiefly to conquer a stout and courageous enemy.
* Marcus Antonius.— Liv. lib. 45. t King of Billjjnia.
Vol, 2. No. 4S. oooo
656 THE FRAGMENTS OF
23. Ambassadors came to Rome both from the yoonger and the
elder Ptolemy, An account of affairs being given to those in the as-
sembly, the senate, upon hearing of part, decreed-^^TIiat theaipbasM-
dors from the elder Ptolemy* should depart out <rf Italy within five
days at most, and the confederacy be broken off. But that ambas*
sadors should be sent to the younger Ptolemy f to declare to him the
good will of the senate, and those things that had been signified to
his brother.
24. About the one hundred and fifty-fifth olympiad, ambassadois
came from Ariarathes:^ bringing a crown of the value of ten thousand •
pieces of gold, signifying the good will the king bore to the Romaoi^
and that upon their account he had prohibited marriage and amity
with Demetrius; which was attested and confirmed by the ambai*
sadors from Greece. The senate commended Ariarathes, and ac-
cepted the crown, and sent back to him such presentsy as vrere of
greatest esteem among the Romans.
25. At the same time ambassadors came from Demetrius bKngi^f^
likewise a crown of the value of ten thousand pieces of gold, aad
those prisoners that were guilty of the murder of Octavius: but At-
senate had a long debate, what was best and most advisable to do ia
these concerns; at last they accepted the crowu, but would not re^
ceive Isocrates§ and Leptincs^ that were offered to be delivered ip
to them.
26. The Celtiberians,** after the victory, wisely foresctiog wiMt
would follow, sent ambassadors to the consul to treat for peace, bet he
looking upon it necessary to keep up the grandeur and magoaoioiiqr
of his country, made answer That they must eitlier give up aU H
the Romans, or else be victors in the war.
27* When the Romans were at war with the Carthaginiaiu, At
Carthaginians hearing that they were sailing to lilybssum, and oil
in the least makinga descent upon them, sent ambassadors toRoBC^'
and by them delivered up both themselves, and all the conceniiflf'
their country to the Romans. . The senate accepting the sumodfli
of their country, gave this answer ''Since the Carthagioiaos aie •.
well advised, the senate returns them their country, their laws, tlMir
temples, their sepulchres, their liberties, and their estates|" (oottf^
all mentioning their city Carthage, for that was coDeealcd
* PtolciDj Pliilonietor. t Ptoleoy ETergclM.
X King of Cappadocia.
|! A staflT and an ivor^ chariot, or chair of ttatc— Polyb. Leg. Itt.
§ IsocraleSf the grammarian, defended it.^-Polyb. Leg. Itt. 1M»
^ L^ptiucs slabbed Cneius OctaTiua, the Roman lefttc,' i
•* Spaoiardj.
ii'j^i^lJiJr^dM
PIODORUS SICULUS. €51
these* kind concessions), if they would give three hundred sons of the
senators as hostages, and obey the commands of the consuls. The
Carthaginians, thinking hereby to be free from the war^sent the hos-
tages^, not without great lamentation* Afterwards the consuls came
to Uticaf, and the Carthaginians again sent ambassadors to ask what
further commands the Romans would lay upon them; but when the
consuls told them they must deliver up their arms and engines with-
out fraud, lliey at first (because of the war against AsdrubalJ) took it
hfavlly : however, they brought in two hundred thousand arms pf all
sorts, and two thousand engines. Afterwards the Romans again sent
fonimancls to the Carthaginians, to send some persons of their se-
nate, to whom they would declare their further command, who ac-
cordingly sent thirty of the noblest. Manilius the senior consul told
them, tliat it was the senate's pleasure they should leave the city
they inhabited, and build another eighty furlongs distant from the
sea : but the ambassadors crying out for mercy and compassion, all
of tliem cast tliemselves to the ground, uttering many lamentable
complaints with tears, upon which great confusion was raised in the
assembly; and when the Carthaginians were a little recovered out of
their consternation, one only^ named Blannus, delivering himself in
the natural language of the auditory, debated the matter with great
.heat and earnestness, attended with an undaunted presence of mind^
wiiieh moved the auditors to pity and commisseration.
28. Tiie Romans being unmoveable in their decrees as to the raz-
ing of Carthage, the senate commanded them forthwith to depart
toCarthaire, and to declare to the citizens what things were decreed;.
but some of the ambassadors refusing to return to their country, fled
each of them wherever they could; the rest, choosing rather to' re-
turn, went home, having thus finished a doleful embassy. When the
people came thronging together to meet them, they gave them not a
word, but, beating their heads, stretching out their hands, and invo-
catinir their gods, they went on to the court, and informed the senate
whai things were commanded. '
29. The Aradiaiis, supposing they had got an opportunity to de-
stroy those of Maratl-os§, sent privately to Ammonius, viceroy of
the kingdo j'll, and, with a bribe of three hundred talents, prevailed
uitli iii io deliver u|) Marathos; whereupon Ammonius sent Isa-
doro to tl e Maraihoniatis, who by his speech was to pretend some
otiier iiKiitcrs, but in truth went to seize upon the city, and to deliver
It up to the A radians. Tlie Marathonians, being ignorant that they
* io L.'^ ' .ium. t See Eutrop. lib. 4. Flor. lib. 2. c^l5. Livy, Epitore. lib. 49,
I Their general. § A city of PhoiQicia.
H Qi' Syrift, uodvr Alexander ]3«1|.
6m the FRAGMBim OF
were designed for destruction, yet observing thsf tbe.Araduuis weic
higher in the king-s favour than themselves, refased the kiiifr*s iol<«
diers entrance into their city, and resolved to make their addresses as
suppliants to the Aradians. They forthwith therefbie sent ten of the
most eminent of their eldest citizens as ambassadors to Aradus*, vslio
bK>ught with them an humble address and supplioatton, and the old-
est images of their gods which they bad in their city, hoping that
upon the account of their kindred, and moved with reverence to their
gods, the Aradinns would be appeased, and their anger diverted. As
soon as they landed, according to the commands given, they addressed
themselves as suppliants to the people: but the Arediana being in-
censed, they slighted the usual and common laws of suppliafits^aad
cast off ail reverence of their kindred's images, and tlieir gods, and
therefore broke the images, and trampled them moat shaasefullf aur
der their feet, and attempted to stone the amhi^ssadors; hut soa»
•f the senators interposing themselves between tbena and the rage of
the people (scarce restrained from stoning them, nqtwithataiidingthe
reverence they owed the senators) commanded them to be eoaviya^
to prison ^^
SO. The Numantiansf and Termissianst sent anihassadon to the
Romans, to treat of a peace, which was granted ta them upon these
conditions.»That they should each deliver up their citica to the
Komans, three hundred hostages, nine hundred foldier'a coats, three
hundred hides, eight hundred war-horses, and all their anns, and that
they should be friends and allies to the Romans. There being a ifPf
appointed for the performance of these conditions by the cities, sB
was done according to the articles; but when at last it eaine lo Ae
delivering up of their arms, there arose a certain geneiooa regret aad
lamentation, and a courageous resolution in the pc^lace to ttgm
their liberties. Therefore they were angry one at another that tiwy
should ever consent that they should, like women, strip thewieiics
of their arms: wherefore, repenting of those things timt were di*
creed, the fathers accused their sons, children their parents, aad
women their husbands; and so, coming to themaelves again, ie»
solving not to deliver up their arms, they renewed the war i
Romans.
31. Tryphon§ from a private man being made king,
all he could to establish the government in himaelf by a decree of tkt
senate : wherefore, preparing a golden medal of victory weigbinglsa
* An island over against Pbomicia. t NmiABtMi in Spaia.
% Gerroissnni in Spain —See PatercaL Uk t. c. 4b
$ Called DiodotbSj one of Alexaod«r BaU'i coaioMUidef% hm§ sffljiht I Ifaca t^
d9.cl3.v.31«M LiT.lik.a%a0w
itil^ftt'kimrl
DIODORUS SICULUS. 6d3
thousand crowns, he sent ambassadors to Rome, to present it to the
people, not doubting but that he should obtain from them the ap«<
pellation of king, considering that the present which he sent was not
only very rich in itself, but one whose name carried along with it the
happy prognostication of victory. But he found the senate far more
subtle than himself, whose prudence prompted them to a dislike of
those that deceitfully circumvent others: for they received the pre-
sent, and the good omen, together with the profit; but, instead Of
Tryplion's name, the senate decreed that the title of the kicig* wh^
Was treacherously murdered should be engraven upon it; and by so
doing they approved themselves haters of his wickedness in mur-
der! itg of the child, and such as would not accept x)f the presents of
wicked men.
32. There come with Scipio Africanus other ambassadors to Alex-
andria, to view the whole kingdom. Ptolemyt met them in pomp
and state, with a great retinue, and feasted them sumptuously, and,
going about with them, shewed them his palace and treasury. But
theyl, heing persons eminent for virtue, contented themselves with
a spare diet, aiid such as was wholesome, scorning that rich provision,
as prejudicial both to mind and body. As for those things which
the king esteemed as rarities and admirable, they only glanced their
eyes upon them, and looked on them as things of no value: but
what was really worth their eyeing, those things they viewed most
exactly ; as the situation of the city, and its capacity, and particularly
the Pharos§, and what belonged thereunto. Thence likewise they
sailed to Memphis, j^nd took notice of the goodness of the country,,
the conveniencies of the river Nile, the number of the cities, the io-
flnite thousands of inhabitants, the fortification || of Egypt, and the
excellence of the country, how well it was provided, both as to the
security and extent of an empire: and, having admired both the po*^
pulousness of Egypi, and the convenience of the places therein, they
were of opinion that the kingdom of Egypt would easily swell into a
vast empire, if it once had masters answerable. After the ambassa-
dors had well viewed Egypt, they went to Cyprus, and from thence
into Syria, in short, they passed through most parts of the world:
and, currying themselves soberly, to admiration in all places wherever
they came, they gained exceeding honour and reputation; and, tra^
^ Antiochus Theos, Alexander Bala*s son, whose guardian TryphoB wis. Set
Justin, lib. 36. c. 1.
t Ptoleiny Evergetes, the second sornamed Physcon.
^ r. Scipio Africanus, Spiirius Mummiu , L. Metellos.— See Cicero in Somnio Scip.
§ Tbe Pharos at Alexandria, which gave light to seamen in tilt night.
\ Natural forlificttion.'-^ee Xxfj, £pit. libi 59/
^54 THE FRAGMENTS OF
veiling througli roost parts of the world, with the general mpfbmit
of all, they returned home. For those that were at diflenoce^ thqr
reconciled oue to another; others they persuaded to do rigbt aod
justice to those that complained against them; those that were ioi-
pudently obstinate they were necessitated to curb aod reatraio by
• force; uud such causes as were difficult to be detenniaed they tiaiis-
mitted to the senate. Conferring both ^ith kings and their people,
aod renewing all former leagues, they increased the love of all aorta
to the Roman government; and so all applying themselves in their
several countries to choose fit persons, they sent amluissadors toRome^
and highly applauded the delegates with Scipio, aod the senate te
employing such men.
Sd Bocchus, king of Libya, having sharply rebuked those that
would have persuaded him to make war upon the Bomana, sent eom-
missioners to Marius, craving pardon for his crimes, and desiring la
enter into a league, made many promises to be serviceable to the Ro-
mans for the time to come. But Marius ordering him to send am^
bassadors to the senate, to treat of these matters, the king observed
bis directions, and sent accordingly. Upon which thcseoate an-
swered ^That Bocchus should in every respect be received into grace
and favour, if he could prevail with Marius. Marius, desirous to
. have Jugurtha^ the king his prisoner, Bocchus, willing to serve hiiii»
sent for Jugurtha, as if he would discourse with him about bnsioev
of concern to tliem both, and by this means seized him, and delireied
him bound to Lucius. Sylla the questor, who was sent out for that
purpose; and so, hy the misfortune of this prince, he bought hisjows
safety, and escaped punishment from the Romans.
34. Ambassadors came from king Mithridates to Home, with a
great sum of money, in hopes by that to corrupt the senate. Satofw
ninust, thinking that now he had an advantage against the senate^
reproached and abused the embassy at a great rate; the senators in*
stjgated tlie ambassadors, and promised to assist thpm, who thoe*
upon called Saturninus in question for this abuse. There being then
'raised a mighty popular tumult, by reason of the violation of the aoi*
bassadors, and of that constant abhorrence theJRomans have of sock
notorious affronts, Saturninus (who was now condemned to die faf
the senate, his proper judges in such cases) fell into most nckinf
fears and perplexities ; and, because of the great commotions aod ta*
mults that were raised, in a consternation he betook himself for shcl-
* King of Numidia, father-in-Uw of Bocchus. — See Lit. Epit. KK Sf, 61^ SS^ Stf«
Flor. lib. 3. c. 1. , . N • ■
t L. AppulciusSataroinas, « tribune of the people, Iieted the teoatsspsnil
Sc« fior. lib. 3. e. 16... Uwy l^pilopw li^ 9*
is/t>i!?,
DIODORUS SICULUS. 655
tcr to the pity those commouly find that are unfortunate; therefore,
throwing off his rich apparel, putting on a mean and sordid habit,-
and suffering his beard to grow, he ran up and down to the tumul-
tuous throngs of people throughout the city, fallii>g down upon his
knees to some, catching others fast by the hands, begging with tears
that they would assist him in his present calamities, declaring that
he was factiously oppressed by the senate against all right and jus-
tice, and suffered all this for the good will he bore the people; that
the sciiate were his enemies, accusers, and judges. The mob here-
upon, being all in an uproar, (affected by his prayers and entreaties),
many thousands of them ran to the tribunal, and unexpectedly for
that time rescued him; and, with the assistance of the people, he
was again declared tribune.
35. Mark Antony* made a peace with the Cretans, which they kept
for ijonie time; but afterwards, calling together a general council tQ
consider what was most advisable for them to do in order to their ad-
vantage, ilic more aniient and prudent amongst them counselled to
send ambassadors to Rome, to make defence against those accusa-
tionsf that were brought against them, andj by fair words and en-
treaties, to work upon the senate for a reconciliation To this end
they despatched thirty chosen out of the most eminent men as
ambassadors, who, privately visiting the senators at their several
houses, and courting them with fine words, secured those that made
up the assembly; and, being introduced into tiie senate, they made
their defence against the matters objected against them with great
prudence, exactly setting forth their good services, and their associa-
tioiis with the seriate, desiring that they might be restored to their
former amity and confederacy. The senate, pleased with what they
said, gave forth a decree, by which they not ouly acquitted the Cre-
tans of the crimes laid to their charge, but declared them confede-
rates and friends to the state. But Lcntulus, surnamed Spinther,
got t!ic decree reversed; however, the Cretans were dismissed. But
tlic semte had often debates concerning the Cretans, alleging,and at
length concluding, that they joined with the pirates, and were shar*
ers in the robberies; and therefore they decreed tliat the Cretans
sl.ould ser.u in all their ships to Rome, even to a skiff of four oars,
and reoign the tlircc hundred famous hostages J, and send awayLas-
• 1 1.e fivther of [Marl; Antony, who married Cleopatra. — See Liir. Epit. lib. 97, was
routed at aea l;y tke Crclnus.
t 'i iic ^ jMte Lid decreed war agaiufet theiu, because tbcy assisted MithridaUs b/ their
piracies. — Apj)ian, leg. 30. Dio. leg. 37,
* 'Iht.'.'t-' i\)cy l;ad of the Koiuaiis, — See Dion. leg. S7,
656 THE FRAGMBNTS Ot
tbenes* and Panares, and amongst them pay four thoannd talents
of silver. The Cretans, hearing what was decreed^ went into a con-
sulfation about these commands imposed upon them; and the more
prudent amongst them advised that they should be obsenrant in all
things enjoined on them: but those that were of Lasthenes's perty,
and guilty of the same crimes, and fearing lest, being sent for to
Rome, they sliould be there punished for their offences, stirred up
the people to a sedition, advising them to maintain those liberties
that they had ever, time out of mind, enjoyed.
* r.aMfacncs bad fought with Aatonku*
^- .
^'^.JfL'^iJlt'C/.
THE SUPPLEMENT
To
DIODORUS SICULUS,
REFERRED TO
IN BOOK XVII ^VoL. 2. Pages 226, 22?.
Vol. 2. No. 48. WW
♦ *v
659
DIODORUS SICULUS.
SUPPLEMENT.
r ' ir fa
SUP. I.
Alexander J marching throttgh a dry country , loses jnany of his
soldiers for want of «c;a/tfr..^Curtius^ lib. vii. c. 5.
ALEXANDER himself, with a band of light-armed men, marcbiDg
all the night, entered the deserts of Susiana*. The total want of
water, with the thoughts of their desperate condition^ (as is btfore
declared), inflamed their thirst before they had a real desire to ikink;
for, for the space of four hundred furlongs j not the least lake, or any
thing that was moist, appeared. The scorching sun fired the sands,
which, when inflamed, burnt up all round about like a raging fire:
bence, tlirough the excessive heat of the earthy arose a mist which ob-
scured the ligiit, and all the plain seemed no other than as if it bad
been the vast ocean.
Their march in the night was tolerable, because their bodies were
refreshed by the dew and coldness of the air, before the rising of the
sun; but when light appeared, the heat began, and drought dried up
all their natural moisture, so that both their mouths, and their very
entrails, were altogether parched up with scorching heat; and there-
fore first their spirits, and then their bodies, began to faint. It was
grievous to them either to stand still or go forward. Some few of
them, by the help of those who knew the country, had got water,
which quenched their thirst for a little while; but the heat increas-
ing, their desire of drink was again the more inflamed; and therefore
whoever had any wine or oil, it was instantly guzzled down, and the
present pleasure of drinking was so great, that it banished all fear of
thirst for the future. Those that had thus swelled themselves with
immoderate drinking, could neither carry their arms, nor march for-
ward; and those seemed to be in a far better condition who wanted
* Mistaken b^ Curtius for the dciertsofSogdiaoa,
660 tte; SUi^^LEMEMT TO
water, than they who, by pouring it down to excess, were forced to
vomit it up again* Those that were about the king, seeing hioi
grieved and much perplexed with these misfortunes, entreated him to
mind and take care of himself; for his courage wis the only life and
relief of his drooping army. While they were thus advising bim, two
of those that were sent before to mark out a conrenient place where
to encamp, came with water in their vessels for the use of their chil-
dren who were in the army, and whom they knew were not able to
hold out without drink: these meeting the king, one of them apenti
his vessel> and filled a cup which he had with him, and ofiered it to
the king, who received it, but asked him for whom the water wis
brought, who answered — That it was for his children: upon whiel^
returning the cup full as it wad *^ t cannot find in my heart," says
he, '^ to drink it alone, and it is too little to be divided amoo|St
them all; away therefore with all speed, and give it your cUidfCi,
for whom it was brought.'* At length he came to. the river Qxns,
about evening, but a great part of the army was left behind: be
commanded therefore fires to be kindled upon a high movntdili that
those who followed slowly after might know they wen not far final
the camp. He commanded likewise those that were ill the w^
(having suflScieutly refreshed themselves both with meat aod innki
to fill all sorts of vessels wherein water might be carried, andhHp
their companions that were behind. But those who dmnk inoiaiode-
rately quenched their natural heat by surfeit, and died presently, hy
which means he lost far more men than he had done bcfiice ia aqr
baule.
SUP. n.
Alexander destroyed all the Brmchtdas, fas trmtam to ikfi-Gn-
cians) , whom antiently the Persians fortxd to remove from thet
oivn habitations to t/ie farthest part of the kmgdom.,.,JEm^m,
lib. vii. c. 6.
HE came to a little town where, the Branch!^ inhabttftd^ who
bcrctofore remov^ from Miletus, by the command oFXerfcei, whsa
I.e returned out of Greece, and settled themselv^ in this piaee: dMf
w ere those who violated the temple called Didymfeus*^ tb I
* Oavc Xerxes the rtclica that were in it.— Stnba^ lik« IC
DIODORUS StCULUS. 661
themselves with Xerxes. The customs and manners of their coun-
tr}' were not as yet wholly laid aside, but they spoke a kind of broken
language, neither perfect Greek nor barbarian. They therefore re*
ceived the king very joyfully,' a6d gave up themselves and their city
into his hands. He thereupon called together the Milesians that
were in his army, who bore an old grudge and inveterate hatred
nc^ainst the Branchidae, and left it therefore to these Milesians,
whose ancestors had been betrayed by them, to do with them what
they thought fit, either to remember the injury, and so tevenge them-
selves; or, considering the original of the Branchidse, who were
their countrymen, upon that account to spare them* When they
could not agree amongst themselves what to resolve upon, the king
told tliem, that he himself would take time to consider what was fit-^
test to be done. The next day the Branchidai meeting him^ be
ordered them to go along with him ; and when he came to the city^
he entered the gate with a select detachment, having in the meaa
time ordered the phalanx to surround the walls, and, upon a sign
given, to raze the city to the ground, which had been a nest for the
traitors, and to put them all to the swor.d, man, woman, and child.
Hereupon, being all disarmed, they were knocked on the bead ia
every place up and down, and no stop could be put to their cruelty
by ticat ness of language, or the prayers and entreaties of the poor and
x!iiserable people. ' ..
At length they razed the walls to the very bottom of the founda-
tion, that there might not remain so much as the least sign where it
had once stood. Neither stopped they here; for they not only cut
down, but rooted up the sacred groves, that they might leave all a vast
and solitary desert, barren, without so much as a root in the ground;
1^ hich executions, had they been inflicted upon the first actors of the
treason, might have been judged a just revenge, and not the effects
cf cruelty, as they seemed to be; for now the posterity, who had neve?
&o much as seen Miletus, (and therefore could not betray it to
Xcijkcs;, suffeicd for the faults of their ancestors. —
662 THE 8UFPLEMKNT TO
■t I' < * sssaKsaaasammBammmmmm
SUP. III.
T%e kmg led his mrmg against the Sogdians and Segfihians.
Arrianus^ lib. iv«
IN the mean time the bar barians that bordered next to the river, sv-
prised the Macedouians who were placed in garrispni in Scjthia, and
put them all to the sword, and fortified the cities, for their greater
9ecurify. MaAy of the Sogdians joined with them in tlie defection,
being solicited thereunto by those that had aeixed upon Bessos, who
likewise drew away after them some of the Baetrians, either because
they were afraid of Alexander, or because (as they gave the reason
Ibr their rebellion) Alexander had summoned a senate of the gover-
nors of the province to meet at Zariaspa, the greatest cky tlnere, from
which convention they saw no ground to hope for any good lo them-
selves. When intelligence was brought to Alexander of these things,
he forthwith commanded his foot in every regiment to prepare scaling
ladders; and he himself marched away with his army to a ci^ called
Craaa, which was next to the camp, and lay first in his way; for it
was said the barbarians had fled into seven towns of that country.
He sent Craterus to Cyropolis, the greatest of all the citieSy and* ia
-jcliich a great number of the barliarians had sheltered thennaelvcs*
The king commanded him to encamp near the city, imd to fortify bis
camp with a trench and wall drawn round, and place such engines
;ipon his bulwarks as he saw occasion to use, tliat the townsawfi,
being busy in assaulting Craterus, might have no leisure to come in
tg the assistance of other cities. The king himself, at soon as he
came to Gekz»j forthwith at the first approach commaaded hit men
to set Stealing ladders round the walls, which were but of earth, aod
rot very Ugh« Upon wliich the slingers, darters, and archers, to-
gether with the foot, made an assault/plicd and galled them that de*
fended the walls with their durts, and shot out of the engines; so that
by showers of darts and arrows the wall was presently cleared of its
defendants, and the scaling-ladders in a trice were set to the walls,
and the Macedonians entered, and put all the men to the sword, (for
so Alexander had commanded), but the women and children, with
the rest of the prey, they carried away. Thence the king forthwid^
marched to another city, (fortified much like unto Gaza), which he
took much after tiie same manner the very same day, and uealt with
the prisoners after tiic same manner as with them at Gaza. After
DIODORTJS S1CULUS* 663
this he made to a third city, which he took the next Any, upon tl)c
first assault.
In the mean time, while he was reducing these citiei with \m foct»
he sent away his hone to two oCber neighboqring citieE, with crder^
to watch them, lest the inhabitants, hearing of tfce taking of the cit tes
bordering upon them, and of the king's near approach, should fly and
leave the cities, so that he should not be able to pursiie with any
hopes of overtaking them. And indeed it fell out as he thoaght,
which evidenced the sending forth of the horse to be necessary: for
the barbarians, who still were possessed of two other cities, seeing the
smoke of the city which was burnt, and was over against them,
(besides some who escaped out of the OTerthfx>w brought them news
of the city being taken), with all speed in whole droves fled out of the
cities, and fell in among the horse~ that Were sent forth ^ and nialt!>
tudes of them were knocked on the head.
The king having taken and razed these £ve towns in the spitce of
two days, marched away to Cyropolis, the greatest of their cttice.
The walls of this city were higher than any of the rest, the town be-
ing built by Cyrus: and, forasmuch as there were many 5;tout men
and good soldiers, the inhabitants of the country were got together
into this place. The Macedonians cpuld not easily (like the other
places) take it at the first assault; and therefore Alexander ordered,
that with the battering-rams and other engines they should batter the
walls, and wherever any breach was made, there forthwith to makc^
an assault. But the king, observing the channeLof the nver (which
ran through the city likt a little brook) to be then dry^ and not con-
tiguous or near the walls, but affording a direct passage for hh sol-
diers into the city, he took with him his guard, targeTt^crs, archers,
and the Agrians, (the barbarians being then busy in observing the
engines, and those that managed them), and secretly with a few at
first entered through the channel into the city, and broke down Hie
gates that were in that part, and readily let in the rest of the sol-
diers: upon which the barbarians, perceiving the city to he entered,
nevertheless fell upon Alexander's soldiers, and fought stoutly and
r^olutely, in which conflict Alexander received a blow on hB head
and neck with a stone. Craterus, and many others, were wounded
with darts and arrows; but at length the barbarians were driven oat
of the market-place. In the mean time those that assaulted the walls
entered, all being clear of those that should have defended them. In
the first conflict, at the entering of the city, there were slain of the
enemy about eight thousand, the rest (for they were above eighteen
jhoasand who had put themselves there) fled into the castle, who,
after one day's siege, for want of water, surrendered thmsehres. The
684 THE SUPPLEMENT TO
seveath city the king took at the first assault: Ptolemy indeed siys
that it was surrendered; but Aristobulus relates, that it was taken hf
t^totm, aud that all in it were put to the sword. Ptolemy writes, that
all the prisoners were dbtributed in the army, and ordered to be kept
bound till the king left the country, lest anyone of them that refolted
should be left behind.
While these things were on foot, the army of the Asiatic Scythius
came to the banks of the river Tanais^, because they beard that some
of the barbarians inhabiting beyond the river had revolted fron
Alexander; ^nd their aim therefore was, that if there were any con-
siderable def^tion, they likewise might act their part in fialling upos
the Macedonian^, At the same time intelligence was brought, that
Spitam^es bad besieged those that were left in garrison in the ess*
tie of Patachades. Alexander therefore sent Andromachus, Mede^
menus, and Caranus against Spitamenes, with sixty horse of the so^
• cial band, and eight hundred of the mercenaries, who were under
the command of Caranus; but of foot there were fifteen hundred
mercenaries : with them the king joined in oommissioo one Phar-t
nuches for an interpreter, a Lycian by nation, who was well skilled
in the language of the barbarians, and therefore was judged a fit pci^
son to transact matters with them.
The king having, in the space of twenty days, walled the cityf bt
had before designed to build, gave it the Greek mercenaries, to be
inhabited by them, and to such neighbouring barbarians as liada
mind to remove their habitations, and dwell there, and to some of the
Macedonians that were unable, and unfit to bear arms.
Afterwards, having sacrificed to the gods after the manner of his
country, and exhibited the Gymnic sports and horse-courses, find-
ing that the Scythians did not march back and leave the river, but
threw their darts over, (for it was there very narrow), and, after their
barbarous manner, gave out most opprobrious and railing language
against Alexander, as, that he durst not fight with the Scythians;
and if he did, he should find by experience how great a difierence
there was between the Scythians and the barbarous Asiatics. The
king, being provoked at these things, resolved to pass the river, add
fall upon them, and commanded leather boats to be made ready for
that purpose. Having therefore sacrificed for his good success, the
entrails of the beasts promised nothing that was prosperous, which
made him very uneasy, but he bore it very patiently, and staid there.
The Scythians still continuing their slight and contemptuous htu-
* Not Tanais, which fallit into the Lake Maeotis, but another called laxarte*.— >S<«
n. Nat Hist. I. 6. c. 16.
i Called Alexandria, upon the bunks of laxarttts, iinpropcrljr called Tanait.
fiidijottx^s 8icuLusi 665
guage, he again sacrificecl^ and when Aristander the sdothsayer de-
clared that danger was portended^ Alexander answered ii-It was bet-
ter to undergo the most extreme hazard, than for him, who hid con-
quered all Asia, to be a scorn, a tnocking-stock to the Scythians, as
l)arius, the father of Xerxes, was heretofore. Aristander, on the
Dtlier side, replied, that he would not declare any thing to the king^
but what was portended by the gods, though Alexander had rather
hear other things. However, Alexander's boats being now ready^
And his army standing all in arms at the river's brink, he ordered^
that upon a sign given th«y should discharge the engines against th(i
Scythians that rode over against them from the other side; whicb
done,^ome of them were wounded with the darts, and one of theiii
especially was pierced with a dart through his buckler and- breast-
plate, and fell down dead from his horse. But the barbarians being
terrified with darts that wounded them at so gi^at a distance, and
With tlie fall of that valiant man, by degrees drew off fatther from
the hank of the river. Alexander discerning them to be in disorder
by the strokes of the darts, with sound of trumpet passed over th^
river at the head of his army; and the archers and slingers being first
sent over, he commanded them to ply the Scythians with their sling»
and arrows, lest they should fall in upon the phalanx as they wer^
passing over, before all his body of horse had recovered the other
side. When all had now gained the farther bank of the river, he first
fell upon the Scythians with one of the squadrons of the Social Re-
giment, and four regiments of those that were armed with sarissas*^
whose shook the Scythians bravely bore up against, and surrounded
them with their horse; so that many overpowering them, \tho wer^
but few, the Scythians easily kept themselves whole and entire«
Alexander thereupon mixing his archers and Agrians, and other select
troops, (over whom Balacrus had the command), fell in upon tli^
Scythians, and, being now on both sides mixed together, the kio^
ordered three squadrons of horse oP the Social Band, and all his horse
that were darters, to charge in upon the Scythians; and he himself^
Ht the head of the rest of the horse, made straight upon them, so that
now they were not able any longer to keep their horse io a ringj aar
before; for the horse pressed sore upon them at the same time, and
the light-armed men, being mixed with the horse, they suffered not
the enemy with any safety to wheel about with their horse to surround
them. Upon which the Scythians were put to a. total flightj and tt*»
bout a thousand killed, and a hundred and fifty taken prisoners^
amongst whom was Satrices> one of theil* two generals^
Vbt. 2» No. 48* UMcl
666 THE SUPPLEMEKT lt>
SUP^ IV.
7f%€ Sogdian noblefnen, being led fwth to he put to deaths were
unexpectedly freBerved,„^C\xtX\\xSy lib. vii. c. 10.
SOME of the prisoners of the Sogdians> of Doble birth^ and proper
handsome men^ were brought before the king; who, as soon as they
understood by an interpreter that they were to die, they began to
sing, skip, and dance, as men transported with joy, using many hs-
biviotls gestures of their bodies. The king admiring the greatness of
their courage at the approach of death, commanded them to be
brought to him, and asked them, why they were so excessively merry,
when death was even before their eyes ? who answered — iThat if they
had been put to death by any other's command, they should hiff
been as sad at the apprehension of death as other men; but since
they were sent out of the world by so great a king, who was conqueror
of the world, they celebrated their honourable death (which ail ?!•
liant men wish for) with songs of mirth and jollity, after the custon
and manner of their country. The king, wondering at their courage,
asked them, whether they would not be his enemies, if he were so
kind and generous as to suffer them to live: they answered _Thef
never were his enemies, but, as invaded, opposed him to defend
themselves; and if any made trial of them by fair means, and not by
force and injury, they would exert themselves to the utmost, that
none should exceed them in grateful offices of respect. Then be
asked them what pledges they would give of loyalty ? they replied—
Their lives,' which they had received from him, and which they would
give him up again upon his demand. Nor did they fail, by breack
of promise: for those that returned into their own country kept their
countrymen in due obedience; four of them, whom he kept for
squires of his body proved as true and faithful to the king as any of
the Macedonians.
DTODORUS 8ICULVS. 667
SUP, V,
Alexander punislied the Bactrians, and subdued the Sogdians a
second time, and built cities in convenient places to punish the
revolters. Arrianus, lib. iv.
ALEXANDER himself marched again to the river Oxus; for h»
resolved to march agaiust the Sogdians^ having heard that many of
them had put themselves into forts and castles, and refused to obiey
the provincial governors the king had placed over them. At the time
he was encamped near the river Oxus, two springs rose out, of the
earth, near to Alexander's pavilion, the one of water, and the other
of oil : of which prodigy Ptolemy L^gus forthwith informed the King
as soon as he heard of it: whereupon Alexander without delay, at the
command of the priest, sacrificed. Aristander the priest told tbe
king, that the fountain of oil portended labour, but victory at last,
the fruit of toil and paip. • Marching therefore away with part of his.
army against the Sogdians, he left in Bactria Polyperchon, Attains,
Gorgias, and Meleager, to be a guard in that country, both to keep
them in obedience that were reduced, and to subdue the others who
had fallen o?L from their allegiance. Having divided his arn^y into
five parts^ he gave the command of three x>f them to Hephsestioo; a
fourth part to Coenus and Artabazus; he himself, with the fifth, en-
tered the country leading towards Maracanda. The rest entered
Tvherever each of them could, and stormed the forts of those who had
possessed themselves of them, and others they tdok ^n upon surren-t
der. After all, the forces (having first ran over the greatest part of
the country) joined together at Maracanda; he sent forth Hephssr
tion to bring colonies into the cities of the Sogdians: Cceni^s atid
Artabazus he ordered against the Scythians, because he heard that
Spitainenes was fled to them. He himself with the rest of the army '
entering into So^diana, easily reduced the rest of the pities that ha^
'^volted.
668 THE 8UPPLBMX19T Jf^
SUP. VI,
The Sqgdians revoked a third titne; and iheg thai befook thnh
selves to the top of the rock were taken.,.^AjtiBnx}s, lib, it,
AFTERWARDSI, at the beginDiog of the spring, he nmithedioi
rock to which he heard many of the Sogdians had fled; and here H
was said that the wife and daughters of Oxyaites^ had sbeltend
themselves: for Oxyartes placed them here as in a hold that wis ioi-
pregnable, he himself being one that had rerolted fpom Alexioder,
And the king was the more earnest, because that^ when this roek «»
taken, there appeared no fort left in Sogdiana that could enco«iii{t
them to a defection. When he came to the rock, be found it steep
and inaccessible on erery side, and that the barh|\nans had brougkl
in, provision for a long siege, aud'tbat the depth of the snow, « it
made the approach of the Macedonians more difficult, 90 it fombfaed
the barbi^rians with plenty of water. However Alexander resolved
to assault the rock. Tl\e proud and contemptuous answer likewise
()f the barbarians stirred up rage and ambition in Alexander at one
aiid the same time. For whereas at a parley with them he promised
tliem, that if they would surrender, they should all have liberty to
return safely home; they barbarously scoffed at him, and bid him
seek some soldiers that had wings, who might thus take the rock, for
they feared no other mortals. Upon which Alexander commanded
proclamation to be made by an herald ^That he would bestow twelre
talents as a reward upon him that should first mount the rock, and so
the second, and the third, in their due order, should every one re-
ceive a reward, till it came to the last that ascended the rock, who
. should receive three hundred darics; the hopes of which reward
stirred up the Macedonians, who were eager before to fall upon tbem
of their own accord. Three hundred, therefore, of those that were
accustomed to climb rocks being drawn out, they furnished tbea-
selves with crampirons, (wherewith they fastened their tents), that
they might fix ihem in the snow where it was hard frozen, and in
other parts of the rock where there was no snow, and to them they
tied strong cords, and in the night made to that part of the rock
* Curtiut Gills him Arimares, lib. Tii. c. 11 : for by Strabo, Oxyartes bad placed hk
daughten in Sisimithrte, a rock in Bactria, where Aleiander married one of them^ aaoied
Aosaiuu— Strabo, lib. xi. p. 517.
DIODORU8 6ICULU6. SSQ
that was steepest and highest, and therefore, as they conceived^ least
guarded ; and with the cramps, some fastened in the rock, and otbera
in the snow that was frozen, they scrambled up from place to place
till they gained the top: but of these^ thirty perished in endeavour*-
Ing to get up, so that their bodies could not be found to be buried^
being lost in the depth of the snow; the rest about break of day re«
covered the top, and by shaking of the linen clothes gave notice to
the army that they had gained the place, for that sign Alexander had
commanded them : upon which a trumpeter was forthwith sent out
with command to the Barbarians that they should without any furr
ther delay surrender themselves, for that he had now found soldiers
thai had wings, who had possessed themselves of the top of the rock ;
and at the same time the soldiers that had gained the rock, presented
themselves in view to the Barbarians, who being amazed at such an
unexpected sight, supposing them to be more, and better firmed
than indeed they were, gave up themselves; the sight of a few Ma-
cedonians was so terrible to them. There were there taken prison-
ers many of the wives and children of the Barbarians, and amongst
them the wife and daughters of Oxyartes: Oxyartes'a son likewise^
ivho was about th^ age of nine years.
SUP. VII.
Of the hunting in Bahastis, and the multitude ef wild beasts there.
Curtius, lib. vii. c. 1,
HAVING given a gracious audience to the ambassadors, he stayed
waiting for HephaBstion and Artabazus, who having afterwards joined
liim, he came into the country called Bazaria. Of the riches of the
barhariafis in those places, there can be no greater argum en 1, than
the multitude of stately wild beasts that range in large woods and
forests in that country. The frequent spacious woods pleasantly
watered with many refreshing springs. They are walled round, ia
which are built towers for stands to view the hunting of the beasts.
One of these chases had remained free and untouched for the space
of four generations, which Alexander entering with his army, be
commanded the game in all parts to be rouzed; amongst whicfa^
when a lion of a vast bigness set upon the king, Lysimachus^ who
was afterwards king*^ happening to be next to Alexander^ offered t#
* Of Thrtce. ^ — ^
670 THE SUPPLBMBMT TO
make at the beast with his huDtiogspear, the king pat him bf^ wd.
bid him be gone, addiog that the lion might be killed bjr himielf m
well as by Lysimachus. This Lysimachus had before, ia m himtiBf
in Syria, killed an ei^ceediog great lion with bis own hand, bat bt
bad been even at the point of deAth^ his left shoulder haviog been,
in that encounter, rent and torn even to the very bone. Hie 1ua§,
twitting him with tliis, shewed more valour afterwards in action Aan
be did before in this expression ; for he not only stood the ^east^ hat
killed him at one blow. The story that was foo\ish\y sprmi abnial,
that the king gave up Lysimachus to be devoored fagr n lion, foss^ I
believe, f^pm this accident before related^ but the BfacedoniaaByi
though the king was thus happily delivered^ yet accoidiqg lo lk»
custom of their country, established a decree, that he ahoold aot
bunt on foot without a guard of hb captains and friends. The Uflf
having killed four thousand brave wild beaits, U9^t^ with 1
Army in the forest.
SUP. VIIL
jflexcmder's qffince agaimt Bacchus, andhu murdar mf
his ru/7«— ^rriauus, lib, iv,
TO declare in this place the death of Clitus, and the fool aet ef
Alexnnder in that matter, though it happened some little tpie aftcfji
yet 1 judge it not altogether out of couw. The Maeedoniana, it is
said, have a certain day sacred to Bacchus, add Alexander was an-
customed to sacrifice to Bacchus every year upon that day; but at
that time he neglected Bacchus, and sacrificed.toOtttor »nd PoUux;
and from that time he appointed sacrifice to them, with f£it.%ting al-*
ways at that day. And whereas, now the company bad heeci a con-
siderable time quaffing and carouzing, (for Alexander bad now I<^m-
ed to imitate the Barbarians in his cups,} and all wrrc heated nrith
wine, a discourse happened concerning the Dioscuri^, bow to it*
rive their original from Jupiter, and set aside that of Tindarus^ uave
who were present to flatter the king, which sort of creatures are
ever pernicious both to the persons and concerns of kiof^s, aad ^re
ever at hand, delivered their judgment t»«t CMinr «nit PoUoit wtrc
not in the least respeist to be compared ^d hta biiTa
* Cattoraad] ' : ' •-
■ ■' "■ ■ ■ ^'It.
and noble actions: others in their cups did not spare Hercules him-
self, but said that envy was the cause that debarred mortals frooi
the honours that were due to them from those among Whom they
conversed. But Clitus who ever heretofore hated Alexander's imi-
tation of the manners of the barbarians, and the discourses of hii
flatterers, having now his spirits something raised with wine, was
• not able to bear tiiose contempts cast upon the gods, nor that by an-^
dervaluing those acts of the ancient heroes, so thankless a piece of
service should be paid to the king. And declared that Alexander
had neither done such wonderful things as they cried him up for^
neither did he do any of them himself alone, but the praise of a
great number of them was due to the valour of the Macedbnians.
But Alexander was much enraged at these words of Clitus; neithert
indeed, can T commend him in what he said, for I am of opinion it
had been much more prudent for him in this time of carouzing to
have held his peace, as well as to forbear joining with others in this
sordid vice of flattery : and whereas some called to mind the acts of
Philip, and did all they could most unjustly to bear down and make
slight of all he did as nothing at all memorable^ in the mean time
caressing and extolling of Alexander, Clitus now not himself^ began
to advance the actions of Philip, and vilify Alexander and his achiev<^
ments: and cast it in the kings teeth, now raging like a madman,
amongst other things, how he had at the river Granicus, in the
charge, in the horse engagement preserved him, and impudently
stretching out his right hand, cried out—'^ This hand^ O Alexander,
preserved thy life in that battle:*' Alexander not being able longer
to endure the unbridled passion of Clitus, or his base language, or
Lis reproaches cast upon him, in a rage leaped out towards hkn, but
was held back by them that were round about him; on the other
hand Clitus let fly all the reproachful words he could devise, sur-
passing all bounds. The king with a loud voice called out for the
Argyraspides, and no man regarding him, he cried out again that he
was now in the same condition Darius was in, when he was seized
and led away by Bessus and his accomplices, and tliat there was no-
thing left him but the name of a king. His friends then could not
hold him any longer, but springing from them, some say he snatch-
ed a lance out of the hands of one of his guards, and with that run
Clitus through, and killed him; others report it was with a sarissa
delivered to him by one of the guard; Aristobulus gives no account
when this mad fit of Alexander's arose; but says all the fault was
wholly in Clitus ; for that when Alexander in a rage rushed up and
made at him to kill him, he at a back door shifted out of the way,
and got quite out of the trendies into the fort to Ptolemy the si«i.of
6/8 tOB SUFPLBitBIlT M
aoBBtttta
I«gii8, a squire of the body, ftt ooold not eobluii hiffuwlff IM
innst needs come beck again} and ligbtingopon AiesaBdcrwbsn ||
was calling oat for Clitas.^^ Here is Clitus, Alenoder/^ sndhn
li|N>n wUeh the king ran him iltlroiigh with a sarissa: aa I ranaotm
greatly blame Clitos for bis insolence to the lungt so I am tnmUsA
tut Aleiander on the other side, becniise at that time he tBgrnnA
hiflsself as goilty of two vices together^ anger and drankenncss; li
he Ofertaken with either of wfaicbf did not in the least beeoBM %^,
barman* Bat yet again I mnst praise Aleiander upon aiiothtfra^
ooont, that presently he repented of the fool ael he had -""*mpillrfi
For some who write of the aifidrs of Aleiander^ aay^ that heiH
die end of the spear against the wall, and attempted t» nui hiwsflf
npon the poin^ because his life seemed hatefial to hinS| haijtg
through his drankenness destroyed his friend« Bot many wrifsm^l
not mention tbis« Bot when he was upon his bed he lay lamsalts^,
calling and repeatinf still the name of ClitiAu Ijanieea^ the dii|^
ter of Dropidus, who had bronght op Aleaander> received finni him
now he was a man, a large reward for his edueatiom a)i^ hsdlsst
two sons in the war, fighting for the king, and had her hipther now
hilled by his own hand: he cried out he was the mardmcrel hip
friends, and would neither eat nor drink for three daya spada, flor
take any care of himself what became of him. Some of Btcdwe'e
priests told him that these misfortunes befel him beeaose ht )mA
neglected to sacrifice to Bacchus* His friends had much ado to per-
suade him to eat or drink aqy thing to refresh him. But at last he
sacrificed to Bacchus; siuce it was not displeasing to him that that
misfortune should be imputed rather to the anger of the god, than
to his own wickedness.
SUR IX.
0/ the death of CkUUthetus.^^AiritLU^^ lib, it«
AS to Ae adoration of Alexander, how Calisthenes opposed him, ii4
what relates to it, it is reported, that it was agreeid between Alc»r
ander and the sophisters, and some of the nobility of theMedesaod
Persians that attended upon him, that in the time of their feasthig
a discourse should be started concerning this matter. Anaaarchns
was the persou that begaa, and declared, that Alexander bad mons
DioDoRUS sicuLirs, 673
right to be accounted a god^ than either Bacchus or Hercates, not
duly for the greatoess of his noble acttons^ but because Bacchus was
a Theban, a meer stranger, having no comTnunicatio^ with the
Macedonians; and Hercules was of Argos, as much a stranger as
the other, save that Alexander was of the same stoek, being from the
Heradidffi; and it is far more just and equal for the Macedoni-
ans to adore their own king with divine honours than any other. And
on doubt, he said, was to be made but they would pay to him divine
honours when he was dead; therefore it b much better to adore him
as a god while he was alive, than when he was dead, when their di-
vine worship of him would be of no advantage to him. When th^ae
and other things to the same purpose were said by Anaxarchu^;
those who were of the same pack praised all that was spoken, an4
declared they would forthwith adore* him: but many of the Mace^
donians, who condemned Anaxarchua's speech, held their peace.
But Callisthenes in the midst of the silence spoke thus:
^^ Indeed, Anaxarchus, I count not Alexander unworthy of any
honour, how great seever it be, that is fit to be ascribed to men; hut
there are prescribed differences amongst men between divine and
human honours, amongst many others in the building of tenqples ^
and erecting of statues; for to the gods we consecrate oratories^ and
offer sacrifices and drink offerings: to the gods are sung hymns; men
are praised but not adored : kisses in salutations are given to men^
but the gods are placed on high, and it is not lawful to touch th^m;
atod therefore they are worshipped with adoration. Solemn times of
dancings are performed to the gods, and Psans sung to them. Nei«
ther is it to be wondered at, insomuch as the honours given to the
gods are various ; some sort of honours given to one, and others to
another, especially those honours of later times. Nay, those honours
given to some of the heroes differ from divine honours. It is not
therefore fit to confound thdse things, nor to advance men above
themselves and all mankind be^des, and to degrade the gods, by
worshiping them with the same worship wherewith we adore men.
Alexander himself would not suffer any private man to usurp the re«
gal dignity and honours due to himself, though he gained them by
the unjust suffrages of the people: much more justly therefore may
the gods be angry if any mortal man assume to himself divine ho*
nours, or accept them from others. However, let Alexander be es-
teemed, as in truth he is, by many degrees the most valiant of them
that are valiant, the greatest king amongst all other kings, and
amongst generals the most worthy to command. But as for thee,
naxarclias, it is thy du ty above any other to instruct Aletander in
these things that have been spoken, and to deter h|m ftom the con*
* Tbif adoration wu by pibatlTatioiu
Vol.2. No«48« RaHn
mt
6^4 THE SUPPLEMEirr TO
trary; for thy conversation he daily makes ose of, in order to im*
prove in wisdom and learning. Neither does it become thee to be the
beginner of this discourse, but rather to remember that thoa art
not advising Cambyses or Xerxes, but the son of Philip, descended
from Hercules and Achilles, whose ancestors^aroe out of Argos into
Macedonia^ and maintained their empire not by arbitrary power, but
by ruling according to the laws and customs of the Macedonians.
But divine honours were not conferred upon Hercules himself by
the Grecians while he was living, nay, nor when he was dead, before
the oracle at Dt^lphos commanded t\^ he should be worshipped as a
god. But if there be but few that are in the country of the barba*
rians, we ought to entertain the same sentiments with them. And
I earnestly entreat thee, Alexander^ to remember Greece, for whose
sake this expedition was undertaken by thee, in order to add Asia to
Greece: And now consider whether, when yon return thither, you
can be able to compel the free people of Greece to adore you as a
god, or, excepting them of Greece, you can impose this duhonoor
and slavery upon the Macedonians only, or whether it be fit that
quite diflerent honours be there allowed you, since the Grecians
confer only those that are human, according to the custom and man*
ner of the Greeks, when at the same time only die barbarians wor*
ship you as a god after the manner of the barbarians. But if it be
objected, that Cyrus, son of Cambyses, was the first of all mortal
men that was adored by men as a god, and that since that time this
adoration has continued amongst the Medes and Persians; yet yon
arc to consider how his pride was curbed by the Scythians, a poor
and indigent people. And how other Scythians again reduced Dih
rius to more sober thoughts of himself, and the Athenians snd Li*
cedaemouians, Xerxes; and Clearchus and Xenophon, Artaxenes,
with only ten thousand men ; and Darius now overcome by Alexan-
der, when at that time no divine honours were decreed to him."
When Callisthenes had spoken these, and other things to the same
purpose, Alexander took it very heiuously; but what he said wsi
very grateful and acceptable to the Macedonians; which being
known, Alexander sent some to urge the Macedonians to remember
tlie adoration of the king; upon which there being a great sileoee,
those among tho Persians that were most eminent for birtb^ and ho-
nourable forage, all rose up together, and adored* him. But Leo*
iiatus, one of Alexander's friends, when he saw one of the Pcnnm
sordidly prostrating himself, he fell a-laughing at the poor and men
gesture of the Persian; at which Alexander was at first vciyas;
gry, but was afterwards pacified. Some write, that the king dnnk
in a golden bowl to them with whom he had made the i
* Pronratcd tbenselYti.
D10D0RU9 STCUtUJ*
adore him in a ring as they sat, and ibat the first that pletlpcd hiTU,
presently arose and adored him, and then kissed hinij and 50 in order
the rest did the same^ one after anotherp But when it came to Cal-
listhenes's turn, he rose up, and drank off the bowl, and when he
had done, (without adoring him,) drew near to the kin^ to kiss him.
Alexander was then accidenlly discoursing with Hcphicstion, and
therefore did not mind whether he omitted the adoration or not. But
Demetrius the son of Pythonax, one of Alexander's friends, observ*
ing when Callisthenes approached to kiss Alexander, informed him
that Callisthenes had not adored him, upon which the king turned
away from him; and therefore Callisthenes said^ he must now be dis-
carded with the loss of a kiss.
I cannot indeed praise either any of these things that tended to
Alexander's dishonour, or the moroseness of Callisthenes ; for I con-
ceive it had been enough for him modestly to have carried himself^
and for him who would serve the king, to promote his affairs lo the
best advantage, as far as ever he was able: and therefore I am of opi-
nion, that Callisthenes was not without just cause hated by Alexander
by reason of the unseasonable liberty of his speech and foolish male-
pertness. For which reason, I believe, credit was more easily given
afterwards to his accusers, by whom he was charged to be in the con-
spiracy with the pages against the king's life, and to others who af-
firmed that they were put on to it by him.
The conspiracy was thus: there was an order formerly made by
Philip, that from among the sons of the Macedonian nobility, when
they grew up to men's estate, choice should be made of some, from
time to time, to attend upon the king, both to be squires of his body,
and gentlemen of his bedchamber: these youths, when the king was
about to ride, received the horses from the querries, and led them to
the king, and after the Persian manner helped him to mount, aind
waited upon him whenever he went forth a-hunting: among these^
there was one Hermolaus, the son of Sopolides, who studied philo-
sophy, and was scholar to Callisthenes. The report is, that a wild
boar in the course of hunting meeting Alexander, this Hermolaus
prevented the king, who was aiming at him, and killed the boar. The
king hereupon being in a rage to have the opportunity of killing the
boar snatched out of his hand, commanded that the youth should be
whipped in the presence of all the other pages, and have his horse
taken from him: which disgrace he not being able to bear, opened
his mind to Sostrates, the son of Amyntas, one of his companions^
of the same quality, and his bosom friend, and declared to him that
his life would be but a burthen to him, unless he could revenge the
injury done him upon Alexander; and it was no difficak matter ta
persuade Sostrates, being his special fritad^ to join with him in this
M
676 tun iUPPLBBOHT W
traitoious ooospinicy. Antipater likewise, die won of AMlqModom,
lord lieutenant of Syria, Epimenes the son of Aneoa, and And*
elet the son of Theocritus, together with Philotas, the son of Gv^
sides the Thracian, were all brought in by him to join in the sane
treason. The night that it came to Antipater's turn to wait in the
bedchamber, was the time pitched upon to lill Alexander when he
was asleep. But it happened, as some write, tliat Alexander thsi
very night sat up drinking till morning. But Aristobalns aays» thit
a certain woman of Syria, pretending to be divinely inspired, still
followed Alexander from place to place, whom Alexander and his
courtiers at first ridiculed; but when what she had foretold was still
verified by the event, slie was no longer despised by Alexander, bat
was freely admitted to the king both by night and by day, and often
was in his bcdcliamber when he was asleep. It is said at that time
this prophetess by chance met the king as he came from his caps,
and entreated him to return to his companions, and spend the whole
night in drinking. Alexander judging U might be a divine warning,
returned, and by that means disappointed the traitorous designs of
the pages.
The next day, Epimenes the son of Arseus, one of the conspim-
tors, discovered the whole mutter to his friend Carides, the son of
Menandcr, Carides to Eurylochus, the brother to Epimenes; Euy-
lochus going into Alexander's tent, revealed all to Ptolemy the son
of I^gus, the squire of the king's body, and he to Alexander, who
forthwith ordered all that Eurylochus had named to be seiaed)
^'ho being apprehended, upon their examination confessed dmr
treason, and discovered some others.
Aristobulus indeed says, tli.it they declared Callisthenes stirred thm
up to undertake this piece of villany, which Ptolemy likewise cob«
firms : but there are some others that give anotiier account of this
matter, viz. That Alexander perfectly hated Callisthenes, and be-
cause there was a great intimacy between him and Hennolaos, he
was easily wrought upon by the informers to suspect Callisthenei.
Some likewise say, that Hermolaus being brought before the Mi^
cedonians, confessed that he himself plotted the treason, nod thuk
was not in the power of any free-born man to endure the
and (lUhonour Alexander had brought upon him; and then ]
up all that Alexander in that kind had done; to wit, the UDJa
of Philotas, and with far more Injustice his putting to death
nio, Philotas 's faiher, and the rest that were then killed; thei
of Clitus through his drunkenness, his assuming the habit of Ae
Medes, the edict for his adoration, not yet recalled, haa cuomiag
and drunken doxing; which vile courses he not being able telte li
endure, was earnest to regain liberty both for himself aal d» iMtil
MODORUS 8ICULUS. , Bff"
the Macedonians. Hereupon Hermolaus and the reist thM were
seized were stoned to death by the by-standers. But Ariatobultw
aiys, that Callisthenes was carried about with the army in chains^ and
died. Ptolemy says he was first racked, and afterwards hanged, o
tlkat these authors, though of great credit and repute, and who were
themselves present in the army, and attending upon Alexander at
the very time when these things were acted, yet cannot agree abovt
a matter whereof there could be no doubt at all at the time when h
was done.
SUP. X.
The king*s expedition against the Nauticans, or NoMvans; and
the destructtom of many of his army by a grea4 mattm
Curtius, lib. viii. c. 4.
THESE things being thus set in order, the third moutli he marched*
out of his wiuter-quarters towards a country called Gabazat- The
first day he had an easy march; the next day was not as yt.t stormy
or gloomy, but something darker than the day before, not without
a^me threateaing of a storm at hand. The third dny the whole
heavens flashed with lightning, sometimes light, then presently dark
wiiich not only amazed the eyes, but terrified the hearts of the dis-
tracted army. The air resounded with continual thunder^ and thuD<-
derbolts up and down seemed to be shot from the clouds; the army,
even struck deaf with the thunder, as men astonisi id, dui-st nei-
ther march nor stand still. Then on a sudden fell down a storm of
hail like a violent torrent. At first they covered themselves with
their shields, but presently their benumbed and frozen hands let fall
their arms, neither did they know towards what place or country to
move themselves, the violence of the storm being greater tlmn could
possibly be avoided, turn themselves which way soever they would.
Tiieir ranks and order therefore being broke, they wandered through
the woodj in parties as they could; and many fainting rather with
fear than through weariness, fell down upon the ground, although.
the fierceness of the cold had frozen the hail; others leaned them-
selves to the bodies of trees, which was to many both a support and
defence. Neither were they deceived in choosing out a place to die
in, when their natural heat, overcome by the cold, left them im-
moveable,
Cut it was a grateful sloth to them that were tired out, neither did
* From >'aura, pr Ntutica. t Ita So^diana* * Or foic«L
1
1
4
*(578
THE SUPPLEMENT TO
they count it irksome to find rest by death ; for the eoM was not odW
intense, but also not likely to abate, and the dark shades of the
wood^ besides the storm, which was as the night, suppressed and
kept out the light, that common comfort and refreshment; The
king only was patient under this sad misfortune, and walked round
his camp, and brought together the dispersed, and lifted up them
that were down, shewing them the smoke that came from chiraneys
afar off, advising every one to take the nighest refuge. Neither did
any thing conduce more to their safety, than to see the king, who
bad taken more pains than they, yet most unwearied of any, and
therefore were ashamed to leave him. But necessity, more forcibly
than reason in their distresses, found out a remedy for the cold : for
hewing down the trees with their axes, they set the heaps of wood up
and down on fire, so that you would have thought all the wood had
been in a flame, and scarce any place left for the army to lodge. This
heat presently enlivened their benumbed limbs, and by degrees their
spirits, which the cold had even closed up, began freely to pass.
Some were entertained in the houses of the barbarians which were
hid from them in the late wood ; but now their necessity had disco-
vered others lodged in their tents, which though wet, yet were more
tolerable, the fury of the storm being somewhat abated. This un-
happy accident sweeped away a thousand soldiers, and other mean
attendants^ upon the camp. It is reported, that some were found
standing at the side of the trees, and seemed not only as if they ha^
been alive, but as if they had been discoursing one with another in
the same posture as they were in when they died%
SUP. XI.
Haw Alexander falling in love with Roxana, married her^ miA
induced many of his friends to marry the daughters of the
chief men among the barbarians.,i.^Ati'mnus, lib. iv.
ROXANA, the daugliterof Oxyartes, was there* likewise, avirgia
ripe for marriage, whom Alexander's fellow-soldiers judged to be
the most beautiful lady of all Asia, next to the wife of Darius. Upon
sight of her Alexander fell deeply in love, yet would not by any
means use her dishonourably as a captive; neither did he <<iMflin to
* Scullioni, lionie*bojt| &c
t lu ibc rock<»JbcXbre mcDtioaed^ in Sogdiana ; but Slrabo mjh it waft at iht ntjk Vi
Bacinm, See before.
DK^DORUS 81CULU». 6fg
take her for his wife; which act of Alexander, I conceive, was mors
worthy of praise than reprehension. And as for Darius's wife, who
was esteemed the most -beautiful lady of all Asia', be neither was
tainted with so much as an unlawful desire towards her, nor did he^ '
as a domineering lord, command her to his bed, though he was then
in the heat of his youth, and the highest pitch of worldly prosperity)
which two conditions are apt greatly to provoke men^to be very inju-*
rious to others: but he, out of a reverence to her person, spared
her; herein evidencing his great continency, and prompted likewise
thereunto by a desire of bis own honour and reputation.
SUP. XII.
His breaking into IndlUy and his putting all to the stvord in the
Jirst country he entered^ to be a terror to the rest.
Arrianus, lib. iv.
IN the middle of the spring Alexander removed with his army out
of Bactria towards India, and left Amyntas there with three thousand
five hundred horse, and ten thousand foot. Having passed the Cau-
casus, in ten days he came to Alexandria, which he had built in Pa-
ropamisus at his first expedition into Bactria, and put out the gover-
nor there for his bad behaviour in the place, and then peopled the city
with more inhabitants out of the neighbouring countries, and such
of his Macedonians as were grown unserviceable for the war, and
made Nicanor, one of his associates, governor of the city; but ap-
pointed Tyriaspes commander of the whole region of Paropamisus,
and of all that territory or province as far as the river Cophas.
Tl\ence he went to the city of Nicaea, and there offered sacrifice to
Minerva, and then marched to the river Cophas, and sending a
herald, commanded Taxiles and the rest of the governors of tht
countries lying beyond the river to come to him. Taxiles and other
petty princes came first and met him, bringing him large presents,
such as were most esteemed in India, promising likewise to send him
five-and-twenty elephants. He there divided his army, and sent
HephsEstion and Perdiccas into the country called Peucelaoijs, to-
wards the river Indus, together with the troops of Gorgias, Clitus^
and Meleager, and half the horse of the Social Band, and all the mer-
cenary horse, commanding them to take in by fair means or foul all
the towns which lay in their way, and that when tlu*y came to the
bank of the river Indus, they should prepare all things that were ne-
cessary to pass over. And with them wa£ sent Taxiles and other
n
680 THE SUPPLEMENT TO
commanders of those pnrts, to put ia execiitioD, when they came to
the river Indus^ what Alexander had commanded.
Astes, the governor of the country of Peucelaotis, oStriog to re-
volt, lost both himself and the city which he put himself into: ftr
Hephmstion came and besieged it, and after thirty dajrs time took if,
and, killing Astes, n:ade one Sangttus governor of it, who a little be-
lore, forsaking Astes, had fled over to Taxiles^ which madeAlenader
the more confidr in him ever after.
'Alexander, with his Ijand of silver targeteers, and the horse of hn
fellow-cavaliers that went not with Hephsestion, and the troop of
horse called Asseteri, together with his archers, Agrians, and bone-
lancers, marched into the countries of the Aspians, Phyrseans, and Aio-
sacans; and, going on his way to the river Choaspes, (which was for
the most part mountainous and rocky), and having at last passed that
river, he commanded Craterus to come after him &ir and softly with
the foot; and himself, taking with him the whole body of his bone^
and eight hundred Macedonian foot-targeteers on borseback, mardied
away at a great rate, because he heard that the people of the coontry
were fled, some to the mountains^ others to fenced cities, and all to
make head against him. Having attacked the first of these ckies
that lay in his way, those which came forth to oppose him he voateA
at the first charge, and drove them back into the town, but was hioH
self wounded with a dart in the shoulder, which pierced throagh Us
breast-plate; but the wound was but slight, the breast-plate repelUiig
the force of the dart. Ptolemy Lagus, and Leonatos, were likewise
wounded. Then Alexander, observing what part of the wall was
fittest to pitch upon for an assault, encamped close to the city, just
against that part. The n^xt day, early in the morning, the Macei^
douians took the outward wall with little difficulty, for the city wsi
doubly walled. At the inner wall the inhabitants made some resist^
ance; but when the Macedonians had once scaled the walls, and the
townsmen felt the arrows showering down about their ears, not bei^g
able longer to endure, the soldiers within broke out of tliegateSjSBd
ran every man his way to the mountains, many of whom the Mace<i
douiuns killed in the pursuit; and all the prisoners (being in a nfS
because the king was wounded) they put to the sword* Many es-
caped to the mountains, which were not far off from the city,
laid the city level with the ground, he marched away with I
to Audaca, another city.
MOOORU8 StCULUS. 681
SUP. XIII.
kindneis to the city ofNyMaj upon the account of hie detceni
frotn Bacchus. ArriiDUSi lib. ir.
it reeion, ioto wliich Aleiaoder enteredi lying between Um
Coplias and Indus, b situated Njta, a city built (as is rt*
) by Dionysius*, at that time when he commanded in India,
his Dionysius was, and when^ or from whence he brought ia
Hies at^ainst the Indians, I cannot conjecture: wiiether it was
leban from Tliebes, or he from Troolus in Lydia, who led an
rem thence against the Indians. But, though he |jasscd into
ny warlike nations, at that time altogetlier unknown to the
t, yet he subdued none of them but the Indians. Tliis only I
isfied in, that those fables which the antients have written con-
^ the gods are not too curiously to be pried into: for such
[s as do not otherwise deserre much credit, yet when they
I to speak of the gods, they seem not to be altogether in*
e.
oon as Alexander came With his army to Nysa, they sent Acn-
he chief man of the city to him, with thirty others of the
I men of the place, entreating him to leave the city free to
d Bacchus. When the ambassadors were introduced into the
pavilion, and saw him as yet dusty with his march, clad in all
lour, with his helmet uixin his head, and his Unce in his haod^
d at the sight of him, they fell flat upon the groand« and were
a long time together: but after Alexander had commanded
to rise, and cheer up, Acuphis thus began .1^'' The Nyscans
t, O kin^, that in reverence to Bacchus you would leave the
tfc, and the inhabitants to govern by their own laws: for Dio-
I after lie had conquered the Indians, and was about to return
Grecian sea, built this city for those soldiers who were unser-
le for war, (being of Bacchiu's family), as a perpettul mouu-
to posterity of his expedition and victoryi as your majesty has
Alexandria at mount Caucasus, and another in Egypt, and many
» some finished, and others now in building, having now per-
1 much more than our Dionysius did: and he called the city
from his nurse so named, and the country NyssEui; and the
jiin which hangs over the city he was pleased to call Meros,
I is a thigh), because, according to the fables, be was cberisbrd
iter's thigh. Since that time we have dwelt in Nysa as a free
ind have lived at ease under the use of our own laws. And
* Btcdiuf.
L. 2. Ho. 48. w^%
6R2 the supplement to
that this place was built by Bacchus, this one thing may be a de-
monstration ^That ivy grows no where in India, but in this city."
This speech of Acuphis was very pleasing to Alexander; for he had
a great desire that those things should be believed which were re-
lated concerning Bacchus*s peregrination, and would have none to
doubt but that Nysa was built by Bacchus, because that he himself
was now come as far as Bacchus ever came, and was still desirous to
go farther than he ever did; and he was of opinion that the Mace-
donians, out of emulation to the acts of Bacchus, would willingly
5vith himself undergo further toils and labours. He granted there-
fore liberty to the Nysa?ans, and that they should govern according
to their own laws. And when he understood what their laws were,
and how they were under the govcrnmcMit of an arils tocracy, he com-
mended tlu'ir constitution, and commanded them to furnish him with
three hundred horsemen, and send him a hundred of those that were
of the aristocracy, (who were three hundred in all), such as he wooU
choose. Acuphis was one of the number of them that were picked
out, whom the king had made governor of the whole province of
Nysfjea. It IS reportec] that Acuphis smiled at these demands, and
that Alexander asking him why he laughed, Acuphis answered..
*' How is it possible, O king, for the city to be well governed, when
it is stripped of a hundred good men all at once? But if your majesty
have a kindness for the city, be pleased to accept of three hundred
horsemen, (and more, if you think fit); but, as for a hundred of the
best men of the city, which you desire, be pleased to be content with
two hundred of the worst, that whensoever you return I)ither a^in,
you may find that the city h.as maintained and kept up her antieot
state and grandeur." With these words (because he judged them
prudently spokon) Alexander was persuaded, and commanded only
tiie three hundrod horsemen to be sent him ; and, as for the three hun-
dred of the chief of the city, he neither desired them, nor any others
in their stead. J^ut Acuphis's son, and nephew by his sister, were
sent to Alex:iniU-r.
Afterwards AlexandtM- had a longing desire to sec that city. In which
the Nvsieans boast tliat ijiere are some monuments ofDionysius; aud
to go likewise, accompanied by some horse of his friends, and a re-
giment of foot, to the moiititain Meros, that he might see the hill
grown Over with ivy and laare!, and t!ic sliady groves, which abounded
with nil son'z of wild ])cm ts. The ivy was a very pleasant sight to
the Macc(|.nia:^s, »iot iiavii;::^ si-cn any for a long time; for India
bears no ivy, neitlur those places wlicre vines grow. Of the ivy tbct
won; garlaiKls on t!;cir hiMcis, singing praise to Bacchus, with all hb
titles and appoU:ifions. Alexander there sacrificed toBacchns^ and
l<;a»ted with hi^ fiicndb.
P10D0RU8 $icyj(.v^ AlA
SUP. XIV.
Hmvj having taken a strong city called MassagOy he put to the sword
all t/ie mercenary soldiers that had fought valiantfy.
Arriainus^ lib. iv.
WHEN the barbarians heard of Alexander's coming, they durst not
abide him in a body, but broke up their army, and dispersed them-
selves, every one as they could, into several c^tiesj purposing there to
stand upon their guard.
Alexander marched first with his army to Massaga^, the greatest
city of that countryf. Approaching therefore with bis aripy close tp
the city, the barbarians (having got >nto the town for their assistance
seven thousand mercenary Indiums noui tiiu i[ii>4.i ^win^ ui IiiJIa)
made a fierce sally upon the Macedonians as lliey lay encamped.
Alexander, perceiving that the fight was likely to be under the city
walls, designed to draw off the enemy to a faviiicr distance, lest when
they fled (which he clearly foresaw tboy would) they might with ease
(being so very near) get into the town, and so escape: perceivtfig
therefore the barbarians pouring out upon tbem, he forthv^ith com-
manded his Macedonians to wheel ^bout, and make to a hill about
seven furlongs distant from the river Curscus, where he had purposed
to encamp. The enemy hereupon emboldened, (the Muccdoniana
seeming to give back), in great confusion and disorder hotly pursued
them. But when they were got wit Inn the cast of a dart, upon a
sign given by Alexander, the phalanx furiously turned upon them;
but first indeed the horse that were darters, tbe Agrians, and archers,
made an excursion, and engaged with the batbartans; but Alexander
led the phalanx in battalia himself^ The Indians, amazed at ihe sud*
den and unexpected turn, when it came lo the sword's point, fled
tack into the city. Two hundred of them were killed iii the puj-
tuit, but the rest got within the walls,
Alexander presently drew up his main division of Macedonians
before the walls, and from thenee was slightly wounded by uu arrow-
Struck into his heelj. The next day the engines heing brought up to
the walls, part of tbem were ea^illy hiittcred down, upon which (the
Macetionians endeavouring to force their way through the ruins
the Indians stoutly withstood them, insomuch that Alexander for that
day sounded a retreat, and called off his men. But the next day the
Macedonians renewed the assault with greater vigour, bringing up a
wooden tower to the walls, out of which the archers pouring showew
^ • Mazaga. t The country of the Assacenians^
; Curli uij 1. 8. «. 10, lays tlic calf of th? leg.
1^
684 DI0D0RU8 8ICULU8.
of darts and arrows, grievously galled the Indians. Bat yet with all
these devices they were not able to enter. The third day the main
body of the Macedonians being again led up to the walls, a bridge
was cast out of the wooden tower over that part of the wall that was
broken down, upon which bridge the king ordered the Argyraspides,
who had before taken Tyre after the same manner; but when with
great courage and resolution they had got upon it, with too much
weighty it yielded and broke, and it and the Macedoniaas tumbled
down together. The barbarians rejoicing at the accident, set up a
great shout, and plied tl)e Macedonians with stones, and all sorts of
darts and arrows, or whatever was at hand, or that they could come at;
and others issuing out through narrow sally-ports that were placed
between the turrets, knocked thenron the head while in that disorder
and confusion. Alexander sent Alcetas with a party to take care
of the wounded men, and to call the besiegers off into the camp. The
fourth d^y he cast another bridge, with other devices, upon the n'alls;
but the Indians (as long as the governor of the place was alive) va-
liantly repulsed the Macedonians i but when he was killed by a dart
from the engines, and many of their men lost by continual assaults,
and others wounded and become thereby unserviceable, they seat to
Alexander, who was very ready and willing to spare such stout and
valiant men. He agreed therefore with the mercenary Indians, tliat
they should take up arms with him, and join themselves to his army.
Hereupon they marched out of the city by themseh'cs, and encamp-
cd on a hill opposite to the Macedonians, with a design to fly away
in the night to their own country, because they would not figbt
against the other Indians. When Alexander was informed hereof,
the same night he surrounded the hill with his forces, and put them
every one to the sword, and took the city, now without these that
should defend it, by storm, and in it the mother and daughter of As-
sacenus. On Alexander's side there were only tweaty-five killed
during the whole siege.
FIMS.
685
■ J,. -J ,. ■ 1,. .,■,,.., ,1 .J ■' — >iM
DIODORUS SICULUS.
CONTENTS.
BOOK I.
Cm A p. 1 . Of the first generation of men. How the world fint began. Men's first i
ucr of life, and who were the first men. First rae a in £gjrpt. Who were the ioost
aotieot gods of E|.'ypt. Of their demi-gods. Sol, Saturn, Rhea, Jupiter, Juno, and
Vulcnn, rngned in Ktrjrpt. Of Osiris and Isis. The acts of Osiris and fsis. Hermei^
bis jnveDtions Osiris preparer for his expedition through the world, a^d to that end
raises a grrat army. 2. The coniiiinatien of Osiris's expedition through iKthiopia,
all Arabii, India, and Europe. Buried by Isi» and Mercury. How he was killed.
His death revenged by Isis and Orus. Two bulls. Apis and Mnevis, worshipped ia
Egypi. Piuces discussed where Osiris and Isis were, buried. Stories of the E^ptiaH
priests. Their years. Lunar years, giani», laws about marriage. Osiris and Isis, their
pillars and inscriptions. Colonies out of Egypt.— 3. The description of £gjpc
Of the lake* of Serbim The nature of the river Nile. The cata'racts: the mouths o(
the Nile. The (ruit» of Egypt. The beasts, crocodile. £ic. Several opinions cob-
aerning the inundation of the Nile. 4. The first way of living of the Kgyptiaaas
gods and denii-^ods, their reigns in Egypt. The aiitient kings of Kgypt: Menia,&8;,
Their several wurks. Thebes built by Bosiris. Tbe stately sepulchrea, obelilka, and.
terople» there. A description of Osyroandyas's sepulchre. Memphis built by Uebo-
teus Metis's lake. Se^ostris, or Sesoosis; bis famous expedition, and great workiw
-• — 5. The acts of Sesostris the Second. Of Ammosis, Actisanes, Mendesy Prolm
or Cetes. Rem phis, Cheramis, (the great pyramids built by bim), Ccphres, MyceriMM^
Bocchuri!», and Sahach. The reign of twelve kings in Egypt PsammeticbiM SeiCei^
one of the kings, gained the whole; two hundred thousand of his army forsake bio^
and settle themselves in ./Ethiopia. Apries succeeds long after. Amasis rcbelii» uid
next succeeds; and Apries is strangled by the people. Amasis the last king, to tbm
time of the conquest of Egypt by Canibyses.-*— 6. The casioms of .tbe Egyptiaai,
Of their kings. Of their hourly employment, sacrifices, diet, &c. Tbeir buriaia. TIm
division ot Egypt. Their trades in Egypt. Courts of justice. Tbeir law proceed-
ings. The several laws of Egypt. Beasts and birds adored in Egypt, ea lions, wolves^
cats, the bird Ibis, kites, &c. Costs in their burial of these creatures. Reasons given
for this adoration. 7. Why the crocodile is worshipped. Some sorts of herbs end
roots nut tHten. Why other creatures are worshipped. The manner of tbeir burieli.
The law.iiiakers in Egypt. Learned men of Greece made joornies into Egypt, as Or-
pheus, Humer. Plato, Solon, Pythagoras, Ace. Several proofs of this, as tbeir religious
rites, fables. &c. in Greece, of Egyptian extraction. The exquisite art of the itoae*
carvers in Egypt,
BOOK IL
CnAP. 1. Ninus, the first king of Assyria: his acts: he invades Babylonia, Media, and
overruns several uthcr countries. Nineveh built by him: the description of it: mar-
ries Seniiramis: her descent. Derceto, the Philistine's Dagon. His expeditjoD ••
gainst Bactria : he dies. Serairamis builds Babylon, and several strange works there;
as a pass»ag« under water, Jupiter's temple, &c. Hanging gardeni in Babyhili. A
van »tonc cut out. The strange property of a morass. Her itvtxtl eipeditiona, TW
686 CONTENTS.
'wonrlerful lake inEthionia: their burials there. Semirainis's expeditioD into India.
Her mock elephants. Her expedition proves fruitless. She surrenders h«r kiogdoa
to N'inyas her son : her end.— 'J. Ninvas Miccecds Seniiramis. His close and slo^
lul manner of lite. The reign of Sardaiiupalus. His luxury and etTeininacj. lid
epitaph. Deposed by Arbaces the IMcde; and the Assyrian empire overturned. Ni-
neveh razed. 3. Of tiic antient Chaldeans, and their philosophy. I'he p*aaets»
and their cour:ie. I1ic empire of the Medes, and their king). A descripiion of Iik
dia: the antient manners and customs of the people. Their laws, and tribes. A de*
•cription of Scylhia. Of tlic Amazoni. Of the Hyperboreans. 4. A descriptioa
of Arabia the J>csert, Happy, 6cc. Metals, precious stouts, beasts, &c. A descrip>
tion of Taprubanc, in the Suutliern Ocean, now called Ceylon, or Zeilan« The Utuigt
things ther«. How discovered by lambulus.
BOOK III.
Chap. 1, Of the Ethiopians: their letters, laws, arms, religion, and foAersIa. Descrlp*
tion of several parts of the country. Manner of making gold. The Ichthyoph^ges,
their several ttoris, and way of living. 2. Chelonophages: the manner of taking
sea-tortoises. The Cetivores, or whale-caters. The sea-coasts over agtiinst Babylon;
their manner of taking of fish. Tiie llizophaues, or roat-eaters. Tho»e called Sper>
matophagrs and Hylophage*, Hylogones, or Hunters; their taking of wild beasts: the
Kiephnni fighters; how they are taken: the Simoes, StruthophagcSj Acridoph«go« or
locust-eaters; their miserable deaths. Cynomolges: the country of the Troglodjrttt.
"Wild beasts: the terrible wild bull. Serpents: that great one brought alive to Alex-
andria. 3. A de>cription of the coasts and countries on both sides the Arabian
gulf, or Red sea The perfumes of .\rabia the Happy. The Fortunate Islands. A
description of part of Libya: the spectres near the Syrtes.— — 4. Of the Amaioni of
Africa. Their acti: rooted out by Hercules; and the Gorgoas by Perseus. ThcAto
laniides, and the gods among them. The orit;in of theTitauc?. The acts of Basilca^
or Cybele, said to be born in Phrygia. The origin of Atlas and Saturn. A long at*
count given of Bacchus, and the several Bacchuses there ware. A detcriptioa of tha
grotto in Ny<a, where he was bro\ight up. The buildin<: of tbe*temple of Ammon by
him. The seveial Herculeses. lite monster^ /Lgidci and Campes killed by Minerva
and Bacchus.
BOOK IV.
Chap. 1. Wlint the Grecians say further of Bacchus. The story of Priapjs. Of Hir-
maphroriilu^. Ofthe Muses. The birlh uf Hertulej«; ami his twelve l:ibnLPi enj«ir.itl
him by Kuryslheus. His wandering expccliimns ihro«iL.li Aliica, Spain, France, lid!/,
and Sicily. His seltinc; up two pillars at (jades, and his otlier acts by the vay. The
story ot C)rpheu<i. 2. An account of Atlas and hi) dauglit«rs, called Allnntides and
Hespe^tJe^». Tiic Amazons routed by Ihcieus in Atuca. The further acts of Her-
cules: lie goes auaiiisi Laomedon, king of Troy ; and otlier acts. The story of Me*
leug"*r, >oij ol kiuj; (Kneus. Amalthaia's Horn. llercule»'s further acts. Hisdeiflb
by a poisoiictl sliirt. 3. Of the Aigivuaiiis, ISledra, and the daughters of Pebas.
How ilie Argonauts i/iiiiicd the L;ol<ien iicece. Tite pranks of Mcdcu. 'J'he acts ui
Ja^on. Tl<e cruelly of Prlias towdrds Jason's kindred; how he wa> killed by hi» own
dHiii:liler<), lliruu^ti Mi dea's eharm*i. Medea burns tlic king ot Corintirs palace, and
him in it. The iui>eral>le end ot" .luvui. Of the Heraclidie, and'thcir return m Pc-
loponnosus. ii) J'he Jn.ts of The>eu.H. The .Minotaur m Crtte. Androfi^us the
son of Miijos niuvdered hy Kjjeus. Ariatliie, diughittr ot Minu»,.iii love withTtukeu'^. .
Aiiaiiiie's crown. Kgtu>, km;; of Alliens, k;llb hnuseif. Tiieseus's death. The »jr
of ri;« hcH hy the seven capiai js. 1 he Lyrgoni renew, the war. The f>ed;grcc» of ll.*
lujrois ill Ifiv. Of the I'cntati!'!, Hud l.apilhx. The pcdiiirces ol K'^cuiapius, .i!a-
C"U;, -\]ax, Pelops, Tantalus, (Kin)nian>. Darditnu^'.s posterity, to Pnaiu, king of
Troy. b. Of Datdalus, and hi-, work* in Crete, bicily, and elicwhere. His tiight
into S.eily : Minos invades Sinly ; the luanner of his death there. 'I he famous ten*
pie of the Cureles, or Corybanlcs, m Sicily, built hy the posterity of the Cretans that
caui! u. ere with Minos. The pi di^ree of Ari^t.Tjus; his acts; his son Acteoti. Vl
Kryx. Wnus's temple at V.r\\ in Sif;iiy ; the fame oi it. Of Daplmis the shephctd^
A description of the HercaQ mountain:?. Of Orion. Of the straits uf M^s^ana.
CONTENTS. 687
BOOK V.
Chip. 1 . A description of Sicily. The /Eolides, or IJpara Isfandf. Of Malta, Oau1u!i«
Cercina, Corsica, Sardinia, Pityiisa, and ilie Baleares. 2. Of Madeira, Britajn^
^^aUia. Celtibeha, Iberia, Tyrrheniu, and of the inhabitants, and their latviHnacDS-
toras. — '— 3. Ot'Gedrosia. Of the i»les of the Arabian sea. Of the holy island. Of
Fanchxa. Of Samothracia. Of Naxos, Sy me, Naa<ius, Calydna, Nbyrus, Ca^patfans.
Of Riiodes, and of Chersoncsui. 4. Of Crete: the fii^t inhabitants. Of the Idaei
Dactyli. or Jupiter, Saturn, Hyperion, Proiuetheus. Mnemosyne, Themis, Ceres,
Neptune, Pallas. Jupiter's race; as the Muses VulctfQ, Mars, ice. Of the antient
Hercules, Britumartis, Pluto. Rhadaraanthus's justice. Of Lesbos* Deucalion*!
flood. Of the blessed islands. Of Teiiedos and the Cyclades.
BOOK XI.
Chap. I. Of Xerxe^'s expedition into Greece, and the battle of Thermopyt», and the
sea-fight at Salamis. 2. How the Curthaginians invaded Sicily, and were ronted
by Ge'on. 3. The victory of the Greeks over Mardonius at Plataui. 4, Of tlie
£|Tiit with the Persians by tiie Grecians in Ionia at Mycale.— — 5. Death and dam-
niendatiun of Gelou, king ol[ Syracuse: and rebuilding Athens by the policy of Tbe-
niistocles. G, The enlarging of the haven at Athens by 'Hiumistocles. The treasoo
ot Pau&aiiias, und the justice of Aristides. 7. Hiero king of Sicily prepares to be-
siege A^'igcnturn; discovers the treason of them of Himera to Thcron their prioc««
ExpeN (he Cataneans and Kaxians. 8. TheLacedsnionians quarrel with the Athe-
nians for the dominion of the sea. S». Hiero breaks the power of ilie Etruscans by
tea. 10. The war between the Tarentines and the Japygian5.— ^11. The death
of ThcroM, prince of Agrigentum,and the tyranny of his son Thrasideus, tvbo abdicated
the guvcmment, nud killed himself. Three hundred of the family of the FAbit slain
at one (line. 1^2. The malice of the Lacedaemonians against Themistocles, and hit
bani'ilKiicnt. His praise. 13. Cimon, the Athenian general, gains many places for
ti:c Athenians; routs the Persians by a stratagem at Euryroedon.-»-— 14. A great.
cartliqiiakc in Sparta; the war upon them by the Helots arid Messenians. 15. The
YTAT \}c.xv/tn:\\ the Argives and the Mycenaeans. 16. The *death of Hiero. 17.
Thr:i3yb»jlus, king of Syracuse, deposed by force of arms for his tyranny.— 18. Th«
murder ol Xerxes by Artnbanus. 19. The war between the Athenians and th«
.<£giniau.s. ^0. The Egyptians revolt from the Persians. New troubles in Sicily.
— ■ — '2 \ . Tiie Persian expedition into Egypt. Wars in Sicily. 22. The war be-
tween tlie E|?ii'.iu:ians and the Athenians. 23. The war between the Corinthiani
ttiul iM( garc£n5. 24. The war between the Athenians and the Boeotians.— —25.
The Athenians iiivr.de the Spartans by Tolroides. — —26. The war in Sicily befVr^eu
the Ai^fMcaui an 1 tiie Liiybsans. The custom of writing upon an o!ive-Ieaf th«
names of such as v.erc to be banisheU in Sicily* called Petnlism. iH. Pericles
raakcs a:i inroad into Peloponnesus. Besieges Sicyonf. Phaylus in Sicily made ad-
D^iral eg li.ist tiic Tjnhenian pirates; is corrupted, and banished. The origin of the
Palici: and the stories of the temple, and wonders of the Craters in Sicily.«fi=^28.
The coniirsts betneen Deuectius und ihc Agrigentincj. His strange sirbmisiion to the
Syracuixans, who bcut' him to CoriLtb, with prombe to supply him with oecetoaries.
BOOK XIL
Cuv*. 1. Cimon 'the .\thenian admiral. His expedition into Cyprus. Peace con-.
, c'u'lcd between the Persians and Athenians. Ciinon dies in Cyprus.— —2. TheMfis
g:ui!iii5 rcv(/!t from t!ie Alln miuii«, and are beaten. The Athenians rouletl at Clixro-
iicrt hv thf J'poiians. Many ciiies loroTt. A peace is cuiieludod. 3. The war
h\ i-.v. Ml the A';rigenllnes and Syracusans in Sicily. Thfc war between the Crotonians
;i:)fl the 'yy tiiius. Sjbaris razed. The building of Thuriuin. Charon das *s good
iaw.^ inlhiiriu i. Ilis reniarkaMe dea\h.' The \nv.5 ofZaleucus of Locris. 4.' Of
th - Dt'cenuiri in liourr, cliosci'i (o nuke laws'. The Ww '£etwcMi' the Thurtans and
Tar.'n'ine.^. The $;id st.»rv i>f the daughter of one Lucins VwginKis'in Rome, Which
cuuk'. J d diiturbanre and ^reat sedition. The law uf the Twelve X*hlet. Peace all
ff88 Contents.
over the world. 5. The war between the SainUns and the Milctiant. A seditioa
in Sanios, which revolts from the Athenians. The war in Sicily, by the Svracu^aata-
gainst the Frinacriaus.i 6. The Corinthian war against Corcjra. PotidcB revolii
from llif Atheniitn.H. Quarrels in Thuriuin. Melon's year. Heraclea in IiaU baih.
Potide.i bc:iieged by Ph(»rmio.— 7. The Peloponnesian war. Potiden revcilis; be-
sieged hy the Athenian^ and is surrendered upon articles. Nicias male the Athcaiaa
Admiral. Gorgins. an escellent orator, sent Iroro Leontiom in Sicily to Alliens. A
peace concluded, after the war had continued ten years. 8 The coniiuuancc of
the Pclopunnesian war. The war by the Romans hgainst the Ftdeoates, li»r pultiog
their ambitssadors to death The quarrels between the Egesieans and tbeSchnnntixxfs
in Sicily. The expedition of the Athenians against Sicily, vnder Nicias, being the tii-
tacntb year of the PeloponucMan war.
BOOK XI IT.
Chap. 1. The Athenian fleet rigged out for Sicily, Alcibiadcs aecQscd; flics: is coi-
demned ; goes out of Italy to Sparta. The Syracu>ans send for aid to Lacedjemoc.
Cylippus is sent to them. The battle at Syracuse. •?. The Lacedsmoniaas iavade
Attica. The fight at sea between the Syracusaus and Athenians. Euryniedon and
Demosthenes arrive in Sicily. A plague in the Athenian camp. Anuiher fight be-
tween the Syracusans and Athenians. The latter routed at sea. The .^tllenians ruined
in Sicily. Nicholaus*s long oration Gylippus's answer. 3. Diode* insiiiotcd
laws for Sicily : suffered by one of his own laws. Three hundred appointed tu govern
in Athens. The .Athcniann beaten at sea by the Lacedaemonians at Orupav. Aici-
biades recalled from banishment. -"—4. The government by four hundred abrogated
in Athens. The victory by the Athenians over the Lacedaemonian* at sea, between
Sestos and Abydos. The Persian garrison driven out of Antandroa by the help of the
Lacedamouiuns. Twenty-two years of the Peloponnesidn wnr ended. Hen Thncy-
dides ends his history. -^5. Commotions in Sicily. The Carthagiaiaoi invited thi-
ther by the Egesteans. A sea-fight at Dardanium becwe?n the Athenians and Lace-
damonians. A sedition in Corcyra. The sea-fight atCyaicuro; and at ClanM by
land, wherein the Athenians were victors. 6. The Spurtans sue for peace. The
speech of Endius. The .-Athenians refuse.^— 7. Hannibal the Carthaginiao iovadec
Sicily. The miserable destruction of Selinas. The ruin, likewise, Af Ifimera. Ths
acts of Herroocratcs in Sicily. 8. Thrnsyhulu^ aisaults Ephesus. The Lacedv
monians besiege Pylos; sarreiidor C'holccdon. besieged by Theraoienes; and after-
wards Uyeantium, which was betrayed to Alcibiaden. iK Theramenes and Ald-
biades return to Athens; are admired by the people. Lysandcr made general by tbc
Lacedaemonians. Antiochus, one of the Athenian generals, beaten at Ephesn*, in a
sea-fight. Agis surprises part of the ^alis of .Athens; but was beaten off. Alcihiadts
accused for assaulting Ctima, a confederate cit^'. Conon made admiral iu his place.
10. Hermocrales killed at Syracuse, attempting to surprise it. \ 1. The acts
of Cailicratides, the Lucedxmoninn ijenerai. The fijj:ht at sea, in the liarboar at Mity-
ler.e, between Cunon and Callicraudes. 12. Therms bnilt in Sicily by theCartha-
ginians. They raise forces to invade Sicily. The noble temple at Agri^eatum. The
antient grandeur of (hat city The riches of GeiiiaH. a citiien there, and ioina ochcn.
Agrigenium besieged. The SyrHcus^ins under DaphnSTut rout tbe Carthaginiani near
Agrigentum. Amiicar seiacs the Syracusan fleet, and takes all the provisi«int foiag M
Agrigeiitum, which was afterwunis quitted by the inhabitants. Tbeir miserable cob-
dition. The Pbalarinn bull. 13. The S^tmcushu oflicers accused. Dioajfio*
made general of the Syracusans. lie moves to have the eiiles recalled. He it in-
vested with the sole commar.d. At length, by several artifice*, he gains tlic aoTerci|a-
ty.^— 14. The famous battle of Arginusai' at sea, wherem the Athenians were vic>
tors. The officers accused for nut burying the dead. The speech of Diomedon. The
death of Sophocles. 15. Lysaiider made sole admiral of the Lacedsmonlaa flccC
He tukeb Caramium. The ruin of the Athenian fleet at £gos Poiamos. Albena taken
by Lvsauder. The end of the I'eluponnesian wir. — ^16. Agrigentua tacked by
Amilcur the Cartliagi'.ian. i'hc Carttiaginiaiis besiege Gela. Dicinysios goet n> the
aid of Gela. The ^kJ^nll^hcs before (iela. Camarina deserted by tlie order pfAie*
nysiu^. The soldiers enraged at Diony-iius; he hasten* loSyraeate. Aailcar HMfcet
peace with Diunysius, and returns to Carthage, llic end of the fiiat f'lflTn|jlin
war against Dionysius.
CONTENTS. 689
BOOK XIV.
Chap. 1. A peace between the Athenians and Lacedxmonians. The Athenians dis*
agree about the manner of their government. The government by thirty. The cru-
elty of the thirty tyrants; and especially towards Theraroenes. 2. ^ionysius'i
projects to strengthen him^lf in the sovereignty of Sicily. The Syracusans revolt.
They are dispersed. 3. The Lacedaemonians estahlish an oligarchy in every city.
Dionysiuii disurras the Syracusans. Alcibiades killed; the manner of his death*
Clearchus's tyranny in Byzantium. The battle of Porus against his countrymen tha
Lacedxmonians. Lysander projects to deprive the HeracVidx of the sovereign power.
4 Diony«»iiis's actions in Sicily. The Oropians subdued by the Thebans. The
Lucedxmoiiians quarrel with the Elei. Dionysius fortifies the £pipol3e. 5. Tli*
war between Cyrus and his brother Artaxerxes. king of Persia, Cyrus routed. The
Grecian forces in difficulties; their brave behaviour, and long and troublesome march
out of Persia into Greece.— 6. Thrasybulus opposes the thirty tyrants. The cru-
elty of Psnmmetichus, king of Egypt, towards his old friend Tamos, who fled to him
for succour from the Persians. Dercyllidas sent general against tlie Persians into
Asia. Conon made admiral of the Persian fleet. 7. The war between the Rhe-
ginns and Dionysius: he prepares to make war upon the Carthaginians. Most of the
cities submit to Dionysius. He returns to the siege of Motya. It is taken. Forces
sent from Carthage against Dionysius. A sea-fight between the Carthaginians and the
Sicilians. Syracuse besieged. The speech of Theodorus against Dionysius. A grie-
vous pl.igne in the Carthaginian army. A great destruction'^ftire'Carthaginian fleet
in the harbour of Syracuse. The miserable condition of Amilcar in his own country.
The troublt^s of the Carxhaginians. 8. Agesilaus made general against the Persians
bv the Lacedaemonians; goes to Rphesus. They send to the king of Egypt for aasist-
ance. Tiie Persians routed at Sipylos by Agesilaus. Tissaphernes'a head cut off in
a hath at Larissa. The war between the Phocians and Baotians. 9. The confe-
derate war by tlie A reiver and others against the Laccdxmoniacs. The battle at
Aricus. The fi^ht at NeraTa. Pisander the LacedsDmonian admiral routed in a sea-
fi^ht ui Ciiidus by the Persian fleet, commanded by Conon the Athenian. Corinthiaa
Avar against tlie Liicedxmonians and the great sedition there.— -10. Quarrel betweea
the Uhr<jians and Dionysius. Mago the Carthaginian settles afilairs tu Sicily. Routed
at Abucene by Dionysius. Rhegium nearly surprised by Dionysius. Acts of Iphi-
,crate.s at Corinth, Phlius, and Sicyon. Amyntas lost his kingdom of Macedonia, but
was resiured. The Romans take Veii; dedicate a golden cup to Apollo. Tlieir am-
bassiidors are taken by the pirates of the Lipari islands, but discharged by TimasU
theu^. 1 1 . Acts of Thrasybulus, the Athenian general. The Carthaginians, under
I^Iago, begin a new war in Sicily against Dionysius. Peace concluded. Rhodes falls
off from liic .Athenians. Evagoras becomes king of Salamis, in Cyprus. Makes war
against the Persians. Acts of Thimbron, the Lacedaemonian general, in Asia.^-— 12.
Dionysius's expedition against Rhegium. War between the Lucanians and Tharians,
in Italy. The Thuriaiis cut off by their own rashness. Lcptincs generously saved
tliose (hat swam to his siiips, though he was ■ friend to their enemies. Dienysius's
secuiid expedition into Italy: besieges Caolonia, and rents Helorit. Makes peace
with the Rhegians. Razes Cauionia to the ground, and transplants the inhabitants to
Syracuse. Watches an occa&iun to be revenged on them of Rhegium. Besieges it.
He sends rich chariots to the Olympic games. His poetry ridicnled. 13. Peace
of Anialcidiis. War by the Persians against Evagoras in Cyprus. Miserable condi-
tion of llhe^iuni. Its surrender. Cruel usage of Philo, the governor of Rhegium,
and of his !,ou. Expedition of the Gauls against Italy. The Romans routed by the
G:iui:i at the river Allia. Rome taken by the Guuls. The Romans besieged in the
Capitol. The Vuhci revolt from the Romans. The Gauls runted by Marcus Furius
in their relurn. All cut off afterwards in the plains of Trausium,
BOOK XV.
<^nAP. 1 . Artaxcrxrs's expedition against Evagoras, in Cypma. Tlie actions there at sr»
and land. The Laccdxiuonians begin new quarrels in Greece: as first with Mauli-
iica. Dionysius gives himself to poetry. Peace concluded with £vag«iras by Orontaa
tlie Persian general. Teribazus brought to bis trial. Judgment opon corrupt judges.
%lOL, 2. No. 48. TTTT
690
CONTENTft-
TeribaztiB acquitted. 2. Mantinca beviegcd bj the Lacederooniana. Dionjtiui
aims to guiu the islands of the Adriatic sea. The Parii build Paroa. Dionjsiiu*s tz*
pedition into Etraria. Prepares for war af»ain»t the Carthaginians. The Siciliaai
routed at Croninm. Quarrel between the ClaaomeHians aud those of Coma» about
Lcuoe. War between Ainyntas and the Oijiithians. The Lacedjemonians wciwe the
citadel of Cadniea at Thebes. Eudamidas breaks into the coontry of the Oljotlilans.
3. Pelopidas sent general by the Laccdjemonians against tlie Oly nlhiant. A great
plagoe in Carthage. BiBotian war. Cadmea re-taken. Confederacy of tbe cities a-
gaiust tiie Lacedsnionians. Cleonibrotos attempts to surprise the Pirsus at Athens.
Tlie Athenians aeize AcU in Eubcsa. Agesilaos enters Boeotia. Sea-fight at KasM^
4« The Triballiaas make incursions into Thrace. Chabrias the j\tlieniau general
assa&sinatod. The Thebans root the Spartans at Orchomenus. Artaxcrzes seeks t»
make peace anx>ng the Grecians. Peace concluded. The Thebans only disagreed.
Commendation of Epaminoudas. Seditioiu in several cities of Greece. ^5. Tba
Persians send an-ariuy into Egypt, to reduce the revolters. Iphicratcs a skilful con-
Bkander. Sedition at Zacynthus. PlatKa razed by the lliebaus. The Lacedamo*
ni^iis seise upon the island Corey ra : relieved by the Athenians under Ctcsias. £va-
goras murdered in Cyprus by an eunuch. Dreadfel earthquakes and inundations ia
Peloponnesus. Great comet seen in Greece. 6. Artaxerxes sends again to maks
peace among the Grecians. All comply except the Thebans. The Spartans raise aa
army against the Thebans. Epaiuinondas made the Theban general. Famous battle
of Leuctra. Terrible'seditions and cruelties in Argos. Jason of Fheras stirs up tba
Thessalonians to gain the sovereignty of Greece. Polly dor «>« prince of Pher* ia
Gteece, poisoned by his brother Alexander. A plot to depose Alexander. King of
M^edonia treated with to that purpo5e.— ^7. The Lacedamonians send Polytropai
into Arcadia ; who is slain, and his party routed by Lycoreedes. An inrasiun by
Epaminondas and Pelopidas into Peloponnesus. Sparta besieged. Antiquity sod
history of Mcssenia, in Greece. Pellene taken by the Arcadians. A wall drawn h^
tween Cenchrex and the Lechwum, to hinder the inroad of the Thebans into Peloi
ponnesus. Epaniinondas breaks through into Peloponnesus : assaults Corinth. -"-S.
Dionysius sends Gauls and Spaniards to the assistance of Uie Lacedsmonians. Pelo-
pidas and Ismcnias imprisoned by Alexander, tyrant of Pherae. The Bomiians por>
sued by the Phereaus: broui^ht oil by Epaniinondas, then a private soldier. Fij^
between the Arcadians und Lacedaemonians. Dionysius falls upon the C«rtkagioiia
territories in Sicily. Dionysius dies. Cause of his death. Cruelty uf Alexander lbs
I*herean at Scoiussu. Epaniinondas breaks again into Peloponnesns. Coos peopled
and walled. End af the Laconic and Boeotian war, by the mediatioo of the PeniiB
k ing. 9. New quarrels in Greece. Battle between the Elians and Arcadians acv
Lassia. Quarrel between Uie Pisatcs and them of Elis about the Olympic games. A
tight at the time and place of the games. The Thebans prepare a fleet in order u
gain the dominion at sea. Rhodes, Chios, and Byzantium brought over to the TVs*
bans by Epaniinondas. The Thebans make war upon Orchoracngs: the reason. Or*
choiucnus raxed. The Thessalians war with Alexander the Pberean« Peiopidtf
killed: his praises.— -—10. War between the Tegenns and Alantineans. The Ba»
tians side with the Tegcans. Epaminondas made general. Battle of \Iantinea, what
Epaminondas was killed; but the Lacedaemonians routed. Coinmcndalioa of Effr
niinoudas.— - 1 1. Defection from the Persians in Asia. Tacbos* king of Egypt, d^
clares war against the Persians. The war between Tachos and his son Nmaaafcr
Death of Artaicrxes Mnemon. Agesilaus routs the Egyptians that pana«d him.aA
restores Tachos to his kingdom. Quarrels again in Greece, after the battle of ifa»
tinea, l>etween the Megalopolitans and the neighbouring towns. Pcparetbos bcMfsl
by Alexander of Pbcrsn. Jle routs Leosthenes at sea. Charci^ the
ral: his viliaiiics.
BOOK XVL
CiiAT. 1- Philip> •! hostage ::t TItebes, makes his escape; beats the Athenimi. andil^
tcr wards makes peace with tliera. h;ubdues the Pasones; and ronta the Il^riaM^ai
uiHkes peace with them.-— —2. Actions of Dionysius the younger in Skilj aad otkr
pnrts. DionS flight to Corinth, and his return to Sicily. Andromacbas pcoplcn Tir
roininium. Civil wars in Eubuca. Social war between the Atheniuia aad other H^
tious. Philip takes Amphipolis and other cities* His policy to gjua the Ol*
aad other places in Greece. 3. Diun*s march and entry iatoS^i
CONTENTS. $91
' . ^
cones to tbc ItUod, • port of S/racote : ommJci the wall erected ftom lem to tfo: li
beaten bj Oioo. Alcsaad«ir of Pherc Barderod bjr bu wife and kb two brotbcft.
Pbilip relievef tlie TbeaalaaM ftooi tbe two brotbeta. 4. First rne or4bo Brolii ia
Italjr. DionjtiiM's adoiiral iarodefl tbt Leoatinea. A 6gfat at aea between HcracIWei
and Pbiiittos, adomab. tbe one of DioayBiw, tbe otber of Dioo. A faction ift Sym-
rnse. Dion leoTei tbe Sjracosaot. Thdr lad oonditioii. Reliefod bj Piea. ■■ ■
l>. CoDtinaanco of tbe Social War. Ipbicratca and Tiaotbefs joined ad«irmlt witb
Chares bj tbe Atbtniam. Ipbicratca and Tiaotbeot aecuted bj Cbaret, and fined
and removed. Cbarea j^ws wicb Pbamaboni» and rooti tbo Petaiana. End of tko
Social War. Pbilip anbdMs tbe confedormtoa. .6. Beginninf of tbe facrid or
Ph'ician war. Pbalomeloa j^aea tbe teaple at I>clpbot, after be bad rooted tbe L»-
crtatis. How the oracle at Delphot was irrt discovered ; and tbe begimBg of Cbe
Tripod. Tbe Athenians and others join witb PbilooMlaa.— — 7. Battle at Pbadii,
between Philonaehu and tbe Locriana. Partiea engafed in tbe Pbodnn war. Battif
between tbe Bootians and Pbociant. Pbilomdaa kilbrC Onuaatcboe aade geaaral :
bis dreamt, snecenes, and death.— 8. Pbajrilaa coatinnet the Pbooan war. Arjfcn
razed. Pha> lias diet of a consvmption. War betareca tbe Lnoedaaeniaat Hid He*
falopolitaut. Ch»ronea uken bj Pbalmcaa. War between tbe Petihotb Fgjptiae^^
and Phmniciana. Salamit, in Cypres, besieged. Crodljof ArtucnesOohnaieweida
the Sidoniant. Calamitj of Sidoo 9. Evagorat bebcnded inCjrprea. Artaaeraet
aarchet against Egvpt. and gains it all bj tbe policy of Iffenier. Latet mmny of bk
men at tbe lake of Sorbon. Mentor adraaced. IffeMar'i «inlage« to tebdet Hei*
meat, prince of Alamra. 2>na raaed by Pbilipb Kmg of Egypt ebdieatea bit kii^
dum, and fiiet to Ethiopia. 10. Pbilip takaaOlynriMt»and otber ciberte tbeBei-
Irspori. The Athenians jeakrat of Pbilip, and itigalid- hw Dfurtwiai. Philip*i
policies. Valae of the ricbet taken oet of tbe temple at Delpbet. Piaayiint tenl
pfocDts to Delph'is, which were taken by tbe Aihcniant. Hm ktirr to tbo Atbeniani,
Temple burnt. End of the Pbocian war. Peniihmenta deuacd by tbe Aapbictyena
against the Phoeians. Miseries of tbe sacniegioos peraaoa. TiaieleaB atne la ^fa-
cose.— 1 1. Timole«m*t expedition into Sicily. Carthaginian annj wSaeilj. &e»
ajtiws rf tarns into Syracosf* : it beatea by Hicetat. Hieetnt gains Syraente. Ttee* '
ieon*s escape Irom Rhegiam. Tnaoleon roeU Hicetat^ and gaint Syiecnte. Pbilip
invades the liiyncns. Oionysias eipelled. limoleon makes go^ laara. Pbilip iu-
vadct 1 hr4c«>. 12. Acts of TioKileoo in Stcily. Preparations of tbe Cartbaginsana
against Tirooleon. Remarkable Mcgc of Perintbnt by Philip. Pesodomt expeb bia
brother .Adam from tlie principality n Caria. Bynntiam bctieged by PhiKp.— 13.
The Athenians aid Bysantiam. Philip raites tbe siege. Tbe Canbaginiana transport
tnrreft into Sicily. Kemarkable victory of Timoleon o^r tbe Cartbaginiaat. Acta of
Timoleun 10 Sicily. Works ot'Hirro inSicily.— «»I4. Elatea taken by Pbilip. Great
ctinftteriMiion^ m Athens fur fear of Philip. Tbe Bcotians join witb tbe .^tbeniai%
ihroui;h the »olicitatKint of UcMMslbenes. Python, a famoos orator. Battle of Cbai*
roura. bn •» een Pbilip and the Athenians. Ly tirlct the .%tbenMn jtcneral put to death.
Philip r< biiLtd by Uemades; made general of Greece. Timaleon diea. 15. Phi-
lip cotisults ilie oracle at Delphot. Marries bis dao|(bter Cleopatra to tbe kinf of
Epirus. Kncuitragrd to the PetMaa war by Neoptulrmtis't verses, PbUip*t pcti:e,
Hi> murder. Cau»e of it, buw it wat dune* and by whom.
BOOK XVII.
Cii A r. 1 . Conspiracies of tbe dtiet against Ale&andrr. Tbe Athenians send ambattador^
11 Alesander. to beg pardon. He is saadc general by tbe Ampbictyuns. Attalaa killed
t.^ Alcunder's comuNUid. Wickcdocas of Bagoas. Damis cuaMnended. Raisca
f >rce«. l>esciipiion of moent Ida. Alcaaader invades the lil^riant and otbrrt.
Thebes besieged by Alexander, aad raaad. Miteries of Thebot. Pradigiet. Alex-
ander demandt Ueatutibenet and etbata ta be delivcrad ap to him by ib« Atbnaiaas:
their answer. He retamt into Maordonsa* and faatu bis soldien. 2. Alriaadir
lands bb army ia Asia. Baiile at Omnicat forces of tbe PerMaat and of AWaan-
der. Alexander killtSpMbrobalra; near being billed by Rbetaart. Milemt biairgid
and taken. Ada, queen of Caria, maett Aletaader* Halicamasaes besieged, lakan,
•nd sacked. Strange act of tbe Mar»ariBiW. X Mitykae lakca by Mi—^
Darius's general. Utt tocciatca. He dial. Cbaridimat tbe Athenian najaiUy pat
10 death by l>ariet. Alexander Ibllt mtbt ii laeaeeiad by PbilipL Alesaader teiaea
AUaander of LyoccMet, aa accoait of bii ■otbet'i lettng. Aleiaader takai ^a%|
692
CONTENTS.
Memornblc battle at Issus, where tlic iii<>ther, wife, two daughters, ind sod of D«nnt
were t.iki'ii Alexander's noble bebavimir towards thriii. Dariuii*s letters aad offers
to AlexHiioir D.iniis prepares aitoilier ariuv. 4. Alexander murcfaes toward«
Kg)rpt: betir^et T^re. Priidiuic% at 'I'xre I'he Tjriana bind Apullo with golden
chains. Inventions itf the l) rians tu defend themitelvcs. Advancement ol Balloniiiias,
a pnnr man, to be kin^ ot T^re. Aetii ol Avis and Amyntas. Aui^ ntas killed, and all
lii^ sotdieis. Alexander takes Gazii by storm: is presented by the Greciaits.
5. Alexander mukesi a journey to the tciuple ol Jupiter Amnion. He is presented by
thcCyreneans. De»cription of the place about the temple. Wonderful properties of t)ic
fountain Solis. Duildin^ of Alex<indria. Alexander** answer to Darius** ambassadors.
Alexander passes over the river Tigris with great hazard. Frcparatioiu on both sides
for battle. The Pcri>ians routrd at the famous battle at Arbela. 6. The Grecians
conspire to revolt. iVIeiunon rebels in Thrace. Antipater marches against him. The
Laced.r.monians raise an army; are routed by Antipater, and Agis ibcir king killed.
->— 7. Alexander comes to Jtabylon. Wealth found there. Views his troops at
Sitacuna. Jliehe» there. Thence gues into the country of the Uxians. Marclirs
tovfaills Persepolis. Company of maimed Greeks meet Alexander: his bounty to them,
lie lakes Pcmepolis: f;ives it up to the plunder of the soldiers. Riches ot the citadel
of Persepolis. Alexander's feast at FerM!(H>lis. Persepolis bnrnt at il.e iusli^iktiuQ
of i'liais. Darius mnrdered 8. Be»>>u> btirit up the Bacirians. Alexander discharget
the Greek auxiliaries with rewards. River Stiboetes. He chtcrs Hy rcani^ ; its rich-
nuss. Knters the Mardian country. Loses his brave hor«e; <Thich is restored. Tba«
leHtris the Amazonian queen Uieet> liini. He falls into the elTeminacy of the Persians.
Kurrrs Drangina. Plot u^ain^t Alexander. Philotas and others put to death. He
niHrehi-s aL;uinst the Ariiuu>pi. Subdues Arachosia, 9. Alexander marches against
tilt: P.iiopiiniisadus. His truublesome luaich. C*onies to mount Caucasus. Buttle in
Aria by Alexander's olfKers a{:ainst Satibarsanes, who is killed m a single combat by
Kri^yus. Bes»us brou;;lit to Alexander; hi» punishment. Alexander kill* aoiue bar-
barianb unexpected! \, alter the\ bad ^urreinU'red their city ile inarchealu thenver
Indus. MMphiit's remarkable delivery up of hiinselt and his army. 10. Ali-xandcr
overcomes I'uius. How ape» are taki.n. Stran<>e serpents for venom. Large trees.
He ninrcliei at::iinst the And''a»tian>, Catliari, and against Sopbithes. Custom ot tfaein
nnder Sophithes. Indian dogs. Alexander entertained by .Phiiseus. The Macedo-
nians rrfu>e to march ■^ain>t the (iandarita*. Alexander leaves nionuiiicnls behind
In lu at the river H^daspes. Nicu'a and Bucephalus built. The Iberians prcscac
Alexander. He routs the Agalas-e.s. Is in danger in the river Indus by whirlpools.
JVIurclie.t ajjainst the Oxydraca* and IMalJii. 'Ihc king leaps off the wall into the town.
J)ue! hiiween C'oru^usand Dioxippu.v The Sanibeiitai submit to Alexander ; andalHi
the Su^diani and IMassani. Subduis Mu^icanus, Port:cHnus, and Sanibu». PoiKined
weapons. The kingN dream. Comes into the main ocean. Conies into Gedrosia.
^avugenes<i of the people. His army near )M:ri!>hiog in Gedrosia. Conies into Car-
MiMiiii. Puniniirs the Hurmeial (joreinourn. Nearchus returns. Islands cu\cred at
l.igii lide>. Strauiie death of (^'nianus. _^\lcx_iuider marries Statira. Harpti I u»'» luxury.
Alexander i'-'iro^ with his uwn hand them that had mutinied.^— 1 1. Alexander mixes
twenty !hous-.ui'l Per>iun darters with hi) army. Marches from Susir. Bagikt^me
hri-.itls aliiiiid.iiuH' of horse*!. Ilepha:!>(i«ii diesat Ecbatana. The ijimiaii war. He
iu\adf> ili< Cu^s.fi. .M.irches towards )tabyloii. The Chaldean astrologers dissuade
Iiiiii iron] eoiiiiii^ ihilhcr. llv entets Babylon. 1*J. Ambassadors cume to Alex-
ander from nil part;!. He buries He|>lia.-Ation with great state. Prodigies before
Alexander'^ death. His death. Dariu^'^ motlicr starves herself.
BOOK XVIII.
Cmm>. 1. Quiirv'l.s nbnut a successor to Alexander. Afid«us made king. The pn^
vinee.v divided amunu.si the chief rommaiiiiers. Matters contained iii Alexander*!
note-bc;ol.s. Meh-at:er executed by Perdiccus. The GrecisDS revolt. 0escriplioB
of Asi'i. Pytlicn :>eiii ai;ai!i>t the revolting Grecians, who were all cut uffi The La-
nii:in war: the eaiiMe ot it. Alexander^ epistle to the exiles. Leustlieiiea» Ihe Atlia*
man ueiioral. Lamia hr^eped. l^o^theiies killed; Antjphilus placed in his rwua.
'J. l\ohiiiY gains F.i:ypt. Leagues with Antipater. Lysimachns enters Thrac«»
Li-i^n.itu ( oiiH-.i to relieve Antipater, and is routed. The Greciana beaten at ic^
Periiiee.1^ >:on4ner.-i :\ri;>i-:ithes, pvince of (.'appadocia; crucifies him ; delivcn tbc pi^
\ia^c to Luiuenes. The Gicciuus (juitc ruuicd by Cratcras and Aiilipatier« TBs
CONTENTS. 693
Atbeuiaoii at length iiibinit, after all the rcit bai the i^-'Coliaos. End of the Lamiaa
wiir. War in Cyrcne by Thinibrun. Ophelai routes Thimhron. Cyrene gained bj
Ptuleray. Lariisa tacked. Dckiructhin of the Itaurians by themselves. Perdiccas
atTects the kingdom of Macedun ; is opposed by Antigonus. The iEtolians blocked
up by Cratf ru» and Antipdter. Antii^unus discnTers Pcrdiccas's design. Peace made
With the iEioliaus. Perdiccus marches against Ptolemy, into Kgypt. 3. DcKrip-
tion o( Ale lander's funeral chanut. Ptolemy honoured in E^ypt. Perdiccas prepares
for going into E^'ypl a^^aintt Ptalemy. Eumenes beats Neuptolemus, who deserted.
Battle between Eumenes and Citilerus, who was killed with Veoptolemus. Combat
between Ncwpiolemus and Eumenes. Perdiccas comes into Egypt; assaults the fort
called the CBiiier« Wall; his iimerablc lost in the river Nile; u killed. Ptoleraj
luakc)! Ahdx'us and P3 ihon protectors of the kincs. Eumenes condemned to die. llie
j^jolinnt invade Thc»>aly. Pulyprrclion routi the ;Ktolijn«. The provinces agaia
divided by Aruixus. Antigonus routs Eumenes, who flies to Nora. Antigonus basieget
Nora. Eumenek's invention to exercise the horse. Ptolemy gains Syria and Pbirui*
cia by Nicaiior. 4. Antigonus routs Alcetas in Pisidia, and lakes AttaJai. Alcelaa
received intu Termessus, and thrre protected, lie is mtirdertd there treacherously:
his body iiiliuiuanly used by .\niigoiius. Antipnter'sdeath. Anti pater puts Onaeaf^
one of the Athriiian ainhj^wdors, to death. PoUperchon made chivl In Macedonia,
C!a»^aiidi'r coi»pire» to put him out. .Aiitigonus's plots to be sovcnrigii of all. Ath
dL'u» ^i'( iirrs hiuitelf in Phryt'ia: besieises ( ycicum. Antigonus grit^ to reheve it.
Kuiiifiit » gut uut of Nura b^ AiiligonusS order. Anti^oiiui's further acts. Vaiiova
joriune^ oi Eumenes. CouiiliI ui .Macedonia called hy Pohpcrchon agaimt Cntson-
dcr. Decree u( (he ouiicil. Piily|H:rthnii intitii (jlympius out ol Epirus into Ma-
Lrdiiiiid. \Vrilr»To KuiueiH ^loj'Mit With llie kings. j. Poiv prrchon courts Eume*
iii-i to a«s<it the king*. EaineiimS pru.ii'iice anioii;;M (iie .Miiccdonian captains.
Pt U my M*iiiii (u (he captains and otliir» n'il tuasMtit Eumenes. Aiilii:oiiuscoitlrivet
til Lill Eo'«iriir»; wliu ill irchf'i into I'hiSiiicu. Nicantir deceives the Aiheiiunt, and
^till ki'cp* Muu^rlii^, and »ulitiU'ly get»lhc Pirsi'us. Urdcred by blympiaslu deliver
I he Pirxu^ 4nii M liny c Ilia lu the Athtm.insi but he shill^ it otT. Aleiaiiflf-r, son of
i^ulypcrcliuii fillers .Aldcj; secretly ('orr*-!;)4iiids witli Nicaiior, and displeusvi th«
A(hi-iiiMii«. Phocion'k li.ini uvugf al his iru! iti Athens; i» condeiuiiod and executed.
C'a«»jii(lrr arrivn at thv Pii:i'u». Pulvptrthon coiues a^ainil him, bur relunis. Be«
•ii*j:i* .Mr;:alii^iiili<; hut i« (here ci/iii|il<.li I3 hafflrd. and lii^ eft phaiKs destroyed bj«
sir^tagcni Sea light beltM-ni L'litusand Niikiior. Nicmioi bi alen. Ciitusaflerwarda
rtJ'tlL'd hy Nii-tiiiirp is killeil in his lli^hl to M.ici'doiiiii. .\nti^oiius gi>es altrr Eume-
nei. EuiiK'Uti near lo«iii^ ink army by the bmch of a dyke in l«ghylonia. The
(Lirri-L cities revolt lo Cdssaiidcr. The Athenians make peace with hini. He killi
^ icauor.
UOOK XIX.
Cii4r. 1. A::.illiorlr»'< parr-nta^e ami eduratioii: hisri»e: his stratagems : his bloodj
m.t*'»aLK at >\rat:iffte. lie »:<iiii» tiic M>%erri|£ii |>uv»rr. I lie al)air% t«f ||&|y. Ofim-
pias returns iut(» .M.icedouia bv Poly |n rciiu'i's niean*. '1 hr armies revnJl to her. ||ct
crip-iiici. Slir niunJers Eur^dicr, ami Aridxui her hu*bdiii. ArUirs in Asu.
I.'i.iiriits diid '*'-]rur!M. Euiuriicv juiH- ii hy iiMiiy uf tii<> ra;i|aiii«.. Nuiiitier of their
tire«-v lit- L..iiir« (o Su\*, .Vitd'u^ and cthtrs inipriwned by .\nti|>iiiiiji m a sirotig
ca»t:r. xeliii..' |if csl ipe *tr allrrwar.i^ fif*.e^td, ami taken. — -J. Auti^iiiiut
lubrcdcii ii> |tj(- I'ljii* iiiii-r EuiiieiiCt. K'.i:iii-iii-« lui« ■ li.i .leat iiiaii\ u| In* lui n rhcrr.
A'lti^nnua gii* s mill .Media. Euiui'iir* i..iu- « lu IVrM-pniii. iJi-^Liiptiitu iil I'ema.
PcuvoCCvS |:rcat leakt. Kuiii*-iii-**« p>i!iiy. I In ldl« ul the imu. li^.iJe in Parrlr*
criii, hf-iwrrii .Viiti|{unu« and l«uiii(-iiri, .ViitU'-uu* •'rtu'il* liitu MrJia. .St'ifw of
t'etcut'stwo «:si-«, •iriviiig t»lii<:li «huuld be bijriit. Eiiiiiiiies luartiii 1 to (jabrne;
Caiiiiiidi r to .Mac •iuina. ijl\ nipia*gijes lu Pj^Uiu; i« llirrc !N-^jf|;rd. I he Euirols
forsake ilit-ir kiiii:, .md juiii with Castaniit-r. Aiitigwiins <lr«i|Cii% tu vuipri^e Eiinirnes,
who itop« Ut\ lUdich hy a sirala^cm. Lait battle bi-lMem Ihi 111 111 Uarreitr. Euiaenra
basely lirl.trrrd u,*, Aiiligoiius rrlUi'iiS (u Mniia. Urculliil earihqiukrs in th«
ctfjiiiry Iff Iihji{i-Y. 3. Liundaiixii* ut Kl.o<ieK Aiiti^nnui ailf« PyilKin, f:rlting
liim t^it I hit iMj«cr b\ i!i«B;iia.aiiriii. Pien hr inar(.he« luiu Prnu. Kckullm froia
Ant;»-iitus c il oif i.i .Meiiia. He divi*(« ihr prutnicii ul .\ma, and roiitn%ri to dc^
Iru^t M.l the Ar;;^iaipid' I. (n tf great trf-ii«urc i(^|ma. C'aMaiidei bciic^rs Olyiiipiaa
i.i P\oita: ilie ;;rfai iliflrrs* tu wbich it was red>i(.cd. Amphipvlu lurrei.dered to
Cas«ai;dcr. He kdls O.rmpias. Marries Tbcsfttlouicei. Build* CaaMudna, Ia«
694
CONTENTS.
prikunk Kuiana and her ton Alexander. His eKpedition int» Pelopoonetat against
Aiexaudor the sioii of Folyp«rchon. Hutory af Tbcbet* CuMiider rebQiJdiK Tliebcx.
4. Autigonua's army feasted by Scleucus in Babylon. Qaarreii with SeleocBS^
vho flies to Piuleav, and it kiiully received. Ptolemy, Selcucus, Caasaader,
and LynimuchiLS join again:it Antigunus. They send ambassadors to hiai« who irinten
in Cilicia. He goes into Phuiuicia, and there builds ships: besieges Tjie. Praiaa
of Phyiia, wife of Demetrius. Arisiodemus raises forces for Antigonos in Pelopoo-
■esus. Acts of Ptolemy, one of Antigouu&'s captaina. Antigonos's policy. Tyre
delivered. The agreement of Ptvleuiji's captains, and the rest at Cypms. Tbe acts
of Seleucus. A fleet comes to Antigouu» frum the Hellespont and Rhodes. Things
done in Peloponnesus. Cassander's acts there and in Greece. Gieat victory by sea
and land obtained by Polyclitus, Scleucus's lieutenant: he is rewarded by PtoFeny.
Acts of Agalhocles in Sicily. The llomuns make war against tbe Saronitei, j, ^
Tbe acts of Aristodemas^ Antigonus's general in Peloponnesus. The Dimeans in
Achaia seek to free themselves from Cassauder's garrison : they take the citadel.
Ale&aiidcr, son of PolyperchoUi assassinated. Praise of Cratesipolis, Ins wife. The
acts of Cussander in /Ltulia, and other parts of Greece. Cruelly of the i£loIians.
Cassander sends an army into Caria, and .Aristotle with a fleet to Lemuos. The acts of
Cas^ander's army in Caria. Antigouu« leaves his son Deroetnus in Syria, to watch
Ptolemy. His troublesome march into A&ia. Tlie afi*iiirs ol Sicily. Acraraiiu's mis-
irovernment and cruelties in Sicily. Acts oi Agathocles. Aliairs of Italy
6. Several cities revolt: Lysimachus comes against then. Pliilip« Caa»ander's gene-
lal, routs the Epirois and iEtolians. Ca»sander agrees with Antiguous. Antigonos
gains the cities in Caria. Cassandrr':) acts in Greece. The Samuites routed by the
Koiu:>-. Polemon scut h}' Aatigonus into Greece to set the cities at liberty. Acts -|
of Ai r^oausand Cussander. Poieroon's acts in Greece fur Anligouas. Pt»le«aygocs
agai.rst 'Jyrene and Cyprus; and thcD against Demelriuj. Battle with Dexuet.-ius*at
Gaza. PtoleiLy takes Tyre. Acts of Auiigonus's commanders in Greece. Tha
ILpirots niBke Alceia* king, who is beaten by Lyciscus, Cussander*a general; and is
beaten fagjaiu by the other. Cassander r^ues against the Apolloniales. ^leucus reco-
vers Babylon with a small army. Demetrius routs Ciltes, Ptolemy's general. Piuleay
returns lo Egypt, alter wasting Samaria, Ga», Joppa, &c. Athcnaeus sent ':|,aanst
tbe Nabathacaiis by Autigouus. Custouu of the Arabians. Description of the AspbaU
tites, or Lake of Sodom. Demetrius sent against Seleucus in Babylon. Wanbctwean
the Romans and Samuites in Italy. Conduct of Agathocles in Sicily. 7. Casaandcr^
Ptolemy, and Lysimaclius, make peace with Aiitigoi.>u8. Cassander mnrdera Roiana.,
and her son. The governors take the title of kings upon tlicm. Tbe Cartbagniiaas
raise iorces against Agathocles. Four thousand G^hins murdered by Ag^thodef.
Battle between Agathocles and Amilcar tiie Carthaginian^ at Uimcra. Agatbocica
lottied. Several cities revolt from As<ttliocles.
BOOK XX.
Qbav. 1. Agathocles designs to invade Africa. His cruelty porsoed in Lis Toyage.
Eclipse of the sun, very great. Lands in Africa: burru his ships. His successes in
Africa. Hanuo and Bomilcar made generals in Africa. Battle between them and
A(;^thocIes, who routs them, and kills Hanno. His stratagem by owls. Cruel super*
MiiidU u( the Cariliuginiaus lu sacrificing their children. Actions at Syracuse. Acts
of Agathocles in Africa. Acts of Cassander in Macedouia. Polypercbuii endeavoara
tu tcslure Hercules, the son of Alexander. Miserable destruction of Nicoclesand
)ii» family ut Cyprus. Wars of Parisades's sons, king of the Ciraiueriau Bospburus.
Valour of Satyr us, one ol the sons; his death. Siid death of Eumelas, anotber of the
sous. 2. Acts of Piolcmy in Cilicia and elsewhere. Polyperchon murders Her«
cules, Alexander's son, hy the instigation of Cassander. Aimlcar taken^ and put to
deatii by the Syracus>tns. His head sent to Agathocles in Afnca. Traoaactiuiis in
Sicily. Archagathus, the son of Agathocles* kills Lyciscus; he and his son in gfvat
danger by the army. AlTairsin Italy. Works of Appius Claudius: the Appiuiw^«
Ptolemy comes to Corinth: hi:* acts there. Cleopatra, Alexander** sister, killed by
the governor of Sardis. Furtlirracts of .\gath(»cles in Airica. Ophelaa decoyed and
cot ofl' by Agathocles. Ophrlas's trouble^oiue march lo Agathocles. Lauiiaa's cruchy,
and ttie story of her. lioinilcar seeks to be prince of Carthage, but is pnt to death
by the citijceiw. Agathocles seiid^ the s)mmIs of the Cyreneans to Syracme: noit ^
tbem lost in a storm. Aflfairs m Italy. J. Deuictrius fcacs all tlMGiccfHi tilifi;
CONTENTS- 69$
takes the Pinrus at Albeaa. Denetriut Pbalerioi flies to l^olemj. Ilonourt givea
to Denetrioi ki Atheot. He m<U to CjfruM: hit acts there : betJc^ StUmiiu Hit
great eopinef . Ptolemy Mih to Cypres. Sea ligbt betweea Pt' ii .^y and Demetrius.
wherein Ptolemy is routed. Aatigoniu takes the title of king, as likewise do several
other captains. Agathocies^s acu at Utica in Africa. Tics his prisoners to a great
cngio'^ 'Die sorts ot people in Africa. Xenodochus rooted in Sicily by Agathocic/i
captains. Acts of Agatbocles in Sicily. What was done by Archagathtu in Africa^
UfschsU itthahaed by some Greeks that camflfr^a Trcgr^. Apes« their custom among
Che Pithecasc. The Carthaginians draw thirty thousnod omo eat of Carthn|;e. Mi»>
fortanes to Agathocies's caiMains in Africa. The army blocked up, and :^imost starred.
Agathocles be^ts the Carthaginians at sea near Syracuse. His captain Leptines ha-
rasses the Agrigentines. Agathocles feasts the Syracnsaas. Uis jocund temper: hit
cruelly. Routed in Africa. Caitbaginian camp buriit. Misfortune afterwards t*
both armies by one cause. Agathocles put in chains by his own men. Steals oat id
Africa. The soldiers kill his two sons. They make peace with the CarthaginiaiM.
Agathocles's eiceediog cruelty at iEgesta; ai:d afterwards at Syracuse. i. Anti-
gonus's march into Egypt. Lost some of his ships in a tampeat near liaphi^ H«
retams intu Syria. Dinocrates prevails In Sicily. Agathocles is willing to resign hit
govenimeut; but Dinocrates stands off. What was done in Italy. Autigonos's war«
with the Rhudians. Rhodes besieged by Deiuetrins. Agathocles rouis Dmocratcs*!
great army with a few men. His cruelly to those who submitted upon terms, whert
lie butche-s seven thousand. Dinocrates in favour with Agathocles; he betrays the
conltfieraies. Furtlier transactions in Italy.^— 5. Siege of Rhodes coatinned.
Acts of the sea-captains of the Rhodians. Peace made with the Rhodians. Acts of
Agtkthocles in tiM Lipsra islands. Acts of Demetrias in Greece. War between the
Tarcntines and Lucaniaos. Acts of Cleonymus the Spartan. Cassandcr sends t*
Antigonus to make peace, who refuses Lysiiuachus joins with Cjssander, and m
does Ptolemy and Seleacas, sgainst Antigonus: he marches agaiast Lysimachus,
Demetrius's I'oriher acts in Greece. The armies of Cassander and Drmetrius. De*
meuius leaves Greece, and goes with his army to his father in Asia, alter peace nada
with Castander. The misfortunes of Plistarchos at sea. Pi«ileiuy besieges Sidoo^
Uit returns to Egypt npon a laJse report. Seleucus marches ftom Babylon with ■
great amy,
FRAGMENTS, SUPPLEMENT,
Ac. &c.
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