Class F7 5
Book ' fc/d-
^/
HISTORICAL SKETCH
OF THE
FIRST CHURCH IN BOSTON,
ITS FORMATION TO THE PRESENT PERIOD.
TO WHICH ARE ADDED
TWO SERMONS,
ONE ON LEAVING THE OLD, AND THE OTHER ON ENTERING
THE NEW HOUSE OF WORSHIP.
BY THE LATE
REV. AVILLTAM EMERSON, A.M. A.A.S. &, S.H.S
THE 'IWELFTU I'ASrOK. OF SAID CHURCH,
BOSTON,
PTTTILISHED BY MUNROE Sc FRANCIS-
NO. 4, CORN HI LI..
1812.
DISTKICV OF MASSACHUSETTS, TO Wlf ;
District Clerk's Office.
BE it r.iiieinbcrcil, Tiut, on the uveuy-sixih J^v "f Ueccinl.sr. A. D. ,81 1 , :iiul in t!ie
xhirty-sUth y^ar of the iiidqvinltncc ot the UnittU St .nsor' Ameiica, RUTH EMEKSON,
oi' the said disiriLt, Ins dciJO.siti.d in this > ffice the litit ot u book, the right whert-cf she
CUirils, as inopricor, in the words following, to wit ;
•' An IllSTO'.iCAL SKETCH of the FIRST GHURCrl (N BOSTON, from its firmntion to
the prest,nl i)c. iod. To which art addtd Two Sernions, o;.t- on It.vinj; 'h <j;c1, hi <! the
other on e.iteri % the ucw houie of worshiji. By t!ie late Rev. WILLl.-i.M EMEKiiOX, A.M.
A. .AS. fc S.H.S. the twelfth p:i»tOP of s;iid chureli."
lii tonfcinuty to the ^Ct of ttn^ cgngrcss of tlie United St trs, eiititied, ' .\n act f 1 r the cn-
co'.irij.^ nie.it of le.iniing. by securing the copies of in <i|)S. cJiarts, aiul books, to ih ■ .tiithors
and I'rjprietors of sucll copies, during the tinits therein mentioned ," anil also 10 an aci.en-
titi'.d, " .All act snpplemcnt.ii y to an act. entitled, ;^n act for ilie ciicouraj,'enienc of learning,
by securing the cop.es of m i]>s, ch ins, and books, to th. .tuthors and piipiictors of sucll
topi s, ;;urii!g the tunes therein nieiu^oned ; ^nd '-itrindinjj the b^nilirs ihere<if !o iljc arts of
O-sigliine. tngraviiiE, and etchinji historical and other p mts."
WILLIAM S. SHAW,
CJlerk of uic pittiii;t 01 Mass.>chusclts ,
ADVERTISEMENT OF THE EDITOliS.
THE following work is published, without material altera-
tions, us it wus left by the author.
It is to be reijretted, that he did not live to complete his de-
sign.
To what was prepared respecting Dr. Chauncy is added a
sketch of his family by Dr. Clarke.*
As several of the author's late society have earnestly request-
ed, that this history should contain some records of their two
last beloved pastors, accounts of them have been added from
documents, which have been already published.
The notice of Dr. Clarke is from the collections of the Mas-
sachusetts Historical Society, vol. vi. p. 3. consisting of a " Sketch
of the life and character of Rev. Dr. Clarke," supposed to be
wriucn by Rev. Dr. Belknap ; and an extract from President
Willard's discourse, delivered at First Church, the sunday after
the decease of Dr. Clarke.
The account of Mr. Emerson is extracted from the discourse,
delivered at his funeral by Rev. Joseph S. Buckniinslcr, minister
of Brattle-street church.
To the whole are added, agreeably to the original design of the
author, two sermons ; one preached, on leaving the old house of
worship in Cornhill ; the other, at the dedication of tlic new
meeting-house in Chauncy-placc.
23 Dec. 1811.
* rublibhcd in an appendix to his sermon on the death of Dr. Channcv.
INDEX.
I. From tlie formation of the church, 1650, to the settlement of
Mr. Cotton, i633. . .... ... 9
II. Prom the settlement of Mr. Cotton, to his death, 1652. . . 18
III. From the death of Mr. Cotton, to the settlement of Mr. Nor-
ton, 1656 87
IV. From the settlement of Mr. Norton, to his death, 1663. . 91
V. From the death of Mr. Norton, to that of Mr. Wilson, 166". . 101
VI. From the death of Mr. Wilson, to the settlement of Messrs.
Davenport and Allen, 1668 107
VII. From the settlement of Messrs. Daven])ort and Allen, to the
death of the former, and the installation of Mr. Oxenbridg-e.
Including the years 1669, 1670. ..... Ill
VIII. From the settlement of Mr. Oxcnhridge, to his death, 1674. 125
IX. From the death of Mr. Oxcnbrldge, to the settlement of 3Ir.
Wadsworth, 1696 127
X. From the ordination of Mr. Wadsworth, to that of Mr. Bridge,
1705 146
ZI. From the ordination of Mr. Bridge, to the death of Mr. Allen,
1710 153
XII. From the death of Mr. Allen, to that of P-Ir. Bridge, 1715. 158
XIII. From the death of Mr. Bridge, to the settlement of Mr. Chaun-
cy, 1727. . . • • ■ • -166
XIV. From the settlement of Mr. Chauncy, to the death of Mr. Fox-
croft, 1769. ...... 173
XV. From the death of Mr. Foxcroft, to the settlement of Mr.
Clarke, 1778 181
XVI. Sketch of the life and character of Mr. Clarke. . . .215
XVII. Character of Mr. Emerson. . • ... 223
Mr. Emerson's last Sermon in the Old Brick meeting-house, 17
July, 1808. ...... 229
Mv. Emerson's Sermon at the dedication of the new house of
worship, in Chauncy-place, 21 Jul)', ISOS. - . , 245
HISTORICAL SKETCH
FIRST CHURCH,
SECTION I.
From the formation of l!ie Church, 1630, to the settlement of
Mr. Cotton, 1633.
The four men particularly eminent and active in sect, l
laying the foundation of the First Church in 1530
Boston were John Winthrop, Isaac Johnson,
Thomas Dudley, and John Wilson.
The first of these illustrious characters was the
first governour of Massachusetts.
The second was a gentleman of family and
fortune, who, with his honourable lady, was swept
away by the ravages of a mortal disease in the
infancy of the settlement.
Mr. Dudley was a long time deputy-governour,
and afterwards governour of the colony.
Mr. Wilson was a minister of religion, abound
ing in zeal, prudence, and charity.
10 WILSON.
SECT. 1. Such were the leaders in the honourable enter-
1630. P'ise of founding a religious colony. With others
of similar religious and political opinions, they
had f<jr some time belonged to an association in
London, called " The governour and company of
Massachusetts Bay." On leaving England, they
brought with them the patent, or charter, of the
plantation. The members of this company were
distinguished, among the settlers of the American
wilderness, for piety, wealth, talents, and liberality.
In principle indeed they were puritans ; but they
never seceded from the episcopal church, until
they left their country.
The Arabella, the vessel, in which they crossed
the Atiantick, anchored in Massachusetts Bay, on
the 17 June, 1630. After exploring My stick
river, they came ashore at Charlestown, on the
first of July, with a view to a permanent resi-
dence.
yjiily. 8 July, a thanksgiving was observed in the
several plantations, and on the 23 August, the
first court of assistants was holden on board the
Arabella.
The first question agitated was. How shall the
ministers be maintained ? It was agreed, that Mr.
Phillips, minister of the Watertown plantation,
should have 30/. a year, and Mr. Wilson 20/.,
until his wife, whom he had left in England,
should come over, when he was to have the
same. Sir R. Saltonstall undertook to see, that
the agreement should be fulfilled in regard to
17 June.
Aus
WILSON. I !
Mr. Phillips, and governour Winthrop assumed sect. i.
the same care for the salary of Mr. Wilson. 1630.
As soon, as a few civil arrangements had been
made, it was determined, that a church should be
regularly imbodied.
On the 27 August therefore a fast was ap- 27 Au^-.
pointed, a covenant formed and subscribed, Mr.
Wilson was chosen teacher, Mr. Nowell an elder,
and Mr. Gager and Mr. Aspin wall deacons. These
gentlemen w ere severally confirmed in office ])y the
imposition of hands and by prayer. It was how-
ever universally understood, that the ceremony,
as it respected Mr. Wilson, did not imply a re-
nunciation of the ministry, which he received in
England.
The following is the form of covenant, which
was subscribed by the members.
" In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, and
in obedience to his holy will and divine ordinance,
" We, whose names are here underwritten,
being by his most wise and good providence
brought together into this part of America, in
the Bav of Massachusetts, and desirous to unite
into one congregation or church, under the Lord
Jesus Christ, our head, in such sort, as becometh
all those, whom he hath redeemed, and sanctified
to himself, do hereby solemnly and religiously, as
in his most holy presence, promise and bind our-
selves to walk in all our ways according to the
rule of the gospel, and in all sincere conformity
to his holy ordinances, and in mutual love and
i 2 M ILSOX.
SECT I. respect to each other so near, as God shall give
^i-^ ■
I63U. US i^racc."
Probably sixty-four men and half as many
women immediately signed this religious obli-
gation.
The first meeting-place of the congregation
was in the umbrage of a large tree. Whether
they had better accommodations, during their con-
tinuance at Charlestown, and of how many weeks
or months exactly that continuance was, it is per-
haps impossible to say. It is certain, that the
settlers had scarcely rested, before they perceiv^-
ed, that the south side of the Charles was pref-
erable to the north, both for commerce and situ-
1631. ation. Of course they began to remove to the
peninsula. At first those, who had thus removed,
went back to worship at Charlestown on the
Lord's days. In a little time, publick worship
was celebrated alternately on each side of the
river. At length the First Church took its station
altogether in Trimontane, which was soon called
Boston, after a place of the same name in Lin-
colnshire, England, where some of the emigrants
were born, and v^ hence they expected Mr. Cotton,
a congregational minister of superlative worth.
Early in 1631, Mr. Wilson made a visit to
England. On the morning of the 29 March,he had
an affectionate meeting, at the governour's, with
a number of the brethren, where he commended
them in prayer to God, and exhorted them to
steadfastness in faith, purity, and brotherly love^
He recommended to them the strict observance
WILSON. 13
of religious rites, during his absence ; and, as skct. i.
governour Winthrop, dcputy-governour Dud- i63i.
ley, and elder Nowell, in his opinion, were best
qualified to lead the dGvotions and supply the in-
structions of the congregation, so he in a manner
consecrated them to the temporary execution ot
pastoral duties. He sailed from Salem, 1 April,
and arrived in London, the 29th of the same
month. But his place was soon after supplied
by Rev. Mr. Eliot.
Akhousrh the founders of Massachusetts and of
our church forsook their native country with the
express design of enjoying perfect liberty of con-
science ; and, although doubtless it was the orig-
inal intention to preserve ecclesiastical affairs dis-
tinct from those of the state, yet these interests
became immediately blended.
The church at Salem had called Mr. Roger
Williams to the office of teacher. It had been
said of this man, that he refused communion with
the church in Boston, because its members would
not make a publick declaration of their repentance
for having continued their connexion with the
episcopal church, whilst they remained in Eng-
land. He had also taught, that the magistrate
ought not to punish breaches of the sabbath, nor
any offence against those laws of God, which re-
late solely to his worship. Alarmed at this de-
gree of liberality, the magistrates immediately
signified to Mr. Endicott their dissatisfaction with
the proceedings of the Salem church ; and even
fiotified to Mr. Williams himself their pleasure.
i4 WILSON.
SECT. I. that he would not suffer the union to be consum-
1631. mated, until their permission should be known.
In the exercise of the same power, derived
partly from their civil capacity, and partly from
their standing in the church, the governour,
deputy-governour, and elder went to Water-
town to inquire into an opinion maintained in
that church, that the church of Rome was right.
After the matter was debated before numbers of
both congregations, the opinion of the Watertown
elder, whose name was Brown, with the general
approbation, was condemned as erroneous.
The difficulty did not here terminate. Elder
Brown persisted in his errour. The Court was
applied to, interfered, and wrote to the First
Church to consider the propriety of his continu-
ance in office. The Church answered, that if
the Court would prove the allegations, she would
silence the offender. At length. Messieurs Win-
throp, Dudley, and Nowell repaired to Water-
town, where the congregation was divided on the
subject in question. The governour said, " We
have come to you, as peacemakers. You may
choose, whether we shall enter upon the investiga-
tion of the controversy in the character of magis-
trates, as members of a neighbouring congrega-
tion, or as referees, not satisfied with the notice,
you have taken of our previous advice." Mr.
Phillips, the pastor, desired them to act as mem-
bers of a neighbouring congregation only. On
this condition a hearing was had, in which both
WILSON. 15
parties complained, relented, and promised the sixt.i
adoption of conciliatory measures. i63z~
The affairs of the church as well, as of the 26 Mav.
plantation, were prosperous ; though occasions
ivere not wanting of debate among individuals and
in the community. Instances of political inter-
ferences with ecclesiastical concerns were often
taking place. No church could be gathered
without permission from the magistrates ; and
none could be a magistrate, nor even vote for a
magistrate, unless he was member of a church
thus politically gathered. In this politico-reli-
gious condition, questions would frequently arise
respecting the nature, qualifications, and power of
various offices. They were at a loss, for exam-
ple, whether the same person, at the same time,
might be a civil magistrate and a ruling elder. If
not, which should he lay down, what should be
done ? Might there be divers pastors in the
same church ? These questions the church pro-
posed to the consideration of her sister churches
in Plymouth and in Salem.
The first question was answered unanimously
in the negative ; and thenceforth Mr. Nowell re-
linquished his office in the church, and devoted
himself entirely to the duties of a civilian.
The second received a doubtful answer ; be-
cause the answer to the first involved an experi-
ment, the results of which were not known.
To the third was given the same kind of reply ;
because the respondents did not wish to deprive
the church of any means of improvement she
1,6 WILSON.
SECT. I. could fairly ciijoy ; and, at the same time, they
1632. were not ignorant of the rivalry and feuds, whicK
are the natural, though not unavoidable, conse-
quence of placing two or more persons with equal
powers in the same office.
On the return of Mr. Wilson from London,
which was on the 26 May, 1632, the congregation
began to build a house for publick worship, and
another for the pastor. Towards these purposes
they made a voluntary contribution of 120/.
They erected the church on the south side of
State- Street, not far from the spot, on which the
Exchange has been newly reared. Its roof was
thatched, and its walls were of mud.
As the season grew late, and the weather se-
vere, those members of the congregation, who
belonged to Charlestown, found it troublesome to
worship in Boston. Accordingly they signified
their desire to constitute a new society on the
north side of the river. The 11 October was
set apart for seeking direction of God ; and, on
the 14th, thirty-three persons were peaceably
dismissed from their relation to the church. The)'
then elected Mr. James their teacher, and formed
what is now the congregational church in Charles-
town.*
The congregation now fixed their eyes, for a
teacher, on Mr. John Kliot, who had arrived the
* " And now upon this separation I find t!ic number of males in
the church of Boston (after nigh two years continuance hei-e, in
which time doubtless additions were made to it,) amounted but to
about 70 or 80, the body of the inluibitants." [Foxcroft's Cent
Serm.]
WILSON. ir
preceding year, and luid officiated, for the most sect. i.
part, during Mr. Wilson's absence, and who af- 1639.
terwards immortalized his name by his apostle-
ship among the Indians. But he had already de-
termi?;ed on a settlement at Roxbury, and would
not be persuaded to alter his resolution.
The 22 November was solemnized, as a fast,
on which Mr. Wilson, hitherto the teacher, was
ordained the pastor of the church. At the same
time were elected Mr. Oliver a ruling elder, and
two deacons, on all of whom hands were imposed,
as a sign of consecration.
One hundred and thirty men, and nine- less.
ty women had now become members of the 6 Aug-,
church. But, besides the loss of the Charles-
town members, several had died, several others
had removed to S.ilem, and a few had returned to
England. Probably the church did not now
number more, than a hundred communicants.
Four children were baptized in the first year,
eleven in the second, three in the third, and four
in that part of the fourth, which elapsed before
Mr. Cotton's ordination. Of these twenty- two
there were eleven of each sex.
SECTION 11.
From the settlement of Mr. Cotton, 1634, to his death, 1652.
SECT. II. On 4 September, 1633, arrived from Eng-
^^ land, with Mr. Hooker, and many other emi-
4 Sept. g^^i"'ts of distinction, Rev. John Cotton. His ce-
lebrity, which was great in England, had already
filled the American settlements, and prepared him
a most welcome reception. His abilities were
considered, as common property ; and it was the
immediate concern of the wise and good, where
he should fix his residence, and how obtain an
honourable support.
The scene of his and his wife's admission into
the church was such, as displayed the precision
and sanctity of his character, and interested the
feelings of every beholder. Mrs. Cotton, on
their passage, had brought him a son, whom he
called Seaborn, but whom he did not baptize, un-
til he was admitted into the church at Boston.
He assigned two reasons for the omission. One
was, there was no settled congregation on board
the ship. Secondly, he said, a minister has no
power to administer the seals of the covenant, ex-
cept in his own congregation. " He desired, his
WILSOX. COTTON. 19
wife might also be admitted a member, and gave a gp^.^ ^j
modest testimony of her ; but withal requested, she
might not be put to make open confession, which,
he said, was against the apostle's rule, and not fit
for women's modesty ; but that the elders might
examine her in private. So she was asked, if she
did consent in the confession of faith made by
her husband, and if she did desire to be admitted ;
whereto she answered affirmatively, and so both
were admitted, and their child baptized, the fath-
er presenting it ; the child's baptism being, as he
did then affirm in another case, the father's in-
struction for the help of his faith."*
It was first proposed, that Mr. Cotton should
be maintained from the treasury, in consideration
of the political as well, as ecclesiastical benefits,
which were expected from his ministry ; but
the maturer judgment of a majority of the coun-
cil quashed the proposal. He might have select-
ed any situation in the country ; and he was in
fact urged to accept several invitations, other than
what he received in Boston. But he was some-
what compelled by the advice of the governour
and council as well, as the unanimous voice of
the First Church, here to bestow his principal la«
bours. Accordingly a fast was observed, on
17 October, when " he was solemnly ordained
teacher of that church, by the imposition of the
hands of the presbytery, as was Mr. Leverett, an
ancient professor of religion of Mr. Cotton's con-
* Winthrop.
-0 WII.SOX. COTIOX.
SECT. II. gregation in England, cdained ruling elder ol
^(533 the same church, the congregation testifying their
consent by lifting up their hands. Mr. Wilson,
pastor of the same church, demanded of him, if
he accepted of that call. He paused, and then
spake to this effect, that however he knew himself
unworthy and insufficient for that place, yet hav-
ing observed the passages of God's providence,
which he reckoned up in part, in calling him to
it, he could not but accept of it. Then the pas-
tor and the two ruling elders laying their hands
upon his head, the pastor prayed, and speaking to
him by his name, did thereby design him to said
office in the name of the holy ghost, and did give
him the charge of the congregation, and did
thereb}', as a sign from God, endue him, at least
prayed, that he might be endued, with gifts fit for
his office, and largely did bless him. Then the
neighbour ministers, that were present, did, at
the pastor's m.otion, give him the right hand of
fellowship, and the pastor did make a stipulutioa
between him and the congregation."
In answering the invitation of the church, Mr.
Cotton recommended to their care a few friends,
who belonged to his society in England, and who
had followed him to this coui.try. They were of
course provided for.
The ministers in the neighbourhood, having
become sufficiently numerous, formed an associa-
tion, and met, once a foitnight, in rotation, atone
another's houses. At each meeting some subject
of moment was debated. Mr. Skelton and Mr.
WILSON. COTTON. 2 1
Williams, of Salem, were offended at the rise of sect.ii
this institution, and predieted, that it would origi- ^^33
nate a presbytery, or superintendency, that
would end in the ruin of the church's liber-
ties. Mr. Hubbard, in his ms. indulges a
bitterness of invective against these gentlemen,
which the expression of their fears can hardly jus-
tify. The event however has proved, that their
suspicions were groundless. What they con-
demned was the origin of the Boston Association
of congregational ministers, who continue, every
second monday, in the afternoon, to hold a meet-
ing for prayer, theological discussion, and social
intercourse. Yet perhaps there is not a place in
the world, where the independence of individual
churches is more perfectly enjoyed, than in this
metropolis, and its vicinity.
Immediately upon his induction, Mr. Cotton
entered upon the duties of his office ; and so
great was his influence both in ecclesiastical and
civil affairs, that the measures, he recommended
in his sermons, were forthwith adopted in the
church ; and his private political counsels were
with equal readiness enforced by the government.
The congregation received continual accessions ;
and more were here added to the number of
communicants, than in all the other churches of
the country. Many, who had been notoriously
immoral, came and confessed their sins, and were
received into the bosom of the church. Mr.
Wilson was equally zealous and successful in
maintaining the discipline of the church. The
22 WILSON. COTTON.
SECT. IT. elders, deacons, and several private brethren
jg.^ were faithful coadjutors in the work of general
edification ; so that no religious community ever
appeared in a more prosperous condition.
There was no subject, which Mr. Cotton did
not discuss ; and whatever doctrine or sentiment
he delivered, he maintained by the word of God.
He showed from the scriptures, that the ministry
ought to be maintained from a publick chest,
which was to be supplied by a weekly contribu-
tion. Mr. Cotton had expended towards his
own settlement 80/. a reimbursement of which
he refused. 60/. were contributed for the finish-
ing of his house, and 100/. for his and Mr. Wil-
son's support.
The earliest notice of the 5th day or thursday
lecture is given in Winthrop's journal for this
year, when it seems to have been already estab-
lished.
There was now some contention in the church
of Charlestown ; and, among other sources of
strife between Mr. James the pastor and Mr.
Nowell the elder, it was questioned by the latter,
whether they were in fact separated from the
First Church.
The rules and discipline of the church were so
rigidly observed, that a person coming from a
neighbouring church, in which he was here well
known to enjoy a fair character and a regular
standing, could not be received, without renewing
the profession of his faith in the language of his
confessors.
WILSON. COTTON. 3.3
Mr. Cotton taught, that a magistrate ought not sect. ii.
to be deprived of his official character without j^^j^
just cause, and that for no cause should he be
arraigned, as a publick convict.
Mr. Wilson, this year, it seems, made another
visit to his native country.
On every occasion, where a matter was dispu-
ted, Mr. Cotton settled the difference by his pub-
lick preaching. Mr. Hooker and liis friends were
about to remove to the Connecticut. Their de-
sign was strenuously seconded by some and op-
posed by others. After the matter hud been for
some time debated, Mr. Cotton ended the affair
by preaching from Hug. ii. 4. showing the
strength of the magistracy, ministry, and people.
In their authority consisted the strength of the
first, in their purity that of the second, and in
their liberty that of the last. Each estate, he
said, had a negative voice, and yet the ultimate
power should reside in the whole body of the
people.
The thursday lecture was now suspended, 4 October
every other week, to give place to another lecture
at Cambridge, on the alternate thursday.
Mr. Eliot blamed the magistrates for over-
reaching the Pequods in a peace made with them.
Mr. Cotton was appointed to deal widi him, and
desire him to make a publick recantation ; which
he did.
The thursday lecture reverted to its ancient ii Dec
order. It was customary for the inhabitants oc-
casionally to transact business relative to the po-
^4 WILSON. COTTON.
SK(jT. II. lice of the town, immediately after lecture. On
2634 11 December, this year, they chose seven
new selectmen, to the exclusion of very worthy
gentlemen, who had served them in preceding
years. But Mr. Cotton interposed and showed
from scripture, that it was an order of heaven to
have all such business committed to the elders.
Such was the weight of his authority, that he
caused, on the succeeding thursday, a new elec-
-^,. tion.
13 Jan '^"^^^ church, this day, kept a fast on account of
the pastor's absence in England, and the proba-
bility there was, that he and his companions
Avould be detained and troubled.
19. 1 an. There was, on 19 January, a general meet-
ing of the ministers, by the request of the gover-
nour and assistants, to deliberate on these two
questions. First. What ought to be done, if a
general governour should be sent out of Eng-
land ? Second. Is it lawful to carry the cross
in our banners ? In the first case they were
agreed, that they ought not to accept him ; but
to defend their possession in the best manner they
were able. On the second they divided, and
came to no decision.
15 March. About this time, a disturbance happened at
Lynn. The pastor had been somewhat arbitrary ;
and some of the members, from a spirit of re-
sentment, questioned, if they were a true church,
and commenced a separation. The pastor and
his adherents requested the advice of sister
churches. Meanwhile, the pastor desired the
1 Nov.
WILSOJf. COTTON. 23
authors of the schism to commit their grievances S'^.ct. it.
to writini^. They refused. He therefore was i635
for excommunicating them ; and wrote to the
churches to desist from their intended visit. The
letter was read immediately after thursday lec-
ture, when it seemed to be the general opinion,
that the churches ought to hear both sides of the
dispute. Accordingly they went upon the ground ;
heard the parties ; acknowledged them a true
church ; and reconciled the members.
Rev. Mr. Wilson arrived here from England esept.
in company ^vith Mr. Shepard, Mr. Jones, and
others. It was probably now, that his wife ac-
companied him. The voyage, which Mr. W.
now finished, wlis remarkable. He more than
once narrowly escaped shipwreck. On his re-
turn from England, he was forced by foul \vea-
ther upon the coast of Ireland, and, after many
dangers, he visited the country. He met many
persons interested in the settlement of Newengland.
From Ireland he passed into Scotland, and into
the north of England, and, through his whole
tour, he met whh persons of quality, who were
concerned for the prosperity of Newengland, and
who esteemed his visit among them a smile of
Providence.
In December, 1635, Mr. Norton arrived at
Plymouth.
The ministers occasionally interposed, in case
of differences among nicigistratcs ; yet rarely or
never, unless expressly requested by the gover-
nour and assistants.
D
26 WILSON. COTTON.
SECT. II. In the month of January, 1636, the church at
1536_ Cambridge was gathered by Mr. Shepard M'ith
.Ian. great solemnity. It was there questioned, how
many persons might constitute a church. The
number three was thought too small ; but it was
determined, that seven might lawfully constitute
a church. Mr. Cotton was present, and gave the
right hand of fellowship to the newly organized
church.
25 Feb. The churches of Lynn and Salem were much
divided. Corn was scarce ; and removals fre-
quent. A general fast was proclaimed. This
church in particular observed it with great devo-
tion.
April. The principal part of the old church at Dor-
chester having removed, Mr. Mather and others
began a new one. Several persons attempting to
join them were rejected for the present, on the
idea, that they hated sin, not so much because it
was in itself odious to God, as because it was
hurtful to themselves.
It having been made manifest from the scrip-
tures, that a certain number of magistrates should
hold their offices during life, Mr. Winthrop and
Mr. Dudley were accordingly chosen upon ihat
principle.
The peculiarities of Mr. Williams were still a
source of inquietude among the churches. The
colonists were frequently returning, for the pur-
pose of commerce or friendship, to the parent
country. When there, it was natural for them
to worship at the churches of their friends. Yet
WILSON. COTTON. 27
such was the abhorrence, which Mr. W. entertain- ^e<"t. n.
ed for episcopal worship, and such was the rig- i636.
our of his discipUne, that he would suffer none
of his congregation to give a moment's counte-
nance to the cause of conformity ; and on such,
as had offended, he was sure to impose some sort
of penalty. It was agitated in the First Church,
whether, out of tenderness to the consciences of
their brethren, persons going hence to England
should refrain from joining in episcopal worship.
It was said, that hearing was not holding com-
munion, and therefore determined in the nega-
tive. The next plan was to make them a church
by themselves. This was opposed, both because
thev were too few to make a church, and because
the forming of new chnrches, on such grounds,
could not be justified by the word of God. It
was, lastly, asked, if they should be excommuni-
cated. This measure was unpleasant, and not to
be resorted to, unless they should withdraw them-
selves, and behave disorderly. A continuance
with the church was to procure a degree of tolera-
tion in matters of opinion. This is the first ray
of liberality, that has shed itself upon the ecclesi-
astical institutions of our country.
Mr. Peters preached at First Church, and so-
licited of the congregation, among other things,
these two ; first, that they would relinquish the
labours of Mr. Cotton, whilst he should go
through the scriptures, and raise marginal notes
on the difficult passages. The second wasj that a
28 WILSOX. COITON,
SECT. n. plan of church government might be drawn up
1636. accordin£^ to scriptye.
Until this time, tlic First Church had enjoyed a
scries of unequalled prosperity. But, towards
the close of the year 1636, the congregation was
distracted by one of the most extraordinary theo-
logical controversies, that ever was agitated. A
married woman, by the name of Anne Hutchinson,
had long been infected with antinomian principles.
The opinions, which she first privately and after-
wards openly avowed, w-ere such, as these, viz.
That the person of the Holy Ghost dwells in a jus-
tified person. That no degrees of sanctification
furnished any evidence of justification ; and that
consequently all the genuine sanctification in a
true believer consisted in a personal union with
the Holy Ghost. So strenuously did she hold
and propagate these and similar notions, that she
bitterly opposed those of the clergy and laity,
who were for cooling the ebullitions of her en-
thusiastick zeal. She said, that none of tlic min-
isters, Mr. Cotton excepted, preached the cove-
nant of grace ; that they preached the covenant of
works ; they could not preach the covenant of
grace, because they had not the seal of the spirit ;
and that they knew no more of the grace of
Christ, than the apostles knew before their mas-
ter's resurrection.
Mr. Wheelwright, a brother in law of Mrs.
Hutchinson, and formerly an episcopal clergyman
in England, openly favoured the doctrine of his
sisten Od:iers in the church espoused her
WILSON. COT ION, 29
cause : nor was Mr. Cotton himselt" free from sect. it.
suspicion, if he was from blame. 1636
These opinions were soon noised among the
neighbouring churches, and arrested the particu-
lar attention of all the ministers. Whilst the
general court was sitting, they took an opportu-
nity of visiting Boston, for the express purpose of
inquiring into the controversy, and consulting
with individuals of the legislature, what was to
be done. For so intimately connected, in that
day, were the civil and sacred concerns of the
state, that, if the church was in danger, the magis-
trates interfered, or, if the state was threatened,
the ministers of religion durst not be silent.
Mr. Cotton and Wheelwright joined the con-
ference, and, by explaining their notions of sancti-
fication, gave tolerable satisfaction.
Mr. Wheelwright being the friend and sup-
porter of Mrs. H. her partisans in the church
were desirous of having him associated with
Messrs. Wilson and Cotton. The proposition
was opposed. It was said, that the church was
already furnished with able ministers, who were
known to the brethren, and whose labours had
been wonderfully blessed, and that it was wrong
to hazard the peace of the congregation, by intro-
ducing a stranger, whose sentiments and conduct
had already begun to kindle the flames of conten-
tion. Governour Vane questioned the ground of
opposition, since Mr. Cotton had approved the
doctrine of the candidate. Mr. Cotton replied, that
he acknowledged a similarity of opinion, on some
3© WILSON. COTTON.
SECT IT of the points in dispute with Mr. W. but since
1636. he was apt to raise questions of doubtful utility,
he thought it safest not to have the church proceed
in his election. Mr. W. was accordingly per-
mitted to take charge of the church at Mount
Woll.ston.
The feelings of the brethren had become high-
ly irritable. The opposition to Mr. Wheelwright
had awakened a spirit of animosity. Points of
doctrine, which had been calmly discussed in the
pulpit heretofore, could not now be touched,
without wounding the feelings of some of the
brethren. The affair was warmly, though with
christian forbearance, contested between Mr.
Cotton and governour Winthrop. The latter
appeared to great advantage. He seemed equally
cautious of imbibing erroneous doctrine himself,
and of rashly censuring the errours of others. He
dealt with his teacher faithfully, yet affectionately ;
and concluded the interview by requesting Mr. C.
not to talk of the personality of the Holy Ghost,
and terms of that nature, which were never used
in the purest churches, during the three first cen-
turies, but to confine himself to matters, which
were better suited to promote the edification of
individuals and the peace of the brotherhood.
Sir Henry Vane, the governour, who had arrived
this year from England, and who had a high rep-
utation for seriousness, was rather favourably
inclined to the Hutchinsonian superstition. He
asserted the indwelling of the Holy Ghost in every
believer, and such a personal union, as trinitari-
W1LS6V. COTTON. 31
ans suppose between the Logos and the man sect. ii.
Christ Jesus. But Mr. Wilson, the pastor, Mr. ifijs
Winthrop, and all the more rational part of the
congregation desired, that, as the person of the
Holy Ghost could not be found in scripture, but
was a term of human invention, it might be dis-
used.
Though the dispute ought to have been confin-
ed to the church, yet the court, from motives of
curiosity, love of power, and religious zeal, insist-
ed upon entering into its merits. Mr. Vane was
even jealous of the right, which the churches and
ministers thought, they possessed, of terminating
the controversy independently of the magistrates.
But Mr. Peters, a minister of Salem, sharply re-
buked the governour and plainly insinuated, that,
if governours would concern themselves only
with the things of Caesar, the things of God
would be more quiet and prosperous.
The zeal of Mr. Wilson, on this occasion,
manifested itself in a lamentation over the dark
and distracted condition of the churches, and im-
puted to the newly broached opinions the divis-
ions, they lamented. Mr. W's speech originated
questions on the doctrine of sanctification. Mr.
Cotton had, that dav, taught, that evident sanctifi-
cation was evidence of justification ; that, in cases
of especial desertion, desires of sanctification were
actual sanctification, and that the lowest desree of
gracious sincerity afforded matter of conifort.
Mr. Cotton and the governour however main-
WILSON. COTTON.
SECT. 11. tained, that nothing could compensate the want of
16,36. '<^ concurrent sight of justification.
Mr. Cotton and others were offended at Mr.
Wilson's speech ; and they accordingly went to
admonish him. But the pastor and his friends
were unable to perceive, that any rule had been
violated. On the same terms with the rest of
the elders, he had been called to the court, where
it was desired and expected, that every one would
express his mind with the utmost freedom, both
for discovering existing danger, and for remedy-
ing the evil. Mr. Wilson explained ; but ex-
planation was unavailing. It was insisted on by
his accusers, that he should answer publickly for
his indiscretion ; and the governour was forward
among those, who with bitterness and reproaches
were arraigning the conduct of this benevolent
man. Governour Winthrop remarks, " It was
strange to sec, how the common people were led
by example to condemn him in that, which, it was
very probable, divers of them did not understand,
nor the rule, which he was supposed to have
broken, and that such, as had known him so long,
and what good he had done for that church,
should fiill upon him with such bitterness, for
justifying himself in a good cause. For he was a
very holy upright man ; and for faith "and love
inferiour to none in the country, and most dear
to all men." The teacher also betrayed the
weakness of human nature, and too easily joined
in the censure of his mild associate. But the
meekness and moderation of the pastor triumph-
WILSON. COTTON. 33
ed over tb.c misguided zeal of ihe teacher and the si-xt. ii.
flock. He ansucicd them in the language of '^^^~^~
gentleness, and by the wisdom of his behaviour
calmed the murmurs of opposition. It was also
fortunate for Mr. W, that the first time he
preached, he was exceedingly happy in his sub-
ject, and in his manner of treating it ; insomuch
that the governour professed himself satisfied,
and laboured in Mr. Ws behalf for the satisfaction
of others.
This was not the end of the church's conten-
tion. One heretical opinion paved the way for
another, and schism succeeded schism. It was
maintained, that the Holy Ghost dwells in a believ-
er as much, as he dwells in heaven ; that a man
is justiiicd, before he believes ; that faith is no
cause of justification ; that the letter of the
scripture holds forth nothing, but a covenant of
works ; that the covenant of grace, which can be
known only to believers, is the vital principle of
the scriptures ; that a man may attain to high
eminence in sanctincation, gifts, and graces, even
so as to have special communion widi Christ,
and after all be damned. In short, with the
persons holding these notions nothing would an-
swer, but an immediate revelation, assuring of
divine acceptance.
Extravagant as the assertion may seem, these
extravagant notions were received by the mem-
bers almost universally. The pastor and three or
four others made the only exception.
#.i4 WILSOV. COTTOX .
SECT. It. Thai Mr. Cotton should give his voice in ia
1636. ^'°'^^' ^^ ^"^^^ heretical opinions, it may be ration-
ally supposed, was matter of offence to his cleri-
cal brethren. Determined to make him explicit,
they stated sixteen articles, on which they entrea-
ted unequivocal answers. He complied. On
some of the points he was satisfactory ; on others
not. His answers induced several replies ; and
so much engaged were the ministers in opposition
to the prevalent enduisiasm, that they persuaded
the general court, at its next session, to have an
universal suspension of the lectures for three
weeks.
1637.; The year 1637 opened with gloomy prospects.
Though oppressed with difficulties at home, the
congregation was not insensible to the sorrows of
their brethren in foreign climes. The churches
in Germany were in a miserable condition. In
England lordly bishops were deposing numbers
of Christ's faithful followers, making havock
among the puritans, and every where introducing
the fopperies of papists. The plague was raging
on the continent of Europe, where thousands
were threatened both with the sword and famine.
The depredations of the Indians were frequent in
the Connecticut settlement, and anew menaced
the peace of their own territory. These troubles,
added to their ecclesiastical dissensions, moved
the appointment of a general fast.
But the observance of no rites whatever was
able to abolish the existing differences on points
of faith. Mr. Cotton, alone of all the clergy,
WILSON. COTTON. 35
was on the side of the fanaticks ; and the very sect, ii
circumstance of his dissenting from his brethren ~^^'
was sufficient to give the dispute a wider notorie-
ty and a keener edge. Though the teacher was
not to be shaken from his creed, nor betrayed
into rashness, he was far from being easy under
the weight of so respectable an opposition ; and,
though superiour to the adoption of unworthy
means to promote the views of a party, he was
yet wiUing to seize a favourable occurrence for
strengthening the cause, which he thought to be
just. A ship full of passengers was now ready to
sail for England. It was natural to embrace
such an occasion for renewing ancient recollecr
tions, and disburdening the heart of its cares.
" Tell our transatlantick friends," said Mr. Cot-
ton, " that all our strife is about magnifying the
grace of God. Some seek to advance the grace
of God towards us, and some the grace of God
within us. The lovers therefore of the doctrines
of grace will here be sure of a cordial reception."
Though this message to the unilluminated sa-
voured of nothing, but the honey of the bee ; yet
there v/ere others, who felt a sting in the words.
Mr. Wilson replied. He said, " I know none
among either the elders or brethren of these
churches, who do not labour to magnify the
grace of God in the justification of believers, as
that doctrine is contained in the holy scriptures j
nor are there any, to my knowledge, who deny
the importance and necessity of sanctification."
The matter of dispute was trivia, and most of the
36 , WILSON. COTTON.
SECT. TT. bystanders Averc equally well satisfied with both
I63jr_ of the divines ; but the effect was unpleasant.
Such a theological rencounter under such cir-
cumstances indicated, that a wound had been
given to the peace of the church, which was not
easily healed, and which would frequently bleed
before the eyes of the whole community. Be-
cause the ministers contended, the people could
not agree. One party ranged itself on the side of
justification ; the other on that of sanctification ;
and the distinction between the advocates for
free grace and the adherents to works was as
broad, as what separates protestants and papists.
The general court, which commenced its ses-
sion in March, upheld its interest in the contro-
versy. It had a party in favour of Mr. Cotton
and the majority of the church ; but the majority
was on the side of Mr. Wilson and his friends.
Of course the correctness of the proceeding
against Mr. Wilson was questioned, and his
speech in the last court, and the whole tenour of
his conduct were adjudged not only faultless, but
reasonable.
It was in this session voted, that the ministers
should be requested to give tlieir advice concern-
ing the authority of the court in ecclesiastical af-
fairs. The ministers complied with the request,
and agreed in two things. First, That no legis-
lator, without leave of the court, should publickly
be questioned by a church concerning any speech,
which he may have made, whilst acting in his
legislative capacity. Secondly, That all such
WlI.SO>;. COTTON. J7
heresies and errours of any church member, as sect. ii.
are manifestly dangerous to the state, the court TTZT"
may proceed to condemn, without staying for
the determination of the church ; but opinions,
turning merely on texts of doubtful interpretation,
or on questions, about which wise and pious men
have innocently diftered, shall first be submitted
to the deliberation of the church.
Mr. Wheelwright was to be questioned at this
court concerning a sermon, he hud preached,
which was said to be seditious. His friends,
who made the majority of the church, petitioned
the court, first, that, as freemen, they might be
present in cases of judicature ; and, secondly,
that they would define and publish their power in
casuistical and ecclesiastical cases. This petition
was ungraciously received, and immediately re-
jected. The court said, that they were in the
liabit of determining causes in publick ; but they
should insist on the right of private deliberation,
whenever they thought proper.
The cause was at length agitated. It appeared,
that against all, who walked in a covenant of
works, maintaining, that simctification was an ev-
idence of justification, Mr. Wheelwright in his
sermon had bitterly inveighed. Such persons
he denounced as antichristians, and excited
against them a vehement opposition. He was
summoned before the court. His sermon was
produced, which he justified without the least
palliation, confessing, that he still meant all, which
he seemed to express. The elders of the other
58 WILSON. COTTON.
SECT IT churches, on being questioned, unanimously ack-
163/. novvledged, that they felt themselves pointed at
and maligned in the aforesaid discourse. After
some debate, he was adjudged guilty of sedition
and contempt of the court. His conduct was
thought to be marked by peculiar aggravations of
guilt. A fast had been appointed, as the means of
healing breaches in the peace of the church,
which his sermon seemed designed and calculated
to widen. From this judgment the governour
and a few others dissented, and entered their pro-
test ; which however was not admitted, because it
exculpated Mr. Wilson, and in this instance dis-
approved the doings of the court. First Church
also offered a petition in behalf of Mr. Wheel-
wright, which justified his vsermon. The court
deferred sentence, until thenext session, and took
advice of the ministers concerning the propriety
of enforcing his sentence. They were diffident in
their opinions on the subject, and recommended
him to the care of First Church. This was
done, and his appearance enjoined at the next
court.
These differences gave motion to the pens as
well, as spirit of controversy. Among other
tracts, the magistrates issued an apology, justify-
ing the sentence of the court against Mr. Wheel-
wright. Against this sentence , the majority of
the church had said many hard things. They
had also remonstrated in a loud and angry tone,
and been guilty of unfairness. In abbreviating
Mr, Wheelwright's sermon, they actually altered
WILSON. COTTOX. B9
both the words and meaning of offensive pas- skct. n.
sabres. Mr. W. himself too published a treatise, 71
o r ' l6,>~.
relative to the dispute, which also spoke a differ-
ent language from that of the sermon. The ser-
mon was answered, and its doctrine refuted, by
the clergy. This answer dre^v another from
Mr. Cotton, who narrowed the ground of contro-
versy ; and in the election sermon, preached,
the next day by Mr. Shepard, the differences
w^ere so concisely stated, that the affair was
brought almost to a close. Indeed so much had
been written and said on the subject, so much had
been controverted, and so much conceded, that
polemick divines of the first perspicacity could
alone determine with accuracy, where the point of
contention was ; and, if the passions of the com-
munity had not been highly excited, the dispute
would have seen an earlier termination. The re-
ligious combatants were at length agreed in the
following particulars. First, that justification and
sanctification were together in time. Secondly,
that a man must know himself justified, before
he can know himself sanctified. Thirdly, that
the spirit of God never witnesses to the realii) of
justification, vviihout a previous conviction of a
wonderful work \\Tought upon the soul. The
dift'erence between the controversialists came final-
ly to this. One party affirmed, that the firat as-
surance of a justified state originated in an abso-
lute promise, and not in a conditional one also.
The other maintained, that christian assurance
arose from a promise partly abBokite and partly
40 wiLbo:;. corroN.
SiiCT. II. conditional. The former held, that no man
1637. couid have any true assurance, without such a
sense of" a good work having been wrought up-
on his soul, as no hypocrite could attain. The
latter contended, that the only sure evidence of
continuing in a justified state was a continuance
in a state of holiness.
Mr. Wheelwright, as commanded, appeared at
court. Because however a day of general hu-
miliation was appointed, on which all the church-
es were to choose referees, for settling the differ-
ences, a respite was granted him by the court, un-
til its next session. If, at that period, he should
retract his errour, he v/as given to understand,
that he would probably experience a lenity, which
otherwise might not be expected. He answered,
If I have been guilty of sedition, let me die.
Recantation is out of the question. If you pro-
ceed thus unrighteously against me, I shall appeal
to the tribunal of my king. The court told him,
that they were satisfied of the rectitude of their
course, and that, on a revision of his case, their
decision would be exactly, what it had been ; but
if to the meditated conference among the ministers
the Lord should afford new light, they would
cheerfully use it in ordaining a new sentence.
The design of the magistrates in thus deferring
the execution of the sentence was to give ample
testimony of their uprightness. The friends of
Wheelwright had been so censorious and insolent
in their speeches in court, and so outrageous in
their conduct abroad, as to injure their cause.
VVILSOX. COTTON. 41
I'he moderate party was daily waxing stronger sect. ii.
both in numbers and influence, and were now J637.
able to crush the fanatick and his adherents.
But they were willing to make the equity of theii
measures palpable to the world, by cultivating a
temper of moderation, and still extending the
conciliatory hand.
A proof of the pious dispositions of the patri-
archs of Newengland is found in many of their in-
stitutions, and particularly in their observance of
fasts and thanksgivings. On experiencing any
publick calamity, a day of humiliation was imme-
diately ordained, and a day of thanksgiving, when
Providence had blessed them with remarkable fa-
vours. A*victory had recently been gained over
the Pequod Indians, and, on that account, the 15
June, 1637, was appropriated by all the churches
to the exercise of publick thanksgiving.
The friends of order, now making a large ma-
jority, were resolved, that their opposers should
feel their power ; and frequent opportunities oc-
curred, in which love of truth and the publick
quiet were put in opposite scales. Through the
influence of the dominant party, a man, named
Greensmith, was censured by the general court
for saying, that all the ministers, excepting two,
were principled in a covenant of works. This
had been said and punished before. The man
appealed to the king ; but he was nevertheless
committed.
The wound nowever, which fanaticism had
received, was by no means mortal. It was con-
42 WILSON. COTTON.
SECT, IT. stantly receiving balm and consolation from the
" parent coimtry. A brother of Mrs. Hutchinson
and other friends of Mr. Wheelwright, recently
arrived, immediately rallied round the antinomian
standard ; and though the administration would
allow them neither trust nor countenance, yet
they had a large portion of zeal, and of course
could not but have a portion of influence. They
were continually preaching the peculiarities of
their sect, which imbittered, poisoned, and in-
flamed the popular mind. Such were the effects
of their doctrines upon the timid and credulous,
that some became intoxicated with the joys of as-
surance, some deranged, and others were driven
to despair. One woman, in particular, of the
congregation, having been long worried with ter-
rours concerning her spiritual state, grew at length
so furious, that she threw her child into the well,
saying, '* now my damnation is inevitable."
This unhappy state of religious affairs was
viewed with concern by serious and enlightened
christians, who carefully seized upon every fa-
vourable opportunity for soothing the passions of
the populace, and giving a right direction to their
zeal. Rev. John Davenport, who, in the course
of the past month, had come hither, like many of
his profession, for the enjoyment of religious liber-
ty, was laudably instrumental in furthering the
work of peace. He preached the thursday lec-
ture from Cor. i. and in his sermon held a strong
17 Tiiiv light over the nature and dangers of those divisions,
which had sprung up in the church, and most
WILSON. COTTON. 4?>
tenderly pressed upon his hearers the duties of sect. n.
candour, forbearance, and brotherly love. 163;^.
Exhortations of this complexion were not with-
out their effect. Private meetings of ministers
and the brethren were had for the removal of
misunderstandings. A day of humiliation was
observed in all the churches with especial refe-
rence to their distracted condition, on 24 July,
and on the 30th of the same month, a conference
of ministers and elders was holden, in the hope of
effectuating pacifick measures. Here Messrs,
Wilson, Cotton, and Wheelwright were presents
The speech, made by the first of these gentlemen
before the court, which at first was so ill receiv-
ed, and which had been the subject of much sub-
sequent altercation, was now reviewed in moments
of greater tranquillity . The passions were asleep,
and the explanations of Mr. Wilson were heard
with candour. He declared to his reverend com-
panion, that, at the time of making the speech
alluded to, it was not his intention to condemn
doctrines, which they had publickly delivered,
but such opinions, as had been disseminated in
private circles, and industriously propagated to
the injury of serious preachers and upright chris-
tians. As to the rest of the speech, it was the
vmanimous opinion of the elders, that it was inof-
fensive and even justifiable under the circumstan-
ces, which called it forth. Mr. Cotton had no
objection to offer against the general sentiment ;
but gave a conciliatory exposition of the affair on
the following sunday. This sudden and favour-
4.4. 'iVlLBOV. COTTON.
SECT. II. able change in the aspect of the controversy was
1637. very observable, especially by those, who knevr,
that Mr. Wilson had formerly made, in sub-
stance, the very same declaration. The fact was,
that, in the heat of contention, words and argu-
ments had been used with gentlemen to no effect,
because not weighed with care, nor even heard
with patience.
MAug. ^'^ 2Q August, began at Cambridge the fa-
mous synod, called the assembly, at which all
the pastors, teachers, and elders in the country
were present, as well those, who had lately arri-
ved from England, as those, who were immedi-
ately connected with particular churches. Of
course Mr. Davenport was a member of the body.
Mr. Shepard, minister of the church in Cam-
bridge, introduced the labours of the assembly
by prayer. The first day was consumed in prep-
aration and arrangement. Erroneous opinions
were first laid before the synod, next improper
expressions, and lastly abuses of the scriptures.
On the second day. Rev. Peter Bulkley of Con-
cord, and Rev. I'hos. Hooker were chosen mod-
erators ; and they continued in office, until the close
of the sitting. Eighty opinions were condemned,
some as blasphemous, others as erroneous,andall,as
unsafe. Almostall the members subscribed the con-
demnation. AfeWjthoughin sentiment with the ma-
jority, thought it discreet to withhold their names.
Sevtiral members of First Church, together
with others, disliked the idea of so many opinions
being coudemned. They said, the votes of the
WILSON. eOTTON. 4;>
synod brought a reproach upon the country, sect. ii.
They disbcheved the statement, on which the ^^^yT
sense of the assembly had been taken, and called
for the names of persons, to whom these errours
W'-ere imputed. They were answered, tJiat it
could be abundantly proved, that all the errours,
which had been named, had authors and abettors
in town or in country ; but that prudence dicta-
ted the concealment of names. The minority
however were too much warmed with the sub-
ject to suffer any thing to be secreted. They
w^ere vociferous for names and witnesses. In
vain did the moderators call to order, and in vain
remind them, that, in case of disturbance, the
magistrate must interpose. It was answered,
that the magistrate had no province in such an
assembl}'. One of the moderators retorted, that,
if immediate silence did not ensue, an opportuni-
ty would be given for testing the correctness of
the two opinions. There \vas so much severity
in this sort of language, that some of the Boston
members retired, and came no more to the as-
sembly.
Five points remained in question between Mr.
Cotton and Mr. Wheelwright on the one part,
and the rest of the elders on the other. The
articles, about which the parties were at issue,
were imbodied, and the mode and meaning of
the expressions used were agreed upon by all,
excepting Mr. Wheelwright.
The first related to our union with Christ.
The question was, if the union take place before
46 WILSON. COTTON.
1637.
SECT n ^^^ operation of faith. It was agreed, that there
■ is a difference between habitual and actual faith,
and that there is no marriage union with Christ,
until faith becomes actual or operative.
The second related to the evidence of justifica-
tion. It was agreed, that saving sanctification
was coexistent, concurrent, and coapparent with
the witness of the Spirit.
It was agreed, that the new creature is not the
person of a believer, but a body of saving graces
within him ; and that Christ, as a head, quickens,
preserves, and actuates, but is himself no part of,
the same.
The fourth respected effectual calling. It was
agreed, that the soul is enlivened by an operative
faith, wrought at the time by the Spirit, and that
justification and sanctification are coeval ; yet
that God does not justify a man, before he is ef-
fectually called, or, in other words, before he is a
believer.
It was agreed, that Christ and his benefits may
be offered to a man under, but not m, or by, a
covenant of works.
When these questions were first agitated, each
party delivered its arguments in writing, which
were read in the assembly, and afterwards their
answers. This mode of doing business consum-
ed much time to no good purpose. But as soon,
as they began to state and define their questions,
the points in dispute were rendered intelligible,
and speedily settled.
WILSON. COTTON. 47
Having determined questions of right, those of sect, u
expediency came next to be considered. Ac- lesr.
cordingly the last day of its sitting, the synod de-
liberated and resolved on the following questions.
1. That though a few women may meet togeth-
er for the purposes of prayer and mutual advice*
yet such an assemblage of females, consisting of
sixty or more, as is now every week formed, in
which one of them, in the character of principal
and prophetess, undertakes to expound the scrip-
tures, resolve casuistical cases, and establish doc-
trines, is determined to be irregular and disor-
derly.
2. Though a private member may ask a ques-
tion publickly after sermon for information, yet
this ought to be very wisely and sparingly done,
and never without leave obtained of the elders ;
but questions on matters of speculation, such
as are now agitated in many places, in which doc-
trines are frequently opposed, and those deliver-
ing them bitterly reproached, is on no account
justifiable.
3. A person, refusing to come to attend publick
worship to receive church censure, may be pro-
ceeded against, though absent ; yet it is advisable,
if convenient, that the magistrate should compel
him to be present.
4. A member, differing from the rest of the
church in any opinion not fundamental, ought not
to absent himself from the celebration of ordinan-
ces ; and, if a member, thus circumstanced, shall
desire a dismission to another church, holding
48 "VVILSON. COITON.
SKCT. II. opinions agreeable to his own, the churei), to
1637. which he belongs, ought not to grant his request.
The assembly dissolved itself ; and the gov-
crnour proposed, that, since the Lord had been
graciously present with its members, and its af-
iairs had been so regularly conducted and amica-
bly concluded, a like meeting should be had
once a year, or at least the next year, to settle
what of controversy still remained doubtful, and
nourish dispositions of charity. The motion, as
it displayed the goodness of the goveniour's heart,
was universally pleasing ; but it was not thought
prudent to adopt the measure.
The governour also moved, that, as there was
a difference in different churches in the manner of
supporting their ministers, it should be agreed,
what mode of maintaining them is most evan-
gelical ; but the ministers feared to decide
upon this question, lest it should be said, that
the assembly was gathered for their own ad-
vantage.
Mr. Davenport, as he had been previously
requested by the assembly, preached from Phil,
iii. 16. In his sermon he enumerated the prin-
cipal causes of dissensions among christians, and
stated the beneficial effects of the synod. With
sound argument and much eloquence he persuad-
ed to unity his christian brethren, who now sepa-
rated under auspicious appearances. The mem-
bers of the assembly were boarded, and those
belonging to Connecticut were brought and re-
turned, at the publick charge.
16J
WILSON. COTTOX. 49
However satisfactory might have been the re- sect. i.i.
suit of the synod to the churches in general, some
of the members of First Church were so dissatis-
fied with it, that, because the success of the synod
was mentioned, as one of the causes of gratitude
to God, in the autumnal thanksgiving, they ab-
sented themselves from the religious exercise
This disrespect to the doings of the assembly
was contagious. The hopes of peace, 'fondly
indulged for a time, were found to be illusive.
Though Mr. Wheelwright and his party had
been confuted in the assembly, yet they persisted
in their opinions, and were as busy as ever in
nourishing the spirit of ecclesiastical contention.
On 2 November, the general court assem-
bled at Cambridge. They found,that two so op-
posite parties could not continue in the same
body, without putting to hazard the peace, if not
the existence of the whole. Former disputes
were renewed with all their former virulence ; and
the fires of party, which had been seemingly
quenched, were found only to have been smother-
ed. Mr. Wheelwright, by persisting in his owii
justification, rendered abortive all previous exer-
tions for establishing a reconciliation. He was
accordingly banished the government. He ap»
pealed to the king ; but he was told and convin-
ced, that an appeal of this sort was nugatory.
He of course relinquished it ; and the court per
mitted him to go to his own house, upon promis-
ing, that he would leave the jurisdiction, within
jO WILSON. COTTOX.
SECT. ir. fourteen days. The breach of this promise was
~~^Y to be followed by a surrender of his person to the
niiigistrate.
It was thought best to pursue a course of ener-
getick policy towards bringing the controversy to
a close ; and to follow up the severity towards
Mr. W. by a similar treatment of his sister.
Mrs. Hutchinson was accordingly sent for by
the court. She was formally accused of the er-
rours in sentiment and practice, which have al-
ready been described,* and the charges were
sustained by a host of witnesses. This trial was
very extraordinary. Perhaps the ecclesiastical
annals of no country can furnish a similar instance.
On her entering the court, she was addressed
by govcrnour Winthrop in a strain of uncommon
solemnity. " Mrs. Hutchinson," says he, " you
are called here,as one of those, who have troubled
the peace of the commonwealth and of the
churches. You are known to be a woman, who
have had a great share in divulging and promo-
ling those opinions, which cause our present
troubles, and to be nearly joined not only in affini-
ty and affection with some, whom the court have
noticed and censured, but you have spoken di-
vers things injurious to the honour of these
churches and their ministers. You have also
maintained a meeting in your house, which has
been condemned by the general court, as a thing
not comely in the sight of God, nor suitable to
your sex ; and, notwithstanding it was condemn-
• P. 28,
WILSON. COTTON. Jrl
ed in the opinion of all sober and judicious per- sect ii
sons, you have continued the same. We have jgo^^
therefore thought it good to send for you, to un-
derstand how things are, that, if you are in an er-
roneous way, we may reduce you, that so you
may become an exemplary and profitable christian
among us. Otherwise, if you shall be obstinate
in your errours, the court will take such a course,
as to prevent your giving us further trouble. I
therefore entreat you to say explicitly, whether
you hold and assent to those opinions and factions,
which have already been handled in court."
Whilst the governour was making this speech,
and during some time of her first appearance be-
fore the court, she was modest and reserved ;
but her judges entreated her to be open, and in-
sisted upon an honest confession of her secret
sentiments, respecting the merit and manner of
preaching common among the ministers. She
still seemed unwilling fully to reveal her mind.
They began to question her, and she to answer
them. As much as two days was she before the
governour and assistants, perplexed and irritated
by their queries. Sometimes indeed she an-
swered with too much pertness and pride ; but,
for the most part, she referred her accusers and
judges to the scriptures, whose authority they all
acknowledged, and whose words, it must be con-
fessed, as urged by the woman, often caused
them some little confusion. Mr. Cotton was im>
plicated in the examination, and by the mildness
of his manner,' and his nice discriminations con.
52 WILSON. COTTON*
SECT. II. tributed to increase the embarrassment of the
j(S57. court. At leng'th it was voted to banish Mrs. H.
from the jurisdiction, as a woman unfit for their
society, and to imprison her, until the execution
of the sentence.
In reflecting upon the course of behaviour
pursued in regard to this affair, we can hardly
help dropping a tear of compassion over the intol-
erance of the age, and the hardship attending the
case of this female fanatick. It is true, there was
plenary evidence, that she possessed an unquiet,
bold, and turbulent spirit, and was full of enthusi-
asm ; yet it is oasy to see, that the whole contro-
versy originated in too strict an adherence to the
words of the scriptures, without regarding their
connexion and spirit, and in a strong attachment
to an unbendmg discipline.
The errour vv^as not invisible to several mem-
bers of First Church. Though they too much
favoured the extravagant fancies of Mrs. H. yet
it was not solely on that account, that they es-
poused her cause. They thought, that a spirit of
unjustifiable persecution had been indulged, and
they were determined to resent it. Their ill-will
accordingly manifested itself against the govcr-
iiour. They were desirous, that the ministers
should call him before them to answer for the part,
he had acted in the affair. Advertised of their
wishes, he exculpated himself to the congregation.
He told them, that if he were arraigned, he should
advise with the elders concerning the power of
the church to interlere in civil concerns. He
WILSON. COTTON. o.3
then showed, that he was in the exercise of his sect, n.
functions, as a civil magistrate ; that in that capac- igsr.
ity there was no power paramount to his ; and
that though, as a member of the church of Christ,
he was, hke other members, subject to its rules,
yet, as a ruler in one of the kingdoms of thio
world, he ought to command the obedience of
christians. " What I have done," says he, " in
this affair, I have done for the maintenance of
peace, I can justify by instances in sacred history
every part of my conduct. If priests have some-
times laid restraint upon kings, these in turn
have undertaken the control of priests. If a
magistrate should be guilty of taking private
property by theft, he would be amenable to the
church ; but if, in discharging the duties of his
office, he should banish from the state a disorderly
subject, whether or not belonging to the church,
I should consider him, as acting without the con-
trol of any ecclesiastick authority. I am also able
to justify my conduct in this affair by the opinion
of several of the clergy and other christian breth-
ren, whose advice I have taken and very carefully
followed. In short, I have acted in the whole ol
this business conformably to my oath, which
obliges me to do whatever I think for the glory of
God and the common good. It has long been
manifest to my friends as well, as to myself, that
these opposite parties would not live together in
peace, and that the only method of restoring tran-
quillity to the state was the banishing of the
greatest offenders."
54, WILSON. CQTTOX.
SECT. II. In the month of March, 1638, Mrs. Hutchin-
jg.g son took up her residence in Roxbury. Here
she was visited both by the wise and foolish, both
,March. ^y ^^^^ wellmcaning peacemaker and the queru-
lous disputant. Some went to her house to dis-
cover the extent and depth of her errours, some
to cure, and others to multiply and aggravate
them. The bruit of her heresy was indeed renew-
ed with so much ardour, that the magistrates
found it necessary to summon her before them.
15 March. She C:^me, and on 15 March, at a publick lec-
ture, appointed for the purpose, her errours were
enumerated and condemned. She herself was
solemnly admonished before the whole congrega-
tion. Mr. Cotton read the admonition, and une-
quivocally reproved the proud and contentious
spirit, which had appeared in a woman, who had
formerly been among the warmest of his admir-
ers. The general court was now sitting at
Cambridge ; but the govcrnour and treasurer,be-
ing members of First Church, were permitted to
join the congregation in approving the punish-
ment.
On 22 March, Mrs. H. appeared again. In
the hope of her repentance, she had been libera-
ted by the court. She had resided, a little while,
at the house of Mr. Cotton, that he and Mr. Dav-
enport might have opportunity of fully detecting
her errours, exposing them to her conscience, and
inducing a penitent temper. Their exhortations
were not wholly without effect. She retracted in
writing most of what were called her JamiiisticaJ
WILSON. COTTON. 55
©pinions ; yet with such modifications and restric- sect. ir.
tions, as rendered her acknowledgment of no val- ^^^s.
lie in the estimation of the church. They requir-
ed an oral explanation, which should express
more clearly a renunciation of her heresies. She
then declared, that it was Justin God to leave her
to imbibe and disseminate these wrong opinions,
for slighting his sacred ordinances and reviling
the rulers of his people. This confession, which
was made apparently under the influence of a
christian temper, and which concluded with a re-
quest for the prayers of the church in her behalf,
awakened an expectation, that she might return to
something like a decorous behaviour. But this
expectation was baseless, as the fabrick of a vis-
ion. The moment they came to particular defi-
nitions, she was as wild and impudent as ever ; and
so palpable were her contradictions, that she as-
tonished and alienated those, who had formerly
been her advocates. The last gleam of hope
having fled, that she would ever conduct herself,
as a sober and peaceable member of the church, a
motion was made for her excommunication.
Feeling a tenderness for the woman, and some-
what of horrour at the contemplated measure, some
were for substituting another admonition ; but
the vote passed, and Mr. Wilson pronounced the
sentence. The transaction is recorded in the fol-
lowing words. " Ann, the v/ife of our brother
William Hutchinson, having, on the 15th of the
third month, been openly in publique congrega-
tion, admonished of sundry errours held by her,
56 AVILSON. COITON'.
SECT. II. was, on the same 22d day, cast out of the church
1^^ for impeniteutly persisting in a manifest lye, then
expressed by her in open congregation, the 15th
of the same month, 1638."
After excommunication, her spirits, which had
been previously depressed, revived, and she glori-
ed in her sufferings, thanking God, that she was
counted worthy to be abused for the sake of
Christ. But her own joy, on this event, could
not have exceeded what was felt by the bulk of
the people. They had so long been agitated by
this vexatious affair, and such bickerings had it
caused in families as well, as churches, that the
prospect of its termination was universally pleas-
ing.
Notwithstanding the order of court, Mrs.
Hutchinson seemed inclined to linger among her
friends. Accordingly, two or three days after her
excommunication, the governour sent her a war-
rant, obliging her to leave the limits of the juris-
diction, before the close of the month, and to
abide in her house, until her departure. On the
28th, she went by water to her farm at Mount
Wollaston, whence she wiis to sail with Mr.
Wheelwright's family for Piscataqua. But she
changed her mind, and journeyed by land to
Providence, and thence proceeded to an island in
the Narraganset bay, which her husband and
others of her sect had purchased of the Indians,
with the view of commencing a settlement by
themselves.
WILSON. COTTON. if
Althoiigh Mrs. Hutchinson was gone, it was sec r. ii.
Jong, before the effects of the controversy respect- jg-^
ing her ceased. Neighbouring congregations
could not but be interested in it ; and it had pro-
duced a strong sensation in the whole vicinit}'.
Roxbury church, in particular, contained mem-
bers, who subscribed the obnoxious petition, ^^s"':'
They were however admonished at first, and,
because they would not submit to the censures of
the church, were eventually excommunicated.
xVlthough it should seem, that the magistrates
and ministers, united as they were in governing
the state and church, were terrible and irresistible
in their sway, yet there were not wanting instan-
ces, in which their power was defied. Just be-
fore the expulsion of Mrs. H. and whilst the
court was sitting, one John Green of Providence
wrote a letter to the governour and assistants in
an uncour'cly style. This man had accused the
court, and probably with reason, of acting in an
arbitrary manner ; of persecuting Mr. Williams
and his friends ; and of cruelly restraining them
from divulging their opinions. This freedom of
speech had procured him a fine. He had ac-
knowledged his errour, and his fine had been re-
mitted. But now he crimhiated his former sub-
mission, and justified himself in his first act of
repugnance to what he deemed an intolerant spir-
it. It was to no purpose to send to Rhodeisland
for this offender ; but the court ordered, that, if
he and certain others, believed his confederates',
iT
58 WILSON. COTTON.
SECT. II. bhoiikl be found in this jurisdiction, they should
15J8 cither confess their fault, or obligate themselves,
on pain of imprisonment, to be seen no more
hereafter within the limits of the state.
At this court also several military officers of
distinction, who had espoused the fanaticism of
Mrs. Hutchinson, were sent for and examined.
They acknowledged, that they had been misled
by the pretence of exalting Christ and debasing
the creature. Experience had taught them, that
they had followed a delusion, the natural tendency
of which was to promote schism among church-
es and individual christians. They blessed God,
that he had showed them their errour, before it
had become fatal to their peace.
Thus ended one of the most intricate, vexatious,
and unhappy disputes, that ever distracted an in-
fant community. Much blame undoubtedly
belongs to the antinomian party, by whom it
originated ; but the magistrates and ministers
are not wholly to be exculpated. Our ancestors
had settled this country for the sake of enjoying
1 he rights of conscience and the liberty of private
judgment. Yet here was a woman arraigned,
condemned by the court, expelled from the
church, and banished the commonwealth for doing
nothing more, than the exercise of this freedom
implies. The catastrophe of this deluded and un-
fortunate woman and her family it is melancholy
to relate. Her husbiind, being one of the pur-
chasers of Aquetneck, sold his estate in Massa-
chusetts, and removed with his family to that isb
Wn.SON. COTTON 5f
and. On the death of Mr. H. in 1642, Mrs. ^^^'^- "•
Hutchinson, dissatisfied with the people or place, '638.
removed to the Dutch country beyond New Ha-
ven ; and, the year after, she and all her family,
consisting of sixteen persons, were killed by the
Indians, with the exception of one daughter,
whom they carried into captivity.* Several
strange stories respecting this woman and her
companion, Mrs. Dyer, are to be found in Win-
throp's journal, which at this day arc hardly cred-
ible. They are of little importance, and hold no
proper connexion with the merits of the contro-
versy.
Although we have reprobated the spirit, with
which this long dispute was managed, on the part
of the governour and the majority of the clergy)
yet perhaps they could hardly have been more
lenient. On a first view of the affair, we are
ready to wonder, that the private opinions of a
woman, and even the parlour lectures, she was
pleased to hold at her house, should excite so
strongly the apprehensions of the most learned
and powerful men in the state. We are ready
to ask, what harm could have arisen from the sen-
timents, lectures, and even calumnies of this in-
fatuated female, so long as she enjoyed no pecu-
liar political privilege, and could nowise direct
the power of the magistrate. Yet reflection
teaches us, that human nature was the same at
that period, as it is now ; and we know, that those,
* Holmes's Ann. i. 29S.
60 ^^ llsox. ^o tion".
who then held the reins of government in the
state and church, were wise and good men. Can-
dour therefore would lead us to conclude, that
they did what, on the whole, was best to be done,
and that the peace of the christian community
could not otherwise have been preserved.
The temper of these times is visible in the care
taken by the court to guard against extravagance
in dress. It was imagined by some of the magis-
trates, that the women indulged themselves in too
much expense this way. They accordingly con-
ferred with the ministers on the subject, and
charged them to address themselves to the con-
sciences of their hearers. The ministers promis-
ed to attend to the matter ; but it was found, that
their own wives participated in this fault, and
therefore little was effected in the business.
Two years since, a Mr. Bernard, of Batcomb,
Somersetshire, England, transmitted a manuscript
to the magistrates, and another to the ministers,the
object of which was to show, that the mode of
gathering churches in this country was wrong.
So busily had the clergy been occupied, since
the arrival of this work, with the hutchinsonian
dispute and its consequent mischiefs, that none
had found time to answer it. It was now an-
swered by Mr. Cotton, who, about this time also,
replied to another treatise written in defence of
a form of prayer.
In Decern !)er, this year, a woman was hanged
for murdering one of her children. She had been
a member of the church at Salem, but had been
WILSOy. COTTON- 6i
excommunicated for antinomianism ; and she pre- sect. ii.
tended to justify her crime by internal rcvela- i^3cj7
tions.
On the recommendation of the magistrates and
ministers, a fast was kept to deplore the prevalence
of the small-pox, the want of zeal in the profes-
sors of religion, and the general decay of piety.
Mr. Cotton, in his exercises on that occasion,
copiously and particularly lamented his own and
the church's indolence and credulity, whence it
happened, that the errours, which had required
immense labour to extirpate, had become so gen-
erally disseminated. He stated the particular rea-
sons and manner of his deception, and justified
the measures, which had been adopted to expa-
triate the fomentors of ecclesiastical discord.
The behaviour of the hutchinsonians but too
well justified the severity, they had experienced-
At Aquida, whither they had retired, they were
constantly broaching some diabolical errour.
Among other foolish notions, they maintained,
that women had no souls, that moral virtues were
the antichrist mentioned by the apostle Paul, and
that the devil and the Holy Ghost had an indwel-
ling with every believer.
Those, who went to the falls of Piscataqua,gath-
ered a church there. They wrote to First Church,
desiring the dismissal of Mr. Wheelwright,
whom they were about to employ, as an officer.
First Church refused to comply with the request,
because Wheelwright did not himself join in the
6.2 V;iLSON. COTTOX.
SECT. II. request. A personal application on his part was
""[^ afterwards made, which was immediately granted.
A Mrs. Oliver of Salem, whose temper had
been soured by sufferings in England for noncon-
formity, caused the court, about this time, no lit-
tle uneasiness. The magistrates and churches of
Massachusetts were also much disturbed by the
contentions at Providence. The degree of eccle-
siastical liberty, which Mr. Williams there intro-
duced, seems to have been greater, than the peo-
ple were able to bear ; and he had acted on max-
ims, the consequences of which were not clearly
foreseen.
A church, recently formed at Weymouth,
settled a minister by the name of Leathall, who
became unpopular at court. It was alleged
against him, that he innovated upon the order of
the churches, and, in particular, that he was for
the general admission of baptized persons to the
communion, without a particular examination of
their faith. However salutary this species of re-
form might be, in certain circumstances, it was
inexpedient at that age of the Newengland church.
It brought upon Mr. L. and his church the whole
weight of the odium theologicum. His measures
were controlled ; and he was compelled publickly
to retract his opinions. This was not all. It was
unsafe to express an opinion, that the christians at
Weymouth had a right to institute whatever dis-
cipline they conceived to be agreeable to the
scriptures. Every man, in short, who attempted
to act unfettered bv the decrees of the court, and
WiLSON. COTTOI^. 6 ^
tiie judgment of the ministers, found himself cir- sect. ii.
cumscribed. The punishment of one Britton, in igs?
particular, is worth recording. He had spoken
reproachfully of the answer, which was written to
Mr. Bernard's book, against the mode of consti-
tuting and governing the American churches, and
had moreover freely espoused the cause of Mr.
Leuthall. For this conduct, as he had no prop-
erty to pay a fine, which they might impose, he
was openly whipped.
In the beginning of this year, the church was
troubled with a Capt. Underhill, who, after be-
having in a licentious manner in Boston, went to
Piscataqua, where he derided the censures and
authority of the church.
Mr. Cotton, preaching from Kings viii. 8. un-
dertook to show, that, when magistrates are oblig-
ed to provide for the maintenance of ministers,
the churches are in a declining condition. He
gave it, as his opinion, that the preaciiers of the
gospel should be supported, not by lands, reve-
nues, and tithes, which are the occasion of pride,
contention, and sloth, but by the voluntary con-
tributions of 'heir hearers.
At Providence Mr. W. and some of his com-
pany were rebaptized, a f^cw months since ; after
which he denied communion with all others.
Now again he was ready to question his second
b5*ptism, unable to derive its authority from the
apostles, otherwise than by the ministers of Eng-
land, whom he judged no authority whatever.
In this difficulty he imagined, that God would
C4 "WILSON. LOl rOK.
si:cT. ir. raise up some apostolick power. He thereiorc
1639. devoted himself to the expectation of that office.
Formerly he could commune with none, but his
wife, no^v he was in charity with professors of
every class. On account of his thus shifting his
ground, some of his followers left him, and re-
turned to the churches, whence they had issued.
A lesson on morals may be taken from a cir-
cumstance, which, this year, happened. At the
general court, holden in November, great com-
plaint was made of the oppression of certain tra-
ders. One Robert Kaine, who kept a shop in
Boston, was notorious. The deputies fined him
200/. and the magistrates 100/. The last sum
only was paid. After the court had censured
him, he was called to account by First Church.
He bewailed his offence ; but a partial defence was
set up by him or his friends, on the ground, that
if a man lost in one commodity, he might make it
up in another, and that, if through ignorance a man
had sriven more for an article, than it was worth in
Europe, he might sell it for more, than it was
worth in Newengland. These things afforded
Mr. Cotton an opportunity, on the next lecture
day, to expose the errour of such false principles,
and to give some directions on the subject. The
false principles were these. 1. A man may sell
as dear, and buy as cheap, as he can. 2. If a
man lose by casualty in some of his commodi-
tics, he may raise the price of the rest. 3. That
he may sell, as he bought, though he paid too
dear, and though the commodity be fallen. 4,
WILSON. COTTON'. 65
That as a man may take tlie advantage of his own sect. it.
skill, so also he may of another's ignorance or nc- ""^eso"^
cessity. 5. Where time is given for payment,
the same recompense is to be taken of one, as of
another.
Rules for trading were these. 1. A man may
not sell above the current price, that is, such a
price, as is usual in the time and place, and as
another, who knows the worth of the commodity,
would give for it, if he wanted it ; as that is cal-
led current money, which every one will take. 2.
When a man loses in his commodity for want of
skill, he must look at it, as his own fault or cross,
and therefore must not lay it upon another. 3.
When a man loses by casualty of sea, it is a loss
cast upon himself by providence, and he may not
ease himself of it by casting it upon another. For
a man would thus seem to provide against all
providences, that he should never lose. But
where there is a scarcity of the commodity, there
men may raise their price, for now it is a hand of
God upon the commodity, and not the person. 4.
A man may not ask more for his commodity, than
his selling price, as Ephron to Abraham, the land
is worth so much.
Some of the brethren were for excommunica-
ting the man ; but he was excused by a simple
admonition, on the presumption, that his errour
was rather in his judgment, than in his heart.
Towards the close of the year 1639, the con-
gregation meditated the rebuilding of their housr
T
65 WILSON. COTTOX.
SECT. 11. of worbhip. The old one, which was erected in
^^.50 1632, having become not only decayed, but also
too small to accommodate the people, there was
no question about the necessity of a new house,
but a ^vidc and warm difference of opinion re-
specting where it should stand. Some of the
inhabitants were for placing it on what was then
called the green, now probably common street,
which was the governour's first lot. Others, par-
ticularly the tradesmen, were inclined to build it
still nearer the market, than where the old one
stood, which was near the spot now occupied by
the northwest corner of the Exchange. Many
words were expended in both talking and writing
on the subject. Mr. Cotton, without whom nei-
ther ecclesiastical, civil, nor secular affairs appar-
ently prospered, at length interfered. It was un-
safe, in his opinion, to remove it to the green, as
many persons had purchased and settled round
the market, in the expectation of being accommo-
dated, as in other things, so in their proximity to
the place of worship. It was finally determined
with a good degree of harmony to erect the new
church on the plat, where the Old Brick lately
stood, and which now is covered by the block of
buildings in cornhill square. The contractors
for the work calculated, that it would cost 600/.
They offered to take the old for half that sum,
and the complement was to be supplied by volun-
tary contributions of the people. The church
however cost about 1000/. ; yet the expenses
WILSON. COTTON. ^7
were defrayed without either murmurs or assess- sect. ii.
ments. ig3?.
The religious society was now in a prosperous
state. That disaffection, which a majority of the
members had formerly manifested towards the
pastor and governour, had happily subsided, and
all was tranquillity and love. A while since,
these gentlemen were viewed, as under a covenant
of works, and having no interest in the doctrines
of grace. But, under these suspicions and cool
treatment, they had behaved with great meek-
ness, never complaining of unkind usage, nor
manifesting zeal for the propagation of their own
opinions. Though often and strongly solicited
to withdraw themselves from communion, they
had withstood the solicitation, until now the odi-
um, which was upon them, had gradually worn
away, and they found themselves in possession of
the wonted confidence and affection of their
friends. The governour in particular had a proof
of the returning love of the brethren, when, suf-
fering a heavy loss, through the delinquency of a
bailiff, they generously presented him with 2Q0/,
Men of prudence have here a fresh stimulus to
perseverance in a course of moderation, and a
new proof, that principle and truth will cventualh.-
triumph over faction and falsehood.
In truth, the temper of the times had begun to
soften, and, if theological combatants had lost
none of their inward bitterness, they had yet
learned to contend with better manners. Some-
what of this accommodating disposition is visible
65 WILSOX. COTTON.
SECT. II. in a dispute, M'hich happened about this time be-
""" jgo(j tween the magistrates and ministers, concerning
the frequency and length of lectures. It was
matter of observation and complaint among many,
that the minds of the people were too highly ex-
cited on the subject of religion, and that their
health and property were impaired by a continml
routine of devotional exercises. It was thereif:;rc
proposed, that the general court should correct
the procedure by some wholesome restrictions.
Ministers vrere grieved at the proposal and said,
that, admitting the evil to exist, it ought not to be
cured in this way ; for it would be a virtual sub-
jection of the ecclesiastical to the civil authority,
whicli would go to abridge the liberties of the
church, and create a stigma on the age in the eye
of posterity. Finding the clergy so hurt by the
intended measure, and knowing their influence in
the community, the magistrates pushed the mat-
ter no further. The discussion was nevertheless
attended with salutary consequences.
1640. It seemed, as though the hutchinsonian contro-
versy was never to be terminated. In March,
1640, the church sent a deputation of three mem-
bers to Aquida to learn the grounds, upon which
the church in that place admitted to communion
excommunicated members. But the mission
was v/orse than useless. It served to foment a
parly spirit at home, and to exasperate the minds
of those, for whose benefit the measure was in-
tended. The persons, admonished, disclaimed any
alliance with First Church, and of course its au-
WILSOX. COTTON. c9
thority. They had adjoined themselves to anoth- sect. ii.
er church, and, as members of the new church, ^^^^
claimed the right of making their own regula-
tions. This was not the only instance of the ac-
tive, artful, and persevering spirit of Mrs. Hutch-
inson. She was continually fruitful of contrivan-
ces to secure her power, and to entangle in her
toils the young and unwary. Two young men,
designed for the ministry, by the names of Col-
lins and Hales, were successively led by curiosity
to be acquainted with so extraordinary a charac-
ter. Their curiosity ended in a complete subjec-
tion to her sway.
Ineffectual as had been many efforts of the
church towards producing a penitent temper in
her refractory children, there is an instance on
record of a different sort. One capt. Underbill, a
notorious rogue, had often been admonished and
suspended, and was at length cast out of the
church for his ambitious, lascivious, and adulte-
rous conduct. Still he showed no signs of re-
pentance. Waxing worse and worse, he seemed
ripening for eternal perdition. At Piscataqua he
had established a church, and put himself in the
governour's chair. But his civil and ecclesiasti-
cal power was wholly directed to promote his own
selfish and diabolical ends. Once indeed he pre-
tended to something like a reformation ; but his
hypocrisy was too evident to deceive the most
charitable and credulous christian. All at once
however he came from the eastward, and threw
himself at the feet of the cliurch. All disguise
TO "WILSON. COTTON.
SECT. u. ^ind palliation and pride were at an end. With
"^^ abundance of tears he bewailed and aggravated his
offences, justifying the afflictive dispensations of
providence towards him, and all the frowns and
censures of the church. He went to the a-en.eral
court, which was then sitting, and there repeated
his dolorous contritions. Yet not many months
elapsed, before he was as diligently as ever at
work in scenes of contention and iniquity.
Ever since the commencement of the hutchin-
1641. sonian dispute, there had been so much talk and
dissensions about the rights of the church and the
authority of the court, that it was thought neces-
sary by some, that the power of each should be
exactly defined. A motion to this effect had
been made, at a former session of the legislature.
At the session holden in October, 1640, the sub-
ject went through a new discussion ; but there
was so great a difference of opinion among the
members, that no decision was obtained.
In the face however of that rigorous discipline,
which was supported by the joint authority of
magistrates and ministers, there were some, who
were bold enough to indulge the utmost liberty of
thought and expression. A Mr. Hugh Bewett, for
instance, made no secret of declaring his belief,
that he was free from original sin, and that, for
some time past, he had been guilty of no actual
transgression. In this avowal he seemed desirous
of gaining no peculiar reputation for sanctity ;
for he maintained, that similar purity of life is at-
tainable by christians in gencj-al. Yet he was
WILSON. COTTON. 7.1
thought a monster of impiety, and by the court of ^ect h.
assistants banished the jurisdiction. ~Imi~
At the autumnal session of the general court, in
1641, it was ordered, that the ministers should
agree upon a form of catechism, which should be
printed for general use.
It was again the misfortune of our church to
be troubled with one or two members of the
Hutchinson family. Rumours of their new and
increasing heresies at Aquida had sometimes
reached this part of the country ; but, as they
were at a great distance, little apprehension was
felt concerning them. Becoming every thing by
turns, they at length turned baptists ; andj as if
the parent church had not been sufficiently en-
lightened with their new divinity, a son of Mrs.
H. and a son-in-law, named Collins, came to Bos-
ton with a fresh supply of innovating doctrines.
It was now taught by these fanaticks, that there
had been founded no true churches, since the
days of the apostles ; that the church was at
present in the wilderness ; that she could enjoy
no ordinances, and make no progress, until she
came forth from her state of darkness. Hearing
certain of their scandalous speeches against First
Church and the civil government, the govemour
sent for Collins and Hutchinson, who came before
him, and who, refusing to acknowledge contrition
for their errours, \vere committed to prison. The
court afterwards fined the former of these men
100/. and the latter 50/. ; but, as they utterly re
fused to pay, patiently remaining imprisoned, the
72 WILSON. COTTON".
SECT. II. magistrates relented, remitted their fines, and
iCAi S'^^^' them their liberty.
Perhaps die morals of the inhabitants of the
tow a never were purer, since its setdement,than at
the present period. It is said, that of twelve hun-
dr(^d men bearing arms on a training day not one
was intoxicated, or guilty of using profane lan-
guage.
It may be proper here to mention an instance
of pastoral fidelity in Mr. Cotton. It was moved
in caucus by one Mr. Hathorne, a man of some
influence, that two of their deputies, of long-
standing, who had fallen into low circumstances,
but otherwise respectable, should be dropped and
succeeded by others in more eligible circumstan-
ces. Mr. Cotton, hearmg of the project, took
occasion, on the next lecture day, pointedly,
though prudently, to condemn it. He taught,
that, if old and faithful officers had grown poor in
the publick service, they should be maintained at
the publick expense. The reproof was clearly
understood and pungently felt ; for the motion
was never renewed.
The unbounded liberty of opinion, which was
^^*-- tolerated at Providence, was, at times, the occasion
of no little disturbance. Gorton was incessantly
busy and sometimes mischievous. It was con-
tended amongst them by some, that a portion of
power belonged to the church ; others maintained,
that she had none. Mr. Williams moderated the
fury of the parties.
WILSON", corrox. 73
One Turner of Churlestovvn, having led an sect. Ji.
immoral life, became alarmed at his situation by iq^TT
the preaching of Mr. Shepard. His religious
melanclioly rose to such an intolerable height, that
he threw himself into a pit and drowned.
William Aspinwall, who had formerly been
banished for his adherence to Wheelwright, came
and voluntarily confessed his errours, and was
received into the bosom of the church. He did
the same to the general court, who thence released
his banishment.
Capt. Underhill was now in favour with the
ehurch, who assisted him in his preparations to
go with his family and seek a settlement among
the Dutch in the state of Newyork.
A cooper's wife at Hingham, under the influ-
ence of enthusiasm, went to a creek in the neigh-
bourhood of her house and threw in her child,
about three years old, with an intention to drown
it. This attempt was repeated, though it proved
successless through the interposition of passen-
gers. She assigned no other reason for her conduct,
than an endeavour to save her child from ever-
lasting misery ; and she could not endure, that it
should suffer that torment, of which she was cer-
tain. She insisted upon it, that she had sinned
against the Holy Ghost, and was incapable of re- '
pentance.
In this year appeared a surreptitious edition of
Mr. Cotton's book on the seven vials. A Mr.
Humphrey had gotten the notes from a man, who
71. W ILSOX. COl TON.
SECT. u. had taken them in shorthand from the preacher's
564'2. mouth, and printed them in London. Mr. Cotton
complained much and justly of this injury ; not
that he was ashamed of his sentiments, but he
was entitled to the care, at least, of perusing aixl
correcting the copy, before it was printed.
Almost every year brought generous contribu-
tions of people into the infant settlement from the
parent country. Latterly however from the cir-
culation of unfriendly reports concerning New-
cngland, the spirit of emigration had greatly cool-
ed. It was therefore a pleasing circumstance to
welcome, in September of this year, the arrival of
Mr. William Hibbins with a small company,
whose dispositions and habits were in unison
with the feelings and views of those, who had
already become attached to the soil. Their voy-
age had been perilous, and their thanksgiving to
almighty God for the escape, they had made from
a world of dangers, v/ere proportionally fervent
and observable.
It was in this year, that Messrs. Cotton, Daven-
})ort, and Hooker received an invitation from
England to visit that country, for the purpose of
sitting in synod upon the principles and mode of
ecclesiastical government. The request excited
much attention and a diversity of opinion. Mr.
Cotton, at first, thought favourably of a compli-
ance, and so thought Mr. Davenport ; but Mr.
Hooker, in this instance wiser than his brethren,
openly gave it, as his opinion, that it was not their
duty to leave their flocks in this wilderness, and
WILSON. COITON. 75
and traverse an ocean of three thousand miles ^ect.ii.
to enter upon disquisitions and a controversy, of i642.
which it was impossible to foresee the probable
termination. Several circumstances, fortiniately
for these worthy divines, obstructed their voy-
age ; for letters soon were received from Eng-
land, informing of a breach between the king and
parliament, and advising the ministers to remain
in Newengland.
Another application of a different nature shortly
after was received from Virginia. It was addres-
sed to the general court, and gentlemen of influ-
ence in the community, beseeching them to send
ministers of the gospel into that region, that its
inhabitants might be privileged with the preach-
ing and ordinances of Jesus Christ. Messrs.
Phillips, Tomson, and Miller were designated by
a meeting of the ministers at thursday lecture ;
but Mr. T. only could be prevailed on to obey
the call.
If ministers were unwilling to emigrate from
Massachusetts, others were differently inclined.
Many persons, growing discontented with their
situation, thought to mend it by a removal ; but
they not only thence lost the benefit of the educa-
tion, discipline, and worship of christians ; but
also plunged themselves into new and inextrica-
ble difficulties of a temporal kind. These dis-
tresses excited so much sympathy, and the pro-
pensity to emigrate nevertheless continuing, that it
began to be a question in the church, whether,
among christians thus situated, emigration was
"WII.rjON. COTTON.
lawful. It was said, on the one part, that people
coming together into a wilderness of beasts and
savages, and here entering into a state of civil and
ecclesiastical society, do implicitly bind them-
selves to support that social state. How then
can they break away from such a society without
the general consent ? Who would abandon the
privileges of European society for a residence in
the desert, if he must run the risk of being left
to subdue it alone ? If one may take up his
connexions, so may another ; and in ihe event of
a general departure, where is the commonwealth,
the hope of so many ardent and excellent minds ?
Where is the church, which was planted with so
much difficulty, and watered with so many tears ?
On the other side, it was alleged, that, if restraint
was begun to be laid on the actions of settlers,
there was no knowing, what would be the end ;
that enterprize would be checked ; that it was
resisting that very liberty, in the exercise of
which this colony was commenced ; and that
people never would vigorously assist in builds
ing up a state, in v^hich they were compelled
to remain. It was therefore pretty generally
agreed, that ail should enjoy their freedom, though
it clearly was the duty of each one to choose
rather with Moses to suffer affliction with the
people of God, than to seek temporal ease and
pleasure at the hazard of ruin.
In November, 1G42, arrived here from the isl-
and of Madeira a small ship laden with wines and
iruitj in which came her owner, Mr. Parish. This
WILSON. COTTON. 77
gentleman had lived several years with papists stxt. ii.
and jcs>uils, who endeavoured to dissuade him .J642
from coming to Newengland, telling him, that its
inhabitants were the worst of all hereticks, the
destroyers of bishops and churches, and the pro-
moters of all sorts of mischief. On coming to
this country however, he found the previous rep-
resentations of it to have been, false. He blessed
the providence of God, which had conducted him
hither, and departed with a declaration, that he
would not lose what he had gotten in Boston for
the wealth of the world.
On hearing the news of the civil wars between ^54-
the king and parliament of England, First Church
devoted a day to fasting and prayer ; and her ex
ample was followed by most of her sister church-
es. These days of humiliation, in the opinion of
the magistrates, were becoming too frequent ; but
they neither durst nor chose to abridge the liberty
of the churches.
The mode of raising the salaries of ministers
was different in different churches. Some did it
by taxation, others by voluntary contribution.
On 4 June, Mr. Knolles, having returned
from Virginia, whither he and his fellowlabourers
had gone to disseminate the gospel, presented
letters from respectable gentlemen in that region
to the governour and some of the ministers. It
appeared that the mission had been productive of
happy effects.
There are instances of seventy in the discipline
of the church, which have been salutary in the
rs ^vILSo^!. cotton.
SECT. II. issue. A Mrs. Hett had been cast out for her
1643. wicked and blaspliemous speeches, who became
alarmed at her situation, reformed her manners,
and returned to the discharge of her pious and
social duties.
In this year, assembled all the ministers of Mas-
sachusetts in the town of Cambridge. About
fifty composed the assembly. They all boarded
in commons, during the session ; and their diet
was so simple and so economical, that each meal
was furnished to the members for sixpence a
piece. Mr. Cotton and Mr. Hooker were the
moderators. The object of the convention was
to resist the attempts of certain persons, lately ar-
rived at Newbury, and others to establish a pres-
bytery.
The church was troubled with the errours of
the fanatical Gorton, whom the governour took
with his adherents and brought to Boston. At
first they refused to attend pubhck worship, but
were at length prevailed on to hear Mr. Cotton,
on condition that they might have liberty of re^
plying to his arguments. The opinions of this
sect, like those of Mrs. Hutchinsow, were a com-
pound of Calvinism and fatalism, and almost utter-
ly unintelligible to the generality of christians.
They maintained, for instance, " that there was
nothing now but Christ ; that ordinances, means,
and ministers were merely the inventions of men,
and shrines only of the temple of Diana ; that, as
Christ lived eternally, so he died eternally ; that
magistracy was an idol of the people ; and that a
WILSOX. COTTOX /.-
man might as well be a slave to his owu belly, as sect. it.
to his own species." Such was the nonsense, i644.
which, in those days, disturbed the peace of the
churches, and which the magistrates and ministers
thought fit to chastize with fines and imprison-
ment.
In the beginning of the year 1644, Mr.
Wheelwright, who, five years since, had caused
the church so much uneasiness, wrote a letter to
the general court, in which he discovered a spirit
of moderation, penitence, and love of peace, that
gave great satisfaction. He was accordingly, af-
ter a time, released from the odium and sentence
of banishment, under which he had been holden.
Congregationalists were alarmed at the increase
of the baptists. The magistrates, after encoura-
ging the elders to use with them the means of
reformation, ordered, that such, as continued ob-
stinate, should be banished. It ought to be re-
membered for the honour of the ministers of the
Prince of peace, that they did somewhat towards
softening the rigour of this unrighteous decree.
There was, this year, a petition drawn up in 1545
Hingham, and signed by seven of the inhabitants,
complaining, among other thirjgs, of the want of
religious liberty. It stated, that there were many
persons in die community of good morals, and
members of the church of England, who are yet
prohibited the Lord's supper, because they will
not subscribe the church's covenan t. Such a
subscription they could not justify to their con-
sciences, on the principles of the scriptures. Yet
80 WILSOX. COTTON.
sr.CT. II they were compelled to attend on publick vvor=
~^[^3 sliip, every Lord's day. Much notice was taken
of them, and many hard speeches uttered con-
cerning them, if they did not stay, whilst the chil-
dren of others were baptized, although baptism
was denied to their own ; and in some instances
they \'iere forced to contribute to the maintenance
of such ministers, as would not receive them into
their flocks. It was, on the ground of these com-
plaints and disabilities, that they requested liberty,
either as episcopalians of enjoying the benefit of
ordinances with congregationalists, or of forming
an episcopalian establishment for themselves.
Six of these seven petitioners were cited before
the court and charged with a number of offences
and a general character of rebellion to the order
of the churches, and accordingly were fined and
imprisoned. Governour Winthrop's popularity
^vas put at hazard by this affair ; but he defended
himself with so much firmness, and he possessed
so entirely the confidence of a great majority of
the commonwealth, that he was exculpated, and
thenceforth shared more liberally than ever in the
affections of the people. The petitioners howev-
er were not to be thus disheartened in their pur-
pose. They resolved to lay their case before the
parliament of England ; and Dr. Child and Mr.
Fowle accordingly took ship immediately in
prosecution of this purpose. Tlie government of
Massachusetts were alarmed at the measure, and
did every thing in their power to frustrate the
design. Mr. Cotton hesitated not in one of his
1647
WILSON. COTTON. fc
sermons to declare, that, if any person should at- sect. ii.
tempt to carry writings complaining of the eccle-
siastical proceedings of this country to Britain,
he \\'ould be a Jonas in the ship. These words
of the patriarch were considered oracular. It so
liappened, that a violent storm arose on the pas-
sage, and one of the female passengers, distracted
with fear, went to Mr. Fovvle, and by her cries and
entreaties prevailed on him to give up the obnox-
ious petition, which she instantly cast into the
sea. Mr. Fowle had however taken care to pre-
serve the original papers, which he published, on
his arrival, under the title of " New England's
Jonas cast up at London." But the Parliament
were too busily engaged in other concerns to
take cognizance of the thing.
In the year 1648, terminated the synod, which ^g^g
began its session in Cambridge, in 1646. Its
sessions had been short and infrequent. Its la-
bours principally consisted in compiling what is
called the Cambridge platform, which, together
with the Westminster confession of faith, they
now recommended to the general court and to
the churches of Nevvengland.
In 1650, there were about forty churches in
Newengknd, and seven thousand, seven hundred
and fifty communicants.
Nothing remarkable transpired in the church
from this time until the death of Mr. Cotton.
One thousand and thirty-four children had been
baptized, since Mr. Cotton's ordination. Of these
538 were males, and 456 females.
fe.'jo
ii2 UILSON. COTTON.
six'.T. u. There had also been admitted, during this peri-
" ~~ od, that is, from the beginning of 1634 to the end
of 1652, 306 men and 343 women, in all 649.
Seventeen persons had been admonished publick-
ly, and five excommunicated for irreclaimable er-
rours. It was an uncommonly interesting epoch
to the church. A fraternity was to be formed of
discordant materials. Many of those, who com-
posed the church,had been educated Episcopalians,
and were therefore disinclined to vary from estab-
lished forms. Others had come to Newengland,
rather as adventurers, than as christians, and
could hardly be subjected to any ecclesiastical or
political rules. But the sagacity and evcrwatch-
ful discipline of Mr. Cotton was astonishingly
efficacious towards conforming all descriptions of
characters to habits of obedience and order. The
talents, industry, and influence of this man were
of such immense importance to the church in its
infant state, that it will not be improper to close
the section with a few notices of his life, writings,
and character.
Rev. John Cotton was born at Derby, Eng-
land, of respectable parents, in 1584. He was
early sent to the grammar school in the place of
his nativity, whence he was taken to Cambridge,
and admitted a member of Trinity college. His
industry and attainments were equally conspicu-
ous ; and he soon became first a member, and
afterwards a fellow of Emmanuel college in the
same university. Frequent opportunities occur-
red for the exercise of his abilities ; and in all of
WILSON. COTTON. 83
tliem he fully disclosed a deep penetration, a fine sect, ii
fancy, and uncommon scholarship. So perfect jg.,.,
was his knowledge of the Hebrew, that, it is said,
he could easily converse in that language. He
cheerfully assumed the profession, to which his
parents had destined him, and consecrated his
faculties to the good of the church. His fu'st
labours in the ministry were bestowed on a con-
gregation in Boston, Lincolnshire, which duly es-
timated his singular powers and faithful services.
But there he was threatened with the rod of pre-
latical oppression. He was too simple in his
manners to kneel at the altar ; and too busy in
unfolding the great doctrines of his master to con-
form with exactness to the idle ceremonies of
episcopal invention. Mr. Cotton fled to a coun-
try, where he might read and interpret the scrip-
tures for himself, and worship the Deity without
doing violence to the dictates of conscience. In
1633, he embarked for Ncwengland ; and never did
the congregational church in this section of our
country receive a more valuable accession from
the parent state. On his arrival, which was a
joyous event to all descriptions of people, he was
immediately associated with Mr. Wilson, as
teacher of First Church. Here he interested him-
self in both the ecclesiastical and civil aflfairs of
the new plantation ; and so commanding and
extensive was his influence, that he was styled
the patriarch of Newengland. It may be al-
most said, that from him Boston received its
name, and its inhabitants their laws. In expound
81 WILSON. COTTOX.
SECT. II. ing the scriptures, and in applying their holy
1652. precepts to the consciences of his hearers, he was
remarkably In mi nous, powerful, and consolatory.
All his fellow- worshippers were seriously impres-
sed by his gravity and devotion in the house of
God. He was equally eminent for his capacity,
as a ruling elder in the church, having an unusual
power of expression and management. " He was
indeed a burning and a shining light ; and the
people were willing, for a season, to rejoice in his
light.'^
It was not however permitted to this great and
good man to enjoy an unclouded day of terrestrial
happiness. In opposing the tenets of Roger
Williams, he was accused of supporting princi-
ples, which he had formerly laboured to subvert.
England saw him resist the spirit of hierarchy ;
here he seemed desirous of cherishing it. Again,
in the antinomian dispute, which happened in
1637, concerning Anne Hutchinson, Mr. C. un-
fortunately espoused with too much tenderness
the cause of fonaticism, and, in the heat of the
controversy, lost his temper, and, of course, a
portion of his dignity and influence. His ene-
mies, for who is without them ? failed not to use
his apparent inconsistencies to his mortification.
His life was rendered uneasy, and he sighed for
the undisturbed repose, which he had vainly hop-
ed to enjoy in this land of promise.
Meekness, piety, goodnature, and talents how-
ever, such as fell to the lot of Cotton, could not
long sufi'er their posscssour to be comfortless. It
W1I.S0N. COTFON. 8:>
could scarcely happen, that a career of life so ^spxt. ii.
honourably begun should be otherwise, than glo- ~^
riously finished. A mind bursting with gene-
rous efforts for the welfare of society soon regain-
ed its tranquillity ; and his affectionate heart re-
ceived the consolation, he wished, in the gratitude,
the confidence, and the improvement of his
friends. The clouds, which obscured his de-
scending sun, like a storm of thunder in June,
gave way to a mild and peaceful radiance ; and the
glories of his departing day had all the majesty of
full orbed virtue. He died, 23 Dec. 1652, at
the age of sixty-seven, universally and deeply la-
mented. Both governours and governed bewail-
ed the loss of a man, who, if he loved the rewards
of religion, had a still greater love for religion it-
self, and who, if he loved the possession of power,
was disposed to use it for the security of just men
and the triumphs of truth. He carried with him
to the tomb the unutterable regrets of his friends ;
and every individual of an afflicted community
was ready to adopt the words of Elisha, when he
beheld the ascending prophet, " My father, my
father, the chariots of Israel and the horsemen
thereof."
List of Rev, John Cotton's works.
1. The way of life, in four treatises. Lond. 1641, pp.
481. 4to.
2. Christ the fountain of life. Lon. 1651. pp. 256. 4to.
r>. God's mercies mixed with his justice. Lon. 1641,
pp. 135. 4to.
86 AVILSON. COTTON.
SECT ir "*' r*o^"'^"g °ut of the seven vials. Lon. 1645. pp. loG.
J to.
1652. ^ Yhe church's resurrection. Lon. 1642. pp 30. 4to.
6. The way of the churches in N.E.Lon. 1645. pp. 116.
4to.
7. Holiness of church members. Lon. 1650. pp. 95. 4to.
8. Abstract of laws and government, (posth.) Lon. 1655.
pp. 35. 4tO.
9. Keys of the kingdom of heaven. Lon. 1644. pp. 59*
2d ed. 4to.
10. Exposition on the xiii. chap, of Rev. Lon. 1655. 4to.
11. Milk for babes.
12. Sermon on 1 John, folio.
13. Expositions on Ecclesiastes and Cant. 165. 12mo.
14. Treatise of nevi^ covenant (posth)
15. Answer to Mr. Ball concerning forms, &c.
16. Discourse on grounds and ends of infant baptism.
17. Discourse on singing of psalms.
18. Discourse on things indifferent-
ly. Answer to Mr. Cawdry.
20. Answer to Mr. Bayley.
21. Answer to Mr. Williams.
SECTION III.
From the death of Mr. Cotton, 165S, to the settlement of Mr.
Norton, 1636
X HE four years, which elapsed between the death
of Mr. Cotton, and ihe settlement of Mr. Norton, ^^'^ "^'
were not strongly marked by imy events, either 1652.
prosperous or adverse to the church, if we except
the waste of life in those, who had contributed to
her foundation and support.
The death of Hon. Thomas Dudley, many years
lieut. governour, and afterwards for three several
years, governour of Massachusetts, happened on
31 July, 1653. He was born at Northampton,
England, in 1574. He had been an ardent, ac-
tive, and useful member of the church, seeking
its prosperity with an enlightened and steady zeal.
His excessive bitterness against sectaries had
been unpardonable in any otJier, than an age,
when the principles of civil and religious liberty
were imperfectly understood. He had been con-
versant with martial as well, as civil lite, had filled
a variety of offices, and all of diem with dignity to
himself and u.sefulness to the publick. The dis-
pute, into which he was led with governour
g8 WILSON.
SECT. III. Winthrop, in 1631, strikingly displayed the
— TTTT' pictv and s:cntleness of both. The srovernour had
raised in Mr. Dudley a belief, that Cambridge
would be tlie seat of government, and, on the foot
of that expectation, he there planted himself and
family. Boston however became the capital ;
and Dudley demanded satisfaction of Winthrop
for the disappointment and expense, he had sus-
tained. The matter was referred to the ministers,
who decreed that the governour should procure
them a minister at Cambridge, and contribute
to his subsistence ; or, fliiling in this measure,
should give the deputy 20/. towards defraying the
cost of his building. The alternative was cho-
sen ; but, on paying the stipulated sum, the dep-
uty generously refused its acceptance ; and the
affair was terminated with mutual professions of
esteem and confidence.
Ecclesiastical concerns were not now the sub-
ject of much conversation ; for the state was bus-
ily employed in protecting herself against her en-
emies.
16.55. In the year 1655, according to the historians of
that day, Mrs. Anne Hibbins was tried and con-
demned for a witch, and executed in the follow-
ing year. There is however no notice of this
fact in First Church records.
1556. On the extinction of so splendid a luminary, as
that of Cotton, it became necessary, in the esti-
mation of the church, to kindle in its place anoth-
er light. Rev. John Norton of Ipswich, then
distinguished for his literary and theological at-
WILSON. 89
taiiiments, was mentioned, as a suitable candidate ; sect. iir.
and, it was said, had been nominated by Mr. 1555.
Cotton hiinselfin his last hours. This gentleman
soon came to Boston, and resided here awhile, ex-
ecuting the duties of a minister ; but he occasion*
ally visited Ipswich, and, on the death of Mr.
Rogers, in 1655, the tradition is, that he was al-
most persuaded to return to the people of that
place. On 29 Nov. 1655, a church meeting was
holden at the house of the pastor, in which it was
voted to give Mr. Norton 200/. towards the pur-
chase of a house, on the supposition that he be-
comes the teacher of the church. Numerous
obstacles impeded the union. After the lapse of
nearly four years, the sitting of several ecclesiasti-
cal councils, and the decision of the governour
and magistrates in favour of his removal, he and
his wife were admitted members of First Church,
6 July, 1656 ; and his installation took place, on the
23d of the same month.
From the commencement of the year 1653 to 16J6
the end of 1656, there had been two hundred and
ten children baptized, one hundred and twenty-
three of whom were males. Twenty -four persons,
during the same period, were admitted to com-
munion, seventeen of whom were women. Three
men and as many women had been dismissed, at
their own desire, to other churches ; one male ad-
monished for keeping evil company ; three males
excommunicated for the sins of drunkenness and
adultery ; and one male, acknowledging the sin
M
90 WILSON.
SECT III ^^ drunkenness, for which he had been suspend-
— ;; — ed, restored to the bosom of the church.
No regular record of marriages and deaths, for
aught that appears, was, at this or any subsequent
period, kept by any of the pastors, until the time
of Dr. Clarke,
1655.
SECTION IV.
From the settlement of Mr. Norton, 1657, to liis Jcatli, 1663.
In the opinion of the church and its friends, the g^^^ ^^^
settlement of Mr. Norton was an auspicious event.
One of his earliest official duties was to go with
elder James Penn to Siilisbury, for the settling of
a religious controversy. In those days, missions
of that nature were sufficiently frequent. For a
similar purpose he went with a delegate to Hart-
ford, in the beginning of 1657.
A deal of mischief was now happening to the
quakers, twelve of whom were banished by the
government.
In January, 1657, the following question was
proposed to the church, which passed in the af-
firmative. " Whether the relation of immediate
children of church members be such, as giveth
the church a church power over them, and conse-
quently, whether it is the duty of the church to ex-
ercise that power regularly upon them, that their
life and knowledge may be answerable to the en-
gagement of their relation ; and whether it be the
church's mind, that solemn notice be given to
them seasonably." It was, in consequence of this
1657.
92 AVILSON. NORTON.
SECT. IV. vote, for some time the practice of the church to
1657. admonish and even excommunicate the offending
children of church members. In the course of
the year, a kind of synod was holden by twenty-six
ministers to consult on the subject of enlarging
the door to the ordinances, particularly to baptism.
It was agreed, that the children of church mem-
bers should be baptized. For the same and one
1562. *
other purpose, another synod was holden at Bos-
ton, in 1662, by recommendation of the general
court.
The decision was similar, in the case of bap-
tism, to what had been formerly given. The synod
declared, that " church members, who were ad-
mitted in minorit}^ understanding the doctrine of
faith, and publickly professing their assent there-
unto, not scandalous in life, and solemnly owning
the covenant before the church, wherein they
give up themselves and children to the Lord, and
subject themselves to the government of Christ
in his church, their children are to be baptized."
The other matter before the synod was, whether it
be expedient to have a consociation of churches ?
This question was answered in the affirmative.
Yet it does not appear, that any measures were
taken to effectuate the design.
1663. -f^^^ following year is rendered memorable in
the church by the death of Mr. Norton. This
gentleman was born, 6 May, 1606, at Stortford,
Hertfordshire, England, of poor but respectable
parents. In early childhood, he discovered a
ripeness of wit, which indicated extraordinary
WILSON. NORTON. 93
powers in future life. He was seasonably placed sect, iv
at school under Mr. Strange, of Bunningford. ^gg.
At the age of fourteen, he was sent to Peter-
house, where he stayed, until he had taken his
first degree. Here a missionary of the roman
church, carefully observing his talents and beha-
viour, used every means to draw him into the
support of the catholick faith without success.
He left the university for an ushership at the
school, and a curacy in the church of Stortford.
He here devoted himself to the writing of sermons,
and became excellent in the practice. His learn-
ing and abilities rendered him an object of atten-
tion with the dignitaries of the church ; but his
conscience would not suffer him to conform to
episcopal ceremonies, which he deemed unscrip-
tural. A fellowship in Katherine-hall, Cam-
bridge, he was also solicited to take by Dr. Sibs ;
but his aversion from episcopacy prevented his
acceptance. He contented himself with being
private chaplain to Sir William Marham, in Two-
Knights-house. He was also associated with a
number of pious ministers, equally firm with
himself in dissenting from the established church,
in the maintenance of a stated lecture in his native
town, from which, he always thought, he derived
professional and personal improvement.
Mr. Edward Winslow, afterwards governour of
Plymouth, sailing for England, in 1633, was em-
ployed by the people of Old Colony to procure
them a minister. In the execution of this design
94 WILSON. NORTON.
SECT. IV. he met with Norton, and persuaded him to come
1663. over.
In the year 1634, Mr. Norton married, and
embarked with his wife for Ne wen gland ; but,
being driven back by a violent storm, he did not
arrive in America, until the following year.
He resided in Plymouth, one winter only, com-
plaining, that his accommodations were not such,
as he expected, and preferring the situation of
Massachusetts, and the temper of the inhabitants.
Having awhile associated with the ministers and
people of Boston and the vicinity, he planted
himself in Ipswich, where a company of worthy
christians contributed as much to his comfort, as
he to their edification.
On his removal to this church, he wrote the life
of his predecessor in a style of eloquence exceed-
ing any thing, which this country had witnessed
in any of his contemporaries. At the age of thirty,
his reputation for scholarship was high in the parent
country. Here, with the exception of president
Chauncy, he was without a rival. In 1644,
Gulielmus Apollonius of Zealand, a dutch divine,
sent hither a number of questions on ecclesiastical
government. It was unanimously agreed among
the clergy, that Mr. Norton should assume the
task of answering the work. He despatched it,
the following year, in the first latin book ever writ-
ten in this country. It is prefaced by a short
address to the reader signed, Tho. Goodwin,
Phil. Nye, Sidr. Simpson, dated Lend. Feb. 16,
1647 ; and by an elaborate epistle of some length
WILSON. XORTOX. 95
to the author, signed Johannes Cotton in Ecclesia sfxt. iv
Bostoniensi Presbyter doccns. The performance jsGS.
was celebrated in both hemispheres for the learn-
ing, discernment, candour, and elegance, which it
displayed.
In the synod, which met at Cambridge in 1646,
and protracted its sessions, until 1648, Mr. Nor-
ton acted a conspicuous part, revealed an unusual
acquaintance with school divinity, and left the
traces of his pen in the lines of the platform.
His tenets were in the highest degree rigid,
surpassing in terrour even those of the celebrated
Calvin. He maintained, that there is one God
subsisting in three persons ; that the will of God is
the cause of all causes, and second causes the
eifects of the first cause ; that the will of man is
an instrument disposed and determined to its
action according to the decree of God, being
equally subordinate to it, as is the axe to the hand
of the hewer ; that man, even in violating God's
command, fulfils God's decree ; that the infallible
ordering of the existence of sin for a better end,
and the forbidding of sin are not at all inconsist-
ent, but fall under the compass of the same one
volition of God, which cannot be resisted or de-
feated ; that God is not the author of sin, and yet
that he does not merely permit it, since he has
decreed it ; that the reprobates freely commit
such a measure of sin, as fits them for the intend-
ed measure of wrath ; that man is a free agent,
having a real efficiency, though subordinate to the
first cause, which determines the second in its
96 W[LSOX. NOUTOX.
SKCT. IV. operation ; tlmt all mankind participated in Ad
Tt^i am's sin, and also have it imputed to them ; that
original sin is the hereditary and habitual contra-
riety and enmity of the nature of man against the
^vhole will of God ; that God has elected, whom
in his wisdom and mercy he pleased, to eternal
li-fe ; that the conversion of these is the effect of
God's spirit ; that good works are necessary, as
the way to salvation, but not as the cause ; that
the only meritorious cause of salvation is the
active and passive obedience of Jesus Christ,
which is imputed to believers, and received by
faith alone ; that only the elect believe in the Re-
deemer ; that their faith is the effect of absolute,
special, irresistible grace ; and that the will is
passive, not having the nature of a free agent, in
the first reception of grace.
The severity of his religious system led Mr.
Norton to favour a principle of intolerance. He
had charity enough to walk with those, between
whom and himself there was a difference of senti-
ment on subjects of minor importance ; but,
when he thought the fundamental doctrines of
Christianity were denied, he justified the magis-
trate in unsheathing the sword ; not recollecting,
that what he deemed a fundamental doctrine
might be considered an unessential tenet by a
fellow- christian ; and that, since they both had
renounced the authority of any earthly infallible
judge, the only way to live quietly was to allow-
to each other the right of inquiring and deciding
for himself.
WILSOX. NORTON'. 97
In his piiblick performances Mr. Norton prov- sect.iv.
cd liimself master of a copious eloquence, equally j^..,
eapti\ating to the scholar and the unlettered chris-
tian. Those, who had enjoyed his pastoral in-
structions in Ipswich, frequently travelled to Bos-
ton, after his removal, for the l3enefit of his lec-
tures ; and such was the influence of his prayers
on the young divines of that day, that they made
him their model, as to the matter and manner of
their pulpit devotions.
In private life Mr. Norton was blameless and
exemplary, though he had to contend with a chol-
erick temper, and a natural inclination to gaiety.
To his other good qualities Mr. Norton joined
an ardent and steady attachment to his adopted
country. His patriotism led him to earnest and
successful efforts to prevent hostilities between
the people of this colony and their Dutch neigh-
bours, and afterward to embark for England in
company with Simon Bradstreet, esq. with an ad-
dress to Charles II. on his restoration to the
throne. This embassy however, in its issue,
was fatal to the popularity and peace of Mr. Nor-
ton. Hiving faithfully served the interests of
the country, the agents returned with this assur-
ance from the king, that he would ratify to the
colony its charter. But along with this promise
was a requisition, that justice should be adminis-
tered in his name, and that all persons of sober
conversation should be permitted to enjoy the or-
dinance of the supper themselves, and that of bap-
98 WILSON. NORTON.
SECT. iv. tiiini for their children. Here was an infringe-
'^^ nient, as the people conceived, of their religious
freedom ; and it was instantly reported, that the
agents had sold the liberties of the country. Mr.
Norton's consciousness of integrity was hardly
able to sustain his share of an unmerited reproach.
The chilling looks, which he received from coun-
tenances, once expressive of nothing but approba„
tion and friendship, damped the ardour of his
professional pursuits, and contributed, it is
thought, to shorten his days. For, after his re-
turn, his wonderful talent in extempore prayer
was no longer admired ; and the same sermons,
which in other days were heard with a kind of
ecstacy, now fell powerless on the ears of a lan-
guid auditory. It is traditioned, that even the
venerable and benevolent Wilson was heard to
say, that he must have another colleague. Mr.
Norton died suddenly, 5 April, 1663, leavhig no
children. He was the author of the following
publications.
1. Responsio ad totam quaestionum syllogen, Sec. Sec.
Lond. 1648. 12mo.
2. A letter in latin to John Dury.
3. A Discussion of the Sufferings of Christ. 165,3. I2mo,
4- The Orthodox Evangelist. 1654, 4to.
5. Election Sermon, 1657, 12mo.
6. Life of Rev. John Cotton, 1658.
7. Heai-t of Newengland rent by the blasphemies of the
present generation, Sec. 1660, &vo.
8. Election Sermon, 1661.
9. A Catechism.
WILSON. NORTON. 90
10. Three choice and profitable sermon s on several texts ^^(j'j- j^
being the last sermons, which he preached at the ■■■■■
election, at the Thursday lecture, and on the ^^^'^•
sabbath. 1664.
From the year 1657 to the end of 1663, seven-
ty-one members were added to the church, forty
nine of whom were females.
During the same space of time, the number of
female baptisms was one hundred and fifty-four,and
that of male baptisms one hundred and forty-nine.
Concerning the period, to which these minutes
relate, we cannot but remark, that a persecuting
temper was the fault of the age. The quakers
especially were now treated with a degree of
severity altogether unjustifiable, on any principles
of the gospel or of common humanity. It is to
be feared, that Mr. Norton too much approved
the course, which was pursued against them.
For they cordially rejoiced in his death, and re-
ported, " that the Lord had smitten John Norton,
chief priest of Boston, and, as he was sinking
down by the fireside, being under just judgment,
he confessed the hand of the Lord was upon
him, and so he died." Mr. Norton undoubtedly
partook of the fault of the age, which was a per-
secuting temper. Men, who had been imprison-
ed in England for their zeal in nonconformity,
were here imprisoning others for precisely the
same fault. They mixed their politicks with
their religion, and blended the articles of their
creed with consideration for the publick safety.
log WILSON. Is'ORTON.
SECT. IV. The age therefore, of which we speak, was
^^g., necessarily an age of theological bitterness, incon-
sistency, and strife. The weaker party was the
prey of the stronger, and the conscientious secta-
ry, like Noah's dove, found no rest for the sole of
his foot.
SECTION V.
from the death of Mr. Norton to that of Mr. Wilson, including
the years 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667'.
At the age of seventy-six, Mr. Wilson was once sect, v
more left alone with the care of the church. It jgg^
could not be expected, that he should now be
able to make very vigorous exertions towards
the increase and prosperity of the flock ; yet
there appears to have been no diminution of zeal
for the cause of religion, either in the pastor or
the members. From the beginning of 1664 to
the close of 1667, eighty-three persons, forty-nine
of whom were females, adjoined themselves to
the church. In the same space of time, two hun-
dred and twenty-four children were baptized, one
hundred and fourteen of whom were females.
The records appear to have been correctly .gg^
made, and good order maintained in the church.
But the period was come, in which the earthly
labours of the pious Wilson were to be exchang-
cd for rest in the mansions of heaven .
This virtuous and amiable man was born at
Windsor, England, in 1588, and was son of Rev.
Dr. Wilson, prebendary of St, Paul's, London.
102 WILSON.
SECT.v. He was educated at Eton college, under Udal
jggg and Lcingley. After a residence of four years, he
was removed to Cambridge, in the 15th year of
his age, and admitted into Kmg's college in
1602. Becoming acquainted m rhis place with a
number of pious young men, he occubiorwhy asso-
ciated with them in his chamber for prayer and
the reading of theological books. Having receiv-
ed ordination from a bishop, he was for some
time minister of Sudbury, county of Suffolk,
where he was silenced for nonconformity. His
father used every imaginable means to reclaim
him, but to no purpose. He then advised him to
enter upon the study of law. This advice young
Wilson obeyed, during two or three years ; but
his heart was still bent on being a minister of re-
ligion. He was permitted to proceed for master
of arts ; but the degree was not without difficulty
to be obtained, except by subscribing articles, to
which he was conscientiously opposed. He
however refused to subscribe, whatever the refu-
sal might cost him. He adopted a most solemn
resolution to go to the ends of the earth, if he
might thence enjoy liberty of conscience and a
pure worship. He kneeled at the deathbed of
his father for a blessing, which he obtained.
He was employed, as a chaplain in families of
rank and opulence, where, with a boldness hon-
ourable to his profession, he reproved the profane
and censured the levity of the ga;^ and irreligious.
Though persecuted and silenced, yet he repeated
WILSON. 103
ly obtained a liberty of preaching, through the in- sect, y
tercession of friends, and his own perseverance. leez"
Such a precarious freedom however was little
better, than continual bondage. He resolved up-
on travelling to a country, which, if it possessed
fewer means of knowledge and elegant subsist-
ence, afforded the finest field for the cultivation of
unfettered religion.
He came hither in the same company with
governour Winthrop and the first settlers of Mas-
sachusetts. In 1631, he went to Eng]?nd for his
wife, whom he there left the preceding year.
He gave it in charge to governour Winthrop and
elder Nowell to prophesy and exhort in the
church, during his absence. Mr. Eliot, the apos-
tle however, landing about the time of Mr. Wil-
son's departure, officiated in his stead.
Mr. Wilson returned with his family, in 1632.
In 1634 he again crossed the Atlantick, and, after
visiting Ireland and several parts of England,
came back, the following year, to America, which
he thenceforth made his perpetual residence. He
here fulfilled, during thirty -seven years, the office
of pastor ; three years before Mr. Cotton ; nine-
teen years in his company ; seven years with
Mr. Norton ; and four years after him.
He was more beloved for his humility, benev-
olence, and sweetness of temper, than admired for
his talents, as a preacher, although these, ip his
younger days, were nowise contemptible. He
was strong in fai<"h, j^et svronger in love. In
many instances he seemed to attain to a full assu-
104 WILSON.
SECT. V ranee of faith ; and 'the verity of his predictions
T^ was proverbial. AVhen Mr. Norton was called to
leave Ipswich, to be a successour to Mr. Cotton,
the colleague of Mr. Norton, Mr. Rogers oppo-
sed the measure. Some persons in company
with the latter remarked, that Mr. Wilson by his
argument, or rhetorick, or both, would effect his
purpose. Mr. Rogers replied, that he was more
afraid of his faith, than of his arguments. This
reputation for an unwavering faith and a prophet,
ick spirit brought many of his friends to his dying
bed, with a request, that he would designate the
sins of the times, which, in his opinion, were the
most heinous, and which, in their operation, \vould
probably operate most ruinously on the country.
He gave his opinion freely, saying, that God
would judge the people for their rebellious, self-
willed spirit, for their contempt of civil and ec-
clesiastical rulers, and for their luxury and sloth.
Here perhaps we shall do well to recollect, that
his mind was greatly enfeebled by age and dis-
ease. With all his zeal for religion and benevo-
lence for mankind, he had no sympathy with the
sectary. Like Norton, Dudley, and others, he
was for compelling the imiformity of irregular
christians with other arguments, than such, as
were furnished by reason and revelation. Go
not after those enthusiasts, said he, for, whatever
they may pretend, they will rob you of ordinan-
ces, rob you of your souls, rob you of your God.
He indulged a poetical vein in writing ana-
grams on his friends, in which he always contriv-
WILSON. 10;
cd to convey some moral and religious instruc- si:ct. v
tion. In reference to these, which were not al- iqqy~
ways exact, and to liis remarkable hospitiility, it
was said by the witty author of the Sinjple Cob-
bler of Agawam, that the anagram of John Wilson
was, " I pray come in, you are heartily welcome."
In all the offices of friendship and good neigh-
bourhood he seems to have been a model of
christian charity, being full of compassion to the
distressed, of advice to the friendless, and of con-
solation to the aged. To designs and deeds of
beneficence his heart and his purse were always
open. He loved the house and worship of God,
and was coacerned for the spiritual improvement,
not only of his own congregation, but of the
neighbouring churches. He was seen assisting at
their lectures as long, as he was able to preach ;
and, after age had palsied his head and his hands,
his heart still glowed with the warmth of youth,
and he was, conversant among his friends, coun-
selling them to adhere firmly to the good profes-
sion of their faith, and in the language of St.
John exhorting them, " Little children love one
another."
His humility shone brightly to the last. On
his dying bed he was surrounded by many of the
congregation, who desired to witness the closing
scene of the good man's life, and to see with
what calmness so excellent a christian would die.
He told them, that he should soon go to be with
his departed friends in heaven. Yet he added, I
0
106 WILSON.
SECT. V. have been an unprofitable servant. The Lord be
merciful to me a sinner ! He died, 7 Aug. 1667,
in the seventy-ninth year of his age.
Mr. W. preached his last thursday lecture,
16 Nov. 1665, which was taken in short hand
by a hearer, and afterwards published. He also
published a tract in London, entitled Helps to
Faith.
SECTION VI.
From the death of Mr. Wilson to the settlement of Messieurs
Davenport and Allen, embracing the year 1668.
It may not here be amiss to glance at the condi- sect, vi
tion of the churches in general. The morals of legg.
the people,* it was thought, had lost something of
the purity, which marked the fathers of Neweng-
land. This declension from primitive holiness
was attributed partly to a disrespect for synodical
decrees, and partly to the inattention of the clergy
to their pastoral duties. The governour and
council therefore, in 1668, wrote a serious and
affectionate letter, addressing it t;o each minister
in the colony. It called upon the teachers of re-
ligion in a solemn manner to guard against the
slumbers of sloth, and renew their zeal for the
spiritual improvement of the souls committed to
their watch, and for the general promotion of
piety in the land. The measure was well receiv-
ed, and attended with a beneficial effect. f More
diligence was observed by pastors in their cate-
chetical instructions ; and a disposition was mani-
fested to print and circulate books on practical
piety.
* Neal i. 368. f Holmes' Ann. i. 401.
108 VAC A XT.
SECT. VI. It was ill tliis year, and with a view to the rc-
1558 rival and diffusion of a spirit of piety, that an at-
tempt \vas made to print an edition of Thomas a
Kempis. The design however failed, througli
an apprehension in the general court, that the
book, being written by a papist, might excite a
reli.sh for popish principles. Capt. Daniel Gookin
and Rev. Jonathan Mitchcl, who were licensers of
the press, were accordingly ordered by the court
to stop the progress of the work. What would
be thought, at this day, of a legislature, which
should forbid the publication of any one book of
any one sect of christians '? Indeed a like degree
of rigour, at the same point of time, was not exer-
cised in the parent country. But it had grown
customary with men, who had fled the tyranny of
the lord bishops to practise the tyranny of the
lord brethren.* Intolerance was the order of the
day ; and the government of each individual
church was as eagle eyed in discovering heresy,
and sometimes as cruel in punishing it, as the
Spanish inquisition.
This truth was disgracefully manifest, about
this period, in the suft'erings of the baptists. At
the very moment, when congregationalists were
writhing beneath the lashes of persecution in
England, they seemed determined in this country
to retaliate vengeance on dissenters from them.
This wicked conduct was neither unnoticed nor
unreproved.f A letter was sent from London to
* Clialmers i. 39^, t Neal i. 3~1.
VACANT. 109
the governour of Massachusetts, signed by Drs. skct. vi.
Goodwin and Owen, Messrs. Nye and Caryl, i66s
and nine other ministers, entreating him to use
his authority for releasing the baptists from pris-
on, and rescuing them from the power of sangui-
nary laws. But this letter, though penned with
moderation and gentleness, and containing the
most touching appeals to the heart, made no im-
pression on the congregationylists of Massachu-
setts. The baptists still groaned in prisons.
The most unrighteous laws stared them in the
face ; and the most villanous conduct was se-
cretly practised to their mischief.
This treatment of the baptists was compari-
tively trivial to what the poor quakers endured.
They were subjects of reproach, scorn, buff'etting,
scourges, torture, and death. They were strip-
ped of the clothes, they wore, and robbed of the
beds, whereon they lay. The vessels, in which
they ate, wgyg forced from them, and their food
itself reduced almost to nothing. If any thing in
extenuation of this persecuting spirit may be al-
leged, it is the exceedingly irregular and extrava-
gant behaviour of the sectaries, who kept no
terms with decency, and strangely imagined, they
were doing God service by violating the rules of
good manners.
The church was, for the first time, vacant ; and
the desk was supplied by preachers, whom cir-
cumstances threw in the way.
Six men and four women were,this year, admit-
ted to the church, and three male and two female
children baptized.
no VACANT.
SECT. VI. ^" the death of Mr. Wilson, the church seem
jggg to have had no idea of supplying his place by a
young man, or a man, who had not been educa-
. ted in -England.
Rev. John Davenport of Newhaven, had for-
merly exercised his talents in this church, and
therefore was not wholly unknown to several of
the members. Fame moreover had ever distin-
guished him among the preachers of this country.
He was now seventy years old. At first view,
therefore, he would hardly relinquish, at such an
age, a place, of which he might be called the
planter and patriarch. Those however, who
knew all the circumstances of his situation, knew,
that he was displeased with the union of Newha-
ven and Connecticut colonies, and had always
manifested a particular attachment to the metropo-
lis of Massachusetts. He was accordingly invi-
ted, and he accepted the invitation. Because of
his advanced age however, it was thought expe-
dient to unite with him in the care of the church
« Rev. James Allen. The latter gentleman had
been ejected by the Bartholomew act from his
living in England, and, for four years, had been a
member of First Church. These two gentlemen
were installed together, as copastors of the church,
on the ninth of December, 1668.
SECTION VII.
From tbe settlement of Messrs. Davenport and Allen to the death
of the former and the installation of Air. Oxenbridge. Including
the years 1669, 1670.
Phe removal of Mr. Davenport was a remark- ^^^ ^^^
able event, not only in the history of this church,
but in the ecclesiastical history of Massachusetts.*
It will be recollected, that, in 1662, a synod was
holden in Boston, which decreed, that persons,
owning the covenant, might have their children
baptized, although they did not observe the
Lord's-supper. The result of this synod Mr.
Wilson had subscribed ; and a neglect to observe
it, or a disposition to oppugn it, he considered, in
his last days, as one of the lamentable errouis of
the times. Whether he had particular reference
to Mr. Da\ enport, in uttering this lamentation,
cannot now be known. Certain it is, that Mr.
Davenport was opposed to ihis result, vvlicn it
passed, and published his opinion against it after-
wards. But, notwithstanding [his church r greed
with their late pastor respecting the dcteimina-
tions of the synod, and were thereiore widely
* Trum. i. 484.
DAVEXPOUT. ALLEX.
Siyj. vii. asunder from Mr. D. yet they saw fit to elect
1G69. hiiTj, and he to obey their summons. The union
ho '.V ever was not effected without difficuhy.
There were, at that time, two parties in First
Church, one of which strongly opposed the
measure,* both on account of the age of the can-
didate, and the rigidity of his sentiments. Mr.
D. had also to surmount a high bar to his
removal in the affection of his own church, and
in their determination to retain him. In this
situation of affairs, it was not surprising, that
Mr. D's installation should kindle the flames of
ecclesiastical contention. Nor was the evil con-
fined to a small district. Mr. Davenport had
been considered, as the head of a party more
strictly calvinian, than the body of the colonists.
He had also personal friends, and so had the par-
ty in First Church, who opposed him.
A part of First Church therefore, to the num-
ber of , formed a society, which made the
third con2'res:ation in Boston. Seventeen minis-
ters publickly testified their disapprobation of the
conduct of the majority of First Church, and es-
pecially of its three officers, Messrs. Davenport
and Allen, and elder Penn. It was said, on the
part of the ministers, that the whole truth respect-
ing Mr. D's dismission was never told them ;
that parts only of letters were read, which ought
to have been fully exposed ; and that the publick
were not ingenuously dealt with upon the sub-
ject. It was denied by Mr. D. and his friends,
* Hutch, i. 247.
DAVENPOrtT. ALI.KN. 113
tliat the letters concealed would have been evi- ^.ec y^
dence, that the church at Newhaven refused a dis- 777Z~~
' 11)09
missal to her pastor ; but only have shown an un-
willingness to make it her immediate act.* A de-
gree of blame attached to both sides. On one
side more simplicity and uprightness of conduct
was to have been expected ; and those of the
other were too curious and meddlesome. The
event was not foi'tunatc for any body. Mr. D.
shortly died ; Newhaven church became divided,
and long remained destitute of a pastor ; and
First Church, besides losing a respectable portion
of her members, was engaged, for fourteen years,
in a controversy with the New, or Third church.
This quarrel is said to have been terminated, in
consequence of a danger, which happened to both
churches, through an attempt to make an episco-
pal establishment in the town. From this mo-
ment they exerted their joint efforts to oppose the
missionaries of the English bishops. At first
however, the contention was so sharp, that First
Church refused to join in acts of communion
with the Third ; and lines, and even imprisonments
were, in some instances, the result of a fiery and
misdirected zeal.f Mr. Bellingham was now
governour ; and, being warmly opposed to the
seceders, he called the council together with a
view of quashing the design, on the presumption,
that the erection of a new edifice would militate
with the publick safety. To be sure, the forming
* Hutch, i. 248. + Back. i. 388.
114 DAVENPORT. ALLEN. .
SEC. \ II. oi ii i'*-'vv church, at that period, was a design of
^j vaster niag-nitude,than at the present day ; for near-
ly the whole country were enlisted on one side or
the other of this unpleasant warfare. But the
council were not equally apprehensive with his
excellency of ensuing mischief. The general
court at length interfered in favour of First
Church, and raised a committee to inquire into
those prevailing evils, which were the probable
cause of God's displeasure towards our land. *"
The following is part of their report. " Declen-
sion from the primitive foundation work ; inno-
vation in doctrine and worship, opinion and prac-
tice ; an invasion of the rights, liberties, and
privileges of churches ; a usurpation of a lordly
prelatical power over God's heritage ; a subver-
sion of gospel order ; and all this with a danger-
ous tendency to the utter devastation of these
churches ; turning the pleasant gardens of Christ
into a wilderness ; and the inevitable and total ex-
tirpation of the principles and pillars of the con-
gregational way ; these are the leaven, the cor-
rupting gangrene, the infecting spreading plague,
the provoking image of jealousy set up before
the Lord, the accursed thing, which hath provoked
divine wrath, and doth further threaten destruc-
tion." One seems at a loss, on whom to fix this
general invective. It was well understood, at that
day, to be aimed at the Third Church, and the
ministers consenting to its organization.
* Hutch, i. 249.
DAVENPOllT. ALl.EN. IJ5
The bitter pill contained in the report produced sec. vii.
retchings in the stomach and burnings in the "^^
heart. At its next session, the general court was
addressed by a portion of the clergy too respecta-
ble to be neglected, and in language too solemn
and pathetick to be silenced. The deputies were
now delicately reminded of the services of the
clergy, in the early settlement of the country ; and
of the happy union, that subsisted between Moses
and Aaron, of whom it was said, that, if the for-
mer conducted the people, the latter transported
the ark of the covenant. They were assured of
the loyalty of the ministers ; of their inflexible
regard to the principles of Congregationalism ;
and of their hatred of disorder and licentiousness.
The ministers thought it necessary thus to vindi-
cate themselves from the charge of innovation
and apostasy, which had been implied, if not ex-
pressed, in the abovementioned report. They in-
sinuated, if they did not feel, that they had suffer-
ed from the rage of a party, who had endeavoured
to widen, instead of healing, the breach between
First and Third Church, and to misrepresent and
disguise the business in the view of the commu-
nity. They hoped, an apology would be readily
found for their conduct, if they had erred ; and, if
they had been wronged, that their wrongs would
be redressed. They concluded with a declaration
of the purity of their intentions, and of their wish
to resist, if possible, the antiministerial spirit,
which was rising and spreading in the country,
and which, through the sides of the clergy, was
wounding the cause of religion.
116 DAVENri'oirr. allf.n.
SKC. vlL This address made a serious and salutary Im-
j^^^ pression on the court. They saw the necessity
of giving it a kind and respectful answer. Hav-
ing- therefore apologized for the imprudent
warmth, that might have actuated their body, the
preceding year, they proceed to express their
wishes for conciliation, equity, and peace. They
decreed, that all papers referring to the late un-
pleasant controversy should be accounted useless ;
and that no odium ought to rest upon those min-
isters, who had been instrumental in establishing
the Third Church. In doing this, however,
care ^vas taken to secure the authority of the
magistrates ; and due caution was administered
against questioning the rectitude of legislative
proceedings.
It will hence be seen, what sort of connexion
subsisted between the civil and ecclesiastical or-
ders of the state. Various causes operated, at
times, to diminish the influence of the christian
minister. As new settlements were made, par-
ishes were multiplied. The means of subsistence
and of knowledge to the pastors of these little
flocks were necessarily narrow ; and they not in-
frequently complained, that they prophesied in
sackcloth. Want of knowledge and of wealth
was consequently want of power. Yet, with all
tlicir poverty and the disadvantages of their situa-
tion, they possessed their full share of talents and
virtue, and were therefore not to be contemned
nor neglected. They remembered the views,
which planted New cngland ; and, if they had not
DAYEXPORT. ALLEN. 1 1 7
the learning, they were still animated with the sec. vn.
spirit, of their predecessors. Though the civil- ^^^^
ians of that day acknowledged and revered their
piety, yet they provided with a jealous eye against
the increase of hierarchical rule. So that the
churches, notwithstanding their professions and
boast of independency, were actually under a
kind of political control ; and, on the contrary,
through the influence of the clergy, magistrates,
who were annually elected, were occasionally
displaced, when they were thought to have in-
fringed against the rights of the church.
The most acrimonious and lasting dispute,
which took place between First Church and any
of its sisters, on the subject of Mr. Davenport's
removal, was that between this and the church at
Dedham. Letters are now preserved in First
Church records, which mark the heat of the ec-
clesiastical thermometer,at that disputatious period.
The majority of First Church adhered steadilv
to their choice of Mr. D. and their attachment to
his person. In this agitated condition of things, it
was not to be expected, that the church would re-
ceive large accessions. In 1669, two men only
and six women were received, as members.
Twenty male and nineteen female infants, in that
year, were baptized. But, after Mr. Oxenbridge j^^^
was associated in the pastoral care, in the follow-
ing year, fifty-four persons, thirty-five of whom
were women, seated themselves at the Lord's table.
In that year also, thirty-one male and twenty
eight female children were baptized.
1 I S DAVENPORT. ALLEN.
SEC. VII. In the ])receding year, such was the disturbed
TTI" condition of the church, that offences were fre-
quently happening, and yet the ancient vigour of
administration was impaired. The practice
however continued, of excommunicating mem-
bers for almost all sorts of crimes, and of restoring
them to communion, upon manifestations of re-
pentance.
On 12 Feb. 1669, " Edward Ransford and
Jacob Eliot were dismissed from the office of
deacons for setting their hands, with other breth-
ren, to desire their dismission from the church ;
because the church had chosen Mr. Davenport
for their pastor."*
On 29 March, 1670, " at a meeting called
about our dissenting brethren, the question,
whether the church see light from the word of
God to dismiss our dissenting brethren, that desire
it, was answered in the negative unanimously.*
" At a general meeting of the church, on 16
August, 1669, it was voted by the church, that
our honoured magistrates do draw up instructions
for capt. Clarke to N. Haven, that they might
declare the owning of the letter sent from them to
this church to be a true dismission for Mr. Dav-
enport."
e e
" At a meeting of y church : on y 20 : of au-
e t r
gust : 69 It was voted by y church y maj
11 eh r
gen y elders w capt dark m Stoddard
* First Church Records, p. 01.
1670.
DAVENPORT. ALEX. Uy
and m Cooke do draw up a letter in answer to y '
letter sent from Dedhani church, enquiring after
the proceeding of y church about a letter or let-
e
ters from y church of N. Haven to this church,
and to sign it in the name of the church."
" On 25 Aug. 1669, the church met to hear
the letter read, that was sent to Dedham, and they
did unanimously concur with it, as their own
mind."
At a church meeting, on 9 Oct. 1699, " upon
hearing the letters read from N. Haven in answer
to a letter of two of the elders to them ; it was
voted unanimously, that the church doth stand to
the former vote and judgment, in the case of the
elders, about the extracting the sense of the let-
ters dismissive."
These extracts from the records of the church
sufficiently show, that she must have been much
agitated respecting the affair of Mr. Davenport's
removal, and the publick opinion concerning that
measure.
The congregation does not appear to have been
insensible to the object of religious association.
The following vote indicates a laudable concern
for the arrowth of vital relip-ion.
" At a publick church meeting, on the 13th of
the 10th mo. 1669, it was agreed on and concluded
by a unanimous vote, that the elders should go
from house to house to visit the families, and see
how they are insti acted in the grounds of reli-
srion."
t2d DAVENPORT. ALLEN,
SEC.viT. Mr. Davenport died suddenly, on the 11th, ac-
iGTQ. cording to First Church records, and according
to Hutchinson and others, on 15 March, 1670.
Although his career in Boston was short and
troublous, it had been long and glorious in Nevv-
england. Few men were better qualified for
planting the gospel in a new world ; and seldom
has any man made a happier use of his natural
and moral energies. This remark ought to be
verified by a biographical sketch of the father of
Newhaven.
Rev. John Davenport was born at Coventry,
England, in 1597. He was sent to Merton
college, in 1613, whence, a^ter two years, he
was removed to Magdalen hall, which he left
without a degree. By his incessant and success-
ful application he became one of the first of schol-
ars, and by his gravity, warmth, and case of elo-
cution, one of the most popular of preachers.
He early imbibed the sentiments of puritans, and
became a minister to a congregation of them in
Colman street, London. Such was the spirit of
those times, that he was obliged to resign his
pastoral charge. In 1633, he retired into Hol-
land, where he became united with a Mr. Paget,
whom he opposed, on account of his administer-
ing baptism to children indiscriminately. A
controversy ensued, which rendered his situation
uncomfortable, and he returned to London. It
seems, he had formed an acquaintance with Mr.
Cotton, previously to his sailing for this country,
and now enjoyed the benefit of his correspond^
DAVENPORT. ALLEN. 12;
eiice. By the favourable representation, he re- sec. Air
ceived of America, he was led to form a conncx- 7Z^
ion with Messrs. Eaton, Hopkins, and other re-
spectable characters, for the purpose of settling in
a land so propitious to civil and religious liberty.
They arrived, in 1637, when the antinomian con-
troversy was beginning to rage, in Avhich Mr.
D. took a decided and useful part. Not finding
sufficient room for themselves and their friends
in Massachusetts, they made a large purchase
between the Connecticut and Hudson rivers, and
founded the city of Newhaven, of which Mr.
Davenport became the minister.
With the bold, enterprising spirit of a reform-
er he devoted his time, money, and strength to
the acquisition and security of what he believed
to be the right of the citizen and the christian.
He had an idea, that a reformation was never car-
ried any further, than by primitive reformers. An
emigration into this country therefore, in his
opinion, afforded the fairest opportunity for the pu-
ritans to effectuate their pious and liberal designs.
No man was ever more scrupulously careful
in guarding the doors of the church, and none
more rigid in his notions of church discipline.
Yet he lived to see and lament, that, with all his
caution, the hypocritical and vicious would some»
times find their way to the baptismal font, and
the communion board. He refused, for example,
to baptize children, unless he had evidence, that
they were born of christian parents, who regu-
larly walked in all the ordinances of the gospel
\22 DAVENroRT. ALLEX.
SE(;. Ml. In tlic early part of life, he was continually prcach-
, (;,,, ' hv^ and publishing af^ainst what he called promis-
cuous baptism, and he thought, that God by a
pailicular providence called him into Holland,
that he might bear witness against it in a country,
where it was generally prevalent. His rigour in
this respect caused him both labour and vexa-
tion. For even in those days, there were chris-
tians, calling themselves orthodox and puritan,
who differed concerning what were the requisite
qualifications for the initiatory seal. Mr. Cotton
said, that a baptismal creed should contain three
articles. Mr. Norton was content, that it should
contain only one article ; and others were willing,
that baptism should be given to children, whose
parents made no profession of faith, except what
was implied in attending the ordinance. These
last contended, that bringing one's child to be
baptized in the name of Jesus Christ is in very
deed one of the most solemn modes of declaring
a belief in the gospel, and entering into covenant
with God.
In sentiment with Mr. Cotton respecting the
civil as well, as religious polity of the bible, he
endeavoured a system of order, which should
nearly correspond with the hebrew institutes and
the usages of the primitive christians. The
scheme undoubtedly originated in the best inten-
tions of the heart ; but, in our day, it can hardly be
believed, that ethicks, good sense, and knowledge
of mankind, such as Cotton and Davenport pos-
sessed, should conceive it practicable.
DAVENPORT. ALLEN. 123
He possessed a large share of personal cour- sec. ml
age as well, as a literary and religious heroism. ^^Z^
His intrepidity saved king Charles's judges,*' who
fled to Newhaven, in 1661, and who were hidden
in his house, whilst he preached in publick be-
fore the pursuers a sermon from the following
words. " Take counsel ; execute judgment ;
make thy shadow, as the night in the midst of the
noonday ; hide the outcasts ; bewray not him,
that wandereth. Let mine outcasts dwell with
thee. Moab be thou a covert to them from the
face of the spoiler, "f
In private life Mr. Davenport was beneficent,
exemplary, amiable ; much practising, what he
constantly recommended, ejaculatory prayers. On
receiving favours, he would resolve to increase
his self-examination and watchfulness ; and he
was wont to repay the ill usage, he met with from
enemies, by renewed efforts of kindness to his
friends. His piety, prudence, and firmness
were the subject of general commendation.
As a scholar, Mr. Davenport was always placed
in the first rank. His judgment was profound ;
and his excursive fancy was guided by a correct
taste. Such was the opinion of the Westminster
divines of his abilities, that he was hivited to
a seat in their synod.
He was minister of Newhaven, nearly thirty,
and of First Church, not quite two years. He
died of an apoplexy, in the 73d year of his age,
on 15 March, 1670. His portrait is in the mu-
* Stiles's Life of the Judges. f Isai. xvi. 3, 4.
I2i DAVENPORT. ALLEN.
SEC.vir. seiim of Yale college. He was author of the
i670~' folio'^^iiig publications.
1. Sermon on 2 Sam. i. 18. 1629.
2. Letter to the Dutch Classis. 1634.
3. Instructions to the elders of the English Church. 1634.
4. Report of some proceedings against John Paget, &c,
1634.
5. Allegations of scripture against baptizing certain in-
fants. 1634.
6. Protestation about the publication of his writings.
1634. "
7. Apologetical Reply to answer of W. Best. 1636.
8. Discourse about civil government in new plantations.
1642.
9. Profession of his faith at admission, &c. 1642.
10. Knowledge of Christ, in regard to types, See. 165^.
11. Messiah come. Sermon. 1653.
18. Saints' Anchor hold in storms, &c. 1661.
13. Election Sermon, 1669.
14. God's call to his people, Sec. two fast sermons. 1670.
15. Power of congregational churches, 8cc. (posthumous.)
1672.
He also wrote a latin letter to the famous Duroeus, which
the rest of the ministers of Newhaven colony subscri-
bed. He moreover left behind him an exposition on
the Canticles in a hundred sheets of small hand wri-
ting, which never was published.
SECTION VIII.
From the settlement of Mr. Oxenbridge, 1671, to his deatli, 1674,
IVTr. OxenbridQ-e and his wife had been admit-
SEC vni.
ted members of First Church,on 20 March, 1670,
and, on the 10th of the month following, he was ^^'"'"
unanimously chosen pastor. Whether any for-
mality was observed in his induction into office
does not appear. No memorandum of Mr. Dav-
enport's death is to be found in the records, yet
the slightest irregularity in any of the members is
carefully registered.
This is evident, that Mr. Oxenbridge was a
popular preacher, and that his talents excited
a lively attention to religion in the members
of the congregation. During his four years'
labour in the church, eighty-one persons, fif-
ty-four of whom were females, were admitted
to communion. In the same period, ninety-one
boys and ninety girls were baptized.
On 10 March, 1672, there was a publick con-
tribution made by the congregation for the use of 1672.
the college at Cambridge, at the motion of the
council, and beside the publick, there was a pri-
vate subscription, to which many subscribed, and
a like subscription was circulated in the country.
126 ALLEN. OXENBRIDGE
16;
SRC. vrn. The baptists were still persecuted in the colony ;
' but Allen and Oxenbridge have the merit of giv-
ing no countenance to a most unchristian practice.
Rev. John Oxenbridge was born in Daventry,
Northamptonshire, England, 30 January, 1609,and
educated at Oxford, where he was some time a
tutor. Becoming a preacher, in 1633, he went
to Bermuda, and assumed the care of a church.
He returned to England, about the year 1642, and
was pastor of a church in Beverly. Afterwards
he became fellow of Eton college. Ejected
from his living, in 1662, he travelled to Surrinam ;
thence to Barbadoes ; and thence, in 1669, to
Nc wengland. He is reckoned by the historians
of Boston among the most elegant writers as well,
as eloquent preachers of his time. Like his
great and good piedecessors, he was sincerely at-
tached to the congregational interest ; and the
piety, which he cherished at heart, exhibited itself
in his habitual conversation. As he was preach-
ing the thursday lecture, 23 December, he was ta-
ken suddenly ill, forced to break off his discourse,
and carried home, where he languished, till the
28th, when he died. He was buried, on 3 1 st, with
great solemnity.*
Mr. Oxenbridge was author of the following
publications.
1. Double watchword. 1661.
2. Propositions of propas^ating the gospel in Guiana.
3. Election Sermon, 1671.
4. Seasonable seeking of God.
* First Church records, p. 37.
1674.:
SECTION IX.
From the death of Mr. Oxenbridj^e, 1 674, to the settlement of Mv.
Wadsworth, 16»J6.
During ten years, the congregation was ""^^^ g^cT ix
the sole care of Mr. Allen.
In the year 1679, there was a synod called by ^ ^^
the general court, under an apprehension, that
the sins of the land loudly cried for the vengeance
of heaven. The aspect of publick afiairs was in-
deed portentous ; yet there seem not to have
been any uncommon marks of national degenera-
cy. The ministers however obeyed the sum-
mons of the civil authority, and placed at the head
of their body Mr. John Sherman and Mr. Urian
Oakes. The first question, to which their atten-
tion was called, was, " What are the sins, which
have provoked the divine anger ?" The second,
" What are the means of icmovinj>; it ?" The
synod resulted, and communicated their result to
the general court. It pointed out the sins of the
times, and depicted in glowing colours the ca-
lamities of the country.* In most churches the
covenant was renewed, and in every church some
* Mather. Hutchinson.
128 ALLEN.
SECT. IX. notice was taken of the Reforming Synod, and of
^"^I^ the measures, it recommended, for reviving the
power and spirit of religion.
Some indeed questioned the sincerity of the
leading men in the country, who were instru-
mental in convoking the synod. The gay and
licentious court of Charles II. could hardly be-
lieve, that there were men of piety enough in
Newengland, who would take the pains, which
were there taken, to promote the practice of
sound morality.*
First Church also did not see the propriety of
5Au"- calling this synod. Yet its leading members
could not be accused of being inimical to the in-
terests of truth and religion. On 5 August, the
following vote was passed by the church.
" Voted, upon an order of the general court, to
send elders and messengers to a synod to meet,
the 24th day in September. Though we do not
see liffht for the callinsr of a svnod at this time ;
yet, there being one called, that what good there
is or may be encouraged, and evil prevented, by
our testimony, we are willing to send our mes-
sengers to it ; though, whatever is there deter-
mined, we look upon and judge to be no farther
binding to us, than the light of God's words is
thereby cleared to our consciences."!
In this vote is manifest the spirit of liberty,
which prevailed, in those days, and which now an-
imates a large majority of the churches in this
commonwealth. The members of First Church
m particular were uniformly careful to guard the
* Holmes. f First Cliurch records, p. 39.
ALLEN. ■ 129
freedom of the brethren against the encroach- sect. ix.
ments of the civil authority. This as.sertion will 1679
be further evident by the subsequent vote, which
was passed on the same occasion.
'' Voted by this church, 5 Aug. upon an order
and advice of the magistrates, that all the elders
of tills town might jointly carry on the 5th day
lecture."
" In answer to the motion of the honoured
miigistrates about the lecture ; though, as an in-
junclion, we cannot concur with it, but do hum-
bi}' bear our witness against it, as apprehending
it tejidinsr to the infrin^xement of church libertv ;
yet, if the Lord incline the hearts of the other
teaching oificers of this town to accept the desire
of our officers lo give their assistance with those
of this church, who shall be desired to carry on
their fifth day lecture, we are \villing to accept
their help therein."*
Sixty-four persons were admitted tocommunion,
in this decade of years, thirty- nine of whom were
females. During the same period, seventy male
and seventy-seven female children were baptized.
By recurring to the controversy existing in
the churches, consequent upon the installation of
Mr. Davenport, it will be seen, that no harmony
now subsisted between the First and Third
Ciiurches. Such a state of ecclesiastical aliena-
tion, obviously inimical to the cause of religion,
was secretly lamented by the lovers of peace in
both societies. It is to the honour of First
* Fii-.st Church records, p. 40.
1.30 ALLCN.
SECT. IX. Church, to whichever party it properly apper-
1682. tained, that slie was prior in her conciliatory
overtures. The foUowino: extracts, which are
copied exactly from her records, will show the
formal, cautious, yet frank and generous manner,
in which the reconciliation was besfun and com-
plcted.
" At a meeting of the First Church in Boston,
Apr. 23, 1682."
" A motion to the South Church."
" Question. Whether you be willing, keep-
ing the rule in its intireness, and not revoking
your testimony thereto, with that rule of church
order, which we have proposed assent unto, and
is published, as the judgment of the churches of
Newengland platform of discipline, Chapt. 13th
throughout, to forgive and forget all offences, as
respecting ourselves, that, we judge, have justly
been taken at our dissenting brethren ?
" Supposing this pass in the Old Church.
" Question. Will it not be expedient, that it
be lovingly presented to the dissenting brethren,
and tliat society, by a meet person or persons,
and that they be desired to signify by writing
their approbation of that rule, and judging any
deviation from it to be irregular, and, if the re-
turn be acceptable, that it will be recorded by
both, in memory of an happy issue of that uncom-
fortable and long breach, and the beginning of
our desired peace, which the Lord grant. Amen."
" Voted in the affirmative together."
ALLEN. 1 3 1
" Letter from the Third Church in Boston in sect. ix.
return to the above motion." i682.
" Worshipful, reverend, and beloved."
" As we cannot but with grief acknowledge
the great evil, that there is in divisions from the
sad experience, which we have had of the dange-
rous influence, which the distance betwixt you
and us hath had in this land, so we desire hearti-
ly to acknowledge the goodness of God in ac-
cording your hearts to look towards a pacifica-
tion, and with thankfulness to adopt, at your
hands, the kind tender of reconciliation made un-
to us, to the furthering whereof God forbid that
wc should wilfully put any obstruction ; we rather
desire to put all the hands we have to the accept-
ing of it ; as being sensible of the truth of what
is intimated, 2 Sam. ii. 26. That " if the sword
devour forever, it will be bitterness in the end."
" As for the condition of accommodation,
which hath been presented to us from yourselves
by the worshipful Samuel Howell, esq. and the
Reverend Mr. Allen, we are fully and freely ready
to subscribe it. And, as we have publickly and
particularly in the last synod acknowledged the
platform of church discipline, which was agreed
upon by the elders and messengers of the church-
es to be for the substance of it orthodox, so we do
now in particular approve what we do believe
the thirteenth chapter of that book throughout to
be according to rule and the mind of God in his
word, respecting the case therein treated of, and
that any deviation therefrom is irregular, and
1 32 ALLEN.
SECT. iz. wherein any of our sinful infu-mities have been
168 J. grievous to all or any of your church, we ask
forgiveness both of God and of yourselves ; and
desire daily to pray, " What we know not teach
thou us, and if we have done amiss, we will do so
no more." For ourselves we are heartily content,
that all things, wherein we judge ourselves to have
been aggrieved cease [and] be buried in oblivion."
" The God of grace direct you to a good and
happy issuing of the great aifair, which you have
so candidly begnn, and cover all the failings of
his people under the robe of Christ's righteous-
ness, grantmg unto us all the blessings of the
gospel of peace, and to yourselves the blessed-
ness of peacemakers !"
" So pray, worshipful, reverend, and beloved,
your brethren in the lord Jesus Christ,
SAMUEL WILLARD,
in the name and with the free
and full vote of the brethren
of thf third g-athered church
in Uoston.
To the Rev. Mr. James Allen,
teacher, and Mr. Jolin Wiswall,
ruling elder, of the first g'ather-
ed church in Boston. These,
To be communicated to the church."
" Letter from the First Church in Boston to
the Third."
" At a meeting of the First Church of Christ
in Boston, May 7, 1682."
" Honoured, worshipful, reverend, beloved i»
the Lord."
" We have received your return by the wor-
shipful Mr. John Hull, esquire, and the Reverend
ALLEN. 133
Mr. Samuel Willard to our motion to hear, seot.ix.
wherein you express your thankful reception and 1682.
full concurrence with the condition of accommo-
dation therein mentioned, which we declare to be
acceptable to us. And, wherein our sinful infir-
mities have been grievous to you or any of your
church, we mutually ask forgiveness of God and
you. And desire all offences, we judge have been
given us, may be forgiven and forgotten, desiring
to forgive others, even as we believe God for
Christ's sake hath forgiven us."
" And we further entreat, that both our mo-
tion and your return and this conclusion may be
recorded with you, as it shall be with us, in
memory of a happy issue of our uncomfortable
dispute and the way of our peace."
" Now the God of peace, that brought again
from the dead our lord Jesus Christ, that great
shepherd of the sheep, by the blood of the ever-
lasting co\'enant, make you perfect in every
good work to do his will, working in you, that
which is most well pleasing in his sight."
" So pray, honoured, reverend, beloved, your
brethren in the faith and fellowship of the gospel,,
JAMES ALLEN.
JOHN WISWALL."
" With the full and unanimous consent of the brethren."
Whether the growing debilities of Mr. Allen
rendered a colleague necessary, whether it was
his particular desire, or whether, such being the
paucity of preachers in those days, the church
tliought itself obliged to enlist into its service
134 ALLEN. MOODEY.
SECT IX. every minister, whose assistance might be pro-
jgg.-, cured ; several persons, about this tinie, were
invited to cooperate with the incumbent teacher
in feeding his flock. A Mr. Sanipbon Bond, in
particular, on the 26th of Sepir.niber of this year,
was invited to tlie office of assistant f^reacher ; but
the vote, for some reason, was never carried into
effect.
1684. ^^t, on 3 May, 1684, a measure of this kind
was happily effectuated in regard to Rev. Joshua
Moodey. This gentleman was son of William
Moodey of Newbury, born in 1632, and was grad-
uated at Harvard college, in 1653. In 1660, he
was invited to become minister of Portsmouth,
where he regukirly and faithfully laboured, until,
in the month of February,* in this year, he was
violently suspended from office by the tyranny of
governour Cranfield. Persecuted in Portsmouth,
he fled to Boston, where he was received with
open arms by the members of First Church. |
* Alden's account of Relig-ious Societies in Ports tr.outli.
f Mr. Moodey was invited to tlie situation, he lield in the chui-ch,
3 Muy, 1684, as will appear from tlie following extracts from First
Church records.
" 11, 3 mo. 1684."
" At a meeting of tlie Old Church in Boston."
" Q. Brethren, the providence of God having brought Mr.Joshua
Moodey unto the town under such circumstances, as you know,
whether you be willing, that, in the name of the church, lie be de-
sired, during his abode and residence here, to be constantly helpful
to our teacher, Mr. James Allen, in preaching the word of God
among us ? Voted affirmatively."
" 'rhe providence of God having cast Rev. Mr. Joshua Moodey
among us by shutting the door of liberty for his ministry in his own
oluu'ch at Portsmouth, we do earnestly desire, that he would con-
stantly exercise ministry with our teacher among us, until he hath
ALLEN. MOODF.Y. 1 35
He here commenced his labours under flattcrinj^ skc. ix.
circumstances. The congregation \\ere pleased i684.
with him, as a man, as a scholar, and as a theolo-
gian. He was so distinguished for his literary
and scientifick attainments, that, on the death of
president Rogers, 2 July, 1684, he was elected
his succcssour. Bat he preferred his situation, as
assistant minister in First Church.*
The death cf Charles H. which took place, on 1685.
16 Feb. 1635, and some revolutions in the polit-
ical order and customs of M:»ssachusetts, conse-
quent on that event, secin to have made no es-
pecial change in the ecclesiastical usage of these
davs. In the follovviiig year, when sir Edmund 1586.
Andros arrived with a commission from king
James for the government of Newengland, a more
serious apprehension was indulged for the old-
fashioned liberty of i.'idependent churches. Though
all denominations of christians were to be tolera-
ted, yet there was manifested a strong partiality for
the church of England. There was, as yet, no
episcopal church in Boston ; but the liuirgy was
begun to be read, and the burial service to be
used at the interment of the dead. The puritans
were alarmed. Half a century before, the intro-
duction of the common prayer book would not
have been extremely abhorrent to the feelings of
free and oprj-" liberty to return to them again, which we express as
an explanation of our former vote by our mind therein.
Voted unanimously, as attest,
JAM!:S \LLKN,
JO'IN V/It5\/ALL."
* Belknap's N. Hamp. i. 210. Collections Hist. Society, vi. 5.
136 ALLEN. MOODEY.
..p(^^,^ j^ Bostonians. But a variety of circumstances,
since that period, had strengthened their antipa-
1686. . . T% T A 11
thies to the episcopal service. Mr. Allen was
one of the two thousand ministers, who, in 1662,
had, in a manner, been sacrificed by the Barthol-
omew act. The congregational character with
its growth had acquired a respectable degree of
independence and hardihood ; and the designs
and manners of englishmen, arriving from the
parent country, as they were not altogether cal-
culated to secure confidence, began to awaken
unpleasant suspicions. The presence of the
excellent Moodey reminded every one of the im-
perious and abominable conduct of Cranfield,
I who had insisted, that the Lord's supper should be
administered conformably to the english liturgy,
and in no other way; * and the behaviour of
Randolph and Andros wore a similar aspect. In
this state of things a meeting was had at Mr. Al-
len's, at which all the ministers and four of each
congregation were present. They had the same
impressions respecting the intentions of the gov-
ernour. They believed, that he purposed making
use of a meeting-house for the celebration of pub-
lick worship according to the liturgy ; and they
were agreed in opinion, that they ought to frus-
trate his purpose. Their counsels however
were ineffectual. After viewing the three meet-
ing-houses, the govcrnour determined to make
use of the one belonging to the Third, or Old
South, society. It was in vain, that the measure
♦ Alden's account of Religious Societies in Portsmouth, p. 12-
Al-LEX. MOODEX- 137
was deplored by a number of the most respecta- sect. ix.
ble proprietors ; that tliey urged iheir right to the j^^
edifice, and the land, on which it stood, and the
cruelty of infringing on their religious immuni-
ties. The governour caballed with two or three
busybodies, and ordered the sexton of the church
to open the doors and ring the bell. The fellow
durst not refuse obedience to the first magistrate
of the colony ; and the service was performed in
the meeting-house agreeably to his wishes.*
This infraction on the rights of congregationalists
was perhaps never repeated ; for immediately af-
terwards the fust episcopal society in Boston was
instituted, and a church consecrated to the english
establishment. f
Joseph Dudley had been president of Massa-
chusetts ; and, although the change, which com-
menced with his administration, was ominous to
the people, yet they had no suspicion of his reli-
gious principles. J His successour however, sir
Edmund Andros, fully opened the eyes of the
community to the snares, which were laying for
them. Andros considered all congregational
clergymen, as laymen. A design was now laid to
establish the church of England on the ruins of
Congregationalism ; and, as a means of carrying
this plan into effect, it w^as intended, that no mar-
* Holmes' Annals, i. 469.
t In this year also, was constituted the french protestant society
of christians, consisung of pious refugees, wlio had fled their coun-
try, on the revocation of the edict of Xantz. They reared a small
brick rlmrch in school street.
I Hutch. i.3l5.
S
1687.
ir,8 ALLL:X. ?iI0O!)EV.
SEC r. IX. riagcs should be legal, which were not solemniz-
16S7 ^^ ^y ''^^ episcopal priest. This was not all.
The people ^verc threatened with the loss of their
meeting-houses. But the tcrrour of their appre-
hensions was mitigated by the tolerant proclama-
tion of James ; although there were some of the
wisest and best men of the congregational order,
who thought, that it smelt of popery, and was the
fruit of an artful scheme. Many congregations
agreed to address the king, and that of First
Church anions; them.*
o
So great were the political agitations of this
period, both in England and America, that the
voice of religion was, for the most part, silent.
The most gloomy fears pervaded the friends of
ecclesiastical liberty. They saw the press re-
strained, the rights of conscience violated, and
the most intolerant and tyrannical doctrines op-
enly advocated. It was on this day of darkness,
when the possessions and immunities of Neweng-
land w ere most seriously threatened, thdt the pat-
riotick and intrepid Matherf secretly sailed for
England, and with his own hand presented the
complaints of the people to the king against the
6 Nov.
^6S7 * " ^°^'^'^' ''> ""a>"'Tiaus consent of the brethren, tliat an address
should be drawn up to he sent to his majesiy in their names to ex-
press their liumi.'le thankfuhiess for his g-racious decLaration of lib-
erty to our consciences, and securing our liberties.
JAMES ALLEN."
"Mr. ******* only moved, tliat it might be known, what was
writ. It was answered, there was a libertj' for any, that desired it,
to see it at my house ; which satisfied all with tha vote foremen-
tioncd." First Church records, p. 45.
t Rev. Increase Mather, D. D. President of Harvard college.
ALLEN. MOODEV. 1 39
government of the province.* That providence sect. ix.
however, which has ever patronised with pecuUar
care the principles and rights of the congrega-
tional churches of this country, still favoured
their independence on the kingdoms of this
world, and, in due time, dispelled their dismal
apprehensions.
The fiscal as well, as religious concerns of the
society, were now managed entirely by members
of the church ; and the pastor probably, for the
most part, was present and presided. At these
meetings, a variety of matters was usually agita-
ted ; and provision for the ministry, for the stran-
ger, for the poor, for the reformation of morals,
and for the preservation of church property, was
often made, at the same meeting, and sometimes
almost in the same vote. In a note below the
reader may find an illustration of this remark in
several examples, which, whilst they develop, are
honorary to the ecclesiastical character and cus-
toms of the day.f
* Hutchinson i. 328. Belknap i. 234.
t " July 22, 1691 Voted, that our brethren, Mr. Jeremiah
Dummer and capt. Pen Townsend do assist the deacons in recov-
ering fourscore pounds of money, due from Mr Wharton's estate to
the church for a parcel of land sold him on fort-hill." pp. S3, 99.
" Voted, that the deacons do sell a piece of land near Mr, Valen-
tine's, he is about to buy of them." Ibid.
" Voted, that our brethren, major Hutchinson, Mr. Ezekiel Chee-
vers, Mr. Dummer, Mr. Front, Mr. Deering debate and prepare
an answer for the church to the inquiry of the deacons about the
way to pay for the rent of Mr. Moodey's iiouse, for the time past,
and also to acquaint themselves with the church stock in the dea-
cons' hands <, and what is given and fit to be settled on our teiichinc:
1692.
IV) AI.LKX. MOODEV.
i^jiCT.ix. Among the enlightened, bold, and faithful ec-
"ifisT^ clesiasticks of Nevvengland, in her infantile state,
Joshua Moodcy, who now, for several years, had
adorned the pulpit of First Church, will ever
stand in a conspicuous station. It is not won-
derful therefore, that the society, which knew his
worth, should, on the prospect of losing him,
make a formal effort to detain him, as a perma-
1690. j^^j^^ associate with their present pastor. But
2i Sep. . , ^ ^
there was a probability, that he might return in
peace to the people of his former charge. In
1692, this probabihty became a fact. He resum-
ed in Portsmouth, at the earnest entreaties of his
congregation, and by advice of an ecclesiastical
council, the functions of an office, which he dearly
loved, and to which he was supremely devoted.
Yet, though he valued himself chiefly on his la-
bours, as a divine, and though, such was his dili-
officer, to be i^ifhoiit variation, unless by church consent, and that
they assist about ordering the poor." Ibid.
" Voted, ten poinid a year be allowed to our teaclicr for his wood
at the least." Ibid.
" Voted, that each one will endeavour to prevent i:)nllution of the
Lord's day by any oftlieir families, and that they will sliut up shops,
before sundown, on the last day of tlie week, and bring- their cliil-
dren and servants within doors, God assisting." First Churcli
records, p 53-
" 26 yuly, 1691. Voted, upon debate about the poor, that they
ought,as town dwellers,to have the benefit of their privileg-e belong,
ing to the poor oi the town under religious government. Is. xlv 23.
and that the deacons only furtlier supply them with further support,
as shall be in general directed by the church, and advised by the
ruling- ofhrers. Gal. vi. 10." Ibid.
3 August 1691. " Forti/, that our teacher have an hundred and
four pound, a year, that is, forty shillings, a week, and ten pound
for wood, yearly, and more, as the church is able." Ibid.
ALLEN. MOODEY. 141
gence, as a writer, that, in the course of his min- sect, ix,
istry, he composed upwards of four thousand "^2
sermons, he was not deficient in fulfilling the du-
ties of a neighbour and friend. His integrity and
goodness of heart were especially manifest in the
affair of witchcraft, which was producing its mise-
ries, about the time of his returning to Piscataqua.
A Mrs. English, a well bred, amiable woman,
inhabiting Salem village, was accused of witch-
craft. Her husband, who was also eminent for
his worth and accomplishments, visited her in
prison ; and therefore he too was accused and im-
prisoned. On some kind of pretence, they were
removed to the jail in Boston, where they were
visited by Mr. Moodey, who invited them to
church, and who preached before them from
these words, " If they persecute you in one city,
flee to another." He meant, that the sacred ad-
vice, which he gave, should be liberally understood
and followed. He more than assisted them in
making the application. He procured the means
of their escape and conveyance from Boston to
Newyork ; wrote letters to governour Fletcher of
that place ; and secured them a respectable recep-
tion and safe retreat. In the following year, Mr,
and Mrs. English returned, and ever gratefully
and justly ascribed their salvation from the gibbet
to the intrepidity and benevolence of Mr. Moo-
dey.* This beneficent man was however a suf-
ferer for his virtue. The prejudices of the times
* Mr. Bentley's letter to Mr. Aldcn. Sec account of Religious
Societies in Portsmouth, p.33.
142 ALLEN. MOODEV.
SECT. IX. were against him for the very act of fortitude
ir>9o above related ; and he went from Boston with a
diminished reputation in the eyes of the multi-
tude. But he had a better testimony in his fa-
vour, than that of publick applause, even the wit-
ness of a good conscience before God. This
heavenly comforter attended him through life,
and whispered sweet peace to his departing spirit.
His days had been checkered, but their conclusion
was serene. He was on a visit to Boston, in the
f^ummer of 1697, when he was taken with a
sickness, of which he died, on the 4th of July.
Dr. Cotton Mather*^ preached his funeral sermon,
which is preserved in the Magnalia, and which
represents Mr. Moodey, as having expired in the
vigorous faith of beholding that Redeemer, whom
he had served in the gospel.
Mr. Moodey published a practical discourse on
the benefit of communion, being the substance of
several sermons,! in 1685. This was reprinted,
in 1746. He also preached and published the
election sermon in Massachusetts, for 1692.
From the beginning of 1685 to the close of
1692, there were admitted into First Church one
hundred and ten persons, of whom ninety-two
were females. In the same time, two hundred
and fifteen persons had been baptized, of whom
the females were one hundred and eleven.
It is natural, whilst contemplating the concerns
of a single churcli, to glance at tlie condition of
- M.ir-iialia iv. 192. f Allen's Biograpliical Dictionar)'.
AJ.LEN. MOODEY. 143
the churches m general. But the period, of skct. ix.
which we treat, was in every view critieal and im- 1692.
portant. The government and politicks of the •
country were assuming new forms ; and none
could foresee the consequences of the change.
It was in this year, that the old charter of Massa-
chusetts gave place to the new, whence the peo-
ple ot the colony were deprived of a portion of
their ancient privileges ; though the new did,
what the old charter did not, expressly provide
for liberty of conscience to all denominations of
christians, excepting papists. This year also was
marked by various calamities in the natural as
well, as civil and ecclesiastical history of America.
The floods in Delaware were destructive both of
property and of life. An earthquake at Jamaica
buried in the ruins of Portroyal two thousand
of its citizens ; and three thousand persons more
of the white inhabitants of the island were swept **
away by the pestilence, that followed.* In New-
hampshire the small pox was raging. It was
now too, that prodigious stories and appearances
of witchcraft were rife ; and the heart of sensi-
bility is distressed in recurring to the dslusion,
distraction, and bloodguiltiness, of which the
country, especially Salem, was the scene.
On 17 July, 1693, Rev. John Bailey, an ejected 1593
minister from England, was invited to join his 17 july
labours with Mr. Allen's in teaching the congre-
gation.f This act does not seem to have passed
* Holmes' \nnals ii. 14.
t Voted, that our teacher do invite Mr..Tchn Bayley to assist him
m preaching' constantly, while among us, three times in a month, or
oftener, if he please. First Church records, p. 54.
144. ALLEN. MOODEY.
SECT. IX. from any necessity, for Mr. Allen was not more,
1693. than sixty years of age ; but from a zeal in the
society to avail themselves of new light, whenev-
(. r it was in their power, and also from motives of
cliarity. Here was a good man, who had been
persecuted in his native country for his attach-
ment to congregational worship ; and there was
a disposition to support the reputation, which
Newengland had already acquired, for being the
asylum of persecuted christians.
29 Nov. On the 29th of November, in the same year,
Mr. Benjamin Wadsworth, who, three years be-
fore, had been graduated at Harvard college, was
invited to the same office of assistant teacher, once
a month. t This vote was renewed three several
times ;J and the candidate continued to preach, as
f " Voted, at a meeting' of the church at my house, imanimously,
^J JNov. ^^^^^ Qj^ij. teacher invite Mr. Wadsworth to assist him constantly,
ouce a month, or any other vacancy in preacliing, and any other
help, he shall judge needful." First Church records, p. 54.
\ " It is agreed to and voted by this church, tliat Mr. Benjamin
1694. Wadsworth be desired to continue his mini.stry among us, once a
'2 .liily. month ; and at other times, when, by the providence of God, Mr.
Bailey is hindered in his work, and our teacher desires it. Hoping-,
that, in time, there may he such a door open for a manifestation of
Our mutual closing for further work and service for Christ in this
cluirch." Ibid. p. 55.
" Voted, at a church meeting-, March 19, 1694-5, that we do de-
sire Mr. Benjamin Wadsworth to continue his labours in preaching-,
once a month, to us ; and at other times, as the works be needed,
and he be by our teaclier desired ; in order to a teaching officer
among us." ISid.
•' Mr. Wadswortli his answer in writing-, which was read to the
church, June 23, !695, in which he accepted their call according- to
this vote." Ibid.
" Voted, December 18, 1695. At a cliurch meeting. Whereas
Mr. Wadsworth, in iiis late answer to the church, hath expressed
his willingness, (if we continued our afl'ectjon to him) to the ser-
ALLi:X. MOODEY. J 45
an assistant, the greater part of the time, nntil 8 sectix.
September, 1696, when he was inducted by the i696
neighbouring ministers with a Ibrmaliiy, hitherto
unpractised in the land.f
During the four last years, ending with 1696,
eighty persons of the congregation became com-
municants, sixty-two of whom were females.
One hundred and fifty-seven children were bap-
tized, within the same period, of whom eighty-
three were boys.
vice of Christ in this church, we do fully and sincerely declare, we
continue in the same mind and attection towards him, as formerly ;
and do therefore, in order to the fulfilling' our desires, request him
to conie to the toiun, and live among us ; purposing (God willing) to
proceed to his full settlement in office among us,withoutloss and un-
reasonable delay, according to the custom of the churches amongus.
JAMES ALLKN." Idid.
" 1656, May the 5th, voted at a church meeting, i>y tlieir can de-
sire, tliat tliey do unitedly desire tlie continuance of Mr. John Bailey
in his ministry among us. And also, that the teacher, in tlieir
name, advise Mr. Wadsworth to takeout his dismission from the
church, he belongs to, and join with this church." I6id. p. 56. .-
June 21, 1696, the name of Benjamin Wadsworth appears among
the additions.
" Vugust 9. Voted anew a choice of Mr. Wadsworth to [the]
teaching office ; and 8th of September to be the day of ordina-
tion. Five neighbour churches to be sent to ; the North and South
in Boston, Charh^stown, Dorchester, and Roxbury."
" -vug. 30. Voted, that, afier Mr Wadsworth's ordination, he
shall be declared a pastor to this church."' The following is after-
wards added in Mr. Wadsworth's hand writing. " This vote was
executed, 8 Sep. 1696." Ibid.
f " liiave seen an account," says Mr. Hutchinson, " of an ordi-
nation, about the year 1640, of Mr Hooke, at Taunton, then Cohas-
set, in Plymouth colony, by the schoolmaster and one of the bretii-
ren, an liusbandman, although Mr Wilson and Mr. Mather, two
ministers, were present. But the general practice was otherwise ;
and,at this day, an ordination by the lay brethren, althougli it might
not be condemned, as invalid, yet would be generally disapproved
iind discountenanced." Hutch, i. 374.
T
1697.
SECTION X.
From the ordination of Mr. Wadsworth, 8 S^^ptember, 1696, to that
ofMr. Bridg-e, iO May, 1705.
Fo R a little more than a year, the congregation was
SECT. X. under the united care of Messrs. Allen, Bailey,
16116. ^iid Wadsworth. But this union was interrupted,
near the close of the following year, by the death
of Mr. Bailey, who, upwards of four years, had
been an assistant to Mr. Allen, and who had en-
deared himself to all his hearers and acquaintances
by a most fervent piety and untired beneficence. f
He was born, 24 Feb. 1644, near Blackburn, in
Lancashire, England, of a mother, who early
dedicated him to the service of God, and careful-
ly instructed him in a knowledge of the scrip-
tures. He was initiated in grammar under an
eminent schoolmaster, by the name of Sager, and
afterwards taught the higher branches of science
and literature by Dr. Harrison, whose life is
drawn in the Nonconformist's Memorial. J At
the age of twenty-two, he began his ministry in
Chester, where he stayed a short time only, on ac-
count of his congregational principles, and whence
he was removed by government to Lancashire
jail.
t Mather's Magnalia, iii. 232. \ Vol. i. p. 330.
ALLEN. BAILEY. WADSWORTIL I ir.
Released from prison, he travelled into Ireland, sect. x.
and took the charge of a congregation in Limer- iQgy
ick. He, here laboured for fourteen years, with
indefatigable industry and brilliant success. So
distinguished was he by his talents and fidelity in
office, as to attract the notice of people of the first
rank, and to obtain the offer of a deanery and the
promise of a bishoprick, on condition of conform-
ity. But neither flattering prospects of fame and
opulence, on the one hand, nor the most cruel in-
dignities, on the other, were sufficient to divert
his purpose of fulfilling the ministry, which he
had received, in the manner corresponding with
his notions of evangelical simplicity. Free from
factious design, he maintained a straight and fear-
less course. Though the tenour of his life was
blameless, beneficent, and amiable, so that he
could go nowhere without finding friends, yet he
suffered another most grievous imprisonment for
his opinions ; whilst papists, in the same period
and region, experienced the blessings of tolera-
tion and peace. Said he to his judges, " If I
had been drinking, gaming, and carousing with
company at a tavern, I presume, my lords, I
should not thus have been treated, as an offender.
Must praying to God and preaching Christ with a
company of christians, who are peaceable, inof-
fensive, and serviceable to his majesty and the
government, as any of his subjects ; must this be
considered, as a greater crime ?" The recorder
answered, " We will have you to know it w a
srreater crime."
M3 ALI.Ey. BAILEY, WADS WORTH.
KECT. X.. '1^^ ^^^'^ virtuous and suffering nonconformist
Neweno'Iand at Icnpth afforded a covert from tlie
1697. , ^ ^ ,
howling and destructive tempest.* Arriving in
this country, in 1G83, he was freely indulged by
providence, in what he deemed the best of earthly
employments, the preaching of the gospel. His
discourses were plain, popular, fervent ; calcula-
ted rather to compel his hearers into the way of
salvation, than to exercise their understandings
with his learning and logick, or their imaginations
with rhetorical flowers. After the example of
the pious Shepard,t he resolved, that the study-
ing of every sermon should cost him tears ; that,
before he preached it to others, he would profit by
it himself ; and that, in carrying it into the pulpit,
he would consider himself, as if going to give an
account of his stewardship. His life was such, as
showed itself influenced by these resolutions.
He was rigidly watchful of his heart, conversa-
tion, and actions ; and so tender was his con-
science, that sometimes the most innocent indul-
gences occasioned him regret and disquietude.
" Three things," he would say, " I desire to get ^
patience under the calamities of life, impatience
under its moral infirmities, and earnest longings
for the life to com.e." The scriptures were dear
to him, not only as a professional stud}', but as a
treasury of intellectual wealth to the scholar and
of consolation to the pious individual. In one of
his letters to a friend he writes, " How terrible
are the thrc;itenings, how precious are the prom-
* Allcii's !!if::-rraphic.il Dictloiiaiy.
j Hev. 'I'lumias ylien.ii-d oi' Cainhrldcre,
ALLEN. BAILEY. WADSWORTH. 149
ises, how serious are the precepts, how deep are rsECT. x.
the prophecies of this holy book !" It was evi- ~~[^^
dent from his manner of conducting social pray-
er, that his heart was in it, and that it was intend-
ed to operate, as a rule of life. His addresses to
heaven frequently contained the following peti-
tion, " May we not be of the number of them,
who live without love, speak without feeling, and
act without life." With great calmness and
high hopes, at the age of fifty-four, he terminated
his diligent and exemplary course, on sunday,
12 December, 1697, and was interred the thurs-
day following.*
He published, " Man's chief end to glorify
God," a sermon preached at Watertown, 1689,
and an address to the people at Limerick, in 1684.t
Dr. Cotton Mather preached his funeral ser-
mon, which has supplied the principal materials
to the several notices of his life. He was buried
in the cemetery in Common-street, Boston, where
many of his descendants have mingled their dust
with his. The names of Willis and Belknap
mark a number of his posterity in the female line ;
and there are now living two of his grandchil-
dren, three great-grandchildren, and several of the
fifth generation.
The discipline of the church, at this time, 169'*
seems to have been carefully attended to ;J
' First Ci)h. R. p. 57. f New Eng. ^\og. Diet.
\ The following may serve, as a specimen of clmrcli censures, at
that clay, frequently administered. " »****■* ****** ^vas admon-
ished publickly, Jan. 16, 1698, for begging charity of people for
some poor person or persons, as she pretended, yet keeping the
most of \\ at she so gathered for her own use. In the management
169 ALLEN BAILEY. WADSWORTH.
SECT.x. thoiig^h it is easy to perceive, that there was a
jggg gradual relaxation of the rigour formerly prac-
tised.
Ecclesiastical controversy still had its foment-
ers in the state ; and tracts were frequently appear-
ing in defence of some useless reiick of antiquity,
or in favour of some silly innovation. The fol-
lowing record, in the hand writing of Mr. Allen,
may contribute to show the temper of the times
and the sentiments of the church. " Feb. 10,
iroi. 1701. Whereas there is a print lately come
forth dedicated to the churches of Christ in New-
england, entitled, " Gospel order revived,"
wherein are harsh expressions and unmeet against
the present practice of this church and the pro-
fessed way of congregational churches therein ;
we do herein declare our utter dislike thereof,
though we do not condemn those, who conscien-
tiously practise otherwise. And we desire the
platform of the church discipline may be reprint-
ed, that those, who are unacquainted with it, may
know it, which is the directory of our practice,
so far as it agrees with the word of God. Voted
by a very full consent."*
There were now probably in the church two
hundred communicants. The rules of its disci-
pline were rigid, and commonly observed with
exactness. This remark applies with equal truth
of this affair, am.! discoursing witli persons ribout the same, she was
a'so guilty of stmdry abominable lies. She was again restored, Aug.
28, 16:^3." First Chvu'ch records, p. 57.
* First Clnu'ch records, p. 59.
ALLEN. WAUSWORTH ' 5 J
to all the churches then s^rovving in Newengland. sect, x
Our fothers had lost, though somewhat of their 1704
learning, yet little of their puritanism. All offi-
cers of the church were ordained by prayer and
the imposition of hands. The distinction be-
tween pastors and teacl^ers, and betvveen elders
and deacons, though constantly diminishing, was
still regarded. Small deviations from the puth of
christian sobriety, in the professors of religion,
subjected them to the admonition, if not censure
of the church, whilst heinous oflences were pun-
ished w^ith immediate excommunication.*
During the last eight years, beginning with
1697, one hundred and seventy persons adjoined
themselves to the fellowship of the church, sixty-
nine of whom were men, and one hundred and
one women. Two hundred and ninety-two chil-
dren had, in the same period, been baptized ; one
hundred and forty-eight of whom were males, and
one hundred and forty-four females.
Mr. Allen, through the infirmities of age, had
ceased preaching, in his turn, the thursday lec-
* This, though a far more frequent punishment, in that day, than
tliis, was viewed, as one of tlie most terrible of evils. *' A law was
made, in 1638, that, if any person stood excummunicated, six months,
tliey should be liable to fine, imprisonment, or banisliment, as the
court of assistants should determine ; but this law ai)proachcd too
nigii to the ecclesiastical laws in Ens^land, so much complained of,
to continue lonsj in force, and, in '639, it was repealed. But the
first laws seem to deprive an excommunicated person, and also a
whole church, if separated from the rest, of all civil privileg-es, al-
tliough the platform does not suppose deprivation of civil rights and
autliority to be the necessary consequence, yet even by the plat-
form all others were to " forbear to eat and drink with excommvini-
cated persons." Hutchinson i. 373.
152 ALLEN, WADSWORTH
SECT. X. turejf and rarely took on him any portion of the
1704. service of the Lord's day. In quest of his succes-
sour,the eyes of the church were turned upon Mr.
Thomas Bridge, who came to Boston with his
family, 17 March, 1704, and who was soon em-
ployed, as a probationer for the pastoral office.
t 29 September, 1702. " Voted, that this committee be desired
to advise with those ministers, which carry on the weekly lecture
in Boston, and with their advice endeavour to supply Mr. Allen's
monthly turn in the said lecture.'' First Church records, p. 98.
SECTION XI.
From the ordination of Mr. Bridge, 10 May, 1705, to the death of
Mr. Allen, 22 September, 1710.
On the tenth of May, 1705, Rev. Thomas
Bridge| was regularly installed a colleague pastor sf,ct. xi.
with Messrs. Allen and Wadsworth. The 17o5~~
church designated the mode of induction, and two
of its elders united with the ministers in the im-
position of hands. ^
\ " An answer to a vote of the First Church of Clirist in Boston
from Kev. Mr. Thomas Bridge, d;ited M:irch 31, 1705.''
" Dearly beloved,"
" I have entertained your former invitation, and this also with
fear and trembling, being sen.sible of the greatness of the work,
and my manifold infirmities ; but I am not my own ; and my en-
coura 'cment is, that the grace of Christ is sufficient for me. I
have therefore solemnly, freely, and entirely resigned myself up to
his dispose, and find satisfaction therein. I bless liis glorious name
for the acceptance, my labours have found amongst you, and looking
upon it, as his work, that your hearts are inclined to give me this
ca I therefore thankfully and willingly accept it." First Church
records, p. 88
§ At a meeting of the church, 17 April, called to make the
necessary arr.ant^ements for ordination, after voting to send for the
three churches in Boston, and the chiu-ches in Roxbury, Dorches-
ter, Charlestown, and Milton, the brethren proceeded to the as-
signment of particular services. " Upon the question, who should
give the charge to Mr. Bridge, and lay on hands, at his ordination;
Resolved by vote, that our teacher Allen should give the charge,
I"
iroj.
Iji ALI-EN. ISHIDGE. \VAlJ;5Wt)inil.
SRCT.xi. From 1702 to 1709 the church caused its dea-
cons and comniittees no small trouble in the
management of its real estate. The property in
question was a house, lately occupied by Mr.
William Persons, some land, which, a short time
before, had been given by Mr. Richard Taylor,
another parcel of land near Fort-hill, and a house
and lot of land, on the south side of Summer-
street, called Hollingshead's lot. At a meeting
of the brethren, in September, 1702, they deter-
mined to sell the first mentioned house, with the
land given them by Mr. Taylor, and to retain the
Fort-hill land, which had been bargained away,
but not paid for, to Mr. Richard Wharton. At a
meeting, 7 April, 1709, they agreed to purchase
an estate of capt. Balston, in Water-street, at the
price of 300/. for the use of the ministry, and, at
the same time, voted to make sale of Hollings-
head's lot. Towards purchasing the phice in
Water-street, Mr. Dummer generously assisted
them by advancing the specie. But the situation
not answering expectation, it was voted, at a sub-
sequent meeting,the next year, to sell ii.* At the
and have lllKMly lo desire nn}- ancient elders to pray before and af-
ter ; and tliat the Rev. .Mr. Increase Matiier and Mr. Samuel Wil-
lard be the persons desired to join with our elders to lay on liands."
"Thursday, 10th of May, 1705, the Rev. Mr. Thomas tSridge was
ordained a pastor over the First Church of Christ in Boston. Mr.
James Allen, teacher, gave him tiie charg'e, and layed on hands
with elder Brldgliam, and elder Cope, or Cobb." F.C.ll. p. 188.
* " At a meeting of the church, at the house of the Rev. Mr.
Benjamin Wadswortli, Jan. 5th, 1709- iO. On consideration of some
inconveniences, attending the situation of the liouse lately purchas-
ed, for tlic use of tlie ministry, (at tlic time not foreseen,) which
make it unsuitable for the occasion ; Voted, that the deacons be
ALLEN. BRIDGE. WADSWORTH. 155
same time, they voted to retain the Hollingshead's sect, xl
lot, and to apply the proceeds of the foremention- J7io~"
ed sale to the building of a suitable house for one
of the ministers. This lot is the land, since occu-
pied by Chauncy-place, First Church, and the
adjoining block of houses in Summer-street be-
longing to the society ; and the house, erected in
1710, was the one, in which Drs. Chauncy and
Clarke died, and which was taken down, in 1807.
22 September, 1710, died Rev. James Allen, ^o scpt
the senior pastor of the church. He came to this
country, in 1663, recommended by Mr. Good-
win. He had been a minister in England, and a
sufferer by the act of uniformity, passed, 24 Au-
gust, 1662. He was not violently but steadily the
friend of ecclesiastical liberty, and resolutely act-
ed on the following opinion ; " When the gov-
ernours of the church impose, as conditions of my
communion, things, that are either unlawful in
themselves, or that, after due examination, I
verily believe, are unlawful, I am bound, in obe-
dience to the authority of Christ, rather to desert
desired, and hereby are empowered, to make sale of the said house
and hind, u'/M the land since added thereto by grant Jrom the toun, io
the best profit and advantage they can ; and to ext;cute a sufficient
deed or deeds, in due form of law, for passing and conveying the
same. Voted in the affirmative. The said Jan. 5, 1709-10, Tliat the
money, which shall be produced and raised by the sale of the said
house and land, be employed and laid out for the building a conve-
nient suitable house, for the use of the ministry ; to be erected on
the church land, known by the name of Hollingshead's lot. Voted
in the affirmative, the same time. That the vote lately passed for
the disposal of Hollingshead's lot be rescinded and made null. \o-
ted in the affirmative, at the same time." F. Church rccordsj p,
too.
156 AIXEN. BUIDGE. WADSWORTII.
SECT. XI. that communion, than comply with the terms and
1710. conditions of it."f
This opinion does not seem to have been
adopted hastily, nor to have been variable in its
influence. He was equally moderate and lenient
in his concessions to others, on the score of indi-
vidual freedom, as he was strenuous for the en-
joyment of his own rights. He was willing to
render to Caesar all proper tribute ; but he was
unwilling, that C;iesar, in the capacity of civil mag-
istrate, should interfere in holy things. The vote
of the church, passed, 5 August, 1679,J in regard
to thursday lecture, verifies this remark. Anoth-
er vote, in the same year, and likewise penned by
Mr. Allen, will serve to show, that he was equally
desirous of shielding the church against the pow-
er of the clergy, as against that of the civil ruler.
There was then, as there commonly is in every
period and portion of the church, a number of
ministers, who, not contented with the power of
doing good, were ambitious of pre-eminence. So
synods must be called, and canons ordained for
the regulation of ecclesiastical affairs, and wo to
that church, which should dare to dispute the
hierarchal authority. It is therefore not a little to
the honour of this church, and its aged teacher,
that, at so early a period, the vote alluded to should
appear in the records.
Mr. Allen had enjoyed a long, virtuous, and
happy life of seventy-eight years, forty-six of
which, he had been a member, and forty-two, a
vigilant ruler and instructer of the church.
t Scott's Christian Life. | See p. 129.
ALT.EN. BRIDGE. WADSWORTIl. \57
His wealth gave him the power, which he used, sect. xr.
as a good bishop, to be hospitable. i7io~
He published " healthful diet," a sermon .
<' Newengland's choicest blessings," an election
sermon, 1679 ; " serious advice to delivered
ones ;" " man's self reflection a means to further
his recovery from his apostasy from God ;" and
" two practical discourses."!
His posterity have been respectable in Massa-
chusetts, several of them having been publickly
educated, and employed in offices of responsibili-
ty. One of them is, at present, a worshipper in
First Church.
During the six years, ending in 1710, twenty-
four men and sixty-six women had been admitted
into the church. In the same space, the number
of baptisms was two hundred and two, one hun-
dred and thirteen males, and eighty -nine females-
t American Biograpliical Dictionary.
SS:C XII.
SECTION XII.
From the death of Mi- Allen, 22 September, 1710, to that of Mr.
Bridge, 26 September, 1715.
I HE year 1711 was rendered memorable to the
■ church by the burning of its house of worship.
1711. .
3 Oct. The fire was occasioned by the intemperance and
carelessness of a strange woman. Until 1760,
it was called the great fire. It consumed the
townhouse, all Cornhill, and the greater part of
State-street. The loss sustained, through this
disa.strous circumstance, by the congregation, was
greatly alleviated by the kindness of the two
neighbouring societies. The members of the
Third Church, (Old South,) unanimously voted
an offer of their church, for the mutual benefit of
both congregations ; and generously stipulated a
weekly provision for the pastors of the afflicted
society. The votes relating to this measure were
sent to Messrs. Bridge and Wadsworth, accom-
panied by the following letter, which enbalms in
the memory of First Church the piety, good
sense, and sympathy of a Pemberton.
" Boston, October 12, 1711."
" Reverend gentlemen,"
" I'he church of Christ, which I stand related
to, having considered the present dispersion of
BRIDHE. WADSWORTII. 159
your flock, through the holy hand of God, in the sec, xn.
late desolation of their meeting-house, thought it mi.
a proper and necessary expression of their chris-
tian love and regards, to yourselves and flock, to
pass the votes, a copy of which I now send you,
according to their desire, which you may com-
municate to your church, if you think proper.
The votes were passed with the greatest unanim-
ity and readiness. It will be to the last degree
pleasing to us to have the advantage of your gifts
and graces in every article desired. The last
vote, which invites you to administer the special
ordinances with us, in your turns, we hope, will
be agreeable to your church ; for sure we are, it is
a point of fellowship justifiable by the first and
strictest principles of these churches."
*' The allwise God has holy ends, which he is
carrying on by the present dark dispensation your
people are under ; and, if it may but be servicea-
ble to advance the spirit of unity among these
churches of Christ in this town, whereby we shall
be better qualified for the society of the assembly
of the first born above, we shall all have reason
to bless and adore the holy providence of heaven."
" May our gracious God speedily and peaceably
repair your desolations, building up and beautify-
ing your church with greater measures of his ho-
ly spirit ; may all under your charge be your
crown and joy in the day of Christ. This, rev-
erend brethren, shall always be the prayer of your
affectionate brother,
EEEXEZER PEMRERTON.''
1.60 BRIDGE. WADSWOinil.
SEC. XII. " At a meeting of the church in the south part
'^ of Boston, October 7th, it was voted, that the
Rev. Mr. Bi idge and Mr. Wadsworth, pastors of
the First Church in Boston, be desired, during
the present dispersion of their flock, to carry on
akernatcly one half of the work of preaching in
this congregation."
" That the deacons of this church make the
same weekly allowance to them for this service,
that they do to our own pastor."
" That the Rev. Mr. Bridge and Mr. Wads-
worth be desired also to take their turns in the
administration of baptism and the Lord's supper
with us.
EBENEZEU PEMBERTON."*
The following letter, of the same date and pur-
port, from the Fourth Church, (Brattle street,) was
communicated, at the same time.
" Boston, October 12, 1711."
" Reverend sirs,"
" I think it meet to acquaint you, that, having
stayed our church, the last evening, after the pub-
lick exercises of worship, there past unanimously
the following votes."
" That yourselves be desired, under the pres-
ent awful Providence, and till it shall please God,
that your meeting-house be rebuilt, statedly and
alternately to be and assist with us in the carry-
ing on the worship of God among us."
" That, out of the contribution weekly collected,
three pounds be paid you, every week."
* First Cluirch recoi-d.s, p. 102.
BRIDGE. WADSWORTH. 161
*' That you be desired, if it may be, for the sec. zii.
time you continue with us, to join with us in an 1711.
equal administration of all ordinances, in particu-
lar baptism and the Lord's supper."
" Sirs, these our desires we accompany with
our thankful acknowledgements of that good spirit
of brotherly affection, wherein you have come
among us, and wherewith you have so kindly ac-
cepted our bounden christian respects. We ask a
further interest in your love and prayers, and
hope, it will please God to make your presence
and labours with us, from time to time, abun-
dantly serviceable to his own glor}-, and our spir-
itual good."
" Reverend sirs, your unworthy brother in the
ministry of Christ,
BENJAMIN COLMAN."
*' Reverend Mr. Tliomas Bridge,
and !5cnjamin Wadswortli, pastors
of tlie First Church in Boston."
Due notice was taken of these expressions of
christian sympathy ;* but w^hether in the Third
or Fourth Church the congregation mostly wor-
shipjDcd is unknown. Mr. Wadsworth preached,
the Sunday after the conflagration, in the Third
Church ; and the sermon delivered, together with
the one last preached in the church consumed,
and the first preached in the Old Brick, were pub-
lished in a small volume, a copy of which is in
the Theological Library.
* " Whereupon tlie First Church of Christ in Boston, Oct. 12,
1711, voted, that our reverend elders be desired, in the name of
his church, to render thanks to the Rev. Mr Pemberton and Mr.
Golman and to their churches for tlieir kind respects to us in their
several letters of this date." First Church records, p 101
162 lunnriK. avadswokth.
1712.
SEC. XII. During their scattered condition, the church
were not inattentive to the rules of ecclesiastical
order, and the means of improvement. The lib-
eral christian will read with pleasure the subse-
quent extracts, and will probably discover in
them the seeds of a liberality, which, in regard to
the admission of church members, has ever since
been spreading and maturing in the churches of
Massachusetts.
" At a church meeting, 29 Feb. 1711-12, the
following proposals were voted at the school-house.
" First Church in Boston proposed to the rev-
erend elders,
" That, when persons desire admission into the
church, they be examined of the nature of a
church, of the institution of ordinances and offi-
cers, of the authority and rule given by Christ to
the elders, of the duty and privilege of the
brotherhood.
" This is to be summarily communicated to
the church, together with the relation and belief
of the party desiring admission.
" That no objection be made to the receiving
of any person professing faith in the Lord Jesus
Christ, repentance of sin, and having a measure
of scriptural knowledge of the order and govern-
ment appointed by Christ in his church ; al-
though he have not the persuasion, which others
possibly may profess, about some particulars, that
are matter of dispute among learned, pious, and
holy men."
From the moment, in which the old meeting-
house was burned, the church was diligently em-
BRIDGE. WADSWORTH. 163
ployed in making preparations for a new edifice, sec. xii.
25 June, 1712, was founded the fabrick of the " ^^^^
Old Brick ; and, on 3 May, of the succeeding
year, it was appropriated to reHgious use.f There
appears to have been no particular solemnity ob-
served, on entering the church, except on the
Lord's day ; but the records of First Church
contain a particular account of a day, religiously
set apart to the dedication of the Fifth Church,
(New North,) which was first entered, as a house
of worship, 5 April, 1714.
On 26 September, 1715, Rev. Thomas Bridge, j-j^
senior pastor of the church, died. He was in
the fifty-ninth year of his age, and the eleventh of
his ministry in this church. He was born at
Hackney, England ; was regularly educated ;
became first a merchant, and afterwards a pious
and useful minister of religion 4 He travelled
first into the Mediterranean ; thence to America ;
laboriously preached at several of the West India
islands ; whence he came to Boston, and was in-
vited to this church. He is represented, as re-
markable for his sincerity, meekness, and humili-
ty. He was not easily excited ; yet his patriot-
ism was warm ; and he omitted no opportunity to
manifest his love for the civil and religious liber=
t The only durable relick of the Old Brick is deposited in I-'irst
Church Vestry. It is a tliick piece of slate stone, about two feet
long, which was taken from under a window, in the second slorj-j
on tlie south side of the church. It contains in two lines the follow-
ing record.
BURND TO ASHES OCTOBr 3. iril.
REBUILDING June 25th 1712. •
I Eliot's Biog.
161 BRIDGE. WADSWOHTH.
SEC. XII. ties of the country. In the unsuccessful expedi-
1715. tion, which, in 1707, was made against Portray-
al, he was invited to accompany the commission-
ers. 5 June, the church voted its consent to his
compliance. He sailed from Boston, 5 July,
and returned, on the 1st of September fol-
lowing.
Mr. Bridge was upright in his dealings, of kind
affections, devout in his habits, and irreproachable
in his morals.* Prayer was his gift, and the bible
his library ; and so sincere and strong were his
expressions of humility, that he frequently kin-
dled a blush on the cheek of the forward young
man, and shamed the ambitious out of their love
of distinction. He received the degree of master
of arts, in 1712, from Harvard college ; and his
name is affixed to the class, which was graduated,
' in 1675. Like his predecessors, Norton, Daven-
port, and Oxenbridge, he made a sudden exit
from the scene of his labours, leaving behind him
a name, which is better than precious ointment,
and four publications, evincing his concern for the
cause of righteousness and the welfare of man-
kind. 1." The mind at ease." 2. " What faith
can do." 3. " Jethro's counsel." 4. " A ser-
mon before the artillery company." Mr. Bridge's
funeral sermon was preached by Dr. Colman ;
his remains were treated with particular respect ;
and his surviving family, for a long time, receiv-
o ' Allen's Biography,
BRIDGE. WADSWORTH. 165^
ed the sympathies and support of a generous sec. xir.
congregation.! ins."
In the five years, ending with 1715, one hun-
dred and forty- six persons were admitted to
communion, ninety-six of whom were females.
During the same time, eighty-six boys and nine-
ty-six girls were publickly baptized.
t " The Rev. Mr. Thomas Bridge, a pastor of the Old Church hi
Boston, died on Sep. 26, 1715, and was buried in Mr. Cotton's
tomb, Sept. 29, 1715."
" Meniorandmn. The church, having voted to defray the charge
of the Rev. Mr. Bridge's funeral, chose to endeavour it by a
publick contribution, on the Lord's day. This was notified, on Oct.
2, that the contribution aforesaid would be expected, on the next
sabbath. Accordingly, on the next sabbath, viz. Oct. 9, the contri-
bution was, as one of the deacons told me, one hundred and ten
pounds, five shillings and a penny. The funeral charges came to
about 104/."
" Memorandum. The committee aforesaid ordered Mrs. Bridge,
our pastor's relict, forty shillings per week out of the contribution
box, for the present, till they should give further order." First
Church records, p. 106.
SECTION Xlli,
From the death of Mr. Bridge, 26 September, 1715, to the settle-
ment of" Mr. Cluiuncy, 25 October, 1727.
SEC. XIII. Early in the year 1717, Mr. Thomas Foxcroft
1717. of Cambridge was invited to preach to the socie-
ty ; and the universal approbation, he obtained,
placed him a colleague with the surviving pas-
tor, on the 20th of November, in the same year.
As a specimen of the composition of a popular
young preacher of that day, I have preserved in
a note a copy of Mr. Foxcroft's answer* to the
church accepting their invitation to settlement.
* •• Cambridge, March 23, 1717.
" To the Old or First Church in Boston.
" Reverend, honourable, and beloved,
«' It hath pleased the great Head of the church (who turncth the
hearts of his people, as the rivers of waters, and doth wondrous
things, which none can search out the reasons of,) to inchne jou to
•make choice of so unfit a person, as myself, to settle in the office of
a pastor to this flock. I am deeply sensible, how unwortliy I am
of the dignity, how every way unequal to the duties of this holy cal-
ling, which is of God excellent and difficult. As indeed who are
sufficient of these things of themselves ? But our sufficiency is of
God. Humbly therefore depending upon the grace of our Lord
.lesus Christ, without whom we can do nothing, as having good
hope in that sweet promise. Matt, xxviii. 30. " Lo, I am with
you alway, even to the end of the world." I do now with gratitude
and humility accept your call, as the voice of God; and do sol-
emnly promise and resolve, if the Lord permit, and account me
worthy, putting me into the ministry, to make it the grand study
and cmplojTiient of my life to preach the unsearchable riches of
VVADSWORTH. FOXCROFT. i67
As is customary, after the settling of a new sec. xtii.
pastor, the church had a meeting, in December, 1717.
elected some new officers, and passed some votes
respecting their fiscal concerns, f
The independence of congregational churches
in Boston has been maintained from the begin-
ning ; and perhaps their freedom will best be
Christ unto you, according' to the commandmeHt of the everlasting
gx>spel, for the obedience of faith, for the perfecting of the saints,
for the edifying of the body of Christ, so long as it shall please God
to continue me among you , that ye might know tlie love, which I
have more abundantly to you all.
And now, under a just view of the importance, weiglit, and diffi-
culty of tlie awful work of watching for souls, and feeding the flock
of Christ, I beseech you, brethren, that ye strive together with me,
in your prayers to God for me, that those gifts and graces may be
multiplied upon me. In the diligent exercise whereof I may ap-
prove myself a ready scribe, well instructed for the kingdom of
God, and furnished to every good work ; that I may come unlo you
with joy by the will of God, and may with you be refreshed ; that
I may find mercy to be faithful to the interest of God's glory, and be
wise to win souls ; that my service may be accepted of the saints,
and tliac I may be unto God a sweet savour in Christ, that so I may
give up my account with joy to the chief shepherd at Iiis appear-
ing ; and the Lord grant unto us all, that we may find mercy of the
Lord in that day. I am your affectionate
friend and servant,
THOMAS FOXCROFT."
f " At a church meeting, at the meeting-house
•' Voted, that the deacons, for tiie time being, be desired exactly
to record, in a book or books, procured at the charge of the church,
wliat they receive, from time to time, in their weekly and monthly
contributions ; and also what they shall receive, at any time, as lega-
cies or donations to the church ; and that they shall also as plainly
record in said books, how much and to whom they disburse or pay,
from time to time ; and also how much and to wliom of the poor of
the church they shall give, as there is occasion, out of tlie monthly
contribution ; that so, whenever tlie church shall see meet to ac-
quaint themselves with these accounts, tlie state of their temporal
affairs may the more clearly and easily appear unto them." First
Church records, p. 108.
168 WADS WORTH. FOXCROrT.
SEC. XIII. preserved by keeping clear of entangling allian-
j^j-, ces. There is however a partial coalescence
between churches, which rather promotes, than
hinders, the general objects of religious associa-
tion. Some congregations, from local proximity,
affinity of theological opinions, or other circum-
stances, are more likely to associate, than others ;
but such associations have no effect on the disci-
pline or interiour regulations of individual socie-
ties. Thus there is a certain indefinable union
among all the congregational churches in the
metropolis. Their ministers are united in hold-
ing an association at each others' houses, every
other monday, in supporting a Theological Li-
brary, J in preaching a weekly lecture, and a
quarterly charity lecture ; and the several con-
gregations tacitly agree in attending these lec-
tures and favouring these institutions. The
First Church is united with the Fourth, the Sec-
ond with the Fifth, and the Sixth with the Sev-
enth, in support of a monthly lecture, attended
commonly, on the friday, immediately preceding
the Sunday, on which is celebrated the Lord's
supper. The union, for this purpose, between the
First and Fourth churches commenced, in the be-
ginning of the year ITSO.f The lecture is
1 This institution, which was founded, 1 June, 1807, invites
however, and i-eceives, subscriptions from both clerg-y and laity of
all denominations.
f " The sacrament of tlie Lord's supper being- administered on the
first Lord's day of every month, as in our old churcii, so in that
neighbouring one, of wliich the Rev. Mr. Colman and Cooper are
pastors; their church, by a letter dated January 18, 1719, made a
motion to ours, that a lecture, on every friday, in the afternoon
WADSWORTH. FOXCROFT. l>69
attended in Brattle-street, and preached by the sec. xiu
pastors of the two congregations alternately. jj^^q
There is indeed no express warrant for such an
exercise in the christian scriptures ; and some
have doubted the propriety of upholding the cus-
tom. They have alleged, that it tends to bring
the ordinance of preaching into contempt with
some, by making it too frequent, and that its ef-
fect is injurious to others, by inducing a belief,
that some unusual, peculiar preparation is neces-
sary for commemorating the death of our Sa-
viour. But it ought to be remembered, that an
attendance on this lecture is by no means con-
sidered an indispensable requisite for communion,
on the following sunday ; and that any religious
institution, which brings people voluntarily to-
gether, naturally expands the mind, and can
hardly be unfavourable to the progress of charity.
In the case just mentioned, the effect of the lec-
ture has been happy. It has contributed to the
harmony of both the ministers and brethren of
the two societies. t
In 1725, Mr. Wadsworth was chosen presi- 172^3
dent of Harvard college. His fiock parted with
him reluctantly, yet amicably, not without delibe-
ration and prayer, yet without the formality of a
niigljtbe attended, in their meeting-house, by these two churches,
and tlie lecture sermons be preaciicd by the ministers of both
cliurclies. This letter was read with us, on the L(jrd's day, Feb.
7, 1 719-20, and, after a week s time for consideration, our church, by
a (silent) vote, complied with the motion tliey made to us.
•' This vote, was on February 14, 1719- JO.'' First Church
'ecords, p. 110.
t Dr. Thacher's Genturv Discourse.
/
ktO WADSWOUTH. lOXCROFT.
SEC. xm. dismissing council. He continued to preach to
j-r25. them in his turn, for some httle time, after he was
installed at Cambridge ; ever afterwards enjoyed
their friendship ; and, at his death, left a legacy
for the poor of the church. f
President ^Vadsworth was born at Milton, in
1669, and graduated at Harvard college, in 1690.
He was the first minister of this church educated
at the neighbouring university. He was the son
of capt. Samuel Wadsworth, who distinguished
himself by his courage, and, in 1676, fell a victim
to the Indian war. The president, with filial pie-
ty, erected a monument to the bravery of his
flitherand his valiant soldiers.*
The powers of president Wadsworth's mind
were rather strong,than brilliant ; and his manners
rather grave, than animated. His memory was
uncommonly retentive. He could easily quote
almost any verse in the bible, without recurring
to the page ; though he wrote his sermons with
care, he always delivered them memoriter. In
the office of president of the college, he wanted
not prudence and fidelity ; but, in bodily stature
and dignity of deportment, he was inferiour to his
predecessor Lcverett ; nor were his science and
literature so various and conspicuous, as preemi-
nently to distinguish him, as the head of the uni-
versity. Yet he was a practical, useful charac-
ter. As a preacher, he was perspicuous and sol-
emn ; as a pastor, watchful and exemplary ; and,
as a christian, so liberal and exact in his charities,
t F.C. rerords, p. 4112. * Holmes's Annuls, i. 429.
WADSWORTH. FOXCROFT. J7^1
as to give to the poor a tenth part of his income, sec. xiu.
He was author of several publications.* tt^
This gentleman was dismissed from his pasto-
ral office, 16 June, 1725, and from the labours of
human life, 12 iMarch, 1737, in the 68th year of
* 1. An artillery election sermon, 1/00.
2. Exhortations to piety, 1702.
y. Three sermons, entitled, Men worse in their carriage tp
God, than one another ; Psalms sung with grace in the heart ;
A pious tongue an enriching ireasurcj 1706.
4. Discourses on the day of judgment, 1709.
5. A sermon on assembling at the house of God, 1710.
6. The weli-orriered family, 1712.
7. Five sermons, viz. The first, on 30 September, 1711, from
Psalm Ixxiii. 1. being the last delivered in the old meeting-
house, which was burnt, 2 October, 1711. The second, from
Lamentations iii. 31. at the south meeting-house in Boston,
7 October, 1711, being the first Lord's day after the fire. The
third, on 18 December, 1711, from Psalm xxvi. 8. being a fast
kept by the Old Churcli, occasioned by the burning of their
meeting-house. The fourth, on 3 May, 1713, from Ilag. ii. 9,
being the first in the Brick meeting-house, where the former
was burnt. The fifth, on 12 November, 1713, fromZech. iv. 7.
A thanksgiving sermon, for tiod's goodness, in providing a new
meeting-house for the Old Church j with a preface, giving
some account of the fire, 2 October, 1711.
8. Explanation of the assembly's catechism, 1714.
9. Invitation to the gospel feast, in eleven sermons, 12mo. Saint's
prayer to escape temptation ; a discourse on the de^th of Isaag
Addington, 1715.
10. Election sermon, 17". 6.
11. Twelve single sermons on various subjects, 1717.
12. Zeal against flagrant wickedness ; essay for spreading the
gospel into ignorant places, I/IS.
13. Ciirlst's fan in his hand ; Imitation of Christ, a christian
duty, 1722.
14. A dialogue between a minister a.id his neighbour, on the
Lord's supper, 1724.
15. It is honourable not shameful to suffer, 1725.
16. The benefits of a goo^, and the mischiefs of an evil conscience
in fourteen sermons ; None but the righteous saved, 1725.
\12 ' WADSWORTH. FOXCHOFT.
SEC. XIII. his age. He was minister of this church,twenty-ninc
years, and twelve, a president of the university.
Upon the removal of president Wadsworth to
17 Aug. Cambridge, a fast was immediately kept by the
congregation, and measures were taken to supply
the vacancy with another pastor. 12 June, 1727,
a choice was made. Of one hundred and ten
votes given in for a minister, three were scatter-
ed, Mr. Welsteed had forty-three, and sixty -four
were for Mr. Chauncy, who was declared duly
chosen, and who was ordained, on the 25th of
October following.* At a meeting, on the sec-
ond of that month, the brethren of the church
passed a number of votes, preparatory to the or-
dination, selected their council, and assigned the
principal parts of the consecrating service.
jjr27. During the twelve years, ending with 1727,
two hundred and forty-one persons had been ad-
mitted into the church, one hundred and fifty-six
of whom were females. In the same time, four
hundred and seventy-four children were baptized,
two hundred and fifty-eight of whom were males.
* " October 25, 1727, Mr. Chauncy was accordinprly ordained.
Mr. Wadsworth being sick, and not at the ordination, Mr. Foxcroft
began with prayer. Mr. Chauncy preached the sermon from Matt.
xxviii. 20. Mr. Thacher prayed after the sermon. Mr. Colman
presided, as moderator, in taking the votes, and giving the charge ;
praying both before and after. Dr. Mather gave the fellowship of
the churches." First Church records, 122.
SECTION XIV.
From the settlement of Mr. Chauncy, 25 October, 1727, to the
death of Mr. Foxcroft, 18 June, 1769.
"VV^E have now anived at a memorable period in si:c.xi\
the history of First Church. During forty-two
years, the present pastors lived in great harmony
with each other and their flock ; and, whoever
has heard of the Old Brick Church in Boston,
will find it associated, in his memory, with the
names of Foxcroft and Chauncy. The affairs of
the church were now in a flourishing condition.
She saw her elder pastor unrivalled in popularity,
as a preacher, and already marked, in his young
colleague, the dawn of those brilliant powers,
which were destined to enlighten and improve
the age.
It was during the joint ministry of these two
men, that the church of England made her most
strenuous exertions to introduce the forms of
episcopacy into the provinces of Newcngland.
These attempts were resolutely resisted by the
divines of this metropolis, who, in the success of
such measures, apprehended an injuiy to that re-
ligious liberty, for which their fathers had aban-
doned their native country, and encountered the
1^4 POXCROFT. eUAUNCY.
SEC. xrv. difficulties of planting this western wilderncsi.
1729. The ministers of First Church were strongly in
this sentiment. The elder of them, Mr. Fox-
croft, had been educated in the episcopal church,
and was designed for her service. But, from a
thorough examination of the principles of Chris-
tianity, and a research into ecclesiastical history,
he became a sincere convert to Congregationalism.
It was the active influence of this settled opinion,
that drew from Mr. Foxcroft, in 1729, a publi-
cation, entitled, *' the ruling and ordaining power
of congregational bishops, or presbyters, defend-
ed." This treatise was an answer to Barclay's
Persuasive, and was written in so masterly a
manner, as to be itself unanswerable. What
Mr. Foxcroft was, from principle, Mr. Chauncy
was from principle, and from constitution, and
from the prejudices of education. His early no-
tions of civil liberty, his theological studies and
sentiments, and all the habits of his great mind
were opposed to prelatical establishments. Ac-
cordingly in the episcopal disputes, as we shall
see, which were agitated between 1760 and 1770,
he bore a part, that does equal honour to his pat-
riotism and his learning.
During the united ministry of Foxcroft and
Chauncy, several improvements took place in the
management of both the spiritual and fiscal con-
cerns of the society. Until now, the church, that
is, the male communicants, were alone concerned
in fixing the ministers' salaries, and, in short, in
making all pecuniary appropriations. But, in this
vear, it was voted, that, " whenever there is occa-
IToO.
roxcnoFT. chauncy. \T5
sion for money to be raised,ihe congregation be no- secxiv.
tified to meet with the church in the doing of it." ^^
About this time, the question, relative to the
enlargement of baptism, which was agitated, in
the year sixteen hundred sixty-two, Mas again
the subject of conversation among the clergy, and
of discussion in their churches. At a meeting of
First Church, 3 iMarch, the fifth proposition of ^^^l-
the result of the synod, in the year abovemention-
ed, was voted to be a rule in the church.* At
the same time also, was renewed a vote of the
church, which passed in January, one thousand six
hundred fifty-seven, relative to the discipline to be
exercised over the children of church members.
The same subject, in regard to the terms of
admitting members, which was considered, in
1712, again solicited the attention of the brethren.
Relations of what are called " experiences" were
still continued in the church ; but the number of
those, who disapproved the practice, was greater,
than that of its advocates. Accordingly the fol-
lowing question was proposed, 9 June, 1730,
which, though not decided immediately, was
finally passed in the affirmative. " Whether, in
case any particular persons appearing, in a judg-
ment of charity, visible saints, and offering to join
with this church in full communion, do seriously
scruple the practice of making a relation, as usual
at admissions, whether, in such case, it he your
mind, that persons shall be left to their christian
liberty, and admitted Vv^idiout obliging tliem t©
comply with the said custom ; provided always,
i See Sect. IV. p. 93.
176 . rOXCllOFT. ClIAUNCY.
SEC. XIV. t-liat they do make a publick confession of their
TIZ faith or beHef, and that the elders do declare their
having received satisfaction by private examination,
asto their knowledge and experiences in religion?"
The salary of the ministers, for several years
previous to this period, had been 4/. 10.y. a week,
1731. a sum, which was found inadequate to the pur-
pose. Towards the close of this year, several at-
tempts were made to increase it, and, in the be-
ijinnins: of 1732, it was raised to 6/.
It was now, that the time of beginning divine
service in the afternoon, on Sundays, was altered
from 2 to 3 o'clock. This measure, which orig-
inated in First Church, was concurred in by the
churches in the south part of the town.
It was the custom, in the period of which we
are writing, for each church in the government to
express, in some way, its sense of the doings of
every other church. Thus the records of this
church contain a particular account of its atten-
tion to a pamphlet, written concerning an eccle-
siastical dispute at Salem, of so little notoriety, as
not to be thought worthy of mention by the his-
torian of that town.*
* " Lord's clay evening, March 2, 1734-5. The brethren of the
clmrch were stayetl, and received inioimation of a printed pam-
phlet, entitled, /\ faithfnl narrative of tiie proceedings of the ec-
clesiastical council convened at Salem, in 1734 ; occasioned by the
scandalous divisions in tlie first church in that town. Which pam-
phlet was sent, superscribed to the pastors, to be communicated by
a committee of the said council, appointed to prepare a narrative of
their proceedings for the press, and, wlien printed, to communicate
the same to the several cong-regational churches in the province.
The matter was left under consideration, for a week,"
" Lord' s-day evening y March 9. Tiic brethren of the churcli, be-
ing stayed after the publick worship, Voted,That they woukl meet,
FOXCROFT. CHAUNCV. 177
It had hitherto also been the usage mthis church sec. xiv.
to hold the scats and pews, for the most part, in 1737."
on the next Wednesday se'ennight, at 2 o'clock, p. m. in tlie meeting-
house, to liave the abovesaid narrative communicated."
" Wi'dnesiiay, March 9, 1734-5, 2 o'clock, p m. The church met
in the meeting-house Then we proceeded upon the business ol"
the meeting, the communicating of the narrative of tlie late council
atSiilem. One of the pastors read out of it, one hour, and the other,
for another hour. Then, tlie weather being very cold, a motion
was made, tiiat we should adjourn to Mr.Jonathan Williams's house,
whicli was voted. And, the bretiiren immediately repairing thither,
we finished reading of the book, abovesaid."
" Ui)on whicli, among ')ther matters discoursed, a considerable
debate was had on the propriety of this church's accepting and ap-
proving the result of a council, in which we were not represented
by our delegates, nor so much, as invited to be present."
" Then, upon the motion made by sundry, it was Voted, that the
affair should lie under consideration ; and the meeting was,by vote,
adjourned to the first Wednesday, in May next, being the 7th day
of the month, at 3 o'clock, p. m. in the meeting-house.
Entered pr. T. FOXCROFT."
" Wednesday, May 7, 1735. The church met, by adjournment,
upon the Salem affair ; but there being but a very small appearance
of the bretiiren, by reason of a town-meeting, this day, it was
thought proper to adjourn for some considerable time, by reason of
the lute surprising turn of affairs in Salem, the aggrieved brethren
having claimed to be the majority, and declared themselves to be
. the first church in Salem. Therefore it was Voted, that this meet-
ing he adjourned to the last Wednesday, in June next, being the 25th
day, at .3 o'clock, p. m."
" yune >S. The church met, and, there being but a thin appear-
ance of the brethren, they adjourned to the next sabbath evening,
in order to urge and procure a more general attendance."
•* Sabbath evening, j^uue 29. Church stayed, and adjourned, till
to-morrow, at 10 o'clock, a. m."
" yune 30, a. in. The brethren came together more generally,
(between fifty and sixty being present,) and, after a long debate
upon the objection, made at the first meeting, and now renewed.
Voted, Not to proceed any further, in the consideration of tlie Sa-
lem affair, by a great majority. The question put both affirmative-
ly and negatively." First Church records, pp. :34, 135.
Thus seven meetings of the church were had for the discussion
of a question, in which no member had any peculiar coneern.
Y
ir62.
.1.78 FOXCROIT. C!IAU\CV.
sj:c. XIV- coiniiion, and to choose a committee, every few*
1737. years, to seat the meeting-house. This, I be-
lieve, is still the practice in most of the religious
societies on Connecticut river.*
Pulpit services were not formerly so frequently
exchanged among ministers in the Newengland
churches, as at the present day, nor so frequently
practised by the united presbyters of this church,
as by those, who had no colleagues in the pastoral
care. As they advanced in years however, they
gladly admitted the occasional labours of other
clergymen, not only in the desk, but in the admin-
istration of ordinances ; yet, it seems, the measure
was so novel, that it was thought expedient to
sanction its propriety by a vote of the church.f
* " 1691. Nov. 24. Voted, that our brother Parsons, and Samp-
.son Stoddard, and brother Brown do exercise church power in seat-
ing- persons in the meeting-house."
" April 2, '^713 At a meeting- of the church, Voted, that Dr.
Cook, colonel Hutchinson, Mr. Addingtnn, Mr. Eliakim Hutchin-
son, colonel Townsend, Mr. Welsteed, Mr. Jeremiah Allen, Mr.
Gouch, be seaters of the new meeting-house, now built, and that it
be left to their prudence and discretion to dispose of seats and
jiews, as, tlicymay think, will be most for the good and welfare of
the church and congregation." First (;hh. R. p. 104.
f " Miiy 2, 1762. After the administration of the ordinance of
the supper, this day, I proposed it to the ciiurch, in consid-
eration of the Ilev. Mr. Foxcroft's being taken off' from his publick
labours, for the present, and in order to prevent inconveniences, in
case of my being indisposed, or occasionally from home, on the
Lord's day, that any of our ordained ministers, in regular standing,
niig-ht, without offence, be desired, agreeably to the platform and
the usage of other churches of the congregational denomination in
this province, as there was need of it, to administer either of the sa-
craments, when the church is assembled for publick worship ; Vo-
ted, without any difficulty or objection, that this proposal be com-
plied with, and that other pastors, in regular standing, may, as there
is need of it, administer the Lord's supper to this church, or bap-
tism to their children. CHARLES CHAUNCY." F.C.Rec,
FOXCUOIT. CIIAUNCY. \T9
On 18 June, 1769, died Rev. Thomas Fox- sfx. xiv.
croft, senior pastor of the church, lie had lived, j^^g
almost seventy-three years, fifty-tuo of which he
had spent in the ministry. He was critically
skilled in the greek language, a theologian of
some excellence, and the author of many sermons
in print. The follovving is the most correct list
of his publications, I have been able to obtain,
1. A sermon at his own ordination, 1718.
2. A sermon on kindness, 1720.
3. A sermon on the death of his mother, 1721.
4. A sermon on the death of l.\v. John Corey, 1722.
5. A sermon on the death of dame Bridget Usher, 1723.
6. A sermon on the death of George I. 1727.
7. A sermon on the death of Hon. Penn Tovrnsend.
8. A sermon on the death of Rev. William Waldron.
9. A sermon on the death of Rev. John Williams, 1729.
10. A sermon on the death of Thomas Blowers.
1 1. A sermon on the death of Benjamin Wadsworth, 1737.
12. Essay on the state of the dead, 1722.
13. The day of a godly man's death better, Sec. 1722^
14. Duty of the godly to be intercessors. Sec.
1 5. Two sermons showing how to begin the year, Sec.
16. God's face set against an incorrigible people, 1724.
17. Sermon at the ordination of Rev. John Lowell, 1726,
18. Discourse preparatory to the choiceof aminifster, 1727^
1^. A discourse on death,
20. A discourse on the earthquake.
2 1. A discourse at the ordination of Rev.John Taylor, 1 728.
22. Answer to Mr. T. Barclay's Persuasive, 8cc. 1729.
23. Century sermon containing history, ebservationsj Sec.
1730.
24. Pleas of gospel impenitents refuted.
25. Divine right of deacons, 1731.
26. Sermon to a young woman,under sentence of death, 1733.
27. A sermon occasioned by the labours and visits oi
Mr. Whitfield, 1740.
180 FOXOHOl'T. CriAUNCY.
SEC XIV ^^" ■'^ sermon at a private family meeting, 1742.
29. An apology for Mr. Whitfield, 1745.
1769. 3fj^ Saints' united confession in despair of their own
righteousness, 1750.
31. Like precious faith obtained by all, 8cc. 1756.
32. Thanksgiving sermon for the conquest of Canada,
1760.
In the early part of life, Mr. Foxcroft was a
captivating preacher ; but, in the year 1736, he
received a paralytick shock, which obscured the
lustre of those talents, which, until then, had pro-
cured him great and merited applause. He sus-
tained the character of an eminent christian, and
religiously performed the duties of the various
stations, which he filled.
During these forty-two years, one hundred and
eighty-one persons had been admitted members
of the church, fifty-three of whom were males,and
one hundred and twenty-eight females. In the
same time, one thousand and forty -nine children
were baptized, five hundred and forty-four of
whom were males, and five hundred and five
were females.
Other transactions of the church in this period
might here be penned ; but it is needless to
multiply records, which have no peculiar nor
striking characteristicks. I therefore drop the
chain of ecclesiastical notices, relating to the time
of Foxcroft and Chauncy, and enter on a review
of the writings, life, and character of the latter.
SECTION XV.
From the death of Rev. Thomas Foxcroft, 18 Jvine, 1769, to thu
settlement of Rev. John Clarke, 8 July, 1778.*
IT HERE facts are merely to be recorded, or a
concatenation of events related, the plodding pen
of industry may execute the task. But fully to
develop the powers of a great man, to trace the
manner of their edification, and to note at once,
sufficiently and impartially, their beneficial influ-
ences on the community is an arduous and
difficult employment. It is therefore with a
trembling hand, that I undertake to sketch the
eminent and various merits of the late reverend
and learned doctor Chauncy. That this article
of biography should not have been finished, as it
was begun, by the colleague, whom he elected
and loved, my immediate predecessor, I have ever
considered a misfortune to the cause of letters
and of rational Christianity. It is vain however
to deplore irremediable evils. I shall now use the
best means, I can command, to supply this defi-
ciency, and trust to the good will of my friends,
and the superiour diligence of my successours, to
correct m}^ mistakes.
The subject of this memoir was born at Bos-
ton, 1 January, 1705. He was son of Mr. Charles
* This section, as will be seen, the author did not live to com-
plete. Ed.
SEC. XV
1&2 CHAUNCY.
1730.
SEC. XV. Chauncy, a merchant from England, who was
" the youngest child of Rev. Isaac Chauncy, pas-
tor of a church in London, who was the eldest of
six sons of the venerable and reverend Charles
Chauncy, formerly president of Harvard college.
At the age of seven years, Mr. Chauncy lost his
father. Into whose care he then fell, and bv whom
he was prepared for the university, I have never
been able to leain. He entered college, at twelve,
and became master of arts, at nineteen years old.
But where he resided, and under whose direction
he studied, during the time of his leaving col-
lege, until he became a preacher, is also un-
known.
The time and manner of his induction to the
pastoral office have already been noted. Until
some time after his ordination, nothing occurred
of an extraordinary nature. His early efforts, as
a preacher, seem to have excited nothing like
rapture in the breasts of his friends, or extreme
aversion in the minds of his dissentients.
The first publication of Mr. Chauncy M^as
made, in the fourth year after his settlement. It
is on the death of Mrs. Sarah Byefield, which
happened, 21 December, 1730. It is prefaced,
after the custom of those days, by a dedication of
the author to the honourable and bereaved con-
sort, and is founded on that passage in James iv.
14. " For what is your life ? It is even a va-
pour, that appeareth, for a little time, and then van-
isheth away." After a short and easy introduc-
tion, the author proposes to consider, first, the
representation, that is here given us of man's life ;
CHAUNCY. 183
and, secondly, to show, what influence such a rep- sec. xv
resentation ought to have upon us. This clear ^^
and happy division of his subject is clearly and
happily discussed. There appears no peculiar
aptitude in the choice of die text, as the deceas-
ed was neither young nor very old. Nor is
there any ease of transition between the body of
the sermon and the character suffixed. These
faults however, if such they may be called, are
expiated by the variety of useful reflections, which
enrich the discourse.
Early in the year 1732, Mr. Chauncy gave
another sermon to the publick, on the subject of
early piety, occasioned by the death of Miss
Elizabeth Price, a young lady of seventeen years
old. The text is Psalm cxix. 9. " Wherewith
shall a young man cleanse his way ? By taking
heed thereto, according to thy word." A squeam-
ish critick might be as dissatisfied with the
choice of his text, as with that of the preceding.
But whoever looks for a curious taste, in this
writer, respecting words, will surely be disap-
pointed. It was the intention of the preacher to
recommend early piety, and to show, that the
holy scriptures are the best guide to the perform-
ance of that duty. Contrary to the usual manner
of funeral discourses, he delineates the character
of the deceased under the first head of the dis-
course.
In the following year, our author published
another funeral sermon, occasioned by the death
of his friend, judge Byefield. Like his perform-
ances in general, it is strongly marked by sinceri-
18 i CHAUXCV.
S!ic. XV. ty, piety, and good sense ; but it displays no cf-
1733. ^^^'^^ ^^ fi"^ writing, or an attempt to improve the
style of compositions, at that time fashionable.
The fact is, Mr. Chaimcy had no taste for rheto-
rical studies. So little versed in poetry was he,
that he is said to have wished, somebody would
translate the Paradise Lost of Milton into prose,
that he might understand it. He loved nature,
simplicity, and truth, and looked upon the art of
rhetorick, rather as an inflamer of the passions
and a perverter of reason, than as an instrument
of good to mankind. His aversion indeed was so
rooted towards the noisy and foaming fanaticks of
his time, and his attachment so strong to Taylor,
Tillotson, and writers of that stamp, that, in the
company of intimate friends, as is reported of
him, he would sometimes beseech God never to
make him an orator. One of his acquaintances,
now living, hearing this report, remarked, that
his prayer was unequivocally granted. Yet I
have been informed, by one of his hearers, who
is an excellent judge of sermons, that Dr. Chaun-
cy Avas by no means an indifferent speaker, that
his emphases were always laid with propriety,
often with happy effect ; and that his general
manner was that of a plain, earnest preacher, so-
licitous for the success of his labours. He ordi-
narily entered on his task, whether of composing
or delivery, apparently without much nerve, as a
labourer commences his daily toil, uttering a
deal of common truths in a common way. But
he had always a design, which he kept clearly
CHAUNCY. 185
and steadily in view, until it was prudent!}' imd sf/ r.w.
thorouo-hiv executed. ~~
In 1734, he preached before the ancient and
honourable artilleiy company. The sermon is
preserved in the library of the Historical Society,
and, like other of his works, reveals a clear head,
a full mind, and an honest heart.
The next sermon, published by Mr. Chauncy,
was in 1737, on the death of deacon Jonathan
Williams. It seems to have been well suited to
the occasion, and is written with no small portion
of mental vigour.
In 1739, Mr. C. published a sermon on reli-
gious compulsion, which is hi the Theological Li-
brary. It contains the principal arguments,
which, in both hemispheres, have often and suc-
cessfully been used for promoting freedom of in-
quiry, and the right of private judgment, in mat-
ters of religion. At the time however, in which
this sermon was delivei-ed, it must have appeared
to great advantage, as the arguments against in-
tolerance, here used, were by no means so com-
mon, as at this day. In this, as in almost every
peiformance of our author, there is apparently an
utter carelessness in the choice of words. He
seems habitually to have taken such, as first offer-
ed themselves, sufficiently expressive indeed of
his ideas, but sometimes such, as no dictionary con-
tained. In this sermon also are urged the usual
arguments for attending on the Lord's supper.
In 1741, Mr. C. published a sermon on the
death of Mrs. Lucy Waldo, which is in the li-
brary of Harvard college.
1B6 (IIAUNCY.
si-.f \:v. Ill the same year too, he publi^^lied a senuon on
i?4i. '''^' "*^^^' Cleat lire, which I have not been able to
find.
He likewise published, in this year, a sermon
on an unbridled ton.i^ne, wJVich, though not writ-
ten seeming-ly with much care, yet contains some
eloquent passages. Some persons, not very
- friendly to our author, have remarked, that he
was a proper person to preaeh against an unbri-
dled tongue, as, from his occasional hastiness and
strength of expression, he experimentally knew
its disadvantages. But he certainly wrote in the
mildest strain ; and his most watchful adversa-
ries were never able to detect, in his publications,
a single intemperate or unguarded sentence.
IT42. In 1742, Mr. C. published a sermon on the
outpouring of the Holy Ghost. In this excellent
discourse may be found the following sentiment,
tiiat the extraordinary effusions of the Holy
Ghost did not make the subjects of them better
men. This undoubtedly is a correct notion, and
had been advanced by Whichcote and other en-
glish divines ; but it was a novel sentiment
amorig- american theologians, when Chauncy ut-
tered it, and would by many be received with
distrust, at the present day. At the same time, it
is remarkable, that this sermon contains senti-
ments, which would now be thought calvinistick,
and which, one would think, could hardly be
rtconciled with what is taught in the sermon on
the various gifts of ministers.
The last mentioned discourse was preached
' previously to that upon the Holy Ghost, and pub-
CH.VVNCY. 187
lishcd, inllie same year. It has been said, that, in secxa*.
this discourse, Mr. C. put forth the greatness of ~„^^'
his strength. It is a noble effort, and has senten-
ces, and even paragraphs, which \vould do hon-
our to the understanding and affections of any
minister in Christendom.
In the same year, 1742, he pubHshed a sermon
on enthusiasm, which is also one of his powerful
and happy productions. It was the first per-
formance, in which he affixed to his name the ti-
tle of the doctorate in divinity, which he, this year,
received from the university of Edinburgh. He
was now thirty-seven years of age. The times
called for the decision and energies of such a
mind, as Chauncy's ; and he shrunk not fiom
fulfilling the task, which providence assigned
him. A set of fanatical men, at this time, appear-
ed, assuming to themselve:: the power and right
of judging who, among the ministers of Neweng-
land, were converted, and who not. Of these
high pretenders to a kind of inspiration, one of
the foremost was Mr. James Davenport of
Southhold, on Longisland. To this man, whilst
on a visit to Boston, Dr. C. addressed a letter of
close examination and sharp rebuke, and prefixed
it to his sermon on enthusiasm. The doctor's
character was now fixed. He had entirely and
honourably committed himself to serve the cause
of enlightened and pure religion, in opposition to
the heats and phrensies, then prevalent in the
country. Of course he was denominated, by
field preachers and their adherents, the great
1.38 CIIAlNLY.
aF,c. \v. " opposcr." Dr. C. was an acutL and diligent
~jTT^ observer of all their movements, and, througli nu-
merous and intelligent correspondents, in various
parts, came at a perfect knowledge of their inten-
tions, measures, and effects.
With the same design of resisting, if possible,
ir4J. the torrent of fanaticism, which was threatening
to overwhelm the country, as that, with which he
Avrote and published his sermon on " enthusi-
asm," he published, in this year, an account of the
french prophets, in a letter to a friend. Indeed
he left no reputable means untried to convince
the more intelligent part of the community, that
religion consists not in a heated fancy, in a set of
ardent phrases, in hearing a multitude of ser-
. mons, or merely saying many prayers, but in a
pure heart and a beneficent life.
In accomplishing this purpose, the work, which
cost him the greatest pains, which made the
greatest clamour among the enthusiasts of the
day, and which perhaps, at this time, is account-
ed one of the most powerful antidotes to theolog-
ical empiricism, in the country, was his " Seas-
onable thoughts on the state of religion in New-
england, a treatise in five parts. I. Faithfully
pointing out the things of a bad and dangerous
tendency, in the late and present religious ap-
pearance in the land. II. Representing the obli-
gations, which lie upon the pastors of these
cluirches in particular, and upon all in general, to
use their ende-.ivours to suppress prevailing disor
clers ; with the great danger of a neglect in so
CIIAUNCY.i 181)
important a matter. III. Opening in many in- sec. xv.
stances, wherein the discouragers of irregularities ~;
h..ve been injuriously treated. IV. Shewing
what ought to be corrected, or avoided, in testi-
fying against the evil things of the present day.
V. Directing our thoughts more positively to
what may be judged the best expedients, to pro-
mote pure and undefiled religion in these times.
With a preface, giving an account of the antino-
mians, familists, and libertines, who infected these
clunclics, above an hundred years ago ; very
needful for these days ; the like spirit and er-
rouis prevailing now, as did then. The whole
being intended and calculated to serve the inte-
rest of Christ's kingdom."
The title page of this work, which is here care-
fully copied, sufficiently gives the character "of its
design. Mr. Whitfield, who visited this country,
in 1740, had produced a strong sensation of a re-
ligious nature in the people on the seaboard, from
Maine to Georgia. This distinguished and very
popular man was followed, in his itinerating ca-
reer, by Messrs. Tennent, Davenport, and others,
who had all the zeal of their leader, without his
talents, and all his assurance, without his address.
The young european methodist had a most sono-
rous and commanding voice, and this, united with
a ready utterance, and captivating attitudes, se-
cured him a world of admirers. The minds of
the people became highly excited. They were
no longer satisfied with the cool and moderate
strain of preaching, practised by the generality of
the Newcngland ministers. They had gotten a
190 CHAUNCY.
SEC. XV. taste for a loose, incoherent kind of sermons,
1743 which contained strong appeals to their imagina-
tion and senses. These they must have, and af-
ter them the}^ would go. Had the itinerants, who
followed, preceded Whitfield, probably the
country might have remained quiet. But men,
who were incapable of raising the tempest, were
able, by means of dust and rubbish, to continue
the troubled state of the atmosphere. All the
country was agitated. A variety of disorders
were the consequence. Some ministers indeed
there were, who secretly and openly favoured
these, what they called, revivals of religion, and
zealously cooperated with Mr. Whitfield and his
friends, invited them into their pulpits, and either
published or wrote in their behalf. Among the
I clergy of this description were Messrs. Moodey
of York, Emerson of Maiden, and Bliss of
Concord. The first was great-grandfather, the
two last grandfathers of the writer of this tract.
Many there were, who, though dissatisfied with
the conduct of these itinerants, yet durst not
openly condemn it. Their opposition was se-
cret, for fear of the people. But others came
forward manfully, in defence of what they deem-
ed rational and true religion, and testified their
disapprobation of the prevalent disorders of the
day. At the head of this class was Dr. Chaun-
cy ; and the principal engine, he constructed for
the purpose, was the work noiv under notice.
The story of the early spiead of antinomianism
in this country, with which he introduces the
work, is interesting to every lover of american
ClIAUNCY. lyi
history as well, as to divines. He could hardly sec.xv.
have better described, with the aid of inspiration, jj.^.,
the temper and conduct of modern enthusiasts,
than he has described them, in the practice of the
aniinoniians of his own days. Thoroughly un-
derstanding the temper of his opponents, he
knew what, and how much, to concede to them.
He was familiar with their pretences and devices,
and frequently detected them in crrours, where
they felt themselves safe.
In p. 252, he gives a specimen of his power of
sarcasm, which is nowise contemptible. It was
urged by the friends of Mr. Whitfield, that
" there is no good effect of the preaching of un-
converted ministers." " If by unconverted
ministers," says Dr. C. " be meant such, as have
been guilty of the most filthy uncleanness, under
the highest aggravations, the preaching of such
has not been without good eftect, even according
to the mind of those, who make this objection.
For, it is generally known of a famous preacher,
horribly guilty in this kind, and proved to have
been so, and deposed from the ministry on this
account, that the effect of his preaching, in the
extraordinaries of the present day, equalled, for a
time, all that the most noted among our new
])reachers could pretend to. He so preached, as
to be flocked after by multitudes of all sorts, and,
so far as shrieking, and screaming, and falling
down, and being in ag(3nies of distress, or rap-
tures of joy, are a sign of the good effect of
preaching, he might compare with any for the
evidences of it. But he was a converted minister
192 CllAL'NCV.
SKG.xv. in the opinion of the people ; and there have not
,_,„~ been, it is true, these extraordinaries followina:
17 V)- 'J
the word preached by those, called unconverted,
though they hope, notwithstanding, they have not
laboured altogether in vain."
The first part of this work is that, which cost
its author the most labour, and which left the
deepest impression. It was to expose, in a
strong light, the errour of many prevalent doc-
trines, and the falsehood of many round asi^er-
tions, which were continually in the mouths of
the fanatical tribe. To this end he made copious
extracts from Baxter, Gurnall, Stillingfleet, and
even Flavel ; and, out of the mouths of these pi-
ous and orthodox divines, condemned their ex-
travagant rantings and abominable censoriousness.
These rantings and censures and irregular
preachings of the itinerants, and the swoonings
and screams of their converts, were acknowledg-
ed, by the sober part of the christian community,
to be imprudencies. But the Dr. superiour to
hypocrisy, and fearless of the wrath of his adver-
saries, insisted on coming out and calling them
by their right name, " things of a bad and dan-
gerous tendency."
It was alleged by the new converts of that day,
and by their friends, that too much was expected
of them. Dr. C. replied, that it was not expect-
ed, they would act like angels ; but it was expect-
ed, they would act like rational beings.
President Edwards stated, that, " as the influ-
ences of the Spirit were new and extraordinary, so
it was to be expected, that those, who were the
I
CIIAUNCY. 19;
subjects of them, would be likely to run into ex- skc xv.
travagance." Dr.C. replies, " The pretence, that 1743
they arc new and extraordinary, will not do.
The true account to be given of the prevalent
mistakes is not their newness ; but a notorious
errour, as to the way and manner of judging in
this matter." President E. still urged, that,
" under lively impressions of the Spirit's influ-
ence, persons would be likely to speak and act
with great earnestness and vigour," &:c. Dr. C.
answers, " Occasional excesses and weakness are
to be overlooked ; but the w^onder is, how an ex-
traordinary discovery of the greatness and excel-
lency of God, the importance of eternal things,
the preciousness of souls, and the danger of their
perishing, should make men vain and conceited,
full of themselves, and apt to throw contempt
upon others."
President Edwards remarks, " It is no wonder,
if we have some irregularities, because Satan ex-
erts himself now more powerfully, than ever."
Dr. C. concedes readily, " that Satan has had a
great hand in fomenting these disorders, and
therefore thinks, that, instead of contriving excu-
ses for them, they and their author ought to be
resisted more courageously."
Having prepared the way, in the first part of
his work, by stating distinctly, what things were
of a bad and dangerous tendency, and proving,
that they were so, our author proceeds, in the
conclusion, to call upon christians in general, and
christian ministers in particular, for their indus-
trious aid in the suppression of these disorders.
A A
l-.M. CIIALXCV.
SEC. XA-. He exhorts them not to be deterred by idle fears.
Z7., nor reproaches, nor anv sort of injurious treat-
ment, froni correcting as far, as may be in their
powei-, what ought to be corrected, and avoiding
what ought to be avoided. Whatever may be
the theological sentiments of the reader of this
book, he will acknowledge, if he be a man of dis-
cernment, that it develops strong powers of reas-
oning, and an intimate acquaintance with the
religious condition of the country, at the time of
its publication. Of course it had a most exten-
sive circulation ; it is in the library of almost ev-
ery american divine ; and, even now, perused
with pleasure and improvement by all the lovers
of rational religion.
iMi. • In 1744, Dr. Chauncy published a sermon,
which he delivered at the installation of Mr.
Thomas Frink, on 1 Tim. iv. 16. " Take heed
unto thyself and to thy doctrine ; and continue
in them ; for, in doing this, thou shalt save both
thyself and them, that hear thee." Without any
exordium, he comes directly upon the subject,
and iirst describes the duty of ministers to take
heed to themselves and their doctrine ; and, sec-
ondly, enforces the powerful motive, suggested
by the text. His great object is to be useful ;
and, that he may be useful, he takes care to be
intelligible. With all his zeal against falsehood,
he proposes truth in an unobtrusive manner, and
endeavours to expose the errours of fanaticks,
without injuring their feelings.
In tlie same year, he preached the convention
scrmf)n before the congregational ministers of
CHAUXCY. 19;
Massachusetts. In this masterly pei lormance, he
cautions his brethren in the ministry against the
occasions of contempt from those words in Titus
ii. 15. "Let no man despise thee." Well aware
of the power of opinion, he urges on ministers the
importance of securing it in their favour, that they
may be useful in the world. " Are we content,"
says he, " to live useless ? Are we willing to go
on in a round of attending the duties of our call-
ing, and do no good ?" With great plainness and
pungency he presses home his subject upon the
consciences of his hearers, and leaves this impres-
sion upon the mind of his reader, that, whether
the author himself were loved or hated, he could
not be despised.
In the same year, the Dr. addressed a letter to
Rev. George Whitfield, publickly calling on him
to defend his conduct, or confess his faults.
In 1745, he addresi^ed a second letter to the 1745
same person. I have never seen either of these
performances ; but it is thought, that the exer-
tions of Dr. C. in opposing the fanaticism, exci-
ted by Mr.W. and others, were serviceable to the
cause of rational religion.
In the last mentioned year also, he gave to the
publick a sermon, which he preached, on a day of
thanksgiving, appointed in grateful and pious
commemoration of the reduction of Cape Breton.
Another sermon, this year, he published on the
death of Mr. Cornelius Thayer, one of the dea-
cons of his church. So he took for his subject
the character of Cornelius, and for his text, the
notice taken of him in Acts x. I, 2. It is a plain.
196 tlllAUNCY.
sr.c XV. s(Misible discourbc, written with no art and little
1745. eftbrt, yet instructive and consolatory. In de-
scribing the character of Cornelins, the Dr. says,
" \\^hat he gave away in alms to the poor was his
Qvvn, not the property of his creditors. He did
not defraud one man, that he might exercise
charity towards another ; much less did he think
of atoning for his injustice by being boinitiful
to the necessitous."
On 6 February, 1746, the Dr. preached the
1746. thursday lecture, and prepared a discourse on
the existing rebellion, in favour of the pretender,
which was soon afterwards published. It con-
tains an historical account of that event, and is
enriched with valuable notes. After discussing
the passage of scripture, selected as the text, he
applies the subject to the political event, which
had created a strong sensation through every part
of the kingdom. He first takes notice of the de-
sign, formed against the king and the nation, then
represents it, as altogether nefarious, in its natural
tendency and moral aspects, and lastly encourages
his hearers to hope, that so wicked a plot will be
frustrated by a God of order and righteousness.
Throughout the discourse, the author shows him-
self to be a true patriot as well, as a good chris-
tian ; and that lie had carefully attended to both
the politicks and the religion of his country.
In 1747, Dr. C. preached the election sermon,
His text is 2 Sam. xxiii. 3. In this, as in every
discourse, our author comes almost immediatciv
to the main object, which he has in view. He
never fatigues his hearer with a tedious introduc-
CHAUNCV. 197
tion, which, for any connexion it holds with the six:. \^ .
sul^ject, might as Avell have been omitted, as de- ^^^
livered ; but usually prefaces the statement of
his design with a few pertinent and luminous re-
marks. Tiie plan of this discourse is to show, I .
•' There is a certain order among mankind, ac-
cording to which, some are intrusted with power
to rule over others. II. Those, who rule over
others, must be just, ruling in the fear of God."
The former of these heads he speedily and prop-
erly despatches. Under the latter, he distinctly
notices the various instances, which demand the
interposition of an equitable ruler. They must
be just in their private capacity, just in the use of
their power, in the laws,by which they govern, in
the execution of those laws, in the payment of
debts due from the publick, in m.aintaining the
liberties and privileges of the subject, in defend-
ing the state, and preserving its peace and safety,
and, finally, in promoting the general welfare and
prosperity of a people. In dilating on that topick,
in which the Dr. said, that rulers ought to be
just " in maintaining the liberties and privileges
of the subject," he takes occasion to plead the
cause of his professional brethren, who had suf-
fered severely, through the fluctuations of the
medium. He then enforces upon rulers the duty
of equity, upon a principle of piety, and exhibits
the certainty, uniformity, and excellence of that
principle, in a very striking point of light. The
whole is closed with addresses to both rulers and
people, on the subject of righteousness between
man and man, in such pungent language, as
198 CIIAUNCY.
SEC. XV. could not fail of producing an extraordinary ef-
1747. feet. *' And will you," says the Dr. " our hon-
oured rulers, by any positive acts, or faulty neg-
lects, suffer yourselves to be instrumental in the
continuance of such a state of things ? God for-
bid ! You are, my fathers, accountable to that
God, whose throne is in the heavens, in common
with other men. And his eyes behold your con-
duct in your publick capacity ; and he sees and
observes it, not merely as a spectator, but an al-
mighty righteous judge ; one, who enters all up-
on record, in order to a reckoning day. And a
day is coming, it lingers not, when you shall all
stand upon a level with the meanest subjects,
before the tremendous bar of the righteous judge
of all the earth, and be called upon to render an
account, not only of your private life, but of your
whole management, as intrusted with the con-
cerns of this people."
This is a specimen of a strain, long continued,
in which the Dr. reproved many of his hearers,
for legislating in a manner, which injured exces-
sively the morals of the province. Some indeed
were so piqued on the occasion, that they hesita-
ted and debated in court, whether, according to
custom, they should print the sermon. Of this
fact Dr. C. was informed. He sharply replied,
" It shall be printed, whether the general court
print it or not. And do you, sir," addressing him-
self to his informant, " say from me, that, if I
wanted to initiate and instruct a person into all
kinds of iniquity and double dealing, I would
send him to our general court."
CHAUNCY. 1 9«
Such was the righteous zeal of a man, whose sec. xv
indignation against wrong could never be sup- ^^^^
pressed ; and whose lofty sense of right nothing
could bring down ; who had no sympathy for
knaves and hypocrites ; who loved and cherished
the civil and religious liberties of his country
with an ardour bordering on enthusiasm ; who
was never carried away by a wild imagination, or
weak credulity ; who was conversant rather
with facts, than fables, with principles, than feel-
ings, and with arguments, than words. If this
man had not taste, it was the fiuilt of his age, or
of his education ; there was no deficiency in intel-
lect or feeling. He had a fiiir, sound, well bal-
anced mind, which saw every thing through a
correct medium, and reported truly the results of
its investigations.
In 1749, Mrs. Anna Foxcroft, wife of Rev.
1749.
T. Foxcroft, died. Dr. C. preached and pub-
lished a sermon from those words in Rev.xiv.13.
" I heard a voice," &c. He first describes the
persons, pronounced blessed ; then notices the
time, when their blessedness begins ; and, lastly,
specifies the instances, in which they are blessed.
The application to the case of the deceased is
respectful to her memory and the feelings of sur-
vivers. It is said, that Dr. C. believed in a qui-
escent state of the soul, between death and the
resurrection. The contrary would be thought
his opinion from perusing this discourse.
About the year 1750, there was formed a so- ^^^„
. . 1/52-
ciety for encouraging industry, and employing
the poor. Before this society Dr. Chauncy, in
17J-i.
2'JO CHAL.NCV.
SEC. XV i752, preached a sermon from 2 Thess. iii. 10.
"~:, — " This we commanded you, that, if any would not
work, neither should he eat." The Dr. first as-
CLitains the sense of the command ; in the next
place, justifies ; and, lastly, applies it. It is a
g-ood sermon, and shows him to be well acquain-
ted with human nature, and firmly attached to
the welfare of the political community, to which
lie belonged.
In 1754, Dr. C. published a sermon on the
horrid nature and enormous guilt of murder,
which he had preached, at the thursday lecture,
the day, when a malefactor was executed. He
first explains the crime of murder, excepting from
it accidental killing, killing in self-defence, in just
and necessary war, and those, who are sentenced
to die by the laws of the country ; and, second-
ly, enforces the command in the text. He repre-
sents, in strong and lively colours, the guilt of the
sin, of which he speaks, and is more pathetick
and animated, than usual, in the close of the dis-
course.
In this, as in every small as well, as lar-
ger work of Dr. C. it is worthy of observation
to see, how desirous he is to be useful. You
find him ever endeavouring, by his labours, to in-
crease, both his own and his neighbour's activity ;
to multiply instruments of light and comfort to
mankind ; and to promote, in himself and others,
a useful and beneficent life.
,,-^ On the morninar of 18 November, 1755, the
inhabitants of Boston, and of all the northern and
middle states of North America, were surprised
CIIAUNCV. 201
with the most violent shock of an earthquake, that sf.c.xv.
ever was experienced, in this part of the world. [755"
Many houses were shattered, hundreds of chim-
nies were thrown down, walls broken, and huge
chasms made in various parts of the earth. It
lasted, about three minutes. On the Sunday fol-
lowing this terrible event, the Dr. preached a
sermon from Job ix. 5. 6. on earthquakes being
a token of the divine anger. He shows, first, that
these convulsions proceed from the First Cause ;
and, secondly, that he ordinarily causes them, in
testimony of his righteous anger. In dilating
upon the second part of the subject, he takes no-
tice of those sins, which may have provoked the
anger of God, and particularizes unclcanness, sab-
bath-breaking, pride, unrighteousness, drunken-
ness, enmity to Christ, and ill-treatment of him.
In the same year, he published a letter, relating
to the Ohio defeat. It appears to have been writ-
ten to a friend in England, where it was reprinted.
Dr. C. proves himself to have been well acquain-
ted with the american politicks of his own times,
and a warm defender of the honour of Newengland.
He wrote also, this year, a particular narrative
of the defeat of the french army, at lake George,
in a letter to a friend.
In 1756, Dr. C. preached and published a ser-
mon, on the earthcjuakes in Spain, entitled, " The
earth delivered from the curse, to which it is at
present subjected," from those words, in Rev.
xxii. 3. " And there shall be no more curse."
This sermon contains a good variety of sentiment
as well, as of curious theological speculation. The
BB
202 (JIIAUNCV.
SEC. XV. ^^"- thought, with most of the divines of his day.
jTT^ that the earth underwent a great aheration, in con-
sequence of tlie fail of Adam ; and, to the present
disordered and troublous condition of our world,
lie opposes that paradisaical state, in which man
no longer shall be a sufferer. He is of opinion,
that the seasons, soil, climate, and bowels of the
earth have all been cursed in such a manner, as
to be different from what they were before the
lapse of Adam, and that the who'e constitution of
nature has been chany-ed for the worse. The
final cause of this curse, he believes, to be the
ultimate good of mankind. And, having served
the generations, as a scene of trial, he holds, that
it will revert to its pristine order, beauty, and
loveliness, and be the heavenly residence of vir-
tuous men. Having quoted a number of texts
in support of this hypothesis, he concludes, " It
should seem very plain therefore, that the new
heavens and new earth, so particularly spoken of,
both by the apostle Peter, and the apostle John,
are this w orld of ours brought back to its paradi-
saick state, or one that is better ; and that the
ver}^ world, we now live in, thus changed and
made new, is the place, where good men, after
the resurrection and judgment, shall live and
reien with Christ forever and ever."
In 1757, Dr. C. published the sermon, which
^'^^' he preached, the Sunday after the death of Mr.
Edward Gray. The subject is " Deeds of char-
ity rewarded at the judgment day with everlasting
blessedness." And the text is Matt. xxv. 34,
"5, 40. It is a plain, sensible discourse, but un-
doubtedlv written calamo currcnte.
CIIAUNCY. 203
The next publication of Dr. C. which arrests sfxtxy'.
and is well worthy of notice, is " The validity oi ^.-g-,
presbyterian ordination asserted and maintained.
A discourse, delivered at the aniiivcrsaryDudleian
lecture, at Harvard college in Cambridge, New-
england, 12 May, 1762. With an apperidix,
giving a brief historical account of the epistles
ascribed to Ignatius ; and exhibiting some of the
many reasons, why they ought not to be depend-
ed on, as his uncorrupted works."
He states in this discourse the things, in
which congregationalists agree with episcopali-
ans. All are agreed, that it is the will of Christ,
that an order of ministers should be continued
upon earth ; that none unqualified should assume
the pastoral office ; that, in the investiture of office,
certain forms should be ol:)served ; and that the
act of investiture should be performed by those
and those only, who are authorized to perform it.
Then comes the consideration of the grand ques-
tion, Who those officers are ? The episcopalians,
on their part, contend, that there were, from the
beginning, two orders of christian ministers, bish-
ops and presbyters, and that the former of these
only had, and ought to have, the power of ordina^
tion. Dr. C. on the part of congregationalists
affirms, that Jesus appointed and designed, that
there should be one order only of christian minis-
ters, and that the terms bishops and presbyters are
used synonymously in the christian scriptures and
in the writings of the christian fathers of the two,
certainly, if not three first centuries. After
learnedly discussing the subject, he concludes,
204 CilAl NCV.
SKC. XV. " I trust, I may now say, it has been miidc siitFi-
1762. ciently clear, from the positive evidence, that has
been exhil:)ited in the former part of this dis-
course, and from its not being invalidated, but
rather strengthened, by the counter-evidence we
have examined in the latter part, that the power
of ordination was not deposited in the hands of
bishops, as distinguished from presbyters ; but
that bishops or presbyters, meaning by these
terms one and the same order of officers, were
vested with power to ordain in the chuich of
Christ ; and consequently that ordination by a
council of presbyters, as practised by these
churches, is valid to all the ends of the gospel-
ministry."
To this valuable sermon is added a still more
valuable appendix, in which the Dr. abundantly
proves, that the reputed epistles of St. Ignatius
are entitled to no credit in settling the dispute
between episcopalians and presbyter ians.
The next sermon published by the Dr. was
the one, which he preached at the ordination of
Rev. Joseph Bowman, missionary to the mohawk
Indians. The dedication is to the marquis of
Lothian, and written with more elegance, in point
of style, than usually marks the writings of our
author. The title of this discourse is, " All na-
tions blessed in Christ." And here is discerni-
ble, for the first time, a glimpse of that scheme of
universal salvation, for which Dr. C. was so
abused by some, and celebrated by others. He
says, in his sermon, p. 20. " And can it be sup-
posed, when the promise is thus gloriously exten-
CHAUNCY. 20.>
sive, as to its object, that a few only will be bless- sr.c. xv
ed, in consequence of it ?" The three things, o^-~~^~
uh.ich he particularly treats, are the seed, in whom
this promise is made, the just import of the bles-
siii!^ promised, and the extent of that promise.
He has two curious notes, in which he delivers
some sentiments in regard to the Indians of this
country, which were, at that time, and arc still, un-
fashionable. He thinksjthat they ought to be chris-
tianized, without being civilized ; and, that all our
efforts at education and evangelizing, instead of
educating Indian youths among ourselves, should
be made upon them in their own country.
In 1765, Dr. C. published twelve sermons, re-
lating to Sandemanians. The first sermon is on 1765.
Gal. ii. 16. " Knowing, that a man is not justifi-
ed by the works of the law, but by the faith of
Jesus Christ, even we have believed in Jesus
Christ, that we might be justified by the faith of
Christ, and not by the works of the law ; for by
liie works of the law shall no flesh be justified."
This is the text. The sermon begins thus.
" The first and last clause in this verse are ex-
press in affirming negatively," &c. Rev. J. Con-
dy, when these sermons were first published,
took them up in a bookseller's shop, and, on read-
ing these words, laid them down, saying he was
satisfied ; he wished to read no more of these
affirmative negations.
Notwithstanding however the inelegant com-
mencement of the sermons, they make a work,
every way creditable to the talents of their author.
Dr. Eliot, a contemporary with Dr. Chauncy,
206 GHAUNCV.
SEC. XV. said, on reading these discourses, that, much as
he was acquainted with Dr. C.'s powers, he was
astonished at the production.
In the first discourse he proves, that justifica-
tion is impossible by the works of the law. Af-
ter explaining the wordsjustif//, and works of the
law, he proceeds to his proofs. " To justify," he
says, " is not to make just, as to sanctify is to
make holy ;" but " it is to account or adjudge,
as just." By " works of the law" are some-
times meant the law of natural religion, sometimes
the law of divine revelation, and again the law
ritual ordained by Moses. His object is then to
show, that, in whatever sense the word laxu is un-
derstood, it is impossible to comply fully with its
requisitions ; that God never intended to judge
any of his lapsed offspring by the rigours of law ;
that he always meant to be merciful to the crea-
tures, he had made ; and that it is only on the
compassionate terms of the gospel, that any of the
children of Adam will ever be saved.
The second discourse, on the same text, is
occupied in answering the question, " Wherefore
then serveth the law ?"
It was given, because of transgressions, because
mankind Irad obscured the light of reason, and to
prevent the utter loss of all distinction between
virtue and vice.
It was added,because of transgressions, that the
Jews might have a certain rule of duty, and that
bv knowledge of law they might have a knowl-
edge of sin.
It was added, that the malignity of sin might
be more apparent.
CHAUNCY. 207
It was added, in fine, that the Jews might be si:c. xv.
excited to repentance, and to accept the pardon, 3^
proffered them in the revelation of grace.
The moral law as well, as the Jewish ceremo-
nies, was designed, as a schoolmaster to bring the
Jews to Christ. It led them to a knowledge of sin,
to discipline their hearts and minds, and trained
them to those dispositions and habits, which the
gospel was to promulgate, to cherish, and ripen.
The third discourse, which is on the same
text, proposes to ascertain the nature of justify-
ing faith.
" Faith," says the Dr. *' herein differs from
knowledge. Faith is the mind's assent upon tes-
timony, and upon the testimony of God, if the
fiiith is christian. Knowledge is an assent
grounded on the perception of the bodily senses,
or the operation of our reasonable powers." He
says, that two things are to be considered in re-
gard to a justifying faith. One is the object,
about which it is conversant ; the other is, the
assent of the mind with reference to this object.
Sometimes the object of christian faith is the
doctrine of Jesus ; sometimes God ; sometimes
Christ ; Christ, as the Messiah ; Christ, as the Son
of God ; Christ, as shedding his blood on the
cross ; Christ, as risen from the dead. Dr. C.
takes occasion in this discourse to touch upon the
unreasonableness of censuring one another's creed,
and the worth and loveliness of a charitable spirit.
" The short of the matter is," says he, *' the
truths contained in the revelations of God, con-
sidered in one collective view, are the proper ob-
ject of faith."
208 CIIAUNCV,
SKt; XV
The fourth sermon is occupied in showinc^ the
1765. proper influence or operation of this justifying-
faiih. It shows itself in a new temper, in good
works, in regeneration, repentance, and holiness
of heart and life. It showed itself in the obedi-
ence of Abraham, Abel, Enoch, and Noah ; and
is, in short, visible in the life of every good man.
The fifth sermon continues to display more
particularly the nature of justifying faith.
The sixth assigns to justifying faith its proper
place.
The seventh shows that " human endeavours,
in the use of means, are the way, in which faith is
obtained." Our author here combats the notion
maintained by Solifidians, that God is the sole
author of faith in the soul of man, and that it is
wrought independently of all human agency and
cooperation. He allows indeed, and contends
for the truth, that God is the author of the truth
to be believed ; but he insists, that the act of be-
lieving is man's ; and, that faith, like every thing
else,is to be sought for in the use of the means of
religion.
In the eighth discourse Dr. C. proceeds with
the arguments, and specifies particular acts, of
which a man, though destitute of justifying faith,
is capable, and which, as a reasonable being, he
ought to perform. He contends, that sinners may,
with the divine aid, so exert their rational facul-
ties, as to be convinced of the being and perfec-
tions of God ; of the difference between moral
good and evil ; of their obligations to choose the
first and avoid the last ; of the immortality of
GIIAUNCY. 209
1765.
their souls ; of the truth of revelation ; and of the sec. xv.
importance of fleeing from the wrutli, wiiich is '
denounced against the impenitent. In conse-
quence of this faith, though not a justifying one,
the Dr. affirms, that sinners may grieve for their
sins, practise duties formerly neglected ; read the
scriptures ; prefer religious meditation to the
vanities of the world ; attend to the institutions of
Christianity ; to prayer ; and to the culture of
their religious affections. These things are their
indispensable duty. Even if they cannot per-
form them from the highest principles, they
ought to act under the influence of the best prin-
ciples, they possess. Better avoid sin from no
higher motive, than the mere dread of hell, than
not avoid it at all.
In the ninth discourse it is stated, that these
endeavours of sinners, previousl}' to their arriv-
ing at justifying faith, are the ordinary methods,
by which the Deity begins and effectuates the
work of faith in their hearts. Instances are ad-
duced in proof and illustration ; and it is pretty
well established, not only that the use of means is
connected with the attainment of salvation, but
that means are blessed in proportion to the dili-
gcnce,with which they are used.
The tenth discourse is occupied in answering
objections. It is objected, for instance, that faith
is an entire and immediate act of almighty power.
Dr. C. answers, Should this be the truth, it will
not follow, that human endeavours are needless.
For God, if he please, may as well make seeking
sinners the subjects of this gift, as the thought-
(T.
210 Cli.VL'NCV.
SEC. XV. less and obdurate. Should it however prove
true, that, m the bestowment of faith, men are not
i765.
mtrcly j.nissive subjects of this gift, the preceding
remarks upon human endeavours are highly im-
portant. xVnd this way of communicating tlic
gift appears most rational and scriptural. It
seems reasonable to suppose, that God, in draw-
ing sinners to Christ, would accomplish the work
by cooperating with human faculties in the use
of proper means. Had the powers of u\cn been
destroyed by the original lapse, it would indeed
be impossible for them to do any thing of them-
selves, until those faculties were restored by a di-
vine energy. But, as they exist in men, it is
reasonable to suppose, that God would produce
faith within them in a way, which is adapted to
their character. And this is the way prescribed
in the scriptures. Faith in Christ is a command-
ed duty. A neglect to acquire this faith is de-
clared to be a sin. It is thus made certain, that
men are considered, as accountable agents in the
Ijusiness of faith. Why did Christ work mira-
cles, but to produce in the mindsof men the work
ofuiidi? And why are the means and motives
so numerous of exciting attention to the truths of
the gospel ? Plainly, that men might not want
suitable stimulus to the discharge of their duty,
and that, if negligent, they might be without ex-
cuse. For *' how shall they call on him, in whom
they have not believed ? And how shall they
believe in him, of whom they have not heard ?
And how shall they hear, without a preacher ?'"
CIIAUNCV. 211
From these questions of the apostle, this is his sec. xv.
conclusion. " So then faith comet'i by hearinij,
and hearing by the word of God."
^- * ^ *****•. * * * *■ -^
* * * * ^- •* * * * ^- ^ ^ *
[The author had proceeded no further, at his
death.]
ACCOUNT OF DRCMAUiXCYS FAMILY. KV 1)U. CLAUKK.
" Charles Chauncy, from whom the Chauncys
in this country descended, was born, A.D. 1589.
He had his grammar education at Westminster-
school ; and was at school, at the time the gun-
powder plot was to have taken effect ; and must
have perished, if the parliament-house had been
blown up. He was afterwards, when qualified,
sent to the university of Cambridge, where he
commenced bachelor of divinity, and was chosen
hebrew professor. But the vice-chancellor. Dr.
Williams, preferring a kinsman, he was fixed in
the greek professorship. He was an accurate
hebrician and grecian, and indeed admirably
skilled in all the learned languages. He went
out of the university an eminent gospel- preacher ;
was first settled at Marston, and afterwards re-
moved to Ware, where his success became mat-
ter of much observation.
It was in the days of archbishop Laud, that,
for ease to his conscience, he came over to New-
england. He arrived at Plymouth, a few days
before the great earthquake, which happened, 1
January, 1638. He spent some time at Piym
outh, ministering to the church there, with their
212 CH\U.\CY.
SEC. XV. pas*;or, the Rev. Mr. Reyner, and then settled at
Scituate, where he continued about nine years ;
when, upon an invitation iVom his old friends at
Ware, he purposed a removal back to England
with his family ; but, when he came to Boston,
in order to take passage, the overseers of Harvard
college, by their vehement importunity, prevailed
upon him to take the presidentship of that socie-
ty, in which place he continued to the day of his
death, highly honoured for his learning and piety.
In the year 1671, he made his farewell ora-
tion, on the day of commencement ; and, towards
the close of the year, exchanged this life for a bet-
ter, in the 82d year of his age, and the 17th of
his presidentship over Harvard college.
He left behind him six sons, every one of
whom received their degrees at the college, and
some of them from the hands of their aged fath-
er. They all, for a time, were preachers ; and
some of them settled in the ministry, and contin-
ued in it, till death.
Isaac, the eldest of the sons, left this country,
and became pastor to a church in London. If I
mistake not, he officiated with the Rev. Dr.
Watts. He had three children. The youngest,
by the name of Charles, came out into this coun-
try, and settled here a merchant.
From this Charles descended Charles, who
was born 1 January, A. D. 1705."
To this I would add, that, at the age of sev-
en years, Dr. Chauncy lost his flither. At
twelve, he entered college ; commenced master
of arts at nineteen ; and was associated with the
ciiArxeY. n:
Rev. Mr. Foxcroft, in the pastoral care of the ^r-C- xv
Fiist Church, 25 October, 1727. In 1742, he
was honoured with the degree of doctor in divin-
ity by the university of Edinburgh. He expired,
10 February, 1787, in the 83d year of his age.
Dr. Chauncy had three children.
J Catalot^ue of (he printed works of Dr. Chauncy.
A sermon on the dealh of Mrs. Sarah Bycfiekl, 1731.
A sermon on the death of Miss Elizabeth Price, 1732,
A sermon on the death of judge Byefield, 1733.
A sermon before the artillery company, 1734.
A sermon on the death of Mr. Jonathan Williams, 1737.
A sermon on religious compulsion, 1739.
A sermon on the death of Mrs. Lucy Waldo, 1741.
A sermon on the new creature, 1741.
A sermon on an unbridled tongue, 1741.
A sermon on the various gifts of ministers, 1742.
A sermon on the out-pouring of the Holy Ghost, 1742,
A sermon on enthusiasm, 1742.
Account of the french prophets,in a letter to a friend, 1742.
Seasonable thoughts on the state of religion, 8vo. 1743.
A sermon at the instalment of the Rev. Mr. Frink, 1744.
A sermon at the annual convention, 1744.
A letter to Rev. George Whitfield, publickly calling on
him to defend his conduct, or confess his faults, 1744.
A second letter to the same, 1 745.
Thanksgiving sermon on the reduction of capeBreton, 1 745.
A sermon on the death of Mr. Cornelius Thayer, 1745.
A sermon on the rebellion in favour of the pretender, 1745.
An election sermon, 1747.
A sermon on the death of Mrs. Foxcroft, 1749.
A sermon for encouraging industry, 1752.
A sermon on murder, 1754.
A sermon on the earthquake, 1755.
Account of the Ohio defeat, in a letter to a friend, 1755-
A particular narrative of the defeat of the french army,
at lake George, in a letter to a friend, 1755.
2 1 4 CHAUNCY.
_-,,, -„^ A sermon on the earthquakes in Spain, Sec. 1756,
A sermon on the death of Mr. Edward Gray, 1757.
The opinion of one, who has perused the summer morn-
ing's conversation, Sec. 1758.
Dudleian Lecture. On presbyterian ordination, 1762.
A sermon at the ordination of Rev. Jos. Bowman, 17G2.
Twelve sermons, particularly referring to the Sandema-
nian doctrines, 1765.
A sermon at the ordination of Rev. Mr. Bowen, 1766.
A sermon on the death of Dr. Mayhcw, 1766.
Thanksgiving sermon on the repeal of the stamp-act,
1767.
A sermon at the ordination of Rev. Mr. Howard, 1767.
Remarks on the bishop of Landaff's sermon, in a letter
to a friend, 1767.
Answer to Dr. Chandler's appeal, 1768.
A sermon on the death of Rev. Thomas Foxcroft, 1761).
A sermon on the death of Dr. Sewall, 1769.
" Trust in God, the duty of a people," Sec. a sermon
preached at the request of a number of patrioiick
gentlemen, 1770.
Reply to Dr. Chandler's appeal defended, 1770.
A complete view of episcopacy. Svo. 1771.
Five sermons on the communion, 1772,
A sermon on " all things in common," 1773.
A just representation of the hardships and sufferings ot
the town of Boston, in a letter to a friend, 1774.
A sermon on the <' accursed thing," 1778.
The mystery hid from ages, or the salvation of all men.
8vo. 1784.
The benevolence of the Deity, fairly and impartially
considered. 8vo. 1784.
Five dissertations on the fall and its consequences. Svo.
1785.
A sermon upon the return of the society to their house
of worship, after it had undergone the necessary re-
pairs, 1785.
SECTION XVI.
Sketch of the life and character of the Lite Kcv. Dr. CU\rke.
John Clarke, D. D. pastor of the First
Church in Boston, was born at Portsmouth, in sec. xvf
Nevvhampshire, April 13, i755 ; graduated at 1793
Harvard college, in 1774 ; and ordained, July 8,
1778, as colleague with the late Dr. Chauncy,
with whom he lived, in the most intimate and
respectful friendship, about nine years ; and af-
terwards continued assiduously and faithfully la-
bouring in the service of the church, until the
Lord's-day, April 1, 1798 ; when, in the midst
of his afternoon sermon, he was suddenly seized
with an apoplexy, fell down in the pulpit, and ex-
pired in less than twelve hours ; having almost
completed the forty-third year of his age, and the
twentieth year of his ministry.
Descended from respectable parents, who live
to lament an only son, he discovered in early life
the signs of genius and industry. At the uni-
versity, he was distinguished by a close attention
to classick and philosophick studies, by a strict
obedience to the laws, and by irreproachable
morals. In the office of preceptor, he was gentle
and persuasive, beloved by his pupils, and es-
teemed by their friends. As a publick preacher.
2 i (> CLAUKE.
SFX'.x\ J. Ills compositions bore the marks of penetration,
judgment, perspicuity, and elegance. Faithful
to the interest of religion, he deeply examined its
foundation and evidence ; and, persuaded of the
truth and importance of the christian system, he
recommended, by his publick discourses and pri-
vate conversation, its sublime doctrines, its wise
institutions, and its salutary precepts.
Though fond of polite literature and philosoph-
ick researches, yet he considered theology, as the
proper science of a gospel minister. To this ob-
ject he principally devoted his time and studies,
and was earnestly desirous of investigating every
branch of it, not merely to gratify his own sacred
curiosity, but that he might impart to his hearers
the whole counsel of God. He was habitucilly a
close student ; and it is not improbable, that the
intensencss of his mental application proved too
severe for the delicate fabrick of his nerves.
His devotional addresses were copious and
fervent ; and his intercessions strong and affec-
tionate; discovering at once the ardour of his pie-
tv, and the warmth of his benevolence. In the
private offices of pastoral friendship, he was truly
exemplary and engaging. His temper was mild
and cheerful ; his manners easy and polite ; and
the social virtues of an honest heart gave a glow
to his language, and enlivened every circle, in
which he was conversant.
In the relations of a son, a brother, a husband, a
father, a guardian, a correspondent, a master, a
friend, and a member of several literary and char-
CLARKE. 217
itable societies,* his deportment was marked sec. xvi.
with aftection, fidelity, and carefulness. He was j^qg
concerned for the interest, reputation, and happi-
ness of all his connexions ; and zealously devo-
ted to the cause of science and humanity.
Beini^ successour to ten eminent luminaries of
the church of God, he was studious to emulate
them in piety, learning, and usefulness. Like
three of them, he was suddenly called off from
his ministerial labours, and, having happily escap-
ed the painful agonies of a lingering death, is
gone to receive the reward of a faithful servant,
and enter into the joy of his Lord.
Dr. Clarke's printed works are four sermons,
one on the death of Dr. Cooper, one on the death
of Dr. Chauncy, one on the death of Dr. N. W.
Appleton, and one before the Humane Society ;
An answer to the question. Why are you a Chris-
tian ? which has had three editions in Boston, and
three in England ; and Letters to a student at the
university of Cambridge."
A volume of Dr. Clarke's sermons has been
published, since his decease. It is a selection,
that does honour to his memory ; and will be
cherished by the christian and the scholar, as ex-
hibiting, in elegant and very impressive language,
the pure and pious sentiments of one of the best
of men.-j-
* Dr. Clarke was a counsellor of llic American Academy of Arts
and Sciences, corresponding' secretary oi the Humane Society of
the commonwealth of Massacliuscits, and one of the members of
the Massachusetts Historical Society.
t [To t!iis has since been added a volume, containing- Beventecn
sermons to the young-.]
1)D
218 Gi^AliKE.
SEC. XVI. His remains were entombed, the friday after
j-y3_ his decease, with every mark of esteem and affec-
> April, tion. A sermon was preached at his interment
by Rev. Peter Thacher, D.D. from 2 Sam. i. 26.
8 \i)iii ^'^ ^^^^ Lord's-day after the decease of Dr.
Clarke, a discourse was dehvered to his bereav-
ed flock, by Rev. Dr. Willard, president of the
university in Cambridge, from which the follow-
ing character of the deceased is selected.
" Being a tutor at the university, when he be-
came a member, and the class, to which he be-
longed, being committed to my particular care, I
had an early opportunity of knowing his charac-
ter, and I was soon led to distinguish in him that
genius and application to study, together with
that amiable disposition and excellent spirit,
which have ever since conspicuously shone in
him. For two years and a quarter, I continued
with the class, and, during that time, his improve-
ments in literature and science were very observ-
able ; and his conduct was so uniformly good, in
every respect, that he never merited or received
a censure, or a frown from any one, who had the
care and instruction of the youth ; and I found
by information, after my leaving the class and
the university, that he maintained the same char-
acter, through the whole of his collegiate course.
And perhaps there never was a student, who
passed through the university and went into the
world with a fairer reputation, and few with
more solid and useful acquirements.
For some time after Mr. Clarke left the uni-
versity, he was engaged in the instruction of
«.ARK£. 219
youth, in which employment he was highly sec. xvi
esteemed and beloved. But, whatever his pur- ~~7~~
. 1798.
suits were, he did not suffer his mind to be di-
verted from the great object, he had in view,
which was to fit for the sacred desk. ^Vhilc he
was faithful in performing the business he under-
took, he devoted his leisure hours to accomplish
himself for that profession, which lay nearest his
heart ; and he pursued his theological studies
with great assiduity, so that,when he first entered
the desk, it was not with a superficial knowledge.
His natural abilities and literary acquirements
were such, as enabled him to search the sacred
oracles with accuracy, especially the original of
the new testament, and to attend to every sub-
ject in divinity with judgment. And such was
the candour and fairness of his mind, that few men,
perhaps, have been more free from prejudices in
their researches. He therefore became a scribe
well instructed in the gospel system.
His discourses early discovered an elegant
taste in composition, a correctness, propriety, and
pertinence in thought, and that strain of serious-
ness and piety, which could not but be attrac-
tive. You, my brethren, soon heard of his
worth ; and, when you employed him, as a candi-
date for the ministry among you, your expecta-
tions from him were not disappointed ; nay, it
will not ' be beyond the truth to say, that they
were more than answered. After preaching with
you a competent time, he was ordained over you,
as a colleague pastor with the venerable, learned,
and valuable doctor Chauncy, with whom ht?-
22'J CLARKE.
SKC. x\ 1. served, as a son with a father ; and between them
1798. there ever existed the most happy harmony, till
the day of the doctor's death.
Having obtained a settlement, he did not grow
remiss about future improvements, but continued
tlie same assiduity, which had been a distinguish-
ed trait in his character. To the liberal arts and
sciences, for wliich he had a true relish, and in
which he was no common proficient, he, at times,
paid attention. But these he considered, as noth-
ing mure, than handmaids to divinity, and of but
secondary consideration. Divinity was his pro-
fession ; and to this he directly applied a principal
part of his time. He had devoted himself to the
cause of God and the Redeemer, and he would not
suffer other pursuits, however pleasing to his in-
genious mind, to steal him away fiom his proper
functions, and rob him of that time, which he
considered himself bound in duty to employ for
the instruction and edification of his flock, either
in preparation for his publick labours among them,
or in private interviews with the various mem-
bers. I have dwelt the more largely on this part of
his character, because a scholar of Dr. Clarke's ac-
quirements, and taste for literature and science, is
under a strong temptation to spend more time in
such pursuits, than is consistent with properly dis-
charging the duties of his sacred profession.
Your pastor employed himself much in the
study of the holy scriptures. To these heavenly
oracles he repaired, as the sources of divine
knowledge, and endeavoured to gain right iij:)pre-
bensions of the truths contained in them, both for
CLAUIvE. 221
his own sake and the sake of his hearers, whom sec.xvi.
he instructed in these, according to his best iin- [J^'
derstanding, after making use of the most ap-
proved helps he could procure, and which he
was constantly laying himself out to obtain.
His pulpit performances were always accepta-
ble. With those compositions of his, which I
have either heard or read, I have ever been pleas-
ed and edified. His treatise in defence of Chris-
tianity, entitled, " Why are you a christian ?" is
perhaps as valuable a piece, as has been written
within the same compass. By its conciseness it
is well adapted to being dispersed ; and by its
perspicuity and pertinence happily calculated to
convince and confirm. It is highly esteemed, not
only on this, but on the other side of the Atlan-
tick. I have received,but a little while since,a let-
ter from a respectable divine in Greatbritain.* In
this letter he says, " We have here been greatly
pleased, instructed, and impressed by a little piece,
by one of your ministers, Mr. Clarke, entitled,
"Why are you a christian?" And after mentioning,
that three editions of it had been printed in Eng-
land, two of which he himself had carried through
the press, he adds, " The circulation of it cannot
fail to give pleasure to the pious and worthy au-
thor, and to insure its views of usefulness."
His pleasing private intercourse with you, and
also with the children of the society, whom he
delighted to instruct, you need not be reminded
of. The impressions made by these endear-
ments will not be soon, if ever, effaced. Indeed,
so sweet was his disposition, and so engaging his
* The Rev. Joshua Toiilmin, D. D. of Taunton.
*23 CLARKE.
vSEc. XVI. manners ; so pleasing was he in his conversa-
i-.9g tion, and so amiable in all his interviews with
those he met, that a general esteem of and affec-
tion for him was almost unavoidably excited ; and
he was beloved by all, but the determined foes of
virtue and goodness.
Ipass over his domestick virtues,in which he was
eminent, and which all, who knew him, witnessed.
What an unspeakable loss have you sustained
in the death of such a minister and friend ! But
let the bereaved relatives, let the members of
this religious society, consider the consolations,
which offer themselves in the midst of their grief.
You have all abundant reason to conclude, that he
was a man of habitual piety, and that he lived
mindful of his exit ; so that, although he was
suddenly summoned out of time into eternity, he
was prepared for the change, and that " his loins
were girded about, and his light burning." He
may be said to have been watching, when his
master knocked. He was even then particularly
employed in his service, engaged in the very act
of religious teaching, and endeavouring to prepare
men for a better world.
Such grounds of comfort have we, when we
reflect upon the character of our dear departed
friend. We consider him, as one, who had been
sealed with the Holy Spirit of promise ;* and that,
having been thus sealed, he is now ascended to that
" Holy One, who inhabiteth the praises of Israel."|
* A part of the text, treated upon by the clcceasecl,on the forenoon
of the day of his decease, previous to the communion. Eph. i. 13.
f The subject, upon which he was treating in the afternoon,
%vhen he was seized with the fatal malady.
SEC.XVU.
SECTION XVII.
The following character of Rev. Mf. Emerson Is extracted from
Rev. J. S Buckminster's sermon, at his funeral.
** Help, Lord, for the godly man ceaseth ; for
the faithful fail from among the children of men I"
Psalm xii. I. ^^^^•
The godly man ceaseth. The Reverend Wil-
liam Emerson*^ gave early indications of devoted-
ness to the service of God. He was a descen-
dant of pious ancestors, through many genera-
tions ; and the only son of one of the most pop-
ular and promising ministers of Newengland, vjh.o
died early in the american revolution. The
mother, who survives to mourn over the death of
her son, saw him with delight soon giving his at-
tention and studies to the word and ministry of
that God, to whom the prayers and wishes of his
parents had directed his first thoughts. They,
who knew him best, during the most trying pe-
riod of youthful virtue, bear witness to the sin-
• The following dates and facts, relating to Rev. Mr. Emerson
and his family, may be grateful to iiis friends and the publick.
He was the son of Rev. William Emerson and Pheb© his wife,
daughter of the Rev. Daniel Bliss.
He was born at Concord, 6 May, 1769.
Graduated at Cambridge, 1789.
Ordained at Harvard, 1792.
Installed in the First Church, Boston, 16 Oct. 1799,
Died, 12 May, 1811.
2>24 KMEUSOX.
SFX.xvir. gular purity of his mind, tenderness of his con-,
" science, devoutncss of his feehngs, and strictness
of his manners ; qualities, which, by God's bles-
sing, age and experience did not diminish, and
which his christian profession afterwards secured
and improved.
In one of the longest conversations, which I
was permitted to hold with him, a few days be-
fore his death, when his mind seemed to be
lighted up anew, and his faculties to collect
fresh vigour, he expressed the most grateful
and pious satisfaction in the circumstance, that
he, with all his father's family, had so early felt
the obligations of the gospel, as to give them-
selves up to Jesus Christ by a profession of his
religion. The privilege of being a christian then
occupied his thoughts ; and he continued to talk
with unusual animation of the benefits of early
communion ; and to express his wishes, that his
eldest son, then at his bedside, might not forget
early to seek, nor be so unhappy as ever to forfeit,
this christian privilege. That great article of the
christian dispensation, the resurrection from the
dead, was the frequent theme of his meditations,
and of his publick instructions ; so that his faith
was not vain, nor his preaching vain ; for his
faith was always strong enough to render his
preaching the expression of his own intimate per-
suasions, and the cheerful employment of his life.
1808 ^^ ^^^^ practical strength of his faith and piety
^^ , he was permitted to give us a memorable exam-
ple, during that sudden attack, which he sustain-
ed, a few years since, in all the fulness of his
health and expectations, when he was busily pre-
EMEKSOX. 223
paring for a publick service. Those, who then sec.xvii.
saw hini brought down, in an instant, and without ^^
any previous warning, to the gates of death, can
never forget tlic steadfastness, with which he re-
ceived the alarm, and the singular humility and
composure, with which he waited, during many
days, doubtful of life, and expecting every hour
to leave all, that was dear to him on earth, to pre-
sent himself before God.* Next to the satisfac-
tion of behaving well ourselves, in an hour of tri-
al, is that of witnessing the tranquillity of our
friends, and finding, that we need not fear for
their example, while flesh and heart is failing, for
God is the strength of their heart and their por-
tion forever.
The same steadfastness, and tranquil foresight isii
of his dissolution God has enabled him to exhibit,
through the whole of the distressing and lingering
disorder, of which he died. A few hours before
his death, he overheard some conversation re-
specting those, who should pass the night with
him ; and he summoned strength enough to ar-
ticulate " God is with me !" The great inte-
rest, with which some persons always watch the
* It was in the year 1808, that he was attacked with a profuse
hemarrhajje from the lungs, from the effects of which he never
completely recovered. But the disease, of which he died, had not
probably the remotest connexion with this bleeding. It appeared
upon examination, that the lower orifice of the stomach was al-
most entirely closed by a schirriious tumour, or hard swelling-,
which on the inside was ulcerated. So completely was the pas-
sage of the pylorus obliterated, tl\at a drop of water could hardly be
pressed through it from the stomach, whicl> was full.
EE
226 E.MEKSOX.
SEC.xviT. l^st intelligent exercises of a spirit, which has beeti
^gj, warned of its departure, was here not disappoint-
ed. No one could leave his presence without a
secret consciousness, that tlie collected, intelli-
gent, and strong indications, which he daily gave,
of profound submission to God's will, and un-
' shaken faith in his gospel, were very much to be
preferred to the indistinct raptures and ejacula-
tions, which are so often caught from the lips of
the dying, where more is supposed to be meant,
than meets the car, and more is put into the
speech, than was originally contained in the
thought. The approach of death gave no new
colour to his faith ; and he has left us a proof,
which will long be remembered, not of the truth
indeed, but of the power of those principles, by
which, for nearly twenty years, he had preached
and practised.
He was ?i faithful as well, as a pious man. Of
his fidelity in his ministerial office, you, my hear-
ers, are of course better judges, than the preacher.
Rut from his extraordinary correctness of man-
ners, and disposition to method in the disposal of
his time, great fidelity might be expected in what
he regarded, as his duty ; and this sentiment as
well, as the desire of doing good, would engage so
careful a mind,ashis,inthe punctilious discharge
of the duties of his profession. The prosperity
of this ancient church was peculiarly dear to him.
He looked back with veneration almost unbound-
ed on some of his predecessors here ; and while
lie breathed much of their spirit, he successfully
EMERSON. 22?
emulated their merits. He was a happy example of ^.^^^ j^^.^j
that correct and rational style of evanu:elical preach-
° * 1811.
ing, of which the yet lamented Clarke has left so
fair a specimen. Our departed brother had long
been employed on a history of the First Church ;
and was engaged in the analysis of the works and
character of Chauncy, when his progress was ar-
rested by the disease, of which he died, and he
was called to join the company of those great and
good men, whom he had before known only in
their works, but now face to face.
Such is the constitution of society among us,
that much of the care of our literary and charita-
ble institutions devolves upon those clergymen,
who have disposition and qualifications for the
task. Mr. Emerson's industry, integrity, accu-
racy, and fidelity were well known in the nume-
rous societies, of which he was a member. The
town has lost a diligent observer of its youth and
their education ; the Academy and Historical
Society an associate greatly interested in their
flourishing state ; the University an attentive
overseer. The clergy throughout the country
have lost a hospitable and liberal brother ; his
family a most careful and excellent father, hus-
band, and master ; and his friends an honourable
and faithful friend.
O 'tis well
With him. But who knows what the coming hour
VQ'l'd in thick darkness, brings for us I
328 E.VIERSOX.
SEC XVII "^^^^ following is, we believe, a correct list of his
acknowledged publications.
1811.
1. Sermon at Harvavfl, 4 July, 1794.
2. Sermon at the artillery election, Boston, 1799.
3. Sermon before the Roxbury Charitable Society, 1800.
4f. Sermon at the ordination of Rev. Robert Smiley, 23
September, 1801.
5. Boston Oration, 4 July, 1802.
6. Sermon on the death of Rev. Dr. Thacher, 1802.
7. Sermon at the ordination of Rev. Thomas Bede,1803.
8. Sermon on the death of madam Bowdoin, i803.
9. Sermon before the Boston Female Asylum, 1805.
10. Sermon on the death of Charles Austin, 1806.
11. Discourse before the Humane Society. 1807.
12. The first, second, third, and seventh discourses in the
fourth number of the Christian Monitor, with the pray-
ers annexed to each discourse.
13. A selection of psalms and hymns, embracing all the
varieties of subject and metre, suitable for private de-
votion and the worship of churches. 12mo. i808.
II. Sermon at the ordination of Rev. Mr. Clark, Bur-
lington, 1810.
His father was son of Rev, Joseph Emerson
and Mary his wife, daughter of Rev. Samuel
Moody of York. The following extract from an
obituary notice of his early death is dated
"Concord, Nov ist 17r6.
On the morning of the Lord's day, the 20th of October last, died
at Rutland, on Otter creek, the Rev. Mr. William Emerson, pastor
of the church of Christ in this town, in the 55th year of bis ag-e. His
zeal for the liberties of his country, which appeared from the be-
ginning of the present troubles, animated him to accomp-any his
brethren in the reinforcement lately sent by this state to our army
at Ticonderoga, as chaplain of a regiment. But tlie hardships, to
which lie was exposed, soon overcame his delicate constitution, and
brought on the symptoms of a bilious fever ; which, \\hen he h.ad
proceeded a few miles on his return, attacked him v.itii greater
violence, and prevailed, until his Lord called him from tlic labours
find sufferings of this hfe to receive his reward."
f.OOD M£N ALWAYS DESIRE THE PRESENCE OF GOD
A SERMON,
DELIVERED AT FIKST CHURCH, BOSTON, 17 JULY, 1808, THE DAV
OF LEAVING THE PLACE OF WORSHIP FOR A NEW EDIFICE.
BY WILLIAM EMERSOy, THE PASTOR.
Exod. xxxiii. 15.
If tliy presence g'o not witii me, carry us not up hence.
▼ ▼ E have arrived, my brethren, at so noticeable a peri-
od in the history of our church, that I was unable to
restrain myself from addressing you, on the singular oc-
casion. For sufficient reasons, and, I hope, for our own
and the common benefit in time to come, we are about
to abandon this house, which, for ninety-five years, has
been used, as a place of worship. In resigning it to a
ruin, which, in a few years, would, in spite of all our
exertions, inevitably have overtaken it, and which, in a
few years more, will creep over all terrestrial things, we
are naturally led to review the records of our society.
We feel a strong inclination to recur to the days of our
fathers, and trace the most memorable passages in their
christian pilgrimage. This duty I had proposed to my-
230 SEKMON I.
self, in looking forward to the day, which we now be-
hold. An unforeseen, and, to me, awful dispensation
of providence however, in suspending the exercise of
my ministry, seemed to cover this purpose, and all my
other purposes, with a veil of darkness. But that God,
whose province it is to heal as well, as to wound, is
prolonging a life, which was apparently destined to
immediate waste. May it be in mercy to my and your
souls ! Blessed God ! " If thy presence go not with
me, carry me not up hence !" If thy pleasure may not
prosper in my hand, take away utterly that life, which
thou hast so severely threatened ! For thy favour is
life, and thy loving kindness is better than life. Never-
theless, O God, not my will, but thine be done !
Since then it seems to be the will of heaven, that I
should resume my pastoral labours, I cannot, I say, de-
ny myself the pleasure of putting you in remembrance
of the divine conduct, towards this church, in former
generations, and of imploring, with you, the divine
presence in our contemplated removal. It will hardly
deserve the name of a discourse ; and, were not my sit-
uation perfectly well known, I should sit in silence
with you, and meditate on the desolation hastening
upon these hallowed walls. But I cast myself on your
candour and kindness, which, in most instances, have
exceeded my expectations, and my deserts in all.
The words, which I place at the head of my dis-
course, were spoken in an address to God by the he-
brew legislator. On his way from Egypt to Canaan
with the israelitish tribes, he was favoured of Jehovah
with frequent interviews. The Deity is said to have
conversed with him " face to face, as a man talketh
SERMON I. 23 X
with his friend." He was directed what course to
pursue, when to travel, and where to rest. A cloud by
day, and a fire by night, were tokens of the divine
presence, and formed the guidance and consolation of
the journeying Jews.
Moses had now received the ten commandments
from the mouth of Jehovah. During his stay in the
mount however, the rebellious disposition of the people
broke forth, in a request to Aaron, that he would make
them a god to go before them. At this unpardonable
instance of infidelity, the anger of the Lord was justly
kindled, and he said to Moses, " Depart, and go up
hence, thou, and the people, which thou hast brought
up out of the land of Egypt ; and I will s^nd an angel
before thee ; for I will not go up in the midst of thee,
for thou art a stiff-necked people, lest I consume thee in
the way. And when the people heard these evil ti-
dings, they mourned, and no man did put on him his
ornaments." As for Moses, he was overwhelmed with
sorrow. Though innocent himself of the great trans-
gression, he was yet alive to its dangers and conse-
quences, with respect to the people ; and as much,as he
censured their folly, he was determined to share in their
fate. He interceded for their salvation, and could not
endure the thought of being deprived of the conduct of
Jehovah. Irksome, as was a precarious residence in
the wilds of Arabia, and pleasing, as was the prospect
of resting in the land of Canaan, he was willing to re^
nounce the last, and endure the first, rather than losf
the protection and presence of the Lord. " And he
said, if thine own presence go not with us, carry us not
up hence,"
SEllMON i.
The spontaneous prayer of any pilgrim to a better
world ! Yes, good men always desire the presence of
God. As they love what is excellent, so they desire to
be intimately acquainted with the source of excellence.
They have no relish for worldly advantages, if they can-
not be enjoyed with the presence of God. Offer them
power, and they reject it ; wealth, and they despise it ;
pleasure, and they loathe it, if these goods are not to
be possessed, except at the expense of their integrity,
and their religious principles. They will not violate the
laws of God to obtain the favour of man. They will
not inhabit the most fruitful soil, and under the happi-
est skies, and in the most magnificent buildings, if they
must be confined to the company of the wicked, and
deprived of the institutes and instructions of religion.
Virtuous men, from the beginning of the world, have
manifested a disposition to separate themselves from the
workers of iniquity, and put themselves under the pro-
tection of heaven.
This truth might be illustrated by numerous exam-
ples in sacred history.
Abel had no sweet communion with his brother
Cain, and Enoch preferred walking with God, in soli-
tude, to mixing with the idolaters of his age. Noah
sufficiently testified his desire for the presence of God,
l)y seceding from the corrupt antediluvians, whom his
preaching could not reform, and by building an ark for
the salvation of his house. Abraham showed his regard
for the divine presence, in renouncing his kindred and
country, and seeking a habitation in a strange land.
Isaac was under the influence of the same religious
principle, and accordingly preserves himself and his
SERMON I. 253
family pure from the contagion of idolatry and vice,
then prevalent in the world. And the same principle of
piety actuated the vows and obedience of Jacob, who
solemnly promised, " If the Lord will bring me in
safety to the land of my fathers, then the Lord shall be
my God." Joseph was an illustrious instance of a
man, who desired the presence of God ; who kept his
integrity amidst the most pressing temptations ; and
who uniformly adhered to truth, conscience, and duty,
whatever the adherence might cost him. Moses too,
from the time, when he was called, to the day of his
death, seems to have felt the same reverence and anxie-
ty for the divine approbation, which he expresses in the
text. He was ever unwilling to go, where God went
not, and ever desirous to dwell, where God had pitched
his abode. " He chose rather to sujffer affliction with
the people of God, than to enjoy the pleasures of sin for
a season ; for he had respect unto the recompense of re-
ward." The same likewise may be said of Joshua,
Caleb, Samuel, and David, who all desired to enjoy the
divine favour, and to be guided by the divine hand.
The last mentioned character especially was remarkable
for the warmth of his devout affections, and the zeal he
bore for the offices of the sanctuary. *' When," says
he, *' shall I come, and appear before God ? I will
go unto the altar of God, unto God my exceeding joy.
How amiable are thy tabernacles, O Lord of hosts !
Lord ! I have loved the habitation of thy house, and
the place, where thine honour dwelleth. One thing
have I desired of the Lord, that will I seek after, that I
may dwell in the house of the Lord all the days of my
FF
':3-i si:rmon i.
life, to behold the beauty of the Lord, and to inquire in
his temple."
To this hst of worthies I might add the names of
numbers of the hebrew prophets, who endured all sorts
of temporal evil, rather than forfeit their allegiance to
God, and their interest in his favour. See, in particu-
lar. Job, Nehemiah, and Daniel, tormented with the
sharpest afflictions, which were either incurred or borne
from a regard to the presence and promises of God.
The catalogue might be swelled by the mention of a
liost of christian confessors and martyrs, headed by the
founder of our i eligion, who were all devoted to the will
of God, who made his service their employment, and
his glory the end of their ambition. Hear the blessed
Jesus, amid the agonies, which he suffered in the gar-
den. " The hour is come, and what shall I say ?
Shall I say, Father, save me from this hour ? No ;
thou knowest, that I came not to do my will, but thine.
Glorify thvself." Similar was the language of all his
apostles as soon, as they were instructed in the nature
of the gospel. They had no will but God's ; and their
seasons of travelling, and their places of rest, were en-
tirely under the direction of Providence. They left
their all, whether it were little or much, to follow
Christ. Parents, children, and wives, lands, houses,
and reputation, nowise hindered their obedience to the
intimations of heaven. In the face of reproach and
imprisonment, of tortures and death, they hesitated
not to go, where God went, and to speak what he com-
manded. No. " None of these things moved them,
neither counted they their lives dear unto them, so that
they might finish their course with joy, and the min-
istry, which they had received."
SERMON 1. 235
Ecclesiastical as well, as biblical history, furnishes
the lives of many, whose piety, and fidelity to their reli-
gion, in the midst of bitter and sanguinary persecutions,
are an honour to the christian name. Think of the
universally harassed condition of christians, until the
reign of Constantine. Recollect their sufferings under
the cruel Dioclesian. Consider also the distressing and
wicked wars, which differing sects of christians have
waged with each other. In these various calamities,
multitudes have suffered bravely, for what they have
supposed to be the truth, and for the sake of enjoying
that favour of God, with which the practice of virtue is
connected.
If, my brethren, you go back only as far, as the be-
ginning of the seventeenth century, you will find vast
numbers of men, who honestly and gloriously con-
temned the means of living, and the honours of the
world, when weighed with the dictates of conscience
and fidelity to their God. " Take away these goods,"
said they, " they are not worth our peace." Two
thousand ministers of the gospel, at the period of which
I am speaking, were ejected from their livings for their
nonconformity to the church of England ; and many of
them were hunted, with a malignant fury, from corner
to corner, until the burden of their sorrows sunk them
to the grave.
The conduct of the puritan fathers of Newengland il-
lustrates the same sentiment of heroick piety. You
well know, my brethren, the motives, which governed
them in leaving the wealth, society, and comforts of
Europe, for the wilds of America. They were unwil-
ling to dwell, where they could not enjoy the presence
236 SERMON I.
of God. Resolved on worshipping God in spirit and
in truth, they accounted no enterprises hazardous, and
no sacrifices dear, which promised them so rich a priv-
ilege. They valued their country, but they valued
more dearly the rights of conscience. They loved their
lives, but they loved their God more. They esteemed
the civil and local immunities of their nation, but they
'esteemed, far more highly, the opportunity of educating
their children in the fear of God ; in a knowledge of the
first and inalienable duties of the rational nature ; and of
rearing a pious, sober, and righteous generation. It
was under the impression of these sentiments, that the
pilgrims first sought an asylum in Holland, and after-
wards crossed the Atlantick. It was from a regard to
the approbation of God, that, as soon as they touched
these shores, they dedicated themselves and their chil-
dren to his service ; erected temples for his worship ;
instituted colleges for the promotion of science and vir-
tue ; and sowed the seeds of learning, piety, and good
manners, wherever they planted a tree, or broke the
soil. The neighbouring university and the numerous
inferiour schools of literature, in this commonwealth, are
so manv vesti2:es of their wisdom and beneficence. In
particular, do the churches in this metropolis and vicin-
ity give proof of their zeal for religion ; of their concern
for the house of the Lord and its services ; and of their
determination to support, at whatever expense, the inter-
ests of learning and morals.
With what reverence and gratitude do we cherish the
memory of men, who seemed to incorporate themselves
with whatever promised to advance the Redeemer's
kingdom and the interests ot posterity ! Wherever we
SERMON I. 23f
aast our eyes, we are saluted with tokens of their piety
and care. So sincere and zealous were they to give a
tincture of holiness to all their doings, that their civil
polity was in a manner borrowed from the bible. They
valued the approbation of their minds, more than the ap-
plause of the world, and they feared no other powerj
than God.
Such, my brethren, were the founders of this church,
who came to this country to worship God agreeably to
the dictates of conscience ; to serve him rather with the
mind, than with the precisions of bodily posture ; and
to honour him rather by a remarkable piety and holiness
of life, than by a ritual, addressed to the imagination
and the senses.
The history, which precedes this discourse, is evi-
dence, that these principles were kept in view by your
worthy predecessors. They were uniformly the support-
ers of piety, order, and the rights of conscience. From
the gathering of this church, to the present hour, its
members have not ceased to worship God in the name of
Christ. They have regularly maintained the ministry
and ordinances of our common Lord. They have been
attentive to the order and discipline of the churches,
and the edification of individuals. And whilst they
have duly respected the forms of antiquity, and opposed
an innovating temper, they have cherished a laudable
spirit of improvement. The freedom of our civil gov-
erntnent has tended to abate the rigour of ecclesi-
astical courts ; and the severity, with which discipline
was formerly administered, has latterly been unknown
among you. You have begun to believe, that the pow-
er of councils is advisory merely ; that the only platform
238 SERMON I.
of church government, which is legitimate and obliga-
tory, is contained in the scriptures ; that there is, upon
earth, no iiifellible head of the church ; that we have only
one master, even Chiist, and one only father, even God.
Tiiese articles of belief, my brethren, have, for many
yeurs, been i'lnnly fixed in the minds of the members
of this church. May these capital objects of our re-
ligious association be kept constantly in view i
Through all the changes, incident to an ancient insti-
tution, there has never been a time, in which you have
not devoted tlie Lord's day, either by yourselves, or in
union with a sister church, to the worship of God and
christian edification.
The covenant, which was signed at Charlestown, on
the twenty -seventh of August, 1630, was renewed in
Boston, on the sixteenth day of October, 1632. It was
then that this ecclesiastical establishment was begun. In
that year was built the first edifice, which was ever rear-
ed for publick worship in the town of Boston. It stood
at some distance from this place, and vi^as far less spa-
cious and magnificent, than even this ancient house.
But its thatched roof and walls of mud answered all the
purposes of marble temples with their gilded domes and
cushioned altars. Enclosed in that humble meeting-
house were some of the noblest and purest spirits, that
ever bore the christian name. There the venerable
Wilson exercised the functions of the pastoral office
with the meekness of Moses, and the benevolence of
St. John. There the learned, ethical, and eloquent Cot-
ton expounded the scriptures with the boldness of an
inspired prophet, and dictated, with holy zeal, the meas-
^ires of both church and state. There the excellent
SERMON I- 23P
Winthrop, the inflexible Dudley, and the godly Novvcj
altcrncitcly prayed and prophesied, and gave the whole
weight of their talents and influence in favour of evan-
gelical principles and manners.
In the second edifice, which was completed in 1640,
and stood till 1711, were still heard the teachings of
Wilson and Cotton. It was there too, where the co-
pious and masterly Norton urged home the doctrines of
the gospel, upon the consciences of sinners ; where
Davenport lifted his aged voice in pious supplications ;
where Allen guarded the flock against the fanaticism of
innovators ; where Oxenbridge poured forth his elo-
quence before the great congregation ; where the scien-
tifick Wadsworth perspicuously taught the way of sal-
vation ; where the energetick Bridge called sinners to
repentance ; and where the persecuted Moody and the
unoffending Bailey generously lent their aid to the ser-
vice of the sanctuary.
The present house was built in 1712, and has re-
sounded with the instructions of Wadsworth and Bridge^
whom I have already named, and here my three imme-
diate predecessors have publickly laboured. Yes, here
the worthy Foxcroft exhorted his hearers to become rec-
onciled unto God, through a blessed mediator. Here
Chauncy's erudition dispelled the glooms of ignorance
and fanaticism, and taught his hearers to offer to their
God a reasonable service. And here the admirable
Clarke, equally distinguished for his biblical and classi-
cal knowledge, charmed his hearers to the knowledge
and love of their duty.
In addition to the regular services of the ministers of
this church;, the several edifices, which they hnvc bnilt
240 SERMON I.
have been devoted to the weekly labours of the neigh-
bouring clergy. As early, as the settlement of Mr.
Cotton, the 5th day or thursday lecture was begun to be
preached. It was maintained by the ministers of this
church, until 1679, when, at the request of the magis-
trates, and by a vote of this church, the ministers of the
Old North and Old South churches, then the only min-
isters in town, were invited to take their turns in preach-
ing this lecture. From that period to the present, as
often, as a minister adjoins himself to the Boston Asso-
ciation, he is requested, as a thing of course, to take his
turn in preaching the thursday lecture. There was a
time, when this lecture was suspended, about ten months,
in the years 1775 and 1776. Dr. Andrew Eliot preach-
ed the last of the old series, and the first of the new.
How many excellent sermons has this institution been
the means of producing ! What an incentive to lauda-
ble emulation among the divines of this metropolis !
But this place is henceforth no more to be a scene of
moral and religious entertainment. We are going to
the fourth spot and the fifth house, which have been de-
voted by this church to divine service. The history
and habits of our society show, that it has indulged no
superstition in regard to the places, modes, and times of
religious homage,
W^e sometimes wish, and wish in vain, for the clear
intimations of the divine will, which the Jews enjoy-
ed. To us no Urim answers. For us no priest in
gorgeous habiliments, supplicates the divine benediction.
The time was, when a certain mountain in Judea alone
was deemed holy ; and the belief still is, in many parts of
i::hristcndomj that particular forms arc exclusively ac>
SERMON I. ^4i
ceptable to the most high God. But, to rational chris-
tians, the hour has long since come, when true worship-
pers worship the Father in spirit and in truth ; when
every place is accounted holy, in which the one living
and true God is adored by enlightened understandings
and honest hearts, and where the rituals of religion are
made subservient to a virtuous life. To the ancient
jew indeed Jehovah declared, " In all places, where I
record my name, there will I come 'unto thee and bless
thee." And true it was, that, where that awful name
was not inscribed, the priest offered no sacrifice, and
the prophet waited in vain the inspiration of his God.
Now, wherever there is a heart to pray, there the altar
and the sacrifice are made ready. Now, wherever two
or three are met together, in the name of Christ, there
his father and our father, his God and our God will be
in the midst of us, to listen to our requests, to pardon
our sins, to sustain us under the troubles of life, and to
grant us consolation and encouragement in our heaven-
ly course.
Farewell, then, ye venerable walls ! you are not
necessary to the purity of our worship. Much as we
have loved this ancient habitation of the Most High,
and notwithstanding the tenderness, with which we
would treat the feelings of local devotion, we disclaim
the idea, that, in relinquishing this for a more spacious
and convenient church, we are guilty of robbing God
of his dues, or the community of their sacred rights.
No. We violate none of the laws of God in betterinp-
o
our accommodations for publick worship. We break
none of the commandments of Jesus Christ, in exchang-
ing a house, which is exposed to the noise and dust of a
24j SEiaiOX I
publick street, lor one, which is remote from the busi-
ness and amusements of the town.
To my heart this edifice is dear, from various cir-
cumstances. But to say, that the removal is attended
with no painful sensations, we do not. Here it was, my
brethren, that I received the charge of your souls, and
here have I oi'ten renewed to you my vows of fidelity.
Here we have frequently sitten, under the banner of Je-
sus, and his fruit has been sweet to our taste. How of-
ten have we here eaten the bitter herbs of penitence for
past offences, and taken to our lips the cup of joy and
salvation ! Here have I baptized and instructed your
children, endeavouring to form them to the temper and
habits of Jesus.
In uttering my own feelings, I have no doubt of ex-
pressing" yours. It is true, not one of you present con-
tributed personally, either of your wealth or wisdom, to
the identical establishments, of which I have been
speaking. But, God be praised, you have continued to
walk in the steps of your fathers. There has never
been a time, when you have been unwilling to provide
things decent and honourable in the sight of all men, for
the support of religious instruction, and for rendering
commodious and amiable the tabernacles of our God.
The church, which you have recently built, and in which
you expect shortly to worship the God of your fathers,
is another confirmation of the truth, deduced from the
text, that good men desire the presence of God. If
there were no zeal in this society for the maintenance of
sabbatical rites, the advantageous arrangement, which
you have lately made, would not have taken place.
However therefore we may m this age be blamed for
SERMON 1 i443
our inferiority in religious zeal to our puritan ances
tors, we are yet willing to make some sacrifices for the
honour of God and the religion of Jesus. In every part
of our country, there are some to be found, and thous-
ands, I hope, in this capital of the state, who would be
unhappy in a privation of sacred privileges, and who arc
willing to deny themselves many enjoyments, and prac-
tise many mortifications, for the love they bear to the
interests of religion, and the hope they entertain of its
blissful rewards.
There is in man a propensity to roam. He loves
novelty and variety. Were it not for this disposition,
no improvements would be made ; no sciences nor arts
would be cultivated. Society would remain stationary,
or rather be retrograde. Every man would contentedly
continue in the condition, in which his father left him,
and indolence, torpor, and sensuality would creep on
all the bodily and mental faculties. Look at the condi-
tion of the Chinese. Shut up within themselves, they
have no enterprise nor ambition. The understanding is
shackled,and errours are perpetuated ; and, though they
may be free from the agitations of more improved soci-
ety, their repose is that of the grave.
And now, Lord, what wait we for ? What is our
heart's desire ? Is it wealth ? Or splendour ? Or
power ? Or the pleasures of sense ? No, thou om-
niscient being, thou knowest,that we want thy presence.
We want the rest, which springs from peace of con-
science, from sense of repentance, hope of thy pardon
and the prospect of heaven. If thy presence go not
with us in the bestowment of these favours, carry us
not up hence.
S44 SEUMON I.
Justified therefore, my brethren, to our own con-
»ciences, in this important transaction, let our future
conduct be such, as shall meet the approbation of God.
For let it never be forgotten, that, if we would have
God's presence go with us, we must go with God's
presence. We must fear the divine power, imitate the
divine benevolence, and obey the intimations of the di-
vine will.
Finally. In whatever place and under whatever cir-
cumstances we may hereafter celebrate the praises of
God, let us be careful to render him an acceptable ser-
vice. Henceforth, if possible, let our worship be puri-
fied from all superstition. Let no motives of worldly
interest or ambition enter into our religious performan-
ces. Let us carr}^ with us this truth to our new tem-
ple, and bear it about with us continually, that the pub-
lick offices of devotion are designed to promote the
practice of virtue ; and that, if they fail of attaining this
end, the Almighty will demand of us, " Who hath
required this at your hands to tread my courts ?"
May the author of wisdom and power teach us the
knowledge, and aid us in the performance of our whole
duty, that,having served him voluntarily, sincerely, and
faithfully, on the earth, we may at last be admitted to
the general assembly and church of the first born in.
heaven ! Amen,
TH£ QESIRES OP GOOD MEN WILL BE GRATIlrlEli.
A SERMON,
DELIVERED AT FIRST CHURCH, BOSTON, ON THURSDAY, 21 JULY,
1808, WHEN DIVINE SERVICE WAS FIRST PERFORMED IX
THAT EDIFICE. BY WILLIAM EMERSON, THE PASTOR.
Exod. xxxiii. 14.
My presence shall go with thee, and I will give thee rest.
A ND is there a place in the universe, where thou art
not ? Omnipresent and eternal God ! Whither shall
we go from thy spirit ? Or whither shall wc fly from thy
presence ? The immensity of space is thy constant
abode, and every portion of it is filled with thy glory.
Yes, my brethren, the vast creation is the dwelling-
place of the Most High. Every ray of light is a proof
of his presence. The awful womb of night is the pa-
vilion of his rest. You feel his breath in every wind,
that blows. His pencil is at work in every opening
flower. His voice is audible in the musick of the for-
est as well, as in the thunder of the skies and the roar of
earthquakes. To mortal eyes he is indeed invisible.
You go forward, but he is not there ; and backward,
246 SERAI y\ 11.
but you do not perceive him ; yet he is as really present
in tliis place, as ye yourselves ; and you can as easily fly
from yourselves, as from the beams of his eye, or the
grasp of his hand.
Althougli however the presence of God is universal, it
is not yet universally manifest. The Deity was as truly
present in the bush, which Moses saw, before, as after,
it was enveloped in flames. He was as really existing
in all portions of the aerial expanse, always, as when the
pillars of smoke and of fire conducted the steps of the
hebrew pilgrims.
To this extraordinary and benignant display of the
divine presence the venerable prophet alludes in the
text. But a most heinous offence of the Jews awakened
the anger of the Almighty, and caused him to threaten
them with the loss of his presence. As God however
is usually better to us, than our fears, and always better,
than our deserts, so, in the case before us, he repented
of the neglect, which he thought to show to the erring
Israelites ; and he showed it not. Upon their penitence
and promises of obedience, he blotted out their sin,
and renewed his declarations to conduct and settle them
in the land of Canaan. " My presence shall go with
thee, and I will give thee rest."
Although there is a propensity in man to roam, yet
there is also in his nature an almost uncopquerable love
of rest. These two permanent principles in human na-
ture the Creator has set over, one against the other, as
mutual, salutary checks to the excesses of each. Thus
if, in the ardour of youth, we love to go in quest of ad-
ventures, in the torpor of age we are desirous of repose.
We are with difficulty prevailed upon to quit our native
SERMON II. 24:
tir, and remove to scenes, with which we have associa-
ted no sentiments of tenderness and affection.
Yet no man, in this probationary state, is permitted to
gratify all the wishes of his heart. Good and evil arc
wisely blended together, in every stage of our terrestrial
career. Contrary to their wishes, many times, those,
who love tranquillity, arc obliged to enter into the tu-
mult and confusion of the world ; and there are those
again, who delight in the bustle and noise of the multi-
tude, who are compelled to walk in the path of seclusion.
Such, nevertheless, is the versatile nature of man, the
all conquering power of habit, and the unchangeable
goodness of God, that the ingredients of happiness arc
ever within the reach of virtuous men. A man, at
case in his conscience, and satisfied with his own en-
deavours, can hardly be rendered miserable. A faithful
servant of God may assuredly calculate on the favour of
him, whose favour is life, and whose loving kindness is
better than life. The presence of God may be always
expected by a virtuous community. The desires of
good men, having for their object the approbation and
guidance of heaven, cannot fail of being eventually
gratified. If God is infinitely good, he never would
have created human beings, unless, in favour of those
beings, he intended to display the benignity of his na-
ture. The very existence of man is a proof of the
goodness of God. The desire of happiness, in a crea-
ture, evinces the possibility of a happy condition. The
appetites of hunger and thirst afford proof, that bread
and water may be obtained ; and they, who hunger and
thirst after righteousness,are already pronounced happy ;
so certain is it, that they will be filled.
::48 SERMON II.
The whole tcnour of the scripture promises is in la.
vour of tlie sentiment, that God is the protector of good
men, and that he will grant them the desire of their
hearts. Our Saviour teaches, that God is better, than
the best of parents. " If ye, being evil, know how to
give good gifts unto your children, how much more
shall your heavenly father give good things unto them
who ask him."
The conduct of the divine providence towards the
virtuous, in every age, has been a beautiful illustration
of the same consolatory truth. Recollect, my brethren,
the lives of those eminently good men, whose pious de-
sires were mentioned in the preceding discourse. You
will find, that they had a sense of the divine favour, and
a hope of the divine guidance. See the presence of
God with Abel, in the witness which he received, that
he was righteous. Enoch, before his translation, had
this testimony, that he pleased God. The presence of
God was eminently with Noah, whilst building the ark,
and was afterwards his salvation and joy. Abraham,
Isaac, and Jacob, though they did not receive the prom-
ises, had yet the favour of God, in this world, and died
in expectation of a better country, than Canaan supplied.
The presence of God was with the patriarch Joseph, and
the divine counsels wonderfully prospered in his hand.
And Moses surely, among whose records the text is
found, was extraordinarily the subject of divine favour.,
So too were Joshua, Caleb, and the posterity of the he-
brew emigrants. Jehovah fulfilled the promise, which
he had made to their fathers ; his presence went with
them to the country of Palestine, where he gave them
rest. It was a rest from the yoke of bondage, which
SEIIMON 11. 249
they endured in Egypt ; it was a rest from the wenri-
some journics, which they were obliged to take in tlie
arabiaii wilderness ; it was, lastly, a rest from the wars,
Avhich they necessarily waged with savage nations.
Bat it was not a rest from the ordinary labours of life,
nor from the calamities, to which our nature is at all
times exposed.
Beginning with the sacred founder of our religion,
and tracing the history of his apostles and followers,
through every successive period to the present, we shall
have additional proof, that good men may be sure of
the guidance of heaven. In every age of the world.
God'ii presence is with them, and he gives them rest ;
not indeed a rest of sloth ; not a rest of voluptuous-
ness ; and not always a rest from the arrows of slander,
and the sword of persecution ; for every age, probiibly,
can furnish its Neros and Domitians. But the good
are generally secure of a tranquil life, and are always
untroubled by the persecutions of a guilty conscience,
and the multitude of sorrows, which usually infest the
path of the wicked. The rest, which God gave to
good men, under the former dispensation, and to the
early christians, was a rest from the unfruitful works of
darkness, and from that sorrow of the world, which
worketh death. And this kind of rest is the in-
fallible portion of the righteous in the worst countries,
and in the worst times. The good man cannot be de-
prived of his confidence in God, and in the final recti-
tude and benevolence of the divine administration. To
be able to praise God in adversity as well, as prospe-
rity, is to enjoy a peace, which passeth all understand-
ing. To be superiour to the petty disasters and vexa
HH
2JJ SEKMON 11.
tioiis of lil'c ; to be able steadily to pursue, what is
bnivcly designed ; to be deaf to the noise of a turbulent
world, that the whispers of conscience may be distinctly
heard ; and to descend with cheerfulness and hope into
the valley of the shadow of death ; this is the peace of
the just, and the most valuable rest, which, on this side
heaven, remains for the people of God.
May those of us, who have experienced the presence
of God, in moments of danger and affliction, and been
able to commit our souls to a faithful Creator, when the
terrible image of death was staring us in the face, be
duly grateful to the almighty physician of soul and
body ! Bless the Lord, O my soul, and all that is
within me, bless his holy name ! Bless the Lord, O
my soul, and forget not all his benefits !
Such a rest, my brethren, as I have been describing
was eminently the portion of those worthy men, who
gave a name and a character to Newengland. Where
was there ever a people, since the age of miracles, more
favoured of heaven, than these puritan pilgrims ?
The governour and company of Massachusetts Bay,
who laid the foundation of this christian society, in
1630, met innumerable difficulties in accomplishing
their pious designs. But the presence of God was
with them to dispel their fears, to increase their faith,
and to animate their labours. The church, which they
here planted, became a fruitful field. Their efforts to
enlarge and enrich it were marvellously blessed. The
expectations of our fathers were gloriously realized. A
few years of toil were succeeded by an age of improve-
ment and of rest. They were no longer tormented
with the war whoop by night, nor with the sight of con
SERMON II. 251
flagrations and ruin by day. We rejoice to reflect upon
the success, which crowned the exertions of men, who
were w^armed with a love of truth, freedom, and the
sreneral welfare to make the most noble sacrifices. We,
o
this day, look back with admiration and gratitude to
God, when we think of the powerful talents, exemplary
lives, and faithful services of a long succession of pas-
tors and teachers, who have laboured in this christian
vineyard, and who arc now at rest with God.
Let us be thankful, my brethren, for all the good ef-
fects, which have resulted from this institution, in times
past ; and for all the advantages, of whatever nature,
which it now enjoys.
As far, as fallible mortals can judge, this day is aus-
picious to our interests, as a religious community. In
place of an ancient and decaying house, situated in the
most busy and populous part of the town, w^e possess
this new, commodious, and beautiful edifice ; where, in
the silence of retirement, yet in the centre of the territo-
ry of the metropolis, w^e may worship the Lord our
God. Not that we contemn those venerable walls,
which have enclosed so many pious worshippers, and
which have so often resounded with excellent instruc-
tions and the divine praises. No, thou God of our
fathers, thou knouxst,that we, thy servants, " take plea-
sure in the stones, and favour the dust thereof."
Nevertheless, we rejoice in a more decent and com-
fortable church. And we bless God, who giveth skill
to the children of men, for his remarkable protection of
and smiles upon its artificers ; for the fortunate circum-
stances, that have attended its erection and completion ;
for the activity and firmness, gentleness and discretion.
SERMON ir.
which have marked the conduct of the committees of
the society, in effecting this important arrangement ; and
for the entire union, subsisting among us.
Ah, how good and pleasant it is for brethren to dwell
together in unity ! Next to the favour of God, it is nat-
ural and right for good men to love the approbation of
God's children. They may not indeed seek the praise
of men, as an end ; but it delights their hearts to know,
that their services are acceptable to the multitude of
their brethren. It cheers and encourages them, in their
labours for the good of the community, to know,that they
have the wishes, prayers, and cooperation of the virtuous.
Withhold not this encouragement, my brethren, to
Avell doing, when it is in the power of your hearts and
tongues to bestow it. It is impossible, in all cases, to
reward the patriotick for their publick -spirited exer-
tions. The Israelites were unable to repay the benefi-
cence of Moses with any thing in their gift ; the least
they could do, was to give him their gratitude and con-
fidence. Who does not admire the self-denial and enter-
prise of Abraham, and what one of his descendants did
not reflect on his faith, piety, and benevolence, with the
highest degree of gratitude ? In every age of the
world, those men are to be ranked among our greatest
benefactors, who exert themselves to rear temples to the
living and true God. We honour and love our parents,
who brought us into the world, and nursed our infancy,
and guided our childhood ; but those are our parents in
the truest sense, who labour to create us anew in Christ
Jesus ; who travail, as it were, in birth again, until
Christ be formed \\ithin us, the hope of glory ; who in-
d(3Cttinate us into the principles of the gospel, and
mould us into the image of its blessed founder.
SERMON II. 25o
111 this connexion, the leading members of this socie-
ty, who have originated and carried into effect the re-
building of the house of our God, are entitled to our
o-rateful acknowledsrments. May their successful el-
forts in this honourable design serve to unite us still
more fn-mly in the faith and charity of the gospel ; and
may the bond of peace, by which the members of this
fraternity have been bound together, continue to be its
joy and glory to the latest posterity.
To this end, my brethren, you will keep the object of
your religious association always in view. You will seek
the things, which make for peace, and things, whereby
one may edify another. You will do well to remember,
that no professions, however pompous, no ceremonies,
however splendid, no offerings, however costly, will any
wise atone for moral defects. You will never, I hope,
imagine, that the presence of God consists in the number
of your ministers, in the riches of their learning, or in
the lustre of their talents. The presence of God is real-
ly and gloriously with you, when you practise virtue ;
and the absence of virtue cannot be compensated by the
building of the most gorgeous temples, and exhibitions
of the warmest zeal.
It cannot be too deeply imprinted on our minds, that
the means of virtue are not virtue itself. The contem-
plation of the Deity, whether in the closet or the church,
is well, if that contemplation inspires the love and imi-
tation of his moral attributes. The Deity is a being of
perfect justice, truth, wisdom, order, and benevolence.
The worship of such a being naturally fills the mind
with the admiration of every moral excellence. The
love of God is the love of truth ; and he, ^vho professes
2S4 SERMON II.
to be a servant of God, and, at the same time, disre-
gardtj his oath, his promise, or liis asseveratioti, is in fact
a liar. The worship of God is reverence for perfect
justice. He therefore, who worships God, and yet is
guiky of fraud, is either ignorant of the nature of reU-
gion, or practises hypocrisy. The homage, which
christians pay in pubUek to the Father of the universe,
is a homage to benevolence ; for he, who mvxXc uil
things, is the lover and preserver of his creatures. He
therefore, who worships God, and is, at the same time,
malevolent and selfish, is either a stranger to religion, or
mocks and contemns it. Let it then be clearly under-
stood, that, in dedicating this temple to the most high
God, we dedicate ourselves to the love, reverence, and
practice of virtue. We hence consecrate the society to
the veneration and culture of whatsoever things are
just, true, honest, lovely, and of good report.
Forever sacred be this temple to the promotion of
truth and righteousness ! Long after we, my brethren,
shall have mingled our dust with the ashes of our fath-
ers, may this vineyard of the Lord be fair and flourish-
ing ! May her branches be beautiful, and out of her
roots may there come forth many strong rods, who
shall defend the truth of Jesus, and uphold the rights
and liberties of the church universal. Peace be within
her walls, and may faith and hope and charity be her
constant guests ! For our brethren and companions'
sake, we will now say, peace be within her ! As in
times past, so in future, may the Highest himself estab-
lish her ; and of this ancient church may it long contin-
ue to be said, this and that man was born in her !
As for this house, which we have builded, let us re-
member, brethren, that it is henceforth none other, than
SEllMOX II. 255
the house of God and the gate of heaven. How amia-
ble are thy tabernacles, O Lord of hosts ! We will lierc
serve thee with gladness, we will come before thy
presence with singing. We will open the gates of
righteousness, we will go into them, and praise the
Lord. For the services of our earthly temples are not
only a figure, but a foretaste, of the worship of that
temple above, which is eternal in the heavens. We
cultivate in these scenes of local devotion, the same
moral and intellectual powers, which we hope will be
expanded and brightened, and forever exercised, in the
celestial courts. Blessed be this day, which cometh
unto us in the name of the Lord, and let the peace of
God rest upon this house ! Always may it have the
power to call off our views and affections from a world
of sense and sin, and exalt them to a world of intellect
and order ! Ever may it be a place, where the Father
of all shall be worshipped in spirit and in truth ; a place
of serious inquiry and religious improvement; where
the sympathy of kindred souls shall heighten the glow
of devotion ; where the sweet communion of saints shall
strengthen the piety, and cement the love of the broth-
erhood ; and where the sincerity and fervour of our
prayers, and the spirituality and harmony of our h}'mns,
shall form at least some faint resemblance to the wor-
ship of the general assembly and church of the first
born in heaven.
It is there only, my brethren, where the presence of
God aflfords fulness of joy, and where rivers of pleasure
flow always at his right hand. Think not therefore
to obtain permanent rest in this sublunary scene. Ev-
ery thing wilhin, around, above, below, is continually
2o6 SERMON Jl.
saying to us, Arise ye and depart ; for this is not your
rest. Heaven is the place of your happy destination.
In that region of purity and peace there will be an ever-
lasting end of cares and toils and pains ; and its blessed
inhabitants arc made pillars in the temple of God, and
go no more out.
Ah ! when, my brethren, shall we constitute part of
that glorious and happy convention ? They have no
longer any use for real temples, and these servile forms.
The presence of God is indeed with them, and in it
there is abundance of rest for the weary soul. Theirs
is in truth a satisfying peace, and a blessed tranquillity.
Their glorified frames know no fatigue, and their per-
fected spirits no weariness. No sin assails the soul ;
no enemy disturbs the joy ; no affliction imbitters the
bliss, of the beatified saint. All is light and peace and
felicity ; and their enlarged understandings, free from
prejudices and err ours and doubts, emulate the knowl-
edge and improvements of holy angels.
Let us be virtuous, my brethren, and this presence
of God, this rest, shall be ours. By a proper reverence
of God's house and worship on the earth, \ve shall ob-
tain a seat in the mansions of heaven. Which may
God of his mercy grant, through Jesus Christ our Lord .
\men.
FINIS.
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