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fii
r
WORKS ISSUED BY
Cj^f 3^afelugt ^oeietg*
THE HISTORIB OP TRAVAILS
INTO VIRGINIA.
U.DCCC.XLIX
THE
HISTORIE OF TRAVAILE
VIRGINIA BRITANNIA;
EXPRESSING THE
COSMOGRAPHIE AND COMODITIES OF THE COUNTRY,
TOGITHER WITH THE MANNERS AND
CUSTOMES OF THE PEOPLE.
OATHEKKD AHD OBSERVED AS WELL BI THOSE WHO WENT
FIRST THITHER AS COLLECTED BY
WILLIAM STRACHEY, GENT.,
THE FIKST SRCBETjIKr OF THR C0L0!IT.
NOW Flk«T EO1TB0 VBOM TBE ORIOlflAL HANCt><:aiPT, IN TliK
BRITISH MUSEUM, ST
R. H. MAJOR, ESQ.,
or T«M BHiTiAR Huaffru^
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY.
M.DCCC.XI.IX
910
f4 /si
I .'^?059
'jQ^v-ty
niniARDs, ino, st. martin's l*nr.
THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY.
ConiufU
SIR RODERICK IMPEY MORCHISON, G.C.StS., F.B.S , Corr. Mem. Inst. Ft.
Hon. Mam. Imp. Acad. Sc St. Paterabnig, &c., Ac, Pbbsidbnt.
Vicx-Aduiral Sib CHARLES MALCOLM, Knt. )
Tb« Rev. W. WHEWELL. D.D., M«t. T. C. C. | Vici^P««..o>«r,.
Rkib-Admibil Sib FRANCIS BEAUFORT, Kkt.
CHARLES T. BEKE, Esq., Fbil. D., F.S.A.
Captaim C. R. DRINKWATER BETHUNE, R.N., C.B.
Majos^knbb&l J. BRIGOS, F R.S.
WILLIAM DESBOROUGH COOLEY, Esq
BOLTON CORNEV. Esq., M.RS.L
SiE HENRY ELLIS, K.H., B.C.L., F.R.S.
JOHN POINTER, Esq.
R. W. GREY, Esq., M.P.
JOHN HOLMES, Esq.
JOHN WINTER JONES, Esq,
P. LEVESQUE, Esq.
Thb Very RnvEaBSD thb DEAN OF ST. PAUL'S.
R. MONCKTON MILNES, Esq., MP.
Thb Mabqcbsb of NORTHAMPTON.
Rbv. G. C. RENODARD, M.A.
THOMAS RUNDALL, Esq.
AajDREW SMITH, Esq., M.D.
R. H. MAJOR, Esq, F,R.G.S., Honorary Skcrktarv.
EDITOR'S PREFACE.
The prophetic quotation which the author of this
work has placed upon his title-page, seems to indicate
an anticipation on his part, that his manuscript would
one day be printed ; and its interesting date and curious
details, have given the Editor reason to congratulate
himself upon the fact, that the Ilakluyt Society is the
"generation" prognosticated.
Two copies of the manuscript, hoth in the author's
handwriting (for there are a sufficient number of
instances of it in the British Museum to prove its
identity), are all that have come under the Editor's
notice; one in the Sloane Collection, No. 1622, in the
British Museum, from which the present publication
has been transcribed; and the other among the Ash-
inolean Manuscripts, No. 1734. The only difference
between these two, is an alteration in the title of the
second book, and the addition to the titles, both of the
6rst and second books, of the motto of Alget qui non
ardef. The Museum copy La dedicated to Sir Francis
Bacon, *' Lord High Chancellor" ; and that in the
Ashmolean Library to Sir Allen Apsley, " Purveyor
to His Majesties Navie Royall."
viii PBEFACE.
That the author was a man of an intelligent and
observing mind will be evident from a perusal of the
following pages. That he was a man of considerable
learning will be likewise evident; although it must be
acknowledged that he was not without a tincture of
the pedantry common to the age, which has led him
occasionally to illustrate his descriptions by the em-
ployment of classical expressions, and those of such an
unusual character, that the Editor has been compelled,
in his duty to the reader, to make annotations appa-
rently but little suited to the general tenour of the
narrative. This defect, however, it is hoped, will be
found to be amply compensated by the intrinsic merit
of the work itself, especially when the date at which it
was written is taken into consideration.
R. H. M.
■RODUCTION.
Thr EnrroR was extremely desirous of commencing
tbis introJuction with a short biograpliical notice of
William Strachcy, the author of the following: pages ;
but notwithstanding that he has used his best ex-
ertions, he has been unsuccessful in discovering any-
thing more respecting him, than such few points as
connect him immediately with the subject of the work
itself.' The place and date of his birth, as well as those
of his death, are unknown. That he was a person of
importance in Virginia we shall horoaftcr show. But
in the absence of sufficient materials to make even the
1 T]ie Eilitor having com muni cat e*l with Sir Henry Sirachriy,
Bart., of Sutton Court, Somersetshire, as to tlie possibility of bis
connuxion with the Strachey of this MS., wae kinilly permytted,
throngh the obliging mctliuin of Eilwiird Stracliey, Esij. of Clifton,
and William Strachey, Esq. of London, fo inspect the family
ptiligree. Fi-om tliis it Appeared that there wna a William Slmchey
of Saffron WalJen, who was married in 1588, and was alive in
1630, a range of years including the period of our MS.: but
no mention was made of his having been to Virginia. It is
rutnurkublu, howevei-, llint his grandson of the same name is espe-
cially referred to as having craigrntud to that place. It would
appear not improbable that the former of them m&y be idecticol
with the Virgiiiinn adveiitnrer, and thiit the latter may have gone
to America under tlie influence of bis grandfather's distinguished
connexion with the colony. Mention is made twice or tbricu ia
various of the Ilarlcinn MSS. of a William Strachey of Saffron
Walden about the some period.
b
11
INTflODUCTION.
slightest biograijlilciil sketch, the Editor lias thought
it better simply to introJucc his name at those points
of the following introductory outline of the progress
of the colony, where it naturally falls in with the
thread of the narrative.
It is presumed that the two following questions will
most naturally suggest themselves, upon the pcrusul
of our title-page. First, what is the period of this
Historie of Travaile f and secondly, what degree of
interest does the date of the narrative involve, with
reference to the history of the country of which it
treats?
Tlie period referred to in our title-page, ranges over
1610, IGII, and 1612; and if wc call to mind that
the first definite settlement of Virginia, or in otlier
words, the first permanent colonization of America by
the British, took pkce only in 1607, it must be evident
that this period is one of the Iiighcst intei'cst to all
who read with pleasure what Hakluyt calls "the
industrious labors and painefuU travels of our coun-
trymen."
The title of the English to the soil of which wc
eventually gained possession, as well as the description
of the principal previous visitations of our country-
men to the western coasts of Aracrica — both points
forming suitable introductory matter to a work like
the present — have been dealt with by the author him-
self, all quaintly and briefly though it bp, in the suc-
ceeding pages. His "premonition to the reader" leaves
all allusion to tlie first question unnecessary; and
the second book (which might more correctly have
been the first instead of the second), embodies the
narrative of those earlier voyages, which though un-
INTKODUCTION.
Ill
successful in offectin^ settlcmenfa, paved the way to
the ulthiiate colonization of the country.
Many attempts at this great object had been made
by the English, under the coraraand of Sir Hugh
Willoughby and Martin Fpo])isher, and finally under
patents jgrantcd by Elizabeth in the early part of her
reign to Sir tluniphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh,
but without any permanently favourable result.
These several voyages, however, though fulling short
of the purpose for which they were originated, were
not unproductive of intcref5tiug narratives (brief, it is
true, but unitedly too lengthy even for & digested
repetition here), which may yet, perhaps, be appro-
priately enumerated for the reader's advantage for
reference.
G. Best. Discourae of the late voyages and of discoveries
for the finding of a passag:e to Cathaya by the nord-weaat,
under the conduct of Jliirtin Frobisher, general, with a
particular card thereunto adjoined of Mcta Xucoguita, 4to.
London, Bijuneifuin, 1578.
Reprinted in Hakluyt.
A prayse and report of Maister Martyne Forhoisher voyage
to !Mcta Incognita, now spoken of by Thomas Churchyard,
gentl. Impriuted for Andrew Mauiisell in Paulca Church-
yard, at the sign of the Parrot, 8vo. «. l- {circ. 1580.)
R. Hakluyt. Divers voyages touching the discovcric of
America ami the iMlantlsi adjacent unto the same, made first
of all hy our Euglisliinen, and afterwards by the Frenchmen
and Bretons, 4to. London, 1583.*
A discourse upon the intended voyage to the hitherraostc
parta of America, Ttritten by Captaine Carleill for the better
taduccmcut to satisfie such mercbauntes, as in disbnraeing
1 ThH rare book, the first publication of Ilitkluyt, is now io
progress of preparation for the Hakluyt Society, under the edi-
Itirittl care of J. Wiiiler Jones, Esq. of tlie liiitiBh Musquoi.
/
Iv
DCTBODOCmV.
their moner, do deouiaiule forwtth a prewmt retoroe of
guae ; allMrit their saicd particnlar disbonement an in such
•Imder somme* as are not rorth the speal^ing of, 4to. 1583.
Reprinted in Haklujt.
A briefe and tme report of tbe new found land of Virginia,
&c., distcovered by the English Colonv there seated bv Sir
Kichard GrcinviUe, Knight, in the yecre 15S5. . . by Thomas
Ifariot, ito. London, 1588.
flaVluyt. The principal Dangations, Toyagea and dis-
coveries made by the English nation, folio. 1589.
Ucpriuted irith additions in 1599.
De Dry. America, sive navigationes in ludiam Occidcn-
talcm. Francofurti, 1590,
A brief and true report of the new found land of Alrgiuia,
[being the Hmt part of the precediuj^ collection which was
not continued in Enj»lish] T. dc Bry, ito. Franifort, 1590.
A bricfc and true relation of the discorcry of the north
part of Virginia .... by Captains Uilbert, Gosuold, &c.,
J. BreretoD, 4to. goth. London, 1602.
A proHpcrous voyage iu the discovery of the north part of
Virginia, by Capt. G. Waymouthj written by G. Rosier, a
geiitk-nimi employed in the voyage, 410. gulli. London,lGQ5.
Novii Britauiiia oireriiig must excellent fruits by planting
in Virginia, 4to. 1609.
Vir}<iiiia richly valued by the deacription of the maine land
of Florida, Iier next iicighbuur, &c., wTJtten by a Portuguese
gentleman of the city of Klvas, and translated by E. Hakluyt,
4.to. 1609.
At the time of the death of Queen Elizabeth, one
hiinJrc'd mid okvcn years subsequent to the great dis-
covery of the Western World by Columbus, the Spa-
niards, on whose behalf hia discovery had been nmde,
were the aolc pcrtuanent settlers in this wide and wealthy
continent. In 1G06, the French began to make settle-
ments in Cnniidu jind Aeadic, now Nova Scotia, but it
WU8 not till 1 G07 that the enterprise, which was finally
iXTnomxTiOK.
destined to lay the foundation of British occupancy of
American soil, wasundcrtiikcn. Twcnty-threeyearshad
expired since the patent had been granted to Sir 'Wnlter
Kalcigh to discover and take possession, with little less
than royal privileges, of remote heathen and barbarous
lander, hitherto not actually possessed by any Christian
prince ; and yet not an acre of Amerietin soil had
hitherto^become the property of the English.
The attainder of this enteri)rising and highly gifted
raaa would seem to have been, by some inexplicable
decree of Providence, a signal for the commencement
of that success which had l)cien denied to nearly tliirty
several voyages, tlie furnishing of which liad cost
him a fortune and the persevering exertions of the lieat
portion of an energetic and iiiflucntiul life. It was
shortly after this period, viz,, A" Ifi05-G, that llichard
Hakliiyt, the ^^ presidivm et duke decus" of onr society,
to whom, as Robertson justly remarks, " England is
more indebted for its American possessions than to any
man of that age", used influential arguments with va-
rious gentlemen of condition, to induce them to present
a petition to King James, to grant them patents for the
settlement of two plantations on the Coast of North
America. This petition issued in the concession of a
charter, bearing date the 10th of April, 1606, by
■which the tract of country lying between the thirty-
fourth and forty-fifth degrees of latitude was to be
divided into nearly equal portions, between two com*
panics; that octcupying the s outh erg portion to be
called the first colony (subsequently named the Lon-
don Company), and that occupying the northern, to
be called the second colony (subsequently named the
I'lymouth Company). Tho patent also vested in each
Ti
niTR0DCCTIO?r.
colony a right of property over fifty miles of the
land, extending along the coast each side of the point
of first occupation, and a hundred miles inland. The
chief adventurers in the London or South Virginian
Company, with wliich as the first settlement we now
have principally to do, were Sir Thomas Gates, Sir
Greorge Somers, Richard Hakluyt, and Edward Jlaria
Wingfield. The command of the expedition was com-
mitted to Captain Newport.
By a strange caprice of the king — who, with a
pedantry in keeping with his general character and
little consonant with the wisdom necessary for the
direction of important enterprises, had undertaken,
the personal dictation of the instructions for the
colony, and the appointment of the members of the
councilj^these instructions were sent carefully sealed
up and enclosed in a box not to be opened till
after the arrival in Virginia. The result of this ab-
surdity was, that the main body of the adventurers
knew not to whom they had to look as president, so
that in the absence of specified authority, the prepon-
derance of personal talents or energy in any individual
among their officers, would naturally attract the atten-
tion and respect of those who felt the need of an able
and determined leader. Such an one presented him-
self in Captain John Smith, who had already distin-
guished himself by feats of surpassing skill and daring
in the wars of Transylvania and Hungary.
It was in April 1607, that the expedition approached
the shores of America, and after encountering a vio-
lent tempest and being driven out of their reckoning,
came in sight of the magnificent bay of Chesapeake.
Upon opening the box containing the instructions
INTRODCCTIOK.
VLl
drawn up by King James, the name of Captain Smith
was found raeuttoned in tlie list of council. The
members mentioned, were to choose their presidentfor
one year, who, in conjunction with the council, was to
govern the colony. J3y whatever motive actuated, it
appears that the council endeavoured^ under the most
triflingpretcnces, to exclude Smith from a seat amongst
them, and it was only by the judicious and earnest ex-
hortations of Mr. Hunt, the chaplain, that the royal
authoiity was in this respect deferred to, and lie was
admitted into the council. His prudence and courage
subsequently produced effects which obtained for him,
as is well known to every reader of American history,
a patriarchal rank among British colonists in America.
It is not our business here to enter into a repetition of
the oft-repeated story of his chivalrous conduct among
the Indians, of his steady determination and politic
endurance, when having to contend with the disaffec-
tion of his own people, nor of the romantic tale of hia
own life and Englishmen's lives, for hia sate, being
saved once and again by the personal devotion of the
generous but ill^requited Pocahontas. Suffice it to
say, that by this expedition, and prominently under
the management of Captain Smith, the first perma-
nent settlement of the English in America was effected
in the construction of a town on the river Powhatan,
now called James' River, and which they named James
Town, in honour of the king.
Misfortune, however, seemed to haunt the infant
colony. The storehouse at James Town caught
fire accidentally, and was consumed.' Although the
' See Stith'3 Virffinia, .59 ; and Smith's Viiyin'm, 52. By tliis
flre, Mr. Hunt, the t'hdijlnin, lost liis library nnci all that he possessed.
Vltl
INTRODL'CTIOV.
colonists were abstemious,' yet an over-amount of
toil in tlie extremity of the heat, together witli un-
wholesome food and comfortless lodging, produced
considerable mortality atnongst them ; which again was
increased in the winter of the following year 1608, by
the remarkable severity of a frost, which has been the
subject of notice by several writers of the period. In
the summer of this latter year, Captain Smith, whose
wisdom and vigour had by this time gained him the pre-
sidency of the colony, made an exploratory excursion
amongst the great rivers which tall into the Chesapeake,
and drew up a map (a fac-simile of which accompanies
this volume, frequent reference being made to it by
our author), together with a short description of the
country and of the natives, wliich He transmitted to
the council in England. This was subsequently
published under the title of " A map of Virginia, with
a description of the countrey, &c.. written by Captaino
Smith, wbereunto is annexed the proceedings of those
Colonies since their first departure from England, &c.,
&c., taken faithfully as they were written, out of the
writings of Doctor Uusscll, Tho. Studley, &c., &c.,
aud the relations of divers other diligent observers
then present there, and now many of them in England.
By W". Strachcy." Oxford, 16i2, 4to. A consider-
able portion of this small work has been adopted by
iStrachey, and interwoven into bis own narrative ia
the following MS.
In the interval Captain Newport, who had returned
to England, arrived with a second supply for the colony
at Virginia, and brought over with him seventy persons,
many of whom were men of rank and distinction.
1 See Smiih, fo. 44, and Purclias, v, 1706-1707.
INTRODUCTION.
ix
is to be deplored, liowever, that gold, and not the per-
manent establishment of the colony, appears to have
been the predominating incentive; inasmuch as, ac-
cording to Chalmers, tlie company's instruct ions which
were sent with this expedition, imperatively required
that the interior should be explored for gold; iind
threatened th;it, in the event of failure, the colonists
"should be allowed to remain as banished men in Vir-
ginia." Although these hopes of the company were
not realized, the confirmation which the narratives of
the more recent adventurers gave to the accounts of
those who had preceded them, excited an enthusiasm
that Ind to the best results at tltis very criticnl period.
Individuals of the highest rank, tempted by the de-
scriptions of the extent and fertility of the country,
and induced, through the medium of commendatory
pamphlets, to believe t!nit an enterprise on a more ex-
tensive sci^le would completely nullify the obstacles
which had hitherto stood in the way, obtained from
the king a new charter, in which he was prevailed
upon to relinquish some of those clsiiins of sovereignty,
which in tlic former patent had been so uncompro-
misingly reserved. By this charter, the lands which
had formei'ly been conveyed only in trust were now
granted in absolute property. The principal re-
strictive eliLUses comprised the administration of the
oath of supremncy to all emigrants, the exclusive esta-
blishment of the Church of Engliind, with an especial
veto against Roman Catholics.'
It is in this second patent, which exists at the present
day in the state paperoflice, that the first men tion occurs,
' S« yiam Britannia, by U. J. London, 1609.
C
INTBODUCTION.
which we have been able to light upon, of the name
of our author as William Strachey, gentleman. Copies
of it are preserved in Stitli's Virginia^ appondlx No. t j
in Smith's Vlrgima^ fol., where th.Q names are alpha-
betically arranged; and in Hazard's Ilintoncoi QMec-
iioHy vol. i. fol. 58-72.' Thomas, tlth Lord Dclawnrr,
was therein appointed governor for life; Sir Thomas
Gates was appointed lieutenant governor; Sir George
Somers, admiral; and Christopher Newport, vice ad-
miral. Seven ships, attended by two small ketches,
were equipped with five hundred emigrants for the
colony. Lord Delawarr did not, himself, leave Eng-
land immediately, hut delegated tlie comToand, in the
meantime, to Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers^
and Captain Newport, and it is interesting to notice,
in connexion with the subsequent events of the voyage,
a curious circumstance related by Smith in his FiV-
ginia^ p. 89.
As each of these officers held a commission which en-
titled him to recall the commission previously granted
for the government of the colony, they agreed, in order
to avoid disputes respecting precedence, to sail in one
ship. Tlie nine vessels weighed anchor on the 15th
of May, 1609; but that in which these officers sailed,
was separated, by a tempest of uncommon violence,
* It is worthy of mGOtioti that George Sandys, the celelinited
author of " A Relation of a Journey begun a P. 1610," ivhoae name
is entered in ttie Viai uf adventurers in this patent, made Iiis trans-
l»tlon of Oviri ill Virginia, as Iib liimself mentions in liis ditlication
of the edition of 1632 to King Cliarles, where he says, " It needetli
moro than a simple i^ttnizalion, being a double strnngor sprung
from tlie stock of the ancient Romans, but bred in the neie wfirtd,
te/iereof it cannot bat pariicipate, csjrreiall^ hamng wars tmd tu-
Kullg to bring it to liffht, insftad of the muses.
INTRODUCTION.
XI
from the rest of the squadron, and was wrecked upon
the Bermndas; but the company, consisting of one
hundred and fifty persons, was saved by an act of
Providuiice, often spoken of as most remarkable.
Strachey also was in this vessel, and wrote a descrip-
tion of the storm, which is to be found in Purcbas^
vol.iv.fol. 1734.^ The remainder of the fleet, meanwhile,
with the exception of one of the ketches which was
lost, had reached James Town on the 11th of August;
and in the absence of the commissioned officers, Smith,
who had been the practical leader of the principal
undertakings of the colony, assumed with justice the
virtual presidency. The new comers, however, con-
sisted, as he graphically says at p. 90 of his Virginia,
"of many unruly gallants, packed hither by their
friends to escape ill destinies." These shewed little
inclination to obey a man who held no appointed au-
thority over them, and of whose <iualities and actions
they had had no experience as entitling him to assume
a rank unwarranted by written authority. Anarchy
soon spread through the colony, but the evils which
ensued before long reduced them to the necessity of
requesting that protection which the order, consequent
upon his influence, would procure them. Good effects
immediately resulted from this improved state of
affairs ; the people built hoiises, prepared tar and pitch,
with various other desiderata for success in their set-
tlement; dug a well, constructed a block-house, and
^ This ileBcnptton was supposed by Malone to hnvL' been the
foundntion of Shakespeare's Tempest, and there is, iu tlie British
Mudeuin, a ainall octavo volume, privately printed by him, written
for the express purpose of aulistantiating his opinion. The idea
hns been however completely controverted by the Rev, Joeeph
Hunter, iti a pamphlet aldo privatelj* printed. LomJon, 18S9, 8td.
1
xn iNTnonicTiON.
luid out iti cultivation some thirty or forty acres of
ground.' Smith also made exertions to fix two advan-
tageous settlements at Nandsamund and at the fnlU
of James Kiver. Companies, of one hundred and
twenty each, were detacho<l for these separate loeali-
ties, but toth of thein imprudently offended the In-
dians and lost a great number of their men. It was
on his return from the latter place, that Captain Smith
received a severe accident from the explosion of a bag
of gunpowder, which dreadfully niiiiigled his person,
and drove him suffering with extreme torture to Eng-
land; disgusted with the inifnir opposition and the
difficulties which he had met with in a colony that hud
been so greatly indebted to him, and to which he never
afterwards returned. By his departure the authority,
which kept the Indians in awe, was removed, and the
Enp:lish, now imdtsciplined, became an eaay prey to
their revenge or jealousy. Captain* ISickelmoi-c, who
bore the pseudonym of Ratcliffc, imprudently ventur-
ing himself with thirty men, for the purposes of trade,
within the power of the king Powhatan, was killed
together witli his people. These various losses, com-
bined with the heedless waste of provisions which
this reckless band had exhibited, reduced the four
hundred and ninety persons which were left in the
colony at Captain Smith's departure, within the space
of six mouths, to only sixty. This fearful period was
called "the starving time."*
Meanwhile Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George
Somers, who hud been wrecked on the Bermudas,
» See Stith. fo. 97. ' See Stith, IIG; Keith, fo. 120.
» See Siriitli's Virginia, fo. 105-lOGi Cliulmerfi, vol. i. fo. 30;
and Stiih, fo. 110.
ISTROnUCTIOS.
xni
employed the winter in forming ft settlfmcnt tliero and
constructing^ two small vessels, in which tht'y set
sail on the tOth of Mjiy 1610, and arrived at James
Town on the 23rd of the same month. To tbcir
intense disnppolittmcnt, in lieu of o numerous and
flourishing colony, they found the small remnants
of the Urge expedition with which they hud started
from England, in the last stage of wreteliedness and
famine. No hope was left for the rescue of the miser-
able settlers but an immediate return to England. It
was at this critical juncture that, on the 6th of June,
every preparation being made, the whole colony was
on board nnd actually descending James "River on their
return voyage, when they met a long boat aimouncing
the arrival of Lord Deluwarr, with three ships, one
hundred and fifty men, and a plentiful supply of pro-
visions, to take the command. This apparently special
interposition of Providence, thus bringing not only
life but good hope for the future to men in an almost
desperate condition, aided by the circumstance, that
the government was now invested in one, over whose
deliberations there could be no control, and with whom
tlierc could consequently be no rivalry, caused them
all to return with chcerfulnesa to James Town, and
resume with steady obedience the resettlement of the
colony. The account of Lord Delawarr's arrival is
given by Strachoy, in Parckns^ vol. iv. fol. 1754, as well
as in a letter addressed by his lordship to the patentees
in England; which the editor has discovered amongst
the Harleian manuscripts in the British Museum, and
has added to this introduction by way of appendix.
This letter would appear for several reasons to have
1 See Keith, fv. 120; Siich, fo. 115.
XIV
DJTRODCCTION.
been indited by Strachey himself; the first reason is
that bnth it and Strachcy's description Tticntion, in the
ennmeration of the appointments made upon Lord
Dc'Iawarr's arrival, that of William Strachey as secre-
tary and recorder, an office which would in all proba-
bility entail on him the dictation of the letter in ques-
tion: in the second place, the diction of the letter and
the description in Purcfias, contain passages repeated
ohnost verbatim; and thirdl}', the date and address of
the letter are supplied in Strachey's hand-writing,
wliich would seem to imply that it was written for him
by a scribe, and finally completed by him in his offi-
cial position as secretary. It is signed by his lordship.
Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Percie, F. Henman, and
WUIiani Strachey. This letter, dated, " James Town,
June 7th, 1610", cmbodiea not only the description of
his lordship's outward voyage and his arrival, but the
events which ensued in the intervening period.
Under his enlightened and beneficent auspices, the
colony soon assumed a wholesome and active appear-
ance. Ever)' man hod his own duty to do, and officers
were appointed to Bee that duty done; and it was not
long before the disturbances and confusion which had
been the natural consequence of disaffection and revolt,
were succeeded by the happy fruits of peaceful in-
dustry and order. AVhile discipline, and the worthy
txample together with tlie rank of the governor, were
producing this favourable effect upon the colony at
Virginia, Lord Delawarr had the prudence to dispatch
Sir George Somers and Captain Argol to the Bennudaa
for supplies of provisions ; favourable accounts having
been brought thence by the officers whom he had sent
in advance in 1609. The expedition was unfortunate.
INTRODtlCTlON.
XV
Argol being separated from his companion, made his
way for New England and finally returned to Virginia;
and Sir George Somera, though Le reached the Ber-
mudas, was so exhausted, being now iibnve sixty
years of age, with the toil of tlic journey, that he stink
under his fatigues and died soon after his arrival.
Short intervals of relief to the colony seemed thus
only to be succeeded by depressing misfortimes. The
excellent Lord Delawarr, whose virtues, rank, and
talents, had promised the best results for Virginia, was
seized (as is shown by his own RefnHon^ published,
London, 1611, 4to.) with a severe ague, followed by a
fiux, which threatened entirely to destroy his health.
He was, therefore, compelled to relinquish tlie anxieties
of his office and i-cturn home. He set sail on the 28th
of March 1611, leaving Sir George Percy in the com-
mand of the colony. The departure of Lord Delawurr
immediately opened the doorto anarchy, and ha natural
consequence, adversity ; but Sir Thomas Dale arriving
soon after, in the month of May, with a fresh supply of
emigrants, and proviyions for a whole year, matters
again assumed a more prosperous appearance. It is to
be presumed, that Strachey did not accompany his lord-
ship to England, although the editor has not been able
to ascertain the precise date of the secretary's return.
That he was in London in 1612 is certain, from his own
statement in the " Address to Ilis Majestie's Couneill
for the colony of Virginia Britannia", prefixed to his
"Laws for Virginia" ; published, Oxford, 1G12, 4to.,
the dedication of which is signed thus: "From my
lodging in the Blacke Friers, at your best pleasures,
cither to rcturne unto the colony or to pray for the
successe of it here. W. S."
XVI
INTRODUCTION.
In this year, 1612, a new charter was granted by the
king, in behalf of the adventurers. Not only were
all the privileges that liad been conceded to thr^in con-
finned, but a grant was made to them of all the islands
lying within three hundred leagues of the coast.' The
Berinudaa, wliich came within this rnn^c, were sold to
a number of the company's own members, who gave
to the group the name of the Somers Islands, in honour
of tlieir httely deceased deputy governor, Sir George
Somcra.' Sir Thomas Gates arrived in the colony in
August 1611, and held the post of governor till 1614.
It was during this period that the first hostilities took
place between the English and French colonies in
Ainericii; but the foT-mer gained si complete ascend-
ancy, under the bold and v-igorous managcraent of
Captain Argol.
Sir Thonius Gates was succeeded in the government
by Sir Thomas Dale, under whose administration tlie
right to landed property in Virginia was first esta-
blished. In the year 1615, fifty acres of land were
allotted to eacli emigrant and his heirs, with a grant
of a like quantity to every new comer. Early in the
year 1616, Sir Thomns Dale returned to England, and
the government was consigned to Sir George Yeardly.
It was in this year that tlic English first cultivated
tobacco in Virginia. Sir George was succeeded, in
1617, by Captain Argol, the tyranny of whose admi-
^ 1 For copies of tliia clinrter see Hazard's Hist. ColL vol. i,
fo. 72-«l, and Appendix No, 3 to Sfc ilb's Vir^nia.
* The name of thei^e islnnds liae been stniiigcly mi. -^conceived by
map makers, tlirougU a long series of years. Kot on]y have tbe
KtigliRli iilmoft universally design Hied tlictii the Summej" Islandti,
but ttiis nc)nit!tu'intiirc has been ludicrously tnitisluluU by the French
into tlio "ItflwRd'lite."
fKTRODirCTION.
xvu
nistration caused great dissatisfaction. The necessities
of the colony now demanded the attention of a more
active and influential government, and Lord Dclawarr,
the captain general, was again sent out in the year 1618^
with two hundred people, in a vessel of two hundi'ed
and fifty tons burthen. He died, however, on the
voyage, in or near the hay which hears his name.
The great Indian king, Powhatan, whose description
is so fully and interestingly given in the following
pages, also died this year.
The second book contains the only detailed account
■which has hitherto been printed of the voyage of
'Captains George Pophain and Raleigh Gilbert, and
'the formation of the colony at Saghadehuck, which,
like 80 many of the attempts at colonizing Virginia,
proved ultimately abortive.
Upon the death of Sir John Popham, Chief Justice
of England, his son and successor, Sir Prancis Pophani,
•who was sent out, and who now likewise became go-
vernor of New England, dispatched thither vessels on
his account to fish and carry on the fur trade. This
adventure proving profitable, gave considerable im-
pulse to colonization, and in the year 1614, Captain
John Smith, who had so greatly distinguished himself
in the history of Virginia, was sent out at the expense
of four English merchants to form a settlement. He
Bailed on the 3rd of March, and reached Manhegin
Island on the 30tb of April. He directed his atten-
tion principally to the fur trade, as a means of pro-
ducing wh.1t had in the previous attempts been too
little attended to, a profitable return for the expenses
of the enterprise, and realized by his traffic in this
commodity nearly fifteen hundred pounds. He also
XV 111
IMTBODUCnON.
Ittid down, from the observntions which lie luid made,
map of the coast from Penobscot to Cti\ye Cod, which
he presented to Prince Charles, to wliom in conse-
quence the country owes tlie designation of New
England, which it has ever since retained. AVhen
Captain Smith j-eturned to Kngland, he left one of his
ships behind, with instructions to the master, whose
nnine was Thoinas Hunt, to sail for Jlnloga wlien lie
had laden his vessel with the fish that he nii;^Iit catch
on the coast. This " wicked varlct", as Hubbard
rightly calls him, kidnupped twenty-four of the na-
tives, whom lie carried to Malaga, and soTd as slaves.
Tiic result of tlii.s infamous outrage was that Captain
Hobsoji, who arrived shortly after in perfect ignorance
of the crime that had been committed, wns attacked
by the Indians, who visited his vessel under the pre-
text of trading, and be and several of his men were
severely wounded. The resentment kindled by Hunt's
atrocious conduct presented a serious impediment to
the establishment of the contemplated colony, al-
though Smith, luhia New EngiantT a 7V/o/«, published
London, 1G22, 4to., while he reprobates tlie crime,
endeavours to make light of the disasters which must
naturally have been its consequence.
In 1615, Smith wns agiiin scut out in command of
two vessels, one of two hundred, and the otlier of fifty
tons, equipped by Sir Ferdinand Gorges, and Dr.
Sutcliffe, Dean of Exeter, but encountering a storm
soon after he had put to sea, which broke the masts
of his largpst sliip, he was compc41ed to return to
Plymouth. Thoinas Durmcr, tlic commander of the
smaller vessel, continued his voyage, and tliough the
main intention of the enterprise was frustrated as to
INTRODCCTION.
XIX
efft'Ctin'^ a settlement, bo was successful in the fisherj",'
and moreover sailed alonjr the coast from New England
to Virginia, thereby for the fii-st time proving its con-
tinuity. He was subsequently wounded severely by a
band of savaii^s, and died soon afterwards in Virginia.
The indefatigable Captain John Smith meanwhile
showed no relaxation in bis exertions to infuse the
spirit of colonization araon^t his countrymen, lie
circulated seven thousand copies of books and maps
among those whom he thought most likely to sjrnipa-
thize with bis plans; but he complains in his Nem
England's Trials^ 2nd edition, 1622, that he might
as well have attempted to " cut rocks with oyster
shells." The ill-success of his former voyages was
adduced as an argument against him, and the present
thriving condition of Virginia was contrasted, to his
prejudice, with its unprosperous condition while under
his presidency, no allowance l>eiiig iniule for the fact
that his own excellent management had paved the
way for tills subsequent prosperity.
Finally it was not till 1020, after so many abor-
tive ofFortfl had been made both by government and
powerful bodies to form an establishment in North
Virginia, tliat at length it received, under unex-
pected circumstances, an influx of settlers which soon
rendered it by far the moat prosperous of all the
colonics in North America. This was the emigration
of a large band of Puritans, who suffering under the
intolerance of the English government, on account of
no n -conformity, firwl passed into Holland, and after-
wards found an asylum in America.
* He freigluw] ii ship of thrw IiuiulrijiJ Imi:* with fisli for ^jiniit.
See Porcbas, wi. v. p. 1833.
XX
INTUOUt'CnON.
The Editor has thus far led the reader cursorily
through the liistory of the nttompts which our coun-
trymen made at effecting" settlements in the two divi-
sions of Virginiiv, and lias done so beeuuae tliu English
colonization of America seemed to be the pivot upon
which the interest of the MS. turned. If he 1ms mis-
taken his duty in so doing, he hopes that his explana-
tion will involve hia excuse. An additional reason for
his having given the foregoing consecutive narrative
in this introduction, has been that Strachey's MS.,
although unavoidably borrowing so much of its in-
terest from the date at which it was written, and al-
though giving many most interesting details about the
natives, especially the great king Powhatan, that have
never been hitherto printed, does not continue the
description of the progress of the two coluniea up to
the period at which we have reason to conclude that
he liuibhcd Ins narrative. It is at the same time right
to observe, that Strachey appears to have entertained
the project of carrying on the work to a much greater
extent, inasmucli as he designates the first of the
books now published " the First Book of the First
Decade"; and the second book, " the Second Book of
the First Decade."
It is difficult to say precisely in what year the
narrative was wi'itten. Tliat it was subsequent to
1612, we are informed by Stracliey liimself, in the
" Address to His Majesties Councell for the Colonie
of Virginia Britannia", prefixed to his Laws for Viv'
ghiia^ printed at Oxford, 1612, where he says, —
" When I went forth upon this voyage (right worthy
gentlemen), true it is, I held it a service of diitie
(during the time of my unprofitable service, and
raTBODrCTtON.
XXI
purpose of stay ia the colonic, for which way else
might I adde mito the least higlit of so heroicke and
pious a building) to propose unto myself to be (though
an unable) remembrancer of uU accidents, occurrences,
and undertakings thereunto adventitial! j in most of
wliich, since tlie time our viglit latnons sole governour
then, now Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Gates,
Knight, after the unsealing of his commission, hasted
to our flcete in the west, there staying for him, I have,
both in the Bermudas, and since, in Virginia, beene a
sutl-erer and an eie-witnesse, and the full stone of both
in due time shall consecrate unto your viewes, as unto
whome by right it appertiilneth
" Howbeit, since many impediments as yet must
detatne such my observations in the shadow of dark-
nesses, untill I shall be able to deliver them perfect
unto your judgements, T do, in tlie meantime, present
a transcript of the Tofinrchia, or state of those duties
by which their colonie stands regulated and com-
maunded," &c. &c.
If the MS. copy from which the present publication
has been printed had been the only one i-emalning,
we should have been compelled to have quotc^d 1G18
as the earliest possible date of the work, since the
rank of lord high chancellor, which is appended to
the name of Sir Francis Bacon in the dedication of
this copy, was not conferred on him until later.
But as there is a duplicate' copy among the Ashnio-
lean manuscripts at Oxford, dedicated to Sir Allen
Apsley, to whose name is appended the title of
* The only difference appears ta be in the title of the rwcond
book, nnrl tlie nddilioii to cEich of the title-pages of the sentence,
" Algct qui non ardct."
XXII
rxTuonucTioN.
" Pur\'(;yor to His Afajeat'ie's Xavie Royall" ; and as Sir
Allen Apslcy was, accoi*diug to Mrs. llutcliinson, in
her celebrated life of Colonel Hutchinson, made Lieu-
tenant of the Tower fourteen years before his death in
1630, i.e., 1616, it is presumed that that copy was
written prior to tliut period ; inasmuch as it is not
reasonable to suppr>8e, that the latter and more impor-
tant of the two titles would have been omitted in an
author's dedicatioi]. At the same thue, it is but ri^dit
to observe, that some authors have quoted tlic year
1619 OS the date of Sir Allen Apsley's appointment
to the Ueutenantcy of the Tower,
Tlie glossary at the end of the voyage has included
the Indian and EngHsli names promiscuously in one
alphabetical scries ; but the Editor has thought it
better not to interfere with the original arrangement.
It only remains for the Editor to express his best
thanks to 3Ir. licunett, of the British Museum, and
Secretary of the Linnean Society, for his obliging
assistance in the botanical portions of the work. He
also feels it to be only a just expression of gratitude
to liis wife, to acknowledge hei*e her kind aid in sup-
plying the illustrations, — a "labourof love" which it is
hoped that the reader will criticise with a lenient eye,
as they are her first eftbrts at etching, and would for
that reason not have been made in connexion with a
work like the present, but from a natural desire to
share in the Editor's labours, and an earnest wish to
add, in however feeble a manner, to the interest of the;
narrative.
LETTER FROM THE LORD DELAWARK,
GOVERNOll OF VTBCIXrA,
TO TOE PATENTEES IN ENGLAND.
[MS. Hiurl. 7009, foL 58.J
" Kiji^lit Honourable and the rest of our very loving
friends, — We are not ignorant bow divers perplext
and jealous cica mac lookc out, and keepc more then
freindly e^piuU over this our passive and misconceived
bew&Incs» and now (more especiidly, hii[)Iy, then at
any other time), iu these our early dayes, and after
tlie aspersions of so many slanderous and wandering
discourses, which have bin scattered by malipiant and
ill-dii-posed people against it ; for which we have con-
ceived it essentiall with tlie btrth of the worke itself,
to give up unto your noble knowledges the truith of
the state of the same, and of some consequences most
matcrlall foUowng it, since it tooke protection and
fostering from us.
"You shall please then to know, howthe first of Aprill
IGIO, in the good shipp the De-la-wurr, admirall, ac-
companied with the Blissingof Plinmouthjviz-admirall,
and thv. Hercules of Ry, reere-admirall, we weyed from
the Cowes, getting out of the Needles, and with a
favourable passadge holding consort; the I2th day
we fell with the Trescras, and recovered that evening
(within three leagues) the westennost part of St.
George's Island, where we lay that night becalmed ;
but the next morning with the sunn-rise did the wind
likewise rise, west and weat-by-south, a rough and
lowde gale, at what time the master of the Reere-
admirall told me of a roade fitt for that windc ut
Gratinsfi, •whereujjon I willed him to go before and I
XXIV
INTRODUCTION,
would follow, and so we stood for that roade ; but it
was my fortune to lead it in, where we came to an
aticor at fortie fathom, when it blew so much winds
presently, that our ancor came home, and we werej
forced to sea againe : the same time the Blissing vrast
compeld to cutt her cable at haulfe, for in the weying
of it the pttle of her capstan brake, and dangerously
hurte 12 of our men : the Hercules wjis likewise forced
from the roade, and brake her ancor; yet the next day
WG raett altogether againe. The 15th, we lost sight of
the Hercules, betweene the Treeeras and Gt-atiosa,
and we saw her no more untill the Gth of Jime, at
what time we made Iniid to the southward of our liar-
bour, the Cheaiopiock Bay, where, running in towards
the shoare, steering away nor-west, before noone we
made Cape Uenry, bearing nor-west and by west ; and
thfit night came to an ancor under the Cape, where we
went ashoare, as well to refresh onrselves as to fish^
and to sett up a cross upon the pointe (if haply the
Hercules might arrive there) to si.£rnify our coming
in. Whilst we W(?re a fishing-, divers Indians came
downe from the woods unto us, and with fairo intreatye
on both sides, I gave unto them of such fish as we
tooke, which was good 3tore, and was not unwelcome
unto them, for indeed at this time of the yeare they
live poore, their come being but newly putt into the
ground, and their old store spent ; oysters and erabba,
and such fish as tliey take in their weares, is their best
releofe. As we were returning aboard againe, our
master discried a sayle close by the pointe at Cape
Henry, whereupon 1 commaunded him to beare up the
h.elrae» and we gave it chase, when within an hower or
a little more, to our no little [joy], made her to be the
Hercules, our reereadmiroll, whome we had now lost
INTHODL'CTION.
XXV
. . . weekea and odd dayes ; and this night (all praise
be to God for it) came to an ancor under Pointe Com-
fort; fpora whence the captaine of the forte, Co[lonel]
James Dimes, repaired unto us, and soonc had un-
folded a strange . . . tlon of a double qualtitie, mixed
both with joy and sorrow. He let us to understand
first (because thereof I first inquired) of the arnvall
of Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Snmers, in i!
pinnisses, with all their company safe from the Ber-
mudiis, the 21 of ilay (about some fortnight before our
now coming in), whome, he tould us, were now up our
river at James Town. I was heartily glad to heare
the happines of this newes; but it was seasoned with
a following discourse, compound of so many miseries
and calamities (and those in such horrid chaunges and
divers tbrmes), as no story, I believe, ever presented
the wrath and curse of the etemall offended Maiestie
in a greater measure. I understood moreover, by
reason I saw the Virginia to ly then in Roade, before
the poiiite ridg, and prepared to sett sayle out of the
river, how that Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George
Sumers were within a tide or two coming downe
againe, purposing to abandon the countrie, whilest
they had meanes yet lefte to transport them and the
whole company to Newfoundland.
*' For most true it is, the straunge and unexpected
condition and ... in which Sir Thonias Gates found
the colony, gave him to under8t[and] never was there
more neede of all the powers of judgement, and ....
knowing, and long exercised vcrtue, tlien now to be
awak culling ujjon him to save such whome
he found so fo as in redeeming himself
and his againe from falling into the ties. For
«
XXVI
INTRODUCTION.
besides that he found the forte unfurnished (and that
and many casualties) of so lardge an accompto
and number as he expected, and knew came
alongc the last yearc, trained in flectc with
himself; so likewise found he as empty and unfur-
nished a . . . . entering the towne. It appeared raither
asthcruius of some auntient [forjtificatiou, then that
any people living might now inhaljit it : the paUisadoes
he found tourne downe, the portes open, tlie gates
from the hinges, the church mined and unfrequented,
empty howses (whose owners untimely death had taken
newly from them) rent up and burnt, the living not
hahle, as they pretended, to step into the woodea to
gather other fire-wood; and, it is true, the Indian as
fast killing without as the famine and pestilence within.
Only the blockhouse (somewhat regarded) was the
safetie of the remainder that lived ; which yet could not
have preserved them now many dayes longer from the
watching, subtile, and offended Indian, who (it is most
certaine) knew all this their weaknes, and forbare too
timely to assault the forte, or hazard themselves in a
fruitles warr on such whome they were assured ia
short time would of themselves perish, and being pro-
voked, their desperate condition might draw forth to
a valiaunt defence ; yet were they so ready and pre-
pared, that such whome they found of our men stragled
single beyond the bounds, at any time, of the block-
house, they would fiercely chardge (for all their peices),
as they did 2 of our ptjople not many duyes before Sir
Thomas Gates was come in, and 2 likewise they killed
after his arrivall 4 or 5 dayes,
" But that wiiich added most to hja sorowe, and not
R litle startled liim, was the impossibilitie which hq
DrrRODCCTTOH.
XXTU
"coticeivetl (and coiioeivetl truly) how to amend any
one whitt of this. Elia forces were not of Iiabilitie to
revenge upon the Indtan, nor his owne supply (now
brought from the Bermudas) sufficient to releive his
people ; for be had brought no greater store of provi-
sion (as not jealous that any such disaster could have
befalne the colony) then might well serve 150 for a
sea voyage; and at this time of the yeare, neither by
force (had his power bin sufficient) nor trade, might
have amended these wants, by any help from the
Indian : nor was there any meanes in the forte to take
fish, for there was neither a sufficient seave to be
found, nor any other convenient netts; and, to saye
true, if there had, yot was there not aneye sturgion
come into the river.
"All these considered, he then entered into con-
sultation with Sir George Sumers and Capt. Newjwrte,
calling unto the same the gentlemen and counsaile of
the former government, intreating both the one and
the other to advise with him, what was to be don : the
provision which they both had aboard, both Sir George
Sumers and Capt. Newporte, was examined and deli-
vered, how it being rackt to the uttermost, extended
not to above 16 dayes, after 2 cakes a day. The gen-
tlemen of the towne (who knew better of the countrie)
could not give them any hope, or wayes how to recover
oughts from the Indian. It soone then appeered most
fitt, by a generall approbation, that to preserve and
save all from starving, there could be no readier course
thought on, then to abandon the countrie, and accom-
modating themselves the best that they might in the
present pinnasses then in the roade (as, namely, in
the Discovery, and the Virginia, the 2 brought from,
XXX
JNTRonilCTlON.
George Webb, Serjeant of the forte; and Mr.
D&nictl Tucker and Mr. Robert Wild, clarkes of the
store.
-^ *' Oiir first care was to advise %vith our counsailc for
the obtaining of such provisions of victualls, for store
and quoUitie, as tlie countrey afforded for our people,
Tt did not appeare unto ua that any kind of 6csh,
deere, or what els, of that kind could be recovered
from the Indians, or to be sought in the countrey by
us; and our people, together with the Tiidiuiis (not to
friend), had the last winter destroyd and kild up all
our hoggs, insomuch as of five or six hundred (as it
is supposed), there was not above one sow, tliat we
can hcare of, left alive ; not a henn nor chick in the
forte (and our horses and marcs they had eaten with
the first); and the provision which we had brought
jconcerning any kind of flesh was little or nothing:
whereupon it pleased Sir George Sumers to propose a
voyage, which, for the better releife and good of the
colony, he would pcrforme into the Bermudas (which,
lying in the helglit of 32 degrees and 20 nunutea, 5
degrees from our bay, may be some seve[n] skore
leagues from us, or thereabouts; reckoning to every
degree that lyes nor-west and westerly, 28 English
leagues); and from thence he would fetch 6 nionthea'
provision of flcsli and fish, and some live hoggs, of
which those islands (by their owne reporte, however,
most daungerous to fall with) are marvellous fuU
and well stored; whereupon, well approving and ap-
plauding a motion relishing of so faire hopes and much
goodnes, we gave him a commission the 15th of June,
who, in his owne Bermuda pinnns, the Patience, accom-
panied with Capt. Samuell Argall, in the Discovery
.••Ml.-
INTRODUCTION,
XXXI
.' KM.;?' -L^^CE
(wliomc we sware of our counsaile before his departure),
tlie I9tli of June fell with the tide from before our
towne, whome we have ever since accompanied with
our hcftrty prayers for his happy and safe returne.
" And likewise bicauae at our first coming we found 1
in our owne river no store of fish after many tryalls,
we dispatched with instructions the 17. of June,
Robert Tindall, master of the Delawarr, to fisli unto
all along and betweene Cape Henry and Cape Cliarlea
within the boy, who the last of the same returned
unto us againe, but mett with so small a quontitio and
store of fish, as he scarce tooke so much as served the
company that he caried forth with him. Nor were
we in the meane while Idle at the forte, but every day
and night we hayled ournett sometimes a dozen times
one after an other, but it pleased not God so to bless
our labours, that we should at any time take one
quarter so much as would give unto our people one
[KJund at a meale a peice (by whicli we might have
better husbanded and spared our j^caz and oatmeale),
notwithstanding the greatc store we now saw dayly iu -
our river.
" Thus much in briefe concerning our voyadge
hether, our meeting with Sir Thomas Gates heere, and
our joynt cares and indevours since our arrival] : nor
shall we be fayling on our parte to do the uttermost
that we may for the happy stmcture and raysing
againc of this too much stooped and dejected imploy-
ment. It rests that I should now truly deliver unto '
yee (right honourable and the rest of our good freinds)
somewhat our opinion, or rather better judgement,
which hath observed many things, and those objected
cleare to reason, most benificiall concerning this coun-
%XXII
INTKODCCTION.
trie. And first, we have experience, and our owne
eyes witues, liow young soever we are to tliis place,
that no coimtrie yealdeth goodlier come or more ma-
nifold increase, large feildes we have as prospects
houerly before us of the same, and those not nmny
miles from our quarter {some whereof, true it is, to
quitt the mischeivons Indian, and irrcconsilable for his
late injuries and murthering of our men, our purpose
is to be masters of ere long, and to thresh it out on
the flores of our barnes when the time shall serve).
Next, in every boske and common hedge, and not farr
from our paUisado gates, we have thousands of goodly
vines running nlong and leaning to every tree, which
yeald a plentifuH grape in their kind : let me appeale,
then, to knowledge, if these natural! vines were
planted, dressed, and ordci*ed by skilfull vinearoones,
whether we might not make a perfect grape and fruit-
full vintage in short time ? Lastly, we have made
triall of our owne English seedes, kitchen hearbes,
and rootes, and find them no sooner putt into the
ground then to prosper as speedily and after the same
quallitie as in England.
" Only let me truly acknowledge they are not an
hundred or two of deboisht hands, dropt fortli by
yeare after yeare, with penury and leysure, ill pro-
vided for before they come, and worse governed when
they are hcerc, men of such distempered bodies and
infected mindcs, whome no examples dayly before
their eyes, either of goodnes or punishment, can deterr
from their habituall impieties, or terrific from a shame-
full death, that must be the carpenters and workers in
this so glorious a building.
" But (to delude and mock the bewsinea no longer)
raTRODUCTIOy.
XXXUL
as a necessary quimttty of provision for a yeare at
least must be carciully sent with men, so likewise must
there be the same care for men of qnallitien and jmines
taking men of artes and practises, chosen out and
sent into the bewsincs, and such are in dew time now
promised, sett downe in the sccdulc at the end of our
o^vne approved discource, whicii we have intituled ' A
true and sincere declaration of the purpose and end of
our Plantation hegonn in Virginia^' &c.
" And these two, such men and such provision are
like enough to make good the ends of the ymploynient
in all the waies both for re[pu]tation, search and dis-
cover}' of the countrie, and the hope of tlic South Sea,
as also to returne by all shipps sent Mther many
oom[mo]dLties well knowne to be heere, if meanes be
to prepare them. \V[herc]upon give me leave, I be-
seech yee, further to make inference, th[at] since it
huth bin well tliought on by yee to provide fur the
gove[rnmeut] by chaungicig the authoritte into an
absolute command (indeed . . . virtuall advancement
to these like bewsinesses and m . . . company us) of a
noble and well instructed leifet[enant] . . . .of an in-
dustrious adinirall, and other knights and gen[tlemen],
and officers, each in their several! place of quallitie
and implo[ynicnt], if the other two, as I have saide,
be taken into dewaccompte . . . valewcd as the sinewes
(as indeed they be) of this action (without w[hich] it
cannot possible have any faire subsisting, however
men ha[ve] belyed both it and themselves hecretofore)
then let no rumor of the poverty of the countrey (as
if in the wombe thereof there lay not those elliraentall
seedes which could produce as many goodly birthes of
plenty and Increase, yea, and of better hopes as of any
INTUODUCTIOar.
land under the heavens unto whome the sunn is do
neerer o neighbour; I say, let no imposture, rumor
then, nor any fame of some one or a few more
chaunceahle actions interposini^ by the way or at
home, wave any mans faire purposes hetherward, or
wrest them to a declininffe aud fallino: of irom the
bcwsines.
" For let them be assured, as of the truith itself,
these premisses considered, looke what the countrie
can affordc, which may, by the quantitie of our men,
be safely and conveniently explored, search[ed,] and
made practise of, these things shall not be omitted
for our p[art], nor vdW be by the lievetenant gonerall
to be conimuunded; nor our comuiaunds reeeavcd (as
in former times) wUli unwillingnes or fulcenes, either
in our people's going forth, or in execution, being for
each one in his place, whither commaunder, overseer,
or labourer.
" For the causes of these idle and restie untowardues
being by the authoritie and unitie of our government
removed, all hands already sett to it; and he that knew
not the way to goodnes before, but cherisht singularitie
and faction, now can beatc out a path himself of in-
dnstrie and goodnes for others to trade in, such, may
I well say, is the power of exemplar vert.ue. Nor would
T have it conceived that we would exclude altogether
gentlemen, and such whose breeding never knew what
a daye'a labour meant, for even to such, this countrie
I doubt not but will give likewise excellent satisfac-
tion, especially to the better and stayed spirritts; for
he amongst us that cannot digg, use the square, nor
practise the ax and chissle, yet he shall find how to
imploy the force of knowledge, the exercise of counsell,
J
IN'raODUCTION,
XXXV
and the operation iitid power of his beat breeding and
qunUitic.
" And thus, right honourable and the rest of our
very good friends, assuring yee of our resolution to
tarry God's mercy towards us, in continuing for our
parte this pkntation, I only will intreate yee to stand
favourable unto us for a new supply in such matters
of the two-fold phisicke, which both the soules and
bodies of ourc poor people heerc stand much in nccde
of; the specialties belonging to the one, tlic phisitians
themselves (whome I hope you will be careful! to send
unto us) will bring along with them; tlie particulari-
ties of the other we have sent liereiii, inclosed unto us
by ilr. Doctor Boone,' whose care and Industrie for
the preservation of our men's lives (assaulted with
straunge fluxes and agues)^ we have just cause to com-
mend unto your noble favours : nor let it, I beseech
yee, be passed over as a motion slight and of no mo-
ment to furnish us with these things, so much impor-
tuning the strength and health of our people, since we
have true experience how many men's lives these phi-
sicke helpes have preserved since our coming in, God
so blessing the practise and diligence of our doctor,
whose store is nowe gro^vne thereby to so lowe an ebb,
as we have not above S weekcs phisicall provisions, if
our men continew still thus visited with the sicknesses
of the countrie, of the which every season hath liis
particular infirmitie reighning in it, as we have it re-
lated unto us by the old iuhabitunts; and since our
owne arrivall, have cause to feare it to be true, who
have had 150 at a time much atflicted, and 1 am per-
' I.e. Bohun, mentioned hereafter in tbe narrailTC.
XXXVl INTRODUCTION.
swaded had lo8t the greatest part of them, if we had
not brought these helpes with us.
" And so concluding your farther troubles, with this
only remembrance, that we have, with the advise of
our counsell, conceived it most fitt to detaine yet a
while, for all good occasions, the good shipp the Dela-
warr, to which we hope yee wil be no whitt gainsaying :
we cease with unnecessary relations to provoke yee
any farther.
James Towne^ July 7th, 1610.
Tho. Lawaebe. Tho. Gates. Feed. Wenman.
George Percy. William Strachet.'
I A fac-simile of these signatares is given on the next page.
s^ 4^^
THE FIRST BOOKE
THE HISTORIE OF TB.AVAILE INTO VIRGINIA- BRITANNIA,
EXPRESSING THE COSMOGRAPHIE AND COMODITIES
OF THE COUNTRY, TOGITHER WITH THE
MANNERS AND CUSTOMES OF
THE PEOPLE :
GATHERED AND OBSEBVED A3 WELL BY THOSE WHO WENT
FIBST THITHEB, A3 COLLECTED BY
WILLIAM STRACHEY, GENT.,
THHEE SEARES THiTHER IMPLOYED SECBETABIE OF STATE, AND
OF C0UN3AILE WITH THE RIGHT HONOBABLE THE LORD
LA-WARRB, HIS MAJESTIES LORD GOVERNOR AND
CAPT. OENERALL OF THE COLONY-
PSALM CII, VBR. 18.
" Tbifl shalbe written for the generation to come : and ttie people which
shalbe created shall praise the Lord."
7b the Eight Honourable SIR FRANCIS BACON,
Knight, Baron of Ventfarn, Lord High Chani-eUor of
England, and of His Majesties most /tonorable Privy
Counsell.
Most wortheig honored Lord,
Your Lordship ever approving yoitr»&^a most nohlfifautor
of the Virginian Pianiation, being from the heghming (with
other lords and earlesj of the principal counseii applyed to
propagate and guide yt : and my poore self (bound to your
odservaunce, by being one of the Graies-Inne SocieteJ having
bene there three yeares thither, imphied in place of secretarie
go long there present; and setting doiene witk alt my wel-
meaning abilities a true narration or historic of the countrie:
to whome ahoulde 1 suhmitt so aptly, and with, so much dulye,
the most humble present thereof, as to your most worthic and
best-judging Lordship ? who in all vertuoua and religious ea-
deavours have ever bene, as a supreame encourager, so an
inimitable patterns and perfecter : nor shall my plaine and
rude composition any thought discourage my attempt, since
howsoever I should feare to appeare therein b^ore so mutchles
a maister in that facultte (\f any o^nmonate worth of mine
ott'ne ivorke presented me) yet as the great Composer of all
things inade all good with his owne goodnes, and in our only
will to his imitation takes us into his act, so be his goodnes
your good Lordship's in this acceptation : for which unth all my
poore sertnce I shall abide ever
Your best Lordshij/s most hanbty,
IVILLIAM STHACUEY.
^CCLESI^ ET REIPUB.
Wild OB they are, accept them, so we're wee ;
To make them civill, will our honnour bee :
And if good worcks be the effects of myndes.
Which like good angells be, let our designes,
As wee ar Angli, moke us Angells too :
No better worck can state- or church-man do.
W. Sp.
PREMONITION TO THE READER.
fVherein (as the fotcntlation to all the succeeding husinet) is
(hrived doiene to our tifmet, the auntyent light and chyme
which we make to this part of America, and therein both the
ohjection/i anstcered and doubts cteirty mtixfied of such u-hn,
throufjh timilicf, or ignorance, cither hare or hereujicr may
call the taipfutne.it of ttie proceeding hereof tH question.
The manj moutlies of ignorance and slaunder which are ever too
Bjit to lett fnll the renome nf theire worst and most depraved
envies upjiou the best and most sacrud woikes, and am; uot alniyd
to blast both this eiiterprize and the devoulest labowrers tlicrein,
wringes from me the necessity of this imperfect defence, wLome yet
I have observed more in clamour (me thought) then at any tyrae
in force, to cry out still upOD yt, calling yt aa tinQcitton&ll and
unlaw full undertaking ; wh^n lett [it] ho but ob^ervtsd (I pray)j ami
»oone will appcarc theire uialliec and petulancy to spcake, as iilsu,
what a distanet; lliere \a Ituly sett betivrene the businos and tlicir
knowledge ; for, in a clicrejudi^uient, if any such atluinl lay uppcin
the net, neither tlie genernll peace of the tyme might not suffer yt
to gee forth with sueb Ubertie, nor the honor of such who have sett
yt forward, ymportuneyt of his MnJeBtie, nor would tbeconsdencee
(yt is knowcn right well) of the chief commanders far the execu-
tion and aotimll part thereof (let customo have taken uway, how-
ever, that nuicknee from the chargers owre inaensible and seared
heart) haenrd the last sjid setLhig hower.i of their daies in Iray-
terous or ignoble prosecutions j yet being tlic pioua and only end
both intended by ht9 Majestie, by the honorable CounsaUe for the
busincs, by the Lord Genernll, Lieutenant General), Marsliall, and
2
PUvKMOMTION TO THE KEIOKR.
such like emynent officers (calleil forth for the dignity of so great
a cause), together with the generall adventurers, with all carcfulneB,
principally to endeavour the conversion of the natives to the know-
ledge and worship of the true God, and the world's lledeemer,
Christ Jesus; how rotten and uQHOund, then, both to his Majestie
and the present faith (it is to be feared) may they bn at the coare
within, that dare (except yt be as I aayd, ont of ignorance, yet
cannot that excuse ft factions and pragmatique tongue) quarrd
and triiduce the proceedings of a whole state, nnd to which the
royaU auihoritie, by letters made patents, both in hc!r Mfljestii''3
tyme, of famous memory, and nowe likewise hath ben five tymes
concurrant ? May yt be supposed any one but luke-warme in
Christian charily would be parccll guilty herein, or make yt ques*
tioaulle whether should be attempted a worke of this piety uppon
& barbarous nation ? Let the busy knowledge {to &ay no more) of
aoch a one be shrewdly suspected, and blemished. May any lover
of his country '( Ho. Yet is [it] to he feared that he borrowetb but
a counterfcyt face from Janus, to turne to the penall edict, or to
his prince (if auch be his gracu) : hut, however, let them both
knowe the grounds of goodnes are not layd so weake, in well
woyed couusailes, that the clamour of a centurion or two can dis-
turb Numa Pompiliiis' kneelingo at the aulter. Let them give yt
up in rumor, or more suhtilly cry out, that our cncmieg at Sevill,
or Liahborne, at Dominica, Mevie,' or at the Havana, are up in
armes for us, we can yet goe on in the justifiableness of our course,
makiiigu only Poinpiliua' anawtrt;, — " And wo doe gacrifice".
Will it yet please the reader to favour me a little ?
Two sortfi especially, I mui^t conceave, of untoward (to stile
them noe worse) and ill disposed in theire wisOonios, stand much
oftVnded with this businea, and have devysed against yt many
slaunders aad calumneys, the meore ignorant (not only in scisntia
scientite, &% the scholman saies, but iacludinge grossenes and sim-
' Phitftrch relates that Numa founded hi3 hopes &q strcpagly upon God,
that on cue octrasiou, during the oferiug of a Eticrificc, when ho reciiivod
an annouuccDieut that his enemies v^re approaching, he nuilod, and
made answer, "^Kyiu ?i 9inft" — *' And I am .■sBcrificing".
3 "Nevi*", an islaiul iu tlie West Iiidiiw, di«covuriid by Columbus.
PlLfiUOMTlON TO THK ttBAfiEB.
I
pHcj'tio in any knowledge) und the meeru opposite ia gdentia
conscientite, iti religion ; I wonid to God the Itkttsr wore not more
dangerous, by how much
Cokbcrriina per loca vuiet ;
and can speakc anikse, out of the corrupt seedes of goodue^ and
perhaps soe speaking be heardc.
And these boib saye, how the undertaking cannot be lawfiill.
Why ? Beaitise the King of Spayne hath a primer interest into
the countrcy. Next, it cannot be honest in yt self. Wby ?
Because injurious to tha uaturalb ; and which connected together,
y\ must tbeu necessarily iblbwa (eaye they) that yt can be no
other than a travailo of Jlat impiety, and di&pl!?Rsingc before God.
Indeed, no mcane objectiona to slumble shallowe home witts, who,
whilst they loolce lozely and broddly on yt, are presented with an
ugly face ; bat if, by a more perspective direction, we will
examine how these perticularitics may lie together, wc shall find
another modeU, and an airt; of timt dignity and truitli which
aspiers to a cleane contrary comoliiies.
For the King of Spaine : he hath no more title nor collour of
title to this place, which we by our industry and expenses have
only made ours (as for the Pope's donative of all America unto
him, that h sufficyently answeared eU^wore, in a discourse alred-
dye published by a most worthy undertaker).' then hath any Chria-
tyan prince (or then we, or any other prince, maye have to his
Mesico and Peru, or nny dominioas ells of any free state and
kingdome) how nere soever the West In<^e9 and Florida may
joyne thereunto, and lye under the same portion of heaven ; with
as great bravery mnie we laye cJaytne to all the islands which the
Scignorie of Venice nowe holder in the Levant seas, because
Cipras was once oura, by the conquest of Richard Cour de Lion,
and conliQea with theires, then which what more inlirme and
1 AUuBJon may possibly here be made to Ilieronymus Benzo, who, iu
bis " KovDO JTovi Orbis llistoriic", touching the will of Pope Alexander
TI, »y«, "Quo jure hroc dare potuit Papa, in (jueb nullum jus nun'inaiu
habutt t Nidi fort^ quia CIiriBtu& cceli a.c term hceres c^t, cujua honna
tsta Pater vicurius ent, scilicet," Or more probably, judging I'mm the use
of the w&rd *' undertaior", Ilaldiiyt may be referred to, who treats oii the
subject in his " Divers Voyngos", published lfl82.
4
I'UvEMONlTIOS TO TilE lUSAUBU.
ianln 111
thdr i-HTlcB
rail Saiuu
Mnrin.
iimi-'ii (in-
lib. I.
ridiculous preteace coul<2 be framed ? aad yet ift the Kinge of
Spaine's argument to our interest in Virginia juBt in this moodc
and figure.
Noe Prince may layc cinimc to any more amongst these newe
discoreries (and soe it wa« hftretoforc, a just distinction being
tlicrcfore kept betweene tlie Kinge of Caslite and PortngnllJ then >
whiit bis pcoplu have discovered, tooke actuall pos«c$sioQ of, and*
pnssed over to liis right ; and noe otiierwiae from Columbus dotii
the Kinge of Spaine hold bin strength and dominions to tLis dayej
ill his golden Indies ; and noe otherwise from SotOt' his Adelautado^,
concorninge our noighbour Florida : and soe we atloiv bim (with-
out any one inch of intrusion) both Uh longitude and latitude iiy
this new world, we keeping from Cape Florida norward, to Cap^l
Briton. The latiden, countries, and territories of this parte of
America which we call ours, and by the name of Virginia, or
Nora Britannia, being carefully laid out {of purpose) to avoid
offence unto certaJnc boundes, and regions, begynning from the
point of land called Cape Comfort, and so holding all aloug the
sea-coast to the norward two hundred myles ; and fi-om the point
of the Baid Cape Comfort all along the sea*coa8t to the so-ward
three hundred miles ; and bo only all that space and circuit of
land lying from the sea-coasts of these precincia, not coming Deer«
any land in his actuall poissession, but ratlier direrting from yi
zaany a league ; and yet holdefl he neither any chargeable forces
(to dispute Iili» right) ui^puii lliu njnyne, uor keeepes colonies
(except in Florida, at St. Augu^iine only), nor reckons of the
some, but that is at his beat pleasure.
But what nowe concerning this point, for the more clicring of
yt to such who stumble thereat : if we should say that our right
to the West Indies tlemselves (since they will nccdes awaken us
with pretence of title) is aa firme, proper, and far more auncyont
then lie Spimiards ; and before tliu royall spirited lady Isabella,
Priocesse of Castile, Inyd her jewclls to pawne, to Luis of SiA
Aiigii'lu, the King her liuaband'a secretary, to forward the designee
and to prevent our King Henry VII (who was both oflVed, and
I Fernando de Roto, who foUowed the fortuoes of PiaiUTti, aud was a
main initrunioat in aunexiug Florida to the crown of 8patD.
JBJUIO.NITIOS TO TUB KEADEE.
5
I
accepted Columbus's offer, and entred into capitulations with bis
brother Bartholomew about tbem, anno 1489), aure wc should not
wnnt some pregnant likely hood e:}, and those not only by our sim-
ple discovei'iee, but by our plntitiug and inhabiting th«m with the
people of our ovrae nation four hundred years before Culumbui
had notice of them by tho Biscan pilot,' who, nhen he dwelt in the
islands of Madera, arrived with a weather beaten caravelle, and
dying in hia house, bequenthed (a« they pay) to Columbus his
card of the discription of such newc landes as be had found. Trao
yt is, tho first liliippca that Coliiinbiis carrycd thither were but in
anno 1492, which is now eince one huadretl and twenty yearea ;
when lett any muti Ik- but pli;asud to luirke into the Icitruud luid
industrious antiquities of Mr. Cuoiden (the t:urefulnea iind truth
of whose searches he thiit will uiidervulewi or sclaunder, shalhu
(jiuch out of lovB with thu labours of all good men and powers of
VKrtue), and he rerneml>LTS us of Madut;, tha sonue of Owen
Gwineth, Prince of Nor- Wales, in the yetire 1170{wluch maybe
four hundred and thirty-nine years Mnce), who, leaving the land
in contention belwecne his two brethren, Howell and David, pre-
pared certayne shipps with men and munition, and after many
unknowne lander and straunge discoveries made (Boyling within
the Attaniick sea, a cowardly coun-e, yet still into the we^t), at
last setteled iu tho We^t Indies, as hie owne relation eufPerE cou*
structiou, which he made in his returne for newu supplies, the
second and third tyme, which he trmispmteJ, and after that was
heard no more of ; and late observations taken in these tynies
> Many authon have attcmptod to mar the fame of Columbus, by
asaertiiig, in rircmnataiUial and jvoNitive language, that he derived ht9
notion of the exiatciico uf liiuJ;. in ihe west, frtKii the papurs uf u Biscayan
pilot, najued AIoded Sjincbes de Iluolva, who diuil iu liiit bouxc. Accord-
ing to Garcilftsso dc la Vega, this pilnt, in 1464 or thereabouts, lauded on
Hispauiola, anrl wrote an account of his voyage. Tliese accounts, as well
as, in ull pTohahiHty, that here hinted at by Stracbey, arc doubtless based
upi>ti tho faliacious atatemoiit of Gumiu^, who ahouads id such unfounded
i*torics. There is, however, a better re;isi>n thiin the paucity of credit
duo to Ocnjara foe refusing crcdoncc to this injurious aspersion, inasmuch
na it U ucrtuin that in 1474, ten yvsm previous tu the date thus assigned
lo the voyage of th« I{isca.yan pilot, OoIuitiIiub coiniiiuuicatoil U> Paulo
ToscanoUi, of Florence, hiit uotlonb of a westward vu;'a{;e yf discovery.
Pll.«SIOXTnON TO THE READEB.
OrMwU'
^^ John Caljo
JotiD C allot
hmrto.
Wud t
tfruitiirfig.
niu^ irloiit
may conflrme tbo probability hereof, os flrst in AouKaniHI (so in
writing Frsinria LnpeK de Gomera') the natives when they were
firat found, had ibair ccosscs in their chapploa, and in dedicated
groyes, in gardens, by woodes, springea, and fowntaines, which
they did honour and fall downe before, thereto saying their uauall
prayers, which must mak ilb-stration that Christiana had ben there
before the coming of the Spaniard : and no ecclesiastical history
oomeudee unto u« (since Solomon's voyage to Ophir oeased)^ nor
any rccordes.of other antiquities (gince the fabulous drowning by
Deucalion's Oood, or burning by Pbfcton, or since the sincking of
the Atlantick iaiands), more auncyent, or before Ibe voyage of
Madoc. Lastly, the language of the Indians admitting much and
many wordes, both of places, and names of many creatures, which
have the accents and Welch significations, and are yet retayned,
both by the Indian. Crollos (Spaniards Iwrne ihcro), and Slulatoes.
But this is matcriall and punctuall to our hypothesis. King
Henry VII gave his letters pattentj, No. 1495, unto John Cabot,
a Venetian (indeniKed his subject, and dwelling within the Black-
friers), and to bis three sonnes, who discovtred for the King the
nortb partit of America, to Meta Incognita,* latid annexed to the
crftwne of Kngland all that great tract of londo sti'ctching from
the Cape of Florida unto those parts, mayne and island^ which wo
call the New -found -land, some of which were not but'ure knowen
to ColurabuB, nor afterwards to Nicuesa,* Colmenaris,'' nor Vasquez
Nunnei!,' nor any of the Castiliona ; the draught of which voyage
1 Tlio ititaiid of Cnzumel, near tho tjast coast of Yuiratun, di»cover«d by
Orixalvain 151H.
s See Otiracra's " Oorniuiatu de Mexico", Art. La Religion de Acu^amil,
t>. 24, Antwerp edition, 1354, Small 8vo.
^ This nurd aLiu iiii|ihe7i '' Sjjiauiardii horu in the country."
* An imlufiuito nauie subsequently given to the north part of America
byQuccu E]izat«eth upon the return of Frobishct from hi» HecDud voyage,
"as a Diarke and IwuiiJ Tttthcrto utterly imknowcu". See "The third
Voyage of Captain Frolii^har, pi~etendcd for the DiKcovsrie of Cutaiu. by
Muta Incognita, a.d. 157g." — Hakluyt, vol. iU, P'. 74.
* Dittgo dv Nicucsna, one of the early Spanish adventurers ; founder of
Nombra cl« Dios
* HoJrigo Enriquea du Colmonarva, a coiapaiiion of Taaquox Nunez do
Balhoa. Sec Ilorrura, Dec. t, lib. ix, cap. G.
^ Viuqucs Nuiicz Je Bult'oa, the firit Kurojioiiu who ci'Oi'Bed the main-
PR^BMONTTION TO THE READER.
be seene in liis Mnjestie's prize galli^i'y in his palloce at
Westminster:' but the tuiiiulta (8ay they who wrought of tliose
tymes) then, and prepnrRtions for whitb in S'^otlanil, tooke away
the seconding of that cnterprize, yot uo whit tooke awayc (I hope)
our title, more than the King of Spayne may loose his to those
parts covered with the same heavens, which he Deither forlefyest
iior pluHtelh to this day.
Soc as we may conclude, then, at leaet, that as Christopher
Cohimbus discovered the islands and continent of tlie Vfeat Indies
for Spayne, John and SebH.stian Cabot made dtscoveries no lease of
the rest from Florida, norward, to the behonf of England, being
supported by tlie regall authority, and sett forth at the charge anil
cxpencc of King Henry VII ; and we hope that tliey will leave
unto us the same way and proprietury, huth to goe unto our owne
and hold yt by, ns we give them ; and if they will do bo (and all
lawes of nfltiona will assist us herein), how unjast aiid parriaU ahall
that subject be, and how ill a servant in the court of his owne
prince, that will dare to give from him and his country tlie right
and honor of both, gayncd with the expence ofthepuhlique purse,
and with the iravells and livea of the industrious subject ; os well
nay 9<uch a traytor lay the crowne of his monarch nppon the
SpaniarH'^ lif ;u!, as appropriate unto him his titles, his territories,
possessions, since so uiidistiaguishablK, and such relatives are
prince and his priitcipalltios, as ho is sayd no longer to bo a
kingo that ia deprived and is every way denied the title of his
kingdomes ; and if this argtirn[;iit bi* in force (he will say) only
where countryes lye neeru suid upproxiniato each to other, let mc,
then, ask this question : what kingdoma ( I pray you) and pro-
vinces lye more disjoyucd and scattered {us some faraclies that
agree best wlien they are furthej^t each from other) then the
B^ng of Spaynea ? in so inueb as it is only that which holdes him
to this day from not being reckoned nmongat the five great
land of America., and thence 'Obtained a view of the Pacific Oocan,'tlus
took pW'« in the year 1513.
• This coi>y of Cabot's map is supposed to have pcri.^hed in the fire
which dc)!troyod that galkry in tho reign of WUliam 111. S&i Entiab's
" Qenend Ilifitory of tho lato War."
8
PIUKMONITIUN TO THE ECA»BR.
CapL Aiiia>
dan and
Ct{il Bar-
w r R<i«a-
l/iH, Dt (lie
cxpctio* of
Sir Wdllrt
Viik lih.
avoutiilo,
iiionurchs of the world. Let no man tlicrefore bo Iraducoil by the
occoDDta wliich fnlce hearted fiiibjecla (imire jelous of a forreign
prince's pride, tlinn zealous for bia Majcalio's. ru^atlies, and jojoud
in the felicity of hU government} have heretofore made aadit to
him of, here being mised to the viunr, though a short, yet a cliere
|)rosi)ect of our right.
Her Majestie, of famous memory, so veil understood hi^r princely
right herein (derived downc from her heroik grandfather to her
Belf }, n9 she griiimted many liirgp. pntlKiitA and (rrutious comtniaaionR,
to divers gentleiueo uf Itirlh and i|ua!Jty, to inhabite those parts,
and to keepe her title (|uick and panting still therein : as first, to
Sir Iliimfrey (i-ilbcrt (whoinc the light first foi-souko,' before he
would fursakc bis hupe.t and journeis tbiiher); and afterward, to
the some time mncli honored Sir W, R[n!egl»]. knight, to whomc,
and to hia heires, in the 2fi yeare of h«>r raigtie,^ bIi« confirmed, at
Westminster, a large graiint, from 33 to 40 degrees of latitude,
exemplified with many ymniunityes and priviledges; who there*
uppon sent, first, thither Captaino Aniadas and CapLaine Bartow
(1584), which Amadas, in memory of himself, intituled a bay at
Ronnonk, to this day called Bay Amadas ; and, after them, he sent
a fleetc of 7 sailcs, anno 1585, comandcd by Sir R. Greonvill, who,
at Wococpn, likewise more to the so-ward from Koanuali, gave
name to a port which yet rctaines the name of" Port Greenville ;
who left a colony of 100 in the said island of Roanonk, which
remayncd there one whole yeare itnder the charge of Sir Ralph
Lane, generuU of the same, and wliich were afterward broiigiit from
thence (by the nccleet of duo suppHea growing into some wants)
by Sir Francis Drake, in liis retnrne bomewariles from the sacking
of St. Domingo, Carthiigciia, and St. Augustine. Yet, aftpr this,
did Sir W. R, contyiiewe a third and fourth voyage, which had
their misfortimes j ajid anno 1587, sent a second polony of ISO,
under the command of Captaiiie White and 12 assistcnts, unto
wbome he gRve a charter, and encorporatt'd tlu?m by (he name of
Governour and Assistants of the Citty Raleigli, in Virginia ; all of
1 tie was ■JrowncMl at niiduight of the !)th of Septeinhcr, 1.583, having
rashly ventured, with hji frigate too heavily laden, to make his homo-
tchhI voyage from an cnterprize in which ho had taken possBssion of
Ncafounilftnd. ' A^ 1-J84.
which Ukewke loiscarrieJ by iho wretcliedaess of uo^ill'al iastru-
ments (obusiog tfaereiu Sir W. K.), who, falling upoQ otLor prac-
tizes, and which those tjtncs afiurdoiS, after the said White had
been ia England the syconil time, and was refurnished out with all
things needefuU for tlie colony, indenvoured nothing leflse tlicn the
relief of the poorc planters, who afterward, aa you dbjiU read ia
this following discourse, came therefore to a miserable and uq-
tymely destiny.
And this fatJill period had Sir W. R. his good purposes, and
great ciiarges, all wliicU I have the more largely extracted, that yt
may the more espreeairely appeare howe this is no cewe enterprlze,
nor taken in haud now by a generallity (whii)li, true yt i^ before
Sir W. R. his attaynder, without his leave we might QOt make
introsioii uppon, the title being only ia him), to olfer cause of
quarrell or offence to a pftaeefuU confederate, or Christian neigh-
bour prince : a purpose soe far from the undertakers, couuccll, or
body politique, to whomo the charter ia grauntcd by bis Majestic,
as they shall wrest with too much streyned applieacions, the eudea-
voura of such lionourable and leligioue personages who would raise
their coantry, and tb<i fame of their soveraigne, equall witli othera
who have enlai^cd their powers and their titles by the like meanes }
and to avowe unto the world, that if the Spanyard shiUl attempt us
at any tynie with ill measure, offring cither to maku surrcption of
our ships by the way thither, or to breakc into our plantntions with
acts of hostility (as uioet deapightfuUy did Pedro Mclcndc*, their
adioiraJI, into the French colony, 14 ycarea since, in Nuva Francia ;
who raysed their fort, and hung up the commoa soldiers (Luudou-
nier, the generaJl, being straungely escjiped), and wrought over
them disdainfuU inscriptiuns, in Spanish, importing, '* I due nut thiti
fts unto Frenchmen, hut as unto Lutherans", which Spanish cruelty
was yet, in the winding up, ns blouddy revenged agaync, by
Dominique de Gourgues, of Burdeux, who, not long after, arrived
tberp, trussed up the selfsame Spaniards upon the boughea of the
same trees whureon they hung the Frendi, with ibcso wordes : I
doc not this as unto Spniiiardg^ but as unto tyrants nod niurthercrs)
nowe we are sett downe here, how unjustly they shall procecde
he«rin, and how luucli they shall lay themsulvud, and tlieir fuithes,
JL
i
10
PKJKMONITION TO TUR BKADKR.
t«*rf ml
BWrrcd.
open to the construction of all nations, and ba\t\y to oar revenge,
wliicb cannot eLrike weukly, wlitch atrikus witli tlie swOrd of juB-
tice in all quarrels, the good success of the same ever depending
u]>ou the mnuL'L-uuy of tlm cuueu.
Secondly, where they saj yt is unhoucst in yt self, becaose i^ju*
rioua to the naturuU^s yt being the fulfilling of the per|>etuan rule
of justice, suum cuir/ue trtbuere — haw uiifitt soever that iuum
ho for the poasesdor ; indeede, yt corryes some shevre of the right,
and we cuIpaWu whiUt we doe labour m the coiitnu-y, oa Zenophon
sftid, instructing the young Cjtu^ when the prince, being walked'
forth one day into the fields, and bod epied two boyea comyng
towards him: a great boy, covered with a short and skant coat;
and a little boy, clad in a large train'd, wyde, and long gowne ;
Cyru8 stript them both, and shifted them, by the exchange soe
making a better proportion (as he thought) of fitncs for cjther;
but, I say, his learued tutor told him, how he had not done well
herein, fiitico every unc was to be maJater of his owne, however yt
might appeare a naaticr of much inequality, and the owner unworthy
of so large a measure of fortune.
That myad is to be loved well, that will not leave doabtiag on*
till it hath found out the truth ; but it must then be verilatem
iptwrrre, non tnsidias st[r'\ui;re; indeed, this were asufFicyent argu-
ment in such a coramonwealtb which, governed with ilio wdl ordered
powers of philosophy and all naturall knowledges, wanted not
neither the supcruall light, hut the groandes of both these (who
knowes not] doe we goc to lay amongst a simple and barbarous
people ; yet had they of themselves the first, ttiat is, the practice
of all morrall pollicyea and offices of vertue, as perfect, perimptory,
and exact, as the unbcleeving Grecians and inGdcUous Komaii9
had ; yet, since we (aa trmi CbriMtians) knowe that the world never
was, nor must be, only and alone governed by morality,, and our
charity suffers for them untill we have derived unto them the true
knowledge indeed, which is the worshipp of the true God nnd their
tind our blessed Redeemer, Christ Jesue, this can be no absolute
instance of the right to tye ub (appeare it never so upright aud full
of humanity) ; for soraetymes, and to the bettei'Ing of uJiiukiiid, tlie
divine politique law ylself, we see, doth put on change, and byndoth
PR,fiM0SITIO.N TO THB HEADEtl.
11
not semper et in omne, as in tlie casea of tlieft flud adultery, etc.
Let niG aske tliis qncstion : Doe we not goe in a busines that must
result greater otTeets, and strive within us, boyond the powers and
preacriptioiis of morality ? No man must denye it, that will not
hoodwinck his knowledge frotn the end and ayme, at least, to which
we lett goe all our travailes; yet ahall we no whit wlvaunct; our
early iind first prosecutions against Mio^e moroU duties neither, but
like the best prpj^cribera of those roles themeeLvea (in tho learned
and last monarchies), and with the lovers of them nowp, we will
manly proceed, and exactly observe the siiine, even in this worke,
so as the best Christian shall not be agrieved to heare of our pro-
ceedings, when they shall reade of the same in uur Decades ; mrnt
true yt is, we knowing that the offices of humanity cun heipe much
in the forwarding hereof.
Tlion if our aecions miiet relish all of pielie (not excluding neithor
any one purticiilnr lielpe of curtesie nnd manlines), how religious
and manly both Is yt to eomaiunieate with these simple and iniio*
cont people (iinles, perhaps, you will say that it is altogether unlaw-
full to enter commune and traffique with SHlvages and infidells, so
bringing to the test the rich aud necessary trades into Turkey and
the East Indies), kneeling whan we kneele, and lifting up theire
handes and eyes when we pray; not so dueyble, as wilting to
reecive our eustomee, herein like raced and unblotted tablet^], apt
to receive what forme soever ehallbe first drawne therou, and who
have lesse faith in religion, which maie bo tho more probably shaken
by how much they have lesse power eyther of reason or of armes
to dofend yt ihtin the Turk hath, and with whome to hold discourse
of their religion canietU not, at least, that challenge and stepping
into dauDger, as yt doth amongst other barbarous nations, eepecialty
with the Turkea (with whome we hold aueh entcrchaug cable cur-
tesies), who suffer not theirs divine lawe, given them in their
Mnsaph,' or Alcoran, by their fatco prophet Mahnmet (and which
' .Vttftaf 18 the Arabic for a cod«, or bwk ; but wlien used with the
Arabic articli;, thus, al mitha/, it generally refers to their sacred book,
AI-KuKua, being tho civJl »nd rclijarioiis code of laws of tho Mohammodans.
It is coinuioQ for tbo Mobannnudans to designate tli« Kumu bj thd taim,
" Al M is h af el Karim", the gloiiouE Itaok.
c2
12
PR^MONITIOU TO TITE KBADRR.
mattes tbcm, as Ihey say, the true Uussetman, before the Persian),
to be 5uli;]eot to this dispiitacion of unj Christian, upon tht pajTMl
of a sure <leat1i. Wlitirc umoiigst timae, a more etiste pasMige Ij68 '
open to wound tlie illusion of Snlhan, and to gayiiH a pijore inno-
cent to partake in our knowlcdgea. We take heaven by violence,
saith the evangelist ; I am eiire yt is given to men of ferventj
cliarity et operantibfif, and good workea, albeit they be not
eatists, yet are ihcy con tectaria (as the scliooletnan saicth) of onr
fiiitJi ; thougli not catua rfffiiandt, yet are lliey via ad rr^num, —
they juatifie not before God, yet they doe glorifie God in ilia ser-
vants; and what more meritoryouf^ workc can tber be then lo
labour in Godts causB (let the world however brand yt for folly),
and worke them to be Ills, whose image they beare, and partici-
pate with us of reason, currying iu llieir noalrilla more than the
Bpiritt of life, the breath of beasts, which how should wc then pitty
and take religious compassion of? And compassion, saith Guic-
ckrdine, debates not causes and reasons, but procccdcs to relief, for
which the duty of a good man is Bald to be compounded of these
two things, the glory of his Creator, and the love of his neighbour.
And who is our neighbour, demnnrleth our Saviour? He that (as
in an inne) quartcreth next lodging and dooro unto us 'i No, sure,
for aibeit iu the otd lawe, the elected Jew accoinpted every Jew his
neighbour only, yet, since the time of grace, we are taught to
acknowledge every man that bcarcth the Intpression of God's
stampe, to be not only our neighbour, but to be our brother, Lowe
farr distinguished and removed by ncas or lands soever from iia ;
and in that stile doe far disjo3rned princes salute eacli the other ;
and, indeed, yt is the gererall office of mankind, not only to wish
good, but to briug yt to pnsse, for one of the like creation.
Now, what greater good can we derive unto them then the
knowledge of the true and ever lyving God ? And what doth
more directly and rarely minister that effect then society, and to
joytbC with them in iriendgbip ? Since we dailye 3ee amongst our-
selves the profane and the mogt diaordored (miglit I not say almost
barbarous), by keepioge company, dolli light tippon somethinge
the while, which stumbles him iu liig hagt, and nuikes him often
lake a pawae before lie proceedes, eylber shame or compunction
PR-tllONITlON TO THE READlin.
18
I
striving within bim. Nor is this witiiout some ]ileii of renson ; for
like dotii in tyme fasten and worke into tike (as fler worketli wocid
ftltogeather into fittr), and a& tlm eye, if it be oppoaed and pre&etLted
to unj sensible object that excolletii, will loose his proper and
natorall function, so by conversing, the t^mo^ or reverence and
avrc of the liettcp company, or some particulur adviintage, ctrcucn-
Btauoce or other, may object tliat to the most sonsuall which mayo
strike hts prowd heart, bo as he roayc find somewhat to be amazed
nt, about whicli, whilst lih imaginntion» busy thcmscWes, thoy
may bt'-get furtiier discourse and urgttments of more and more
goodnes.
O lat heavy things tend to their centre ; let light and ayery
Bpiritts salute Heaven, and fly npto the circumfepeniie I Tbatgreat
and famous inetrumeiit of publishing the goapell and knowledge of
Chriet Jesus, Chiiatopher ColumbuB, as also Veapulitis Anioricua,
who (five yeares after Columbue) anrivcd here, gnve Ibis wiiole
country and ymmaasiirable conlinejit (whteh is, and uiaye wall be
called the New World for his greatnee, reaching frnm the one
pole to the other, being deviJed by the streights of Magellaop,
where it emlelh under Qfty-two degrees on the south side of the
eqiiinoctiail lyne} his owne name, may teaeh us what progresse to
iniikc even in this glorious enterprise. The first of these opened
the way to the Spaniard, wlio since hath fild bdth islands and
msyne with the forme of their worship to God [I leave to sayo
how ofilcious and siipcrstiLiaTis), and the other as inflamed to doe
Bome notable and Christian act, answearcd the other (a health yet
unplendged by ua antes we will now set toyt). Let the examples
of tliesc move us to advannce (now opportunity is offied) our pro-
fession and faith, ue Catholique, and more purged from self inven-
tiona. Hove we either lesse mcanes, fiiinter spiritts, or a chanty
more cold, or a niligion more ahamefnll, and afmyd to delate
ytac'lf ? or h yt a lawfull worke in them, and not in us, that yt is
authorized unto them even by the warrant iif tlie Church ? Iloro
Pope Aloxander VI in hi^ bull and donation to the Kings of
Castile and their successors —
"Nositaiiufi hujusmodi vcstrum sanctuai ct laudahile Pro-
positum, pliirimum in Domino cotnmcndantefl, ci cuptentcs ut illud
14
PR.SMOXinON TO THR BEAnBB.
ad dcbitum flnom pcrducattir, ct ipsum Nomon Sstvntoris oostri Id
partibus illis inducBtiir, hortninus vos qimmpliirimum in Domino et
per Sucri Lavaeri auaccptionoin, tjua raanJatia Apostolicis obligati
cstia," etc.
Which is, " We, greatly eoinejidiiig tliia your godly and laudable
purpose in our Lord, and desirous to hnve the Hnme brought to a
due enil, and the nnme vf our Saviciur to bo knowiic io tJioee
port8» doo exhort you in oar Lord, and by the receoving of the
holy hnptiHtne, wherby ynii arn bitunil to apastolionll obedience,
and eai-nostly require you, by the bowells of mercy of our Lord
Jesuft ChnHt, that when you intend, for the zeate of the Catholique
faitb, to prosecute the said expeJicion to reduce the people of the
foresaid laodea and istanJii to the Cbrietiao religion, you shall
spare no labours at any tyme, or be deterred with any perrylU,
conccaving firme hope and (iKMirntinc^o that the omnipotent God
will give good succease to your goodly attempts."
It is read that Tfaemistoclcs hearing of the great victory that
Melciadea' had obtcyncd on the playne of Marathon, aald, that
that report would not lott him take any rest ; ami Julius Cx&ar
wept at the sigbt of Alexander's image (who had at the ycares of
twenty-four obtayned the name of Great), and cryed oat: **Am
not I miserable, that have done nothingo worthy of memory, and
yet this prince at these ycarcs bath executed so many notable
thingee ?" Shall these, for thesmoakeof momentary glory, breake
out thus passionate and forward ? and shall not we, for the glory
of our Goii, be as affectionate and ambitious ? Shall we now,
when we know most the effects and perfection of goodnes {as the
sun when he is highest in the zodiack moveth slowest), be dullest
in our solstice and snpremest height ? The glorious St. Augustine,
in his firste booke, " Dc Concord. Evang.", cap. 32'*. goeth so far
concerning the spredding abroad and teaching of our Saviour
crucified, not only to the right, but to the leaft hand, as it is in
the 54 of Esau', as be there amply diecourseth how the gliospcll
should be puWished abroail, not only by thciBe who sincerely, with
true anti perfect charity, assume the function of preachere, but
> i. €. M)ltiaile«.
3 )'. «. UnJab. See ch. liv, v, 1-10.
i
pHjEiionitios to the rkaukh.
15
I
aloo by those tUat doclare yt, tsndiug to tcmpDrull endcs ; vid
surely many powerfull and divine arguments migLt be extrecied
for this plaire, which ho there at Inrge perseciitKth, which would
conlirme and s|)CBk satisfaction to the most sensuaU : yf so, why
then besides tliese alleaged divine motives, politique and ratiunall
respects, even common trude and hope of profttt might make UB
forwai-d to be adventurers. Our country of Virginia hath no
want of many marehaadize (which we in England accomplish la
Dwimark, Norway, Prusia, Poland, etc.; fetch far, and buy deare)
whieh udvaoace much, and assured increase, with lesse exehaiing
of oar owne, with os few bazardes by 6ea> and wliich would mauD-
taine us frequent and goodly a nuvio us what runs the Levant
stage ; and those by ilivera ti'eaties, both in Lattiu and Eughsh,
{irirato and puhlique, have ben, in their particuler names and
values oftentymes expressed, espeeyally that which hath bene
published by that true lover of vertue nnd great learned professor
of all arts and knowledges, Mr. Ilariots,' who lyved there in the
tyme of the first colony, spake tlie ludiau language, seaccht the
country, and made many proufes of the richnes of the soyle, and
commodiles therof, besid(?:s many planter? from thence, and right
worthtc marchants, and those knowe^n to be men of much belief
and L'l-edit, have witnessed as much to the world, in these latter
tymes, if men will give them Btoage and welcome in their good
Opinions, and sett aside their owne ovcrweemiags and singultirity
lo cntertaine a truith, and out of those great plenties and havings
(which God bath lent them to be his stewards here) be pleased lo
heare themselves entreated to spare but a little, little portion to
the raising and building op of a sanctum sanfjtamm, a holy bowse,
and a sanctuary to his blessed uamc, amongat iufldcU ; placinge
those therein on whome yt hatb now pleased him both to be suBi-
cientty revenged for their forefathers' ingratitude and treasons, and
to doseend in mercy to lighten [them] that sate iu darknes, and in
the shadowe of deatli, and to direct their feet in the waye of peace.
But perhappea there he those who will graunt that what they
* Thomaa Hariot, or Harriot, mathcmiitical tutor to Sir W. Halfiijih,
RCCOTDpanicd Sir Richard Grunvillc'-t oxjiedition to Virginia in 15SA, aud
drew up au acoouat of his voya^, now very nro, printed \&itQ. f>.
16
PUJtUONITJON TO THE REAOea.
bave read in Uioio disciiur»ea cleliv4!recl to the world maj be tiue,
but will tliuysDj, Wliut open and actunll iojury shall we doe to the
jpoore and iiiiiocent inliuljiuiunts to intrude U))pui) tliiiiut' 1 roust
Bske tliKin n^iiiuB, In wbicb «ball we offer tbein injurj'e ? for prof-
ferittg tticio trade, or ttie knowLedgu of Clirut ? From one of
thoee two or both the iiyiiry must i)roc<ieJe. Why? What in-
jury can yt \iu to people of any ti^tinti for Clirii^tian.s to come unto
tbeir ports, bavcns, or tcrritoryes, wlicn the Uwe of nations (which
is the iawe of God and miin (doth priviledge all men to doe aoe,
wbicb aduiittft ,v( lawfull to trudo with auy umtiucr uf poopic, io
io oiucb as DO man is to take uppou bim (that knowotb any thing)
tbu di-fcmto uf the salvadges in this point, since the c<alv,'ulge«
themselves may not impugne or forbid the same, in respect of
common fellowgliip nod community betwix nun and roan ; albeit
1 will not deny but that the sulvadge^ may(withoul pcrad venture)
be ignomot of as much, and (alas) of more grucco beside, and
particulurilics of liumanity, tbe reafion whereof being, because
(poor »i}wl<js) thi3y knowe not the good which they stand in ocede
of; but wo tbiLt are Christinas doo kuuwe howe this luwc ^enrich-
ing all kiiigdonies) gives privilodges to auibaasadours, kecpus tbe
seas comiuOD and safe, layes open ports and havens, aiid allovrea
free scbIos and liberal acccsse for whosoever that will import unto
tijein such cammoditlea as their countreyeFi have, and tliey want ;
or export Irom tbem some of their pleutyo (duties and cu8toint*s
. prnvincinll observed), Yf this lie so for the fir«, conccruiog the
OtJiei' yt may fully be answeured wilh ibis demiiuiul, shull yt iMit
folluwe, if tralfiiiue be thus justiBnble (which iiitund«d notJiing
but transitory jirofilt and increase of tcmporall aud worldly goode^)
shall not plantinge the Cbrislion failb be much more? Yes by
bow much the divine good (not subject to ohangei and uttder no
alteracion), eicelts, takcis an accon)[it, and surveyed, and snrpasseth
all ibiiigf, and all our actions are to bend their inlenlioas tbcther-
ward ; and what waye soever we make, yet miserable aud wretched
be whose every lyne be drawes, every act and thought doe not
close and meete in the center of that. Alos, vfouKI wo but truly
exaiiiyne all, and tbe best of things, which the roivnd eye of tbe
sun lookcs uppon, what is tbe travel! fm- all the pompe, the trea-
PILUIOXITION TO THE BEADER.
17
I
I
I
I
sure, the pleasure, and wlmtscevcr bclongoth to this lief, compBi-cd
to the ritclieg of the sowle, the excellency wherof (if there were
noe other proufn to confirme yi) js Bufficieiitlie «;tt tuurth by the
rich ransome tlutt vros paid for yt, even the pretious blond of Jesus
Christ. O our djll iguDrance, tlepmved wills, or imperfection, of
or all three, how doe yee transport us? who, when wo
''ilmild labour a wane and diminution of the uio^t imposture, the
most falce, and yet eye-pleasing ohjecta of oar carnall sences, not
8oe much as roakin^e out (after the U-mt of them in poore Indian
canoas), hou-e their godlike represeittntioua buguile tis tliat wo
neclcct all good things axid {I'lkv Kngtish lords) pursue these i^ii the
streeme of delight, in swift barges ? When let ua heare the end
of nil, and som of all happin&s, snith St. John. chapE. vii, ver. 3,
and that i^ to knowe one only true God and Jesus Clirit^t, wlioaie
He hath seat, who being the ever blessed and only wyadorae of the
Father, gives, nitionge other coramandments to his apostles, this,—
** Goo and baptize all nations." Universa, enim propter semet
iptutft operants est Vominus. — Pro. xvi. This worde and particle
(all) infallibly and mftthumaticnlJy concluding, then, even theis
poore salvadgss.
But yet It ia injurious to the naturall inhabitants, BtUl saye ours.
Wherefore ? It is hecnusc yi i», aowe indeede, a most doughtie
and mat[^er]iall reasou, a great petce of injury to bring them (to
invert our English proverb) out of the warme liun, into God'a
bleaaing j to bring thera from bodily wants, confusion, misery, and
these outward anguishes, to the kuowlcdg of a better practize,
and ytnproving of those benKGtts (to a more and ever duringe ad-
Tontage, and to a civiler use) which God hath given unto them,
but envolved and hid in thci bowells and womb of their land (to
ihein harrun and unprufitable, btcause uiiknowne); nny, to exalt,
ftS I may sate, meere privation to the highest degree of perfection,
by bringing their wretched Houles (like CerberuSj from hcUj from
the chaynes of Sathan, to the armes and bosome of their Saviour :
here la a most impious piece of injury. Let rae remember what
Mr. Simonde.?, preacher of St. Saviour's, saith ia this behalf: It
ia as much, saitli h«, a^ if a father ahould bo said to offtir violenu'O
to bis child, wheu h« beats him to bring him to goodoosse. Had
IR
PR.«MONmON TO THE BJSAHEU.
not tbia violence and thi» ")]>»'}' bene offreil to ue by the Romuns
(oa ihe wnrlike Acnts did the Bnme, likewitte, in Cnltiiloniii, unto
ihn I'it'tH), ev('ii by.Iuliiis CiL-sar Iiimsdf, then by Iho emperour
Claudius, who wiu tliorcforc CMilk'<l Britannicus, nnil U\» (^iitaios,
Aulus Plmttius iiml Ves^ntian (who tooke in the Isle of Wight);
and lastly, by tbc first lieutenant cent liiihor, Ostoriua Scapula (aa
writes Tacinis in the lief of Agricolu), who reduced the iwnqucn'il
partes of nur Imrburtius ilond into pravine&B, nud established io
them coloniRB of old ttnuldiers ; building caalells and townen, nnd
in every corner teaching us uvtm tii knnwe ihe ptiwerfuU discounie
of divine reason (which makea ub only men, ami distinguishoth os
from beasts, amongst whome wb lived ns nak«d iind an beastly ns
thoy). We might yet have lyved overgrowt-u satyrs, rudt nod
tintutrcd, wandring in the woodes, dwelling in eaves, nnd bunting
for our dynners, as the wild beasts in the forrests for their prayc^
]irostcluiing our daughters to slraungers, saerificing our childrene
to iihilU, niiy, eitting our owne chiUIrf^ne, an did tho Scnts in tlioiie
flaics, OS reciteth Tlio. Cogan, bachellor of pbisiek, in bis booko,'
De SaDitntc, cha. 137, printed 1189, and dedicated to the Knrle of
Hertfo]-d; in which place he bringeth in St. Ilierome himself, by
way of Pro80p[o]pEi?ia, affirming eoe much uppoo bia knowlcdg.
His wordys, there alleged, are these : What Ehnl! I say, saieth St.
Jerom, of other nations, since that, when I was a boy, 1 saw, in
Frauncc, Scotta, a people of Britannia, cale man'a flesh ; and when
they found in the forrpsts hennlcs of swine, beasts, and cattailR,
they would cut off the buttocks of the boyes that kept them, and
also the women's papp?, and tooke that to be the most dcinty and
delicate meat ; and, as the reverent Beda reports (before the Britons
were converted to the phospcll), njurthcring whole troupa of men
to accompanye and serve tbc-ir friendes dying, in the other Hcf. M
they did to the aondry Zemes' in the West Indies, at what tyme
1 The wurk alluded to was puhllBLeduudcr the titlo of "The Ilarengf
Heidth," 138f> — the figure 1 being mistakenly inaertod above for A. There
\» !i co[iy of thtt work at Oriel College, Oxford. 8&a Wood's "Atbcua
OxoniftUKtss".
^ See "Uieron. udvereas JoTiuioaum", liber ii. " KpiJitolK J). Uiero-
nymi". Uoiii. IJfiS. Trim, ii, f". .'jO.
' Id<>Is, or fiods, who were protended to foretell &ture evcfltfl. See
" Peter Martyr", Dec. i, IJb. ix, aud " Ovit>do", UK v.
PILEMOSITIOS TO THE UKADKft.
19
Columbos nrnvcd there; and OB tliey did in Peru and Mexico, at
what tynie Fertlinando Cortez reduced thera to the Christianity :
and (IS the Quiyimf;li(]uiBtn-ks (nr prti'als) Him to llio idollfl uf tho
snIvaHges here, albeit I hope ihey wi]l not long doe Poe, yf by a
gentle and faire eiUreaty we may win them to be willing to heard
and learne of us and our (jreiichera, the mure civile u&e of every
particular in which Ihoy nowe too rudely and beastly doe amisfie.
All the injury tliat wu purpose unto them, is but the amendment
of these horrible healhcni^nies, nnd the reduction of them to the
aforesaid manly dutyes, nnd to the knowledg (which the Romans
could not give us) of that God who raust save both them nnd ns,
and who bought us alike with a denre sufiernunce and pretious
mensuro of mercy.
For tlie opter enabling of our aelfcs unto which so heavenly an
enterprise, who will Ifaincic yt an nnlawfult net to fortefle and j
strengthen our selves (us nature requires) with the best helpes, and
by sitting downe with guardes auil fyires about us in the wast and
vast unhabited growndes of tlieir[93, amongst a world of which not
one footo of a thousaad doe they either use, or knowe howc to turne
to anybencHtt ; and therforc lyes so great a circuit vaync and idle ^
before them ? Nor is this any injurye unto them, from whoroe we
will not forcenbly taks of their provision and labours, nor make
rape of what they dense and manure ; but prepare and breake up
newe growades, and therby open unto thera likewise a newe woye
of thrift or husbandry ; for as a righteous man (according to Solo-
mon) ought to regard the lief of his beast, so surely Christian men
ehould not shew themaelves like wolves to devoure, wtio ainnot
forget that every soule which God hath sealed for himself ha huth
done yt with the print of charity and corapassion ; and therefore
even every foote of land which we shall take unto our use, we will
bargaiue and buy of them, for copper, hatchetts, and such like
comodityes, for which they will even sell themselves, and with
which they can purchnce double that quantity from their neigh-
boure ; and thus we will commune and entreate with tbem, truck,
and barter, our commodityes for theires, and theires for ours (of
which they aeeme more faine) in all love and frcindship. uatill, for
our good purposes towards them, wc shall findc them practize vio-
o2
20
nunonrnoy to thr readeh.
leooe or treason against as (as tbey hive done to our other colony
at Boaooak) ; when then, I would gladly knowc (of such who pre-
sume to knowo oU things), whether we maye stand npon our owne
innoccnc^ or no, or bold yt a scruple in humanitje, or anj breach
of cItarilj(to prevent our owne throaU from the cutting), to drawe
OOr Bwordcs, ct vim pi" repcUere f
[ FUinting («aith Sir George Pcckani,' writing an apologye in the
' like cause) ranj well be divided into two eorts, when Christians,
b/ Uie good liking and willing usent of tiie salvadges, are admitted
bjr Ihcm to (jiiiett poswasioo ; and whun Christians, being inhu-
manolj repuUed, doe seeke to attayne and mayntayiic tlio right for
which thej come, in regard of estHbliBhniciit of Christinn rcligioi
cither of them mnje bo lawfully cxcrcyzed ; fur whiit soever God,
bj* the ministration of nature, hath created on earth, was, at the
beginning, common among men ; may yt not then be lawfull nowi
to attempt the possession of such lands as nre voidc of Christian
inhnhitantB, for Christ's sake? Uarke, barke, the earth is the
Xiord's, and all that m therein.
And all the norld he will call and provoke,
Eren from the east, uid so forth to the woet.
Ah it is in the 50 psalme, where David propheGieth how God will
call all uatioim by the gospcll, and in the 12 verse :
For alt is nijne th»i on the eArth doth dwell.
And who shall bar him from his possession ? In the second booko
of EadniB, the 6 i-hap., 14 ver., saieth the prophet : " And besidos
this Adnm, whomo thow madest loi-d over all tlie ^vorkes which,
thou hadst created ; of him come wo all." And in the Ifewe Tes-
tament, Paule, calling himself the nposlle of the Gentiles, in the
1 1 of the Romans, 32 ver., saieth, that Gi>d hath shut up all in
uabelieff that he mi^ht have mercy on all ; jet, in another place
of the same opifltle, he snieth : "And how etiall they call on him
t Su" George Peckhnm, in an anooytnous work entitled "Tmc Rcporte
of th<! lute Discovorij.'* and PostiaHAion tfiktin iu the right vi the Crwwa
of KngUtide, of the Ncw-founii-landcs, by that valiaunt and wurlhye
gentloBian, Sir Hiimfroy OObwt, Knight". By 0. P. Luiidon. 1563.
8vo. Ohap. a.
PRJEHONITIUN TO THE RK.VOSB.
31
I
in whome they have not belceved, «n(l bow shall they beleeve in
him OQ wliorae they have not bciird ?" and therefore, he concludeth :
** 0, how benutifijll are the feet of them which bring glad tidings
of peace, anil bring glnd tiding* of gowl thinga !" and in the third
of Sophonia^' : " The children of my dispersed" (so bo callctb the
apostles) "shftU bring me presents from beyond the banckes of
-aCthiopia." Besides (omittinge the peregrination of I'aule, and
the travcUs of Barnabas, into so many straunge countrios, islands,
and kingdomes, of the Gentiles, laboring in this office, und reduc-
ing so many cittycs of theires to the kiiowledg of Chriat crucified,
in Grecia, in Fisitlia, Patuphilia, Perga, Attalia, in Asia, and Syria,
insomuch as Antloch was come to be called, at length, the newe
citiyc, and Jerusalem of the Gcnrilca : as also omitting the vision
which Peter saw in Joppa, of a vessel], a« it had bene a great sheet,
let dowoe from heaven by the four cornerB, in which were four
footed beaats of the earth, wildu beasts, creepinge things, and fowles
of the heaven, with the voice which accompanied yt, saying, "Arise,
Peter, slay and eate;" and this done three tymes, forbiddinge him
to accompt those things polluted or unclflane (mcaninge tho Gen-
tiles), which God had BaiictlQed and made holy ; and let mo reuium-
ber^ which is worth all observation, and to be bound to the palnies
of our haudi), nud tu be written uppun the ly ntellit nnd brow posts of
all our dorca, for the encouragement and comfort of us, who are im-
prest in this service; yt is one of our daily petitionm, whin'h we are
taught by our blessed Saviour, when we pray, and of that qualUty
as when we huve first entreated grace to eateeme, vuluwe, nnd
honour God, according aa he ought to be, both in wiird<3s nnd
works, QB also in our holy and Christian convei'saclon, for so much
eignifieth " Ilnllowed be thy Name," we presently add, " Tliy
klngdorae come," which ymplieth, tbut it would please the great
and mercyfull God that his sacred word might have a powerfull
piuinage throughout the world ; yea, in such Rort that all uatiooa
might be reduced to the kingdome of grace, and made piirlakera
of their redemption ; nor must wc ymagine that this is uowe to
he done by royracle, for which it is thus foresaid by Esay* in his
Zfiphauiah, chap, iii, v. 10.
* iKaixh.
22
PR,1^MO>"TTION TO TmS REAJ>BR.
66 cliap., — " Those which sliall tiB<>a|>o oui of lemell shall goo fin-
off to Tharsia nnd to the remote i.slnnds, where they shall convert
many nations unto the I^rd, and thL-rcforo is Christ called the
siilvntion of nntions (Gen. 4, Easy V), tliPre btring no ntlier name
under heaven unto men whereby to he soTcd, but only this of
Christ's" (Acts 4). And in tlw Old Testament we shall read, when
strange and great nations would not submitt to the ynuke of thio
knowledge of the ererlaating God by fairo entreaty, they wore,
ffrro etfinmmia, compelled thereunta In Josua and the Judges
l^lentifull instances iidhore to thi> making of ibis good : there n to
be seene binv Moeea, Josua, and Gedion would send spies and
discoverers for the like purposes {misit igitur Joshuc Jitius Nan
de St'thtt duos viroi explorntores in abicondito, et dixit eis, Ite rf
cvmiJt^rate tcrram urbemfue Jerkho. — Jos. 2) into kingdoms,
nations, and j>rDvint;es, and thereafter bcaeiged their towiies and
Wrong howldee j and when the Gentiles wonld not call for mercy,
they would lay waste and burne their chief citties : so fell Jericho,
ami so was Ai surprisc<1, the inhabitnntn elayne, and their kinge
liaagod up. Head the 12 chapter, and you bIuiU find n PBtalogue
of 3 1 kings and grent princes of the liethen put tu the edge of the
Gword, whilst the Gibionites, intreating by ainlmssudnurp, were
taken into pi-oleccion, and admitted into the colonye of the Israel-
ites, nnd yet made their servants, and felch-watfirs.
And thus these few and utiaktlfuU scienes, but fccvenea of truith,
brought to this act, they shall suffice to begett a setleled opinion of
guodnes, und of the right of this buaiues, in any who huth hereto-
fore doubted, appealing to impartlall jadgmcnta wlieather the
Kinge of Spnine hath priority of title to ibie pait of America
before the English ; nay, whether he both any coulour of title by
thiy at ail ? or whether this enterprize be an unchristian acte, or
injury to the naturatla ? and if neither, whether their Kpiphonema^
deserves just ehovrt and applause, wlioe decliire yt unlawful!, iind
an unnaturall bufiines, and to God di^pleasinge.
1 Outcry.
FINIS.
'x
T*i
^3
HISTOKIE OF TRAVAILE
UITO
VIRGINIA BRITANNIA.
CAPUT I.
The Cosmugrupliie of Tirginta ; IntUudo and IwuikIh ; cxtciitloo upon •
right lyne ; first dinEion — the quality of the mountajnea, and deo-
crtptiou of the high land ; BulxUvidcd ; her tempvnture, wjnde,
eoyle, vali«tt, plaiaes, nuu-i&hes, etc.
VmoraLi UuiTAKviA u a country in America; yt lyeth
bctwceae tbe degree!) of 30 imd 44 of the north latitude ;
the howntk* whereof may well hu thnt layd : on the t-ast
ronneth the great ocean, or niayne Atlantiqnc Sea ; on the
■until side, Florida; on the north, Nova Francia ; as for the
west, the IjTiiitta thereof ore imknowno, only it is supjioscd
there niaye he found the discent into the South. Sea, hy the
SpanianU CJilled Mar del ziir, no meeting with the thmhtfiil]
uorth-west passage, which leades into the east, to China,
Cathay, Giapaii, the Moluecaes, cte., now yniagined to Ijc
discovered hy onr eoiintryman Hudson, and therefore, for
the more certainty thmrof, the search anew tluM prcsente
yeare/ undertaken hy Capt. Button, Cnpt. Nelson, and Capt.
*: alheit, there he who iiffinue that if there
elionld he a third hmd-lockcd sea, which hath no enter-
3 The omitted name is iDgnun. Cttptain Ingram caiumandcJ the
Discovftry, in coinfmii.y wiUi Cuptuin Buttou. Nelson was tnutcr of tbe
ReKuIuliiiTi, Captjtiii lIuttLin'K jihip.
Virion !•
Ill)'*
(hmui4v<I.
24
HlSTOlUe OV TIUVilLR
Anl«n Ibe
IlOTlh-
WClltTU
»(rci'-i In
till- In Rlitnf
•iipji-iied W
Ui||«ilicr.
Haw
Vtrglnli.
riglit lyoB.
Oo-anWy—
course at all \nth the ocean (like the Mare Caspiiuu, aad
Mare Mortuum in Palestina), j*! licth upon the norlli-west
of America; when yet agaiuc Gemma Friaius rocordetU' three
brethren that went this passage, luul lr?ft a name unto the
Streiglits oI'Aniau, where the aea atrikcth sowtli into Mar-
clel-Kur, beyond Amerlcaj whyreby that streict is nowe
called FretuM trium fratmm .- we doe reade, likewise, of a
Portugal tliat passtid this streict, of whom Sir Martin hHir-
bisher spcaketh, that wa« imprisoucd therefore many yeares
in Lishbon, likcTviHO Anordaneta,' a frier of Mexico, came
out of Mur del znr this wnj into Germany, whose card hath
ben secne by gentlemen of good credit.
It is a spatiouK and ample tract of land; from north to
south, upon a right lyne, yt maye be seven hundred niyles ;
from east to west (in the narrowest place) supposed some
three hundred mylea, and in other places one thousand; a
sufficient space, and ground ynough to satisfie tlic most
covetous and vnAe, affection of biui wboe frames to himself
any other end, then the only true one, of tlu3 plantation.
Of all this country ^in duo place] we purpuae to speake,
though more particularly of that parte which was begun to
be planted by the English in the yeare of otir Lord Godj
IGOfi, and which may lye under the degrees of 37, 38, and
39, and which piut dcvided may well suffer (with Germany)
the appellation of tlie High and Low Country, from the
moutbe of the Chesapeak Bay up to the head of the rivers,
all of which 1 call Virginia, as the high land about the fiiUs
(as yet uniiiscovered), beinge the muyne continent, I call
Britania; nor doe I holde this partition lesae proper, or
' See " Hftkluyt", vol. UI, p. 26, (Eel. 1600), from which this passage \»
copied, with very slight alterations Reinier Crcnima was a leMuned Dutch
matbemiiticina aiid a^troii^iucr, born in 12U8, at JJoucuiu, ;u FriGeliuid,
whcQce Us cognomeo of Fribius. The record alluded to, u; bin " UaivemU
Mappo".
" t. e., Andrew UrdancttL.
INTO VIRGINIA.
25
more impertinent unto tliis kingdoTnc, then England, Scot-
laud, and Wales is to Great Britimy; or Aciuitania, Ccltica,
and Rd^jL to France; or to Spajme and Portugal, Castile
and Arragon.
Concerning tlie liigh-laiid little can we nay as yet, because
thereof little have we discovered^ only some Indians' rela-
tions and some fewe daies' marelies into the Mouocun coim-
try of our ownej Lave instructed ua thua far.
This high land, or Britannia, then, say we, i» the mayne ^'^j^'J"
and firme continent, which cxtendeth, we wot not how far, Ihrftii^."'
beyond that cataract or fall of water, which the Indians call
Paquachowng,' from whence one daie's jorney into the
Mouocau country. Our elder planters (at then* first com-
yng) proclaymed His Majestic king of the country at
Mohomingc (a ncighbom* ^-illagc}, and sett up a crosse there
with His Majestie's name inscrihed thereon, the said fall*
"being one hundred and fifty myle.-* up from the mouth of the
hay, and where the current there at liis head falieth, with an
easye disceiit, three or foiu" fathomc duwnc into the low
contry.
From the falls our men have heretofore marched (a» the
river led them) about forty or fifty miles, and fownd the
high land woody, little champion,* with rising hills, rockcy
and mouutanous, aud so all along from the noitli, by a
sowth-wost lync, in so much as the more su-ward the further
off &om the bay are those monntayiies ; from them fall cer-
tainc hroolvH, which after come to be five princiimll navigable tl«i^i! «r
rivers,' these run from the nor-west into the so-cst, and su ^••I'^n'S"
into the west side of the bay, as haetinge themselves to
emptye into the bay, to paye their tribute to the ocean.
The mpuntaittcs here at the head are of divers natures, for "^
i The falls git Richmond, about od0 hundred and ten milca from the
mouth of the James Kircr.
' ('hampuign.
a Kow chHuJ Jftiacs Rirtr, Tork Rivor, RapiJHhaaaock, Potomnc, and
PiLluxent Rivers.
nniilbiT. J
u7nr.11. ^^H
■B niKTOUE or nUTAILI
the rocks are of a cona tit ation like nuktonea; 10010 of a
blew metallyue oonlonr, aome of marble, etc ; and many
pieoea of scattered cristall wc find, as thnnrne doimc by
water from the mountaines ; for in wynter these moantjunes
are covered with snow, and when yt dissolreth, the waters
fall with such riolcncc that they cawsc ^rcat inundacions in
the narrowe Tallies, which yet is scarse pcrccaved, being onte
in the river*. Thew; waters whs\i from tlie rocks such glis-
tening tinctures, that the grownd in some places aeemeth as
gilded, where both the rocka and the earth are so Rplendant
to behold, that very good jud^rmcnts would pcrhapps be pw-
Vswaded they conteyned more then probabiUties. Sure it is
that M)mc mincralls hare ben there found.
This high land is, in all likelyhoodc5, a pleasant tract, and
the movld fruictfull, especially what may lye to the so-nard ;
where, at Peccarccamek and Ochanabocn, bj the relation of
Machumps,' the people hare howses built with stone walles,
and one story above another, so taught tbrra by those
Englishe wlioe eaca]}cd the slaughter at Koanonk, at what
tymc tliis our colony, under the conduct of Capt. Newport,'
B««M» of landed within the Chesapeake Bay, where the people breed
•Upm. lane
JU^("t,'"* "P *^™*= torkeis about their howses, and take apes m the
•I'SCwv mountaiiies, and where, at Ritauoe, the Weroance Eyanoco*
**'*^^' preserved seven of the KngUsh alive — fowor mcu, two boyea,
and one yongc mayde (who escaped and fled up the river of
Chanokc), to beat his copper, of which he hnth certaine
myucs nt the said Ritauoe, as also at Pamawauk arc said to
he store of salt stones.
Pokotawes, which the West Indians (our neighbours) call
mais, their kind of wheat, is here said to be in more plcntyc
1 Au Indian subsequently montioncii.
' lo Hi07, Capbim NpwiK>rt sailud in command of » squadron of thr*!©
TC«8cIit, with one httnilred and ten Esttlors, aoO rcacbuil Obcsri[H:akfl llaj
in April of that year. Ho fouudvJ JaiucA Tuwn, — the oldvst BVttloment,
with the excoplioQ «t' .St. Augii^tmc, in tlie United States.
I CommnJiier, or governor, a.i heroaftur dcacribwl.
k
nno vninran.
27
ItiMsin-
then below, aud tUe low country firuicta grow here. It is
supposed that the low laud hath more H&b and fowle, and the
high laud more immher of beasts. Tlie [tcnple diffur not
much in nat^ire, hnbit^ or eondicion, only they are moru dar-
ing up]K>n us; aud before we ei'ected our forts amongst them,
there was ever enmity, aud open warrs, bctweeuo the high and
lowe country, going by the uamesof Mouocausand Powh&tans.
To the norward of the Falls, and . bcnrlijUg to the nor- [
cast, lieth the skirt of this hi^h land country, from whence the
aforesaid live great uangablc rivers take their heads, which
run through the low land [as is before mencyoned) into the
Chcsapcack Bay; this quarter is tiltogithcr uuknowcn to us
as yet, only herein are seated (say the Indians) those people
whom Powhatan calls the Bocootawwonaiikoa, who (he saitli) ^iJr
doc likewise melt copper and other mettalln; how true we j;^^^'^'
must leave to further discovery. — -1
To the nor-ward agaiiic of this, in the height of 44, lycth
the country called Panaquid, the kingdome wherein ourto'uV"
weeterue colony, uppon the river of Saehailchoek,' was somc-
tymc planted, wliich is a high land, and noe lease truictfull
then these other parts, save only the extremity of the winter's
coldness unikcs yt lesse pleasant ; yet did our men, in their
yll built and bleakc cottages, endure one whole wynter there,
without any great losse or danger ; nor is it more cold then
the winter in Scotland; and therefore, though that colouye
he now discontynued, yet is not yt the reaaon, but rather the
death of the honorable gentleman, Sir John Popham, knight,
late lord chief justicCj chief patron of the same.
Now concerning the low land, or Virgiuia, which bordercth S^'USS""'
west and uor-wcst, uppon the Falls, and the country of the ' '"' ''
Monacans and north uppon the Bocootawwanaukes, east upon
the sea, and south uppon Florida, yt may well enough be
UnkcrlicafH.
' The Kcnnobutfk River, whvru a. pluiiMitioii, nnnii;d 8t. George, wiut
fouiwleJ in 13(17, umlur the presidency of lWei|(ti Oilbert nnd Geurge
Puptaiii, tirutlier of Sir Jo!iu, the Lord Chivf Ju»tii,-». Both of thew:
brotliem died ifl the year 1 (i^T.
as
niSTOBIE OF TnWAlLK
Dia.
devidcd into South Virginia and North Virgiuia, the Cbeso-
poack Bay unci Powhatan River parting these twoo-
The cape of this Imy, on the aouth aidoj we call Cape Heury,
in honoiu- of that our most royall [let-eased prince, where the
land shevres white liiUy »a.iii\, like unto the DoAmcs, and all
along the shoare groive g;reat plenty of pines and firrs.
The north foreland of this hay, wliich the Indiana terme
Aceowmack, we call Cape Charles, in honor of our now prince,
at that time Duke of York : witliin these lyea our country,
and only hy the mouthe of tliis goodly bay the entrance there-
unto.
f South Virginia is a very low, sandy soyle, without rocka,
or any stones at all ; yt is thick sett with woodes of divers
kindes, and in nil tilings resemhleth North Virginia, excepted
the lowneaac of the laud and want of stones; yt hath divers
rivers in yt, hut none navigable to our knowledge ; yt hath
many islands, which lie into the sea before the firme land,
hut the water is not deepe for shippingc betweene them and
the mayne. Yt is said to have of the same silke whereof the
Chynoes make theii* damaskc, called hy the Portugalla' gone
del chcrua, in great aboundaunce, and sondiy apothecary
dmg^s, which are nowe found likewise as fi'equent in our
north parte; it is a fruitfull countrey, and not much subject
to cold; in this country it was that Sir Walter Raleigh planted
his two Colonies, in the islande aforesaid, called Roanoack.
No parte of this sowth country is supposed to be under
Sp™im-' I'oTvhatan, but under an absolute Wcroancc, as powerfiill and
ah!s.^*^' great as Powliatan. It shall not full in here bo well at largo
to particulate the bowndes, estate, cnstomes, aud comodityes
'. Thoao words are not Portuguese; nor, as the "del" might at first
lead us to suppcmc, aro thoy Spaniali. Tbo best conjecture the editor
caD ii]ftk« U, that as allusioa is doubtkss uade to tLe silk-grass of tbo
country, the word "cheraa" is a mis-sptlling for "yerba", Sjmnieh ; or
"crlm.", Portuguese: the word "boiio" ih to him utterly uniutelligiblo.
The same words, without any aJteratiou, occur in the duplicate M8. io
the Ai»biaolean <;olItiCtion at Oxford.
INTO VIRGINIA.
29
of this south parte, since yt shaX be exemplified in his due
place in the second booke of this Decade, as yt is already sett
forth and expressed to piiblike vicwe, both in English and
Lntyu, by Thcoilorus ilc Bry' and Mr. Ilurriotts, who w«a u.
planter there one whole yeare ; albcyt I nrnat acknowlcdg the
coleraunce of both the countryes is such, as the relation of
the one maie suffice to give understanding of the coudiciun
and quality of both. _
North Vii^nia lycth on the north side of Powhatan, or the
firat river %nthin the Cbesapeak Bay (which wc have called
the King's River),' up to the Falls,' and from thence by the
skirt of the high land, by the hejules of the rivers, even to
our maync sea, upon the uorthcrne shoare of the which said
King's River (as London upon the Thames) arc seated aa yet
our priucipall towues and forts, which ai'C in chief coni-
maunded by their great kiuge Powhatan, and are compre-
hended under the denomination of Tsenacommacoh, of which
we maye the more by experience spe;ik, yt being the place
wherein our aboad and habitation hath now [well neere) 11^
yeares consisted.
The sommcr here is hot aa in Spainc, the winter cold as in
I'Vaunce or Kngland ; the heate of the sommer is in June,
July, aud August, but comoaly the eool breezes asawage the
vehemency of the heat ; the chief of winter in half December,
Januaiy, "FL'bruary, and half March.
The temperature of this country doth well agree with the
English constituciona, being somctyracs seasoned in the same.
Kalith
Virgin 1a
□rLiuii*.
Nol untltir,
or too at«r,
llir.
TniplUi»,
I A celebrated cngraTcr, bom at LiogG in 1581, died in 1623. lie is
vepGCially kuoHii Tor hla t'asaous collection of "■ OnLuds et Petits Vnyageij",
Fnjikfutt-ou-tiiu-Miuti, Hi^Q-lGM ; 25 (lai-ts, folio, with vuluubU plates,
some of which arc used by Hariot to illnfitrate hia " Eriefe and true
Report of the new found land of Virginia".
'^ Jmne» Rjv«r. * PuIIb at Richmond.
• In the mauuBcript, the word " six" was originally written, but hae
been croBsedoutj and two strokcs,tliU8"ir'. inserted, in a darker coloured
inlE.
30
HISTORtK OF TB^VAILE
wyuJe*.
OinKnR-
liah trviu*
jiinijinT in
vlrKiniiL
which hath appeared untu us by this, that ulbcyt, by inauy
occasions, ill lodging at the first (tlic poorer ou the bare
gruuiid, and the bent iu such miserable cotages at the best,
as through which the fcrrent piercing heat of the sun, which
there (it is true] is the first cause^ creating such sommcr fevers
amongst them, found never resistatmcc) hard fare, and their
owne judgments and saffoties instructing them to workc hard
iu tho taint tynio of sommcr, (the better to be accomodntt^d
and fitted for the wynter,) they have fallen sick, yet hare they
recovered apayne, by very small meanes, without helpe of
fresh diet, or comfort of wholsome phisique, there boiug at
the first but few pliisiqne helpes, or skilfidl Hurgeons, who
knew how to apply the right medecinc in a new country, or
to search the quality and constitucion of the patient, and his
distemper, or that knew how to councell, when to lett blood,
or not, or in necessity to use a launce in that office at all.
In the year 1607 waa an extraordinary frost in most of
Europe, and this frost was found as extreme in Vii^iuia; but
the next yearc following, and so ever since hitherto, for 8 or
10 dayos of ill weather, we have comonly 14 dales of foire and
Bomerly weather.
■ The wyndes here are variable: from the so- west come
the greatest gusts, with thunder and heat; the nor-wcat
wind is commonly coolc, and biingcth fiiirc weather with it:
from the north is the greatest cold ; and from the ea«t and
BOuth-cast [as from the Bei-mudas) foggs mid raines ; some-
tymea there are great droughts, other tymes much rayne ; yet
we see not but that all the variety of needfull fruits and
vegetables, wliieh we transport from hence and plant there,
thi-ivc and prosper well, of which husbandry and thrift we
have made many experiments, and they stand us nowe in noe
little use, hanng plentyc of them ; there is not that seed or
hearb which our country here, by maniuing and cultui-e, bring
forth, but doe there growc likewise quickly, and to no change- ■
able tast from their nature, — nay, to better then in England,!
urro V1BGOIU.
81
— as parsenips, carpotts, tumipH, pumpions, meIlon«, cowcum-
beni, etc., and many of oiir English garden soedcs — par8ley,__J
cudiif, aocory, etc' Tlicrc hath bene brought from the West
Indies the plunt^^ of oraugc trees, which, put into the ^oimd
carelesly and neclectedj hare yet pi-osjieredj as also the vines
of Fraunce, tobacco-seed from Trinidado, cotton, wool, and ^"J^^^oi i
potatoes, we have committed to the triall of our soyle, and pl^J*'
they ycrely come to good passe ; the routes of the delicious Fiwirfi '
Indian pina, sett in a sandy place, thrived, and contynncd
Ufe, without respect had of yt, untill the cold wynter and the
weedcs choaked yt ; yet is this fhiict said to be daintye, nice,
and of that nature, that noe art or industry bath be found
out hitherto that could preserve yt in any clyinnte but in the
West Indie lalauda only. For the likelyhood of growing of
sugar-eaues, we have some probable hopes, by reason of the '^"•^^'J?'
greatiies and swectnes of the stalkc of the country wheat, and •"«"<*'**^
the soile being aromaticall, as 1 may speake, by the gtuta-
Jras, gufbannm mecfioacon, otherwise called ruharbum album,
of which Dr. Bohun made triall in cold and moist bodies, for
the pui^inge of fleame and superfluous matter; as also awhit
bole, which Dr. Bohun calls Terra afia l^rffinenris, both aro-
maticall, and cordiall, and diapliaretick, in pestilent and
malignant fcavers ; and some other driiggs ; it can be but
some litle tyme industriously spent to make tryall of this soe
rich comoditj'e.
The vesture of the earth, in most places, doth maaifestly f* "•jU-'J
prove the nature of the soyle, in most places, to be lusty and
very rich ; tlie coulor of the earth, we find, in dyvers places, ''"*
resemhleth bole armoniack, fullers' earth, marlc, and that
cartli whieli we suppose of the like qiuihty with the Lemuian
terra itt{/itfnta, soc pricefidl and marehautable iu Turkey; as,
likewise, there is a clay which the Indians call assegtjuetk,'
' Chicory.
' This is probably tlm sainu day as that now railed Catiinite, from the
ci:l«l>nit«cl traveller, Oeorg« Ciitliu, who prvscutvd tlic ooljr Uirvo [)icc«s
knonro iu tlxia country, to thu British Museum.
HISTORIB OF miVAOI
itrw-
PUgvM.
whereof they make their tobacco pipes, which is more smooth
and fyuc then I have cllttnhcrc scene luiy. But generally
the earth upon the upper cniBt, ia a black fatt mould ; next,
uudcr that, is a gray sandy iiiarli:^ which, in dyvcrs places, is
a redd sand, and in other phices, a hard chiy ; in some places,
a fatt slimye clay; but the best ground is knowne by bur-
then which it beareth, aa by the greatness of trees or abound-
aunce of wecdes.
This part is not mouutauous; we sometyme meet with
pleasant plaincs, small risingc hilU, and lirtile Tallies, one
cmsffing another, and all watered conveniently with brookes
and springs. By the rivers arc many plaiiic marishes, con-
teyning, some twenty, name one hundred, some two hundred
acres, some more, some lessc ; other playnes there are few,
bnt only where the salvages inhablte, but all overgrowne
with trees and woodes, being a plaine wildemea, as God first
ordcyucd yt.
All the low land of South and Nortli Virginia is conjec-
tured to have bene natiu-jilly gayucd out of the sea; fur the
sea, through Ms impetuous and vast revolntion (who knowcs
' not), savingB upon every coast, in some places wyns, and in
other places looscth ; and wc find irithin the shoarcs of oar
rivers, whole bancks of oysters and acallopps, which lye un-
opened aud thick together, as if there had bene their nntiurall
bedd before the sea left them ; likewise, the fashion of the
earth is in smale risiogc inonnts, which may well be siipposwl
that the violence of the wynd hath eawsed, by drjTing the
light sand togithcr ; moreover, the mould and sword of the
earth is not two foot dcepe all along neore the sea ; aud that
which is, comes only by the grassc, and leaves of trtics, and
such rubbish, rotting upon it in contynuauce of time; for in
digging hut a futliome or two, we commonly find quick sand.
Againe, imder the ci-ust of the surfage, we find not any
stoiius nor rocks (except neern the high land), naio, in must
places to soward, not so much as a pebblc-stonc, which must
proceed through want of tymc, that no duration Imth there
ben wrought ; benides, the water el)bs and flowea well nigh
unto the hcades of iiU the rivers (1 mennc to the falls,
UDto the high laud), and the natives which now people with
us^ on this side bcnenth the said falls, are conccuved not to
have inhabited here belowe much more than three hundred
ypjirs. But al! which we caimot but truly conjecture, that
the upland eoiuitrye is a faier and goodly t*oimtryj more
sweet and wholsome in respect of ayre, and more rich in
9oyle, and fraigbted witlt better comodytics, and those more
neceasar)', besideji the assurance of mineralls, concemiuKC
wliicb we doe ab"eady beare the ludians talltc both of aUuin j i
mines and copper, to the soward, where hath bene autficyent ^y
tyiuo for digestion. AH which wc must submitt to more
cleire discovcrves.
CAPUT n.
Description of tlie five j^riocipall rirera within the Chcsapcalc B&j, toge-
ther with Rucli by-stre&Tnes which fall iiitu thctiii ; h duKeriptioii of
the SaaqucmhaTioug^ of Cape La Wiirro ; thti falling with our cotut;
the fitacB.s of Cii.pe Comfort tu fortefie at.
l«l liiv.r.
On the west side of the bay, wc said were five fairo and
delightfull navigable rivers, of which we will now procecde
to report. The first of these rivers, and the nest to the
mouthc of the bay, hath his course from the west and by
north. Tlie name of this river we call the King's River j^
they call Powhatan, according to the name of a priucipall -niii. ri««r
country that lycth upon the head of yt; the raoiithe of this "^'j'*'"''
river is ueere three myles in breadth, yet doc the shoells force ][iJ^'
the chanuell so neere the land, that a sacre^ will overshoot yt
' Kt>w Jamca River.
' Fdlco ftftcur ; Anglit-A '" Sa,cre", or " wiW, a Hold and active ypeciM
t
J
34
tllSTOIUE Ol" TRATAILR
^- J
at point hUnck. Thin river hfttli a channel!, for a hun
Hinl forty milfMj of di^|)th betwixt seveu aud fifteen fatliomo,
holding iu breadth, for the most parte, two or three miles;
and in which are many isles, both great and small. Yt falle
from rocks far west, in a country inhabited by a nation,
aforesaid, that they call Monacan; but where yt cometh into
our discovery, yt is Powhatan. In the fiirtbeat plaec th
hath been diligently obsuncd, are falls,^ rocks, showlds, cti ^
which makcR yt past navigation any higher; albeit, forty
miles above the said falls, yt hath two branches, or other
rivers," that fall into yt ; the head of the northerraost comes
from eertaine stcepe mountaines, tlint are said to be impass-
able ; the bead of the other comes from high bills afar of,
within the land, from the topps of which hills, the people
saio they see another sea, and that the water is there salt;
and the jonmey to this sea, from the falls, by their accompt,
should be about ten dates, allowing, according to a march,
sijJiK" fourteen or sixteen miles a ilay.' In the runing downe-
ward, the river ia enriched with many goodly brooks, whie^
are maynteyned by an inlimte number of small rundclls
plcasnnt springs, that disperse themaclves for best service, aa
doe the vainr."? of a man's body.
From the south Bide thertj falls into this river, first, the
» The falls at Richmond.
" The Appomatoi and CliiKLiiiolioinmiB rivars.
s Tliis deluaiun geuin^ to have Iieon cnturtatnod for iHEny years ; lor in
a work entitled the "The Discovery of New Brittftintj", piiIjliKtud Iw
John Stephenson, London, IGolj is a map in which " the Sc» of China
ami the ladies" ia hiought olos(» undor the Alloghftiiy mminlainn, with
tho following information attached ; — ^' Sir Francis Dmlce was on this sea. *
and landed in anno 1577, ia 37 dftgroos, wbcro hoc too&e possesion lo^h
the name of Qutii^ci Eliza: civtiing it New Alhion, whose happy sho«r8^|
(in ten dayes inurcli, with fifty footu aud thirty horBBmon, from the hojid^^
of Juaiues River, over those hills aod through the rich adjacent valloyea,
heautyficd with as pr»ffitablo riTcrs which necesj^arity must rim into that
pcnccfuU Iniiian sea) may !}e discovered to thcoxcccdin; hcncfit of Oreat
Brittnine, nnd joye of all tnio Englijdi."
INTO \1R«INIA.
S&
pleasant river of Appamatuck; next (more to the east) are The by-
the two rivera of Quiyoughcolianoclt ;' a little further is at-WohM
bav,* wherein fallcth tlircc or four pretty brookes aud creeks, ""'"■ "*?f, ,
that half eutreuch the iiiliabitaiits of Warraakoyack ; then ^j^.'^w.
the river of Naudsamuud,' and lastly, the brooke of Chesa-
peak.'
From the north side is the river of Chick ahamania, the
black river of James Townc; another by the Cedar Isle,
wherein are great stoore of gooidly oysters ; then a conve-
nient harbour for craves,^ frygatts, or lishcr-bontes, at Kc-
coughtan, the Trhich By-Rill so coaveaieiitly tnmeth yt self
into baieS) covea, and crocks, that the place is made very
pleasant thereby to inhabite, the come fields being circled
therein in manner && so many peniusulaes. The most of
these by-rivers are inhabited by severall nations, or rather
families, taking theire names from those rivers, aud wherein
a severall governour or weroance comaundeth.
The firstj and next the river's mouthe, arc the Kecough- The-
tans, then the Paspahcghes, the Arrohatccks, and the place '^.""-^
called Powhatan. On the south side of tliis river are the
Appamatucks, the Qiuyoughcohanocka, the Warraskoyacks,
the Nandsamnndsj the Chesapeaks; of this hist place, the
bay beareth his name.
Fourteene miles norward ftism the river Powhatan, is the s..iiri.iT,
Pumuikv of
river Pamimck,*^ which we call the Prince's Eiver, navigable *" vnant
sixty or seventy miles with shippcs of good burthen ; bnt
with catches and small barkes, thirty or forty miles fiir-
ther. At the ordinary flowing of the salt water, yt dcvidcth
yt self, at Cinqnotcck, into two gallant brauuches : on the
ttouth bramich cnhabite the people of Yonghtamund; on the
1 Cbipuu-k Cnsuk.
' Which Ktill bean tlic Kami! QUme.
* Probably Elizal>ctli rivor.
6 Craicra (—Old RomanM. A h»j or itci&ck.— J3otfejr.
s Yorkrivisr.
3 Cobhara Bay.
H«w.
Mount,
au-rj
jj. north braunch, Mattapament. On the north syde of this river
biiw^e^'l i* Werowocomoco, where theire great kinge inhabited when
mm^ wc earnc first into the country. Ten or twelve miles lower,
on t]ie south aide of this river, ift Ki^kiak; these, aa also
ApiHiniiituck, Oraimks, ArrohatHck, and Powhatan, are their
great king's inheritance, chief atlinnce, and inliabitaunce.
tlponYmightamnnd is thy seat of Powliatan'« tlireu brethren,
wliorae, M-e kame, are successively to govern after Powbatan,
in the same dominions which Powhatan, by right of birth, as
the elder brother, now holdcs. The rest of the countiyes
under his comand, arc (as they report) his conquests.
Before we come to the third river, that falleth from the
mouutaines, there is another river, which takes not his birth
or head so high, but is only some thirty miles navigable, and
yssuetb from out the riffs and breaches from the iidaud ; the
river is called Payankatank, the inhabitants whereof are but
Jf^r. few (not now above forty or fifty), and are the remaync of
the conquered Kecoughtans, wliome he transported thither;
for in the yeare l(30ti, Powhatan tiurprised the naturall inha-
bitannce of Payankatank, his neighbours and subjects. The
occasion was to iis unknywno ; but the mamier was thus per-
formed. Mrst, he sent divers of his men to lodge amongst
thcu) one night, pretending u general! hunt, who were t«
give the allarum unto au ambuscado of a greater company
within the woodes, who, upon the signo, given at the howei'
appointed, enrironcd all the bowses, and fell to the execution.
Twenty-four meu they kiUl outright [the rest escaping by
fortune and their swift footmansbip) ; and the long hairc of
the one side of their heads, with the skin cased off with shells
or rccdes, they brought away to Powhatan. They surpriseil
also the womeu and childreue and the Weroanco, all whomc
they presented to Puwhataii. The lockes of haire, with their
skynnea, they hanged on a lync betwceae two trees ; and of
tbesi: Puwhatan made oateiitatiou, as of n grcntc triuraphc,at
Werowocomoco, not longc after, shewing them to such the
i
IXTO vmniNiA.
87
English as came unto liim at his appointment, to trade with
lum for cornCj thiacking to have terrified them with this
spectacle, n.ud, iu the midst of their amazement, to liave
Bcascd them ; but, God be prayacd, yt wrought not feare but
oourage in our people, and awaked their discreationa to stand
upon their guard the more cautulously ; and, by tliat meanes,
they came oCf agayue from him, contrary to his purpose.
And let me truly saie, how they never killed man of ours,
but by our men's owue foUy and indiscretion, suffering them-
selves to be beguiled and enticed up into their howscsj with-
out their ai-mcs ; when then (indeed) they have fallen iippmi
them, and knockt out their brnyues, or stuck them fidl o(
arrowes (no force) for their credulity. But of so many men
which the coramou report, out of ignoraimce, gives out here
to have been slayed by those Indians, I would but knowc if
they can name me three men that they ever killed of ours in
skirmish, fort or field, but by thia kind of subtilty iu them
and weakness in ours; and whome the sword of justice wonltl
have cut off (had they escaped the Indians), for adventuring
80 amongst them, either against discipline and the charge
given them, or, indeed, agaiuNt common sense and duty unto
their ownc lyves.
The tliird imvigablc river by the NaturaUa of old was
cfdlcd Opiscatumcck, of lateToppahanock, and we the Queen's
River ;' this is navigable some one hundred and thirty miles.
At the top of yt iuhabitc the people called Mannahoncks,
amongst the mouutajTies, but tliey are above tlie place de-
scribed in Captain Smithe'* mappe. Uppon this river, on
the north side, arc seated a people called Cuttatawomcu, with
thirty tighting men ; higher on the river are the Moraugbta-
cunds, with thirty able men ; beyond them Toppahauock, with
one hundred men ; far above ia another Cuttataworacn, writh
twenty men ; ou the south, far within the river, is Nand-
taughtiicund, having one himilrcd and fifty men; this river
' Now cfcUcd Rappttbanaock ri?cr.
Tin.
toLBbi (Bills.
SB
inSTOTHK OP TRAVAILB
rirvr.
The
also, as the former, hath her burthen extraordinary both of_
fish and fowle.
The fourth river is called Patawomeck/ and we call Eliza-
beth Rircr, and is six or seven miles iu breadth ; yt is navi-
gable one liuuircd and twenty miles, and fed, as the rest, with
many sweet rivers and springs, wliicb fall from the bordering
hills; many of them arc ^ilanted, and ycld noc Icsse plcntyo
and variety of fruict then the other rivers; yt exceedeth with
aboundance of fish, and ia inhabited on both sidea : first, on
the south side, at the very entrance, is Wighcocomoco, and
SUiumi., widch hath some one hundred and thirty fighting men ; be-
yond that is Cekakawwon, with thii'ty men ; then Onawma-
nientj with one hundred men; then Satawomcck, with one
hundred and sixty able men : here doth the river devide j-tself
into three or four convenient rivers; the greatest of the least
ia called Quiyou^li, tending nor-wcst, but the river ytself
tumeth nor-east, and is still a navigable streme. Oa the
wcatcmc Jiiidc of this bought- is Taxcncnt, with forty able men;
somewhat further is Potapoco, with twenty men. In the east
parte of the bought of the river is Pamacocack, \Tith sixty
men; after Moyoones, with one hundred men; and lastly,
Naeothtank, with eighty able men. Tlie river, ten miles
above this plncc, makcth his passage downe a low plewraud
valley, overshadowed in many places with high rocky moun-
taiues, from whence distill innumerable sweet and pleasant
springs.
Within thia river Captain SamueU Argoll, in a small river
AriKoiiMi*. fl-iiich the Indiana call Oeniho, anno IGIO, trading in a bark
»^"riv^r. called the Discovery, for corne, with the great king of Pota-
woraeek, from him obteyned well neere four hundred bushells
of wheat, pease, and bcaucs, beside many kind of furrs, for
nyne pounds of copper, four bunches of leads, eight do^n of
hatchetts, five dozen of knives, four bunches of hells, one
dozen of cizcrs, all not much more than 40s. English ; as also
' Tbo Fotomftc. * The same && "biglit", b baud or iudcntaUun.
Capiun
SniniiHll
INTO \1I10INIA.
39
I
from the said kiiig^s brothor Tupassmts, Icing of a place called
Pflstanzo, recovered au English boy, called Henry Spilrann, I'l;^,^!*''
vrho had lived amongst tbcm one whole ycare, and despayring o^Kta^or
of ever seeing his native country, his father's bowse, (for he
wits discended of a gcntill family) , or Christiims any more ;
likewise here Captain Argoll found a myne of antimonye ^J^'"'
{which seldome goes imaccompanycd with quicksilver) , as also lf\<^^
a kind uf hevy black sand upon the hancks, whichj being
washed, weyed maasy with lead.
The fiftc river is called Pawtusimt, and is of a lessc pro- Pnwtowmi
. or tbp
portion then the rest, but the channcll is sixteen or eighteen oi»kP»
fathomc deepo in some places ; here are infinite aculla of divers
kynds of fish more than elsewhere. Upon this river dwell
the people called Acquintanacsuck, Pawtuxunt, and Slattapa- tl-
ment ; two hundred men was the greatest strength that could
be there pereeavcd by oiu* dUcoverics, but they inhabite to-
gether, and not so dispersed as the reat ; these, of all other,
were found the most civile to give eutertainroent, and there-
fore from them we rcccavcd fjreat curtesie and much good
clieare.
Thirtye leagues norward is a river not inhabited,' yet aavi-
gable, by reason of the red cfirth or clay resembling bole-
armoniack ; the discoverers called yt Bolus. At tho cud of
the bay (where is six or seven niilc«> in breadth) there fall into
yt four small rivers, three of them yssnyug from divers boggs,
envyroned with divers raoantaiucs. Uppon the river iuhaldtc
ft people called the Sasqncsahnnoiigs ; they are seated two
daycs higher tlien was passage for the discoverers' barge j how- TLc(i«»ori|H
beyt, sixty of the Snsqncsnhanougs came to the discoverers t*"'!"**
with skynns, bowcs, arrowcs^ targctts, swords, bcadca, and to-
bacco-pipes for presents. Such great and well-proportionetfil
men are seldome scene, for they seemed like giants to the
English, — yea, and to the neighbours, — yett seemed of an
honest and simple diaposicion, with much adoe restrajTicd
' The Susi|ueha.iiunh river.
Wp now cftU
it HuwHnI
river.
40
HISTOKIB or TKAVMLK
^ from adoring the discoverers as f^ods, Tlicse arc the most
straimg people of all those comitrycs, both in Un^iage and
attiro; for their hingiifigc yt may well bcseeme their proiior-
tions, soundiug from them m j't were a fj^cat voice in a vault
or cave, as an eccoe : their attire is the skyna of licarea and
woulvcs ; some hnvo cassockH made of bcarcs' hides oud skyns,
that a man's neck goeth through the akynn's meek, and the
eares of the hearc are fastened to his f>houliIer8 l>chinil, the
nose and teeth hanging duwne his brest, and at the end of
the nose hangs a bear's patv; the half slocvcs cominge to the
elboe were the necks of heares, and the armes through the
mouth, with paM'es hanging in a chaine for a Jewell ; liia to-
bacoo-pipc thi-oe quarters of a yard long, prittely carved with
a bird, a dcnre, or with some such devise, at the great end,
snfticient to beat out the brayiiea of an horse. Likewise their
howett, and arrowes, and eliibbs, are sutable to their grcatncs ;
these are scarse knowne to Powhatan. They can make well
neare GOO able ami mightic men, and ore pallisadodc in their
townes to defend them from the Massawomecka, their mortall
enemyes. Five of these cliief Weroances came aboard the
discoverers, and crossed the bay with them in their barge: the
picture of the greatest of them is here portrayed [See piate]:
ihti calf of whose leg wa« three qiinrtcra of a yard about, and
all the rest of his Ipnes so answerable to that proportion, that
he seemed the goodliest man they ever sawe ; his haire the
one syde was long, the other shome close, with a ridge over
his croTvne like a coxcomb ; his arrowcs were five quarten
long, lieaded with flints or splinters of stones, in forme like n
heart, an incc broad, and an ynch and a half or more long;
these be woi-e in a woolve's skjn ou his back for his quiveTi
his bow in the one hand and Ids club in the other.
TookwojEb, On the east side of the bav, is the river of Tockwouah,' and
cjUH,.iopy iippoii yt a people that can make a Inmdred men, seated
acme seven miles within the river, where they have a fort
1 CSiostcr river.
Ftrm !.•/ }
A :-us-,,;rs;--ANNA--
IWTO VIRGINIA.
•ii
very well pftUisadode, and mantelletl with the bark of trees;
next to them arc tlic Oziuies, with sixty men; more to the
south of that cast side of the bay, is the river of Kuscnra-
woak/ upon whieli is seated a people witli two hundred men;
after that, is the river of Wicocomaco,^ and ou it a people
with one huudred men. The people of these rivers arc of a
little statiu'c, and of anotlier hmgiiagc from the rest, and
very rude ; but they on the river of Accohanock/ with forty c^J^miui
men, and they on the river of Accomack, with eighty menj k^4cw!^
doc cqualiijie any of the territories of Powhatan, and speaV Wighoow-
* "^ I1J»W flu.
his language, who, over alt those, doth rule aa kingc.
Southward, they went to some parts of Chawonock and the Sw")^^'
Mangoangs, to search them there left by Sir Walter Raleigh;
which parts, to the towue of Chesapeack, hath formerly
bene dlscoveretl by Mr. Harriotts and Sir Ralph Lane."*
Araongst those people, are thus many severall nations, of
aondry languai^es, which environ Powhatan's territoriea: the f^^
Chawonoeks, the MangoaugSj the Monacans, the Mannacans, i^mlllL*.
the Mannahocks, the Sasqucsahanougs, the Acquanachuks,
the Tockwoghcs, and the Nuskarawaoks. Of all these, not
any one undcrstandcth another, but by interpreters ; their
sererall habitations are more plainly described by the annexed mrm" ^V.
raappe, set forth by Captaiu Smith, of whose paines taken sid^X **"■■!
hcrciuj I leave to the censure of the reader to judge. Sure i '■ ' "
am there will not retiirue from thence, in hast, any one who
hath bene more iudustrious, or who hath had (Captain Geo. c»pi. Oifnv
Percie excepted") greater experience amongst them, however
misconstmction maye traduce here at home^ where is not
' Uhoptn.nk river. ^ This rivor utill bears the snmB □smo.
' TtuB river still bears the a«iue name.
* He ftccoinpamed Sir Richard GrenTiIio as Lieutenant-miuWr iu bis
TOjago of 1 58r».
S Ottpt^iu George Pure; held the tcmporajpf pronidencj; of tbo colon;
on two ocoaflions, viz., on the departure of Captain John Ruiith m KlOB,
and OD tbc return of Lord Uiilawanr to If sgland, on account of ill health,
inKUl,
4»
HISTORIE or TRAVAILS
From
AcDuwmiMk
rouMtSi the
way ilLinu"
CniiL (lu«-
easily seene the mixed aiiffcrouncea, both of body and mynd,
which is there daylie, nud with no few liazar<l8 and hearty
gricfca undergo)!.
Tlie mappe will likewise present to the eye the way of the
mounta^.-nes, and current of the rivers, with their seversi]
tnraingSj bayes, shoulders, isles, inlctts, and crockcs, the
breadth of the waters, the distances of places, and such like.
In which mappu, observe tkisj tliat, as fur as yon sec the Little
crosses, either rivers, mountainea, or other places, have dis-
covered; the rest was had by infunnacion of the salvadges,
and are set downe accordiuge to their instnicciuns.
Likewise, from the north point of our bay, which (as afore-
said) the Indians call Accowmack, and we Cape Charles,
hath the coast all alon^ bene discoverftil, evfin to the river
of Saclmdehoe ; for Captaiu j-VrjjuU, iu his returne from the
search of the BL'rmndaSj anno 1610, after he had lost Sir
George Somers, 28 July, iu a dangerous fojjg, well beaten
to and fro, fell with the raayne, standinge for Cape Cod, and
made good, from 44 degrees, what Captayne Bartho. Gosnoll'
and Captayne Waymouth' wanted in their discoveries, ob-
serving all along the coast, and drawing the plotts thereof, as
he steered homewardes, unto our bay ; and divers tymes went
ashore, offering acquaiutanucc and trade unto the people:
aud iu the latitude of 39 discovered another goodly bay,'
* In 1602 Captain Ooanold Buihd with thirty-two men rtirect acrou
the ocean and came upon cLe tionst of MassachufiottH, and after sailing
onward aome time, rijjLched a Ijold promontoiy, which, from the grent
quantity of Hah <;au^ht in the vidnity, he nn.mu(j Citfte Cod ; th^nco,
" trending the coaiit southerly," he entered Uuzzaid'H Bay\ tidjoiaiiig
Bbode island, which he named " OoMUolJ'a Hope." Sco " A briofe and tree
relation of tlio discoverie of the uorth part of Virginia made IhLi present
yoar." By J. Brereton. 1602, 4to.
3 See a narmtive of this voyage, in a work entitled " A truu nslatioa
of liiio most prosperous voyage tniide this present yearc ICOS, by Captaiu
George Waymouth iu the discovery of tho land of Vii^inia. Written by
J. R«fiicr, a gentleman employed Iu the vojagu. Lontiiui, iuipetisict Geo.
Bishop. 1605, 4to. 8 Detawiire liay.
iato which fell mnuy taylcs of ftiirc and largo rivers, aud
which might make promiae of some westerly passage; the
capo wUuryyf, in 38^, lie callcil Cajic liawar,' from which, not
fftr ofi^ lay a faicr banck into the sea, as upon the Newfound-
laud, where he hawlud eKcelletit fish, both IioUihut, cod, and
Ung, of which he brought an essay and tast of two hiinitred
couple into the colony ; an excellent fish, and of such a kind
that will kcepe n whole yeoro in shipp'a hold, with little care,
a trial! whereof Im lord»hippc likewise brought with him into
England; and nppnu the shoarGS, in divers places, he killed
great store of scales.
CJonceminpc the falling with oor ownc coaat, yt is true ""^t*(!rtoii
that thea-e canuot be a bolder shoare to come iii, withall, in "^"^
any couutry in the world ; for, firsts before we come in sight
of yt thirty leagues, we smell a sweet savour^ as ia usually
&om off Cape Vincent, the south cape of SpajTio (if the wynd
come &om the shoarc) ; besides, wc have chaiingc of water,
and sounding at twenty-five fatlioms, twenty leagues off.
The coast of South Virginia, from Cape Henry, Uclh tioutli 'H^h^^"
and north, next hand some seven leagues, where there goeth ''^•''""'
in a river* (aa in ncereat gesscd by the Chawouockn and Man-
goangs), but it is not navigable far ; all along this coast, for
seven leagues, we have seven and eight fatliome of water,
within one Ica^e of the shoare, one not farre. More to the
southward of this iu-lett river, is a cape of an island called
Croatoau, which cape is that which we call the South Cape
of Virginia ; beyond which capo, so-ward and no-west of this
cape, or Croatoan, lye ccrtaync smalc islands {as before
rememhrcd), that front the coast of the raayue ; hut the sea
hotwt'cne the mayoe aud them^ in not for any shipping to
passe. Into this shallow sea, there falls divers rivers from
the mapic, wMch the salvadges have discribed unto us, and
plentjx of people thercou.
If we come in with the Chosapoak Bay open, our sound-
1 Mow Cftpe HcQlopon. ' Oiimtuck tnlet.
uJ
Bow oar
tmOqNa
<><7^ inga arc Rflccnc fatliome to &ve ,- but if we hit the channell,
we havu no Icssc than scvcu or eight fathomc ; soc jl is all
over bold inough, baring neither ledgea of rocks, no barren,
no ttandy shulft-s, but the bottom even and plainc.
Our two capes. Cape Henry and Cape Charles, doe lye no-
east and by east, and BO--we»t ; and they be distant each from
other, in brcadch (where the sea runs in bctwccne both lands,
so making our bay, and only entrance into our country), as
broad as may be bctweenc Qiiinborowgh and Lee.
Poiiiicom- When we come in with Cape Hcnrr, we have six, seren,
nioniiwa aij,j e3"ht fathomc, to the iwint at the bottomc of the bay
fort^. j^jj^ mouthe of King's River, into which all shippes that will
eoter, must borrowe soe much of the shoare, as to come
within little lease then musquett shott of the point, by reason
of the showldcs lying uppon the «othemc shoarc ; by which
majt be observed howe convenient aiul necessary a pointe
that is for a substanciall furtifieaciou to be raised, to secure all
the other forts and townes upon this river from what enemies
soever.
CAPUT III.
I
Of tho bogjDQing and origioall of the people ; the great King Puwhataa,
his dBHcripUoQ, imJ luilc of bis birthright to tho Knglbh.
Pwiwrivi- It were, perhappes, to curious a thing to demand, how these
oriKiiMBi. people might come first, and from whome, and whence, to
inhabite these so far remote, westerly parts of the world,
having no intercourse with Africa, Asia, or Eiu'ope ? And,
considering the whole world, eo many yeai-cs {by all kuow-
ledg receaved) was supposed to be only eonteyned and dr-
curascribed in the discurercd and knowuc travaylod bounds
of those thrco, according to that old conclusion in the scholcs :
Qiiicquid pratfr Africam et Ettrojtam est, Asia est, — whatso-
ever land doth nt-ithcr apperteyae unto ^yhck nor to Kuropc,
dm
INTO VWODfU.
46
I
I
I
is part of Atm. As ulso to qucatiou how that it should be,
tliat they (if descended from the people of the first creation)
sho\dd miiiiitaync so gcuerall aiid grosse a defection from the
true kuowlcdg of Ciod, with one kind, as it were, of rude and
savadge lief, customes, maaners, and religion, it being to he
gnKintcd that (with us), infaUahly thcj had one and the
same discent aud IjegjTiiunge from the universall deluge, in
the scattering of Noiih, his children, and ncjihewcs,' with their
&milieii (as Utile colonies), some to one, some to other hordeni
of the earth, to dwell ; as in Egypt (so writing Burosus''),
Eseniua and his household tooke up their inhabitation ; in
Libia and CjTcne, Tritanos ; and Ln all the rest of Africa,
Jupctus Priscus ; Attalaas in the east Asia ; Ganges, with
some of Comerus Gallus' childrene, in Arabia Felix, within
the confines of Sabea, called the frankincense-bearer ; Canaau
in Damascus, unto the utmost bounds of Palestine.
But it is observed, that Cham* and hia famcly were the
only far travellers and straglers into divers and unkiiowue
countryes, searching, exploring, and sitting do^vuc in the
same; aa also it is said of his £smely, that what countrye
soever the childrene of Cham happened to [wssessc, there
I>eganne both the ignorannce of true godliness, and a kind
of bondage aud slavery to be taxed one upon another ; aud
that noe inhabited countries cast forth greater multitudes to
range aud stray into divers remote regitjus, then that parte
of Arabia in which Cham himself (coustrayncd to flyc, with
wief and childrene, by re^iaon of the mocking he had done to
' ft. & grandBoni).
' Borosus, a Chaldioan, astronomer, an J historiaa, aad priest of Belus,
lived, it is thought, about the time of Alexander. Some couiidcr llic
astXYmoTnor uiifi histin-ian different pi5r«oiis. In 154S, ,\nniu3 of Viltrbo,
piihlished a hiatory, in live booke, under the namonf Berosus, the faUily
nf trbicli was boqu cU^covcrod. It is from this spurious publication tluit
Strachcy derives his learning on the Bubjoct of the dispersion of the des-
cendants of Noah. Rce said vrorh, under the diviaion, ' Qonoaloj^ pri-
morum ducuiu post diluvium."
' Bud.
46
HisToRiB or nuv&nM
his father) tooke into poMes«ion ; so great & misery (saieth
Bocm of Auba') brought to mankind the unsatisfied wnnder-
ing of that one man ; for, first from him, the ignorance of
the true Horuhip of God tooke bc^inninge, the inventions of
hcathcuismc, and adoration of falce gods, and tlie dcvill ; for
he himself, not ftpplying him to le^me from his father the
knowlcdg and presuribcil worsliip uf the otcrnall God, the
God of lus fathers; yet, by a fcarefiill and anpcrstitious in-
stinct of nature, carrj'ed to ascribe tmto some supematurall
power a kind of honour and reverence not divout, to kuowe
the essence and quality of that power, taught his iraecessours
uewc and demised maimer of God's sacrifices and ceremonies,
and which he might the easier impre^se into the chilfb%nc,
by reason they ■were carryed wit^ him so yong anaye from
the elders, not instructed nor seasoned first in theirc true
customcs and religion. Insomuch as then we may conclude
that, from Cham and his tookc birth and begiuainge the fii-st
univcrsall confusion and diversity which ensewed afterwards
throughout the whole worhl, e»peeiidly in diviue and sacred
matters; whilst it is said againc of the childrene of Sem and
Jnpbet, how they, being taught by their ciders, and content
with their ownc lymitts juid confines, not travelling beyond
them into new countries, as the other, rctayned still, nntill
the comynge of the Messiah, the only knowledge of the ctcr-
uall and never- changeable Trinity.
By all which, it is very probable, hkewise, that both in the
travailes and idolatry of the famcly of Charo, this portion of
the world westward from Africa, upon the Atlantique sea,
heciime both jieoplcd and instructed in the forme of the pro-
phano worsLipj and of au iiulvnowen deity. Nor is yt to be
wondered at, where tlic abused Trinity of religion is suffered
' John-nnes Boherahia AubtLnu?, aa tmmed from his birth-place, Anb
nr Auw, a town situatud i>u the Gcillnch in Bavarm. Soc bin work 8S
tniti!iluli;il hy Luciu Fauuo into Italian, " Oli Costumi, l{) Loggi et Usame
di tutto Ic Gcnti." Venice, l&OO. Lib. i, cap, 1.
:XTO VIROINEA.
47
I
to perish, if men, in Oieir owiie inventions and lives, become
so grosse and barbarous, as (by reading the processc of tliis
history will hardJy be pcrceaved) what difference maye bo
betwcene them and bnite blasts, somctymes worshipping
brute beasts, uaic, things more rile, and abhorring the in-
bredd motions of natiu^ it aelf, with such headlong and
bloudye ceremonies of" ill and act.
13nt how the vagabond race of Cham might discend into
this newe world without furniture (as maye be questioned) of
shipping, and mcanes to tempt the seas, togither how this
great continent, decided from the other tbtee, should become
fttoitred with beasts, and some fowle, of ouc and tbc same
kind with the other parts, especially with lions, beares, deare,
wolves, and guch like, as from the first creation tooke bcgin-
ninge in their kiudj and after the generail flood were not
anewc created, nor have their begynning or generation (aa
some other) ex putredine ei sole, by cormption and heat, let
mc rcfcrrc ihc reader to the search of A^osta, in his i. bookc,
cap. 20, 21, of liis morrall and natm-all hiatorj' of the West
Indies ; who hath so ofQcyonsly laboured herein, as he should
but bring owles to Athens, who shonld study for more strayncd
or newe authority concerning the same.
Thus much, then, niaie, in brief, be said and allowed con-
cerning their originall or first begynning in generail, and
which maye well reach even downe unto the particular inha-
bitants of this particuler region by us discovered, who cannot
be any other then parcell of the same and first mankynd.
Coucerniug themselves more especyally, and their division, ^Mj
as we find them in these provinces where we are, wc maye Jt^i^.^,
well say how this tract or portion of land, which we call Vir- "hTtftil?.
ginia Britannia, — by the inhabitants, as aforesaid, Iscnacom-
niacah, — is governed, in chief, by a great kinge, by them
called by sonilry names, according to bis diversi places, qua-
£onoui-s by himself obtejiied amongst them, either
!our, his government, or some such like goodnes.
PnlkaRn,
Uiiff,«b«ii
twrna and
bo* dUoMt-
tmaaj iw-
nil pn>-
*etl»bb
Unji-riicbt
Bi«lfadi
■BBftUoa.
which they axe to Rdmirc and comend to succeeding tymea
-with tncmoniblc titles, mnd so comonly they of greatest
merritt amongst them nspire to mauy name«.
The great cmperour at this time amongst them, we com-
ondly call Powhatan, for by that name, true yt is, he was
made knowuc imto us when we arrived in the country first,
and so, indeed, he was generally called when he was a yong
man, &» biking his dcnomiuation irom the country Pouliatan,
wherin he was home, which is ahorc the Falls, as before men*
tioned, right a\'cr aneiiist the islands, at the head of uur river,
and which place, or birth-right of his, he sold, anno 1609,
about September^ unto Captain Francys West, otir lord gene-
rail's brother, who therefore erected there a fort, eniliiig yt
West's Fort, and sate Imuself down there with one hundred
and twenty English ; the inhabitants tliemsclres, es]>e^ally
his frontier neighbour pniiec, cull him still Powhatan ; his
owne people sometimes call him IHtaninck, sometyme Mama*
natoM'ick, wliich last signifies "great king"; but his proper
right name^ which they salute him with (himself iu presence),
is Wahuuitenacawb.
Tlie greatncs and boimdea of whose empire, by reason of
his powerfulnea and ambition in his youthj hath larger lymitts
then ever had any of Lis predicessors iu former t\Tncs, for he
seemes to comaund south and north from the Mangoages and
Chawonoaks bordering upon Roanoake, and the Old \'irginia,
to Tockwogh, a towne pallisadode, standing at the north end
of the bay, in forty degrees or thereabouts; south-west to
Anoeg (not expressed in the mappe), whoae bowses are built
as ourSj ten dales distant from us, from whence those Wcro-
auces sent unto him of their comodityes; as Weinock, a ser-
vant, in whtKn Powhatan reposed much trust, would toll our
elder planters, and could repeat many wordcs of their lan-
guage he Iiad learned among them in his yinployinent thither
f(Mr his kinge, and wlu-nre he oftpn rcturnedj full of presents,
to Powhatan, west to Monahasaanugh, which stands at the
INTO VlftGINlA.
49
I
I
I
I
foote of the mountaines; nor-wcst to the borders of Massa-
womeck and Bocootawwonough, his cnerayea; nor-CR*t and
by east to Accohauockj Accowmack, and some other potty
nations^ lying on the east side of our hay.
He hath divers seates or howse*: his chief, when we came wbiwhow.
into the country, was upon Pamunhy River, on the north side fC'tf^'
or Pcmhrook side, called Wcrowocomoco, which, by interpre- nMiuTiSed.
taciou, signifieM kinges'-Unwse; howiieit, not likiJig to ne^h-
bour 80 neere us^ that house being within some fifteen or sis-
teen miles where he saw we purposed to hold ourBelvesj, and iimiiiTri
from whence, in six or aeven howors, we were iible to visite oirm-i;, np-i
his nawuib
him, ho removed, aud ever since hath most wiiat kept at a
place in the desarta called Orapaks, at the top of the river
CliickahamaiuH, betweene Voughtamuud and Powhatan. He i<„«i,«ta„',
is a goodly old man, not yet shrincking, thoug^h well beaten ""^^ ""^
with many cold and stonnyc winters, in which he hath bene
patient of many ncresnityc8 and attempts of his fortune to
make his name and faracly great, lie? is supposed to be little
Jesse than ci^rhty yearcs old, 1 dare not sayc how much more ;
others aaye he is of a tal! statiire aud cleane lymbes, of a sad
aspect, rowiul fatt viaagcd, with gmie haires, but plainc and
thin, hanging upou his broad showldcrs; some few linLTCsupoQ
Iiis chin, and so on his upper lippe ; he hatli bene a strong and
able salvadgc, synowye, aud of a daring spirit, vigilant, ambi-
tious, subtile to enlarge his dominions : for, but the coun-
trj'es Powhatan, Arriihatock, Appamatnck, Paniiiiky, Yoiight-
tunund, and Mattapamicnt, which are said to come unto liim
by inhoritance, all the rest of the tenitories before named
and expressed in the mappe, and wliich are all adjoyning to
that river wbcreon we art) aeated, they report (as is likewise
before remembred) to have been cythcrby force subdued unto
him, or through fcairc yeildcd : criicU be hath bene, and quar-
rellous as well with his owne weroanccs for trilHcs, and tbat
to strike a Usrrour and awe into them of hia power and eon-
1 Cbieotnabominia.
50
HlffrOUB OP TKAViULK
mi
UlbleltM.
dicion, OS nlfto with liis neighbours in his yongcr days, though
now delighted in sccuii^ and pleasore, and therefore tstanda
upon reasonable condicions of peace irith all tlie great and
absolute wcroanccs about him, and is likewise more quietly
settled amongst his owne.
Watchfull he ia over us, and kcepea good espyall upon our
proceedings, concerning which he hath his sentinells^ that at
what t^Tue soever any of our boats, piuacies, or shtppes, come
in, fall downe, or make up the river, give the alarum, oud take
it quickly one fi^m the other, untill it reach and come even
to the court or hunting bowse, wheresoever be and his ero-
noccocs, that is, councellours, and priests are, and then he calls
to adinsc, and gives out dircccions what is to be done, as more
fearing then harmed, at any tVTne, with the danger and mis-
chief which he saith we intend unto him, by taking awaye
his land from him and conspiring to surprize him, which M-e
never yet ymngiued nor attempted, and yet, albeit, the con-
ceipt of as much strongly possesaeth liim : he doth often send
unto us to tenipurize with us, awarting perhapjis a fit oppor-
tunity (inflamed by his furious and bloody priests) to offer
us a tast of the same cuppe which he made our poore country-
men drinck of at Ronoak,' not yet seeming willing to hold
any open quarrell or hostilitj- -with us ; but in all ad\'imtages
wliich he sometymes takes against our credulous and beguiled
people, he hath yet alwaics ao carrii'il as, uppon our complaint
to him, yt is rather hiycd uppoQ some of liis worst and im-
ruly people of which he tells us ; even our King James
(coramaunding so many divers men) must have some irrcgu-
ler and unruly people, or ells uppon some <tf his pettie
wcroauces, whome, pcradventurc, we have attempte<i [saieth
he) with oETencea of the like nature, then that rt is any act
of his, or done by hia coramaund, or according to his will,
often flattering us that he will take order that it shall be nu
mure hoc, but that the Tassantasses, that is, tlio stranger
King James his people, and his people shalbc all one, bro-
1 The colony plautcd bj Sir Walter Raleigh, which Powhatau dostrojcd.
A.
INTO VIEOINU.
51
tliera and friends ; and thtis ho served us, at what time he
wrought the Chick ahamiucs (a nation, as wc have learned
before the coraingis in of xis, so far from being his subjects,
as tliey were ever his enemies) into a hatred of iia (bcin^ a
mighty people and our neighbours) , and ua into the suspition
of them, by urging them to betniy such of our men as traded
with them for come, throe whereof (yt is true) they slew
without cause or offence given, and had done as much for
the rest, had not their owne feare and cowardize witldield
them, and this he wholly laid uppon them, excusing hiraacif
to us bv their nomber and unmlincs^ vca, soc far lie will goe
herein somctyme, that when some of his people have done us
wrong, and by has provoking too, he will not faile miderband,
after the fact, to tell us the authcrs of our wrong, ^^"ing us
leave, and bidding us revendge us upon them, of such sub-
tile understanding and poUitique carriage is he.
In all his ancyent inheritances he bath bowses buUt after hib ouenA-
their manner, and at every bowse provision for his enter- r"*^"-
tainmcut according to the tymc. About his person ordinarily
attcndcth a guard of forty or fifty of the tallest men his coun-
try doc affourd. Every night, upon the four quarters of his
howse, are four centiuells drawen forth, each standing from
other a flight sliott; and at every half houre, one from the
corps da guard doth haUowe, unto wboiue every seutiuell
retiuTies answere roiind fi-om his stand ; yf any fayle, an
officer is prcscntlye sent forth that beateth liim cxtrcamlyc.
The word weroance, which we call and constcr for a king, Themmn.
is a comon word, wlicreby they call all comauiiders, for they wi^' *■"«•
^ ^ ounce.
have but fewe words in their hmguagc, and but few occasions
to use any officers more then one comaunder, which comonly
they call weroance.
It is strange to see with what great feare and adoration all tii.? .lutir
this people doe obey this rowliatan, for at his feete they pre- ""™J''"=''
sent whatsoever he eomunndcth, and at the least frowiic of i^j^tlX^u
his brow tlic greatest will tremble, yt may be, because he is p"wh*[l!!.v.
52
HISTOftlB OF TRATAILB
Tery terrible, and iucxorabic in puiiitiliiug: such as offend
liim; for example, ho caused ecrtAine mnlefartors, at what
tymcCaptniu Smith wa^ priaoncr with liim, (imd to the ^^ight
of (li^iTh" whereof Captain Smith, for some purpose, was brought^ to
oJ^"^™" be bound hand and foote, wlien certuine officers appointed
thenmto, having from many tiers gathered great store of
burning wjalea, riikcil the coales rounde in forme of a coclt-
pitt, and in the middst they cast the oiTenders to broylc to
death. Some tyraee he canseth the headda of them that ofi'end
to be lard npon the aulter or siicHfictng stone, and one or
two, with cluhbsj beat out their braynes. When he would
punish liny notorious enemye or trespasser, he causeth him
to be tyed to a tree, and with muscle-shells or recdcs tlie
executioner cuttcth off his joints one after another, ever cast-
ing what ia cutt of into the Uer ; thtn doth he procccdc with
shells and reedes to case the skyn from his head and face;
after which they rip up his belly, teare out his bowells, and
so bnrne him with tbe tree and all. Tims themselves re-
ported, thrtt they executed an Eiiijlishimm, one George Caw-
son, whom the women enticed up from the barge unto their
howses, at a place calleil Appocant. llcwbeit, his ordininy
correction is to have an offender, whome he will only punish
and not put to death, to be beatten with eudgells as the Turks
doe. We have seene a man kneeling oi\ liis knees, and, at
Powhatan's eommaund, two men have beaten him on the
hare skjii till the skyn have ben all bolleii and bliatered, and
all on a goare blood, and till he liath fallen senceles in a
swound, and yet never cryed, complayiied, nor seemed to ask
pardon, for that they seldom doe.
And sure yt is to be wondrcd at, how such a barbarous and
xineivill prince should take unto hiui (adorned and sett forth
with no greater outward ornament and munificence) a forme
and ostentation of Hijch maiiistieasheexpresseth, which oftcn-
tymes strikes uwc and siifficyent wonder in our people pre-
senting themselves before himj but such is {I believe) the
M
impression of the Divine nature, and however these (as other
hejttliens forsaken by the true light) have not that porcion of
the knowing bleased Christian spiritt, yet I ara pcrswaded
there is aa ini'uscd kind of diviuitiea and extraordinary (ap-
pointed that it shidl be so by the King of kings) to such who
are his ymedyate iustrumenls on eiirth (liow wretched soever
otherwise under the curse of misbelief and infidelity), as it is
in the psalme, Di;ci ros sicui D'lj estis, to governe and dwell
in the eyes and countenances of princes. Somewhat maye
this catagraph or portratnre following serve to expresse the
presentment of this great king Powhatan.'
According to the order and custome of sensuall heathen- ','^J^"'^J''
isme, in the allowance of poligamie, he may have aa many '^"«**'
women as he -will, and hath {as is supposed) many more then
one hundred, all wluch he dotli not kcepe^ yet as llic Turk,
in one seraglia or howsCj but hath an appointed number, which
reoide still in every tlicir severall places, amongst whome,
when he lyeth on his bedd, one sJttith at his head and another
at his feet; hut when he aitteth at meat, or in presenting
liinjaeKto any straungeps, one sitteth ou his right hand, and
another ou his leaft, as is here expressed [See plate].
Of hi« wonicu, there are said to be abontc some dozen at
this present, in whose company ho takes more delight then
in the rest, being for the most parte very young women, and
tliese oonimonly remove with him from howse to liowse,
cythcr in his tymc of hunting, or risitacioii of his severidl
liowses. I obteyneJ their names from one Kemps, an Tndiim,
who died the last ycarc of the survcye at Jamcstowue, after
he had dwelt with us ahnost one whole yeai-e, much made of
by our lord geneniU, and who could speake a pretty deale of
our English, and came orderly to chiu-ch every day to prayers,
and observed with us the keeping of the Sabbothe, both by
ceas^ing from labour and repairing to churcli. The names of
the women I have not thought altogither amisse to Rett downe
as he gave tliem unto mc, and as they stood formost in hts
1 The portrait ia not given.
54
UI:ST0R1£ OF TUAVAILE
king's uffcction, for they observe ccrtainc degrees of greatnes
according to the nccrcncs tbey stand in their prince's love
and amorous entertainment.
Tlir namr*
n r lom'' lit
liUaouiurn.
Winganuske.
jVshctoiskc.
Amojjotoiskc.
Ottopomtiicke.
Attosomiske.
Ponnoiskc.
Appomosiscut.
Apptmmoiske.
Ortoughnoiskc.
Oweroughwoogh.
OttLTmiske.
M em ooiigli ipi iske.
•bUtlran.
dllilg-hU-rH.
ITpan bit.
liTJll 'Iril TV -
Diut womi-n,
M dull) Ull-
Tiirli.
Al Ompnlia
lim Lis
He was reported by tlie said Kemps, aa also by tlie Indian
MHckynnis, who was somotyrae in England, aod come* to and
fro amongst us as he dares, and as Powhatan gives him leavo,
for yt is not otherwise safe for him, no more then yt was for
one Amarice, who had liia braynes knockt ont for selling but
a baskett of come, and lying in the English fort two or three
daics without Powhatan's leave; I say tlipy often reported
unto us that Powhatan had then lyving twenty sonnes and
ipn daughters, besyde a young one by Winganuske, Ma-
chmnps Mm sister, and a great darUng of the king's ; and be-
sides, younge Pucohnnta, a daughter of his, using sonietyme
to our fort in tymes past, uowe married to a private captainc,
called Kocouin, some two ycarcs since.
As he is weary of Ids women, he bestoweth them on those
that best deserve them at liis bauds. ^Mieu he dtueth or
suppeth, one of his women, before and after meat, bringeth
him water, iu a wuodden platter, to wash his hands ; another
waiting, with a bunch of feathers, to wipe them instead of a
towell; and the feathers, when he hath wiped, are washed
and drycd again.
A niile from Oropaks, in a thickett of wood, he hath a
piincipall howse, iu which he keepeth his kind of treasure, as
sk}ninc3, cupper, perle, and beaded, which he storcth upp
against the tyme of his death and buryall ; here is also his
store of rud piiint for oyutmetit, and bowcs, and arrowes.
Tliis howse is fifty or sixty yards in length, frequented only
by i>riests. At the four corners of tliis howse stand four
images, not aa Atlants or Tclamoucs, supporters to beare up
J
INTO VIIIOIMA.
66
pillera, pasta, or somewhat clla iu tlie stutely biiilHlng ; nor,
as in the aoncicnt tymes, the imagca and pcdegrces of the
whole stock or family were wont to be sett in portches or the
first entrance into howses, witli a porter of spccyall trust, who
had the chardgc of keeping and looking nnto them, called
Atricuses ; but these are tnecrely sett as carefiill seutinclls
(for sooth) to ilefcud aud protect the bowse (for soc they be-
lieve of them) ; one is like a dragon ; atiother like a heare ;
the third like a leopard ; and the fourth a giant-like man, all
made erill favoured ynough according to their best workman-
shippc.
CAPUT IV.
A catalogue of tlio Hurcrall ncroEinceB' namoB, wjtli tlic niuiio of tl^o pnrti'
culcr prcviucu wli&rciii they govern, tos-ithcr witli what Ibrecs for
the preeeot they axe ablo to furaish thcic groat klogi Powhatan, in
bis nam.
The great king Powhatan hath devided his countr^y into
many provinces or ahiera (as yt were), and over every one
placed a severall absolute wernance or comannder, to liira
contribntary to governe the people, tber to iuhabite ; and his
petty weroances, in all, may be in number about three or
fower and thirty, all which have theire precincts and bowodes,
proper and comodiously niipointed out, that no one intrude
uppon the other of severall forces ; and for the ground wherein
each one aoweth his conic, plantc hia apoke^ and gardeiuc
fniicts, he tithes to the great king of all the comodityes
growing iu the same, or of wlmt ells hia shiere biings forth
apperteyning to the lands or rivers, come, beasts, pcrlc, fowlc,
fish, hides, forrs, copper, beades^ by what meanes soever ob-
teyncd, a peremptory rate sett downc as slial be mencioned
iu the sixth clmpter ; nor have I thought yt altogether amissc
* t, 4. tolnLCco. ^cc glossttrjr tU thd end of (bis volumo.
Tliocouniry
ilrvlilril iiilu
shjTi-?v, nnd
n viftu.
Ktmiv Of
Inril ](>i>VFrn-
ln» in witTJ
thfTK.
fie
niSTOniE OP TOAVAILK
to remember here, and offer to consideracton (for all af^er
occaflons), a catlioIog:uc of jhe several weroances* oamee, with
thedcnominstyonofthcpHrticulcr shier (as aforesaid) wherciu
they govemc togithcr, with what forces, for the present, they
are able to send iiiito tlio warra. Upon Powhatan, or thu
Ktuf^s river, are seated aa followcth : —
1. Parahunt, oue of Powhatan's soniie*, whoine we there-
fore call Tfiii\|)uwBtan, whieh is as much to say Little Pow-
hatan, and is wcroance of the country which hath Ma owne
name, cidlcd Powhatan, lying (as before mcncioncd) close
under the Falls, bordering the Monacans, and he maye at the
present he furnished with fifty fighting and ready men.
2. Aslnianuid, weruaiicc of Arrohateck, sixty men.
3. Coquonasum.weroanceof Appamatiick,ouchnndred men.
4. Opussoqiiionnske, sister to Coquonnsiinij a weroancqua,
or qiieeue cf ii little muscaram or small village of Apjtama-
tuck, not unlike an ancyent Episcata Villatica,' and she was
of power to have spared, iippon comaundj some twenty able
fighting men. Ilowbeyt, her towne we botrnt, and killed
ftome of her people, herself miscarieng with small shott itti
pursuit in the woods in wjTitcr IfilO, for a treacherous maa-
aacre wlneh slic practized upon fourteen of our men, whome
she caused her people to invite up into her towne, to feast
and make merry, entreating omr men before hand to leave
their armea in their boate, because they said how their
women would be afrayd ells of their peeces.
5. Kaquothocun, weroancc of Wcanock, one hundred men.
G. OhoTnsCj quecne of Coiacohanauke, which we ccmionly
(though corruptly) call Tapalianock, and ia the same which
Captain Smith, in his mappe, calls Quiyoughcohauock, on
the south shoare, or Salisbury sydc, whoae sonnc, being yet
younge, shal he, by Powhatan's appointment, weroance of the
said Quiyoughcohanock : his name is Tataiicoope. Tlie wero-
' This (to tho editor uninteUigible) wonJ is rcpcRtcd in the duplicate
copy of thu MS. in tiiu AstiQt»lou.[i uiiuieiuu at Oxford.
ance Pepiscummah (whome hy constructiuu as well the In-
dians aa we call Pipisco) was somtyme possessed in right of
thia part, as by birth aud possession disccudcd iiic true and
laiWull weroance of the same, but npon a flispleAsure which
Powhatan couceavod ag:ainst liim, in that tho said Pipisco,
and that not many ycarca »ynce, had stollcn away a chief
woman from Opcchankeno (one of Powhntaii'a brothers), he
was deposed from that regiment, and the aforesaid Tatacope
(a supposed sonue of Powhatan's, by lids said Queene Oho-
laac) made weroance, who, being yet yonng (as is said), is
for the most part in the govemcment of Chapoke, at Cha*
wopo, one of Pipiscoe's brotLers ; yet is Pipiaco suffered to
retaine in this his country a little small kaaaun, or village,
Tippou the rivadge of the strrsame, with some few people about
him, keeping the said woman still, whome \ia makes Ins best
beloved, luul »he travells with him upon any remove, in hunt-
I ing tyme^ or in his \isitaciou of us, hy which meanes, twice
or thrice in a sommer, she liath eome unto our towne ; nor is
»80 hnudsomc a savadgc woman aa I have seene amongst them,
yet, with a kind of pride, can take upon her a ahewe of great-
nes ; for we have seene her forbeare to come out of her quin-
tan or boat througli the water, as tlic other, both mayds and
married woraL'u, usually doc, unk's she were earryed forth
betwcenc two of her scnants. I was once early at her howse
(yt being sommer tyme), when she was layed without dores,
under the shadowe of a bi-oad-lcaved tree, upon a pallett of
ofiierSj spred over witli four or five iyne gi-ey matts, herself
covered with a faire white drest deare skyniie or two; and
when she rose, she had a mayd who feteht her a frontall of
white currall, and pendants of great but imperfect coulonred
and worse drilled pcarlcs, which she put into her etircs, and
ft charne, with long lyncka of copper, which they call Ta-
poantamiuais, and which eamc twiec or tlnicc about her neck,
and they accompt a jolly onnimcut ; aud aiu'c thus attired,
with some variety of feathers and flowers stuck in their Ikaires,
T
II
J
58
HISTORIK OP TUA.VATLK
they Heeme aa drbonaire, qiiaynt, ftiitl well pleased na (I n
n (laughter of the howse of Austria bchune'^ with all her
Jewells; likewise her mnytl fetcht her a raautell, which they
call puttawusj which is like n aide cloakc, made of blew feathers,
80 artcficyally and thick sowed togither, that it seemed like a
deepe piirjile satten, and is very smooth and sleeke ; and after
she brought her water for her hands, ami then a braunch or
twoo of fresh greene asaheu lenvea, as for a towell tu dry
them. I ofTeud in this digression the willinger, since these
were ceremonyea which I did httle looke for, carrying so much
|>re«eutcraent of civility, and which ai-c not ordinarily ]Ma"-
fourmed to any other amongst them, and the Quiyoughco-
hanooke may be able to make for the wars sixty fighting
mcu.
8. Tackonckintaco, an eld weroance of Warraskoyack,
whonie Captain New|)ort hroiight priaouer with his KOiine
Tangoit, about "* ICIO, to our lord gcnerall, lying then
at Point Comfort, and whomc agaiiie his lordship released
upon promises and a solkmne contract, made by the old man,
to exchange with his lordship, after he should have gathered
in his harvest, in August following, five hiiudred bushells of
whcate, beanes, and pease, for copper, beades, and hatchctts ;
and for the better coulour (carrying away his sonne) and left
a nephew [aa he said) of his with his lord!<liippe, as a pawne
or hostage, until] the perfourmaunce ; howbcit, the imposture
nephew, privie before hand to the falcehood of the old man,
watchinge hia opportunity, leapt over bord one niglit (being
kept in the Delawarr) ; and to be more sure of him at that
tymc, fettered both Icgga tugither, and a sea gowne uppon
him, yet he adventured to get clier by swiming, and either to
recover the south shoarCj, or to sinck in the attempt. "Which of
either was his fortune we knowe not, only (if he miscarried)
we never found his body nor gownc, and the Indians of War-
raskoyack would often tymea afterward mock ns, and call to
^ Pocked. ' A siuular gap in the originnJ.
us for Mm, and at length make a great Innghterj and tell ua
he was come home; how true or fsilse is no great matter ; but
indeed the old kinge, after that tyme, refused to performe
the former bargaine, for wliicb his lordshipp, to give them to
understand how he would not be soe dealt with allj eeut forth
two cxjmpanyes, the of ' his lordshipp's owne com-
pany, under the comauud of Captainc Brewster, and »ome
scamcu, under Captaiue Argoll, who fell uppon twoo townes
of his, and burnt them to the grownd, with all their goodly
fuTuiture of matta and dishes, wooddcn potts and platters, for
of this sort is all their goodly epitrapezia or vcseclls belong-
ing to their use for the table, or what ellsj and tliese Warras-
koyacks maie make sixty men.
9. Weyhohomo, a great weronnce of Nausamuud.
10. Amapetough, another lesse wcroancc of Nansamund.
11. Weyingopo, a third weroance of Nausiunund.
13, Tirchtough, a fourth weroance of Nansamund, and
these fowcr togither may make of sturdy and bold ealvadgea
two hundred.
13. Wowinchopunck, weroauce of Paspahegbj wbomcj the
SthofFebruaryj IGlO, whilst he, with a company of his people,
were attempting some practize uppon our old blockhouse at
Jamcstowoe, and bad bene for the same skulking abont there
some two or three daycs and nights, Captaine Georg Percy,
gOTemoiu* of the towne, sent forth Ensigne Powell and En-
signe Waller to make Burprize of Iiim, yf tliey could possibly,
and bring him alive into the towne ; but they not finding
him at any such advantage, yet loath to loose him, or let him
escape altogither, sett uppou himj (he being one of the
mightiest and strongest salvages that Powhatan bad under
him, and was therefore one of Lis champions, and oue who
had killed trccheroualy many of our men, as he could beguile
them, or as he, at any tyinCj found them by cliauncc single
in the woods, strayed beyond the comaund of the block-
> A BtniUar gap ta tho urigiual MS.
eo
His-roaiB or tbavailk
bow!)c), and Powell runing uppou him, thrust him twice
through the body with lui arming sword ; howbcit, liis people
Cfunc in soc fast, and shuat their arrowcs »o thick, ns our men
being unarmed [in their dublcts and hose only] and without
peict'S, were faiuc to retire whilst the Indiana recovered the
weroance'u body, and carried yt awaye with a miglitye quick-
uea and speed of foot^ and with a horrible yell and howling;
howbeit, the buetenant of the blockbowse, one Puttock, fol-
lowed hard and overreached one of the cronockoes.or cliief
men, and, closing with him, overthrew him, and, with his
dagger, sent him to accompaiiyc his roaster in tlie other world ;
and the Paspaheghes may make in uomber for the warrs,
forty.
I'i. pQchins, one of Powhatan's sonns at Keconglitan, and
was the young wcroancc there at tlic same tymc when Sir
Thomas Gates, liueteiiant-general, took possession of yt. Yt
i» an ample and faire couatric indeed, an ndinirable porcion
of land, comparatively high, whol some, and fruictfiill ; the
seat sometyme of a thowsand ludiiius and tlu't'c bundred
Indian bowses, and those Indians, as it may well appeare,
biittcr husbands' then in any parte ells that we have observed,
wbicli is the reason that so much ground h there cUered and
opened, enough, with little labour, alreddy prepared, to re-
ccave come, or make viaiards of twoo or tbrco thowsand
acres ; and where, beside, we find many fi'uiet-trees, a kind
of goosbfry, cherries, and other plomhes, the raarieock^ aple,
and many prettic copsies or boskea (as it wecrc) of mulbcrye
trees, and is [indeed) a delicate and necessary seat foracitty
or chief fortificacion, being so neere (within three miles by
water) the mouth of our bay, and is well appointed atitt scat
for one of our chiefs comauuders, since Point Comfort being
^ i*.«. husbaudmen.
* The laaracoL-k U the paseii^ii flower, wbiulu tUough it bt-ars no fruit in
thia irouutrj, liocs w in tliw Wcat Indies. The fruit b of the i'iJx and
colour tf a pomogiimato. See «ji|«uiiiK Lo Genu-Js llcrbRl.
(out of all dispute} to bu furtuficd to secure ourtowiics above,
to kcepe open the mouth of oiir river, hy which our shippingc
niaye be Ictt in, yt will require the faitli and judgement of a
worthy comaunder to be there alwaycs present ; besides, there
■wil be good Hshing, and upon one of the Capes muie be placed
a garrison to attend the fiimasses and boyling potts for the
mnking of salt, wbicb without question there (as in the Ber-
mudas) maye be made for ail occasions to serve the colony,
and tbc fisldiige voyages far the aamo likewise upon Point
Comfort. A great quantity of one kind of silke grasse growcs
there, as yet disorderly, wliich, having the grownd prepared
and fitted for yt, would retribute a comodytie worthic the
paines, yf not going beyond the expcctacionof the good which
is hooped of yt. Our lord general! and liuetenant general]
have erected here two forts, as ia before remcmbred, the one
called Fort Henry, the other Chai-les Fort, as t!ie river which
runs in and serves both his lordship hath called Southampton
river. TTppou the death of an old weroancc of this place,
some 6fteen or sixteen ycares since (being too powcrfull
ueighbours to side the great Powhatan], yt is said Powhatan,
taking the advantage^ subtilly stepped in and conquered the
people, killing the chief and most of them, and the reserved
lie transported over the nver, crjii'tely chauuging their seat
nod quartering them amongst bis owne people, uutill nuwe
at length the rcmajmo of those living have with much suit
obteyned of liim Payankatanck, which he not long since (as
you have heard likewise) dispeopled. They might have made
of able men for the warrs, thirty.
15, Upon the river of Chickahamania, sonic eight or twelve
rades ftora Jamestowne, which falls from the north side unlo
our Kin^s river the Chccbahnmias, being a warlike and free
people; albeit, they paye certaine duyties to Powhatan, and
for copper wil be waged to serve and help him in his warrs,
yet they will not admitt of any wci-oancc* from liim to go-
vcroo over thcni^ but suffer themselves to be regulated and
62
"""»'« OP TKAVAltF.
16. OpcclmiLclECuo,
17. Kcqtiotangh,
18. Taugliaitou,
guided by their priests, with tbo assistauce of their elders,
whomo they call CawCAvwassoughcs, and they may make
ttiruv Iiuudred mcu.
Upon Panunky or the Prinre'* River.
all three PowTiatau's hrethrene, and
are the triumviri, as yt were, or three
kings of B coiintrj' called 0|>echaiie-
Itcno, upon the head of Pauunky
river, and these may make three hun-
dred men.
19. Ottahotin, weroauce of Kiakiaek, fifty.
At Wcrowaeoraoctj, Powliatiin himself liath a principaJl re*
sidencc, and there maye he of able men, forty.
20. Ohonnanio, weroance of Cantaunkack, one handred.
21. Ottondcocommoc, weroance of Mummapacnne, on^
hundred.
22. Eiisenataugh, weroance of Patannck, one hundred.
23. Vropaack, weroance of Ochahannanke, forty.
24. Kcyghanghton, wtToauce of Ciu^sapecoek, one hundred.
25. Weyamat, weroance of Kaposecockej four hundred.
26. Attasquintan, weroance of Paniareke, four himdred.
27. Nansuapunck, weroance of Shamapa, one hundred.
28. At Orapaks, Powhatan himself comauuda with fifty.
29. Opopoheimiuuck, weroance of Chcpccbo, three huu-
dred.
80. Attossomunck, a Taux weroance of Paraeonos, ten.
31. Pomiacatuck, weroance of Youghtamund, seventy.
32. Werawoiigh, weroance of Mattapanient, one huiidred
and forty.
And thus yt may appeare, howo they arc a people whd
have their soTcrall divisions, provinces, and princes to live in,^
aad to comaund over, and to differ likewise (as amongst
ChristiauB) both in stature, language, and condieionj some^
heing groat people, as the Susqucsahaiioughs j Kome very Utle,l
as the Wighcoconiocos; some speaking, likewise, more arti-J
iSTo TnioraiA.
63
dilate and plaine^ and some more inward oud hoUowe, as ya
before remembred; some curteons and more civile; othera
crucll wid bloudy ; Powhatan having large territorycs and
many petty kings under him, &s some bave fewer.
CAPUT V.
Li« deBcription of tlie people, of their culloiir, attiie^ ornaments, con-
eti tut ions, dispositions, etc.
Thet are generally of a cnlloiir browno or ratlicr tawny, which ^f^J„,
they cast themselves into with a kind of arscnick stone, like
red patise or orpement, or rather red tempered oyntments of
earth, and the juyce of certaine scrused rootes, when they
come unto certaine yeares, and this they doe (keeping them-
aelvcs still so smudged and besnicered) eytber for the cus-
tome of the countryc, or the better to defend them (since
they goe most what naked) from the stinging of miiskitoes,
kinds of flies or biting gnatts, such as the Greekes called
scynipes, as yet in gi-cat swannes witliin the arcbes,^ and
which htK-re breed aboundantiy amongst the marish whorts
and fennc bciTics, and of the same hue are their women j
howbeit, yt is supposed neither of thera naturally borne so
discoulonrcd ; for Captain Smith (lyving somtymcs amongst
thera) affinneth how they are from the womb indifferent
.white, but as tbe men, so doe the women, dye and dit-guise
themselves into this tawny cowler, esteeming yt the hest
bcanty to be neerest such a kyud of mm-rey as a sodden
quince is of (to liken yt to the nccrest co^lIo^ I can), for which
they daily anoint both face and bodyes all over with such a
kind of fucua^ or unguent as can cast them into that staync,
as 16 said of the Greek women how they coulored their faces
1 The sailors' terra for the Arcliijitlngo.
- Lai. a reti dji-o, genovally iinJerjitfjcul for alliancl, or rouge
6t
11ISTORIR OP TBAVAfl.E
r
with certain rootes ca]|ed Brenthina,' and as the Britarnes
died themselves red with woad ;' howbeit, he or she that hntli
obtcyned the perfcctcst art iu the tcinpcriug of tliia coUour
with any better kind of earth, yearb, or rootj preserves yt not
yet so secrctt and prutious unto her self as doe our great
ladycs their oyle of talchura/ or other painting white and
redd, but they frindly comunicate the secret, and teach yt
one another; after their anoynting (which is daylie) they
dry in the sun, and thert^by raako tlicir skynns (besides the
coulor) more black and spotted, which the sun kissing oft
and hard, adds to their painting the more rough and rugged.
Their heads and shouhltirs they paint oftcnncst, and those
red, with the roote pochonc/ brayed to powder, mlxecl with
oyle of the walnntt, or bear's grease; this they hold in som-
racr doth check the heat, and iu winter armea them in some
measure against the cold. Manie other formes of payntings
they use ; but he is the most gallant who is the most mon-
strous and uglic to behold.
ou-li'^n.^T''*' Tlieir hairc is black, grossc, long, and thick; the men
have no bcardca ; their noses are broad, flatt, and full at the
end, great bigg lippes, and wj^de mouthes, yet nothing so
unsightly as the Muorcs; they arc generally tall of stature,
and streightj, of comely proportion, and the women have
handsome lymbcs, sclender arnies, and pretty hands, and
when they sing they have a pleasaimt tange in their voices.
For their npparrell they are somotymes covered with the
LfonliM.
Thnii
^ The oJitor has only met with the wnrd in this fomi in Hcaychiug.
It is GTideulIy derived £roni Gpiv9wv, of which Julius Pollux upeoJia, in
his " Onomasticon", lib, vi, mp. 19, as one of the fivpa coming from Ljdia.
s The dye of woad h not rod, Imt blitii.
8 Talc itself eiiiera largely into the coTnpositloa of rouge; but the 80
called "oil of talc" waa produced by disaolviug flowers of Kinc in vinic^r,
and v»B formerly extolled as posaesHiag vast power iu mnny tinaginary
operatioDs, aod amcngHt tha rest, of being a sovereign reinvdj for all
disQOBeB.
* Sec dictionary at thfl end of this volume.
i'Ti.m Tn I'nj.
INTO YIROIXIA.
66
I
I
I
skTzms of wyld beasts, which in winter arc dressed with the
hairc, but in the sommer without, the better aort use large
mantells of deeresi' skjTUis, not much differing from the
Irish falings,' some embroidered with white })ead8^ some with
copper, other painted after their manner^ but tlie eoinmon
sort have scarse wherewithal! to cover their uakcdnes, bnfc
Htick long blades of grasse, the leaves of trees, or such like,
under broad haudricks of leather, which covers them behind
and before.
The better sort of women cover themselves (for the most
part) all over with skin mantells, finely drcat, shagged and
fringed at the skyrt, carved and couloured with some pretty
vork, or the proportion of beasts, fbwle, tortayaes, or other
such like imagry, as shall "best please or expresse the fancy
of the wearer; their younger women goe not Hhnduwcd
amongst their owne companie until they be nigli eleaven or
twelve returnea of the loai'e old (for soe thi-y accompt and
bring about the ycai-e, calling the fall of the leaie taquitock) ;
nor are tliey much nshamod thereof, and therefore woiUd the
before remembered Pochahuntas, a well featured, but wan-
ton yong girle, Powhatan's daughter, sometj-mes resorting
to our fort, of the age then of eleven or twelve yeares, get
the boyos forth with her into the markett plnce, and make
them wheele, falling on their hands, turning up their heclcs
upwiirds, whome she would fidlowe and wheele so her self,
naked as she was, all the fort over ; but being once twelve
yeares, they put on a kind of eemecinctum lethem apron (aa
doe OIK" artificers or bamlycrafts men) before their bellies,
and arc very shamefac't to be scene bare. We have scene
some use mantells made both of Tin-key feathers and other
fowle, 80 prettily wrought and woven with threeds, that no-
thing conld be discerned but the feathers, which were ex-
ceeding warmo and vci'y handsome. Nada nmlier erat jmlcht'a
(saith Plautua) quam purpuratu pukiirior? indeed the or-
1 Fnllning or falluing, CelUc for a cloak or tnantlo.
i/
A difi^reuoe
In lliIV llDT-
iciciiU dI'Ujo
b-;tl«i Burl Ol
WflUIBMl.
66
UIOTOUIB or TRAVAILE
TiMk
nament of that aexc, vho receave an addition of delicacy by
tlicir garmeuts. Truo ^*i w nometymcs in cold ntnthcr, ori
when tbcy goe a bwntinp, or seeking the fruits of the woods,
or gathering hcnls for their matts, both men mid women (to
defend them from the bushes and shrubs] put on a kynd
leather breccheti and Htockings, all fastened togither^ madel
of decre skyuns, wbicli tlicy tye and wrappe about the Ioyne9|,J
after the ikshiuu of the Turkcs^or Iria h trou sea.
They adome themselves most with copper beades and
[Miiiitiiifcs. Of the men, there be some wlim- will paiut their
boflyca black, and some yellowc, and being oylrd over, they
will Ktickc therein tho soft downe of snudry couloured birdes
of blew birds, white heme shewcs, and the feathers of th(
carnation birde, which they call Asbshawcutteisj as if so man]
variety of laee.f were tititdiod to their iskinns, wliieli makes
wondrous shew; then, being angry and prepared to figh^!'
paint and cro.sse their foreheadds, cheekes, aud the right side
of their hc«dc8 divcrsly, cither with terra siffiUata or withj
their roote pocbone.
The women have their armes, breasts^ thighes, shoulders,
and faces, cwniiigly ymbrodered with divers workes, for pounc-
ing or searing their skyns with a kind of instrument heated
in the tier. Tliey figure tberiu flowers and fruits of sondiy
Ihrcly kinds, as also snakes, serpents, cftes, &c., and this they
doe by dropping uppon the seared flesli sondry coulers, which,
ruVd into the stampe, will never be taken awaye agaj'ne,
because yt will not only be dryed into the tlesh, but growe
therein.
The men shave their haire on the right side very close
keeping a ridge comonly on the toppo or crowne like a coX'<
comb ; for their women, with two shells, wiU grate away ths
haire into any fashion they please. On the left aide thej
wcare theire haire at full length, with a lock of an ell long^
which they amioiut often with walnut oyle, whereby it is ver
slcekc, and shynes hke a raven's winge. Som^etymes thej
INTO VIBOINIA.
er
I
I
tye up their lock with an arteficyall and well-laboured knott
(just in the same fashion as 1 have scene the Carrazzais' of
Scio and Pcra), stuck with many coulored gew-gnwcs, as the
cast-head or brow-antle of a deare, the hand of tlicir cncmic
djTcd, croiBctts of bright and shyning coiiper, like the newe
moone. IVIany weare the whole skyne of n hauke stnifed
with the mags abroad, and buzzards' or other fowlcs' whole
wings, ami to the feathers they will fjisteu a little rattle,
about the bignes of the chape* of a rapici*, which they take
from the taylc of a snake^ and sometymes divers kinds of
shells, hanging loose by small purfleets or tlu'eeds, that, being
shaken jis they move, they might make a certainc murmuring
or whisteling noise by gathering wynd, in which they seeme
to take great jollity, and hold yt a kind of bravery.
Their eares they boare with wyde holes, comonly two or Their
three, and in the same they doe hang chaincs of stayned
pearle braceletts, of white bone or sKreeds of copper, beaten
thinuc and bright, and wound up hoUowe, and with a grcate
pride, certainc fowles' leggs, eagles, hawkes, turkeys, etc.,
with beasts* clawes, bearcs, arrahacounes, squirreUa, etc. The
^ clawes thrust through they let hang upon the checUc to the
- full view, and some of their men there be who will weare in
these holes a small greenc and yellow -co nloiu*ed live emikc,
neerc half a yard in length, which crawling and lapping him-
self about his neck oftentvraes familiarly, he suffereth to kisse
hia lippc3. Others weare a dead ratt tyed by the taylc, and
8uch like conundrums.
The women are in themselves so modest as in the tyme of Thou
their sickncs they have great care to be secnc abroad, at what ""'""I'*
tyme they goe apart, and keepe from the men in a several!
roome, which tlioy liave for themsclvee as a kynd of gynaj-
' H« probklilj meanji sop^raai, or, mor« comiittly, xojjqrauLf, Romaic
, , . , nisb, the gte
Ute eai} of iha (juablmn] otR bwurd.
for "girla".
' tVom "chapn,"', Spanish, the gtec] or silver tip or case tbatatrcagtlicns
68
HISTMHlIf aV TIUVAILS
'U-.
^
ceum, nor will the men, at such a tyme, pre«fte into the nnr-
cery where they are,
Tlie men are very strong, of able bodyes, and fiill of agility,
accustoming thcmselvtw to endure harducsj to lye in the
woods, imdcr a tree, by a small fier, in the worst of wynter,
in &Dst and snowc, or in the weeda and grasse, as in ambiu-
c«clo, to accomplish their piu^iosea in tJie aomjmer.
They ai'c inconstant in everything but what feare con-
straincth them to kccpe ; crafty, tymerous, quick of appre-
hension, ingcnioua enough in their owne workes, as maye
testilie their wcares in which they take their fish, which are
certaine iuclosurea made of reedes, and iramed in the {aahioa
of a laborinlh or maze sett a fathomc dccpe in the water, with
divers chambers or bedds, out of which the entangled fish
caiiuot returuc or gett out, being once in. Well maye a
great one, by chauncc, brenkc the rcedea and so escape, other-
wise he remaines a pray to the fishermen the next lowe water,
which they fish with a nctt at the end of a pole, as likewise
maye speake for them their netts, their arteficyall dressing of
leather, theiro cordage, which they make of their naturall
hcmpc and flax togithcr, with their cuning dressing of that,
ami preserving the whole yeare great htches or bundella of
the same, to be used upon any oecasyou, and of their girdles
which they make of ailke grasse, much Uke St. Frauucjs cot-
don,' their cloaks of feathers, then- bowes and bow-striugs,
thuir arrowca, their crownetta, which their weroances vearc,
mikI their ciueene's/twa'af crinales^ borders or frontalis of white
hemlcs, curridl and copper ; cspccyally their boats, which they
call qniutaus, and fire very shapcfull, made of one piece of
timber, like the uxmcycnt mtmoa^iflnm nar'tgium,^ tlieire matta
and all their honshold implements, and such like.
J The girdle tiied bj the monks of the Franciscan order ic of twutod
cord, and knotted.
' MiPcuft'Aa ■rr\o!a, voaselt hoUowutl oilI uf uiie piucQ of Wood oro meo-
by Xetophoii, Uippocratee, Ariatotlo, ami I'oljliius.
I
INTO VIRGINIA. W
Some of tbcm are of disposition fearefuU (as T said) and
not easily wrought, therefore, to troat ua or come unto our
forts ; others, againo, of them are so bold and aiidacyous, as
tlicy dare come unto oiir forts, truck and trade with us, and
looke us in the face, crying all freinds when they have but
new done us a mischief, and when they intend presently
agnine, yf it lye in their power, to doe the like. They arc \
generally covetous of oiu- comodityes, as copper, white beades
for their women, hatchetts, of winch we make them pitore
ones, of iron howes to pare their come grownd, knives, and
sach like.
They are soone moved to anger, and bo raalitious that they
scldome forgett an injury; they are very thievish, and will an
dosely aa they can convey any thing away from us ; howe-
be yt, they seldome steale one from another, lest their con-
nivres should rcvelo }% and so they be pursued and pimished.
That they arc thus feared yt ia certaine, nor lett any man
doubt that the divell cannot reveile an offence actually co-
mittcd.
I
CAPUT \^.
manner of ihv Virgimiin goTeTument, thioii towaea, tbab bowses,
dyett, fowling, ami bTontJug, tlioir guming, mnaiquc, dnuncing.
Ai.THODGii the cnnntry people are very barbarous, yet have
they amongst them such govcmcment as that their magis-
trates for good comauuding, and their people for due subjec-
tion and obeying, exccll ninny places that woidd be counted
civill. The forme of their comon wealth, by what hath already
bene declareil, you maye weU gather to be a mouarcall go-
vemement, where one as emperonr ruleth over many kings ;
their chief ruler bkcwisc for the prescnte you have heard
before how named, and from whence ; as also jou heard the
■ nomber of his weroancea, their forces, and his owne discrip-
70
UISTOUE or TKAVIIUB
"s.
tion ; you (ilinll nowe understand how hia kingdomR deaoend-
cth not to his spans or cliildren, but first tu his brethi
whereof he hath (as you have heard) three, and after their'
decease, to bis sisters ; first to his eldest sister, then to the,
rcat, and after them to the heirca-male and female of
eldest sister, but never to the heires-malc.
He nor auy of his |U'0]>lc tinderstand liow to exprcsse their
mynd» by any kyuds of letters, to wrjte or rcade, in barkea
of trees, or any other kyrid of waye, which nocessitye or in-
vention might have instrueted ihcm in, as do other barba-
nans, aud some even iu these new discoveries; nor have they
poMitive lawes, only the lawe whereby he ruleth ia custome;
yet when he pleaseth, his will in a lawe, and mnst be obejed,
not only as a kinp, but as half a god, his people esteeme him
BOO ; his infcriour kiu^s are tyed likewise to rule by like cus-
tomes, and have permitted them power of life and death over
thcire people, as thcirc comaund in that nature.
Theire habitations or townes are for the moat part by the'
rivers, or not far distant from fresh springs, comonly npou a
rice of a hiU, that they may overlooke the river, and ti
every small thing into view which sturra upon the same.
Their Uowscs arc not mauy in one towne, and those that are
stand dissitc' and scattered without forme of a street, farr
Bud wyde asunder.
As for their bowses, who knoweth one of them knowctV
them all, even the chief kyug^s Itouse j-t selfe, for they be all^
alike bulldcd one to the other. They aro like garden arbours
at best like oiu: sheppards' cotages, made yet handsomclj
enough, though without strength or gaynR9[sj, of snch yong'
plants aa they can pluck up, bow, and make the gi-eene
toppcs meete togithcr, in fasliion of a round roofe, whicli they
thatch with matts throwne over. The walles are made of,
barkcs of trees, but then those be principal! bowses, for so
many barkee which goe to the making up of a bowse are long
* Ijispeivcil.
INTO TlRcraiA.
n
I
tjrme of purchasiug. In the midst of the howsc there is a
louer,' out of which tlie smoake isaueth, the fier being kept
right iinder. Every boiisu comonly Lath twoo (lores, one
before and a fiostcmc. The doores be bung with matts, uever
locked nor bolted, hut only those siatta be to tnme upp, or
lett fjill at pleasure ; and their bowses arc so ronionly placed
nnilcr covert of trees, that the violence of fowle weather,
snowe, or raine, cannot assalt tliem, nor the ann in somnier
anuoyc them; and the roofc being covered, as I say.tbe wynd
is easily kept out, insomuch as they are aa warme as stoves,
albeit very smoakyc. Wyndowes they have none, but the
light comes in at the doore and at the louer ; for should they
have broad and open wyndowea in the quarters of their
bowses, they know not well how, upon any occasion, to make
them close and let in the light too, for glasse they knowe not
(though the country wants not salsodiack enough to make
glosse of, and of which we liave made some stoore in a goodly
bowse sett up for the same purpose, witli all offices and fur-
nasGH thereto belonging, a litle without the island, where
James town stands) ; nor have they lynnen cloth, (albeit they
want not neither naturally the materyalls for that,) paper, or
such like, to dipe in oyle, to conveye in as a diapbaenick body
the light, or to keepe out the weather.
By thcire howscs they have sometynies a scsena, or bigh
stage, raised like a scjilTold, of small spelts, reedes, or dried
osiers, covered with matts, whicb both gives a shadowe and
is a shelter, and flerves for such a covered place whore men
used in old tymc to sitt and talkc for recreation or pleasure,
which they called prastega, and where, on a loft of hui'dclls,
tbey laye forth their come and fish to dry. They eate,
slccpc, and dresse theire meate all tmdcr one roofc, and in
one chamber, as it were.
Rownd about the house on both sides are theire bedstedes,
' Liiidbier, Celtic for a cliiiiinoy or vont, the pronunciation of whivh
aotn«wliR.t roHi2uibIu)t thu English iirutuiiiciatiuu of "louer^', or "looer".
72
BOraOEU OP THAVAIIB
t
*•&/
'>«/
li
Wl
vliich are thick short poata stalkt into the grotmd, a foot
high aud aoiiiowlmt more, aud for the sydes ^inall poles
laycd nloiifr, witli a liurtUe of reeds cast over, wlicreiu they
rowle downe a fyne n-bite matte or twoo (as for a bedd)
when they goo to «leei>c, and the witicl) they rowlo np a^ne
in the momiiif? when they rise, as we doe our pidlutts, and
upou these, rowTid about tlie how*c, they lye, lie^ils and
points, one by the other, especially making a ficr before
them in the midst of the how^, as they doe usually every
nifi;ht, and some one of them by a^eement mayntcynca the
fier for all that night long; some of them, when they lye
downc to slccpc, cover tbcm with matts, some with skinns,
and some lye stark naked on the grownd, froni j ix to t wentie
in a house, as doe the Irish.
^ About their bowses they have commonly square plotta of
cleered grownd, which scrvR them for gardens, some one
hundred, some two hundred foote s^qnarc, wherein they sowc
their tobacco, pumpons, and a fruit like unto a musk millionj
but lease and worse, which they call macock gourds, and
such likCj which fruicts increase exceedingly, and ripen in
the beginning of July, and contyuue nntil September; they
plant also the field apple, the maraeock, a wyld fruit Uke a
kind of pomcgranctt, which increascth infinitlye, and ripens
in August, eontynuing uutill the end of October, when all
the other fruiets be gathered, but they sowe nether herb,
flower, nor any other kynd of fruict.
They neither ympale for deare, nor breed cattell, nor
bring up tame poultry, albeit they have great stciorc of
turkies, nor kcepe hirdea, sqnirrclls, uoT tame partridges,
swan, duck, nor goose. In March and Aprill they live much
upon their wceres, and feed on fish, tnrkios, aud aqnirrella,
and then, aa also soractymcs in May, they plant their fields
aud sett their corne, and live after those monthcs most of
acrons, walnutts, chcauutts, cltechinquarnins,' aud fishj but,
^ A kind of grain, floe gloNsary,
INTO VlBniNIA.
78
I
I
to mend their dyett, some disperse themselves in small com-
panyes, and live uppon such beasts as they can kyll with
their bow and arrowes, upon crabbs, oysters, laiid-tortoyses.,
Bti-awberrj'ea, mulberries, and such like. In June, Jidy, and
August they feed upon rootes of tockobow, berries, grownd
nutts, fish, and greeno wlicatc^ ftud sometymc uppon a grcieue
serpent, or greene snake, of which our people likewise use /
to eate. - -^
It ia stratmg to see how their bodies alter with their dyett ;
even as the deare and wild beasts tliey seemo fatt and leime,
strong and weake. Powhatan and some others that arc pro-
vident, roast their fish aud flesh upon hurdellsj and resen'e
of the same untill the scarse tyraes ; eomraonly the fish aud
flesh they boylc, either very tenderly, or bruyle yt long ou
hurdells over the fier, or ells (after the Spanish fashion) putt
yt on a spitt and tume first the one side, then tlie other, till
yt be as dry as their jerkin beef in the West Indies, and so
they mare Ueepe yt n monetho or more without putrifying ;
the broath of fish or flesh they suppc up as ordinarily aa
they eat the meate.
Their come they eat in the eares greenCj roasted^ and
somctyme brusing yt in a morter of wood with a little pestle ;
they lap yt in rowlls within the leaves of the come, and so
boylc yt for a deyntie ; they also reserve that come late
plantctl tliHt will not ripe, by roasting yt in hott ashes, the
which in wynter (being boyled with, beaues) they eatcenic for
a rare dish, calling yt pauaarawiuena ; their old wheat they
firste stecpc a night in hot water, and in the morning pound-
ing yt in a morter, they use a smiUl baskett for the boulter
or searser,' and when tliey have syfteJ fourth the finest, they
poimd againc the great, aud so separating }'t by dashing their
hand in the baskett, receave the flower iu a platter of wiiod,
which, blending with water, they make into flatt, broad cakes
1 Scone, a Uae sieve iniulcof lawn, etc., from the French "sua" — Builey'!)
Dictioiiarj.
74
HISTOIUB OP TJUVAILK
(mncb like the flacrificing broul wliich the Grecians ofirr^d to
their ^ads, called papanum], anri these they call nppones,
irhich covcrinf^ frith ashen till they be halccd (as wan the an-
cyent cscharitos' panis raked within the embers), and then
washing them in faire water, they let dry with their own heate,
or cUb boylc them with water, catiii)^ the broath with the
bread, which they call pouepopi. The prowtea and broken
pieces of the coriio rcmayiiiiig, they likewise preserve, aiid by
fannyug away the hrannc or hushes in a platter or in Uic
wynd, they lett bcyle in an e-arthen pott three or four howres,
aud therof make a stranng thick pottage, whieli tbcy call
VsketohamuD, and is their kind of frumeutry, and indeed is
like our kind of ptisane, hiiskcd barley sodden in water. Yt
mnye be not much unlike that homely ^tw nigrum, which the
LacidemoniaiLS used to cate, and which Dionisius eould not
abide to taat of; albeit he brought a cookc from thcnee only
to make him that broath, for which the cookc told him he
must have a I^accdemoniaii »tom»eh, indeed to cate of tlio
Lacedemonian dyett;' and some of them, more thriftye then
cleanly, doe burne the coare of the eare to powder, which they
call pung-nongli, mingling that in their mcale, "but yt never
tasted w£?ll in bread or broath.
Their drinck is, as the Tiirkes, cliere water; for albeit tliey
have grapes, and those good store, yet they have not &hie
upon the use of them, nor adnscd how to presac them into
wyne. Peares and apples they liave none to make ayder or
perry of, nor honye to make mcath, nor licoris to seeth in
their water. They call all things which have a spicy taafc]
wiiBBiwan, which leaves a supposition that they maic have
gome kind of spice trees, though not perhappa auch as ells-
wbere.
The men bestow their tymes in fishing, himting, warres,
and such manlike exercises, without the dotvH, scominge to
» It ahould be Eifx^iiMrijc. '■^- bak&d on th« hearth.
■ Sue Plutarch's \^TnTti^tiifi/tTn KatnaviK^.
INTO \1ILGraiA.
75
I
I
be seeaie in any effemynate labour, which is the cauae that
the women be very puufall aud the meu odea idle.
Their Sshiiig is much in boats. These they call quintaiia,
aa the West Indiana call their canoas. They make them with
one tree, by burning and scraping awaye the coales with
stones and shells^ tyll they have made them in forme of a
trough. Some of them are an ell docpej and forty or 6fty
foote in lengthj and some will transport forty men ; bnt the
moat ordinary are smaller, and will fenry ten or twenty, with
some luggage, over their broadest rivers. Instead of oares,
they nse paddles and sticks, which they will rowc faster then
we in our barges.
They have netts for fishing, for the quantity aa formerly
brayed and mashed as out's, and these are made of barkcs of
certaine trees, deare synewea, for a kyiid of grasse, which
they call pemmcnaw, of wliich their women, betwcene their
hands and thighcs, spin a thredd very ercn and rcdily, and
this tlireed servcth for many uses, as about their bowsing,
their mantells of feathers and their trowses, and they also
with yt make lynea for angles.
Theire angles are long small rodds, at the end whereof they
have a clift to the which the lyne is fastened, and at the lync
thej' hang a kuokc, jnsiAv. cj'thcr of a lione grated (as they
nock tlieir arrowcs) in the forme of a crooked pynne or fia-
hooke, or of the sphnter of a bone, and with a threed of the
}yne they tye on the baytc. They use also long arrowes tj'ed
in a Une, wherewith they shoote at fish in the rivers. TIiosc
of Accowmak uac rtavcg, like unto javeUua, headed with bone ;
with these they dart fi»h, swymming in tlie water. They have
also many arteficj'all weeres (before described) in which they
take aboundaunee of Hshe.
In the tvme of their bvmtings, they leave their habitations,
and gather themselves into conipanyes, aa doc the T.-irtura,
and goe to the moat desart places with their fiunilici^, where
they passe the tyme with hunting and fowling up towards
70
nisrroRis of travatlr
the mountainfs, by the heads of their mers, wher in deed
there is plrmtyc of game, for betwUt the rivers the laud is not
«0 large Iwlowe that therein breed uufficyeiit to give them all
oontent. Considering, espocyally, how at all t}*mea and sea-
•omt they destroy them, yt maye secme a marveyle how they
can 90 directly passe and wander in these dcsorttij sonict^nncs
three or fewer daycs' joiirnyes, meeting with no babitadons,
and, by rcjuton of the wootU, nut Imviug eight of the sun,
wlicrby to direct them how to coast yt
Theire Imntinge bowses are not tioe laboured, auhstancyail,
nor artyficyall as their other, but arc Hlic our soldiers' cabins,
the frame sett up in too or three hewers^ cast over head, with
matts, which the women beare after them as they carry like-
wise conic, acorBcs, mortcrs, and all bag and baggage to use»
when they come to the place where they purpose for the tyme
to hunt.
In the tjTiic of hiuiting cvcrj- man will strive to doe his best
to shew his fortime and dexterity, for by their excelling therin
they obtoyne the favour of the women.
At their bunting in the deaarta they arc comonly two or three
hundred togither. With the sun rising they call up ou[e] an-
otlier, and goe forth searching after the heard, which when
they have found, they environ and circle with many fiers, and
betwixt the fiers they place thcmselvea, and there take up
their stands, making the most terrible noise that they can.
ITie dcjire being thus feared by the fires and their voices,
betake them to their heeleSj whome they cliase so long within
that circle, that many tyraes they kill aii, eight, ten, or fif-
teen in a morning. Tbcy use also to drive them into some
narrow point of land, when they find that advantage, and so
force them into the river, where with their boats they have
ambusoadea to kill them. 'R'licn they have shott a deare by
land, they followe him (like bloodhoimds) like the blood and
stratiic,' and often tymes ao take him. Ilm-cs, partriges,
I Ilunting term. Th« tUw or track of a deer.
INTO VIRGINIA.
77
turkeys, fatt or leane^ young or old, in eggs^ in breeding
time, or however they devour, at no time sparing any that
they can catch iu their power.
On[e] saradge himtiug alone iisetli the skyne of a deare
slitt in the one side, and so put upon his arme through the
neckj in that sort that the hand comes to the head, which is
stufTcd, and the homes, head, eyeSj earcs, and cvpry part as
nrteficyall counterfeited as they can devise j thus shrowdiug
his body iu the skynne, hy stalking he approacheth the
dcerc creeping on the ground from one tree to another ; yf
the deare chaunce to find fault, or stand at gaze, he tumcth
the head with the hand to the best advantage to win his
slioot ; having shott him, he chaseth him by his blood and
straine till he gett him.
In these hunting and fishing exercizes they take extreame
paincs, and they being thcii" ordinary liiboura from their in-
fancy, they place them amongst their sports and pleasures,
and are very prowd to be expert therein, for thereby (as before
remembered) they wyn the loves of their women, who wilbe the
sooner contented to Hve with sucli a man, by the readynes and
fortune of whose how and diligence such provision they per-
ceave they :ire likely to he fedd with well, especially of fish
and flesh, as the place where they are to dwell can afford ; for
(indeed) they be all of them ,hugh caters, and of whome
we may saye ^vith Plautus, Noctes diesque eatur, for which
wc ourselves doe give unto every Indian that labours with us I
in oiu" forts, doble the allowance of one of our owne men ; I
and these active hunters, by their eoutiuuall ranging and
travell, do know all the advantages and places most fre-
quented aud best stored with di^-arc or other beasts, (ish,
fowle, roots, fruicts, aud berries.
A kynd of exercise they have often amongst them much
Uke that which boyes chU baudy' in English, and mayc be
I In tho gatno of Ijandy-boll, tlie boll was struck nitb & bat called
Inndjr, fti)m itii being bent.
K
78
BisTORtE or -nuVAIIJE
an auncicDt game, u yt secmcth in Vii^U ; for whca JEneai
came into Italy at hiii miirnagu witli Luvinia, King Latiuius:'
daughter, yt is said the Troyaus taught the Latins Bcipping
and frisking at the bait Likonise they have the exercise uf
football, in which they only forccahly encounter vitb the
foot to carry the ball the one £rom the other, and spumed
yt tu the goalo with a kind uf dexterity ami swift foutinHU-
•hij>, which is the honour of yt ; but they never strike up
one another's hecles, as we doe, not accompting that praisc-
wortliie to piircbaso a gualc by such an advantage.
Dice play, or carder, or lotts they knowe not, how be it
they use a game upon russhes much like primero,' wherein
they card and discard, and la}' a intake too, and so win and
loose. Tliey will playe at this for their bowea and arrowes,
their copper beaJs, hatchots, and their leather coats.
If any great cumaunder arrive at the habitacion of a wero-
auncc, ihey spread a matt, as the Turkes do a carpett, for
him to sitt uppon ; uppon another right opposite they sitt
tliemselves, then doe they all, with a tunable voice of showt-
iug, bid Uim welcomej afler this doe twoo or more of the
chief men make seTerall orations, testifying their lore, which
they doc with such vehemcncy, and so great eamtstiies of
passion, that they sweat till tliey droppe, iuid are so out of
breath that they can scarae speake, in so much as a stranger
would take them to he exceetling angry, or starke mad.
After this verball entertaynmeut, they cause such victuall as
1 Primoro ia teckoiiud among tke most anc^icut gamea of cards knowo
tQ havo hisea played in fiuglaad. Each yUtyvx, wc art) told, IuhI loux
cards d«a]t to hhn one by one ; the seveu was the highest Caid, in point
of number, that ho couM ttvail himself of, which counted for tw^enty-^jna ;
the six cauDted for sixteen, the fivo for fil'toen, and the ace for the samo;
but the twcf, tHtf thruc, and the four for their respective points oalj. Tfae
kDave of hearts was coniTnoidy tixcd upon for the ijuinola, which the
player might make whal card or suit ho thought proper ; if the cards
were of difforcut suits tha highest number wjia the primcro ; if they were
uU of one colour, h« that held thorn won the dush. Seu Strutt, takua
ti-om the Hon, Daines Barringtoii on cnid-plajing, ArL-haMjlogia, vol. viii.
IMTO vmniKiA.
7&
thery have or cam provide to be brought forth, with which
they feast him fully and freely, and at night they bring him
to the lodging appointed fur him, whither, upon their dcpar-
turo, they scud a yoiuig woman, fresh payutcd red M-ith
pochonc and oyle, to be liis bedfellowe.
The void tymo bctwecuc their sleepe and meate they com-
monly bestow in revelling, daimcing, and singing, and in
their kind of miisiquc, and have sundry instruments for tho
same. They ba^e a kynd of cane on which they pipe as on
a recorder, and ai-e like the Greeke pipes, which tbcy called
hotiihtfces, being bardly to be sounded without ^eat strayn-
ing of the breath, upon which they observe certain rude
times J but their chief instruments fire rattles made of small
gourdes or pompiou shells; of these they Iwive base, tenor,
counter tenor, meane, and treble ; these myngled with their
voices, sometymes twenty or thirty togither, make such a
terrible howling as would rather affright then give pleasure
to any mmi.
They have likewise their errotica cannina, or amoroos
dittyes in their language, some numerous, and some not,
which they will sing tunable enough,. Tliry liave contrived
a kind of angry song against us, in their homely rjones,
which concludeth with a kynd of petition unto their okeus,
find to all the host of their idolls, to plague the Tassantasses
(for so they call us) and their posterities; as hkewise another
Bcorncful song they made of us the last ycare at the falls, in
manner of tryumph, at what tyme tliey killed Capt. WilUam
"West, our Ijord Geuerall's nephew, and two or three more,!
and tookc one Sjnnon Skovc, a naylor, and one Cob, a boy,
prisoners. That song goeth thus: —
I. MatnuerQw sbashasliowaw orawango pechccoma
Vfhc Tassantassft moshaahawjehockaD pocoBnok.
Wh* wht, yiili Luha nelie wittowa, nittowa.
1 Tiittir ludian liauie for their gods.
80
IIISTOILIE OP TRATAILB
V
8. Motuiorcir shathuhcwaw enw&ngo peoheooma
Cnpt Newport inooluuhBW neir mhoc iMtmn matauftn
Whc wUe, otc.
3. MsUnvTCff shiuhmsbowBw cnwu^ pecliGOonia
Tlioia. ITowport inoibasbAw D<»r lolioc natiut moaoock :
Whc who, Ct€.
4. Slitanerew shashuhevnw eraw&ogo pecbecoma
l^x:hin Simon motfauhaw ningon tuLti&o monah&cfc,
Wbe who, etc.
Which mayc signifie how they killed us for all our poccn-
•aoks, that is oiir guns, and for all that CH^itaiD Newport
brought them copper, and could hurt Thomas Kewport (a
boy whoae name in deede was Thomas Savadge, who Captain
Newport leaving with Powhatan to leame the language, at
what tymc he presented the said Powhntau with a copper
crowue, aiid other gifts from his Majeatie, said he was lua
Sonne) for aU his mutiachockj that is his briglit sword^ and
how they could take Symon (for they aeldome said our sur-
name) prisoner for all his tamahanke, that is his hatchet,
adding, as for a burden nnto their soug, what lamentation
Olur people made when they kild him, namely, saying how
tliey would cry whe, whe, etc., which they mockt us for, and
cryed againc to us yah, ha, ha, Tcwittawa, Tewittawa; for yt
is ti-ue they never bemoane themselves nor ery ont, gyring
up so much aa n, groanc for any death, how cruell soever and
full of torment.
As for their dauuci,aig, the sport seemes mito them, and
the use almost aa frequent and necessary as their meat and
drynck, in which they consume much tyme, and for which
they appoint many and often meetings, and have therefore,
as yt were, set orgies or festivaUa for the same pEistyme, as
have yet at this daye the merry Greekes within the Arches.
At our colonies first sitting downc amongst them, when any
of our people repaired to thnir townes, the Indians would not
thinck they hiul expressed their welcome sufficyentUe enough
untill they had shewed them a dauncCj the manner of whieh
<
z
<
I— I
n
INTO VIKOINIA.
81
I
is thua : One of tbem standeth by, with some furre or leather
thing in his leaft hand, upon which he beats with his right
hand; unci sings with all ns if he began the quier, and kept
iiDto the rest their ju:iit tymc, when upon a ccrtninc stroak or
more (as upon his cue or tyme to come in) one riaeth up and
b<^;yana to dawucc ; after he huLli dauuucd a while stcppa
forth another, as if he came in jusl upon his rest ; and in
this order all of them, so many a.s there bc^ one after an-
other, who then daunce an equall distaunce from each other
in ring, showting, howling, and stamping their fcete iigaiaBt
the ground with such force and paine that they sweat agayne,
and with all variety uf Strang myroick tricks and distorted
faces, making so confused a yell and noyac as bo many fran-
tiquc aud disquictud bachiinalls, and sure they will keepe
stroak just with their feete to the tyme he gives, and just
one with another, but with the hands, head, iai.'ie, aud body,
every one hath a severall gesture ; and who have scene the
darviscH, in their holy daunces, in their moscas, upon IVendae-
daycs and PVydayea in Turkey, maye reaemblc these unto
them. You shall find the niauner expressed in the figure iu 1
the second Decade, capt. [See print tvface fMs jjai/c].
Every weroance knoweth his owne meoi-es aud lymitts to
fish, fowle, or luiut In (as before said), but t!iey hold all ol
their great weroance Towhatauj unto whonie they pay eight
parts of ten tribute of all the comodities which their country
yeldcth, as of wheat, pease, beaues, eight measujes of ten,
(and these measured out in litle cades or basketts, which the
gi'cat king appoints) of the dying roots, eight measures of ten
of all sorta of skyns, and furrs eight of ten ; aud so be robbcs
the people, in effect, of all they have, even to the deare'a
skyn wherewith they cover tlieui from cold, in bo much as
they dare not dresse yt and put yt on untill be have scene
yt and refused yt, for what he comaundeth they dare not dis-
obey in the lest tbinge.
82
UISTORIE OF TRATAILB
CAPUT \TI.
Vf Hut religion Amoitgiit the inhahiunts, — their god, Itutir templet, tlieir
Dpititoti of th« crcfttion of tho world, kod of the immortalicie of the
towlo, of their conjurations mid vacrificiiig of cbildrcn.
There is }'et, in Vii^ia, no place discovered to be so savadgc
and uimplc, in which tlje inliahitnunts have not h religion
and the use of how and arrowcs : fill things they coaccave
able to doc them hurt beyond their prevention, they adore
with their kind of divine worsliip, m the fier, wuter, light-
ning, thunder, oar ordinaunce pieces, horses, etc. ; but their
chief god they worship is no other, indeed, then the divcU,
whomc tbcy make presentments of, nnd shadow ttndcr the
forme of an idoll, which they entitle Okens, and whome they
worship, as the Romans did their hurtfull god Vtjovis, more
for feare of hanui; then for hope of any good ; they saie tiiey
have conference with him, and fashion themselves in their
disgnismenta as neere to his shape as they can imagjTi.
In every territory of a weroance is a temple and a priest,
pcradveutui'e two or three; \'et happie doth that weroance
apcompt himself who can detayne with him a Uuiyoughqui-
sock, of the best, grave, lucky, well instructed iu their raia-
terycs, and beloved of tlieir god ; and such a one ia noe lease
honoured then, was Dianac's priest at Ephcaus, for wlioiue
tbcy have their more private temples, with oratories and
cliHuncells therein, accorcUng an is the digtiity and reverence
of the Quiyoughqiiiaock, which the weroance wilbe at charge
to build upon purpose, sometyrae twenty foote broad and a
hundred in length, fashioned arbour wyse after their buyld-
ing, having comonly the (lore opening into the east, and at
the west end a spence or chaunceE from the body of the
temple^ witb hollow wyndings and pillers, whereon stand
divers black imagies, fashioned to the tihoulders, with their
faces looking downe the church, and where within their wero-
i
INTO VIRCINIA.
83
I
\
aiices, upon ii kiud of bcere of rcedcs, lye buryed ; unci under
them, apartj in a va\ilt lov in the ground (as a more secrctt
thing), vftiled with a matt, aitta their Okous, oil image ill-
favoiiredly carved, idl black di'cssed, with chaynes of perle,
the presentment and figure of that god (say the priests imto
the laity, and who religiously bcUeve what the priests saic)
irhich doth them all the harrae they suffer, be yt in their
bodies or goods, within doores or abruadj and true yt is many
of them are divcra tymes (espeeyally offenders) slirewdly
scratched as they walke alone in the woods, yt may well
he hy the subtyle spirit, the malitions enemy to maukintl,
whomc, therefore, to pacefie, and worke to doe them good (at
leaat no harme) the priests tell them they must do these and
these sacrifices unto [them], of these and these things, and
thus and thus often, by which meanes not only their owne
children, but strauiigers, are somclLmes sacrificed unto him :
whilst the great God (the priests tell them) who govemes all
the world, aiul makes tlie sun to shine, creating the iiiotinc
and Htarrs his companyona, great powers, and which dwell
with liim, and by whose vertues and influences the under
earth is tempered, and brings forth her fruicts according to
her seasons, they calling Ahone ; the good and peaceable God
requii'ca uo such dutyes, nor ncedcs be sacrificed unto, for
be intondcth all good unto them, and will doe noc hannc,
only the displeased Okeus, looking into all iiien*s aecLous,
and examining the same according to the severe scale of jus-
tice, punishctb them with sicknesses, beats them, and strikes
their ripe come with blastings, stormes, and tlmnder clapps,
stirrs up warre, and makes their women falce unto them.
Such is the misery and thraldome under which Sathan bath
bound these -nTetehed miscreants.
Indeed their priests, being the ministers of Sathan (wbo
is very hkely or visibly conversant amongst tliem), fcare and
tremble lest the kuowlcdg of God, and of our Saviom- Jesus
Christ, should be taught in those parts, doc now with the
B4 HlfiTOKIK OF TJUTAII.R
more vehcmcncy pcrtiwatle the people to bold on their vonted
ccrcmuniesj and every ycare to sacrifice ntill their owne chil-
dren to the ancycot God of their fathers, and yt is supposed
f^ync doblc oblations this wayc, hy reason they doe at all
tymes so absolutely goveme and direct the weroances, or
lords of couutricSj in all their accious, and this ciistome he
hath politiqucly maynteyn'd, and doth yet univcrsaUy (a few
placcH exccpte*!}, over all the Indies. lu Florida tlicy sHeri-
fice the first-borne male child. In Mexico they forbeare
their owuo, and offer up such pristiners as they take in the
warrs, wbonic they torture with a most barbarous cruelty.
That the derill hath obteyned the use of the like offring in
many ot}ier parts of America, Acosta hath observed and
related, in his morrall and uaturall History of the West Indies;
tlie same honour the devill ubteyiied from all antiquity, in
effect even from the Israelites and their boMcrers, from the
Carthagcnians, Persians, and the first planters of Italy, and
other nation.^. To have auffrcd still therefore, me thincks,
these priests of Baal or Bebsebnb, were greatly offensive to the
majestic of God, and most perilous for the English to inhfr-
bitc within those parts; for these their Quiyoughquisoeks
or pruphcttn be they that prvswade their weroances to resist
oiu" HfttleniL-nt, and tell them how much tlieir Okous wilho
offended with them, and that he wiU not be appeased with a
sacriAce of a thowsand, nay a hecatomb of their childrcne, yf
they permitt a nation, dispicing the aucyeot religion of their
forefathers, to inhablto among them, since tlieir owne gods
have hitherto preserved tbcm; and given them victory over
their rncmies, from a^e to age.
It is true tbiit hitherto our colony hath conBisted (as yt
were) but of a handfull of men, and nut stored with desired
victnalla fitt for such eaters as the English are ; nor untill
1610 hrtth yt ben the best govcrued to undertake this service
to God ; but now the commoditieB of our ow ne country being
thither in some good quantety transported, and those there
INTO VIItOINLi.
85
thriving and growing daily into good increase, as kyue,
goats, swyue, horses, mares, etc.; aud the first ragged go-
vcmmeiit ntiwe likewise prudentlie chauuged into au abso-
lute comaund, and over the same many learned and judilioiis
gentlcmeu of his majestie's couucell (as a body politique)
resident in England, and they also enlightened from the
supreme understanding of his ninjestie'a privy conncell; and
the lord generall now to goe againe is a very worthy^ vaUant
nohle man, aud well instructed in the busines^ wlio hath Sir
Thomas Gates, liueten ant- generall (whose comendacion Ueth
in his name). Sir Thonms Dale, marsliatl, holh there at this
present,, informing themselves of the coimtry and people, both
excellent soldiers, and well knowing all circumstances of
warre and advantages of ground, yt cannot be doubted but
that all things shall he soe fureseene, that the best conrses shal-
he taken, aud tbe surreptioii of these priests more seriously
thought on then heartofore, and by whose apprehension wil-
be wrought the saffety of such our people as shalbe imployed
herein for his majestie's honour and the enlargement of his
dominion, for whose sake God will prosper all our lawfutl
and Christian attempts. Yet noe Spanish iutention shalbo
entertayned by us, neither hereby to root out the naturalls,
as the Spaniards have done in Hispaniola and other parts,
but only to take from them these seducers, untill when tht^y
will never knowe God nor obey the king's majestic, and by
which meanea we shall by degrees cliaunge their barbarous
natures, make tliem ashamed the sooner of their aavadge
nakedness, informe them of the true God and of the way to
their salvation, aiul, flually, teach them obedience to the
king's raajcstie and to his govemours in those parts, declar-
ing (in the attempt thereof) nuto the several wcroances, and
making the comou people likewise to understand, how that
liis majestic huth bene acquainted, that the men, women, and
childi'eue of the fiist plantation at Itoanoak were by practize
I and eomaundcmcnt of Powhatan (he himself pcrswaded thcr-
r
»
B8
BlSTOttlB OP TBAVAILB
unto hy his priesU) misernbly slaughtered, without a.uj
offence given him cither by the first pUntcd [who tveut
and od yearcs Imd ptrHCci»bIy IjTcd intermixt uith those sal-
vages, and were out of hU territory) or by those who none
an* cuiiic to inhabite some parte of his desiu-te hi.nds, and to
trade with him for some comoditycs of ourd, which he
Ids ]H!U|)lo KLaud in want of; notwithstanding, heeauxe hia
niajiwtie is, of all the worhl, tlio most just and the most mer-
cifuU prince, he hath given order that Powhatan himself, with
the weroances and all the people, sbalbe spared, and reveng
only taken upon his Quiyoughquiaocks, by whose adrisc and
pei-swasioua was exercised that bloudy cruelty, and only how
that Powhatan hiiiiHclf and the wcroancea must depend on
his majcstie, both acknowledging him for their auperiall lord;
and wheninto tJie iiiferiour wenmiiee.'* sure will most wil-
lingly coudisceud, when yt shalbc told them, that whcras
Powhatan doth at his pleasure dispoile them both of the
lives and goods without yeilding them any reason, or alleadg-]
ing or proving any jii»t enuse against them, they ishull fori
heareafter be deUvercd from his tyranny, nud shidl enjoyoj
freely the fruiets of their owne territories, so shall they thoj
fish and the fowle thereof, of which the most rare and deli-
cate of the one, and the best and wholsomeat of the other,,
are now forbidden them, and reserved and preserved to Powj
hatan, and that they shalbe freed likewise from delivering
their children for sacrifice; and the poore women's songs oi
lamentation converted tuto rejoycings, the true God, and liisj
govemour king James, ccmauuding th^t the childrene of menj
be prpserved and not 8lfiug;l]tered without offence given, aa\
the devill and his Quiyoughquisocks have ordcyned. Agaiustj
which Sathanicall invention, maye yt please his majestic toj
make au ordinaunce, that the fathers of those childrene^ SiUdj
all tbat consent unto the sacrifices hereafter, shalbe put tOf|
deathastraytors to Godaiidhismajustie. As also when they'
shall understand how the tribute which they shall pay uuto
U--
INTO viRorau.
87
liis mnjestie shalbu far leasse then that wbich Powhatan
exiicteth from tliem, who robbs them, as you hare heard, of
all they have ; but after such tymc as they shall subnn'tt them-
selves to the kiug's majeslie, and consent to piiy him a tribute
to be agreed upon, Powhatiin shall Lty no more his exactions
upon them, but they shall freely enjoy all they can, gather,
and hare a pejwcable and franck trade with tlie English for
the comodities they can make of their ownc, exchaun;,"ing
them for ours, and that the Knglish will take of their poorest
into their famclies, as their better sort shall by patents and
proclamations hold their hinds, as free bnrgers and citixcns
■with the Eughsh, and subjecta to king James, who will give
them justice, and defend them against all their eiiemyesj
vhereas now they live in miserable slavery, and have no
assurannce either of tlieir lyves or of their goods, and indeed
hereby these dooblc and mixt comodities wUl arrisf, namely
the English garrisons shall not only he provided of come,
and their stcrehowsea of merchandizes, but the naturalls beingi
thus constrayued to pay duly this their trj'bute, will dense
dowblc as much ground as they doc, wherby the country will
not only he made the more passcahic both for horse and foot,
hut the people Ihemselvca, who arc now for the most pai-t of
the yeare idle, and do little ells theu sharpen their arrowes
against the English, ahall find, by the gathering together of
their eeverall sorts of tribute, somewhat ells to entertayne
thcmsclvcB withall ; and although, perad venture, this maye
secme a burthen at the first, nntill they have acquainted
themselves with another kind of Ufe, and pcrceavc themselves
indeed to beeome thereby the more civile, as likewise to
enjoye the rest of their owne more freely then under Pow-
hatan, they will find themselves in farr better estate then now
they are; for the eussiques or comaundcrs of Indian townes
in Peru, whom the Virginians cidi wei-oances, although they
I paye imto the ting of Spaine great tribute, yet because they
f make cschannge with the Spaniard for that rcraavuesj thev
88
IIIRTOKIR or TIL^VAILR
S*
do not only kccpc grctito hoapitalitj and nre richc in their
furuiture, horses, and cattell, but, as Captain Ellis avov
who lyved ainoiig^tt ihem wjme few yeares, tlieir ilyett
uened to them in silver vesaclls, and many of them haw
natnrall Spaniards that attend them in their howsea, when,
on the other side, the Spaniards were not able to make the
twentieth part of profitt wliich they now doc but by the helpc
of those cussiques, for they furnish out of their Beverall ter-
ritories not so few ils (Ifty tlioiisand people to «'orlie Lu t!
mynes of Potosi, who after bo many monthes' travuile are
returned to the eomitryes, and fifty thousand others by an
other company of cuasiques prondcd to supply them. In
New Spaine they doe the like, for the naturall people gather
all the scuchiucUa' which the Spaniards have, and require no
more for a week's labour then so much money as Mill buy
them a pott of wyiie to drinek drunek the Satterday night.
In Guiaun^ thirty of the people^ with their canoa, wilbe hire^^f
for one hatchett to rowe where they are comaunded for a"
whole monethj and sell a hundred weight of good biskctt for
a threepenny kuife, and if our copper had beu well ordered
in Vii^iivia, as maye be hereafter, I am assured that less
then one ounce will serve to cntcrtaync the labour of a whole
howshould for tcndayes. This being delivered in fitt termos
by some perfect interpreter, and to men that are capable
ynough of understanding yt, maye begett a faire coneeipt in
them of ii« and our proceedings, and leave them well satis-
fied ; and indeed be yt beleeved, that when so just aii occa-
sion shall offer these priests of Asmodius or the devill in
the hands of the lord gcnernll, a better tymc then that will
not be found to pcrforme the same acceptable service to Ood
that Jehu, king uf Israeli, did, wheu be assembled all the
priests of Baal, and slue tbcm, to the last man, in their owue
temple. Of tills may every vulgar sence liR well assured,
that seeing these monsters due offer up luitu the devill their
^ Ckichitieal.
niTO VTBQINIA.
BO
owne cliildrcne, and beuig hardened a^^ainst all compassion,
naturall and divine, enforce their owne mothers to deliver
them to the executioner with their owne hands, they will
easily coudiscend unto, and assist the destruction and extir-
pacion of all straungers, knowing or acknowledging the true
God.
Within the channcoU of the temple, by tlicOkcus, are
ceuotaphies or the monnmeuts of their kings, whose bodyi
80 soone as they be dead, they embowell, and, scraping tlie
flesh from off tlie bones, they dry the same npon hurdclla
into ashesj which ihey put into litle potts (like the auncyent
limes) ; the aniiathomy of the bones they bind togirher or
case up in leather, hauling hraccletts, or chaines of copper,
beads, pearle, or sucli like, as they used to wear about most
of their jointa and ucck, and so repose the body upon a litle
scaffold (as npon a tomb), laying by the dead bodies' feet,
all his riches in aeverull baskctts, liis apook, and pipc^ and
any one toy, wliicli in his life he held most deare in liis
faney : their inwaids they stuff with pearle, copper, bc-ads,
and such trash, sowed in a skynnc, which they ovcrlapp againe
very cjirefuliy iu whit skynnes one or two, and the bodyus
thns dressed lastly they rowlc in matts, as forwynding sheets,
and so laye them orderly one by one, as they dye in their
tumes, upon an arclie standing (as aforesaid] for the tomb,
and thes are all the ceremonies we yet can leame tliat they i
give unto their dead. We heare of no aweet oyles or oynt-
meuts that they use to dresse or chest tbiur dead hotliea
with ; albeit they want not of the prctious rozzin running
out of the great ccdiir, wherwith in the old tyrae they used
to embalme dead bodieii, washing them in the oyle and
licoure therof. Only to the priests the care of these temples
and holy interments are comitted, and these temples are to
them as solitary Asseteria' coUcdges or minsters to exercise
' Possilily rai*spelt fironi Aaairtpoc *]niwi 'Eftanui'Ttpoc, i. e. following in
a row one after another.
90
HISTORIB OP TKATAILE
tliemselres ia contemptation, for they are seldomc out of
them, ATiii tlierefore often lye in tlicm and ranjTiteyiie con-
tynuall 6t'r in the same, upou a hearth somewhat neere the
east end.
For th«r ordinary buriallH they digg a deepe hole in the
earth with slmrpp stokes, and the corps being lappetl in skynns
and matta with their Jewells, they lave appon sticks in the
ground, and aoe cover them with earth : the bnryaJl ended,
the womeu (being painted all their faces with black ooale
and oyh') do aitt twenty-four liowers in their bowses, momTi-
iiig and lamenting by tumcs, with such yelling and howling
AS may exprcsac their great passions.
Their prinoipall temple, or place of superstition, is at
Vtamussack, at Pamunky. Neere unto the towne, within
the woods, is a chief holic howac, proper to Powhatan, upon
the top of certaine red xandy hills^ and it is aocompanied
with two other sixty feet in length, 6Ued with images of
their kings and dcvilU, and tombca of the prcdicessors.
This place they count so holy an that none but the priests
and kings dare come therein. In this fas the Grecian
nigromancera pHychomantic did use to call up spiritts) ey-
ther the pnests have conference, or consult (indeed) with the
dcvill, and receavc verball answeares, and bo sayth Aoosta ;
he spake to the fioinf^ or chaplaiucs of the West Indies, in
their ;gu!Lcns or oratoi-ies, or at lejist these conjurers make
thu simple laytie so to believe, wlioe^ therefore (ao much arc
the people at the priests* devotion), we ready to execute any
thing, how desperate soever, wliich they shall coimuaund.
The salvadgca dare not goe up the river in boatn by yt, but
that they solemly cast some piece of copper, white beads, or
pochones into the river, for feare that Okeua should he
oftended and revenged of them. In this place commonly
are resident seven priesta, the chief dilfchug ti'om the rest
J Query — Bo^JTfl^ fromjWujtoerj. Pape,inlii»"Handw(irti)rbuchdcr
QriuhcIuBtbca Spi^wche", gives nippocmtos as a. reference for the iu« «f
tli« word.
*
4
INTO vittoijru.
01
in his omanient, whilst the inferior priests can hardly be
kuowne from the common people^ save that they had not
(it taaye be mnye not hiive) so many lioles iu their eu.res to
hang tlieii' jeivcUs at. The oruameuts of the chief priest
were, uppon hi& showlders a miildle- sized cloke of feathers
much like the old aacriticing garment which laodorua calls
cassiola, and the bvirlctt or attire of his licad was thos raarle ;
Hume twelve or sixteen or more snakes' sloughcs or skviiB
were stuflcd with mossc, and of weasells or other vcrmyn
were skynns perhapps as many ; all these were tyed by the
taylcs, so as their layles meet in the tupe of the head like a
great tasaell, and round about the tasseU vms circled a crow-
nett (as yt were) of featherM, the skynus hanging round
alioiit his hotid, neck, and showlders, and in a manuLT cover-
ing his face. The faces of all their priests are painted so
uglye a* they can de\ise; in their Imndr* tliey carry e\e:ry
one his rattle, for the moat part as a syrabole of his place
and profession, some basse, some sraixller. Their devotion is
most ui songs, which the chief priest begynns and the rest
follow him; 8omet}Tuea he makes invocation with hmken
sentences, by starts and strnung passions, and at every pawsc
the rest of the priests give a nhort gronne.
We have not yet hitherto perceaved that any solemne fasti,
or fa'uB pr/Bcida/it'tF vigilli,^ or any one daye more holy then
other, is amongst them, but only in some great distrcssc of
want, feare of encmyes, tymes of ti'yumph, and gathering
tugither their friiicts. The whole country — men, women,
and children — come togither to their solcmpnities, the man-
ner of which jolly devotion is sometymcs to make a great ficr
in the house or fields, and all to sing and daunce about yt,
in a ring like so many fayries, with rattles and showtcs, four
'' This unusuijJ cxpreEsioii for ngils or ctch ia thui trco.tC'J of by Aului
Oelliua, lib. ir, at]) 6. — '■ Poi'«am ct hostms quasdam pnoddancas, sicud
(lixi, appellnri vulgo notam ©st ; feri<u prixcidaneat djoi, id opinor, a
vul^ rumotum est."
I
I
I
\
or five howern togitlier, sometymefl faskioniug themselres in
twoo coinpanie-s, keeping & great circuite; one compaiij
daunccth one wave iiiid the other the contrnrj", all very finulj
[Miintcd, certaine men ^ing: before with ejther of them a
rattle, other following in the raiiist, and the rest of the
trayne of both vmgs in order four and four; and in tlu
reure, certnyne of (he chiefest yong men, with long switches
ill their himds, to kcepc them i]i their places; after nil wbieh
followcs the governonr, or weroancc himself, in a more slow
or soleinnc measure, &lop{iiiig iind daunciuge, and all singing
very timuble.
The/ have also divers conjurations : one they made at what
tjine they had taken Captain Smyth prisoner, to know, as
they reported, if any more of his countrj-men vtoxdd arrive
there, and what they intended ; the manner of yt Captain
Smyth observed to be as followeth ; first, soc sone ns daic waa
shut in, they kindled a faire great fier in a lone howse, about
which n-HSfiiibled seven pricrts, takiuge Cnptain Smjth by the
haadj and appointing him his seat ; about the fier they made
a kynd of eneliantwl circle uf nicale ; that done, the chiefest
priest, attyred as is expressed, gravely began to sing aud shake
his rattle, solemly rownding and marching abont the fier, the
rest followed him silently untill his song was done, which
they all shutt up with a groane. At the end of the first
song the chief priest layd downo oertaine graincs of wheat,
«u(t so continuyed howling and invoking their okeus to
stand firine and pDWerfiJ to them in divers varieties of songs,
still eoiintiiig the songs by the g^nynes, imtill they had
circled the tier three tymes, then they dcvided the graynes
by certiiine number with little sticks, all the while muttering
some ympioivs thing unto themselves, oftentymes looking
upon Capt. Smyth. In this manner they contynucd ten or
twelve bowers without any other ceremonies or intermission,
with Bueb violent &tretching of their nrmes, and ^1U■ious pas-
noQS, jesturesj and simptoms, as might well seeme Strang to
IKTO vmcixiA.
him before whoai tliey so conjured, and who every hower
expected to be tbe toast and one of their sacrifice. Not auy
meat did tliey eat untill j-t was very late, and tbe night far
8|>eut. AlioTit the rising of the morning starr they seemed
to have finished their work of darknes, and theu drew forth
snch pro^aMon as was in the said howse, aud feasted them-
selves and him with much mirth. Three or fower dnyes
they coutyiiucd these elvish ceremonies. Now besides these
manner of conjurations thus within dores (as we read the
augurers, in the old tymcs of the like au[ierstitiou, did ascend
or goe up into the certaiue towers or high places, called there-
fore augtiracula, to divine of matters), ao doe theygoe forth, and
either upon some rock standing olone^ or upon some desolate
promontery top, or ells into the midst of thick and solitary
woodes they call upon their okcus aud importune theij- other
quioughcosughes with moat impetuous and intermiuate cla-
mours and Iiowlbig, and with such paynes and strayned
accionSj as the neighbour places ccchoe againe of the same,
and themselves ai'e all in a sweat ;ind over wearied.
They have also certaine aultcr stones which they call paw-
corances ; but those stand from their temples, some by their
hawses, others in the woodos and wilderness; upon these
they ofter blood, dcare suctt, and tobacco, and that when
they rettime sate from the warrs, luckely fi-om hunting, and
upon miiny other occasions.
We understand they give great reverence to the sim ; for
wJiiehj huth at bis early rising and late sitting, they conch
themselves downe, and lift up their hands and eyes, and at
certayno tymes make a round circle on the gronnd with to-
haccD, into which they reverently enter, and mnmnire cer-
tftinc unhallowed wordcs with many a defonned gesture.
They have also another kind of sorcery which they use in
etormes, a kynd of botanomantia' witli herbcs ; when the wa-
ters are rough in the rivers and sea-coasts, their conjurers
I Soocbtiayiug from herbs.
'':^
M
QISTORIE or TRAVAlUt
run to the wutcm iides, or, pfisiing iii tlieir qumtans, after
many hellish outcrycs and invocations, thty cast whcsicnn,
tobaOOOj co]>|ier, pocrjnuK, or such trash into the water, to
pacirye that god whumc they thiuck to bo very angry in
those stormcs.
Before their diuuers and suppers (as Holiodorus remem-
bers the Kp}'ptians were wont to doe when they sate to meate,
or at candlelight) the better sort will doe a kind of sacriiice,
taking the first bitt and caatingc yt into the fier, and to yt
repeat ccrtaine wordcs. I hare heard Mnchumpa, at Sir
Thos. Dale'A table, once or twice (upon our request) repeat
tlic said gnice as yt were, liowbcit I forgot to take yt from
him in writiuge.
Tn some part of the country they have yerely a aacrifice of
children; such a one wiw ut Qiiiyaughcobauock, sonic ten
miles from James Townc, as aUo at Kccoughtan, which Capt.
Georg Percy was at, and observed. The manner of it was,
fiftccuc of the properest yoiige boyes, betweene ten and
fifteeue yeares of age, they paynted whiter having brought
them foHh, the people spcut the forcuone in dauucing and
«ngiug about them with rattles. In the aftcmoone they
aolemly led those chihb'ene to a eertayne tree appointed for
the same purpose; at the; rootc whereof, round about, they
made the childrenc to sitt downe, and by them stood the
moat and the ablest of the men, and some of them the fathers
of the childrenc, as a watulifull guard, every one having a
bastinado in his hand of rcede^, and these opened a lane
betweene all along, through whicli were appointed five young
men to fetch those chiklrciie ; and accordingly every one of
the five tooke his turne and passed through the guard to
fetch a cliild, the guard fiercely heating them the while with
their bastinadoes, and shewing much anger and displeasiu-e
to have the childi'en so ravisht from them; all whicb the
young men pacyently endured, receaving the blowcs and
dcfcntliug the children, with their naked bodies, from the
INTO VTHfiraiA.
95
usmcrHifulI stroakes, thai paid them soundly, thouglt the
children escaped. All the while sate the mothers and kins-
women sifitr off, looking nn, wcc^pinji aiid tTving out very
passionately, and some, in pretty wjiymenting^ tunes, sing-
ing (as yt were] their dii-ge or funeral song, provided nith
matta, skjimca, musap, and dry wood by thcTn, as things fitt-
iug their children's funeralls. After the childrcne were thus
forccably taken from the {^lard, the guai'd possessed (as yt
were) with a vyolent fury, entred uppon the tree and tore yt
downe, bowca and braunches, with such a terrible 6erceness
and strength, that they rent the very body of yt, and shi-
vered yt in a hundred peeccs, whereof some of them rondo
them garlandcs for their heads, and some stuck of the
braunchee and leaves in tlieir haire, wreathinge them iii the
sn]iie, and so went up and downe as mouruyrs, with heavy
and sad downecast lookes. What ells was done with the
childrcne might not he aeeue by onr peiipic, further then
that they were all cast on a hcapc in a valleye, where waa
made a great and solemnc feast for all the corapanye; at the
going whereunto, the night now approaching, the Indians
desired our people that they would withdraw themselvea and
leave them to their fmlher proceedinga, the which they did :
only some of the weroances being demanded the meaning of
this sacrifiee, made answeare, that the childrenc did not all
of them suffer death, but that the okeus did suck the hlnod
from the leaft breast of the child whose ehaunce it was to be
his by lott, till he were dead, and the remaine were kept in
the wildeniess by the said young men till nine raooues were
expired, diuing which tyme they must not converse with
any ; and of^ these were made the priests and conjurers, to
be instructed by tradition from the elder priests. These
sacrifices, or catharraata, they hold to be so necessary, that
if they should omitt theni they suppose tliis okeus, and all
the other qmonghcoanghea, which are their other gods, would
1 So in M 3. Ptoba.blj " plftintive".
Ofi
mSTORIB OP TRAVArLB
let tbcm no dearc, turkics, coruc, uor fish, and yet besides
he would make a great slaughter amongst them ; insomuch
as if evftr the anoypiit superstitions tvnies feared the deviil'ii
poglttlaria f»/fftiraj lightuiugs that sigtiifiecJ religion of saeri-
ficet and vowca to he neglected,' thette people are dreadiullj
afflicted with the terror of the like, insomuch as^ T may tndy
nye therefore, the like thunder and Lightening is scldoine
againo P}^hcr seeuo or heard iu Europe as is here.
Couccniiiig the ymmortality of the sowle, they suppose
that the common people shall not live after death ; but they
thinck that their weroances luid priests, indeed whom they
eatecmc half quioughcosughca, when their bodyes arc laied
iu the earth, that that which is within shall goe beyond the
moiiiitayuL's, and travell as farr as ivhere the suu setts into
most pleasant fields^ growndes, and pastures, where yt shjill
doe no labour; but, stuck Hnely with feathers, and painted
with tiyle and pocones, rest in all quiet and peace, and eat
delicious fruicts, and have store of copi>er, beades, and
hatchettsj eing, daunce, and have all variety of delights and
nierryments till that wase old there, as the body did on
earth, and theu yt ahall dissolve and die, and eome into a
woman's womb agaiue, and so be a new borne unto the
world; not unlike the heathen Pytbugoms his opinyon, and
fable of metempsychosis; nor Is this opinion more ridiculous
or savage then was the Epicuresj long since, in tyme too of
morality, who taught that the sowle of man, as of brute
beasts, wan nothing ells but life, or the vitall power arriainge
of the temperature and perfcccion of the hotly, and therefore
died and extinguished togither with the body, the sowle so
being a meere quality in the body, and when t]io body was
' The rendering hero given hy Stcachey wf " jiostularia fulgiim" is
evidenLlj from Festus, th>»iigb bis tiuaint diction would uiislead the
reader as to the intenticuj of the words. Fe^tits gives the following dctini-
tioTi of tha term. " Fulgnn qum votonim ant wicrificiorum apretam
religionem designant".
INTO VIKOIKIA.
07
I
to dissolve, thu sUMie must likewise becumc nothing; nor is
it more hethenous then our Athists, who would even out of
scriptuie prophaiiely conclude no yinortality of the sowle, to
be wresting tbiit of Solomon, who saicth, "The condicion of
mon and beiista are eren os one'*, not acknowledging their
impious reasonings by fiiUacicSj concluding that which is in
some respect soe to he simply so, as becansfi tltcir bodies dye
alike, tliercfure the sowle of man must pi;riMh too. Butj ajas,
well maye these heathen be pityed and pardoned untill they
shall be taught ln-ttcr, neither burtic uuder gracOj nor of the
«eed of promise, when such as profcsse tbemsclves iu their
great place to be our Saviour Christ's chief ricars here upon
earth, dare be farr more dissolute, as yt is written of Paule
the third, Pope of Rome, when he was breathing out his
sowle, and ready to dye, said that now, at length, he should
try and knowe three thijigs whereof in his wliole tyme he
much doubted (viz), whether tliere was a Godj secondly,
whether sowles were immortal; and lastly, whether there
was any hell : and Stepbanus upon Heroditus remembers us
how Pope Loo X answered Cardinal Bembo, that aUeadged
some pwt of the gospell unto him, — " Lord Cardinall, what i
a wctdth this fable of Jesus Christ hath gotten us." I say, |
therefore, yt may well aeeme lesse straimg if amonge these |
infidclls both the knowledg of our Saviour be questioned, (
and the ymmortnlity of the sowle not rightly understood.
Ilowbcyt, to divert them from this bhndaess, many of our
people have used their best eudeavoui-s, chiefly iritli Pepis-
cumah, weroance of Uuiyoughcohauoek, whose apprehension
and good disposiciou towards us hath hitherto much exceeded
any in those countryes, with whom, though as yet we have
not prevaylcd to forsake his take gods, yet this he was woune
to saye, that he believed our God as much exceeded theirs,
83 our guns did their bowe and arrowcs; and many tymes,
upon our people's first eomyng into the country, did send to
tieut at James Towne meu with presents, cntreatiug
I
I
08
Hli^TORIE OP TRAVAILB
him to pray to his Rod for rayne, for hift gods would not
M>nd htm any ; aiul in iliis Inmentable ignumnce due tliese
poore 8owlo8 lire.
I will conclude these points with opinion of the Indians
of pAtawomeck River. The last ycarc 1610, about Chriit-
mos, M-heii Cnptiiin Ai^ll wns there ti-ading with Jopassiis,
thf great liing*» hrotlii-r, after many daics of acqiiaintauDce
with him, lut the pynnnee road before the townc Matclio-
pongo, Jopaxiitis comyng abourd and sitting (the whenther
being very cold) by the ficrj upon a hearth in the hold, witli
the captaine. one of our men was reading of a Bible, to which
the Indian gave a very uttcnt care, and looked with a very
wisht eye upon him, as if he desired to understand what he
rend, whoreupun the eajytiiyiiti tookc the lnjoke, and turned
to the pictures of tlic Creation of the World, in the bcgywning
of the hooke, and canned a boy, one Spilman, who had l}*ved
a whole ycre with this Indian kinge^ and spake his language,
to fiheiive yt unto him, and to enterpretc yt in bis language,
which the boy did, and which the king seemed to like well
of; howbeit, he bad the boy tell the captayiie if he would
hcare, he would tell him the manner of their bc'gir*ning, which
was a pretty fabulous tale indeed. " We have {said he) five
gods in all J our chief god appeares often unto us in the like-
nes of a mighty great hare; the other foiu- have noe visible
shape, hut are indeed the four wynds which keepe the fom-
corners of the earth (and then, with his hand, he seemed to
quarter out the aeytnations of the world). Our god, who
takes upon him this shape of a hare, conceaved with himself
how to people this great worldj, and with what kinde of crea-
tures, and yt is true (said he) that at length be devised and
made divers men and women, and made provision for them,
to be kept up yet a while in a great bag. Nowe there were
eertayne spiritts, which he described to be like great giants,
which came to the hare's dwelling-place (being towards the
rifiiiig of the sun), and had peraeveratmce nf the men and
Unt) VIKUISLA.
99
I
I
I
I
vomea which he had put iuto that great biif^g, aud tlioy
would have had them to c«t, but the gudlye hure rejjroved
those cauihall apiritts, and drove them awaye/' Now if tlic
boy had uskerl him of what he made tliose men and wouifii,
and wLiit those spii'ittti more pm'ticuhirly had hen, nud so liad
proceeded iu some order, tliey should have made yt hang
together the better ; bnt the boy was unwilling to question
him so many things, least he should otFcnd him ; only the
old man wfcut an, iLcd said how that guiUike Imre niMdc the
wHtcr, and the fish thereiUj and the land, and a grreat dearCj
which should feed u|>on the huid ; at which asaetnblud the
other four gxids, envyous licreat, from tlie cast, the west, fi-om
the north and »ontb, and with luiuting pooleti kild this gi-eat
dearc, dreast Inui, und, after they had feasted with him,
departed agaiue, east, west, north, and south ; at which the
other god, in (lesplght for this theif' mallice to bim, tooke all
the haires of the slaJue deiirc, aud spred them upon the earth,
with many powerfuU worda aud cliamicSj whereby every haii-e
bccoiuc a deare; and then he opened the great hag, wherein
the men nod the women were, and placed them upou the
earth, a. man and a woman in one country, and a man and a
Tvoiniui in another countrv, and so the world tooke Ins first
hcgyuning of mankind. The Kiptaine bad the boy ask him
what he tliouglit became of them after their death, to which
he answered somewhat like as is expressed before of the
inhahitaunts about us, how that after they are dead here,
they goc up to a top of a lugli tree, and there they espie a
fftirc plaine broad path waye, on botli sides wherof doth grow
all manner of pheasant fmicta, as mulberies, straherrie!*,
plombea, etc. In tliis pleasant path they rune toward the
rising of the sun, whrre the goodly hiu-e's bowse is, and in the
midway they come to a house where a woman goddesae duth
dwell, w hoe hath alwaies her doares open for hospitality, and
halh at all tynies ready drest grccnc vskalahomen and poka-
hichory, (which is greene corue brused and boylcdj and wal-
lot)
HI8TOK1K OF TIUVAILK
Qutta beaten amali^ then washci) ixuui tlic shells with a qima-
tity of water, which mnlte* a kind of milke, and wliich they
estcemc ou cxtraordiimry dwh,) to^ithcr with nil nmiiiii^rof
pleasjuit fruicts, in a readincs to ciitcrtaj-ne all such as doc
travell to tlio great hare's bowse j and urben they are wftll
refreshed, tbcy run in thin pleasant i>ath to the rising of the
Bun, ttln;ti^ tbey fyiid their forefathers lyving iu prcat plea-
sure, ill a {;ii(Mlly field, where they doe nothing but dawiice
aud siug, and feed ou dclitlous fruicts with that great hare,
wliu is their proat god j and when they have l)"\ed there untill
they Ijc stnrke old meu, ilicy sale tliey dye there likewise by
tnrnes, and come into the world a^ne.
ConcenUDg further of the religion wc hare not yet learned,
nor indeed i«hiUl wc ever know all the certniiitye cyther of
these their unhallowed raisteriesj or of their further orders
and policycs, luitill we caiin make sur|)riM of some of their
Qniyou^hqiiisocks.
CAPUT VIII.
Tlicir manner nf norrs, aud couHultationa thereabout ; of ceitain pro-
phosicn umongst them ; of Ponhntaa's uuncicnt cnututcx, QJid how
ihcy nuiic ho wrougtit into league with uh, and tumttd aguinrt him,
whtroby we maie bring hiin Lik*wiso to he in freiutl#hip with un ; of
tlieir bowo^, arrowas, ftiid rtwoTd&t, targetts, drumiis; of their phisicli
and uhinirgcrj.
"WuES they intend any warrs, the weroances usually advise
with tlieir priest» or coiijurersj their allies and best trusted
elinuneellora and fi-uinds; but comonly the priests have the
resulting voice^ and determync therefore their resolutions.
Eyther a wei"oauee or some lustie fellowe is appointed cap-
tivinc over a nation or regiment to be led forth; and when
tbcy woTild prcsse a number of soldiers to be ready by a day,
an officer is dispacbt awuye, who comynij into the toivne^,
or otherwise meeting such wbomc he hath order to warue,
i
INTO vinoixiA.
101
to strike thum uver the back a sound blow with a bastiuHclu,
and bidds them he ready to serve the groat king, and tells
them tlie randevoiw, from whence they dnre not at any tyme
appointed be absent. They scldomc make warra for landa
or goods, but for women and cliildreu, and princiimlly for
revenge, so vindicative and jualous they be to be made a diri-
sioii of, and to by insulted upon by an enemy.
Tbcru be at tliis tyrae certayne prophesieH afoot amongst
the people enhabiting about us, of wbicU Powhatan ys not
meanly jealous and careful to divert the construction and
danger which his pricsta coutyuually put him in feare of. ,
[It is] not long since that his priests told him how that from
the Chcsapeaek Bay a nation should arise which fihould dis-
solve and give end to hh empire, for which, uot many ycare«j
Biiiw (pi-rplext with this divelisb oracle, and divers nnder-.
standing thereof), according to the ancyeut and gentile cus-
toms, he destroyed and put to sword all such who might lye
under any doubtful coustrucciou of the said prophesie, as all
the inliabitiuits, the weroauce and his subjects of that pro-
vinoc> and so leniaine all the Chcssiopcians at this daye, and
for this cau:*c, extinct.
Some of the inhabitants, againe, liave not spared to give
us to uuderstand, bow they have R second prophcsie likewise
amongst them, that twice they should give overtlirow and
dishearten the attemptcrs, and such straungers as should
invade their territories or labour to settle a plantation among
them, but the third tyrae they themselves shotdd fall iuto
their subjection, and under their conquest ; and aure in the
observacion of om- settlement, and the manner therof hitherto,
we muye weE suppose that this their apprehension may fully
touch at us. I leave to expressc the particulers unto an>
other place, albeyt, let me saye here, mtrauuge whispers
(indeed) and secrctt at this bower run among these people
and possesee them with amazement, what may be the yssue
of tbeuo straung preparations lauded in their coasts, and
i'
'''ft
HISTORIE OF TTIAVAILB
yearly supplyed with fresher trouppes. Every newcs and
blast of rumour stiykes them, to which they open their earea>|
wyile, aud kci.'pe their eyes waking, with good espiall upon
every thing that sturrs ; the noyse of our drums, of our s]triU
trunipetts and great ordiuauncc, tcrriiicH them, so its they
startle at tlie report of them, how far soever from the reach
of (laiiiifTer. Suspicions have bredd atraiinge feares amongst
them, and thone feares create as straung eunstriiLTioiis^ imtl
those construccionsj therefore, bcgett strong watch and gard^
especially about their great kinge, who thrusts forth trusty
skowtes and carcfull sentinells, as before niencyoned, which
reach even from his owue court ilowne almost to om' piUisado
gates, wliich auswearo one another duly. Many things (whilst
they observe us) are sidfrwl auiissc amoug themselves, who
were wont to be so servily fearefiill to trespaase against their
customes, as yt was a chief point of theii' religion not to
breaks in any, and all this, and more then this, is thus with
them, whilst the great tyrant himself nor his priests arc now
confident in their wonted com-acs. Judge all men whether
these maye not he tlie forerunners of an alteration of the
devill's empire here? I hope they be, nay, T dare prognos-
ticate that they usher great accydents, and that we shall
effect them ; the Ui^iiie power assist us in tliis worte, which,
begun for heavenly ends, may have as heavenly period.
Powhatan had many enemies, especially in the westerly
countryes, before we made our forts aud habitations so neere
the Falls ; but now the gcueraU cause hath united thcni, and
the poore power of their mallice they contend to power upon
us. Beyond the mountayncs, and at the heads of the rivers
upon the head of the Powhatans, are the Mouacans, whose
chief habitaeion ia at Rassawck,, unto whome the Mowhemen-
cbuges, the Massinnacacks, the Monahassauugbcs, and other
nations, pay tribute ; and the MouacanSj as I said, have been
deadly cnemyes ever unto Powhatan, and mayo easily be
wyned frindsliip with by us to be so againe ; untill when wc
sliall ever have Powiataii at these prowd aud insolent termes
at which he now stands ; and therefore yt was most consider-
ably and directly advised by one of good \}]ncc, aud great
knowledg, aud by long experience trayned in the managing
of busines of this nattire, when Sir Thomas Gates went oyer
sole governonr, May 1609, that wc should endeavour what all
envadcrs and planters sceke ant, namely to Itnowe and eriter-
tajne the bordering enemye of that nation, whom wc shalbc
forced by our sitting downe aniougst them, out of many
offred occasions, to offend and conatraine j for who can he
ignorant, saitli he, that tbere was never any iiivaysion, con-
quest, or far of phintation, that had successe witltoiit some
partic in the place ytself, or neere yt ? witnea all the con-
quests made in these our parts of the world, and nil that the
Spaniaids liave performed in America ; yt cannot hnt appeare
to all TOcn of judgment esseiiaially necessarj' for our colony
to get knowledg or make friendship, as conveniently as yt
maVj %rith as many of the weroaucps which border and make
warr with Powhatan, as yt can, against whoine, or against
whose people, yf we should fynd cause now or hereafter to
use violence. There is no man among themselves so savage,
or not capable of so ranch scm'c, hut that he will approve our
cause, when he shalbe made to understand that Powhatan
hath slaughtered so many of our uation without offence given,
and auch a« were seated far from him, and in the territory
of those weroances which did in no sort depend on him or
acknowlcdg him j but yt hath ben Powhatan's great care to
keepe us, by all meanes, from the acquaintance of those
nntious that border and confront him, for besides his know-
ledge how easely and willingly his enemies wilbe drawne upon
lim by the least ronutenancc and encouragement from us,
he doth, by keeping uh from trading ^vith them, monoplize
all the copper brought into Virginia by the English. And
whereas the English are noM' content to reccave, in eschaunge,
a few measures of coruc for a great deale of that mettell
104
ni)n'r>Bie or travaile
(valuyng yt accordiu^ Ui tlie pxtrcnuit^ prieo yt bcarca witli
them, not to thr eiitymiu.'ion yt liath with u»), Powliatan doth
af^nc Tent some sniall quantity thereof to his ncighlmnr
nntimiH for one liuudreil tyme the value, resen-ing, notwith-
tttHiidin^, forhimself a plcDtifull quiiiitity to Icavy men wKbill
when lie Kliall find cause to use them Against us ; for the be-
fore- rem enib red wcroance of Paspalic^b did once wafije four-
teen or fifteen wcroanccs to assist him in the attempt upon
the fort of Jntucs townc, for one copper plate pmitniM^l to
eacli weroancc.
Heyonil tlio springs of the river TappahaiKK'k (the second
from Powhatan's) is a people ealleil Mannahonlca ; to these
are contributory- the Tanxauitanians, the Sbackaconiaa, the
Outpankas, the Tegoneaa, the Whonkentias, tbe Stognros,
the Uassiiin^s, and dirers others, all confederates nith the
Monacans, though many of theiii different in language and
very barbarous, living for tbe most part upon wild beasts and
frnictSj and have likewise iissisted the Monncans, in tynies
past, against Powhatan, and niaic also by us be dealt withall
and taken into freindship, as opportunity and meanea shall
afFourd.
Beyond the monnttunes, from whence is the head of the
river Patawomoek, do iuhabitc the Maaaawomeelis (Powha-
tan's yet mortall enemies) upon a great salt water, which by
all likelyhoods may either be some part of Canci^a, some great
lake, or some iulett of some sea, that may fkll into the «'est
ocean or Mar del zur. Tlicse Massawomceks are a great
nation, and very populous, for the inhabitants of the beads
of all those rivers, especyally the Patawomecks, the Pawtux-
untSj tlie Sasquesahauoughes, the Tockwoghs, are couty-
mmlly harbored and frighted hy them, of wliose cruelty the
said people generally complained, and were very ymportu-
nate with Captain Smyth and his company, in tbe tyme of
their discovery, to free them from thoae tormentors, to wluch.
purpose they offred food, conduct, asBistantSj and coutvnual
rsTO nunmiA.
105
sTihjection, which were motives sufficyent for Captain Smyth
to promise to retumc with sufficient forces to constraiue the
said Massawomecks ; Imt there were iii tlie colony tit tliat
tyme sach fiictions and base cn^-yes, as laalicc in some, in
some igiiorauce, and cuwardize in others, made that oportu-
nity to he lost. Seven boats'-fiiil of these Massawomceks,
tlie discoverers before mentioned encountred at the head of
the bay, whose targetts, haskctts, awords, tobncco-jiipcs, pbit-
ters, bowes and arrowcs, and every thing, shewed tliey much
exceeded them of our pai-ts ; and their desterlty in their
sevcrall hoats^ made of the bai-kes of treea sowed togithcr,
and well luted with giun imd rosiu of the piac-trcc, argneth
that they are seated upon some great water. Of these, like-
wise, yt may plensc the lord gcucrall agsiiue to enfox-me him-
self, as clrcumatances and occasion shall serve to turne against
Powhatan,
^C." I graunt that auch the new inliabitauts who now people
Chesapeak »gaine (the oh! extinguished, as you have heard,
upou the couceipt of a prophesic), togither witli the wero-
■ ances of Naudsamnnd, Wairaskoyak, and Weanock, are now
at peace with him ; howbeit, they maic, peradveuture, ho
_ drawne from Lira for some rownd rewards and a plentifull
P promise of copper, thus much (and not unnecessarily)
digressed.
Their weapons for offence are Ijowes and arrowcs, and
wodden sw'or<l8 ; for defence, targetts. The bowes are of
some young plaiit, eyther of the locust-tree or of weech,*
which they bring to the forme of ours by the scraping of a
shell, and give them strings of a stagg's gutt, or thong of a
deare's hide twisted. Theii- arrowes are made some of streight
yoimg spriggs, which they head with bone, two or three
inches long, and these they use to shoote at sf|iurrella and
all kind of fowlc. Another sort of arrowes they use made of
reedcs : these are peeced with wood, headed Mith splinters of
1 The witch lnujol— " Hmnttmelia Vir^iniatta".
100
HISTORIK or TRAVAILK
cristall or K>me sharp Mane, with the spurrs of a tiirker cock,
or the bill of some bird, feathered with a tiirkey*s feather,
which with a kuife {made of the sphntcr of a rccd, which he
will lunkc an shar^M; aa a surgeon's ganiott*} he cutta him iuto
forme, and with which knife, also, he will joyiit a dearo, or
any beast, sliafie his sanclalk, buskins, mautell, etc. To make
the uotch of his arrowe^ he hath the tooth of » bevcr sett ia
a stick, wherewith he grateth yt by degrees ; his arrowc hcdd
he quickly makcth with a litle bone (which he ever weareth
at his bracer, and which Ijracer ia comonly of some beast's
skyune, eyther of the wootf, hadg^er, or black fox, etc.) of any
Bpliiit of a stone, or peecc of a deare's bone, of an oyster shell,
or of cristall, in the forme of a heart, biu-b'd and jagged, and
these they glue to the end nf their arrowea with the »ynewe«
of deare and the topps of dcaru's borne boyled into a jcllVj,
of which they make a glue that will not dissolve in cold water,
Forty yards will they shout levell, or ver)- neere the marke
and one humlred and twenty is their best at random.
^ Their swordes be made of a kind of liea\y wood which they
have, much like such wooden iustruments as otir Kuglish
women swingle their flax, withnll, and wliicb they call mono-
cocks, as the sftlvarlges in Bariena,^ in the West Indies, call
their[s] inacauas, uud be alike made; but oftentymcs the;
use for swordea the home of a deare put through a peice
wood it! foTmc of a pickaxe. Some use a long stone sharp-
ened at both ends, thrust through a hamllc of wood in the
aame manner, and the«c lairt they were wont to use iustcai
of hntchetts to fell a tree, or out any massy thinj? in sonder;
but now, by trucking with us, they have thowaands of o
ii'on liatclietts, such aa they be.
Targetts they have, though not many, nor every where
but those they have are made of the barltcs of trees, rown
and thicke ynough to keepe out an arrowe.
* Aa incision-knifo.
S It tiliQuld be Diurien. 3w HcriDm, dec. i, lib, is, cai>. 6.
•
i^S-
WTO vraawtA.
107
For tbcir driimB they have a {p*eat deepe platter of wood,
the mouth whereof covering with a skyn, at each comer they
ty a walnutt) which meeting ou tlic back side iieere the bot-
torae, with a small cord tliey twitch them together iintill they
be 90 tough and stiffe, thiit they Jiiaye beat upon them as
doe wcc upon a drum, and they yield a reasonable rattling
sown tie.
Their chief attempts are by strHtagems^ surprizes, and
trecheries, yet the weroances, women, or children, they put
not to death, but keep them captives. Tliey have a method
in warrc, and for a pleasure Powhatan would needs have yt
shewed once to our people, and yt was in this manner per-
formed at Mattapanient.
Haidni; piiiutcd aud disgriiiacd themselves iu the fairest
manner they could devise, they dcvided themselves into two
companies, well neerc one hundred in u company ; the one
company they called Monacan's, the other Powhatan's, eyther
army hud their captaine. Theso (as enemies) took their
stand a muskett shott one from another, rancking them-
selves fifteen abreast, aud each ranck from other four or five
yardes, not in file, but in the opening betwixt their files, so
as the reare could shoot as convenyently as the front. Hav-
ing thus pitched the field, from eyther part went n messenger
iritb condiciona that whosoever were vanquished, such aa
escaped, upon their submission or comyng in, though two
daies after, should live, but their wives and childrene should
be prize for the conquerors. Tlie messengers were no sonar
returned, but they approached iu tlieir orders, on each flank
a Serjeant, and iu the reare an offlccr for linetcnant, all duly
keeping their rancks, yet leaping and singing after their
accustomed tune, which they use only in warrs. I'pou the
first flight of arrowes, they gave such horrible showts and
acritches as so many infernall hclhounds ; when they had
spent th(Mr arrowes tliey joyued togithei prettily, charging
and retiring, every ranck seconding other. As they gett
loa
■"ft*^"* or TRAVAILS
Rfltiuitagc, tliey ciitcbcd their enemies by the bairc of their
heod^ and dowoc he ctunc that wbs taken; his enemy, with
a wood(l«n sword, seemed to heat out his braines, and still
they crept to t!ie reare to niuyutayne the Hkyrmish. The
Monocana dccrcasinj;, the Powliiitaus charged them iu forme
of n halfe mooue ; they, unwilling to bc inclotied, fled all in
a troupe to their ambuacadooa^ on wliome tltcy leJ them
veiy cunningly. The Mouocans diaperst themselves amou^;
the freshmen, whereupon the Powhatans retired themselves
with all speed to their seconds, which the Monocaiis seeing,
tooko tliat advantage to retire againe to their owne battaile,
and 80 each returned to tlieirc owne quarter. All their
accion, voices, and gpstnres, both in cliardging and retiring,
«'ere so strayned to the height of their quality and nature,
that the straunguess thereof made yt secmc very delightfuU.
Concerning a greene wound cawaed eythcr by the stroake
of an axe, or sword, or isiich sharpe thiuge, they have present
remedy fur, of the juyce of certayiie hearbes ; howbe)^ a
eornptiuiid wound (as the surgt-ond call it) where, beside the
opening and cutting of the fiesh, any rupture is, or bone
broken, «nch as our Kniall shutte make upon them, they
knowe not ea.sily how to cure, and therefore hinguish in the
misery of tUc pa)7ie thereof. Old ulcers likewise, and putri-
fied hurt* arc seidome seeue cured amongst them : howbeit,
to scarrrfyc a awelliuj^, or make incisyon, they have a kind
of intitrumeut of Homo splinted stone.
Kvcry spring they make themselves sick with drincUng
the juyco of a roote which they call wighsacan and water,
wherof they take soc great a quantity, that yt pnrgcth them
in a very violent maTiucr, so that in three or four daies after
thoy Bcarse recover their former health. Somut^-mes they
are sore trebled with dropseyes, swellings, aclies, and sucb
like deceases, hy reason of their nneleanenes and fowle feed-
ing ; for cure whereof they buyld a stove in tlie forme of a
dove howsB, with raatts soe close, that a fewe coals therein,
covered with a pott, will make the patient sweat extrcainely.
IXTO \7RCnJIA.
100
For swelling, also, they use small piceea of touch wood in
the forme of cloves, which, pricking on the grinf, they biirtie
close to the flesh, anrl from thence drawe the corruption
with their mouthc. They Imve many professed phiMtians,
who, with their charmes hiuI rattles, with an inferaall rowt
of words and accions, will aeeme to suck their inward grief
from their navclla, or their affected places ; but concerning'
oiu- ehirugians tlicy are generally so conccipted of thcoi,
that they beUeve that their plaistcrs will heale auy hmi;.
CAPUT rx.
Of thuir tocottomick gr liowshold aSa-iros ; bow tboy olttcjao thoir yiivw ;
the womfin'a works ; anJ wherefore th«y coutoiiJ for manie wiTcs.
They exprcsse their loves to siicli women m they would mako
choise to live withall, by presenting tlietu with the fruicts of
their labours, as by fowlcj fiah, or wild beasts, which by their
huntings, their bewes and arrowes, by weerca, or otherwise,
they ohteyue, which they bring unto the young women, as
also of such somcr fruicts and berries which their travells
abroad hath made them knowc readcly where to gather, and
those of the best kind in their season. Yf the young may-
den become ouec to be sororians viryo,'^ ami live imder pa-
rentSj tlie parents must allow of the sutor ; and for their
good wills, the woer promiseth that the daughter slial! not
want of such pix>visioiis, nor of deare skynn-i fitly tlrest for to
weare; besides, he promiseth to doe his eudearour to procure
her bcades, perlc, and copper, and for haiulsell gives her
before them something as a kind of arrasponsalU'ta^ token of
betroatliing or contract of a further amity and Acquaintance
to he contynucd betwecue them, as so after as the likeing
I i.f. tar'wml nt pulierty. Fostus sa;s "Suroxtarv Qianuiuu diuuutur
puclhiruni, cum primum tumcsount."
1 Eaxacet luguey In latificution of tho cspauaals.
110
nisToRiE OF thavailc
groves; and a« soone as he hath pmncled her a house (if
he have uoiic before) and some platters, morters, and
mutts, he takes her homci and the wcronncca after this man-
ner mnye have aa many as tlioy can obteyiie, howbeji, all the
rost whomc they take after their first clioisc are (aa yt were)
mercynarv, hired but by covenant and condicion, for a tjrmc,
a yearc or soe, ufUir which tliry may pntt them awayc; hut
if they keepc them lon^^er then the tyme appointed^ they
mnst ever keepe them, how deformed, dcscascd, or nnftccom-i
paninble soever they may prove.
They are people most voluptious; yet are the women very
carefull not to be suspeeted of dishonesty, without the leave
of the husbands; but he giving his consent, they arc Ukc
Virgill's Fcranti/p,^ and may erahrase the acquaintance of any
strainiger fur nothing, and it is accompLed no oftenco; and
incredible j-t is, with what heat both sexes of them arc given
over to thoee intemperances, and the men to prept^ terog a
Venus, for which they are full of their comitrj'e desease (the
pox) very young; for cure of which, yet, they have both
meanes of their owne, and sufficient skill, applying ccrtainc
hcrbcs and bruscd roots which doe presently case, and in
tjTne cure (wliich kind of medicines Paracelsus callcth
xetiativa medivatitettta) , having, beside the saxafras, one
hearb which (as yt is supposed) in short tyme qneneheth and
mortifieth the malignart poysou of that finvle deseaae.
The women ai-e said to be easily delivered of child; yet do
they love childreue very dearly. To make the children liardye,
in the coldest mornings they wa»h them in the rivers, and by
paintings and oyntcmeuts so tanne their skynns tliat, after a
yeare or twoo no weather will hurt them ; as also, to practize
their children in the use of ther bowes and arrowes, the mo-
thers doc not give them their breakfast in a morning before
the) have hitt a marke which she appoints them to shoot at:
' Wd hnvo D(^t met witVt tbk word iu Virgil. It occurs ia PUuUiB as
the epitbet of a dospicable woman.
INTO VTROIKIA.
Ill
I
and comonly so cunning they will Imve thcoij as throwing up
in the ayrc a piece of mosscj or some such light thinge, the
boy must with liis arrowe mcete yt in the fall, and Lit it, or
clla he shall not have his breckiast.
Both men, women, and childrcne have their scvcrall names;
at first uccordiug to the severall humour of their parents;
iiud tor the men. chiltlrcn, ut first, wlicn they arc young,
their mothers give them a name, calling them by some affec-
tiunate title, or, perlinppa observinfj theii* promising inclina-
tion give yt accordingly ; and ao the great King Powhatan
called n young daughter of liis, whome he lovctl well, Prjcha-
liuntaa, which may sigiiifie little wanton ; howbeyt she was
rightly called Amonato at more ripe ycares. V^'hen tliey
become able to travel into the womls^ axiH to goe forth a
hunting, fowling, and fishing with their fathers, the fathers
give Idm another name as he finds bim apt and of spiritt to
prove toward and valiant, or otherwise changing the mother's,
which yet in the family is not so soone forgotten; and if aoe
be yt he by agUity, Htrengtb, or any extraortbnury strainc of
vitt he performes any rcmarkcable or valerona exploite in
open act of armes, or by strattigeni, 082)ecyally in the tyme
of cxtrcamity in the wnrrs for the pnbliquc and common atatc,
upon the enemie, the king, taking notice of the same, doth
then not only in open view and solemnely reward him with
some present of copper, or chaiuc of perle, and bedes, but
doth then like\vise (and which tliey take for the mnst em3^lent
and supreme favoiu") give him a name auswem-able to the
attempt, not mnch ditfonng herein from the anncyent war-
like encoiu-agemcut and order of the Romans to a well dc-
sening and gfUlaiiit young spirrit.
The men fish^ hunt, fowle, goe to the warrsj make the
weeres, botes, and auch like manly exercises and all labourer
abroad. The women, as the weaker sort, he put to the easier
workea, to sow tln.'Lr cornc, to vicx-a] atid clcanHe the namo of
eLuke, dodder, and choak weed, and auch likc^ which
I
113
mSTORlE OF TRJIVAILB
ells would wynd altotit the coriie aud hinder the growtli of
yt; for, by rcasun of the rankness uiid histineH of the pvwnd,
Buch wcedes spring up very easely aud thick, and if not
pluckt awaie, tli« carne would prosper so much the worse;
for which they kccpc the hillocks of thcirc come, and the
passadg hetwccn (for tlicy sott their wheat as wc doe our
hoppes, an equal distance one hill from nuothcr) iuh neat and
cleane as we doe our <rard(:in hedda : likewise the women
plant anil attend the gardcins, dreasc the nieatc brought
home, make theii- broaths aud pockerchicorj' drinckes, make
tnatts and basketts, pownd tbcir wheat, make their bread,
prepare tlieir vessels, beare all kindes of burtliuns, aud such
like, and to which the children sett their bandcs, helping
their mothers.
'riien^ are notes to he taken by which may be discerned a
niarryed woman from a mayd : the maydea have the forepart
of their lieads and sides mhaven elose, the liindcr part very
long, which they wynd very prettcly awd ymbroyder in
phiytcs, letting yt hang SQ to the full length; the marrycd
women weare their haire all of a length, shavctt as the Irish
by a dish.'
The womc-u have a great care to maynteyuc and hcepe
fier liglit still within their howses, aud if" at any time it go
out, they take yt for an evil signe, but if j-t be out they kin-
dle yt againc presently, ly cliauffing a dry pointed stick in
a hole of a little square piece of wood; that tiring ytself will
80 fier mouse, leaves, or any such like thing that is apt
quickly to bume.
They make them sometimes candells of tlie fattest splin-
ters of the piue or fiiTO tree, which will give a good cliere
liglit, aud hurne strongly, though the matter will soon con-
sume, for which they have many slivers ready cut out a foote
longf sorao shorter, to be ready to light a. second as sooue as
the first goes out ; aud iu Shropshier, betweene the lordsliips
1 i'. f. II bowl.
\
of Oswestry and EUesmere, the like lightes tbcy use at this
daie of the firre tree, of wMcb yt is aayd there be infinite
takcu dailie out of the earth iu a uiarish growud, imd sup-
posed to have lycn iu tlie moist earth ever since the generall
flood, the chippes whereof they use in steed of candells, in
poorc bowses, so fatt is the wood, as is the smell also strong
and sweet.
Their come and (indeed) their copper, hatchetts, bowses,
beades, perle, juid most thln^ with them of value, accordiug
to their owne crtymacion, they bide, one firomthe knowledge
of another, in the gruwnd within the woodcs, and so keepe
them nil the yenre, or uutill they have fitt use fur them, as
the Homaius did their monies and treasiu'e in certaiue ccU
lars, called, therefore, as Plinye remembers, famssa; and
when tbcy take them forth, they Bcarse make their women
privic to the storehowse.
They are much desirous of onr eoraodityea, and therefore '
when any of our boates arrive before their to^mcs, tbcy will
coiiie downe unto ua^ or suffer us to cjome up into their
bowses, and dcmaund after copper, white hcodca, bowcs to
pare their corne feilds, and hatehetts, for which they Mill
give us of such things as they have in exchaurg, na deera
skin*, fiirrs of the wild catt, black fox, beaver, otter, arach-
oune, fowlo, fish, deare, or beare's flesh dried, deare's suet
made up liandsomcly in cakes, their country come, peas,
beancs, and such like; and indeed (to say tniith) their victuall
is their cliief riches.
We have obsen'ed bow when they woidd affirme any thing
by much earnnstucs and truith, they use to bynd yt by a
kyiid of onth; cither by the life of the great king, or by
jtointing up to the siui and clapping the right hand upon
the heart, and aometymes they have bene understood to
sweare by the manes of their dead father.
If tbcy will CKpresse that we and they wilbe or are all one
fricndcs or brothers, as their word is, they will joyne the
a
lU
UlSniRtB Ur TIUVULR
indices or twoo forefingers togitber of either hand, as the
Indians of Nova Francia; or ells, clamping their fingers within
ours, they will gaie, ao ami so close jojned and neere we arc
unto their luves.
The reason whic each chief patron of a iamilie, especially
weroances, are desirous, aud indect) Ktrive for maiiie wives, is,
because they would have maiue children, who maie, if chaiuice
be, fight for them when they are old, as also then feed and
mayntein them; yet sure, for the nomber of people iuliabiting
these partes, this country hath not appeared so populous
b"crc to as OS cllawhcrc in the West Indies ; and pcrhappes
their ignorance in not fyiidiug out yet the use of many
things ncocssario and bencticiall to nature, which their coun-
trie yet plentifully and naturally afforJcs, their often warrs
for women (in which manic hundreds perish), and their
j-raoderate use and multiplicity of women {and those often
full of fowlc diseases) leave this country not so well stocked
as other parts of the maine, and as the islands liavc bene
found to be by the Spauiards ; besides (uuder correction)
yt yet maie be a probleme in pliilosopliy whether variety of
women be a fiirthcrance or hiuderer of manie birthes? yt
being clccrc in these conntrics where (as I said) so manie
penuries for want of knowledge yet be amongst the people,
that the tired body cannot have those sensuall helpes (as the
Turkes) to hold up the ymoderate desu-esj manic women
deviding the body, and the strength thereof, make yt gcncrall
untitt to the office of increase rather than otherwise : and so
maie the comon people especially, for the most part, for this
reason likewise be not so long lived here as ellswhere, even
amongst aalvadgcs where gi'cater modcraclou is used, and
where they kcepe a stricter ceremonic in their kind of mar-
riages, and have not as manic women as they can buy or wyn
by force and violence from the cnemyes.
UrrO \1KGIK1A.
115
CAPUT X.
or tb« commoditieH of the countrj, — fimicts, trees, beMts, fowle, fish, perle,
copper, and minea.
TiiAT yt may yet furtlier appiCare howe this country is not so I
luiked of commoditie uor wretched of provisiou fitt fur the sua-
tenance of nuuikind, as some ygnorautly ymoj^ine, and others
have fiJcely reported, I will in this chapter propose (for the
tcstiraouic of the truith thereof 1 may appealc to many hun-
dredsj which may couvince], the relatiou of a diiscourso only
for forme or a^taeutaciou delivered ; i»or lett any man sup-
pose that materialls of so good a uane as raaie be there
framed for plauckes, masts, pitch, and tuiTQj soapashcs, tur-
pentine, iron, cordage, mulberry trees for silke, and another
kind of silkc of the grasse, sasafiras, and other aromaticall
diuggs, glims, oyle, and dyes ai"e of noe value, or uot worthy
the exposure of a colonic for accondarie and politique codes
to be established there, since MuMCovia and Polonia doe
ycarlie rcccavc manic thowsandca for pitch, tarre, sopcashe«,
rosin, flax, cordage, sturgeon, ma*its, yardcs, waynscot, firrs,
glasse, and such like; also Swethland' rcceavcs much from
us for iron and copper ; France, in like manner, for wyne,
canvass, and Sidt; Spayne as mnch for iron, Steele, figgs, ray-
Boas, and sacks ; Italy for silks and vclvctts, consumes our
chief commodites; Holland majTite3raesyt self hy fishing and
trudiug at our own dores. AH these temporize with others
for necessity, hut all as uncertaine as peace and warre ;
besides the charge, travcll, and daunger in transporting
them by seas, lands, stormes, and pyratts. Thcu how much
may Virginia have the prerogative for the bencfitt of our
laud, when as within one hundred miles ail these arc to be
had eithet- readie provided by nature, or ells to be prepared,
were there but industrious men to labour ; so as, then, here
116
UTSTOUIK OF TltiVAILB
is a place, a nurse for soldiers, a practize for marrinprS; a
trftde for marchaiita, a reward for the good, and, that which
IB must of all, a biwiuos most acct*iit«ble to God, to bring
/ poorc infidcUs to his knowledge; jand, albeit, our shipiw
^ome will objccA) now returning from tlieiice yearly, come
freighted liome only, yet with certaine pretious woods; yt is
to be remembered how that from Hispaoiola, Cuba, and
Portrico the Spaniards, in their yearel}' diues of possessing
the Indies, made rctumes a long tyaie of the like, as of
cassia, fishila, ebony, guacnm, lignum \itfB, etc., tmtill they
found out the niynes, as iiiiiy wee, we dunbt uothiug, in the
heart and bosomo of tnu-s when we ahalbe enabled truly to
disseet yt, fytiding nuch appearances now in the suburbs of
yt, as yt werc, the whicli to tyme, the true revealer of great
thinges, I submit, or rather to Ilini from whom, if our un-
thankfulness deprive us not of the blessing, we may expect a
prosperous and assured compcnsacion and satisfaccion to
wipe of ilII skores, ei in asmm. sathfnccre, all the eliaitlges
and dtshurscmcnta which have hitherto gone ont for yt ;
albeit, auct is the busines, as yt should awake all charitable
Clmstiau3 to follow j-t according to the goodness of the
cause, and not according to the greatnea of proffitt and
. commodities. Lett MHtuinou perish with his gold, that
haih no other but such stubble meercly to enkindle the flame
/ of his zealc imto so holie a worke.
The natives have here a kiude of wheat which they call
poltetawcs, as the West Indians call the same main. The
forme of yt is of a man's tooth, somewhat thicker ; for the
prcptixing of the ground for which, they use this manner : —
they bruise the bm-ke of those trees which they will take
Bwaie ncere the roote, then do they scorch the rootcs with ficr,
tliat tlioy grow no more ; the nest ycarc, with a crooked piece
of woodj they beat up those trees by the rootes^ and in their
mowldes they plant their come : the manuer is thus, they
n
INTO VIRGINIA.
117
I
make a hole in the enrtli with a atick, and into yt they put
tliroe or five groiuet} of wheat, and one or three of bcanes :
these holes they make four or five foot one from another, for
the come hciug set elose together, ono sttilke would choak
ells the growth of tinother^ and so render both unprofitable.
Tlieir women and children do contyiKially keepe the ground
with weeding, and when the come is growne middle high,
they hill yt about like a hoppeyard, and the atalkc will growe
a man's height, or rather more, from the ground, and every
stalkc commonly bcarcth twoo cares, some three, manic but
one, and some none. Every eare groweth with a gi-eat hose
or pill uhout yt luul above yt; the stalke being greeue Irnth a
sweet jnyce in yt, somewhat like a sugar-cane, wtich is the
cause that when they gather the come greene, they suck the
stalkcs, for aa we gather gi-ecne peas, so do they, their corue
being greene, which excelleth their old.
Peaa' they have, which the natiTen call asscntemmens^ and
are the same which in Italy they call fagioli.
Their beaues" are little like a French bcane, and arc the
same which the Turks call garvances, and these kind of pulse
they much csteeme for daynties.
By their dwellings are some gi-eat mulberryc' trees, and
these in some parte of the country are found gi-owing naturally
in pretty grovc-s : there waa an a.ssay made to make silke, and
surely the wonues prospered excellently well uutill the master
workcman fell sick, during which tyrac they were eaten with
ratta, and this wUbe a comraoditie not meanely profitable.
Now j't is seriously considered of, and order taken that yt
shalbc duly followed.
In some places we fynd chesnutta," whose wild fruict I raaie
' Probably a speciea o{ pkaaeolu4, and tbe same aa the " wUd pease" of
' AIm) pTo1)0.1]1y a species <ii fthageohu.
* ilfora* ruira, L. A species diU'ering from tbe EiuopaaiL
* Tbe same species with the European chestnut, CCUtOftea vetca, Gsrtn.
118
UIRTOEIK or TRAVAILE
well saie C(|ua)li2c tlic best in Vraunoe, Spaine, Germany,
Italy, or those so cwmmL'ntled in the Black, sea, by Constau-
tinnple, of till n'hich 1 havo eiiton.
They have a Bmall fhiict growing in little trees, husked
like a chesniit, but the frtiict most like a very small acron,
tliis they coll cLcchuiquamma,' and tlicsc, with chc^nutt9,tbcy
boile fom- or fire hoiires, of which they make both broth and
bread, for their t'hiof men, or at their greattwt fi-astJ*,
They have cherries,' much like a damoizin, but for their
tnst and cullour wo cidled them cherries; and a plomb there
is, somwhat fairer then a chcrric, of the same relish, then
whicih are sehlome a better eaten.
They Imve a berry much like our goose- berries' in great-
ness, cullour, and tast, these they call rawcomcncs, and they
doe eate tliem rawe or boyled.
In the watry vjillcisgrowctli aborry wliich they call ocougb-
tanamins, very much like unto capers; these they gather and
dry in the lieiit of tlie sun, and when they will eate them,
they boylc them iiorc halfc a daie, tor otherwise they differ
not much fi-om poison.
Nattouxne groweth aa our bents doe in rocadowcs, the seed
is not much unlike to rie,* though mucli smaller ; these they
use fnr a dryntie bread, buttered with deare's suett.
Tliey have a plomb wliich they call pea8emmin&,' like to a
medler, in Eng:lanfl, but of a deeper tawnie cullour; they
grow on a most liigh tree. When they arc not fully ripe, they
are harsh and choakie, and furre in a man's moutli like allam.
1 The " chinqmLptii-'buih" of Oatesbj's " OaToU&&", aod ccutCMa ptimila
of Michrvux.
' There are nevcml native specioB of cherries and plumB ; but the do-
vcription u not euificieiit for their ducrimiDa-tioti.
> Probably ft truti pooacborrj ; hut Clayton gives the same of "gowo-
lierries" to the vaceiniunt stuminearA of Liunmiia.
* Leersia Virt/im4M-, WiUd. I but if so, the comparison should bo with
rice, (UiU uot with rye.
» DiM^yro* Yir^iniana, L. (now called j>n-mwn.)
IKTO VUWINU.
119
howbeit, being taken fully ripo, yt is ft reasonable plcaaant
frmctj somewhat lushious. I have scene our people put tHem
into their baked and sodden pmldings; t!icrc be whose tast
allo\re!4 them to be !is pretious as the KugUsh apricock j I con-
fesac it is a good kind of horse plumb.
Here is a cherry-redd fruict both within and mthout (as I
have seenc the like in the Bcntiuflas), whirh wee call the
prickle peare;' in the Indies they are well knowne to every
common marrynor; they beare abroad, thick, spungeous leafe,
fiUl of kemells ; they be like unto the pomcgranct ; the tast
of this peare is verie pleasant, and the juyce cold and fresh,
like the water in the "West Indian nut called eoeus ; the juyce
is sharpc and penetrable like deaJe-wyue,' prescribed |)Ower-
fuU against the stone.
Here is a fruict by the naturalls called a loaracock;* tlil?
groweth generally low, and creepeth in a manner araougst the
come (sJbeit I have seene yt, planted in a gardein within our
fort, at James Townc, to spred and rise as high as the pale);
yt is of the bignes of a queen a-pplcj and hath ninuie nzurine
or blew karnellSj like as a pomegranetj and yt bloometli a
most sweet and delicate fiower, and yt is a good sommer
cooling fruict, and in every field where the Indiana plant their
come be cart-loads of them.
The macokos* is of the forme of our pumpeons, — I must
confesse, nothing so good, — 'tis of a more waterish tast ; the
inhabitiuits sccth a kind of miliio/t,^ which they put into their
waluut-miike, and so make a kyud of toothsome meat.
* Opuraia v\dffaria. Mill. Ttio well-knawn ladiau fig, orpricklj pear.
* \.e. Bprucc.
* Paxsijlora incarrtata of TJaiiajus.
* Gerard notices "the Virginian macocks ot pompion", and also "the
Virginian water- melon"'. Tlieae are proliaMy varietioB of the commDn
pumpluD, metiT/nia ^le-po, L. ; but tbiii plant is not rogatdod hy AnicTi<!nn
botauifitfi as imligeDouni, while the enlaljaali, la^enaria I'til^aris of Springe,
ifl knoiTD to have l>eeQ cultiyated b; the Indians iroco the earliest period.
* Melon.
120
UI»TOIUB OF TKAVAfLB
lu ApriU^ ^laic, and June, arc groat store of strawberncs^
raspicea/ hurts,^ etc., and noany hcarbs ia the spring time arc
conioiily «lisptT»cd tliroiigliout the woodcs, gowi for hroathcs
and sallotts, as violetts, piirselin, sorrell, and roses, in their
Heaaon, etc., besides many we used whose named we knowc nut.
Tt would easilie raise a well-stayed judgement into wonder
(aa Sir Thomas Dale hath writt sometimes uuto his majesty's
couusell here for Virj^iiia) to behold the goodly vines'
burthenin^ every neighbour bush, and cl^'mbiug the toppcs
of highest trees, and those full of clueters of grapes in their
kind, however drecpcd and sharlowed soever from the sun,
and though aever pruned or mimurcd. I dare saie yt, tliai
we have eaten there, as full and lushious a grape aa in the
viUages betweeue Paris and Amiens, and T liavc dniiiek often
of the rathe* wincj which Doctor Bohune and other of our
people have made full aa good, a» yoiu" French British wyne.
Twenty gallons at a tymc have bene sometimes made with-
out any other belpe then by crushing the grape with the band,
which letting to settle five or six daie^, hath, iu the drawing
forth, proved strong and headdy. Unto what perfection might
not these be brought by tliC art and industiy of mauie skil-
full vi7i^room's,'^ beiug thus naturally good? And how mate-
rial! and principall a coramoditie this maie prove, cither for
tlic benefitt of sn.iehwlio shall inhabit there, or toberetwmcd
over hither (especially where we niaie have pipe staves to make
onr casks of, so chcape, and at hand), 1 preferre yt to Indif-
ferent judgements.
' "Raspices" probably LiouipruIiciuJm] all kinds of hlackbcrri«i. The
bniQ ntspberry is not iDdigenoUH to thu Uuit«<l 8tutu8; liut tlicro arc
several closet; related u»tivc Bpuciea.
5 " Hurts" arc, no doubt, the ihiits of a species of Mcciniitm, so called
from their re»Gin1iliLuoi* to the hurts, r-r whortleVrritM!, oC otir own counti^.
* Probably -niSia vidpiiut of LJnii.mua, the ibx-gr&p€ of thu southom
states. Tbo cultivnteil varieties of vitiM iabruaca, the fbx-grapo of tho
northern states, appear to be at picscnt more esteemed.
* Early. * Tignerons.
INTO VIRGINU.
121
Maiiyrootes tlie Indians Imvc here likewise for food. Tlio
chief tlicy c:iU tockowhough/ and yt groweth like a flag in low
muddy freshrs ; in one day a salvadpfc will gather STifficient for
a weeke : these routes jut much of the greatncs and tnst of
potatoes. They nsc to rake np a great nomber of them in. old
leaves and feniej and then cover all with eai-tli or saud, in the
maimer of a coal-pit ; ou each side they coutymio a (ireut ficr
a daie and a night before they dare eate yt ; rawe, yt is no
better then poison, and being roasted (except yt bo tender
and the heat abated, or sliced and dryed in the sun, mixed
with sorrcll and mealc, or sucli like), yt will priekh; and tor-
ment the throat extrcamely, mid yet in sonimer they use this
ordinarily for bread.
They have another roote whieh they call vighnacfm; as the
other feedeth the bodie, so tliis curcth thcii* hurts and dis-
eases, yt is a smale roote, which they bruise and applie to the
wound.
Pocones' is a small roote that growctli in the mountaines,
which, being dried imd heat into powldcr, turneth red, mid
this they use for swellings, aches, annoynting their joyuts,
payutiug their heads and garments with yt, for which they
accompt yt very pretious and of much worth.
Musquaspcnne is a root of the bignes of a finger, and as red
as blood ; in drying, it will wither alinost to nothing : with
this they use to paynt their matts, targettSj and such like.
There is here great store of tobacco, which the salvages call
apookc; howbeit yt is not of the best kynd, yt is but poore
and weake, and of a hyting tast, yt growes not fully a yard
above ground, bearing a little yellowe flower, like to henne-
' Ljfroperiloii aolidum nf liinnmufl. "Ad pauom oonGciBHiliiiii Indi
utuntur, vulgo Tutiknhoo." — Cl«jti>n.
- Anckuva Vir^lniana of Liuukub, " Puccoon inJigtiuis divtn, qua so
pinguiit Amcriciuii," — Phihiut- But it ajtpcttfn froiii CJIiiytou tliiu tho
nutivcH guvo tliu BttUi« iiuino tt> tho " Ijlood-root," mri^wutria auiatlen^U
of LinniviiH. Perhiips on« tr other of these (and more prubably tlic latter)
uiit^- lie indicated iu the followiug jiaiftgra^h.
msTOBXE or TlurAII.E
bane^ tbe leaves arc short and thick, somewhut rouud at the
upper end i whereas the bcJst tobacco ofT^)^lidado and the
Orouoque is large, shnrpCj and growing two or three yardcs
from the ground, bearing a flower of the bredth of our bell-
flowers in England : the sBlvagea here dry the leaves of this
apookc over the fier, and somctjTnes in the sun, and crumble
yt into poulder, Rtalks, Icnvet*, and all, taking the same in
pipes uf eiirlli, wliieh vcrj' ingeniously they can make. We
observe that those Indians M'hicb have one, twoo, or more
women, take much, — bnt such as yet have no appropriate
woman take little or none at all-
Here is also pcllitory of Spaiuc, and divera other symples,
which onr appothecarics have geathered and fonnd to he
good and int'difiualjle.
In the low marishes grow plotts of onions conteyning an
acre of ground or more in manic places, but they are small,
like the chiballs/ or schallions,' not past the bignea of the
toppe of one's thumb : they eate wrll sod or citherwise in
aallet or in bakt meats. Oiir people find good and whol-
fiome relish in them; howbeit the inhabitants cannot abyde
to eate of them ; and these onions doe for the most part
appeare in the last season of the yeare, for yt is to be under-
atood how the Indians devide the ycare into five seasons, —
the winter, which they call popanow, the spring, cattapenk,
the sommer, cohattayough, the etuing of their corne, nepeu-
ough, the harvest and fall of the leafe, taquitock.
They have divers beasts fitt for provision; tbe chief are
dcarc, both redd and fallow ; great store in the country
towards the heads of the rivers, though not so many amongst
the rivera. In oiu* island, about James Towne, are some few
nothing differing fi'om ours in England, but that of some of
them the autletts of their homes are not so manic. Our peo-
ple have secne two hundred, one hundred, and fifty in a lierd.
There is a buast they call arocoune, much like a badger,
^ Ciiives^ a'poUe. ^ iSfia&otB, eehalolttt.
ISTO VTEGfyiA.
123
tayled like a fox, and of a mingle black and grayisK cullotir,
and which uacth to live on trees, as squirrells doe. Excellent
meate we kill often of them : the greatest nombcr yet we
obt^ue by trade.
SquirrclU they have, and those in great plcntic; are very
good meat ; some are as great as oiir smallest sort of wild
rabbitts, some blackish, or black and wliitc, like those which
here aro called silver luiyrwl; hut the most are grey.
A smidl beast they have which the Indiana call assopa-
nick, not passing so big as a rattj but we ciiJl tbcra flying
siluirrcllR, because, sprtmding their leggs, from whence to
either shoulder runs a ftaiipc, or fyune, much like a bait's
Ting, and 6o stretching the largeness of their skyus, they
have bene scene to make a pretty flight from oue tree to
another, somctynics thirty or forty yardea.
An opussuni is a beast as big as a pretty beagle, of grey
cullour; yt hath a head like a swyuc; cares, feet, aiid taylc
like a ratt ; she carries liRr yrning ones under her belly, in a
piece of her owiie skyn, hke as in a biigg, which nhe eau open
and shutt, to lett them out cr take them in, as she plcasctb,
and doth thcrt;in lodge, caory, and suckle her young, and
eates in tast like a pig.
Muscascus' is a beast black in cullour, proportioned like a
vator ratt; ho hath a cod within him, which yicldcih a
strong scut, like unto musk ; yt is a good meat if the cod be
taken out, otherwise the flesh will tast most strung and
rauck of the musk ; so will the broath wherein yt is sod.
Hares they hare some few about James Townc; hut both
in the ishmds aii(5 nmyue, ui) at the falls, and helow about
Fort Henry and Cliarks Fort, great store ; howbcit they are
DO bigger than our conies.
BearcB tliere be monie towardcs the sen-coast, which the
Indians hunt most greedily ; for indeed they love them above
all other their flesh, aud tlierefore hardly sell any of them
124
HISTOniE O? TEAVAFLE
iiiito U9, luUcs upou Ifir^ proffers of copper, beads, tmd
batchetta. We have eaten of them, and thoy are rery tooth-
fioomc sweet venison, as pood to be eaten as the flesh of a
calfe of two yeares old ; Uowbeit they arc very little in com-
parison of those of %f nscovia and Tartaria,
The beaver there ia as big as an ordinary water do^, but
his leg:gs exceeding short ; hia forefeet hke a doggs, his
hitider like a swannySj his tayle somewhat like the forme of
a rackett, bare, without haire, which, to eate, the sali'ages
esteenic a great <lelicAte.
Otters there be maiiic, which, as the bevers, the Indians
take T^^ith gjTins and snares, and estceme the skynns ^^eat
ornaments; and of all these beasts they use to feed when
they catch them.
Lyons I will not posetively aflBrrae that the country liath,
since our people never yet saw any ; howbeit, in their die-
coverycs to the Mangoagucs, they did light once upon twoo
skynnsj which, by all the judgements in the fort, were sup-
posed to be lyons' skinne--*; and tliis last ycarc, myself being
at the falls with Sir Tlioraas Dale, I foiuid in an Indian
howse ccrtaine clawcs tyed up in a string, which I brought
awaie, and into England, and they are assured unto me to be
lyons clawes.'
There is also a beast, which the ludians call votchomqnoycs,
in the forme of a wild catt.''
Their foxes arc Uko om* silver-lmyred conies, of a small pro-
porcion, and not smelling so ranck like those in England.
The doggs of the country arc like their woulves, and can-
not barke, but howle, and are nut unlike those aimcyent
doggs called cracuta;, which were said to be engendred of a
wolfe and a bitchy and are like the Turkish jackalls, keeping
about the graves of the dead, in the common poHandrium or
place of sepulture.
' There are no liona in Nortt. America.
toncolor) is ailudcJ to.
^ ProbaWj a Bpecies of lynz.
Probftb]; the poma (/elit
I>TO VntBlSIA.
M«
Their woulves are not much bigger then ourEngliah foxes.
Martina, poleeatts, weesells, and monkeys' we knowe they
have, because we have seeiie mauy of their skynns, though
very seldome any of them alive; hut oue tiling is worth the
observing, — we could never perceiive that their flies, serpeuts^
or other vcrmyn, were any waie pemitJous, — when, in the
south part of America, they are alwaies dangerous, and often
deadly.
Likewise, qs th^ have fruicts and beasts, bo have they
fowin, and that groat store. Of birrles, the eagle la the
greatest devourer, and many of them there : there be divers
sortes of hawkes, «i)arhawkcH, lanerettH," gi3»hawkos, faleona,
and ospreys; I brought home from thcuce this yeare myself,
a falcon, .and a tassell, the one sent by Sir Thomas Dale to
his highnes the Prince, and the other was presented to the
Earic of Salsbarye, faire ones. AVhat thcprowf of them maiQ
be, I have not learned, they prey moat upon fish.
Turkeys there ho great atorc, wild in the woods, like phe-
sauts in England, forty in a conipnny, as hig as our tame
here, and yt is an excellent fowlc, and :«> parsing good meat,
as I maye well aaie, yt is the best of any kind of fleali which
I have ever yet eaten there.
Partridges there aie little bigger then our qnailes I I have
knowne of our men to have killed them with their small
shott, sometime from off a tree five or six at a shoot.
Cranes, white and grey; herons, both grey and white;
woosella, or black byrds, witli redd sbowUlcrs ;^ thrushes, and
divers sorts of small byrdes, some carnation, Bomo blew, and
some other strauuge k}Tides, to us unknowiic by name.
In winter there arc great store of swanuea, geese, brants,*
duck, widj;eon, dottrel], oxeyes, mallard, teale, sheldrakes.
' Tlioy have no inotikej3 ; possilily Momc of tiiu large species of afiuirrcls,
wbich ax« uumerous thfsi'e, may be referred to.
* A kiodofliawk.
* AgtlaiiU Pheem'ciiii, or red-ahoiilileroii Htoiling. * I?rcnt goeso.
126
BISTORIB OP TaAYAlLE
and divers diving fowleSj and of all these sortes^ that aboun-
danccj as I dare avowc yt, no coiuitry in the world mayhnve
more.
Parakitoes I have secne manic in the winter, and knownc
divers killed, yet Iks they a fuwle mast swift of wing, their
wlngcs and breasts are of a greenish calloiir, with forked
tayleM, tluiir Tieadtw, nonic cryiiisen, some yellowe, Bome
orange-tawny, very besiuttl'iill. Some of our eolonie who have
scene of the Kaat Indian parratts, affirme how they are like
to that kynd,' which hHth given ms somewhat the more hoiw
of the ncrcnes of the South Sea, these parratts, by all proba-
bility, like enough to come from some of the countryes upon
that sea.
A kind of wood-pidgeon we see in the winter time, and of
them such nomhcrs, as I should tlrawc (from our Iiomelings
here, such who have scene, peradventure, scarce one more
then in the markett) the creditt of my relation concerning all
the other in question, yf I should exprcsse what extended
flocks, and how manie thousands in one Hock, T have seeue iu
one daifij' womlering (I muHt cunfessc) at their flight, when,
like 80 many thickucd clowdcs, they {having fed to the nor-
ward in the daye tyme) retourue aj^Tiinc more sowai'dly towards
night to their rouBt ; but there be maiiio hxmdrcd witnesses,
who male connnce tliia my report, yf herein yt tcstifieth an
untruth.
To the natural! commodities which the countrye hath of
(ruicts, beasts, and fowle, wc maie also atldo the no means
commoditic of fish, of which, in March and April], are great
shoclls of herrings.
Sturgeon, great store, ctmimonlic in Maie if the yeare be
1 Tbeae axe of the kind called psiliacict Carotiniensis, wbich belongs CO
quite a differeni subdivision from the Indian parrot.
s The migratory pigeon {ectopUtes inigratoriiu). For a<:counts of Uia
proJi^ous aumber of tbese birds, eoc Wilsua's luid AudubuQ'.i works oo
th« biida of Ntirth America,
3>T0 VIEGISIA.
127
forwanl. I have bcene at the taking of some before Alger-
nooue fortj and in Southampton river, in the nuddst of March,
and they remaine with U9 June, Ju!y, and August, and in
that plenty as before expressed in the chapter.
Shaddes, great store, of a yard long, and for swcctnes and
fatues a reasonable good fish, he is only full of small bones,
like our barbells in hluglaud.
Grampus, porpois, scales, stingraiea, bretts, mnlletts, white
salmons, trotite, soles, playsc, corafish, rnckfish, eclea, lam-
preys, cat-fish, perch of three sorts, shrimps, crcfishes, cockles,
mushells, and more such like, hke ueedles[8j to name, all
good fish.
There is the garfish,' some of which are a yard long, small
and round like au eele, anil ixa big aa a man's legg, having a
long snout fiill of sharp teeth.
Oysters there be in whole bancks and bedda, and those of
the best : I have scene some thirteen inches long. The sal-
vages use to boyle oystera and mussells togither, and with
the broath they make a good spoone meat, tliickued with the
flower of their wheat ; and yt is a great thrift and husbandry
with thera to hang the oysters upon strings (being sbauld and
di"ied) in the smoakc, therehyto preserve them all the yeare.
There be twoo sorts of sea crabbs, and tlie one our people
call a king cralib,* and they are taken in shoall waters from
off the ahoare a dozen at a tyme hanging one npon another's
taile; they are of a foote in length and half a foote in bredth,
lun-ingc manic leggs and a long tayle; the Indians seldome
eate of this kind.
Thei'e is a kind of shelfisli of the proporciou of a cockle,
but far greater, yt hath a smooth shell, not ragged as our
cockleaj 'tis good moat, though sorawhat tough.
Tortoyses here (such as in the Bermudas) I have seene
about the entrance of our bay, but we have not taken of them,
but of tlie hmd tortoyses we take and eate dailie; the lUf-
^ A specios ofbdone. ' LimtUtts Pct^htmitt,
1^
lUSTOKlB OF TiUTMLK
r
ferenoe beUreene which is nothing in shape, but in callour
and bigncs, those of the land tire gray with a long tnyle,
those of the sea have bhick shells, speckled with jellowe, the
bodyes great in compa&se like a tai-gett.
Bnt the most straung fish is a small one/ so like the pic-
ture of St. George's dragon as possible can be, except the
Icggs and wingcs, and the toad fish,^ whieli will swell till yt
be like to biir.st when yt eomctli into the ayre.
Tlkua yt appeareth, that this country atTordeth manie ei-
CcUenl vegitiibles mid living creatures ; yet, I must saie true,
of grasse, for the present, there is little or none bnt what
gTowetli in low marshes, for all the country is overshadowed
with trees, wbose dioppings contynually tui-neth grasac to
■weedes by reason of the rancknes of the grownd, which wonid
Boonc be ameuded by good hiiabandrj'.
llowbeit, woodcs yt hatli, greatj beautifnll, frnictfull, plea-
sant, and ])rolitab]e, the grounds cleaue under them, at least
passeable both fur horse and foote. The oake here, for stature
and tymber, may compare with any, being so tall and streight,
that they will bcare ■* square of good tymber for twenty
yardcs long; of this wood there is twoo or thi'cc screraU
kyndeSj the acrons of one kind, whose barke is more white
then tlie other, is somewbut sweetish, wbiebj being boyled
lialfe a daie iu several! waters, at last attbrdes a sweet oylc,
whicb they call monohominy : they keepe yt in gourdes to
onnoiut their heads and juynts ; the &uict they catc made in
bread or otherxnse.
There is also elme and ash, of wliich are made sopeashcs.
yf the trees be Tcry great, the ashes wilbe verry good, and
melt to hard lumps being cax'cfully burned ; bnt if they be
small, and suffered to partake too much of the smoak, they
wilbe but powder, nothing so good as the other, bcsyde they
wilbe very fowle and black.
1 Feihape tho chdydra serpentina.
* A species of dlodon.
3 A e|jocio8 of hippocamf/ut,
* A similar gap in the original.
Of walmitts there be three kindes, the black walnntt,'
which is returned home yearly by all 8hii)piiijj from tlicacc,
and yickls good ]>rofitt, for yt is well bought up to make
wayiiscott tables, cubbardea, chaircs, aud stoolcs, of a delicate
grayne and cuUour like ebouic, and not subject to the worme:
the finict of this is little, y t ia thiiiiie shelled, and the kamell
bitter. Aiinothor kyiid there is, which heares a great frtiict,'
with a hard ahcll, and the meat very sweet, and of these the
Indians make oyle to droppe their joynts aud smeere their
bodies with, which do make them supple and uymble. The
third sort' is, as this last, cxceedini; hard shelled, and hath a
passing sweet kamell ; this last kind the Indians beat into
pieces with stoues, aud putting them, shells and all, into
morters, mingling water irith them, with long wooddcn pcs-
tcUs pound them so long togjther uutUl they make a kiud of
mylke, or oylie liquor, which they call powcohicora.
There ia a kynd of wood which we call cypres,'* because
both the wood, the fruict, aud leafe, did most resemble yt;
and of these trees there are some neere three fathoms about
at the root very streightj and fifty, sixty, or eighty foote
irithout a braunch-
The cedars,^ for aavonr and cuUor, maie compare vrith those
of Lybauun, the clymate of the one and the other differing
little.
Of saxafras* there is plenty enough, the rootes whereof,
not monic ycarcs" since, were sold for twenty shillings per lb.
and better, and if order maie yet be taken that overmuch
quantety be not returned, and that which shalbe brought be
1 JufflaniJi nigra of LinnraUH.
' Pcohahly ihojufflaiis cinena, L., tto"wliitewalnutt"of thesettieri.
8 Probafcly the hiccoTj, Ju^lam Mha, L.
* Cupreiswi diatieha of LiuuivuH. Tlio " Hwainp cmlnr'" of the Southern
States.
* Junipcnte Vir^iniana of LinnrouB, which is not a cedar, bat producei
tlie wood wj galled, of which pencils arc ranilc.
* Lcturwt fa»anfra*, L.
a
130
Hjarous or tiatailk
kept in ouc hnud, all Europe nmic be served thereof at good
rates. The cedara and saxafrna jjcctld a krnd of gomnie in a
amall prtjporcion of themselves; there Imvc bene eoiiclusioiia
trvt'd to extract yt out of the wood, but nature affourded
j^reatcr quantety then art could produce.
There are pines infinite, especially by the sea coast, and
raanie other Bortes, the use of vhich are commodious for
shipping, pipe-atavc!*, clapbourd,' yardca and masts for ship-
ping, and those here arc 8o fairc and large, as a ship of three-
hundred tonne hurthnn, culled the Starre (sent thither the
last yesire upon purpose fitted and prepared with Ncuppcr-
holes to take in tnasta), was not able to atowe forty of the
fowcr score, unles they fihould have cut them fihortcr, which
is a commoditie, rightly understood, of such moment for this ;
kingdome (ail the easterly countryea from whence we have
hitherto had them, so ymiioveriahed and wasted as they are
not able to furnish liis majesty's navicj witnes how hardly
wereohteyned those wliic-h we had last from thence, and those
apon his majesty's private and psn-ticular letter to the king of
Denmark) as were ynough (yt may be boldly aayd) to nrtakdj
good the whole charge of our plantation.
By the dwellings of the salvages are bay-trees,' wild roses,
and a kynd of low^ tree, which bearca a cod like to the peaSij
but nothing so big : we take y^ to be locust,*
Crabb trees'^ there be, but the fruict small and bitter, how-
beit, being graffcd upon, sooue might we liave of our owne
apples of any kind, pcares, and what ells.
Besides these fruict-trees, there is a white poplar,^ and
another tree' like unto yt, that yichleth a verye eleerc and
1 Board ready cat for the coopw's use.
' Probably laurux Carol iniftutiA of Catosby.
* Boltinia pseiulaaicM of l.irni«u». the imaciA of our pUntatioBR ii
{irolialjly the Lree moaDt;.
* PtfTut coronariaoi Linnreus, a tree diffuriiig alightlj from the Euro-
ponn crah. * Popaius fieterofikr/lfa of Linnnus.
" J'opidtts fialaami/era of liinnteus.
].N'IK> VIUOINIA.
131
odoriforouBgummc like tui-pentinft, which I havo heard Doctor
Buliime, aud same of our fturgoouH there, saic, mftie well ha
TRokoned a kynd of balsome, and will heale any f^eene wound.
There groweth in tliu iNland of James Towiie a small tree,
of leaves, armcs, aud fruict, like tbe mirtle tree, the fruict
thereof hath a last with the miiile, hut much more hynding;
these trees growc in great plentie, round obont r staudiug
pond of fresh water in the middle of the island, the pill oi*
rmd whereof is of a great force against inveterate disseiiteri-
call fluxes;, of which Doctor Bohunc made open experiment
in mauie of onr men labouring with auch diaeaaeSj and there-
fore wishoth all such plnaitianft as ahall goc thitlier to make
use thereof.
For ratncralls wc will prominc nothing- but the hope of
which, seeing the low grownd, yiekles manio faire sliewes;
the mountaiucs ctumot be doubted but that in them manie
sortes will be found : and our people, in their first discovery
into the Monocan country discovered two mynca, the one
within nix milc« of the head of the falls, which takes the
name of Namantaek, the fyuder of yt : which is conceaved
wilbc worth the exploring, and with little charge; the other
lyes in the myd-waie betweene twoo townes of Monocan,
the ncercst colled Mowhemincke, the furthest, Massinnacoek,
distant one from another fourteen miles, of whose goodncs
there is no doubt, since the »parre only taken no further
then two or three foote into the earth nifonrdes mettall worth
the labour. And eoncerning a silver-myne, not far from the
same place, an Helvctiim, one William Henrick Faldoe, aa-
siired oiu- Lord Geuerall, and therefore made hia provisiou
for the search thereof; and having bene in England, made
camcat suit unto our tln-easourcr and hia Majestie's counaaile
resident for Virginia, with whorao he contracted, aud cutred
into coudicions for one yeare and a halfe for the full perform-
aunce of this norke ; but his lordship being not at that time
enabled with sufficient eompanie to make good that scareli,
180
IIISTORIR OF TBAVAILB
by raising forts and planting bo far into the country (which
only must have secured tlie workemen) , y t hath pleAsed God,
since that tymc, that the said Helvetian hath died of a burn-
ing fever, and with him the knowlcd^ of that mync, which,
in hia life-time, he would not be drawn to reveyle unto any
oue ells of the colonic : aud there is extant an old plott,
which his Lordship hath shewed me, wherein, by a Purtugall,
(lur sent is layd uut, aud iu the same, two silver mjaies
pricked downe; and at the head of the said falls, the Tudiaus
there inhiibitiug tip their arrowes with cristall, and we fynd
manic piece* scattered in the gritt and sand of the same,
where, likewise, on Pembrook aide. Sir Tliomaa Dale hath
mentioned, in his lettres to the lordships of the Couusailc,
of ft j;oodlie iron myue ; and Capt. Newport hath brought
boniu of that mettell so sufficient a triiiU, as there liath bene
made sixteen or seventeen tonne of iron so good, as the East
Imlian marchanta bought yt of the Vir^nian Compauie, pre-
ferring yt before any other iron of what country soever; and
for copper, the hills to the norwest have that store, as the
people tliemsclvcs, reraerabred in the first chapter, called the
liocootauwanaukcs, are said to part the solidc mcttall from
the atone without fire, bellowcs, or additamant, and boat it
into plates, the like whereof is hardly found iu any other
parte of the world : likewise Capt. ArgoU (as his Lordship
beares record in his printed uairatiou), in the river Potawo-
meck, found a myne of antimony, which, aa aforesaid, never
dwells siugle, but holds assured legue with quicksilver, as like-
wise a myne of lead ; and wc heai'e the Indians moke mauic
particular discriptions of aUam myncs to the southward.
Lastly, that tlie lakes have pLM'les yt ciumot be doubted,
for we ourselves have seen manic chayncs and bracelctts
worne by the people, and wee have found plcutie of them in
the sepulchres of their kings, though discoloiu-ed by burning
the oystea's in the ficr, and deformed by llie grosse boring.
And thus (to conclude), we male well saie how these poore
1
INTO VmOINLl.
133
people have manie morntll goocles, sitch as are by accidens
pleutifuU ynough amongst them : aiid as much (poore sowles)
as they come short of those bona mora/ia which are per se,
for the coimtrie (who sees not by what hath bene sayd?) is
not 80 barren, ill destyncd, and wretched, under au uuhappy
constellation, but that yt hath (even beside necessary hclpes
and commodities for life) appai-ent proufes of many nsiturall
riches, and which are all bona fortuna. Again, they are
lieiUthie, which is bonum corporis: nor is nature a stepdame
unto them concerninge ^e\r aptas inenihrorum coin.j)o8Uione$;
only (God wot] I must grauut, that bonum morale, as afore-
said, which i^per se, they have not in medio, wliich is in mr-
tute ; and then, how can they ever obtayne yt in ultimo,
which is in fielicitttte ? To teach them both, which is the end
of our planting amongst tliem; to Ictt them knowc what ver-
tue and goodnes is., and the reward of both ; to teach them
religion, and the crowne of the righteous j to acquaint them
■ft-ith grace, that they maic participate with glorie; which
God graunt in mercye unto them.
JINIS Lia. I. DECAD. PEIMI.
THE SECOND BOOK
THE FIB8T DECADE OP THE HISTOBIE OF TRAVAJLE INTO VIRGINIA
BRITANNIA, entreating op the first discoveries of the
CODNTRT, AND OF THE FIRST COLONIE, TRANSPORTED BY
SIR RICHARD OREENVILE, KNIGHT, UPON THE ISLAND
OF ROANOAK, AT THE EXPENCE AND CHARGE OF
SIR WALTER RALEIGH, KNIGHT.
AS ALSO OF THE NORTHERN COLONIE, SEATED DPON THE RIVER OF
8ACHADEH0C, TRAN8P0BTED ANNO 1585, AT THE CHARGE
OF SIR JOHN POPHAM, KNIGHT, LATE LORD CHIEFE
JUSTICE OF ENOI.AND, GATHERED BT
WILLIAM STRACHEY, GENT.
PBAtM on, TBB. 18.
" Tliia Bhalbe written for the geoeration to come : and the people which
shalbe created ehall praise the Lord."
BOOK THE SECOND.
CAPUT I.
Of the first diEcovoric In generotl of AnLorica, being certain islands be-
loDgiug to thu mayac, by Columbus, anna 141)2 ; of the discoverio of
the majne, or contioent to the so-ward, Ijr Vosputius Americuif
anno 14fl7, who gave it to niime AmoricA ; of Cabot his discoTcria
from Florida tiorward, for the behoof of King Hunry Til, anno liOJi.
WttETHEE that ever famous Genoese, Christopher Columbus,
were sufficiently learned, tlmt by reading of didiie allej^ories,
named Tlwwifcs, of Plato, whose subject is of the iiniversull
nature and frame of the wliole world, under the person of a
aiihtile and misterious priest, old Cricia, of Egypt, discoursing
to Solou, an auncient and superaimuat history of an island,
in tyme of great antiquity, called Athlantides/ lying to the
west, by which Columbus might instruct his laboring under-
standing with a greater clicmes, thnt more then probable yt
was the auu and moone, and all ye faier eyes of heaven, did
not looke dowue from above, nor shedd their influence uppon
the things put under the bearaes of the wandriug and lowest
pinnnctt confyncd only to Europe, Asia, and jVirica, running
thereby half their courses without proffitt and in raine,
shyning upon the solitary waters and desolate places empty
and desolate of man and other living creatures ; or whether
Columbus, being a great cosmographer, did well observe, tlmt
Asia, Kiu-ope, and Africk, eoucerniug the longitude of the
world, did cunteyn iu them but 180 visible degrees, and there-
fore did couocave yt to be moat likely, that in the other 180
> Orittas. Plato gives the lULtne of Orittas to one of his dialogues, and
introiliiccs bim also in tbt^ 7'imietu. In both of tLese dialogues occur
allusians to the tahlfid AtlantiB.
T
138
BISTORIE OP TRATAtLS
tM
poilerity, to
lllP ftlll tQ
wofek. It ol
■udi iiB|h»rt -
not lid Utri-
lilltcd H> Uly
atbrrnulJi'hi'
Ilivu lu Gud-
A com J 111.
bb Knturall
t>n<i !tfirrall
A* Ml Ibr
C^ptUOl of
I* loitffln^;
*o anrth
Amtu. lib,
1, cup. 1«.
(which fiUcth up the whole course of the sun to the uombcr
of 360 dcfprees, as well observe our modenie trriters intreating
rfe Aim-rica s'tw vrhf novo) Gud wDuld not suffer tho wiitrrs
oulj* to possessc all^but would leave a place for the habitation
of men, beasts, flying, and crec]>iug creatures; or whether
Columbus, by his eutertaynnumt of a Biscan pilot (a« the
Spsniftrds^ ambitions of their countrycs fame, will have yt),
arriBinj» (after many stowcrs and stormeii in an old carravcUj
brused and weather-beaten) in the island of Madera, for his
hospitalhty aud friendly curtesycs, had bequeathed unto him
by that dying pilott, all his cardcs and sea inatruments, by
which he was therby first moved to seek the lands of anti-
podes and tlic ricli island of Cipaugo (whereof Marcus Pawlus
wiiteth, and Peter Martir, before his decades of the ocean,
remembrcth the same) ; or whether yt nowe pleased the
Etcruall Wisdome, in His due and appointed tyme, that those
misteries and becrets of His goodly workmanship of His,
should to His utmost bounds be extended, reveylcd, and laied
open, and thuiie goodly nations and ample regions discovered,
which He had seated even beneath the pole starre, and under
the equiuoctiall lyne (which left our philosophers and poetts
noe lielief, that they might pusscbly be habitable); or whether
all these joyntly concurring (for which how mtich are we
bound to that mighty and mcrcyfidl Pru^idcnce, whoj in our
tvmes, would vouchaafe to lett us sec these .so many riches,
wonders, and salvation of nations, the tentimimy of His great
love unto us, which He had, with strong barrs as yt were, shut
up from our forefathers) to make good the prophesy of rever-
end Seneca: —
Vcaient annia
Secula seris ; quibiis occadub
Vincula rcruiii In.xet, et iugctut
Pateat ToIUie, TypUisque novos
Dctegat orbcit,
Nee sit terris ultiinA. Thyl«.
IX-ra VIRGINIA.
139
Thus in English ; —
That iig« shall C9me> iiUpelt, in latter tymes,
When as the se^ shall ope ber lockt-u[> bawndii,
And iiiiglitj' lands appoftM : naw heiivcns, new cljnies
SbuO Typhis bring to knowlctlg, and uuw giownds,
New worlds display: then shall ntn Thule be
The fEU-tbest nor-wMt is!© our ayes ahull bud.
Wlietlier of these, or whither all tlic30 I saye, have brought
these discoveries to passe, which hfive found out this straung
and new lialf world, true yt is, we ftnd that Columbus, with
three shippes and two huiidjod and twenty Spaniards, in the
yearc of Christ [1493] sett forward on his voyagCj about the
kalends of September,' from the islands of Gadez, nppon the
month of Gibralter, and after aondry caaualtiesj and the
chaunccs of sea, at length fell upon the islands Dominica,
Cuba, etc., which since have bene called by the names of the
West Indye Islands.
And five yeares after him was Vesputius Americus set out
by the same king- of Castile to discover the continent, who,
likewise, as Columbus, happcly pcrfourming the same^ gave
unto yt his owne name, which it ever siucc hath reta^iied,
namely, America.
The considcracion of both these voyages, so famous and
notorious in those dayeH,moved the royaU heart of king Henry
VII (after yt had much repented him for rejecting the first
profcr of Columbus, who would have made him lord and
king of those golden islands, and for which no prince was
better fitted, having at that tyrae the goodliest navyc of any
kingc in Christendome) , who, therefore, furnished forth a
skilful! and expert navigator, one John Cabot, a Venetian,
howbeit, eudenizcd an English subject, and at that tyme,
govemour of the companye of the marchants of Cathay in
the citty of London, to make discovery of what was left un-
toucht at, or unsurveyed by Columbus and Americua, upon
'< He aail&cl od the third of August, 140S.
140
niSTOHIE fIF TIHVAn.K
those new and unknon^c lands for hia behoofe, in Anno
M95 sett fortli, fell to the soward of America (to that part
afterwards called Florida, liy Joliaune& Poutius, of Leon/
because by liim, on Palme-»oiiday,dwcovered, 1512, which the
Spaniards call PuHca Florida), and from thence layde open and
aiuiexed to the crowne of England all the coast of Meta In-
cognita. So as true yt is, that this portion of America, which
■we call ours, and whcrcunto both Sir W. B,[alcgh], twenty
yearcs sinccj and upward, and we have nowe for thcHe six
yeai'cs addressed our divers forces and several! colouycs for
plantation, by a princely godmother, her renowned late
majesty, of famous moniary, iu witnes of her owne well-
chosen vertuca, baptized by the name of Virginia, concludinge
(indeed) under that denomination (as the auueycnt poetts
did nil Itsdy by the nnrne of Latiiim) all the bounds and
regions, both to the south and norward, fiom 30 to 44 degrees,
togitbere with the manie islands adjacent thereunto, is no
other then the same first ccmtincnt and tract of land, which
the said Venetian, old John Cabot, the father, discovered,
from whom only, indeed, we laye our earliest elayine and in-
terest (as we niaye right well) to this coimtry.
And sure, albeit from tlic tymc, after that first disco-
very (duiing some yll destined few ycares, wherein our home
oecasioii-s tnipnrtinied the rpsidenec within our owne ports,
both of our men and shipps), our voyages hither for a while
might seeme to lye slumbering, yet oiu* tytlc coidd not there-
by out-slcepe ytself, nor were oiu- Kiiglish spiritts so sunck
■with the tyme, aud many sliippes mIucIi tempt the wide seas
in the like new aeai-chea, as that -we abandoned our hopes and
fortunes thither,
1 The reader will easily Kcognixe the namo of Juaa Poooe do Lcoa,
the discoverer of Fioridd,
^ Upnti tliB comparative TLgcnt^ of John and Sckiutian Cabot, Ke<
IcarDed diuserttttiotie hy ]ti<](]lv, — "Memoir Df Sebastian (.'-aliot," nhap. 5,—
and bj Fruer Teller, in oppositioD, in tbc appendix to Itis " Progreas of
Dlicoveiy on the Jforthem Coiuts of America".
INTO VIBGESIA.
141
We shall find^ however, the far famoiw king Henry VIII
(full of many impatient and personall, as well domestick
troiiblea, as warrs abroad) could not attend the sccoAding
his royall father ia hia enterprize, any other then giving
leuve to a voluntary fiyer or twoo in a sliipp called the Deun
Nobiscum, to run upon new searches ;' yet his noble sonnc,
prince Kdward VI, entred into so serious considtatiojis of the
same, as he gave, therefore, to Sebastian Cabot, borne at
Biutoll, Sonne to the father John Cabot, a large pencion
out of his trcasurj*, and constituted lum in the Triiiity-howne,
gramid pilot of England, in the second yeare of \m raiguc,
and in the yeare of grace 1548, to undertake againc a new
search of these straiing lands; and had not that tuwardly
yong prince too unhiippely ben cutt of by an xuitymely des-
tine, he had prosecuted both what the too too affecting Koomc
(the otherwise faiiltles) qvciene Mary neglected, {thongh pcr-
happs not with out some princely and economlck colour of
reason), by contracte to the Spanish Fhillipp, whose pretence
of right might well debarr the proceedings in any such prac-
tice then, when our Spanishe harts and Romish Cathohques
dare yet to make good his title unto all this fourth quarter
of the world, by tlie donation of a Pope (though against all
the rules of justice, prescription, or equality), as also what
our never enough admired late sovcraig^e, qneeneEhzabetL,
did anew revive, and gave a fresh birth andspiritt unto, somc-
tj-mc under the discharge of one, sometymc of another^ irntill
at length yt discendcd xmto and settled in Sir Walter Kawley,
unto wLome and his heires, her majesty, in the twenty-sis
yeare of her rcigne, and anno 1584-, at Westminster, gave a
' Biddle, in the ainth chapter of his "Memoir of Cabot", bringB a
rari^ty of evidence to shew that the two Hhips whiuh Hu.ilm) to tho west
from fiDgUnd in 1527 tcu« of which nas rejiorWcI hy IlBtlujt to have
beeu named the '' Bominus Nobiscum") were cAuied the " SatiisoD," iind
the " Slary of Guililforcl," and that the niuiii! " Doniiuus Noliiscum" waa
e recorded. That the name was a pure inTentiou, aeuuts, how-
:
142
HISTOUIK OP TRAVAILB
large patent, from 33 to 40 degrees of latitude, who, therefore,
the same ycare, in April, sent out Capt. Phillip Amatlas and
Capt. Arthur [TJarlow] Florida norward, the whole coast of
Cape Britton, so called of the people of St. Malo, who first
found and fell with it, and the 4th of July following, they
arrived upon the coast in a harborow called Ilatorask, in the
height of 3G ajul one 3d, and the 13th put out their small
hoates, and roning seven leagues from that harborongh, came
to an island called Uoanoak, where they landed and tookc
possession of the country iu right of the queeue's majestic,
and after delivered the same over againc to the use of Sir
W. Ealegh.
CAPUT n.
Of the discovoiy, more in perticiiler, of the country of Winganiiccoa
tbe isle of Roinoik, hy Cftpt. AmmluB and Capt. Barlow, for thai
tcboufc of Sir W. lUlcigb, who, preeentiiig their tmrailes chereio,
and tho cart of the coast to hei Majestic, baptized the country I>y
the uiiuio of Virginia.
When they firat had sight of this conntry, some thought the
first laud they saw to be the continent ; but after they had
entred the haven, they saw before them another mighty long
Bca, for there lyeth along the coaat a tract of islands two
hundred miles in length, adjoyuing to the ocean sea, and
hetwccne the islands two or three cntraimces. \Vhen they
were entred hetweene them (these ifilaiuls being very narrow
for the most parte, as in most places six miles broad, and in
some places lesse, in some more}^ then there appeared the
other great sea, contoyning in breadth in some places forty,
and in some fifty, in some twenty miles over, before the con-
tinent be come nntOj which continent the Indians call Win-
gaudacoA; and iu this inclosed sea there are about one
hiindred islands of divers bigues, whereof the aforesaid
lioanoak, fifteen to sixteen miles long ; a plcasaunt and fer-
tUl grownd, full of sedars, »axafras, currants, flax, vines.
iK-ra vmoisiA.
143
dcnrc, conies, bares^ and the tree that beareth the lind of
black synamon, of \rliich like Capt. Winter brought from the
StreightH of Miigellaun, and mauie other commadityes and
riches, the particulars whereof are more at large to be seeuc
ia Mr. Hariott's diseourse.
The chief king's name, governing at that tyme, they fowndc
to be Winffina, his brother, Qaangimino, whose wife and
daughter came abourd oiir discoverers' barkcs, who were
about their forehedd a band of white corall, and earings of
pearlc.
The river before Roanoak,' and which runneth from thence
up to the citty Skicoak, they call Occam ; upon which like-
wise standcth the townc of Pameik, six dayes' journey from
the aforesaid graet citty, called Skicoak, to the so-ward.
And in this river Occam falleth too other great rivers; the
one called, Cipo, wherein arc great store of the pcrle muscles,
the other called Nomopana, upon which standeth Chawa-
Qookc, not subject to the king of Wingaudagoa, but ia a
free state, under a lord, at that time, called Pooneno; beyond
which province is another absolute king likewise, called
Menatoiion ; and these three kings were then in league.
From Hattoraak, to the so-ward four daics journey, they
discovered Socoto, the last townc southwartlly of the bounds
of Wingandacoa, ncere unto which^ twenty yeares before
these tymes, a shipp was cast away; some of the people
whereof, in an out island called Wococon, saved themselves ;
and after three wcckcs aboard there, fastened two Indian
canoas togither, and, mth their shirts for sailes, made out,
but were Hoonc cast away, and the boats found wrcckt upon
the out islands.
And with thus much knowledg of the country, and some
commodityes from the salvadgcs obteyued, as chamoyse,
1 hy the river before Roanoak h>e nouH appear to aic&n Albemarle
Souiid ; but according to I>« Dry's map, Skicoak sUmd* on N&ndsamund
riTcr, which fallii into the ChcsApeake.
14-1
HISTOaiB OP TRAVULB
hnSe, aud dcare skyns ; twenty skynes, worth twenty noble*,
for a tyn dish, aud of other skyus, fifty, worth fifty crownes,
for a cupper kettle, and a bracelett of pearic, aa bigf? as
peuie, brought liomc and delivered to Sir W. l{jilci»h, the
didcoverent returned, and about the midst of September fol-
lowing, arrUwl in the west of Kngland with t\ro of the native
people, one WanchcsCj and the other \runtca, brouglit along
with them.
CAPUT III.
Sir Richard Qr«nvile, g&nerall of the ilrst oolonie of one hunilred bo
houldert.
Am'.R the relation of this discovery up unto Sir TT. Raleigh
by the said captftiues, that part of the country about Roan-
oack (beyond which lielh the maiiic laiid) was conceaTed to
be an apt and likely phice, both for seat aud riches, for a
colony to be transported unto; whereupon, the next ycarc
following, anno 1585, Sir W. Riileigh prepared a fleete of
seven sailes, with one hundred howaliolders, aud many tliiugs
necessary to begin a new State, which in Aprill departed
from Plymouth ; Sir Richard Greenvilc gcnerall' of the nainCj
accompanied with many choyse and principal] gentlemen, —
Mr. Ralph Lane, Mr. Thomas CandLsh, Mr. John Arnndell,
Mr. RcjTnond, Mr. Stukcly, Mr. Bremige, Mr. Vincent,
Mr. John Clark, and divers others, some captaincs, aud other
assistents, for councell and good discretions in the voyage,
all and everj' of which, in their severall places, refused no
travaile of body, nor carefulncB of mynil, to lay the fonnda-
cion and beat the path to that great and goo<ny workc which
Godj I hope by us, in Ilis appointed tj-me, will nowe Buishe
to Hi.s owne glory, to the salvation of poore seduced infideRa^
' It mast not be iirdcrstood from this expression that Sir RicLnril
Qreavilla w«h governor of the colonj, but simply commnnder of the ex{>«-
dition. TYm governoratiji who cuuiuiiltc4 to Mr. Ralph Lane.
INTO VIRGIKU.
145
and to tbe never Aying fame and honour of those nohle and
priiisc worthy spiritts wbo shall personally travel! in the same.
The most of this flecte hy tlie twentieth uf Juno fell with
the niJiitie of Flnridii, ami keeping by tin; const, were in some
daunger the twenty-fifth of a general wrack on a heach
called the Cape of Fcarc; but the tweiity-sixtli ancored safe
at Wocokon, by Secota, four daies' journey aliort of Hatoraak,
where tlic Admirall, tlii'ough the unskilfulucs of the master,
Btroak on grownd, as she was to be brought into the harbour,
and sunk, and from w}icncc tlic general! sent to Wiuf^uia,
the K[mg] at itoanoak, to advertize of hia ai'rivall, as like-
wise he sent to tlie maiuc Mr. AnnuhiU, with Mauteo the
salvadgc, and Capt. Aubry, and Capt. Bouitcu, to Croatoan,
where they fownd two of their men left therSj with thirty
other, hy Capt. Raymond, who fell with that place eertayue
dayes before.
Lykewysc from henee the gencrall, well aecom]iamed in
his tilt boat with divers of the gentlemen aforesaid; and Mr.
IlajTiott, nith twenty others, following in a pynuace ; Capt.
Ama<las and Capt. Clerk, with teu others, in a shipp boat ;
Frauneys JJrooke and Jolin White in another shipp boat,
passed over tbe water to the maine land, vietimUed fur eight
dales. In which voyage they discovered the townes of
Pomeioke, Aquaseogoke, and Seeotan, and tho great lake
called by the salvages Paquippc, ami so retunicdj and the
twenty-seventh of July ancored the fleet at Hatorask, and
there rested; from whence he landed all his planters, and
those which were to remayne in the country, in the aforesaid
island of Roaiioak, togither with such provisions as were to
be left for their use, after which, having scttelcd some ordera
nmuugst thcj priueipall eoramauiiders, and constituted Mr.
Balph Lane govcrnour of the colony, advising with him in
many necessary businesses to be perfourraed, the twenty-fifth
of AugnsL he sett sailc agaiue for England, and the eighteenth
148
IIISTORTE OP TKATAn.R
or (Ik lt>(i|>ik
lull rivrr ot
ti tbr rayn
■t CD^cr
llwrriQ.
of October followinge, vith a prize, a Spanish shipp of three
hundred tonne, arrived in Plyiimouth.
The party c'lihirvtics of such businesses as were performed
by Mr. Uidph Lane, the enpt»ine« and gentlemen, anil the
rest of the colony, to the ntmiber (as afort^nid) scene in the
booke of the discoTcrieB.'
Only I cannot but remember and mencyone the river of
Maratock,* up vhich the Mangoags have tnifiiquc, and which
ri\*er opcncth into the browl sound of Weapemciock, running
with a violent current from tlic west and sowcst, as l)roiul as
the Thames betweenc (ireenewich and the Isle of Doggs, and
as London-ljrulge upon a vale water; the head being thirty
(laicR from Uoanoak, which head springuth out of a mayne
rock in that nhountlance, that forthwith yt niaketh a most
violent streamc, and which rock staudctb soe necre unto a
seaj that manye tymes in storraeji, the wind ai-rising outwm-dly
from the seiij tlie waves thereof are bcatcu into the said ii'esh
strcame, soc that the fresh ivater, for a certaine space, groweth
RoU mid bnickisb, mid which Maratock, by Mr. Hamott's
opynion, either arriseth out from the Bay of Mexico,' or ells
from very neere unto the name, that openeth out of the Soutli
Sea.
T]m rifer maketh promise of great tilings, for np the same
the Mangongs have recourse and tniffique in a pi-ovince called
Clauuis Temontfin,* where there is a mar\-ellou8 and most
straiiiif^e minenill, to the Chawanooks, and all tlie people to
the westward, most notorious ; the mincrall they call wass;i-
dor, which is copper, but they call by the name of waasador
every mettcll whatsoever: tbey snieyt is of tlieculloiu* of our
copper, but our eopjjcr (saie they) is better then theirs, and
1 lie dwulitlcBS refers to Ilnkluyt.
' The river ugw called Roaiioko.
3 Tbc rircr Roanoke rises m the AUegtianks, Moatgoiuer; county,
Virginia.
* Whether Ihis siicUiiig, or tlifit used Viy tho author s few lines lower
down, be the coirvet onu, the \:ditor hnii l>cuii uiiaUu to duiiidu.
INTO VIIIGWIA.
117
the rcnituii is because yt is rodder and harderj whereas that
of Chanius Tcnioaian is very soft and pale. The manner of
taking of which mettell out of tlic river, I rcferr to the dis-
course at hirdg, imd of miiiiy things cUs therein contcyncd,
especynJIy of the Creaehery of many of the sHviige weroauces,
tu the rooting out and cutting off the whole colouy, aa of
Peniipan, of RofiTinak, Okiseo, kiuf^^of Wi^oprafiiGck, with the
Miiiiduugs, and the Chesupciaiis, with seven hundred iipiioii
the mayne of Dasaniauquepeio ; as also how Mr. Lane ac*
quitted himself of their eouspiracic, as not altogither neces-
sary for tliis place, I overpasse.
Only be yt rememhnid how, that after tlie colony had la-
boured herein many searches, and acquired many knowledgea,
eleaven monthes expectiiif; the retume of their generall with
a franek and new supplye out of Englandj and hejug in xtime
wants for neccssaryc and fresli victnalla, had dispersed tliem-
selves into sondry parte of the countrye, the better to be
fitted and accommodated witli thn provisions thereof, Capt.
Stafford lyving then, willi twenty in Iiis company, in Croatan,
my lord admirall's island^ about the bcoriuuiug of June, had
escried a great 6eet of many shippes uppon the coasts, standing
in, as he conceaved, for Hatorask, of which he gave speedy
intelligence unto the fort at Uoanoak, ivho were not a little
amazed with the nomherof the shippoS; not conceaWng what
they miglit be; in the midst of which douhtfulnea of theires,
the whole fleet arrived in the road of the bad harboroM' of
IlKloraskc, and was soonc found to be Sir Fraunccs Drake
and his company, returning home this way from the sacking
of St. Domingo, Carthagena, and St. Augustine, who, sending
his boats off to Roanoak, and ha\iug intelligence fi'om the
goveruour, of the condicion of which the colony then stood,
of their many wants, and daylie expectance of supply from
i'juglnnd (the generall, by piouiise, a|)poiutiug to hnvc bcuc
there by the first of the spring], Kir I'Vaunccs Drake much
commending their patience and noble spirittSj and applauding
lis
HIS-mitlE OK TlLiVAILK
SO good im Bccioii, consulted with liia cnptaines^ and con-
cluded to It'ttTc them u barke of seventy touue, colled the
FriiiiiiciM, to servo them upon occasions, with two pinnacL's,
four small boats, and two experiniuntod sua jimistoi-s, Abra-
liam Keudall, and Griff'eth Heme, to tarry with them with a
supply of collivcrs,' huud-wcnpons, nmtrli, lead, toolea, appa-
rell, and such like, with rictuails for one hundred men for
four inontlit's ; iil] wliieli, whilst they were in himd^ in all
ha«t to be prejMired for them ; and in two duica, almost dis-
jmtdit, the officers acceptiii}^ of thetr chai^, and the two
maisters busy aboard the said appointed harhc. The 1.1th of
the said mouth of J uue, there arrose such an unwonted stormc,
and oontynued four dales, that had like to have driven the
whole ilcct a ahoare. The only shift was to weigh anchor and
put to sea to save themselves ; and [they being] in the somo
barke apjwiuted to stay, [she] freeing herself, was carried
with the violence of the storme ao far in fower riayesj that at
length she was forct to make for England, with others of the
flcctc.
Howheit, Sir Prauncis Drake, nding yet out nfter the
storme, ejcainyniiig the losac, would have left them another
goodly shippj of the burden of one hundred-and-seventy
toiiue, called the barke Botincr, with inaisttTS uiid gnydes to
tany there ; hut yt being better considered, and the harbour
BO uufitt fur a ship of that burthen to be whiter roader in,
and many other things considered, the determinacion of all
was altered, and yt w:ts conceaved more convenient to take i
all the planters and come for England, which, unhajipely, was
ftccordingly performed, and soc, the IWth of June scttinir !*iule,
the 27th of July they arrived in Portsmouth, Anno 1586.
I Doulit1es6 a uulvorin ^ that word Wing <l«iiTed from "coluber," u
sD&ke. The word '* culirer'' occurft not unfrequently ia writiag of this
'4
A new supply seat hy Sir W. llaltiigti unto his coloDie unliappilj Iirought
away Wlorc by Sir FmncU I>ruk<j.
Yet, as the colony that whole yeare did their endeavuur there.
Sir W. fialeigh did as carefully intend the supplying of
them here, preparinge a fleet of three shippes, well appointed,
to nccompauy Sir Richard Orcennle with u bark of aviso,'
freighted with all raauner of things, m most plcntifnlliuaniier,
for the rehef of the colony, and to give them iutelligence
of the gencnill's speedy haatcninge after him. The only
fault and crroiiru iiJis, that hoth liis fleete and bark of aviso
were not sett out till the spring ivas far spentj and yt waa
afcer Easter before this hark of aviso sett forth, whoe arrived
at Hatarask, and not finding: the colony (brought avray as you
have heard), returned with all the aforesaid ^jrovisiou into
Enghiud agaiiic.
Not fully forty or fifty daycs after the depjurture of this
Imrkc of aviso from Hatarask, Sir lUchard Greenvilc anived
with his three sliippcs^wcU apiiointcd, and not finding the said
barke nor any newes of the English colony (himself travelling
up into divers places of the country), yet uuwilliug to losac
the posacasiou of the same, after good deliberacionj he left .
fifteen men in the islands of Roanonk, furnished pleutil'ully
with all luanncr of provision for two ycares, and departed
agayiic for England.
These checks found this pions businea even in her early ^^ ^^^^
daics and first bcgy-nning ; howbcyt, yt did not yet make J,"' 8"i?'w:"'
weary the forward mynd of Sir W. Raleigh to hare this i,-rfi'll'»',...
eountrv bv a full possession added uuto oiu" owne, who there- on"" isf^
fore prepared a fourth voyage and a new culuny of one hun- ;;, j"^^"™'
drcd and fifty howsholders, who, the 18th of May in the yeare *'"'*
following, 1587, wcyed anchor from Plymouth, under the
• An ii»lvicc-I«at, — IV luiiill vessel eaijiLoyod to carry cx|)riJB8B6 or ordtmt
nitU nil [lustiible duvpiiich.
130
HISTfJRtB 0¥ TRAVAII.K
cliBi^ uf JToliii Wliite, whomc he aiijxiintucl goveriiour, and
also appointed unto him tvclve asflistcntu, unto wliomc he
gnve a charter, imJ incorporotL'd them Ity the uamo of Gover-
nour ami Assistcnts of tlie city Halcigb, in Virg^a, — which
fleet, consisting of thj-ee sayle, the 22ud of July following,
arrivcil at Hutiirajik, where they came to on anchor. From
whence, the governour, accompanied with forty of his best
men, In a stnall pyniiHOi;, stuud in ftir Roanoak, meaning to
take in the aforesaid fifteen men left there by Sir Kiehard
Greenvile tho yeare before, and ko to alter tlicir seal unto
the Chcsapcak Bay, acconling to directions from Sir Vt.
Kalcigh; but the governour, being overruled by some of
the company, was diverted from that purpose, [uid in a man-
nor constrained to secbe no fiirther, but to sett downe iu
that island aj^aiiic, who accurdingly brought all the planters
and pronsiou!^ ashoarc, where they beganuc to fitt and ac-
commodate themselves. Nor coidd they heare of any of tho
aforesaid fifteen, but found of the bones of one : and the peo-
ple of Croatan gave our people, to understand how they were
slajnc, sett upon by thirty of the men of the Sequota, Aquas-
cogoc, and Dasarooqucpeuk, conveying themselves upon a
tyrae Hcex'etly behind the trees iieere the how.ses, where our
men carelessly lived, and in the encounter, knockt out the
braynes of one with a wooddcn sworrl, and killed another with
nil arrowe shut iutci the mouth of him, whilst the rest fled to
the water's side, where their boat hiye, and nil of them taking
tli« boat, rowed towards llatiirask, and re-l:uuh;d on a little
islaiidj on the right-hiuid of our cntraunce into the harbuiu-
of Ilatarask, where they remayiied a while, but afterward^
departed, aud could never after be heard of.
The goveruour, calling to councell his assistants, found that
the colony stood in want of many necessary things, both to
secure and settle them in tlieii' plantation, wherefore yt was
consulted upon, that some one should be forthwith dispatcht
into England, to ytiiportuuc the better supplie to be there
raro viBorau.
151
bctymes the next ycare. And at length, by a gcnerall con-
sent, tlie goremour himself was thought to be the 6ttcst to
undertake the husiucB, »iitl therefore prepared the admiraU
and fly-boat to st^tt forward witli idl speedy the whilst he es-
tablished some things amongst them ; and having christened
a grand-child of his o\mc, borne there (liis daughter being
married to one of the company), and calling yt Virginia,' he
Cftnsed, likevriRc, Manteo, the savnge, to be christened, by
Sir W. Sleigh his appointment, and in reward of his fiiith-
fnlnes, entitled him lord of Roauoak and of Dasnraonque-
pcuk ; after w]ileh, in August^ he departed for England with
the foresaid fly-boat and admiral], and about the beginning
of November, the one laud(,*d at Hampton, the other at
Port >*mouth.
Uppon this arrirall he left not to soUicyte for a supplye;
accordingly he sent betymea the next yeare, and as carefiill
■was Sir W, Rdeigh to provide him; howbeitj snch were the
occasions of the ymploymeut of our shippes iu '88 and the
yearc follo\Ting, that yt was March 1500 before Captain
White coiJd be dispatcht for V irgiuia, who then, with thiY;e
shippes, pnt to sea from Plymouth, and the 2Srd of July had
Riglit of the cajx; of Florida, and the broken islaudca thereof,
called the Martyrs, and the loth of August came to an anchor
at Hutarajik, from whence he mau'd two boats to row to
Roanoak, shooting ofl' twoo mynions and a falcon,'^ to give
waniiug to the colony ; but the billow was ao rough, aud tbe
wynd rose so high at norwcst, and the indiscreet atecragc of
the master's mate in a boat where a chief captaine was (Cap-
titinc Spiccr), such a dangerous sea breaking on the quarter
oversett yt, aud the boat twice or thrice turned tbe keile up-
ward^, nor eoidd the men save thcmstdves in swymmiug in
so great a sea, insomuch, that of eleven, seaven of the cbiefest
were drowapd, Captaine Spacer himself and six more.
* The nmme tt this &Tst Anglo-Americim was Virginia Dare. Sbo vfoa
bom AugUiit iHth, IS87. ' Names of pieces of orilnance.
153
iiiaroaii: op tratailb
T}ic nliicfa mtschauncc did so much discomford the lazic
and iinfHitlifull saylers, that ilicy were all in aii itproarc luid
niurinore not to go any further to scekc the planters; how-
beil, t^ajitaine While and Ca[itaine Cooke TOnipcUed thcin,
wlio, thereforBj being nineteen persons in both boats, put off
from Hataraifk once more, and rowed to that parte of the
island of Roanoak where the colony was left seated ; but yt
was 80 darkc Iniforc they fell with tho ahoare, that they ovcr-
ehott the place a quarter of a mile, where yet espicing of a
light towards the north end of the island, they made towards
yt, and letting fall their grapuell* neere the shoare, sounded
with a trumpctt a call, and afterwards many familyer English
tnncs and aonga, and called out fticndly to the shoareward,
but all the while had no aiiawere. At brejike of day they
landed, and went through the woodcs to that part of the is-
land directly over against Dasamantiucpeuk, and from thence
retiuiied by the water-sydc rownd about the uortheren point
of the island, untiU they came to the place where the colony
was left 158G. Some tracts of feetiug they found, and upon
a &andy banck, on a tree, curiously carred, these romaiue
letters, "Cito", which gave thnm hcipc tlicy might be removed
to Croatan, for their agreement v.as^ indeed, to remove when
Captaine White left them, llowbcit, Captaiue WTiite sought
tbcm 110 turther, but missing them there, and his company
havinge other practizes, and which those tymcs afforded, they
returned covetous of some good suecesac npou the Spanish
fieete to returne that yeare from Mexico and the Indies, —
neglecting thus these unfortunate and betrayed people, of
whose end you shall yet hereafter read in due place in this
decade.
IWTO VIBOINIA.
153
the Br. Uon.
Eatle at
8uLilhiunp-
tou,
CAPUT V.
The unfaithfulnes of suoli who wew imploycd miscarried the colony.
Thus SlrW. Raleigh, weried with so greiit an expeiiee, and
abused with the UDiaithfiJiies of the ymploycti, after lie had
sciit (as ynii maye see by these five severall tymes) coUoiiies
and snppUes at tiis owne charges, and nowe at lengtli both
himself and \m successors thus hctraycd, he was even nowe
content to submit the fortune of the poore men's lives, and
Ucf of the holy acciou ytself, into the favour and ^jrotcccioa
of the God of all mercy, whose will and pleasure he submit-
ted unto to be fulfilled, as in all things ells, so in tliis one
particulcr. By which meanes, for seventeen or eigbteen
yeares togeatber, yt lay Ticglcctcd, untill yt pleased God atjj,, ^^^^
length to move ngaine the heart of a great and right noble '■^"-;*''.^J■
carlo amongst us,
''Candidus ct tiJos a vwticc piUcIicr ud iinoa,"
Henry Earle of Soutliamptou, to take yt in consideration,
and seriously advise how to rccreat and dipp yt anew into
spiritt and life ; who thcrfore (yt being bo tlie will of the
Etemidl Wisdome, and so let all Cliriatian and chaiitable
hearted believe in compassion to thia people) begunii to make
new enquiries and much scmteny after the country to ex-
amync tlie former proeeedings, togithcr with the lawfulnes
jind pious end thereof, and then, having well weighed the
greatues aud gooilnes of the cause, hv. lartlgley contributed to
the furnishing out of a shipp to be eoraanntlcd by Capt.
Bartholomew Gosuoll and Capt. Bartholomew Gilbert, and
occompanycd with divers other gentlemen, to discover con-
venyent place for a new colony to be sent thither, who ao-
cordingly, in March, anno IfiOS, from Falmouth iu a bark of
Dartmouth, ealled the Concord, sett forward, holding a smmirii
course for the north parte of Virginia. At which tyme, like- ,i!*pniX'd
wise. Sir W. Raleigh once more bought a bark, and hired uU Hini« hy sir
1S4
HISTORIB OP TSJkVAJLE
llir compttnye for wnges by the month, jinplnying therein, for
chief, SuuueU Mbcc^ (a suOieycut inarriuer, who kml been
twice before at VirKinialj to fyud out those people which
he luul sent last thither (as before renicii linked) by Cipt.
White, 1587; and who, if so be they could huppcly light
iippon ihcin, were like enough to instrnet us the more per-
fectly in the quality of the mitives, nud coudieion of tlie
approved couiitr}-, which harke (h'parted from WajTnouth
the snid moiietti of Miireh, iiniio, likeinise, 1602, to hold a
louthwardly course for \''irginia, and which accordingly fell
forty Iragtiea to the wi-westwanl of Ilatanisk, iu 3V degrees,
or tbcreabouts, and having there spent a nioneth tmdiiig
with the people for their owne, when they BCOure<i along tlie
coast, and, according to their charge, should liavc sought the
people, both in the islands and upon the maync, in divers
appoiuted places, they did yt not, pretending that the ex-
trcnmity of Mcuther and loss of some priudpall groxind tack-
ling forced and feared them from aearehing the port at
HntarBslt, the isle of Croatan, or any parte of the mayue of
T)asamonquef)euk, and therefore taking in some quantity of
aaxafraa, at that tyme of a good value, worth some three
shillinga the lb., Chyna roots, benjamin, cag*ia fh/nea, and
the jynd of the tree which grnwes there, more strong then
nny spice, the vcrtuc whereof, at length, is nowe well kuowno,
with divers other commodities, they returned, and brought
no comfort or new accL-sse of hope coucemiug the lives and
safety of the unfortunate English people, for which only they
were sett forth, and the charg of thia imployment was under-
taken.
Sc« Purcliaa, vol. iv. f". 1653.
CAPUT VI.
The 8accu«s of the good ship callci the Couvord, wt forih bj the Earle of
Suiitliampton, aa<l comtuaundeil bj Capt. BiirttioIoiUBW Gosniill, for
diacovcfy, upon a. right l^'ue, fulling aluout Snch^i'liithgo.
The good ship the Cuncord^ a» you have hcnrd, setting forth
with this about the fourteenth of Maye following^, making
laud in 'li3 degrees of thu north latitude, had Ixrtter siiccesse;
for the cummaiiudcrs therein, intending faithfully the end of
their goeiug forth, discovered many goodly rivers, islands,
and a pleasant contyncnt, and the Indiana in the said height,
in, hark shallops, with maast and sayle, iron grapple!*, and
kettles of co[ippr, came boldly abourd thL-iii, nppai'ellcd with
wastcoats and breeches, some of black serdge, some of blew
cloth, made after the sea faahion, with Iiose and shooea on
their feet : a people tall of stature, broad and grym visagcd;
their eye hrowes payntcd white; and yt seemed by some
wordea and sigues which they made, that some barks, or of
St. John de Luz,'' had fished and traded in this place.
But the ship riding here in noc good barliorow, and with
all the weather duiibted, the master stood off againc intu the
sea southwardly, and soone after found lumself imbayedwith
a mighty headland, wlicre, coming to an anchor witliin a
league of the shoarc, Capt. Gosnoll commauudcd the shallop
to be tryracd out, and went ashore, where he perceaved this
leadland to be parcell of the raayne, and sondry islands
lying almost round about yt; wliereupon, thus satisfied, he
repaired abourd againc, where, during the tymc of his ab-
sence, which wa» not above sis howcrs, he found tho fibip so
furnished with excellent cod fish, which they had hauled,
that they were compelled to through uombcrs of them over-
board agayne : insomuch yt left this belief in them sdl, —
' 5o in MS. The port of St. Jcaa dc Luz, io the Baues P^encea,
bcciuae aubscqucntlj the sent of oxtcnEivo commerce t*ith the French
posusuom in North America.
156
amonB op tbavailb
that in tliis season, namely, April and Maye, tliere mi
upon this coast, in this height (as I &aid of about 43] bi
pooti fipiliing, ami in as greiLt pk'iity, iia in the Xcwfonnclland;
and they were the more probably confirmed herein by the
skulls of macliarells, herrings, cod, and other fish, which they
daily saw as they went and cnnie from tlie shoare ; the place,
besides, where they tookc these codds Ueinj; hut in seven
fatliOHK' watiT, and within lt!>ise thiiii a lrH{»ui: of tlio slioare,
where, in Newfoundland, they fish forty or fifty fathome
water, nnd fur off ujiun the hauek.
This hcndhind, therefore, they called Cape Cod, from
whence they sayled round about the same almost all the
points of the compassc, the shoare very bold; atleug:th they
came amongst many faier islands, three cspccyally, those
which they had discerned upon the land, all Ijing within a
league or two one of another, and not above six or seven leagues
irom the maync ; the one whereof Capt. GosnoU called
Martliaes Viniard, being stored with snch an incredible
nombre of vynes, as well in the woody parte of the island,
where they rnune upon every tree, as on the outwai-d parts,
that they could not goe for treading upon them ; the second,
full of dcare, and fowlc, and glistering minerall stones, hc
called by his owne name, Gosnoll's Island ; the third, about
some sixtene miles in eompasse, contej-niugmany pecees and
necks of land little difterlnge from severall islands, sa\'ing
that certaiue hancks of small breadth, like bridges, seemed
to joyne them to this island, he called Elizabeth Island.
Upon this island they did sow, for a tryall, in sondry places,
wheittc, barley, oats, and pease, whicli in fourteen dayes were
sproung up uyne inches and more. On the nor-west side of
thi& island, nccre to the sea-side, they found a standing lake'
of fresh water, almost tliree English miles in coinpasse, in
the midst whereof stood a little pretty plott or grove of wood,
1 He would seem to refer to the lake, or rather lake*, aokr Middle-
borough, Plymouth county, MAEa»chii setts.
RD acre in quantity, or not much above ; the lake full of
tortoiacSj and exceedingly fircr|wenterl with all sorts of fowie,
which hn^ild, snnin lowe ou the baiicks, and others on low
ti'ccs about the hike, iu great abouudaucc, whose youugc oues
theye tooke and eate at their pleasure j also therein they
found divers sorts of shelfisb, as shallops, niushcUs, cockles,
lobsters, crabs, oysters, and Milks ; audi the maync against
yt lijul maiiye nieinlovvcs, large, and lull of greene grasae,
even in the moat wooddy places, the trees growing so distinct
and apart, one tree from another, as was passable for horse
or coacli, with a broad harborow^ or river's mouth, which
ran up into yt, moat comodious, and promising a goodly seat.
The people theron (for ihey will appeare forty or fifty at a
tyme togither upon the water lu sevcrall cauoas) would come
downe and trade for ftirs of beavers, InzenioSj inarternea,
otters, wild eatt sk}^Is, scale 8k^^ls, and other beast' sliines
to ours imknowne, and which they would exchange for
knives, babies' bcades, and such toyes. There wltc also
great store of copper about them, some very redd, and some
pallfir cullour. None of them but had chaines, earings, and
coUcrs of this mettall, as also they had large driuckiiig cupps
made like skulls, and other thine plates of copper, made much
like our boarspeare blades; and when our people vrcrc desir-
ous to understand where they had such store of this mettell,
and made signes to them concerning the same, they tooke a
pcece of cupper in their hands, and made a hole with their
Angel's in the growud, and, witUall, pointed to the higher
growndes.
Within the aforesaid grove, in the midst of the lake men-
tioned, Capt. GosnoU did dctermyne, with eleven more be-
sides himself, v'ho promised to tarry with him, to aitt downe
and fortcfyc, pnrposing to send the pynnace heme into Eng-
land by Capt. Gilbert, for new aud better preparations, to be
returned the nest ycare agaiuo ; and for the same purpose
he built a large howse, and covered yt with sedge, which
J
158
UlSTOJtlll or TIUVAUil
grew Jibout the lake in great aboundaucc, in buylding vhercof
were three weekes and more spent.
liut nfter the trading with the Indians, and t)ic bark had
tukon in ao iimiiy furm, skjns, some eaxafras, and other
commoditie!), iw were thought couvenyeut, most of those
eleven, who before ha<l given thoir ' to stay with Capt.
Gosnol), liiLviiig now possest themselves with a covetous con-
ceipt of their unlookt for march and ize, that they would be
very profitable to them at their retume home upon the sale
thereof at the best hand, making nothing but present game
tlie end and object of this good work, woiihl not uowo, by
any mcJincs, be treated with to tarry behind the shipp^ cast-
ing many donbtca as how if the shipp should miscarry going
home; or arriving, not to he supplied ; or supplied, niiscarry
in the rctnrne, and aucbc like, Captiune OosuoU was fainc to
yield to the presente necessity, and leaving this island with
many sorrowfulj loth to dcpartc, about the mydst of June
weyed, with faire wyndes, and the mydst of July arrived
againc safe in Exmouth in five mouthes, thus fniishiiig this
discovery, and returning with giving many comforts, and
those right true ones, concerning the benefitt of a plantation
iu those parts.
CAPUT VII.
i
Capt. Qeoige Wejmoatli's voyag«, upon t right iync (not seekinj^ the
■wjn.le in tlic aociistomcfi height nf tbe West iDdiieB]^ aud fidling
with SacUadehoc, anJ the dlsuoTcry of tliat river.
Mi'CH was comeuded the diligence and relation of Capt,
GosnoU; howbeit this voyage alone could not satisfye his so
inteiit a spu-itt aud ambition in so great and glorious an en-
terprise as hia lordship, the foresaid Earle of Southampton,
who laboiu"ed to have yt so hcgiune, as that it might be cou-
' A simil&T gap in the origiQal.
tynned irith all due aud prepared circnmAtances and saffety,
and tbcrcforc would Ins lordship he concurrant the aecond
tymc in a new siirvtry and dispatch to he made thither with
his hrothw iu lawe, Tlio. Ai'untlcll, Rnron of Wiu'dcr, wlio
prepared a ship for Capt. Gcor^ Weymouth, w}iich set sayle
from Ratcliff' in March, anno 1S05, and which, ahout the
midst of Maye following, fell with the land, an island un-
to the mayuc of the coast of America, in the height, aa lie
found yt, of ahout 42, who from th^nee casting j't norward
to 44, — what paincs he tooke in diseorcriug:, — may witnes
the many convenyent plaeea upon the mayne, aud isles, aud
rivers, ttigither with that little one of Pnniaquiil, and of his
search sixty miles up the mort excellent aud beneficyall river
of SachmU-hnc, which he found capa.hle of shippinge for tra-
fique of the greatest harden, a beuefitt, indeed, alwaics to he
accompted the richest treasure to any laud ; for which we
for our Sevemc and Thames, and Fraunce for Loii*c, Seine,
aud the river of Curdeux, and the Lowe Countries for their
ynnunieralde navigrdjle rivers, rcceave our and their greatest
wealth. Next he found the land faire, aud the whole coast
hold to fall T^ith, and then, a safe harhonr for shipp« to ride
in, widch Imth besides, without the river, in the chauuell and
soundea about the island, adjoyning to the mouth thereof, so
deisired a road^ aa yt is capable of an infinite nomber of
shippcs. The river, likemsc, ytself, aa yt ninneth npp into
the ma3me for very ueere forty miles towards the high inland
iiiaiintaiues, he found to heare in breadth a mylc, sometymes
three quarters, and half a mile the narrowest ; never under
four or five fathom wattjr hard by the shoarc, and six, seven,
eight, nine, aud ten fathomes all along on both sides ; every
half mile very gallant eoves, Bome almost able to conteyne one
hundred saylo, where the grownde ys soft ouze, with a tnffe
clay under, for anchor hold, and where shipps mnye lye
without eyther anehor or cable, only nioared to the shoare
with a hauser; and which floweth eighteen or tM-enty foot at
160
HISTOBIE or TBAVAILE
high water, with fit docks npprrtcTning to gnune or carine
shippcH of all biirthenn, siKrured from all windes^ which is so
ncoeasar^'c niid incoraparublc a bcncfitt, that in few places in
England, or in any parts of Chrittteudome, art, with great
chnrgea, cait make the like; besides, the bordering Itmd moat
commodious and fertill, trending all along on both sides in
an eipiall plaiiio, iif^ither mouiitayiics nor pockye, but virgod
with a grecuc border of gnwse, sometymes three or four
acrea, Romet3Tnes eight or ten togither, so making tender
unto the eye of the siir\-eyor her fertility and pleasure, and
which would be much more if, by clensing away her wowldrs,
ehce were converted into goodly meaxlowe ; and the wodd she
bearetU is not shrubbish, fitt only for fuell, but goodly nake,
birch, lull firre and spruse, whirh in many plaet* grow not
so thick together, but niiiy, with sqiilII labour, be miulc feed-
ing grownd, being plentii'nlly stoared, like the outward is-
lands, with fresh water springs, wliich streame dawne in
many places. Tlie woddes here arc fiill of deare, hares, and
other beasts, and reasona})ly well inhabited by the natives,
of mild and good condicious ; many provinces (as about as
within the Cheaapeak Bay, and about Boanoack} govci-ncd
in cbiL-f by u prlneipall comniaunder or prince, whom th^
call Basliabaj who hath under him divers petty kings, which
they call Sagamoes, the same which the Tndians in onr more
sowardly parts cull weroauces, all rich in divers kinds of
excellent fiUTS.
To take possession of this laud and goodly river for his
Majestic, Captain Weymouth thought it fitt to make up to
the head of the river, which he did well sixty miles in his
barge ; and as the streame tceudcd westuard into the mavne,
and at that height yt bcganne to nan'owc, so he there sett
upp a crosae with his Majewtie's inscnption thereon, observ-
ing all the wayc, tliat in noo place, e}i:her about the islands,
or up in the mayne, or ail alongst the river, there could be
discerned any one token or siguc that ever any Christian
i
INTO VIRGINIA.
161
Lad been there beforft, of which, eythei- by cuttmg vodA,
digging for water, or setting up crosses (mcmurialU scldomo
omitted) by Christiau travellpi-s, tliey miglit ba,v(* percwivr-H
some testimuuy, or mcntiuti niiglit liavc bcea left; and after
this search, Capt. Weymouth bcinfir well satisfied, "nitb in-
struction and kuowledg, of aoe comniodiouK a sefit, sett saylc
for England, and the eighteenth of July following: arrived
before Dartmonth.
Upon his retume, hU goodly report joyning with Capt.
Gosnoll's, cawscd the buaines -vrith soc prosperous nud fairo
Starrs to be accompanied, as it not only encouraged the saidc
Enrle (tlie foresiud Lord Arundoll bcnng by [t]his tynie
chaunged in bis lutcudmeuts this wayCj and engaged so far
to the Ardiduke, before retiirne of this ship, that he no more
thought upoii the act^iou), but likewise tailed forth many
firme and harty lovers, and some likewise long afleeted
thei-eunto, who by comyng, therefore, humble petieionera to
his Majeatie for the advancemeat of the same (as for the only
eiiterprize reserved unto his daies that was yet left unnecom-
plisht; whereas God might be abonndantly made kuowen;
His name enlarged aud honoured; a notable nation made
fortunate ; and our8elve3 famous), yt well pleased hi« Majes-
tie (whoe. In alt his practizes and couBultatioui), hath ever
sought God more than himself, and the advaimcemcut of His
glory, professiug deadly emnity — iioc prince soc much — with
iguoraunce and erfour), adtliug to her Christian praenomen,
Virginia, tlie surname of Britamiia, to cause his letters to be
made patents the tenth nf Aprill, 1 60fi, in the fourth yeare of
his Majestie's rnigno of England, and tliirty-ninth of Scot-
laud, for two colonycsj the one coasiisting of divers knights,
gentlemen, marchants, and others of the citty of Luudon,
called the first colony ;' and the other of soudry knights, gen-
tlemen, and others of the citty of BristoU, Escter, and tlic
) Oth^rwitio called iha London Campanj.
102
HI8T01UB or TBAVAtLE
townu of Plymouth, and otber placoa, colled the second co-
lonvo.'
Tliis last, since yt had his end an nutj,Tnply, hy the dcAth
of the upright and noble gentleman lute Lord Chief Justice
of England, chief patron uf the same. Sir John Poplinm,
knight ; and since the order and methode of a full history
doth clayme of me the remcmbra.nce of titc most matcriaU
poincts at least, as well of this late nortliem colony as of
the first planted more to the south, I have uoi iliought yt
amisse to epithomize a fewc things (and which have not yet
by any one bene published, or >vrittcn of) uf tlic same; by
which, likewise (as I mayc the better descend into the oc-
currauncea of our owiio), male be the clierer confirmed the
st«ry of all three— the one by the other — where the conpruity
(meaiiinge the commodityes of the couutrj-, nature of the
aoyle, and qualities of the people) betweene all throe is so
ftiU and answerable.
CAPUT vin.
i
A colonic sent out to settle^ within the river of Sacliadohoc, hy the
UonoumMfl fiir John Popbam, Kjiight, Lord Chitjf Justice of Kug-
laod, under the govcrumont of Capt. Popham and Capt. Gilbert ; of
tho Spaniards Rurpruing of a ship of BrinoD, b«oI for tho uso of tlw
colonie.
At what tyme the adventurers of the first colonye, anno 1G06,
had prepared all things fitt, with a fleet of three saile, fur
Capt, Christopher Newport to transport a colony of one
hundred, to bcgynno the plantation within the Chesapeak
Bay, the foresaid Sir John. Popham likewise prepai'ed a tall
ship well furnished, belonging to Bristoll and the river of
Soverne, with many planters, which aett out from Plymouth
about Maye ,^ Haines maister, to settle a plaiitaciou in
' Othnrwisu culled the Plymouth Oonipiiuy.
i A aimiliu' gap in the originul.
INTO VUIQINIA.
16S
the rirer of Sachadchoc, whicli, making hia conrse for the
Ulnnds of Flores and Cornei!,' one morning, about the iHlantio
of Grntiosii, the Sjianiah fleet comjTige from Mexico, had
sight of yt, gJive yt chtise, aiid soone tooke yt; and under-
standing by cxatuiunciou whither she waa outward bounds
and for what purpose, they tooke the captainc, whose name
was Murtyii Pryii, out of hi'r, togitlier with the maistcr and
most of the piLSseugers, dispersing tliem into divers shipps
of their owne, and soe held their course, carrying ours along
with thein for Spnine; Itowheyt one of the fleete, wherein
three or four of the English were togither, by the steerage of
the English, who tooke their turnea at the hclme, and not
being observed, altered their course, or whither by contrary
wynds eorapclled, true yt is upon obttervacion, the Spanish
pilott not knowing where ho was, unlooked for fell upon the
coast of Fraunce, witliin the river of Burdeux, where they
would have concealed the Enghsh, and stowed them there-
fore under hatehirs, had they not happely bene pcrceavcd by
some of the French, which came abourd and obtojiicd them
of the Spaniard, and carried them ashore, at what tyme one
of thera, Daniell Tucker, gent., made complaint unto the
officera of the place of this wronge oftVftd unto thom, and, in
his Majestic's name, caused this sliipp to be staied and
arrested uutill the court in Paris might determyn of the
aame ; but the Spauianl had too goldcTi an advocate, a West
Indian purse comyugc newly from thcucc, and therefore, after
some litlc attcndaimce, easily freed himself from the incttm-
braunce and made for Spaine, with malice inougli to entreat
the other ca])tivcd English, whome they had dispersed and
I made slaves in their gallions.
■ Howbeyt, the aforesaid late Lord Cldef Justice would not,
V for all tliis hard hansell and Spanish mischief, give over his
K determinacion for planting of a colony within thR aforesaid
I so goodly a country, upon the river of Sachadchoc ; but
B 1 (. «. Corvo.
IW
HISTOItlF. OF TRAVdILB
Bgtiinst the next yeare prepiurcd a grcstcr number of planters,
nnd better provittions, which in two sbipps be sent thither;
a fly boat, called the Gifl of God, wherein a kinsman of hie,
George Popbuiii, coiiinmuiided; and a goud aliip, called the
Marr and John, of Lnndon, wherein Kaleigb Gilbert com-
inaunded; whioh^ wttli one Iiniidrcd and twenty persons for
plautwH, brakt- ground from Plymouth in June, 1G07, which
the twenty-fifth fell with (iratiosa, and the twenty-eighth
tooke in wood and water at Florea and Corncz, fi'oni whence
they allways kept their course to the westward as much as
wynd and weather woidd permitt ; in which course to the
west, and west nor-west, as the wynd would give leave, they
ran t^roo hundred leagues from Florea, and in the latitude
of 42 dogreee tliey found the compasse to be vajned one whole
pointe.
From whence they stood still to the westward untill the
tweiitj'-sr'\x'iitb of •Tuly, being then in the latitude of 18 and
two thii-dS] where they threw out the dipsing lend, and had
growiid, but twenty futliome and twenty-two fatborae, upon
a banck, and here they tiabt some three bowers, and tooke
iiccre two hiindrod of cod, vcrj' great fish, nud where tbcy
might have ludcu theix- ship in lyttle tytne.
Prom hence they stood in for the mayne, the wynd being
nt so-west, and as they ran in for the land, they alwaic^t
sounded from this banck, and having run some twelve leagues
from the banck uor-west, they soimded, and had sist)- fathome
ouae, gronud black. The wyiid uow growing scant, they
were constrcyucd to stand for the so-ward, and made south
so-west way, and sounded agaiue the nest daye, being the
twenty-eiglith of July, and hml thirty fathome; small stones
and white shells, fishing grownd.
29. Tlicy made a west waio imtill nonnr, and then sounded;
had one hundred and sixtv futhomc black ouze.
30. About ' of the clock in the morning, they
had sight of the land, and yt bore of them nor-wost. They
1 A sfanilar gni> in the original.
^Jm.
nnx) VIRGIN u.
165
sonnded, being ten leagiiefi from, the ahoar, and had one
hundred fathomes black ouze. They made towards the
shoarc, but could not recover yt before the niglit toolte thcni;
for which they were coustrayued to heare of a litle from the
hmd, and lye a hull all that iiight, where they found abouiid-
ftTice of fish very large and great, and the water deepe liard
nbourd tlie slioarc^ eighteen or twenty fathoiiie.
31. Standing in for the shoare in the afternoone, they
came to an anchor under an island, for all this coast is full
of islands, but verj' sound and good for shipping to passe by
them, and the water deepe hard abourd tliem ; they had not
bene at anchor two howera, Mheu there came a SpauLshe
shallop to them from the shoare, in her eight salvadg men and
a little salvadg boy, whoe at the first rowed about them and
would not come abourd, notwithstanding they proffered tlicui
bread, kni\"C3, bcadcs, and other small triflca; but baring
gazed awhile upon the ship they made shewe to departe;
howbeyt when they were a little from them, they returned
agaiue and boldly came up into the sbipp, and three of them
iitaycd all night abourd, the rent departed and went to the
shoarc, shewing by signcs that they would retume the next
da) c.
The first of August, the same salvadges returned with three A"B"»t
women with them in another biskey shallop, bringing with
them many beaver skynw to excliaunge for knyves and beades;
the saganio of that place they told them Messamot, seated
upon a river not farr off' which they called Emanuell. Tlic
sulvndgcs departing, they hoisted out theire bote; aud the
pilott, Captain II. Davica, with twelve others, rowed iuto the
buy wherein their ship road, aud lundcd on a galland island,
where they found gooseberries, strawberrieSj raspiees, hurts,
and all the island full of huge high trees uf divers sorts :
after they hud delighted tliemselvca there a while, they re-
turned aboiu-d againe and observed the place to stand iu
44 degrees oue-tliird.^
^ Tb« ialitude bci'« given would lead to the sappoaition that tho islnud
166
HISTUKIK Of TKAVAII.K
3. About midnight, the moone shining hright »ntl the
wynd being fa)Te, at nor-east they departed from this place,
setting their cuiirso so-westj for soe the coast lieth.
3. Karly in the morimig tlicy were faire by the shoar, a
league from yt, and saw many islands of great bignea and
many great sownds going betwixt them, but made proofc of
none of them, bnt found great stoare nf fish all along the
coast.
4. ITicy were thwart of the eape or headland, which stands
in 43 degrees,' the shipp being in 42 degrees 50 minutes ;
betwixt the place they were now at and the said cape or
headland, yt is all full of islands and deepe sounds for any
refoirecl to jna Mouat Pe$crt Island^ in FroTichman\i Bay ; 1>iit newrly ail
other hiitt{iriet) record Manhegin inland as the point at wbich they first
lunded .
3 lu order to Tcrify and de&ne, in modern nomenclature, the descrip-
tioQ of the course hold by the adventurers, as given in this and the foUow-
ing throe pa^es, a very ctftborate and beautiful manuscript map of tlu«
coast, in tli^- British Musoitnit on a scalu of two miles tu an luch, baij been
cotiBuJbod. Tho csiuniiiation leads unoiuivocally t^J tbo lufwrcucc, that
tlic ubHerratiou of tht; Utitudc., as h&ru <|iioled, Is incorrect by rathtrr more
than hn]f ft degree. The conclusion which, from a careful study of ih«
map, tho vdit'^r has iiJcpted as most conxiiitunt with ail the dutaild huro
dtiecrilieil, ib, tbtil tbo hoitiluod rcfurrcd to is 0%pe Small Point, aiid tliat
the three islands lire I>umiscoce lalaDd, Wood island, and Outward Heron
Ulaod, with the Pumpkin inland lcdg<i>< lying (as described) southward of
tho eastern-most of the tliroo. The two latter of tho throe islandii lie
af^rcHjuMy with thu doecriptiouj ea^t and west of each other, but Damia-
covu ii^laud em to tha saul/iward of Wood i^laud. If no iJlowanuo be uiads
for this discrepancy, it appears impossible to find any other trio of islands
Boneurly appronchiu;; the description, uitUerae tn their beaiiug with refer-
ence to each other, and to the headland, or their diutanci; respectively
from, Fenobscot and the St. Oeorgc's ialonds. The infei-euce that the
headland is Capo Small Point is baaed on tho fact that no more southerly
cape would ofler a great uumljcr of island:! between itself and the ahip
while lying southward of such eape ; and if we assume it to lie mora nor-
therly, we wander still further fruui tho latitude quoted by our author,
and with still less cerreapondeiicc with the description in other minor
points ; this would be the cano, for example, if wc were to adopt the sup-
poHition, which the examination ban somctimcH sa^gestefl, that (he Mat!-
uiouH Islands and Moohc Puitit wore nifurrud tu.
INTO VIRGINIA.
167
shipping to goe in by them, and where la exceeding good
fiMhiiig for cod, great and smnll, liifj^r then what coine* from
the banck of the Newfoundland. This cape is lowhind, shew-
ing white like sand, but yt is all whit rocks, and a strong
tyde goeth there. They ran witliin half a league of the cape,
and from thence the land fell awayc and falls in from this
IieaiUand, nor-west and by uore, and nor-west. They keept
their course from this hondlaud and came to three ishmds,
where they found a letlgc of rocks to the so-ward, wliich
made tbera hale off from them, and the wy-nd being at nor-
cst, they passed tbcm, keeping their coast still west nnti by
^outh, and west so-wcat, imtill twelve of the clock at night,
mid made from this headland, in all thirty leagnea.
5. They made a west nor-west way, ii'om four of the clock,
ill the morning nntill three of the clock in the aftemoone,
and made fifteen leagues, and then they saw the laud agniiie;
for from the cape before named, they saw uoe more land but
those three islands untDl now, in wbicb tyine theyi-an forty-
five leagues, and the land bore of them, when they saw yt
firste, nor-^wesfc and by north, and yt shewed yt sell' in this
forme.
Nine leagues or more from yt, there be three high raoun-
tayncs that lie in on the land, the laud called Segobquot,
nccre about the river of Penobscot.' Thoy stood towards
this high land until! twelve of the clock nooue the next daye,
and they found the ship to be by observation in 4S.
> Tho mowntama of Penoliscot stnad in tLreii cliunpfl, nach of which
would prolinbl; have the appau-anco nt a distance of a Biugk moUQtaia.
168
IllSTORTE OF TttAVAII-K
6. From twelve of the clock noon they kept their course
dae west and came necrc unto the three islands, lying low
ami flatt by the water, alicwiiig white to tlie water as if it
were sand ; but yt is white rock, injiking shew afarr off almost
like Dover CUffea. There lyeth no-west from the easter-
most of the three islands a white rocltye island, and those.;
other tliree islands lye one of the other east and west ; soe
they Btood their course west fast by them, and as they stood
to the westward, the high land before spokcu mudc uhewe of
this forme, bearing of them then nore-nor-west.
From hence they kept still their course west and by nore
towards three other islands, which they saw lying from those
islands eight leagues ; and about ten of the clock at night,
ha-ving sent in tlieir boat befoi-e night to make yt, they bore
in for one of them, the wliich they afterwards named St.
George his Island ; they sounded all along as the}' came in,
and found very decpe water, hard about yt forty fathome.
In the morning they were envyrouncd every way with islands,
they told upward of thirty islands from ubuurd their shipp,
very good sayling out betweene them.
7. They wcycd anchor, thcrby to ride in more saffety
howsoever the wind should happen to blow j how be yt before
they put from the island they found a crosse set np, one of
the same which Captain George WeymaUj in his (Uscovery,
for all after occasions, left npon this island. Having sayled
to the westwiirdj they brought the high hind before spoken of
to be north, and then it shewed thus, —
INTO VIRGINIA.
160
About midnight, Captniu Gilbert caused bis shipp'a boat
to be maimdc mtb fourtccu pcrsous aud the Indian Skidworcs,
(brought into England by (!aptain Wayman) and rowed to
the westward ti*om their shipj), to tbt; rivi;r of Pniimqiiid,
which they found to be four leagues distant from the shipp,
where she road. The Indian brought them to the salvadKos*
houses, where they found a hundred men, women, and chil-
drcne; andtheire cliief commander, or sagamo^ amongst them,
named Nalianada, who had been brought likewise into Eng-
land by Captain Wayman, and rctiumcd tbitlicr by Captain
llanam, setting forth for those parts and some part of Canada
the year before ; at their fti-at conjyiig the Indians betooke
them to their armes, their bowes and arrowes ; but after
Niihanadahad talked with Skidwarcs and pcrceiived that Ibey
were EngUsh mcu, be caused them to lay aside their bovvcs
and arrowes, and he liimself came unto them and ymbrnced
them, and made them much welcome, and eiitertaViied them
with much chierfulnesss, and did they likewise him; and after
two howers thus enterchaugeably spent, they returned abourd
again e.
h
CAPUT IX.
Of iMne a««iJ«ntB happeoiog ia the fimtc sctlement of tliis aorthernd
coJonio.
9. Sonday, the chief of both the sbipps, with the great-
est part of all the company, landed on the island where
the crossc stood, the which they called St. George's Island,
and heard a sermon delivered unto them by Mr. Seymour,
his preacher, and soe retiumed abourd apaine.
10. Captain Popham manned his shallop, aud Captjun
Gilbert bis ship bo;it, with fifty persons in both, and departed
for tbo river of Peraaquid, carricug with them Skidwares,
and arrived in the mouthe of the river ; there cauie forth
1.
170
mSTOKIB OP TBAVAae
Nahanadai with all liia company of Indians with their bowes
and arrowes in their hnndes. They being before his dwelling-
house, would not u'iUinj?ly have al] our people come on
shoarCj usiugthem m all kind sort after their manucr; never-
thelesse, after one hover, they all suddenly vithdrew thcm-
»c1tc3 into the woodcs, nor was Skidwarea desirous to rcturnc
with them any more abourd. Oiir people loth to proffer any
vyolence unto him by drawbig bim by force, suffered him to
stay hcbiud, promising to retiLruc to them the nest day fol-
lowing, but he did wot. After hia departure they imbarke*!
themselves, aud rowed t(» the furtlier side of tlic river and
there rcmnyned on the ahoare for that night.
11. Tlicy retunietl to their ^liippfl towards the evening,
where they still road under St, George's Island.'
12. They wcyed anchors and sett saile to ^oe for the
river of Saclmdehoc ; they had little wynd and kept their
course west.
13. They were south of the island of Sutquiu,* a league
from yt, and yt risetli in this form heremiderj but they
did not take yt to be Sutquin.
Sitiquiii,b«lai|iv«Ua at It. Tim lilg'ti muLuiiataab^ni! noTtb from jrourlaft Uitia.
Soe the weather beiuf? very faire, they sought the islaude
further to the westward ;^ hut at lengtli fynding that they
bad overshott yt, tbey bore «p helme, but wore soon bo-
calmed ; by which means they were constreyned to remayne
at sea, when about midnjg^lit there arose a migbty storrae
upon them, which put them iu great danger, by reason they
wei-e so neere the shoare and coidd not gett off, the wjnid all
1 Capt. Jclui Smitb makes them to fa.ll in with Manhegin island on
tbe oleventb of A^u^iet.
' Seguin island. ^ D&tniscove ieland t
IKTO VlRtilMA.
171
the while at south, and yt hiDw veiy stiffe, «oe aa they Tverc
compelled to turuc yt to and agaync, bard nbourd the lee
bUootc, many rucks and islands under their Ice hard by them;
but, God be tbaiickcd, tbcy escaped uutill yt was daye, the
utorme atiU contynuyng imtlll uooue the next daye.
1-t. Soe socne as the daye gave lights they perceared
that they wrru hard aboard the shore, in the bay that
Ihey were in the daie before, which made them look out for
some place to thnist in the shipp to save their liveaj for
towing the long boat, yt hij'c suncVc at the steme two bowers
and more, yett would they not cutt her otF, lyvin^ in hope to
save her; bo bearing up hclme, they stood in right witli the
shoHrc, when anou they perceaved two little islnndsj to whieh
tliey made, and tliere they found (God be tfiaucked) pood
anchoring, where tliey road uutill the storcie bi-oak, which
was the next daie after. Here they freed their boat, and had
her anhore to repaire her, being much tome aud epoiled.
These islands are too Icngues to the westward of Sacha*lchoc.
Upon one of them they went on shoare, and found Sonr sal-
vadgcH aud one woman. The iijlands all rockye and full of
piuc trees.
15. The stormo ended, and the wynd came faire for
them to goe for Sachadehoc, the river whether they were
bound to and enjoyned to make their plantacion in ; soe they
wcycd anchor aud sett saylc, and came to the eastward and
found the island of Sutquin, aud anchored under yt, for the
wjTid was of the shoare, by which they could not gett into
Sachadehoc; yet Capt. Popham, with the fly-boat, gott in.
Ifi. In the morning, Capt. Popham aeut hia sbalhip
to helpe in the Mary aud John, which weyed anchor, and
being calme, was soone towed in aud anchored by the Guift's
syde.'
1 7. Capt. Popliam, in his pynnace, with tliirty per-
sons, and Capt. Gilbert in liis long boat, with eighteen
' This flliip, it will be remombi'irotlj was coUud the "Gift of Ood".
172
HISTOHIE OF TR-WAJLB
persons more, went early in the morning from their ahipp
into the river Snchndehoc, to view the river, and to search
where they miffht find a fitt pliicc for thtrir pliiiitation. They
saj'led up into the river neere forty leagues, and found yt to
be a very gallani river, very deepc, and scldome lease water
then three fathome, when they fonnd seat ;' whereupon they
proceeded no fiirlhor, hut in their retnnio liomowanLs they
observed nmiiy goodly islands therein, and many bniiiiicliia
of other small rivers falling into yt.
18. Tlicy all went ashore, and there made choisc of a
plaee for their plautacion/ at the mouth or entry of the
ryvcr on the west sirle (for the river bcndcth yt self towaids
the nor-east, and by east), being almost an island, of a good
bipnes, bein}^ in a pro\ince ealled by the Indians Sabiuo, sso
called of a !taga7no or chief commaunder under the g^aund
hassaba. As they were ashoarc, tlirce canous full of Indians
came to them, but would not come nccrc, but rowed away
up the river.
I'X They nil went ashoare where they had made chmse
of their plantation and where they had a sermon deli-
vcrwl unto tliem by their preacher; and after tliu sermon,
the presideut's commission was read, with the lu«es to he
obaen-ed and kept. George Popbam, gent., was nominated
prenideut ; Captain Raleif^Ii Gilbert, Jamea Daries, Ilichard
Seymer, preacher, Captjiin Ilichard Davics, Captain Harlow,
the same who brought away the salvadges at this tyme shewed
1 Qiiei7, rest, — as in our old word " zest", an afternoon's n»p ; as, " to
go to yne'it Kc%t,"— -tiuru •' siosLii".— /'e rt.
^ B'ulkuap, In his "Amcricau £iugra|)h^," tnyn thtit l\i(iy landed oa a
peninguta ; but in the collection of the H&ss. HUtorical f^ocict; it is
called Ptirk^^rs isUiid, wliitb, acuordiug to the MS. map alreadj i>>ltuJed
to, is foini«d by the waturs of iJia KuuuuliHulf on tlic wesi', Jtremysqumn
Lay on the i^aet, the sea. oii th« isoutb, aud a. amall ^Lniil Uividiiig H froia
Arrowsick i«luud un the imrth. It h aillod Parker's island l>ceause it
Tvfts purchased of the aatiyes, iu IGfiO, Uy one Jotin Parker, who was the
ftni occupaut ttl'ter the year ItKJK, nhea this oolony was hrokcn up.
IXTO VmOINlA.
173
in London^ from the river of Canada, were all Bworne aftsiat-
anta; and soe tlicy retin-ned back apaine.
20. AH wpnt to sliuiLre again, and there begnn to en-
trench and make a fort, and to bu_vld a storehouse, soc
contynewing the 21fit, 22nd, 23i*d, 24th, 25th, 26th, 2nh.
28. Whilst most of the hands laboured hard about the
fort and the carjicntcrs about the buyldinf; of a small pinnace,
the president overseeing- and applying every one to his
worke. Captain G-ilbcrt departed in the shallop upon a
discovery to the westward, and sayled all the daye by many
gallant islands. The wyud at night pomyiig roatrary, tli^y
came to anelmr that night under a heatUund, by the Indians
called Semiamia;' the land exceeding good and fertile, as ap-
peared by the trees growing thereon being goodly and great,
most onke and waluutt, with apatious passages betweeac, and
noe rubbish under, and a place most fitt to fortifye on, being
by nature fortifycd on two sides with a spring of water
under yt.
29. They departed from tlm headland Scniiamis, in the
heigh of 4S\ degrees, and rowed along the shear to the
westward, for tbat tlie wynd was against them, and wliicb
blewc so hard tbat they reached no farther than an island
two leagues off, where, whilst they anchored, two canoas
passed by them but would not come neere them.
30. Tlicy returned homewards before the wyud, sajling
by many goodly and gallant islands j for betwixt the said
headland and Semiamis, and the river of Sacliadehoe, is a
very great bay j" in the which there lycth soe many islands
ftnd so thicke and neere togither, that can hardly be dis-
cerned the iiombcr, yet may any shipp passe betwixt, the
greatest parte of them having seldorac lesse water than eight
or ten fathome about them. These islands are all over-
• Capo Klizabcth.
' CiLBcu Buy, whivb in snid to conttiin as mtvny iNlamls &s tLurc are dayii
ia Uieyear.
171-
KISTORIE Of TBAVAILB
gi'UK'ue with woods, aa ouk, walnutt, pine, sprusc trees, hnscU
nutU, sarsapsrilln, niid liiirtx in abniKiaiince, only they found
no auxnfras at nil m the coimtryj and this niglit they arrived
at the fort n^inc.
»B]it«ub»r. 31, And 1st of September, 2nd, 3rd, and 1th, nothing was
done, but only for the furthcrmincc and bnyldingc of the fort
and sturehoxise to receave ashore their rictiialls.
5. About nooiie, tlicre caine into the oiitraiincc of the
river of Sachadehoc and soe unto the fort, as our people were
at their worke, nine caiioej with fortj- snlvadj^'es in them,
men, women, luid ehihlrcn, and amoDgst them was Kahanada
and Skidwares. Tliej'' came up into the fort, and the presi-
dent gave them moat and ilrinek, and iised them exceeding
kindly. Two or tlirce bowers they rcraayncd there and then
they parted, Skidwares and an other salvadge staying still,
with whome at might Captain Gilbert, James Davies, and
EUis Beaat, went over to the farthest side of the river, whe-
ther all the rest had witlidrawen themselves, and there re-
mayned with thuiii ull the night; and early in the morninge,
the siilvadges departed in their canoas for the river of Pama-
qnidj pronuHiiig Captain Gilbert to accompany him in their
canoas to the river of Penobscott, where the bissaba dwells.
6. And 7th, the hmtincs of the fort only attended.
S. Captain Gilbert, witli twenty-two others, departed in
the shullop for the river of Peuobscotj taking with him
divern sorts of marcbandizc to trade with the bassaha ; but
by reason the wynd held easterly, being contrary, yt was
throe daies before he gott into the river of Penobscot.
11. Early in the morning they came into the river of
Paraaquid, thero to call Nahaiiada and Skidwares to goe
along with them ; but, being arrived there, they found that
they were all gone from thence unto the river of Penobscot
before, wherefore, they sett sayle for that river; and all that
day, as likewise the 12th and 13th, they sayled and seai'ched
to the eastward, yet by noe meanes could find the river, for
i
INTO VlHfiI?nA.
175
wLich they returned, their victuals spent, and the wynd large
and good, find in too dayes arrived agaiite at the fort, Imving
had a sight, the 15th in the luoruiu^, of n blasiiug starr iu
the uor-cast of them.
The 16th, 17th, 18th, l9th, 30th, 31st, 22titl, 0.11 labored
about the fort and buyldiog up of the storehouse.
CAPUT X.
The death of Onpt. Pophani ; Capt. Oilbert dbposctb of himself for Eng-
land whan the companie -woud then ataj ao loogtsr, ulbcit Oapt.
DiivioB rcturtiud uiitu thein witli a great cupplj (row Snglaud.
23. Captain Gilbert, accompanied with nineteen others,
departed in hid shallop, to goe far the head of the river
of Sachadchoc. They sayled all tliia daye, and the 24th the
like, untill six of tlie clock in the aftemoone, when they
liuided on the river's Bide, where they found a cliamjiion laud
and very fertile, where they remayued all that night.
25. In the morning, they departed fi'om thence and
savled up the river and came to a flatt low island ■nhere
ya a great cataract or downfidl of water, which runneth by
both sides of this island very shold and swift.' In this island
they found great store of grapes, both redd and white; good
hopps, as also chiballs and garlike; they haled their boat
with a strong rope through tliis downfall perforce, and went
uecre a lengne fwthcr up, and here they lay all night ; and
in the first of the night there called certaine sjilvages on
the further side of the river unto them in broken English ;
they aiisweared them againc and parted long with them, when
towards morning they departed.
' Query, Swan inlnuJ, a few milus up the riv«r ; th^ fdll of waMr
round which may be more properly culled a downfall of waWT llian a
oatiUract. Thu lirat great fall of water from the mouth of the river is that
ut Waterville : but tbcio is no island at thut epot Uid dowu Id the b«*t
modern mape.
irr>
niSTOIME OP TRAVAILR
S6. Id the morning tlicrc came & cauua uutu them,
and in her a Saj^mo and fonr Bnlvn^^es, some of those
which spoke to them the night huforo. Tlie Snganio calh^d
his name Scbcnoa, and told us how he was lord of the river
Sachftdedoc. They entertayncfl him friendly, and tooke him
into their hoat aud presented him with some triSliiig things,
which he accepted ; howbcyt, he deaircd some one of our
men to lie put into his canoa as a pawnc of his safety, xvhere-
Mpon Captain Gilbert sent in a man of his, when presently
the canoa rowed away from them with all the speed they
could make up tlie river. Tliey followed with the shallop,
ha\ing great care tliat the Sagnrao should not Icape over-
Uourd. The canoa qnickly rowed from them and Landed, and
the men made to their howses, being ueere a league on the
hiud from the rivi^r'ii side, aud carried our man with them.
Tlic shallop making good waye, at length came to another
dowiiefiill, which was so shallowe and soe swift, tliat by iioe
meaiies they conld pasac auy further, for which. Captain
Gilbert, with nine otherSj Uiuded and tooke their fare, the
salvadge Sagamo, with them, and went in search after those
other salvages^ whose howscs, the Sagamo told Captain
Gilbert, were not farr off; and after a good tedions march,
they came indeed at length unto those salvages' howses,
wlieere found neerc fifty able m^eu very strong aud tall, such
OS their like before they had not scene ; all newly painted
imd armed with their howes and arrowes. !Iowl>eyt, after
that the Sagamo had talked with them, they delivered hack
again the man, and used all the rest very friendly, as did
ours the like by them, who shewed them their comoditics of
beads, knives, and some copper, of wliich they seemed very
fond; and by waye of trade, made shew that they would
come dowue to the boat aud there bring such things as they
had to exchange them for ours. Soe Captaiu Gilbert departed
firom them, and i,rithiii half an howre after he had gotten to
his boat, there came three cauoas down unto them, and in
i
nrro ttrginta.
J-;
them some sistccn salrages, and brought with them some
tobacco and certayiie small skynes, which n-erc of no value j
wbich Captain Gilbert purceaviufc, anil that th^y liaxl nothing
ells wherewitli to trade, he caused all his men to come
abourd, and as he would have putt from the shore; tbe sal-
vatlgea perceiving so much, snbtilcly devised liow they might
put out tht! lior in the Bhallop, by which meanes they sawe
they should be free from the danger of ourineu'n pieces, and
to performe the same, one of the salvadges came into tlie
sliallnp and taltiiig tlie ficr brand which one of our conipnny
held in his hand thereby to light the matches, as if lie would
light a pipe of tobacco, as sone as he had gotten yt into his
hand he prcaently threw it into the water and leapt out of
the shallop. Captain Gilbert seeing that, suddenly com-
mniidcd his men to betake them to their rausketts and the
targcttiers too, from the head of the boat, aud had one of
the men before^ with bis targett on his arme, to stepp on the
shore for more fier; the salvages resisted him autl would
not Buft'cr him to take any, and some othei-s holding fast the
boat reap that the shallop eoiUd not putt off. Captain Gil-
bert caused the muaquettiers to present their peeces, the
which, the salvages seeing, presently lett goe tlie boatroiip
and betouke them to their bowes and aiTowes, aud ran into
the bushes, nocking their aiTowes, but did not shoot, neither
did ours at them. So the shallop departed from them to the
further side of the river, where one of the canoas came unto
them, and would have excused the fault of the others.
Captain Gilbert made shew as if he were still friends, and
cntertayncd them kindlye and soe left them, returning to
the place where he bad lodged the night before, jmd there
carac to an anchor for that night. The head of the river
standeth in 45 degrees and odd mynutts. Upon the cou-
tiocut they found aboundauce of sprusc trees such as are
able to raaast the greatest ship hia majestie hath, and many
other trees, oke, walnutt, pincaplc; fish, ahoundanee; grent
A A
178
KIStOKiK or TRAVAILS
store uf grapes, hopps, and chiballa, also they found ccrtaine
coddft iti wliicli they sujiposcd the cotton wooll to grow, and
also upoQ the baticks nmtiy shells of pcarlc.
27. Here they scitt up n croi^tte niid theu returned honie-
wardj in the way socking tlic by river of some note called
Buanoa. This dare and the next they sought yt, when tlie
TTcatlier turned fowle and full of fog and mine, tlicy made
hU hast to the fort b<?forc which, the 29th, they anived.
SO. and 1 and 2 of October, all busye about the fort.
3. There cnnic a cauoa unto some of the people of the
fort as they were fishing on the sand, in which was Skid-
waj*8, who hadd tliem tell their president that Nah&nada,
with the Bashabaca brother and otheru, were on the further
side of the river, and the next daie would come and viaitt
hi Til.
4. There came two canoas to the fort, in vhich were
Nahaniida and his wife, and Skidwares, and the Casshabaes
brother, and one other called Amenquin, a Sagamo ; all
whomo tht: president feasted and entcrtayued witU all kind-
nes, both that day and the next, which being Sondaye, the
president carried them with him to the place of publike
prayers, which they were at both morning and evening, at-
tending yt with great reverence and aUeucc.
C. Tho salvadgos departed all except Amenqnin the Sa-
gamo, who woidd needes ataye amongst our people a longer
tymc. Upon the departure of tbe others, the president gave
imto every one of them copper beades, or kuives, which con-
tented them not a little, as also delivered a present onto tho
Basshabae's brother, and Hnothei- for his wife, gi^Tng him to
understand that he would come unto his court in the river of
Penobscot, and see him very sliortly, bringing many such,
like of hiH country coraraodityes with him.
Yon maic please to understand how, whilst this fausines
was thus followed here, soune after their Hrst arrivall, that
hail diapatch't away Capt. Robert Davics, in the Jfary and
rSTO VIltOI?![A.
179
John, to advertiac of their safe arrival and forwardncs of
leir plantacion within this river of Sachadehoc, with letters
to the Lord Chief Justice, ymportnniugc a supiily for the
most neceasarj- wants to the suhsisting of a colouyj to he
sent unto thorn lietynacs the next yeare.
After Capt. Davies' departure they fully finished the fort,
trendit and fortefietl yt with twelve pieces of ordinaunce, and
hiiilt fifty howses therein, besides a church and a storchowsej
and the carpenters framed a pretty Pynnacc of about some
thirty toiinej which they called the Virginia j the chief 8}iip
wright being one Digby of London.
Many discoveries likewise had been made both to the
mayne and unto the neighbour rivers, and the frontier na-
tions fully discovered by the diUgence of Capt. Gilbert, had
not the wynter proved soe extrcamc miseasoiiablc and frosty;
for yt being in the yeare 1607j when the extraordinary frost
was felt in most parts of Europe, yt was here likewise as
vehement, by which uoe boat couhl stu" upon any busiiica.
Howhcyt, as tyme and occasyon gave leave, there was nothing
omitted which could add unto tlic benefitt or knowledg of the
planters, for wluch when Capt. Darics arrived there in the
yeare following (sett out from Topsam, the port townc of
Exciter, with a shipp laden full of victualls, armcs, instru-
ments, and toolca, etc.), albeyt, he found Mr. George Popham,
the president, and some other dead, yet he found all thiuga
in good forwardues, and many kinds of furrs obteyned from
the Indiana by way of trade; good store of sarsaparilla
gathered, and the new pynnace all finished. But by reason
that Cupt. Gilbert received letters that his brother was newly
dead, and a fairc portion of land fallen unto Ids share, which
required his rcpaier home, and uoe rnynes discovered, uor
hope thereof, being the mayuc intended benefit expected to
nphold the chai-ge of this plantacion^ and the feare that all
other wyntcrs would prove like the first, the company by no
mciim would stay auy longer in the couuti-y, especyally Capt.
180 HISTOEIE OF TEAVAILE, ETC.
Gilbert being to leave them, and Mr. Fopham, as aforesaid^
dead ; wherefore they all ymbarqued in this new arrived
shipp, and in the new pynnace, the Virginia, and sett saile
for England. And this was the end of that northeme colony
uppon the river Sachadehoc.
I-INIS.
A DICTIONARIE
OF
THE INDIAN LANGUAGE.
DICTIONARIE
OF THE
INDIAN LANGUAGE,
FOR THE BETTER ENABLING OF SUCH WHO
SHALBE THITHER YMPLOYED.
A.
Ahone, God
Apome, the thigJie
Apooke, tobacco
Apokan, a toba-cco pipe
Ananson, a matt
Assentamens, pears
Anath, farewell
Assimnims, walnutts
Assimoest, afox
Amahoth, a targett
Ampkone, a frying pan
Akontant, a playster
Ammomu, to sowe
Aayxkehake, a spade
Atapahaii, a kixe^
Asapan, a hasty pudding
Apquammon, a show
Amosens, a daughter
Aramiath south, ) 7- ■ ,
T,- . > i am sick
Neire, J
Auppes, a bow string
Anaskomens, acomes
Asasqueth, the clay they make
pipes of
Amonsoquath, a beare
AttomoiB, a dog
Arrokoth, the side
Apones, bread
Arathkone, a beast like afox.
AposoD, a beast in bignes like a
pig and in tost alike
Aquintayne manggoy, a great ship
Aquintayne taux, a little boate or
canoa
Assahampehooke, a lobster
Above, oskeitch
, vsqu-yh
, vspeuwk
Abroad, vscound
Acorn, anaskimmins
Adder, keihtascooc, sassacomu-
wah
Aftemoone, aunshecapa
Ague, chowhuasuw
A king of the head, nindgapamut-
la mecreentecoh
A king of the teeth, vneghiawm-
dupmeputs
All, cheisk
An aule pin or needle, pocohaac
All is out, tashoa^, metatvwh
neckatam
Alive, kekewh
Angry, perervimuw
Angle, aamowk
So in original MS.
^^^r 184 DicnoN&itrR or the ^^^^^^^^^|
^^^B Apple, maracah
A bird with camRtion-coloared 1
^^^M Apron or hiiv kind of draesad lea^
win^s, ahshoteeulteia 1
^^^H tlicr, iHMahehjk eatomtnoUc
A I'ird iikir ii Iiipwiiig, (.■oUour ^ej-, 1
^^^M Arrow, asfjieeowan
wliieb usetli the vraler, vwnn- 1
^^^H Arme, mfxe
hnm^hatp H
^^^H Anncs, meageoh
A bird iiiUed a DivocUpiier, otaii' 1
^^^B Arse, hemekit
rtit(f'f(j* ^^H
^^^H Aslipti, puntfwe
Tliu till or beak, mehkevh ^^|
^^^H Aiiuts, arUiirosg'iti
To )iitf>, ainitt, uitsMCun ^^H
^^^H Avrak«, tinmaumcr
A bitch, rsijieausiim ^^|
^^^H Aire, raratcak
nifick, inahcatawaiutch ^^H
Blew. omtA- 1
To blow ftiiy thing, «.?/«*«««»(('»( 1
Blew beailes, vuetiiffu-ruhotnon 1
^^^^F
Blew berripH of Uil' bigtit!« of 1
^^^V Dnkr^tawh.^'r
gmpcs, very [tlcasout, aecomi- 1
^^^H Ciignitiicliy Itiutson, u tjirdU
ilewK ^^fl
^^^^k BniHerari npoolt, /i7/ ll\e jiij'e mlk
Blunt, iryktraivwh ^^H
^^^H tobacco
To make any thiug blimt, neih' ^^B
^^^H A Img, porasap
jfjttriAfififM'fCj'i J
^^^^1 rt til mnii-rai-h
BliK'k, tncrahunc ^^H
^^^H To bark, cttttotwdfj
BIuul. nchpftanyunnu ^^^
^^^H A LftjTfll, ohtamocan
A Ikiw, ituhtcib ^^^M
^^^H A Imtelii^llur, matniiiateijh
A luiWBtrtng, mtjtria ^^H
^^^m A Ixtll, aitowh
A boat, aeomtan ' '^^|
^^^H Btild, jiantchkUcmv
A buttle, pohi^eii-h ' ^^H
^^^^H A lican.', mnmnnKnciteeo
A bourJ, enlsontiiuooc ^^M
^^^H A bell, viauc(t<itiiu9
To buyle up. potopolawh tiwh ^^M
^^^H Bennes, pecattoas
A i>rme, uijsfrafi ^^^
^^^H A beiLnl, H'eihiifitnnmtans
A boy, v$capfS9 ™
^^^B A bed, cainmivwh, pvtaocamn
A box iu which tliey play at ft
^^^H To W<at out with a p\xii^,^^\,ttuntem-
I'ertaiii kyiid uf gitrac, aatouh
^^^H dvn, nonunHhftiin
j}00k
^^^H To beat conic luto meale, vshvc'
Th« bob of the gynny wheat with-
^^^H
«vul curnn, nkishBr, ukivsiii-r
^^^H To hetit any iron to an edge, vtsse^
Bread, nppoant
^^^H tecuttaicsew
Bread made of a woat called tdo
^^^H To lit?ii<I, accoiu/)iipn'h
ctiho appoann ^^^^
^^^H Not to bi;i)(i, saii.'in>ju-ainch
A braver, qmmnmruc ^^H
^^^H Beforf, v{chani}ttl
A bridge, melucs
^^^H Bebinil, taaiiffQifwa^k
To brtfyle or loast \^xtsA, apeUiwh
^^^H Betow, 9i»)uroNi.u}i
poan
^^^1 BeDenlh, rlakemaijii
To Ireake with one'a Sngors any
^^^H A bi'ggar. tuttnanmniiU
tiling, nhm»aiiiu7i
^^^H BBtt^r, win'jutscftJw
To brc«k with sln,'kiiig on any
^^^H A bird, tihfhip, tshftchf'mdg
tiling, punkcaw, rdeistaliamii
^^^H A eiuall bii'd or chicken, Cdrra/i-
To break all iu pieces, ketarouk-
^^^H
gumah
^^m ^^^H TXDTAK LAXaUAQE. 1B5 1
To be broken or crackt, perew
To pfiny upon ones showlder,
Bright or plaiue all over, miia-
ahrohMnNnTttun
ca juisiitit
To cutcU ill the Qiouth as dogs
To Ijring tuto thti boat, jiankset-
rloe, oiiascamlamen) opa»wnttt-
aiver
III en
To liiing (ignjne, yifiioa
A cat, onvild bf^st much bigt^er,
Bnwse, omwas
and spotted black under the
To bruise any tliiug auuill, viiet-
belly m a Iiuarno, vlchoong-
ntrnttin
f/imi
A brother, ni^mai
Caviare, or the roe of stui^eon.
A l>ruKli, I'nejritirahumd
woock
A l)ranible or brier, ctnvniihjuc
To cliiiw, lawhtagifoimtamen
A bTOOiTQO, tiiheh(hk<twwuns
Choyne, rartntaiv
A ImttMrllyi manamig-gwan
A L-hayna of r«]>jn>r with long
To bunie as if ft slidky light on
liiiokB, tapanutfiniiiiain
any thiog, culchvic tnitlowrati
Chesnutts, opomviins
A biincli of grappB, vtstucsvtara'
CheBBe, or any cunled matter
Viiiimvis.
mtule of miihe, oatun
A chamber, vt-'iycvmmiic
'
A c'liild, tiecjtaun
C.
A chest, liftoffs
Cftinaiige, n tohaeca hag
A chicken, caunlichcit/ut
ClinjHmt, a xhew
To 1 Impwood, carch<'tik>iiuii mushf
Ciircye neire, / am a cold
A circle, mttsseta^watuh
CfimmolJtis, It turtle
A eivet eat, atlmvriii-
CheAwaiUa, n robin read-breast
Clay, jiuttstiifinih
Cursine, s'lstgr
To clap one's hands, paaaakieann
Ctiipiiain, lau/l or earth
ChickiquBumis, a fiiiid of ffraine
The claw of a. crab, ohtlvdge
To dense a ^\\ie, jacutt''hi':<>on 1
to eat
To dense the grownd ainl inakfi 1
Ciiniatinge, six in Tiumber
yt fitt for seed, monascumi4rmu J
Chakasowe, a crack in any thhtg
To elimb a tree, altcoiishc
Cucheiieiipo, a immiin
The dowds, mammauw, arrah-
(Jrecpjiij, a womnn
(jWntitirh
Cbeskuliarnay. al! freiiids
To lake liold of any thing, iitammuii
Ceftdor, wttntdic
Copper, mnttissiin
CiiltBe, c(j}iifwnifirh
A ctinib, reihconn
To call one, otausupnar
Cold. Homaamalt
A cEinoii or small boat, uquuintun
A cord or small lyue, or a thread,
A cuii or any sui-.b liktj thing to
pematiatfion
driuck ill, ohtainocnn
A coat of plate, atju-ahnssiiH
A cauille or giunniy Kli+k wliich
A coat, .jerldn, doublet, or ells
will keepe light, oxmwitak
what, rrmntcJioor
A cap or bat, imtlai'iivafiiison
To come (being epi^ken fiimiliarly
To crtiry ft tiling up and downe.
or hard by), ctnn)n)j(nfafh,€au-
mtwu-ioirftshim
meir, cnmnear-oh
To carry a thing belweene tvroo,
To come (l>euief spoken a far off to
»t«MWK(lf/'M7U*
one"), /lijdh, pijftrowah, pijarah
k
D B
^^^r 18r> DicnoNABiB or ^^^^^^^^^1
^^^B To oom« in, peiutikgr
To dive, pooJiketth ^^^^H
^^^M To come tigiiyne, or we will cmat
Ti) due, nfjutiijaj ^^^^^H
^^^H agBine, ouicpijann, vuaiituc-uh,
A dug, /rffirrnoFU ^^H
^^^H pijaulch
Doe mt, ntsxeiieind ^^H
^^^H To c^imo qiiirkly, tmkejiijaii^ rake-
To flriiKdif to nae, ryitwopen, or J
^^^H
km-fftcn ^^H
^^^H To (Tum^ up, vtacquviciun
I would driiick, r^Aui-(:'jM]»HJn ^^H
^^^H To mriiM ()<miiF), neighmiwhor
To dr_v I'V fior nr otherwise, to*- V
^^^H To colTo, mtstiiccum
(f'tr/i, iiairkenates 1
^^^B Tbo cock crawt>s, woninaw, ciUu-
To be dry ur liurHly, paoutpisni- 1
^^^^B
sniUnwh ■
^^^H A covcriDg or mantle made of
To dresao or pitch a boat, asco- I
^^^H fontbers, cawaiaow
hitniii ^^U
^^^H A cockle, osakpurai
A diiiiu, akqKoii}u>oc ^^H
^^^1 To cover one, aiigmur
A duck, pbfcoeud ^^^|
^^^^m A I'ub-wulj, mntUiX»apec
Dust, HPfienmtn ^^H
^^^H A cooknlil, wiii}ifntim
Durt, kethacknivwh ^^|
^^^1 A cofiper kettle, aucutgaqtcauan
To dwell, iiithttinic ^^H
^^^H A (-nib, tiitlanvue
A reil dv'?, pohcoans, mataqta- ^^H
^^^1 A cniiie.
tnm 1
^^^1 A cmck or crackt, pa»ka*ti*\ ta-
^^1
^^^H tumtew
^1
^^^H A croeke, ineihuiilterask
The ewe of a man, mei/ifau'Jt ■
^^^H A ci'QWe, ahamta
The em-es of a hiire or any other J
^^^^m Cruokei), uhorinne
beast, vahtnooes, tneeliijn ' ^^|
^^^H To cry, miifhseum
To eal4^, nieclter ^^H
^^^H To [^ul tlje luiii'i' uf 0. man's iieit<1,
I will (.-atf, iiionwi-chijn V
^^^^1 mouifiig. niimmtiiidrfft, cum-
lie cato bj aud Uv. nuxhocwA ^^|
^^^H
Eato with me, meiktussue ^^H
^^^H To cut any llutige rnski^liemu
The earth, anjiaiitH, altatmt ^^H
^^^M Carled hairu, vtckej^taiuKk.awrc-
The east, vichepieoiuuma ^^^
^^^H tthttmreruk
Ad eagle, opoteuawk ^^H
^^^H \^wmlm'Jiseorelt,mltiu»k,mocas^jt
An eiije of vrhwl, autotrtaoh ^^|
An eai-e of new wheat, maueata- ^^B
U'flteOHtOOH I
^^^^
Ebliio^ wntflr, getsfratt^ak ^^fl
^^^H Daxrbn-soTiqiure. learme yourselj
All eAe, ancitnutuk ^^H
^^^H A ^(ly, vitihvfrarfis, taieatck
An egg, lecKtuh ^^^M
^^^^B Oarkit, pitJtrunttiiicih
An elboe, meh'juan ^^^^
^^^H I dare not, iiccquriisaw, nsqutahke
Elder, mtmamidij ■
^^^H A ileiire, rttajiaavtnm
Tbf elonumtu, ptiomp arralhqwor 1
^^^H Dead, ur to iJu dciul, t»ef>aih
O^ir/i 1
^^^M Deipe to tbe midJle, rj(i4('.-o?noi
Enemy or wmi},'bt, macJt^rgw, ^^B
^^^H Doepe oTer the )miid, niUtahcaam
^^H
^^^M Deafe. ciip]ii*i'iip
KDou^h. "vrninf, neitNhat ^^M
^^^M Tn deridi' » thiu(^ iu balf, rickeKh
Eiitnmbiiig. />h iVii/iujii^M' V
^^^H Tlte dovill, ri/ipake
Tlie eye, musMendgak 1
^^^m A dish. oMCnnm
The eyes, muBMeitdrus 1
^^^^^^^^^^y INDIAN ^H
^HL
Flax, tfhehaoah ^^M
^^^rahtswell, or the word at pardnir,
A Hea, /nt'tdijtron ^^H
W URUA
To Hen tLiiy liiiog, pttthenaan ^^H
The fiice, iw.ii.entiir
A flying aquin-ell. (tios9a}>anijk ^^|
TSif full of the Ic-afor thcautome,
A fly, mmvchomn ^^H
punsaox
A fowli^ HlcL< a teaJe, with a sharp ^^H
To faU, nmman'skin, tidamain,
bill like a black bird, c«nmtat9 ^^H
adawosii
A ^vfitt^i'fowle ill Ligiies of ii (hick, ^^H
To III? like to fall, emieaeirh
finely cotiloi'efi with h cupiL ^^H
To iiill (Jowno from n tree, ra^woi-
crowne, meihteatm ^^H
st'trl/miiJihff
A fonle, iriutitc, Kiiituccwii ^^H
Til lt>t«ii^'thiiig fall, vlmoinhlint
FruLli, jifihlttofi ^^H
Tlu; Iklls at the u]iper e.n<\ of the
Frost, {at:qifiicat ^^H
kijij^'s rivi^r. fnuin nch'iivn'j
A fieiiiil, or tlie pi-iueiiioll worj ^^H
To lie fiiiiiL, iifUeitcrianyi's, num-
of Idniltir-s, neUth ^^H
mamuntttm
illy foot is \s'eU, ifimjan outvunn- ^^M
A fjithcr. nous
etsiimiieic ^^H
A fiuine, noiifitleiFh
The fur uf the htiaut urrethouuo. ^^M
Fhu, K-irfloAair/i
wehsacanoc ^^|
A fart, ^oAflt
I am full, ur^ei-ifp ^^H
A Irhrig feittlier, ^Mqivanac
To he liill. {la'spicrt ^^|
Featliex'H. ahpeivk
Fier, bocuttaie ^^|
Tlio fcntlieiB of fti] arrow, tiRsa-
A cole of fier, viakcntoh ^^|
ovnsawk
A spiirk of ficr, nccccoiv, pah- ^^|
Feet of a liftwk, aremijpht
tjtiaira ^^H
Feet by a gouerall tiuuie, messetts
To riiiJie &. Her, soca^umeheni' ^^|
To fpccl with a spoon, accopaata-
mum, tit'imtkn^jirnn ^^|
mun
Tliti tiirr is uul, ulaitiiiac localaiv ^^H
To fetch some fier, vwshfKitaan
^^1
boeotaoh
^^1
Fisti, iiammais
^1
A fishlifiO !((_', auh'ftnHmi'k
A garden, or pint of gnmtid to ^^M
The fore tiuger, HumiiieUiLttein</-
sow come, oronwah ^^H
*vnh
A garter, kispurmcautopta ^^M
TUo long Ungcr, nultftmvuttemd^
A gate, aqpeuajik ^^H
The ring finger, iWifqaeiUit
A garfish, latmmho ^^M
The lilLle finger, njimmel'mtteidff
Give yt me, or let me seeyl, tan- ^^M
Filili^r. mutch, woimfcit
^^H
The fins of a fisb, trijhcutf
To give, faatch-ak, pasemeh ^^M
To light 111 flsty ciiiffs, nummecnaiy
Give me some tohaoco, ptuam ^^M
nttenax
vppuake ^^H
A Gup or small thre-ftd. vsconU
Give me some water, mammaht ^^|
The flanip, caUtrkanzjimimheu
iacqtfiakum ^^H
Flowing water, Uimmuncftmnuwh
Give me some mtiat, nteishimh- ^^H
The flower of the apple majaccih,
mecher ^^|
inem-ahcfiug
Give me some butter or fat to ^^H
To fly, (twassew, bouqweuwh
s{iniml on my lin'di], pnalch ^^H
A Qj, nwu'chesoh
nah runifmi, vdamiishcaii ^^^|
188
DICTIONAKIE OP THE
Give this to tlie child, mmhaii-
etMK, chetsu'iuwk
Crive Ttliim, cummcith yootcah
A (^rlt^t rmnraneiii*
Qirloa, vaqiratni ia oc
Ttie gilh of R sturgeoD or auj
oUinr fish, irtutlteqwua
Olew or (jiim tlmi fantenetb oa
their arrow beads, vppeinaaman
A glove, olfiiiffnx, otnncas
Glorit>us.9nitK)tili,orljciiuti(uI,»t»»-
eaivifhj wiuffiucH-h
A gnatl. jioenijMu-h
Citwd, icmijnn
It IR goori iiipiit^ neranndamett
To gue, ireA. jmxpffti
To goe abroad, ireh vncoemi
To go along, cawcaunuar, atca-
VI alter
To go downe, ir^rh cuppeinlanaan
To gn in, iA«fofn6it)(
To go softly, i^ffiifineoitnttn
To go home, nnmiiiaeha
To go liefitrK, iiejiopaniniH
To go after, apofihanvnundg
Now U'Ugn loj^ilher, ctinm«f[«fiN,
Tbe &hipp3 go borne, vppc^ithun,
Oone, maeiitrhnlemmjnne
Not goii up, kekenokaivwh .x>apeirh
God, mKottotu^md
A g')09C, liaha}ft{ae
A goosling. marakuugoc
Guud mnrrow, or the word of salu-
tation, kenculteinanm
The ^xtivn\d,. pt^tafvin
To gi'uw liis;, iihetttnK, cutteretch
Tho grisale of a sturgL-oii, vBocaii
Gratiae, t/iehretfireins
Grapes, mnrrnhimviins
A gmfie'a sloiiy iir tliu stuao of
any plum, macftMijs, rnuKotnel
A grashopper, (t«ocrtWHsA#(r«A
A gravij, cuTcar
A gi»wnd nnt, otifipunnawk
A grt-at duttle, viootechUh
A great my, amainwh, netaeoon
Gyiu_v whwit, piiiiPinrtaah
A gitii or piece, p'aoit^nc'an
Tlio glim tliat vssueih out nf a
CL-rlainu irwc Mllod the Vir-
ginian nuiple. pii:ke\ch
The gutta of aiijthitig, utakeislur-
hm
A gull, eoiahqttus
A giit^t or horroi'odo, toAfmnwo-
cmmum
H.
H»ur{ueqmiui, a /i»f« stont pot
HfUJikoiH', a ladle
lJiisi[i)e, bij and fty, or ifuichl^
HHwujpjie, n bov
KtllHi! f/tfU
iIti<ikpenimo, poketaws, to sow
M'/i e«*
Ilowgliweyh lakon neire, / am
hunpr\)
Hawtoriiikiuiiiake, a black fax
shjn or ttn orerrfroinie iwbia
A bare, uijhcHtUia
The hftirp of llie hatul, irurrerne
The liaive of n dotire, tmA^^Pon-
■Hiiih
Hard liy, you-hsn
Hflrd,«*3>fn!nMK'ft
A bnoil, meihtitjefo
To hang oim, trawajtunnah
A hatcliet. tacccthnctm, tamahaae
An Indian halcliet, ctim/Ha^iriM
To have, nohnmrh
I Liive Leiio, nC'-irwctrwoB
A liiizell nut, jtaaiitiahtamtins
ThLi litiFid of n niHti, mendabiuvah
The head of aii nrrow ibat in
rowiiil. (iKtaifuiivIi
The luwi nf ail iirruw. rapiUtak
The hend ake. kmrrndt-ppaan
Htjaveii, wounshaqji-atuwh
Ti) heii-re, nowusmilantirii.
Not to heare, vMCd-rMuieoitrtimM
He, yootvah
^^H^^^H^^V^p ]NDIAK LANGUAGE. 189 ^^M
Hetnp, weifikippms
tbi>* letter, hecause they begin ^H
Htll, popof^K'Hisur
widi ^H
He lialii iioL ur uouo, tahmoctu-
I Am liLliur or lazier, JiiiahaK' ^^h
seirli
^^1
The height of any thiugat agood
I ain your Mend, or at 'your co- ^H
growUi, lunnffcf-'vr
uinmid, netab, nctufn-iik ^^|
Of a little height, tangasitw
I care uot for it, uuimimskahimcn ^^M
Hearing, amuiisnuk
I u'ill uot give it, mnlncmnirmir ^^|
To hi(i« or cover from Uie rayne,
1 must keepe yt, or I lovo yt, «»- ^^|
aishe
trnmatavien ^^|
A litl] or Btnall mount, romnttun
I thanck yon, kennh ^^|
A hill ((■r luouiiLmiic, jioiautawh
Ihnvttuoue. rNf(/"N»>LHJ(/-fioA'(iti7»'A ^^|
Hidden under a cloud, or over-
I will go home, minimac.ha ^^H
Cftst, reihcnhthcoik
I musl put loimcco iuyt.r^jrrcm'a- ^^f
A huwse, ijohacmt
A(*(7t ^^
A great howac. maihacammac
It stincketh. ahtur J
A buslMiiid, wioicah
1 caiuiot tell, caivwh ^^H
A hole, iroor
1 have noe tubaccu, viutavppoan' ^^|
To injike a hole, mbococotamen
rtONUU'/l ^H
A gi'eat hole, muanjfaii-afiu'atnirh
1 will uot, matufh ^H
Tliw lionifs of (I di;are, vanir^ik
I have no shooes, matanutwemuH' ^H
Hold vl aside, hatacqicoear
7ii?A ^H
Hot weuthpr, riteshiwocajiwiaup
1 have no hose, matacawqireo' 1
r How niiiny, kfin
mtnnrlh ^J
Hmigrj, iitnntewk, vuapootaiii
I uiidcnstaud yuu uot, mainyve- ^^M
The luiali of lUiiir whciit, pociilu-
nakixoth ^^H
tnuha
I love you, noim^ntais ^^|
A hurl or rut, wayewh
Vou luve, cummamais ^^h
To hurt, or a thiug Lurts me, ahkij.
1 give yt you gmiis, tlinigtc^irnt' ^^M
v\rtraap
^^M
It hutla my leg, or my JegH ake,
I have heuo asloepo, mtimmascui- ^^M
vnfifapiniuittn viennetatakij
henejio ^a
It hurts me not, or yt is whole or
wall, viattunndff/tlaj, putlerakai
K.
Kenah. / thanek you .
1.
KayquiosG, a boat ' ^^|
Ire assumiuge, tfti and nm tpiickifj
KuLlt-tiavre, I huriie ^^H
loiigluiueiiie waih. let vs ffo or
iLauieyhaii, raijtie ^^H
cume tnraitf
Ko wse, fa th er ^^|
Tidtesiiij apoolio, Uffkt tobacco
Kicke, tntithrr ^^M
I myself, it^nr
Kemotte, hrother ^^H
I or yea. nim
Kouppathe, i/ca truly
Ken orot'Un rill run ijuini, cmae look
TbeJMgffi of the siilvadyfTS habit.
rai^sainiitu
at my head
Ice, oreih
KanyouRh, / frrttup Ttot
All island, viemniinHahqna
Kfl^sTvin, iiteepo
The ituh, vmchihitchikuitjta
Kawkojipu quicr, J driitvk tn you ^^m
Cerlayne phiasea put under
Kiuketen tjuier, fpeak, or tfll me ^^Mi
^^^1 ISO DicnoNjuuts ^^^^^1
^^^B Kikithamots, th^ wynd
A little peece. paangun ^^M
^^^H Kykevtawf!, nihe in uumhef
Give lOft fi little piece, kapetaema- ^^
^^^H Koskc, number
pamiffan M
^^^H KiuiIoUhu, to daunce
A little, latu* ^^|
^^^^H Katitiknntii!, ning nitd itntince
A lizard or elfe, rtaeagkia ^^H
^^^H K''i[ii»->t«iii, a }tot to liriiictt in
Vuu Ijuvu iki lioe. mtttarlaparrpMk ■
^^^H Kahun^e, a goote
The lippes, ntusAtiiA 1
^^^H A kiii^ or t^reiit Ion), trirnance
To Iwke OQHB heucl, euUaheum 1
^^^H Tliu luniju numu of Kouuoak,
nifM ^^fl
^^^H ^'aiuifiuic/iaittth
L<i^t. 'ititfirfidUj ^^H
^^^H To kirk rir sf iim, kuUkuramon
A lobster, alujtaham ^^|
^^^H A kixe, tialapaknn
Loug, cunnaitivh ^^H
^^^H To kisite, isefniantamen
Low, macAittt ^^H
^^^H A kettle, awof/witis
A lofTse, vwlacum ^^H
^^^M A knife, d'Himne
Alone, aj}op<iqitatMus ^^H
^^^H To ktmt ii]i hoiro tre opoa tliuir
To lyo duwni) to sleepe, madtent- ^^^k
^^^H beads, t'E/((ru^u'(i|it««Mrt
citinrun ^^H
To lye Willi a womao. aauMMo 1
^H
Til li'H a ly«?, vlchejiitchevnm 1
^^^H Land, eheip»in
To lye togitlier, cowijiipitantam» J
^^^B A ladle, t^h<'f>o\jn
^H
^^^H Ijam», TiejHtu'iriiJiuirh
^M
^^^H A Iiimpraj, rahtatpx
MetrDgv, A. A<TN(j ^^H
^^^M To laiigb, fxs»hikm\tn
Miske. heare ^^H
^^^H To iHy Jowna a lUiiig, naurhy^t-
MiiitiLlmktmn, /Ai? head ^^H
^^^H
MiLskan, the forehead ^^H
^^^H LBaiiuir thitt covomth Uieir liips
Muskins, (Atf in/M ^^H
^^^H oikI sccretts. paqwajitatrun
MeRkew, the nose ^^H
^^^M Leather, uttocata
Mottonc, tAf mouth ^^M
^^^H Ijentliur HtripBB or Htriugee. ruh-
Mtrpit, thstfeth '^^1
^^^H aauianM
Maxatstio, tUf t»ngug < ^^H
^^^H Leaven, maanfjwipaciu
Muckatatioiie, (A« aroM ^^H
^^^^H DenJ luuve^, himitvfiminge
IMirsktitt, the It'.ff ^^M
^^^H To leap UM lut^ii If iiji in (Inunc'ing.
Messt^ftte, tltej'oat ^^H
^^^H or otliomiac, neliisptu
JMtfkoust^, tht Haiflet of the Jingen ^^|
^^^^B To leap, hunpismiin
^^^1
^^^^M Ti> leutic! agaiiiKt a thiiljf, atcheiv
Metiiukfl, fAi* em-ffi ^^H
^^^H (luamun
Mowlikohau. ajhk hooke ^^^k
^^^M The ktuie of any fl«sh, oeair^,
Miuskowbiiig^', ft parrut ^^H
^^^^B
Monuwhimk, it HHViivJ ^^H
^^^H Lead, icimlscup
Maquiquins^ miaU bdU ^^^
^^^H To li^ht any tliiiig, iaheasomaw
Mnkttteweynli, pearls V
^^^H It JH iiiit lig)it«-'(l, iiialacliesa
mattitialmyyoii^h, / haee t/t twt ^^|
^^^H Light, h'shawte\ch
Machcqueo, a s!tou) ^^M
^^^H A 1.V0D, vttacateai
Maujjoit*-, ffifat ^^H
^^^H To lift up aiiy ttiirg, ivJMpunn^
Muisiuifiumuiiiit), straiiherrifi$ 1
^^^1 mun.
Matchkore. a stari'i skyn m
^^^1 Lightning, kecuttanvowas
Mincliiii (]uit'e> miucbic, eal yuM 1
^^^H^^^^^^^H IKDIAN LAN'OUAOE. ^^M
Mftttftqiieaatoroth, / understand
A mortcr, tacca}u>oe, vtirtH-k. ^H
■tfoir wnt ■
The morning or sun nsu, pcrju*- ^^|
MauiHsuini toVinok, a amatl birdnf
mieh ^^M
dir^rit ciitlors
The moniiiifj is faire, ptJajMsaat, ^^M
MQlinwke, ft j/ourrf
nscirnlsnh ^^|
Meroalbaclu-s'suta, a yowig boy
A niuatb, wohwhaiok ^^H
MiiyniiKfi, / htu'e yt mn
To morriAv, raiah, vimaufh ^^H
MoitiiiMfkcji, a mofeia the groH'nd
A mot]>ei', vcli ^^|
Moiiyuawgb. a turkeif
A m<Hi!^.', ape<f\niK ^^|
Mnrokp, Cfoder
A muUierv, miijtkmuivfs ^^M
M«kK|iu), miot
A muBhctl aUel], uhecomaK ^^|
Milsken, to nin
A muskcat. osasqma ^^M
Miiyi?3, fffixft '" « path
^^M
Miilaku-iki;, Ike leii/tf oj a itricUle
^M
pea re
Namerothec)uier, your companion ^^M
Mat lath, iiw
Neir, vtifni'lf ^^H
Mrtuotc, a basket
Niusiik^itn, ri reed ^^H
MouKMomkn, a squirrel
Xisnke, a cam ^^M
Miissnne, a hens! no cnlfcd
Ne|>a(isdie. (fm sutt ^^H
Messetonaance. a btard
Nepuncho neir, / am dend ^^|
A man, tiurmteiik
N«U»p])er, sit doniic ^^H
A Hint niaile of reeds, nnanaeeoon
NiippHwe, nU'i'pe ^^H
A nwrteni, woK/iuvitrHs
Nr;<'luia, tt child ^^M
A mnrried man, umriiurijk uiauah
Nplap, mij deare friend. ^^H
Maneaten, inHixanit'ji'fftinh
Not? wana til soil n, I Iiave /ojffvllm ^^M
The marrow of a liou*^, uvitnb
Nekut. 1 in rtamber ^^H
A mnrryiier or aenmaTi, rfmhtnv
Niuge, a in nowhcr ^^H
A match, nmlrriruoc
Nt)U^uugh, 3 til nomlier ^^|
To niakt! hri'ail, apomiocaiurxutch
N(isim\\'es, 8 />i noviher ^^H
Tn mnke a apoanp, ampcnnomindij
Nin^Tpprikp, V!tl in nnmhcr ^^H
To malcp a dish, rtcfro/ifrnK
Nocmrh amino Wketiiw, tmnd -up ^^|
T<] nmkt H fnmiii t)r lK>ati% phjj-
thejier ^^H
(Mi-Hm'**!)) wii. ohiowmn
Nchjipper knpper, nt fntlher ^^|
To make a grave, ri/rffl/iamun-
Namaske, nAiueahe, Ji»h '*f umj ^^|
owrpfti-
kind ^^H
To Tuakc! a mut, cA^sswrinrtrtrtsKn
Netlikeciii, the no»e ^^H
Toniakealjasikci, niftH«o(M(7if'Mi()i
Xeputte. the teeth ^^H
Mealfi Hnd flower, rouhc*U, rmi^k-
N'lM'au^liLoiui, put iHi ijmtr hat ^^H
aeieh
Nahtijhough, I have yt ^^M
Miriih^ mftde of gynny wheat called
Nftked, nepoii'irer ^^M
rsfrWj'ftrtWn'i
A napkin itriiny\ynuea,iTKilns8mh ^^H
To melt, pmseyttfaclaira*
The neck of any ihinf*. Jiuifproik ^H
To he melanclioly or sad, maefd-
A nett, aitssab, hucouhs ^^H
haan
Nt'^il, rtaMjk ^^H
Jlilke made of walnutts. pocohx-
A nettle, matiitsaan ^^M
tfiiara
Tl]e nest nf a bird, wnhchesao ^^|
Milke, mutMun
XuL-r«j \ty or iK-xt tiaiid, pntevh ^^H
To misse th*? hole, f!«ttto6«wc»Ao
New moone, ituckimjnn ^^|
^^V 19S nicnoNAiLiE op tkr ^^^^^^^|
^^^H Night, tapaeak, reihcmrfi
Peketawes, beanrt ^^^^^H
^^^m Nu or nay, matnh, tak
PtH':lie,/f/fA yr />rij»jr ^^^^^|
^^^H Nciiir, raivwaienil
Prill liiiaii^^h, a rupe ^^H
^^^H The noise of a |ie&c«, or liiU of a
Pe^'nimiit&, ihreed ^^M
^^^H tree, jienim
PasquehamoD, to tale ^^H
^^^H Nu morr, taichs
E'nwtow liijiie iHikutaii, bioK tiie fitr V
^^^H I will driuk uo more, uutvirqien-
u-ilk your uunith ^^H
^^^M cup
PuiigUT, athet ^^M
^^^H The iiurlh, Hehfila
PfCtarkqudth, tkiiniier ^^H
^^^H A uut hltLi ft ftmitll acron, goeJ
Pokorniiso, n mlnfrali tttnne V
^^^^^^ meat, chechuuiutimmt
Pokiu. pokeyougb, to Uhe wuigir 1
u'atfr 1
^^^v
Pamjnuk, a ffoard ^^M
^^^ff Ojr^vkerough, a bren, a /owle like
Pokoaack, a tfun ^^H
^^^^B ijiioae
PichHtinim, an exruifeilt fAom ^^H
^^^H Ott.'V'jtK.Miimia, to tears or rent
Pitsluinjatb, mulberries ^^|
^^^^1 an;/ ifiiurf
Poiighkoue, lJi» ted paint m lii/e ^^
^^^H Ockiiiit^UitJi, 1? tauMflt of a ffot'
Pcyilgh, rfiititiiiiy H
^^^H
Pickultji, the gum vre hold baltomc 1
^^^H Ou;{liL:ti»augOj-tb. U tithaeca hag
Potawnu^li, u porptis M
^^^H Owaiiniigh, who hath this
Pumiin'e, A ill nomher ^^^^
^^^1 Onxc, a fox
Paspcao, to tfalke aboxU ^^H
^^^H Ockquuiii<. a watchef coulartid bird
Pjsniwuii, a dtti:k V
^^^H Opoiiinit.'f. riiesmittif
Puskorath, the fjold aparkn in lA# ^J
^^^1 Ou^h. ift is well
snrtcf ^^1
^^^H Oii^hnu.li,/iii-<>j^'
Peiuingu. jertnt tlntm ^^H
^^^H OwHu^h, an ettye
Pec'ohack, a bodkin or oU ^^M
^^^^B All uiiru, tshiti/uicaiis
PatuhqiuL]iis:^ii. a hat ^^H
^^^H An oalie^ tree, poawnmind^
Piikontjits, a ytrdle ^^H
^^^H Oystem, camraih
A parret, massacnininndg ^
^^^H All olil itiiitt, ratifruttnutcli
Perle, mntoannnk
^^^H An old wumiiii, rtuuipseig
Perle muiihell shells:, tt^aaqtfork
^^^B To open the (lore, tenuetatoweft
Feaze, cssaulameiis, otaasanta- .
^^^H Tossicokear
mens
^^^H Tu o|H?ii ouHH eye», vdapungvaren
A pence of & poi or a pot sheard,
^^^B Am otter, or riab«r a Lever, poK-
rtimmasvtcendff
^^^H fii'vwh
A yccci^' of lireail. rowcar appous
^^^H An ottpr, ctitfark
A peHtle, pocahaae ^^H
^^^H Ouly oue, ?iitantMah-Heeut
Tht) pipe U stopt, opole^ough ^^H
^^^H Out, or yi. is pluckt out, aumpus'
A pin. pijcohnoc ^^H
^^^H
To pinch, lupknhatinan ^^H
^^^1 Ovtt, away, nr get jnii goue, kdj
A pii]gi<>ti, toirafqiri)ius ^^H
^^^H To orcrset, or ii l>otit to Lume
A u-uoJ pidgeon, qunnunats ^^H
^^^H keclo up, ciiiniipf^Hneaw
To pisae, nhekijn ^^H
^^^1 An uwk, (fwutujataiatk
A pikt!, u-ijbtoiittn ^^B
Porredg or brotli, noumptprtmrn ■
^H
A post, mt'ihtoram 1
^^^H Po1c«t;in'As, ti7i^>il
^"^'""'''" """■" J
F , J
^^^HjHBP^^H IfTDIAN lANOUAOE. 193 ^^|
A polecat, cuttenamvwhiea
Hayne, camzcwan ^^M
A pwt, flfiCrtiyM'iwa
A rayuhow, i/wmuuicut ^^H
To powro out water, qwatahacum-
A rattlt?, 8«ch an they use in tlipir ^^H
licnan
ceremonies, made of a goard, ^^H
To powre in water, vsowcunnemi
chuiffLmivvnawk ^^^|
The p)\e, nuinvuigwaia
A ratT, antnwk ^^H
To iiluck up. »«wifflo«'i*m«iH(?lw
A reed, uehmakah ^^H
A jilayster, tiitttticvumluh
Rent or torn, lttttn4CU-h ^^|
A plonib atonL', maquaacawtwmetl
A river, tfocaanla ^^H
A plomb very delitioua when yt
Ripe, uiingateah ^^H
i» ripe, jmfkttmmg
Not rijie, vseanriewh ^^H
A playse, tivw^ii
To rise u]i, pamnf/weur ^^H
To play at any game, nuinianfu
The rynd of a tree like hemp, ^^M
/en'rtmw
cl^snwk ^^^1
The privities or secret of a mau,
A riug, veherein»k«jm ^^H
pocohaac
A rose, pustaqirembun ^^H
Prayor, tnauiiomommaon
To rowie or tose, as a ship, vtiuo- ^^M
To coiue to pmier, jujahtamaon
^^H
A punipeoi], makcawij
To row, tchijmnoc ^^H
A purse. vUamainijiwih
To rost, apoiissau! ^^H
To pull, nnmviavmon
The root of tobacco, vppoo-chappoc ^^H
To pull yt out, necanlordi
A rout, rkhappoc ^^^k
To put yt in. peinder
A rope or mnl, pemuntrtaw ^^H
To put onanj-tLinf;, jmttohiqicnsur
To run, m-iaii/innr ^^H
To put off any thing, puiiiiqu^un-
Rushes, cakekfsqm ^^H
ttenidff
To Cut ru::<be8, maniasc cake ^^H
Purple, onrcrervh
To ruh a thing, vsseqwakamun ^^H
To put out a candle, vtahtahama
^^1
To pull one downe, euttaqwocum
^H
Suc.k(|uohana, aaier ^^H
Q.
Saw^'oue, sah ^^H
Que quoy, ickat is this
Sakahooke, the eleere st/ma we ^^M
Que qurty teruiH cjuiro, what in
gather ^^H
your name
Hakahopoa, to icrite ^^H
Secon, to tpitt ^^H
R.
Sekehekunuugb, to write ^^H
Hapaiita, verti»on
Saiid, raaurh ^^^|
^^^£,unga. alt kind ofswt
To sacritlce. vtak&er ^^H
^^^y^ocoyhook, an otter
To say or he gaid, hekuUuii ^^H
^ Ki<;kaliuiii', a cumb
A saile, tsemnosoy ^^^|
H Kokohnmiu, pa relied eortu ^rownd
To i^ee, viaiamun ^^H
^1 ginall
Let me »ee it, mtmpenamun ^^H
^^^^Recoiiflck, n tobacco hag
A seat ill a Uonl ui' a heiK-h, tiissan ^^H
^^^^ffiassniun, the iri/ud
Seodes, amenararar ^^^M
^^^TlUapoke, to morroip
Soa weed-!, ascaxasqwui ^^^
^K Biokosick, thfi tieviti
Sedge, i^gkou'u-ii^tctu ^^H
^L Rftkasquu, a knife
Thu uea, tfapmn ^^H
^B Haw, ascunmewh
Scum, psihlaoh ^^M
1 ^H
^^H 194 OP nut ^^^^^^^^H
^^H The MViles of a iisb, ipohailutnk
A Utile stone, manansi ^^|
^^^M To (tcralcb ones himd, vyrnttecia-
Tn Rteitle, nmtmnluonh ^^H
^^^H sof'itson
A stake, weputtnhoc ' ^^H
^^^H To flcmlch, vtiecttsaapitson
A glnlke, vwhi'ii'iior ^^H
^^^H A skHlili, tmtfqmr.iKUvt
Tci Htrikc, itepasainiftfahoon ^^H
^^^H Sharp, keneiituh
To Strike with a aword, vepaea- V
^^^^ SfaeareB, wuiulijtnfiin
mnii ^J
^^^H Shi-lls, ohthattHgHHiietnun*
SlOfkiiigH. crXk-qH-fUU-mm ^^|
^^^m A ship, mtatoa-uxuc
A Starrs. (f/fnan^irnMitir/f ^^|
^^^H Tt tiliynptli, astenteircaiah
A f^tratiii^iT, titussantmaoviaih ■
^^^H Shoots, mnwheasnm
To suiud, vannniiiasun ^^fl
^^^M To shoot, nepomotamen
Htreight, mrijnwh ^^|
^^^H Short, taekqivaistnc
To »tirr tiut« st]f, vummevtun ^^H
^^^H Shut the dorc, kessohikear
To stop or put in a stopple, inut- 1
^^^H To skrub otws bead, necatchuc-
tnqaoh*iit>i* ^^H
^^^H skuw
Strong, foiidU'A ^^H
^^^H To sing or dance, eaute-canta
To Hlep or go np. netoirsun ^^B
^^^B To sit dovrne, nmrjiin
The stinging of a Biiske. Ttag- 1
^^^^T To »iL iieiiror, otaxiotiifftfopttT
voonrf ^^H
^^^K To tic sick, (irmwiiiitisnouth
To t-trikd fisr, boeata oc kok ^^H
^^^K The singlo of r dcare, wyushaqmni
To stjnrk, mmtta ^^H
^^^H A t<iiilcr. ft»c/rn(Tjj(/fri>(pn
The sun, Uenhowae ^^^k
^^^H The ttUjii or fur of a hare, irnsa-
fHiiii ritJL'. \id(; tunnxiog ^^H
^^^H
ti>uu sett, qwuniwuh ^^H
^^^H A sheldrake, rowluiicaivk
To Slip, or to have bene at supper. V
^^^^M To kloep -, iicjwiin
mealstm ^^H
^^^H A Hhiwanni.', apoitscaat
Summer, cnirawtauih ^^M
^^^H Smuake, itekvpeniftuuh
To suck. cindi'troHt'nr ^^H
^^^H To ^mell, nitHitriciraiitin
A sword, tiiuiiohiican ^^H
^^^H I'll tinort, nciiaaTuiUnnidtinn
To Hwcat, vehttwfhiiss ^^H
^^^M To suit ones nose, trtanmqwun
To s^'ym, foosA-t'im ^^H
^^^H Snow,
To swell, cimnatimi* ■• ^^^
^^^H Tt 8now(;th, rookmph cvan
A Hwau, u-M/iHsxuirc ^^H
^^^H A snake, VLd(> ndder
To swallow, quantitmun ^^H
^^^H A snaile. pmniihaum
To Hwei^pe, tud-fhh-a ^^H
^^^H To sdw or Hetf. wbf^iit, Mtittusfiiii
To Hwym a9 a peece of wood or ^^H
^^^H To »uw wilh 11 iiccdle. IiuJujiKitnun
fnatJu'r ou the HTiU-'r, piippo- 1
^^^H A Bore, mdhkeih
quahauns ^^H
^^^^H To Hoiike hr»n(), nepokeimnamu
^^H
^^^H The soiile or vitall hreatb of man,
^1
^^^H nt'fuhetstinh
Tanggo, fef in« ^fp i^i ^^^
^^^H A e^iELrrowh^M'ke, /atacnuincxmi
Towaughe. « croiMe V
^^^H To KpealiM Moftly. Iiemntmti)d
Ttinn. /(»,)Mi/i (Ji fj'«*« ^^B
^^^H A »qiiirrelt, t»ii;!riit<-/(
Taniokiii, 'o it»>tifint« ^^H
^^^H To lookc ftsqiiiiit. jterrmgtju'ak
Tauoain, a stoule ^^H
^^^H A Nlur^iJan, riippotonn
Tan^pqwalli, a/tirrfi like a aahW» V
^^^H A Ririitg, vide hutht-r
Tamnhake. a h^trhfM 1
^^^H A stone, ahacakocuH
Take yt, vntouh I
^Hmi^^^BP INDIAN ULNO^AOE. ^^M
To take up wiih u spoouo, mtut-
Vmpaquoth, the moons ^^^k
siih'UHun
Vnugh, u word vf wonder ^^H
Til iiikv ufl'. ranaunnemum-
A vaine, ufreHnir ^^H
To take one prisoner, nscakes-
A village, letiOHitn ^^H
suttun
Tii'l^iiiiit, 'i'senahcommacah ^^H
To tnkoUjbacLiti, tispcsseniaanpooc
Vmifinumtli, rtsheiiieindifij ^^H
To Uiko liet'd, ainuvnir
To unclose h.Rnds, j}t-iivmim ^^H
A tiirj:;etl, ritfH(e;iM7ir>frfr
I uiulerstHiid nell, kemtefiautoin ^^H
Tlin laile of any thing, wusfuiifwu-u
I uuilemttmd itoL, riialukennoirn- ^^H
To t»;U one any tiling, cvtUrak
tfirawh ^^^1
To throw a tliitiR away, apacet
A vine, wapapamrndgit ^^H
TlnmJer, rumhjfuiif ia.uk.
^^1
A tliigb, ivtiijiprann
^M
These, yotfhs
Weyans, the teane of any ilmij ^^|
Tliis. iforrkk
WirikoweheeB, n hare ^^^|
Tlncail, ptmmnthntoait
Wapii], a slab ^^H
Tlio Thiiml), v!{ftfijii:(tirUeindg
Wy^otonoanH. a beard ^^|
The tliiaat, leijaranlaak
Winp<% yaaiTDW ^^H
Tliree. n'iJi
Woiissicket, a running brooke ^^H
Tolinct'o. vltpnnc
Wou^htathe, to fuym ^^H
A tobacco ]ii[>e, vhpuocnn
Wecoekt*, the yard of a racone ^^H
A tiiliacwi bag, vttuuinneoih
Wniisrktui, a tione ^^H
The toliacco is good, wingutMe
Wiuf^gnpn, my beloved friend ^^H
upooc
Wingau, 'jiiod ^^H
The ttibacco is naught, kaihtrnwik
Winguucune, ?'rrr^ i^nn// ^^^|
p'tfie
A waayv to t«ko lisb. iieiksaean ^^H
A ttiwiio. )HkR«njii«
A waliiut, ahstnimunji. paakmitis ^^^
Tln! l.rtiyiK! uf u bii-(l, ott/neuein
To wa.sh lliu fai'i', h-nf.iipyunn ^^H
A tree, meihtttra
To wash the liami, kfwiivindeher ^^H
A greeue tree, a^irofam't^
To Vi-a^h any tiling;, ^r..iiSfMH'utt ^^H
A Viiilnut tree, astiunnoin^iuilfftf
Water, saiprahan ^^^|
An oakH troe, pnammrindg
A wari, viHhkfin ^^H
A tm'llo, oi:co«(0(/*'//r»/f
To wariue one, fxiAfttaornun ^^|
A sen turtle, (Hir<:Mj//;tfwft
Yt is vnirme or hot weather, ^^H
A turd, vif)U:h
chiiiijiasum ^^H
A tiu-key, monanaxv
To waken, vnamun ^^^k
A turkey cock, oApanno
The waves of the ^ea, aqwaskav:- ^^^k
To tame or (jike up the oooleSt
wav^ ^^H
c)igk£ssmrutH
To ^valke, pairpaii-Tnear ^^H
Txvjnicd thrf^od. pemucqrreraneind
^Voake, kesshetnaiic ^^H
Ti> ije or mttke ikst iiuy thiug.
Weary, euttn^'een ^^H
C((.f/ju;j7(.
Attas(]wii9, weMos ^^H
To weepe. mimmaich ^^^
V.
Yt is well or yuough, ufimattuwk ^^H
Vemanee, a king or a great man
Wekome, or tlie word of greeting, ^^H
Vniioth, takf tjt
wingnpo, chamah, netab ^^H
Vaqujou, an arrow
A welt, ohcaxrooc ^^H
Vui|iseinen apook, drinelt, tobacco
The weist, aUagwassfmna ^^^|
^^H 106 DicnoNABif! Of rntB insi&n i.akguage. ^^^^|
^^^B Wett, nappe
A mtmim's breast, otaut ^^|
^^^H Wliat is your namo? caeuUer^-
A womiiti with chiltl, potnevieh V
^^^H vindg kear
A woman queeiiP, wiranaiuqua ■
^^^B Wliiit i* his name ? eaculterexcindfl
An old woman, tumjiaeis ■
^^^H
A little wormo or mngot, mmciah ^^^
^^^H WliBt lA my namti? eacutt^windff
Wood, mutkeis ^^|
^^^M
A woimd, nepociittokeau ^^M
^^^H Wlien, tanon diiiuk
Tfao world, pumaiaaivuh ^^M
^^^H Whuni Imvuyuii hafn, tanaowattm
A woolf, ntrantam ^^H
^^^H To whet, nusaesgqwus
To wrastle, mnmareintrFlun ■
^^^M 'Whelpeit, apouhok-komim
To wrap or wiud up any thiug, H
^^^1 Wheat, poruUau-es
nnwxteuqttaput 1
^^^B A wheat plomh. assesdim
^^H
^^^M Wheat parcht in Uie fier, aparon-
^1
^^^^M menutis
Ycafiankan, a Aomss ^^H
^^^B White, opah'wk
YeokiinrA, a river ^^H
^^^H To whiHtle, qifiiUqwtnm
Yeougli, 4 i» iwmhfT ^^H
^^^H A whiting, tUeitsimk
To j'n%vn« or giijw, faicnlw^i^nfffr ^^H
^^^1 The small n-ynd, rou-Jwinnvwh
Yellow, oussanack ^^M
^^^H A greut wyiid, jnahqintih
Yftfitvrilay, o»a{oh ^^H
^^^^M A wife, WDiiufoasfi
Yi;a »v yoti, cup/fh ^^H
^^^H A wing, vtfocnniiuc
Yonder or fiu- off, yoaxvieh ^^M
^^^H A widgeou, ponomuwus
YoTigor, uiarnirs ^^H
^^^H Will jou gon home, ■niimma
Yon, hear ^^M
^^^m Wioter, puppaamtoK
^^M
^^^H To vriufl ubiiut, /'os^uriurjraics
^M
^^^H A wonun, eiitssenepo
Zanckone, to mee$* ^^|
^^^^H ^^1
1 J
^^^^^^^^I N D E f^^^^^^^^^l
^^0^^*
^H
Aeoohanock, rlvor of, 41
Bttrlow, Capt.j with Cnpt. AtDsdas, ^^^|
diHcovuni litiiurioak, 8. 142 ^^^|
Aoeuiuack, rivur of, 41
Aci]UfLnachutLB. people living near Pow-
Biuhaba, principnl kin^; of the pny- ^^^M
lta.taQ'ii territcriee, 41
vinoes about ItuauoiLk, IttO ^^^|
AoquintonacBuiik, people; upou the ri-
Birii) ufVirglum, 125 ^^^|
ver Pewtuxout or DiikoH river, 30
lliHQiuyau pilot, his iitippiiB«d oonuuum- ^^^|
Acuzaniill, 3s. of C-ukuidi;!, 6
citii-iiii ti'i ColuuJiliUii, fi ^^^1
Altiu-H tiDd oflbriiigs of tbt; luilUtie, ^S
Boats nijulo tiy tbe IndiatiK, 6S ^^^|
Alum miii'Ofii, rupurl of tbe lutlvuis ixi^ii-
Browster, Capt., witb C'apt. Arf^)U, ^^^|
ccjTiiiig, 33
doft-crovM two towns in r«v«nga fi^r ^^^|
Amadaa. 0*pt,, wit U Captain Barlow,
dit(cvvtio> Kiiiuicwk, 8, li'i
tlio tai^C' doalm); of TovkouftkiJitaco, ^^^|
^^M
AiiiB.iJrt« liny, 8
Burialii of iho li)iiiii.tui, &(t ^^^M
Aitiuricus Venputiun, bia iJiiioov«r7 of
Button, C'O.pt., lijst ijxpfxiition in MJtrd) ^^^|
America, 1119
ijftbeiivrtb-wv«tpaBsago,withCa.pt». ^^^H
Antan, Streights of, nninufl Fretum
lu{;raui and Ucleonj H ^^^M
trium &atnm3, aftertlie three breth-
^^^M
i«n. 2i
^H
Aniiimla of Vb^inia, 122
^^H
AntiiDUDy, minB of, foiuid by Gapt,
Cakit, ilrihu, ; UIa ilittorivurieM, 139 ^^^|
Arj3f.ll, 39
Cnhat, Sulinitinn. grund pilot of Eng> ^^^|
Appamatuckii, puople Uviiig upon tb«
land und^r Edward VI, Ul ^^H
A[ipEimatuck rivar, 85-
Landlivt of [lijio or fir troe used liy tbo ^^^|
Aquaacagoke. n town diacorerocl dur-
Indinns, ^^H
iajr th^ expeditiaii uudiji- Sir R.
Ca.wcaw>wi(ti!<ou|jh««, prieeti^ a.u>l «kioni ^^^H
Oreuvillc, 14i
o£ tb« C'lieuliitbuuitaa, 02 ^^^|
ArgoU, Capt., biH uilvbnturu on Pii-
CuwHoti, (i«urin!i, an EctgltAlictiiui taken ^^^|
priijouor iind killed by Powbtitrui, S2 ^^^|
CtiKJikAwwou, on the Patawihiuook or ^^H
tawonsock river, 36 ; (Uewovent tniniiH
of AUtluioiiy »n<l LeaJ, Sf ; diifcovcn
I«WRr i(nrtw Cape Honlopuii), 43 ;
Klizabetb rivor. S8 ^^M
Ch»rlo», Cape, 28. 42. 44 ^^M
Aeatrayx twi) Indian towns iu oom-
Chitrlcn, Fort, built' on Soutluimptoii ^^^|
pauy witb C3.pt. BrewisUr, to re-
^^^H
vuu^ ihu filite doaling of Taokaue-
ChawaaookQ, upon the river Komo- ^^^|
kitilucft. 8& ; Hub couvennttun with
piina, 143 ^^^|
Joi>fisaua fthoat Ilia r^li^on, ti8
Chawi>nocka, peopio Uviiift near Pow> ^^^|
hii.bin'e territunos 41 ^^^|
AnuH used Lj tlie LiidiBiii>, 105
Arrohn.tBokB, peopbi living upon tlio
Checlioliainlaa, thr, n poopb; npnii thi^ ^^^H
Ivinp'a river, 3S
river (.tVilckalumiaiiia, wbn vt-rva ^^^H
Are«nitk atone, used bj the Indiana
Pawhaton in Wm want, 61 ^^^|
to colour th«maelv€8, flS
Oh«ohinquaruiriH, a kind of gmn used ^^^|
as tow by the Indiana, 72 ^^^|
AninduU, 'I'hiM., Lord Wanlour, sends
out Ca.pt. George Weynjcmth in
Cb^aapeakit, jMNipla living upon tlui ^^^|
1605, U9
Kiug'H HVLT, 92 ^^^H
19B
INDEX.
ChcnpMJt. l<r<Mk of, 35
P.— iwh Vmy, dMtb *i^ 43
ClmwfiiTJi. dhMan of lb* PkimuMfc
ri*«r «i. Sff
CtfHj. n\mr UUb( failu the rintr Oo-
BM, US
Ood. Omm, 4GaeM«nd hj CA[>t. Oa»-
nnld, IM
Oolimboa, Dtftboioaiaw, (nata witk
Uniy VII about U> knthw'e oftr. 6
ColumlHM, OirwbiithM-, hw offer to
Uocuj VU. A ; Of MipiKiMNl vutU'
MttBfaatiKi wlUi Uw Diauaiviui uUot*
ConhnMiaM tad biTochUom of th«
ladiaM^Ua
Coanar ndoM, S6 ; nport i4' tlu la.
aua» oaaeeflUOft 33
CoppM- bfMigtit into Vir^ni« hy th*
SwUab ttuiuopuUMd bjf PuwhaUu,
Oop|Mr miM imw Um rlr«r Maratock
or Hoanokc, 140
CanU, whit«, lued oa lui ornaaMut b;
Uw Indiui watntoi, I4S
Com, tlio luiljaii mode ofdniMineit, 73
CrvaUnu, ««!>« of an wUad calKid, or
the nuutti cniM of Vir^rioia, 13
CuttktAWoawn, upon the Toppabuuxik
sf Qomd's nrer, S7
D.
DwHwa (£ the IndiMM^ 80
Oftvia^ Crnpt. Robort, briiigtm))pliM
l« tbeoolony U Sa^uuleboo, 17S
Otdaware Ihf, dieoownd bjr Chpt.
ArgoU. 43
Dnk«, Kr Fnuida, wrives mt Koanoak,
and «Dd«Lvoant to uait tbe otlnnjr,
1 17 ; takoa thu pkntcn with Uiio to
Knj^tuid, 148
Duka'* river, or Pftwtuxont, S8
SinoUkn of lh» bdia-n ohUdren, UO
BBafaath rivar, or Fatikwcincvk. 3S
EUfi^iath Idlnnd, dbwovcreU by C»i}t.
OtMnoUl, 1S6
InpkifniioiiU of cho lodlAa women. 111
F.
Foativala, roligioui, of the Indiuia, 91
nUi oi Viiviuia, 12tl
Fkhltij;, InUirui uifiilo of, 6S, 76
Friniiiia. Ci^itiuiK, hi* n>fi«rd rmtpeutuig
Oiv thrto: iTotbron who paawd Iho
Jiknigbt* of Auimi, 24
Fmlt* cultinvtod bjrtlw IndianB, ti;
vS\"afpoim. 117
FkobUier, Uir Uartin, lueiiliooB a f or-
tngoeoa who pntiMd the Sirei([bt« uf
Aiuan. 24
a.
Ostam of the Indiana, 77
Oat«a^ i^Tlius.. ti«ut«iuuit-geDMal of
tikQ Dolonjr of Vii^nia^ 00
George, SL, island << diiM»T«»d ij
0^1)1. Gkuvb Weyiiian, wo named
wbrai viNJtfqT hj CnfiU. Pophara aod
(JillHTl, ]»!«
GillicTt, Sir Humphrey, grant of Qu«en
EUxabothto. 8
OUbart, <>tf>t. DartLoloRiew, mttewhh
Capt. CtianoW to Virninia, 1S3 ;
tboir diaccn-vriM. I£t> ; iMMit out with
tliv voluiiy to S*^faa<lubuck, with
L'nnt. Pof linin, by sir John Pophant,
104 ; goaN with Ou>t. PopJtam to
tb* rivar Pttiiiaquid. ISlf; tbi-y
Beanh fiirafit plaoefortbdrplAnta-
tian on the riv^r Sa^haJcbock, 172 ;
ooininonoc :i wttU-mviit, 173; gOM
in Mnn!ji af tb« river »f Pono)H>TOt,
174 ; bin lulrenturo with Oto Iii'lians
ibt the rivor of ^ioghadobock. 176;
returns lit Eii^-Und with dii: colnEi;,
178
QinUea of ailk gnum irnvrlo by the Id-
dUiu,68
Ooanold. Crvpt. Bnrtholoinov, saila
with C^pt. Oilbcrt to Vir^nia, 15a ;
hilt (Uwnovery «f Cjh* Cml. 42, 155 ;
c1iiMv>ven Miutbii'ii ViueyarU, Gob-
nold'u iMbtnd, iiiul Gliwibiilb bibiud,
124} ; itncl«aTnurii Ut Tnrm a ■wttl»-
Riciit, 157; oblij^uJ to rotum to
KntilAnd, ISS
Gmmold's Island, dieooverod by Oqit.
Ooniold, 156
GK>urgvt», UumiDiqiietU, ofRourdaaux,
hb ravenm upun the Spaalarda For
their emfllty at Nova FVtmcbi, 9
QoYvmmcnt of the IndluiK, fit*
Omoc befbre nionl oeo<l hy the In-
rllHDS, Si
Grernnlle, Sir Richinl, yeiieral of the
flt«t, Sent by Sir W. RAleigb to
lUmnoiik. 16S&, 8, Hi ; leavau fif-
teen men at [Uinrioak, JO)
GwnTllle. Port, 8
H.
Bnriot. ThoH., hinaccoimt nf Vir^nla,
15
ilntaraek, iLutK'umf, 112
J
INDRX.
199
Uviilupan, OuM, fonDfirtytiiuaeiJ Cape
Iawbt by CBfit. At^, 43
Ucnry VII uoeptaAe offer of Colnm-
bus, 4 ; gire*Mtcn jnt«ut to Juhii
Ckbol, 6
Henry, Cupe, S9 ; its hcwingx, ncecs-
«ty of fortifying, 44
Uimry, Fort, built on SouUuuuptou
rivar, 61
HoTiMM of th« IndiAiu. (0
Bavmnl rirer, or dunquehaomh, 2d
Huiiaon, bi* wi^mwd diMgrcry of ihu
iMirth-mMt fwmige, 23
Hunting excuraiona <rirthe Indiatup, fS
1.
Imageit in the Ireunm) houae of Fow-
liutmi, SI
ImmrirbJity of tlio muI, Iniilftn bcLlef
respecting, 66
Ingram, Cn^., bi««xpedi(iociiitH)areJi
of tJie north-west pwngewiib Capta.
UnttoD and NcUon, 23
larnocoauiiauih, IndliU) luune of Vir-
ginia, 47
J.
Junes the Pint grAitta latteifi patent
tn tii« Iiandon juid Plymouth com-
paniuH. 1(!1
JopnaeiM, Inilinti king, hia txinrurHn-
tion with Capi. ArgoU oonceniing
bis reli)fion, itt)
K.
KMOUgbbui, harbour tA, SS
Kix-cii^htitiiiB, jHiople living upon tlio
hini,''-! rivor, ^5 ; their conquost by
I'oviiiiiLtkii. mid trail «[K>rtii(itju U>
i-ayitiikatiUik. Stf, 61
Ki-iiipit, lui Iijitjiui, who gHve iiifarmii-
tioii rfcapi-rtin^' Powhatan, £3
Kei^iiotnui^ti, bruthur gf PowhHtan, 62
KiuK >■ rivur, or I'uwliatiui, duauriptiuD
Kiiiliiak. on the sotith side of the river
I'lvmiiiivlw*. S5
Ku«iiiirHW(.Hili, river o^ 41
L.
Lntiu, Rjilfo, nudo gOVLrtior uS tho
Kr>l<iny at RoBDOftlc, 8, 116
Lawarr, Cap«, id niuned by Capt. Ar-
gfii. is
Lwl, inino iif, fiinnd by Quit. Areoll,
3D
H.
Mftce, Samiid, Kot by Sir WiJt«r B*-
Ivigh iv Virginia, 153
Machmnps, an Indian who gavu infor-
matioa TMpecting PnwhatAn, &l ;
hia art«r on« of Powhatftn's wivw,
S4 : r«poate the Indiwi grace at £^
Thomaa Dale's uhle, D4
Maoock jiTourda, a fruit coUinted by
thDlndiwK, 7^-1 1»
MatlucV inip|K»Ml myagd to the Wmt
Indies, 5
Mut« adtiv»t«d by tW Indiaiifl, 1 I4t
Mamaaatowick,atitJeof I'owluttAu,48
Hangnanga, p«ofil« living near Pow-
hAtftn, 41
Miuinacntiii, pec^de living near Pow
hatiui, 41
Mannahookti, puopU) living nmr Pow-
liftUn, 41
MonuAboiutka. poopio upon tho Top-
fUihiinock, or Quean's river, 37
Manteo, an Indian hrauc;httoKnffluid
by ^ptn. Aiiiftda* utd Itii^lnw, 144 ;
corialouiKl at Roaucmlt. and untitled
lord of Roononlc ivnd I>iuaunoni|Uiv
pcwfc, 161
M luitlttfi tifftsathera worn by t1 le women,
6!>
Mn.ntt(irk, riv«r of, naxr cn.Ued ttna-
iiokv. 146
Maric^ock Applu, poiiiiiiin Howlt, benrs
finjit in Virpnin, flO; mittivnttKl by
tho Inilian. 72 ; d««rnpti<:>n of. 119
Marriajiw of liie liidimtB, lOU
Mitrtlm'H Viiioynrd, cliewoTur^ by
Capt. Goanold, 15ft
Ma»*awoni«c)ca, eneniieii of the Saaqiie-
ealiAinjugx, 40 ; DnuuuuH uf PuwLintiui,
M&ttf^janicnt, jvcoplo upon tlw? Uhat
Fawliixunt «r Iluk«'a river, &6-39
ftltHlioind of tho Indinne, lOB
Midendi-A, Pt^dni, liis cruelly to the
Frenoh K^lony in h'ovA Francia, D
MctiL Incoguita. ti
KlitM'.^ iif Ilium iiirl i^ii|i]Mr, rf<]u>rt of
Uic liidiatin i-iiiicvraiui;, 33
Mine of iintiiaony found by C*pt. Ar-
giill, SV
Wine nf IbtuI towad hy Cnpt. ArgoU, 3^
Minfimln fif VirffiniA, 13]
MonuaivntN at the Indi;ut kiii^, 80
Mmincnnii, pttJiilc Ilviu)^ new Powhu-
tMi'« t^rritoTwiH, 41
MomuijhtArutidK, pwiplnupiwitlie Top-
patiancick or yuwoV river, 87
MouiilainB of VirginiJi, 'i5
Ikfouiitgomefy river, t>r PaynnkatiLnk,
8«
800
CNDBX.
MuyocHMM, on tlie PtLbtwoioMk or EU-
ulwtb ri<rv, 88
UHsiD oT tim ImUatui, 70
N.
Nni^nthtAnk, on fhe Pfttawomoek or
tCIixnJwtti river, 38
Kahnjiadu, chjuf uf the Indiuiu on the
rifer Pamafjuif!, visited by C»fit.
Otlbert'B c<Hn^\iiy, H51I ; receirw
Cnpt, l'"]iluini oik) C™pt. QilluTt,
17(1; w-itli utiivr lodinnH visibn the
fort, US
NtLiiipH, cHHtom Miiong th.0 lodLana of
givuig B viriety.. Ill
Naadaamuuil, river of, K5
NfendaanunHji, fH.vip)e living opon tbe
Kinif's river, 3a
NM](lrau);htacun<l, iipjii ttin Rs|)|HiIui-
mwV or Qiiofti'H rivur, S?
NwWin. Capt,, hia exp«jililii>ii in nesivli
of tbe North wi-8t paaaage. with
CaiitH, Uuttoti and Idjt^iui, 23
NetdfurfiaUiagmitdL-hy theIndtftiiB,7S
NDwRjuriilhiud, ilwcov«T«d \>y John
Ciiiwt, a
NcwpiiTt, Citpt,, tnkf^ Ttuikiinukiateon
unJ hix Buti priannGni, 5S
>'oBKip!uia, river Mliojf into Uie river
Ocuiiin, H3
N<irth>Wi(^ pAwmgo, mippMteiil <liac(>-
vary, 23
NuHkamwnoks, pooplo living near Fow-
liAtiLn'H territoricd, 41
O.
Onths UMtd by the Incllniifl, 118
OcM}&m, river bvlvrc Rcis.Doi'ik, 143
ObolsHO, queen of CciliicttlintniLak*;,
which Capt. Smith crJIs tjiiiyougli-
rolmiMick, 63
Oiiawiiia.rii«nt, on the }'atam>inecl[ or
Kliaalmth rivBr, 38
Opoctuinckewo, lirotherof Powhalan, 02
Opu»(Xiui(>nui«iiie, a. werfWMiciqua or
qu«eTi ofri villnpj "f Appwiiatuuk, Bli
Orapftkn, the ])!ac» where Pwwljatan
Temnvwi nftor h« left Werowoco-
moco, 49
Ottenatdc, a tititi on'owluitui, iS
Osiaiei^ people u]ioii ilie 'I'oukwu'gh or
Elydnej river, 4 1
P.
Pxmftcnciicic, on the Pfttawomeck or
Elizabeth river, 38
Pameik, town on the river Occam, H3
I^uuunck river, or Priace'o river, 35
F»quippe, a laJceiUnL-ovurMl during the ■
exiiedltioii un(}«r Sir R.Oiwu vlUe, l44['j
PuanuDt, one of Powhatan '« iom, 59
l^wtahdghiw, pwjpls living upon tba
King^ rivCT, 35
PfttAwomeck, or FIliEabelh riv«r, 88;
Indians, their religion, 99
Fkwtiuunl, p<»ijplfl upon the river Paw
tuxunt, 39
PayankiLlank or Mountffomery rivor,
tb« poo|(lctiun>risaxl by Puwhstui, SB
Penrk mnpoHoa to bo found in the
lAke of Virginia, 132
P«iuaqui(l, river of, disoovi<redbyC&pt,
Wevmuotb, lfi9 ; vtsited by CnpL
Fopham and Caiit. Gilbert, 169 [
P«Tinl>»cot, moaotiUna new the rivBT
of. 1«7
Peruy, Cikpt, Qtiorgo, tomponry precd-
dunt of thv oolony, 41 and 59
Pi|iiiiimi, formerly weroanoe of Coiaeoba* ,
wauk«>. but deposed hy Puwliatiuif
£7 ; his chief wife, tbn Kbtte in. i
which ehe li<r««, A7; hupo of bia
ctinv«nioD to Christianity, 1^7
PuobinB, one of Puwhi^tMi's Hina at
Kocanghta.n, weroanco at the titntt
Sir ThoHHw GUtw took it, 60
Pochone root, naed \n tltu Indians to
piunt thnrnai'lvM, 6*
Pochahuntaii, d^ughtor of Powfaatan,
54 and 65
Puinoioks, a town diaoowred daring
the expedition under Sir R. Qreo-
ville. US
Pope'H, the, ilonation of Atiivrioa to
SiJiiin, 13
Ftijitiani, Hir Jnhn, fwdii out a Dolony
tu ISa^haildioc, 162 ; vends another
under (hpt. Fojihaui nijii Citpt. Uil-
Iwrt, let
Pojihiun, Cftpt., sent out with the
nilony lo Qbghiuletioc, with Cupt.
GiJIjert, by Sir .Ivihn Pt^ihain, 1*H ;
goes with C?ipt. GilliBrt to th* river
Penitttjutd, li>t> ; th«y neck a fit place
fur thcitr Kcttluniimt on tlw rivor tia-
^mlehoo, 172; oomiaimce a settle-
ment, 173 ; his death, 179
Potft|>oco, on the Patawomeck or BE-
xabetli rivtr, HH
i'owtitl. Ensign, with Enwign WiJkor,
sent hf CapU Oeoive Percy to sur-
priis and kill Wowtooliapiitick, &9
Pvwhntan vr King's river, dcwcriptioa
of. 93
Powhabuis, a people of Virginia, 87
Powhatan, his ooiHiueKt of the peo]>la ^
of PiiyanknCank, 36 ; hia connuot to ,
INOEX.
201
tlio Etiglinh, 87 ; Klb bia binUiriglit
tu tliB Kuglirth in 1601), iti ; lim
b(>iui(U of Kb ei«|iirK, 48 ; lii« cliief
seat at Worowcworriooo, (iAi.-rwardi«
at Urspfkke, i9 ; iloHuription iif liim,
19 : hia fear of the Gnglisli, BO ; hw
chinning, 50; liia {runnln, !j\ ; h'la
lumle of puuishing ctfluudvre, !i2 ; his
multiplicity "f wouiun, 53 ; ihti
na.me4 -if aoiue of hia wciiien, 5-4 ;
bis children, &4 : tbo inannur in
wbioli ho is waited on by tlie woinoii
at ti)i^^ Ri ; Ilia house at Urt>|iaks,
wbere he keeps lits treasurer, fi4 ;
cataioguc of ttie weroiui-ctMuuder htB
government, 55 j bia (Mmquegt at
Kekonghtan, 61 ; hia da.ugl^ter Po-
(ihLkbuiiLis, <i5 : tribute paid ta bim.
81; bis jjriiiaipal temple, J*0; prn-
phocies (.-onceming liim. 101 ; hitt
furmvr eiieinLcH, 102; hi^ monopoly
of tlio cop]Mfr hroiij^it li,v th« Biig-
li*h, 103 ; entortains the E^^nglinh with
l]i««x]ul)>ti<]ii tif au ludiiLti Ktratii^uj
ill wiLTj 107
I'ritinu'R river, nr Fruijundi rivwr, 3fl
l*r(ipli<xii>ea of the Indiana, 101
Vryn. Maxtin, hia captuio bj lh« Spa-
niitrdii, 103
Q.
Qoecc's river, or Toppahanook. 87 ■
Quintun, bo&ta of ^e Virgiuiaos, tlic
tn!UiiiF;r rtf Miiiking tbetii, 75
Qii'iynngh, brj-iuih of the L'atttwuiiiuitk
river, 88
QuiyuuLdictihanocks. pooplo living upou
the Kiriji'M river, 8S
Quiyciiiyhiiuiartcks, or priesta, 82 ; their
di6sB anil Qnuuncntai, 1^1
B.
Ilaleiy;li, Sir WaltLT, Uih grant from
Qnecn EHKa.bcstli, 8-1-11 ; nemlBout,
in lS6i, Cii.pt. Antadad and Capt.
Uarlow, 8-U2 ; in 15S&. iitmiU K.fln3t
nmumandcd by Sir R. Orejivillu,
8-141; in ln87, Mnda n ncmmA
uoloaj lo Uounuuk, under the co^ni-
ntond iif Capt. Wliite. HS-8; nemls
mpplieMbyuapt. Wliitutiilheciiluiiy,
in 1£>90, 151 ; sends Samuel iliux tti
Virginia, in 1602, li53
l{'?li(,'i>in of tho Indians, 82
Hi<.'limt>nd, Ms at, 31
Uivun of Uiewi^eak Ilay, S3
RjiAniMk, tJiBtMVfei-ed by Ciipt. iVuiadas
iinil Ciipt- Bftrlow, fur Sir W. 11«
Itagii, 8-1*2 ; 9itu«te<lin Soiitli Vir-
^nia, '28 ; t^ir R. (Ireiiville arrivw,
Tlfl ; Mr. ItJdph (jiiil iiutdti gtivi-r-
twiHr, M5; fsir F. IJTafcc ajrivwi,
117 : takea n-vra-y tii-i coLony, 146 ;
Sir U. Uronville liiavenlS men, HO ;
Capt, Whit.? arrives with the seoftnd
Ci)li>iiy. I5CI; leavt-w Tor Kng^huid to
u-bta.!!! b!upplii.«, 1£1 i iiu hiK retUTii
in unnhle tn Snd ihu oiliiny, 1(12
Hoot* used hy the Inrliaivs invdidnally
aud for patnlJD^, 121
S.
Sa^riJiuiiit (if chitdren, 8J and 94
Sn^odtOTijck. rivpr of, <li80i>v<?irod by
Lapt. VtjTiiouth. iHif : C^apU. I'up-
liaiu I'Liid (i ilbuil viiitunt^nuu a aett]*;-
iiiunt thun:, 17S ; adventure of Capt.
Gilbert., 1 76 : rctiim <rf the colony
to K[i{,daud, ISO
SatawnniMk, tin the Patawomeuk or
Elizabeth river, S^
Seberioa, lord o-f tho rivw of iSlagliMlt^
buck, 170
Secotrui, « twwri diHoovePBil durinf; tlie
expedition mulcrSirR.tJrCTville, 146
Semlamt^, Ca]ie Elizabeth, 173
Serpenttf and otlior re])ti]ejs of Virginia
SUppuj«(:d to U': harlidUB^ 12S
Silk grofis growing in Virginia, fll
^itniak, city doscril}oil by Stracbey an
on the nve-r Oocain, but by Do Bry
an ou (iiD river liatadsaiuund. 14&
Skidwji.reB, tho Indinji, goes with Cajit-
Gilbcirt's (leopic to Nahanjula, llifl ;
goes again with Capt. Popbam a,nd
Capt- Gilbert, and romaiiu with the
Indiana, 170 ; vitiiUi Uie fort with
other Iniliatu, 174 ; oomeB ag^n
with Nabaiiada, 17^
Siiittli, Capt.. r«f(ri!iicti to Iii« map, 41
Soeotn. town r.f Wingnniiacna, IIS
Song of triumph. Indi^ui, "M
Hon^a of the liidiuiiH, 70
Bootnsay-rng with b(?rliA jvtactiKnd by
the Indians, &3
8<jto, Fvmando do, instruinDntal in
atinoxin^ Kliirida to S{)n.ii), 4
Southampton. Honry. tfarl of. i^da
Capl. Gosuold and Capt. Gilbert in
lt)l3'2, IH^) ; iiHsiHLB iiii KL-ndin^ Cnjit.
Ouur]^ WejTU'iuth, 1.1B
Spain, Ktug of, hia claim to Antoricai
quetttiunod, 3
Spioer. Capt., drnwuBdoff R'tanorvk, 151
Spilnian. Fleniy. an Kngliwh lioy. reco-
vcrci] fruiu the Kiri^ of fastaiini by
C'lipt, Ar^ll, 'i& ; iutvi prets butweeu
Cnul, Argoll and Jiiihimhuh, l>tj
Storenoiiw* of tho Indians, 1 15
D D
soa
IMlKX.
StraU^HD in wftrvKbiiriiMl by INiwln-
tan to tiiD Kngtirtb, In;
Siin. tbc, K'onhip pAid bim by ibe
SuiHivtiUixi alxmt (lr« iUBun({ tho In-
<iia» wiiiRei). 112
Puruwy o(Uh> IiifIiiUia, IDS
Ku«)U(iliAaii3li or lliiwnr<l riier, 8I>
Suai(U«iiihaiiL>u^. iM-itjilt! Hi-intr nr^u-
I'uwluitjvn x tcmtiiriiTs 41 ; »lwcn|i-
tinn rir Ihi'iii, SH ; Diirir nziv ^'i
Sfdiuif river, or 1'uckwot,'h. 40
T.
TnrknnrkintiUMi, an nlil wiriymnt^r nt
WiuTaj4ki:i_v»ck , l;Jci-ii (ni* nifr I ly
Cm>c. Nvw^t^rc, wiUi liiii e<tu Tim-
Taulio^jpe. sou itf Oh<>l<Mc. 5il
TAnj^liaik*-!), l-rijlhtir nf PuwliatAii. 42
Taxcnfint, •m thu I'litawuiucctk or Kli-
Ealx'tli river. Hi
T«ui|jluit uf Hiv Lutljjuui, S2
Tu»i])lu, priitd|ui). a.t I'lununky, 90
Thread i(|iu» bv ihii wmnoii i>( n kind
ofgraMK, <m1l«(l punt III nut w, 7^
TiniLwr of Vii^iuis, I'M
Tabw.'ot, isJmI by tho Hnvague " .i-
pcioke," 121
TiM^ohow, cvutA of. luuil M Eowl by
tha InilkiH. 78. 121
TiK-k wi>L!h, iirSyiliify riv*:r, 4(1
T(ii.-kw»^bt«, ptHjiJt) living nv»r Paw-
bnttiiM LtirritiiriOM, 4t
Tii)F|i(ihiitii>c^*, Tipnn tlv! Ttip|iahanock
■ It tiur'-ii'i^ livi-r. !i7
T<)wnB of \' irfpiiiii, 7"
'IViliiite [Hiid U> Ciiwlintaii. SI
Tucker, Daniull, iimVu^ ciiiii|ilaiat in
fmiic^ l^■:lUll4t lli« ^paiiiunla wLo
bitti eakjjtuiijil hini, IQ3
V.
Virauia, (frHiid-dAti^hter of ffovvntar
Wlilte, tbii fiivit child ofEnifliiib pa-
reiiU Ixirii iti Aiuiinoj, l&l
Viiyiiiin, llritauniA, itA btUluilit. 2S ;
itti linimils. 23 ; >t« iJivUiimn, *J4 ;
the hiyti l.tml .,r TlritaJiiiiji, '^i* ;
luouiilajiui and rookit, 25 ; li»ui9«(i i<f
Btoiie. 23 ; prixliiotintiii fif thti oima-
Iry, 2(^ ; ennuty l»etwoi;n tlie Mvno-
I'auM und PowliAtaiiH. 27 i Uie low-
Uurl ur Vitv'init), 'i' ; iu divisiuuH,
27 ; South Vir^'uiiji. 2S ; its [iroiluc-
ttuMH, 2d; Nurtii Vii^j'iiiiu, '1'^ ; it«
idimiitA. 'iO : pnHluiainiui. 30; Hnil.
31 : crtnjiK'it.tiri' cr*ni^pmiii|i thfi low
tauib, ii'i ; ciwat uf Simth Vii^iiitg,
IS ; ari^a of Ihe inhnbitoiiti^ 44 ;
defltiripuon nf the people, 08 ; their
QAtunl c<>l>ir, tiii; itrtiftciAl color-
ing. OS ; tliur bitir and form, iH ;
tbtiirattin, tt4 ; drcM uf thu wnnwa.
(iS : tltcir oraAinvtiu httii mode (^
piiiiiliuv; Uivir kkiii«, 04 ; the mode
<>r luiir wMliuii jiniciuiud by the vo-
iii<«i, M ; hoiul dnMMW, R7 ; ear-
rings, 67 ; eoduriuicv «f cold outt
heat, tS ; iliHixwitinFi, M ; Hvc niuda
of takinjf iiHh, 38 ; uianu&ctunw,
6{1 : tbti ((rivernmsnC, 69 ; tnvrtii*, 70 ;
bfj-UMW, 7''; [ruitK, 72 ; fuud, 7'^ 1
Uinte. 7^ ; titrisul Hpiiri by Ihit Wii-
iiicii, 75 : iliHcTMit in>Mlc«> of fiohiiig,
7S i hunting, 7o ; giuiiMt, 77 ; in*n>
uur (4 reuu|>lii>ii by « wuroAuiice,
7S ; muHic, 7^ : |)»etjy ami aont^i i
70 : d»ncii», W ; migW, S2 ; pri«8Ul
and tcuipl<», 82 ; Ki^gritioM, t^4 ;
inonumonU air Uk kiiit^, -Sii : buri-
als, {lO ; priiKviiial tum^u ut I'a-
lauuky, 90 ; |-«%ivuti fiMtivals, VI ;
i»ii>jtinit.ii(iM, y2; Alton luiii u^si^
in^ it.t ; siiiti-wnnthi[t, {>$ ; wtoth-
xv-ying with borba, 93 ; Micriticcii iif
cbildnm, »i ; vmn, luO ; pruptiv- ,
BieH, 101 ; anuE, 105 : ilrunu, 107 J^]
MrataKem in war, 107; Burjery,
I'tS : nHnbuiaw. I'>S ; tnarriu^, tOI^ ;
cdncatinn of the ctiildmn, 110 ; cna-
bmi i>f tfivirjg MV«nvl namcK, 111 ;
ijiiipluy iiieiibi iif Uie wou)«u. Ill J
bii |>iirHtitii>ii Hbiiut tire auiuii^- lUe
wntnen. 1 12 ; uuiiIloA uf [tine »r fir
treu, lllf -, thtir mwiv ul'uoiivvaliiijj
thfiir truafiiirax. Uil; uathii, 113;
their niiide uf ciiJDivntiii{( nuixo,
IIH; fi-uiu, 117; the uiitrwmuk,
IIV; the tiickuwhutuh, 1'2I ; n>ut«
itiHid nioiiiuiiiiilly iinu fur [minting,',
1-il ; t»b<Mmr>. 1:21; nniiiiAlfl, 1:^;
binlN, 1:25; tiittlmr, 12$; laiiivraU,
131 i [wiu-Ib. 133
W,
WuhuriHuniunwh, tlm ]Frupor naineaif
IV'WliAtiLTi, 48
W:^r)ob««e, an Itidiaii brought t*.' Bog-
buid by Ciipl4i. Ania^iftu luid ilorkiw,
144
WurniAoj-sck^. i>e''>plcliriagu{Kiii the
nvor 1'owImUui ur KiogV river, 3a
Ware of tlm liuliiuis. 100
WnyiiKXitb, 0.v|it. (leijr;^, biii vaytigt
ii) llfU^. i'i; iwiit lAit in lti<l^ l>y
Thoo, Aruii'Ull, Wttnlour uf thu
K:vr1 nfHiiiichnin)iTji». 1511 : hifdtNin-
very ^if ttm rivrr i>I ^^aghlMtoboc, 169
J
INDEX,
203
Weinock, a servant in Powhatan's
confidence, 48
Weroance, meaning of the word, 61 ;
niodt; of reception by a, 78
Werowocomoco, seat of Powhatan, 36,
49, 62
Went, Capt. Francis, Powhatan sella
his birthright to him, he builds a
fort called West's Fort, 48
West, Capt. William, killed by the
Indians, 79
White, Capt., sent by Sir W. Raleigh
with a second colony to Koono^,
8, 149 i returns to England for sup-
plies, 151 ; goes to Hoanoak with
supplies, hut not finding the colony,
abandons the search, 152
Wicocomaco, river of, 41
INSTRUCTIONS TO BINDER.
Map, to iace title.
Plate of Autographs, to fece page xxxvi.
The Susquehannah Indian, to &ce p^e 40.
The king sitting among his women, to face page 53.
llie Indian woman, to face page 65.
Tlio dance, to fece page 81.
The tomb of the Weroancea, to face p^e 89.
Kl('llAltll«, llR). SI'. HAUTINH LnNK
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