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V 


HISTORY 


OF 


LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


TO  WHICH  IS  PREFIXED   A  BRIEF   SKETCH  OF  THE 
EARLY  HISTORY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 


COMPILED    FROM    AUTHENTIC    SOURCES. 


BY  1>  DANIEL   RUPP, 

AITTHOR  BER.  MAERTYRKR  GESCHICHTE,  ETC.  ETC. 


LANCASTER,  PENN: 

PUBLISHED    BY    GILBERT    HILLS. 

1S44.- 


[Entered  according  to  act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1842,  in  tlie  Clerk's 
Office  of  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania,  by  Iiilbeht  Hills,  pro- 
priotor  and  puMishcr.] 


/ 


I   ff  •■  *   ■ 


PREFACE. 


In  collecting  the  materials  necessary  for  compiling  a  History 
of  Lancaster  County,  we  sought  access  to  every  possible 
source  of  information,  as  far  as  our  prescribed  time  and  limited 
means  admitted.  Could  we  have  anticipated  half  the  difficul- 
ties we  should  encounter  in  prosecuting  our  researches,  we 
would  certainly  have  relinquibhed  the  undertaking.  Although 
we  had  spent  several  months  in  search  of  materials,  the  col- 
lection was  still  far  from  being  satisfactory  to  our  ourselves, 
hut  owing  to  the  Publisher's  engagements,  we  were  constrained 
to  yield  to  his  wishes  and  commence  the  arrangement  of  such 
materials  as  were  on  hand.  To  add  to  what  was  collected,  we 
read,  in  less  than  one  hundred  days,  upwards  of  ten  thousand 
pages,  opened  correspondence  with  a  number  of  gentlemen, 
in  different  parts  of  the  county,  called  on  scores  of  persons — 
on  some  ten  times — who  had  fairly  promised  to  collect  facts, 
&c. — arranged  the  materials,  re-wrote  half  the  book  twice, 
examined  a  portion  of  the  proof  sheets,  now  and  then  attended 
to  business  abroad,  yet  amidst  all  this  "  bustle  and  hurry,"  we 
aimed  to  trace  facts  to  their  sources  ;  and  these,  it  is  confidently 
believed,  are  authentic. 

Whether  the  best  judgment  has  been  exercised  in  the  selec- 
tion of  the  materials  on  hand,  and  the  happiest  arrangement 
adopted,  is  not  for  us  to  decide.  We  strove  to  make  the  fairest 
use  of  them.  As  to  the  diversity  of  style  appearing  in  this 
book,  we  would  here  "interpose"  the  remark  that,  except  in  a 
few  instances,  the  very  words  of  authors  quoted,  and  of 
contributors,  were  preserved.  In  general  the  usual  marks 
of  credit  are  given. 


Owing  to  our  repeated  absence,  the  book  has  not  appeared 
in  that  "due  proportion"  desirable  in  all  its  parts.  Could  we 
have  always  been  at  hand  to  shape  the  copy  as  it  was  called 
for,  wc  believe  the  book  would  have  appeared  in  a  somewhat 
improved  form,  and  some  slight  errors,  in  dates,  have  been 
detected,  in  time  to  correct  them.* 

We  Vv-ould,  therefore,  in  view  of  all  this,  claim  the  indul- 
gence of  the  reader  for  any  imperfection  he  may  notice. — ■ 
That  we  have  been  sometimes  too  rapid  in  recital,  and  again 
too  prolix  in  detail,  we  knov/.  This,  however,  we  could  not 
avoid  in  order  to  connect  detailed  facts  and  events,  as  we  had 
not  all  the  materials  before  us  when  we  comm.enccd  the  com- 
pilation, consequently  could  not  know  when  to  be  concise, 
and  when  to  enlarge.  Situated  as  we  were,  "to  strike  a  new, 
dark  and  devious  path,  without  a  guide  to  follow,"  was  the 
only  course  left  us.  With  these  facts  before  him,  the  good  na- 
tured  critic,  it  is  believed,  will  excuse  the  Compiler. 

The  acknowledgments  of  the  compiler  are  due,  for  facts  fur- 
,iished,  to  the  following  gentlemen:  Hon.  Charles  M'Clure, 
Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth  ;  H.  K.  Strong,  State  Libra- 
rian ;  Col.  R.  M.  Crain,  of  the  Land  Otiice  ;  G.  W.  Harris,  of 
Harrisburg ;  Messrs.  John  Thome,  T.  H.  Burrowes,  H.  A.  Car- 
penter, E.  C.  Rcigart,  R.  Conyngham,  Joseph  Konigmacher, 
A.  Dubree,  Gardner  Furness,  H.  F.  Slaymaker,  John  Slayma- 
ker,  George  Dificnbach,  Samuel  Bowman,  Abraham  Mylin, 
Christian  Herr,  Henry  Flickinger,  John  Strohm  and  others. 

We  arc  particularly  indebted  to  Mr.  John  Beck  and  George 
Ford,  Esq.  for  the  free  use  of  their  MSS.  Prof  S.  S.  Halde- 
man,  furnished  chapter  XIII ;  J.J.  Libhart,  of  Marietta,  the  list 
of  birds,  and  the  drawings  by  a  self-taught  artist,  Mr.  C.  S.  Gctz, 
proprietor  of  the  Lancaster  Museum. 

Lancaster,  Dec.   1843. 

•OoiiiiECTioNS.— P.  122,  4th  line  of  the  note,  read  1712— p.  257,  4th 
line  from  lioltom,  reail,  as  early  as  1G31 — p.  2C4,  4tli  line  h-om  tlic  top,  read, 
Lowe— p.  2yC,  12lh  line,  read,  in  1785— p.  308,  9th  lii)e,rcad  1742— p.  310, 
1st  line,  read  1744 — p.  3)G,  read,  Charles — p.  323,  5th  line,  read  sciences — 
p.  442,  13ih  line,  read,  one  hunflred  and  sixteen. 


CONTENTS. 


Introductory  part :  from  ihe  earliest  settlements  made  in  Penn- 
sylvania, to  the  first  settlements  made  loithin  the  present  limits 
of  Lancaster  county. 

CHAPTER  I. 

Uolinizfition,  remarks  on,  p.  13  ;  Purchases  made  from  the  Indians,  14  ; 
In  New  England,  15;  By  Calvert,  15;  By  Koger  Williams.  15  ;  By  tht 
Swedes,  15;  By  ('arteret,  16;  Penn  follows  their  example,  16;  Early  set- 
tlement of  Delaware  bay  and  river,  17  ;  Swedes  supplanted  l;y  the  Dutch, 
18;  Dutch  triumph  short,  18;  Delaware  taken  possession  of  by  the  Eng- 
lish, 18  ;  Pcnn  purchases  New  Castle,  18. 

CHAPTER  II. 

William  Penn  born,  p.  19;  How  he  was  made  acquainted  v.ith  America, 
20;  Instrumental  in  settling  West  New  Jersey,  20;  Obtains  a  charter  for 
Pennsylvania,  21;  First  purchasers  embark  for  America,  22;  P.Iarkham's 
instruction,  22  ;  He  holds  a  treaty  with  the  Indians,  22 ;  Penn  arrives  in 
America,  23;  Convenes  an  Assembly  at  Upland,  23;  Interview  with  Lord 
Baltimore,  23  ;  Religious  visits,  23 ;  Visits  New  Jersey,  the  Duke  of  York, 
his  friends  on  Long  Island :  returns  to  Philadelphia,  holds  his  grand  treaty 
with  the  Indians,  24-26;  iMoie  arrivals  from  Europe,  26;  Emigrants  pro- 
vide shelters,  27;  Form  plantations,  27;  Philadelphia  laid  out,  28;  Cjun- 
ties  organized,  28 ;  Second  Assembly  convoked,  28 ;  Penn  obliged  to  retura 
to  Europe,  29. 

CHAPTER    HI. 

Brief  sketch  of  the  History  of  Pennsylvania  from  16S4  to  1699,  p.  30- 
37;  Provincial  executives  from  1684  to  1G09,  31;  Boundaries  of  Chester 
county  determined,  34 ;  Increase  of  i>opulution,  34 ;   First  mills  iu  Chester 

1' 


county,  34 ;  Penn's  effort  to  improve  the  condition  of  the  natives,  35 ; 
Efforts  to  christianize  the  Indians,  35 ;  Penn's  new  treaty  with  the  Susque- 
hanna, iShawancse  and  Ganawcse,  &c,  natives,  36;  A  new  form  of  Govern- 
ment framed,  37 ;  Penn  appoints  Andrew  Hamilton  deputy  governor :  sails 
for  England,  37. 

CHAPTER   IV. 

Prince  William  dies,  p.  38  ;  Anne  ascends  the  tin-one,  38 ;  Penn  in  favor 
with  her,  38  ;  State  of  affairs  in  the  province,  39 ;  Disquiet  among  the  Indi- 
ans, 39 ;  Messenger  sent  to  the  Conestogo  Indians  :  Secretary  of  the  council 
and  shcrilf  of  Chester  and  New  Castle  are  sent  to  thcin,  40;  Thomas 
Chaliiiey  preaches  at  Conestogo,  41 ;  Governor  visits  the  ('onestogo  Indi- 
ans, 44  ;  Indian  eloquence,  44;  Gov.  Evans'  strange  character,  and  second 
journey  to  Susquehanna,  45 ;  Governor's  journal  of  his  interview  with  the 
Indians,  40;  Nicole  apprehended  at  Paxtan,  conveyed  to  Philadelphia  and 
imprisoned,  51. 

CHAPTER  V. 

Cause  of  disquietude  among  the  Indians,  p.  53;  Indians  at  Conestogo 
send  a  messenger  to  the  council,  53  ;  Mitchell  and  other  Europeans  intrude 
Upon  the  Indians,  54 ;  Governor  Evans'  explanation  of  Mitchell's  course, 
66;  Critical  juncture,  55;  Evans  rc-called,  56  ;  Gooliiii  appointed  governor, 
56;  Penn's  embarrassment,  56;  Quitrcnts,  56;  Emigration  impeded,  57. 
Gookin  sends  a  message  to  the  Indians  at  Conestogo,  57  ;  Swedish  mission- 
ary at  Conestogo,  59;  His  sermon  and  Indian  chief's  answer,  59-60; 
French  and  Worley  on  a  message  to  Conestogo. 


SECOND    PART. 

From  the  earliest  settlements  made  within  the  present  limits  of  the 
county  to  its  organization  in  the  year  1729. 

CHAPTER  r. 

Preliminary  remarks,  p.  G7;  Unsettled  state  of  aftliirs  in  Europe,  C8 ; 
Consequent  emigration  of  Swiss,  Germans,  French  and  others,  into  America, 
70;  Into  Pennsylvania,  72;  Swiss  Mennonites  settle  in  Pequea  Valley,  74; 
Purchase  ten  thousand  acres  of  land,  76;  Make  improvements,  78,  Others 
purchase  buds,  V'.) ;  T!ic  Mennonites  call  a  mectin;;  to  send  a  person  to 
Europe  Ibrlhc  residue  of  their  families,  80;  Kendig  goes  and  returns  wiih  a 


number  of  families,  81;    Settlements  augmenteJ,  82;   Governor  Gookiii'fl 
journey  to  Conestogo,  86, 

CHAPTER  II. 

Ferree  family  make  preparations  to  emigrate  to  America,  90;  Procure 
certifiicates  of  civil  and  religious  standing,  92 ;  By  way  of  HollatKl  and 
England  come  to  New  York,  96 ;  Ac:iuire  the  righto  of  citizenship,  96; 
Settle  in  I^ancaster  county,  101 ;  Several  documents  of  interest,  103  ;  Tra- 
dition of  the  ancestors  of  the  Ferrees,  by  Joel  Lightner,  Esq.,  1C8 ;  Tusca- 
rora  Indians  winter  with  the  Five  Nations,  113. 

CHAPTER  III. 

Augmentation  of  settlements,  p.  115  ;  Germans  and  English  settle  around 
the  Swiss  or  Palatines,  117;  Settlements  in  diflcrent  parts  of  the  county,  120; 
Names  of  persons  naturalized,  123;  Notice  of  Slaymakers,  127;  Concstoga 
Manor  surveyed,  129;  Names  of  first  purchasers,  131;  Grafichal  settled, 
133 ;  Lancaster  and  vicinity  settled,  135 ;  Squatters  on  the  west  side  of  Sus- 
quehanna, 136  ;  Indians  at  Conestoga  address  a  letter  to  Logan,  136  ;  Col. 
French  goes  to  Conestoga:  holds  a  treaty  with  the  Indians,  137;  Logan 
meets  them  on  the  Susquehanna,  141 ;  Samuel  Robins  sent  to  Virginia,  153. 

CHAPTER    IV. 

Governor  Keith  visits  the  governor  of  Virginia,  p.  154;  Holds  a  council 
with  the  Indians  at  Conestogo  155  ;  Indians  complain  of  the  use  of  rum,  &c. 
158;  Their  trade  in  pelts  impaired,  160  ;  Secretary  Logan  holds  a  discourse 
with  Ghesaont,  169;  Ghesaont's  reply,  &c.  170;  Disturbances  created  by 
intruders  under  pretence  of  finding  copper  mines,  &c.  175 ;  Governor  Keith 
has  a  survey  made  on  the  west  side  of  Susquehanna.  176;  Indians  alarmed 
by  Maryland  intruders,  176 ;  Logan,  French  and  sheriff  of  the  county  hold 
a  council  at  Conestogo,  177;  Keith  determines  to  resist  attempted  encroach- 
ments by  the  IMary lander.^,  178  ;  A  council  is  held  at  Conestogo,  179; 
Springetsbury  manor  surveyed,  182;  Council  held  at  Conoytown,  182; 
Settlement  of  Germans  at  Swatara  and  Tulpehocken,  182. 

CHAPTER  V. 

Donegal  township  organized,  p.  135;  First  settlers,  185;  Harris  attempted 
to  settle  at  Conoy,  185;  Settles  at  Paxton,  186;  ScUleiaent  commenced  by 
Barber,  Wright  and  Blunston,  187;  Settlements  back  from  the  river,  189; 
Reamstown  settlement,  190;  Welsh  settlement,  191;  Weber's  Thai  settle- 
ment, 193  ;  Settlement  at  Saeue  Schwamm,  or  New  Holland,  193 ;  Germans 
misreprascnted,  194 ;  Committee  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  facts:  makes 


8 

report,  196;  Thomas  Wright  killed  by  the  Indians,  197;  InhaLitants  of  the 
upper  part  of  Chester  county  alarmed,  198;  (Jovernor  Gordon  goes  to  Con- 
estogo  and  holds  a  treaty  with  the  Indians,  199;  Returns  to  Philadelphia : 
Note  :  Iron  works,  206 ;  David  Dieffenderfer,  brief  notice  of,  207. 

CHAPTER   YI. 

Ephrata,  p.  211 ;  Origin  of  German  Baptists  in  Europe,  and  their  emi- 
gration to  America,  212;  Sieben  Taeger  Association  formed  at  Ephrata  by 
Conrad  Beisscl,  215;  Change  of  life  among  them,  216;  They  built  Ivedar 
andZion,  217;  iMngular  architecture  of  buildings,  218;  Fractur:  Schriflcn 
by  the  Sister,?,  219  ;  Specimens  of  original  poetry,  220;  Eckerlein  and  the 
bell,  222;  Its  destination,  223 ;  Sabbath  school  established,  224;  Miller 
succeeds  Bcissel,  225;  Juliana  Pcnn's  letter,  229;  Poetry  dedicated  to 
Miller,  230;  Present  state  of  Ephrata,  232;  List  of  names  of  the  first 
inhabitants  of  Ephrata,  232 ;  Names  of  some  of  the  early  settler*  in  Lancas- 
ter county,  233. 


THIRD  PART. 

From  the  organization  of  Lancaster  county,  one  th»usand  seven 
liundred  and  twenty-nine. 

CHAPTER    L 

Erection  and  or.'janization  of  the  county,  p.  235 ;  Boundaries  of,  239 ; 
feat  of  Justice,  242  ;  James  Annesly,  243  ;  Boundaries  of  townships,  244  ; 
First  court  held  at  Posticwhaitcs,  250 ;  Extracts  of  court  records,  250 . 
Morris  Cannady  indicted,  250 ;  Found  guilty  and  sold,  252 ;  Constables, 
overseers  and  supervisors  appointed,  252 ;  Applicants  to  be  Indian  traders, 
253;  Petitions  for  license  tj  sell  ru:n,  254 ;  First  court  held  at  Lancaster, 
255;  Conrad  Wcisc/,  notice  of.  256  ;  Notes,  &c.  260. 

CHAPTER  II. 

Road  from  Lancaster  to  Philadeljiliia  ordered  to  be  laid  out,  &c.  p.  262; 
Election  oxciUimrnt,  or  violent  cor.tcst.  2C1;  Border  frays,  265  ;  Townships 
orectc<!,  260;  Pennsborough  and  Hopewell,  west  of  the  Suscjut  hanna,  266  ; 
Hanover,  267;  Little  Britain,  367;  James  Ewing  born,  567;  Contest 
between  the  Murylanders  and  iidiabitants  of  Lancaster,  268  ;  Cres^ap  and 
bis  ae.-ociates  attempt  to  displace  the  Ciermans,  269  ;  Is  ap]>if liciided  and 
i|)j prisoned,  269;  Gpvernor  Ogle  sends  messengers  to  Philadelphia,  269; 


German  settlers  seized  and  carried  to  Baltimore,  269 ;  The  council  sends 
an  embassy  to  Governor  Ogle,  270  ;  Marylanders  break  into  Lancaster  jail, 
270;  Germans  naturalized,  271  ;  Notes  of  variety,  272. 

CHAPTER   III. 

Governor  Thomas  appointed,  p.  274 ;  The  county  divided  into  eight 
districts,  274 ;  Several  new  townships  formed,  275 ;  John  Wright's  charge 
to  the  grand  jury,  276 ;  Brief  memoir  cf  W  right,  281 ;  Serjeant  attempts 
to  instruct  the  Indians,  232  ;  Ornish  apply  to  the  Assembly  for  an  act  of  na- 
turalization, 282 ;  Count  Zinzendorf  in  Lancaster,  283 ;  Visits  Wyominj, 
284  ;  Indians  conclude  to  massacre  him,  284  ;  Singular  incident  dissuades 
them,  285;  Attempts  made  to  prejudice  the  Assembly  against  the  Germans, 
286;  Martin  Meylin's  house  built,  286;  Church  council  convoked,  287; 
Irish  behavoir  or  conduct  at  an  election,  288  ;  Disputes  between  Irish  and 
Germans,  288  ;  Murhancelliu  murders  Armstrong  and  his  two  servants,  289; 
Murhancellin  arrested  and  imprisoned,  289  ;  Indian  treaty  held  in  Lancaa-. 
ter,  289  ;  Indians  peel  Musser's  walnut  trees,  290  ;  Lutheran  excitement  in 
Lancaster,  291 ;  Lindlcy  Murray  born,  291  ;  Notes  of  variety,  292. 

CHAPTER   IV. 

York  county  organized,  p.  293 ;  Election  frauds,  294 ;  Sabbath  school 
commenced  at  Ephrata,  294;  David  Ramsay  born:  memoir  of,  295 ;  Bart 
township  organized,  297;  House  of  employment  provided,  298;  General 
Clark,  299  ;  Abundant  crops,  299  ;  Distilleries  erected,  299  ;  Partial  famine, 
300;  Indian  alarms  and  horrid  atrocities,  300 ;  French  neutrals  imported, 
301  ;  Their  condition  unenviable,  302;  An  Act  to  disperse  them,  2C8 ; 
Cooper,  Webb  and  Le  Fevre  appointed  to  execute  the  several  provisions  of 
the  act,  303 ;  Another  Act  passed  relative  to  the  French  neutrals,  304 ; 
Notes  of  variety,  306. 

CHAPTER  V. 

Moravian  community  at  Liliz,  p.  308  ;  Zinzendorf  in  Lancaster,  309 ;  Ap. 
plicaticn  to  the  conference  at  Bethlehem,  310 ;  Commencement  of  Litiz, 
311  ;  Parsonage  built,  311 ;  School-house  removed  ;  Rev.  B.  A.  Grube,  312; 
Present  condition  or  state  of  Litiz :  Improvements :  Church  and  consecra- 
tion of  it,  &c.  313  ;  List  of  the  names  of  pastors,  315;  Schools  and  names 
of  teachers,  317;  Brother  and  sister  houses,  320;  The  grave  yard,  324; 
The  spring,  328 ;  Population,  mechanics,  &c.  329. 

CHAPTER  VL 

Hostilities  between  the  English  and  the  French  in  America,  p.  332 ;  Dela- 
ware and  Shawanese  Indians  commit  murders,  333 ;  General  Braddocks's 


10 

arrival,  333;  Braddock's  defeat,  334;  Dismay  caused  among  the  frontier 
settlers,  334 ;  Paxtoii  and  Tulpehockcn  refugees  at  Ephrata,  335  ;  Murders 
committed  by  the  Indians,  335;  Block-house  erected  at  Lancaster,  336;  In- 
habitants of  Lancaster  county  petition  the  Assembly  for  a  militia  law,  337  ; 
Scalping  parties,  338 ;  War  suspended  against  the  Indians,  338;  Prepera, 
tions  made  to  repel  Indian  incursions,  339  ;  Conrad  Weiser  commands  nine 
companies,  339  ;  French  hostilities  continued,  340 ;  Murders  committed  by 
the  Indians  in  1757,  339  ;  Indian  treaties,  at  Lancaster  and  at  Easton,  340  ; 
Minutes  extract  from,  of  Indian  treaty,  at  Lancaster.  340  ;  King  Beaver's 
speech,  342;  Treaty  held  at  Easton:  fifteen  tribes  of  Indians  represented; 
Murders  by  Indians  in  Tulpehockcn,  313;  Murders  committed  by  the  In- 
dians in  1758,  344;  Cumberland  over-iun  by  savages,  344  ;  Inhabitants  fled 
to  Lancaster,  &c.,  345;  Barracks  erected  at  Lancaster,  346 ;  Work-house 
erected  at  Lancaster,  346 ;  The  Irish  sell  to  the  Germans,  and  scat  them- 
selves at  Chestnut  Glade,  347;  Baron  Sticgcl  lays  out  Manhcim,  347  ;  No- 
tice of  the  Baron,  348;  Notes  of  variety  ;  Emanuel  Carpenter,  394, 

CHAPTER  VIL 

Tendency  of  war,  p.  350  ;  Hostilities  continued,  351 ;  Lancaster  county 
exposed  to  Indian  incursions,  352;  Treachery  of  the  Concstoga  Indians, 
352;  Paxton  and  Donegal  Rangers  watch  the  Indians  closely,  359.;  Indian 
villagers  massacred,  356 ;  Those  abroad  taken  under  protection  by  the  mag- 
istrates of  Lancaster,  356  ;  Governor  Penn's  proclamation,  357 ;  The  Pax- 
ton  boys  at  Lancaster :  massacre  the  Indians,  358  ;  Governor  Penn  issues 
another  proclamation,  360  ;  The  Paxton  boys  grow  desperate,  and  "  shovT 
up  some  Indian,"  362;  Resort  to  Philadelphia,  363;  Their  non-commenda- 
ble conduct  (here,  363;  They  return  peaceably  to  their  homes,  leaving  two 
of  their  number  to  present  tlicir  grievances  to  the  Assembly,  305;  Robert 
Fulton,  366;  B.  S.  Barton,  367  ;  Notes  of  variety. 

CHAPTER  Vin. 

Hail  storm,  p.  369 ;  Proceedings,  &c.  by  the  citizens  of  Lancaster  countj 
touching  the  usurjiation  of  Parliament,  in  (Jrcat  Britain,  371  ;  Letter  from 
the  committee  of  correspondence  at  Philaddjihia,  372  ;  Mciting  ;it  the  court 
house  in  Lancaster,  373  ;  Copy  of  a  circular  letter  Irom  Philadelphia,  376  ; 
Meeting  called  at  ]>ancaster,  378;  Subscriptions  opened  for  the  relief  of  the 
suffering  Bostonians.  380;  Letters  from  Philadelphia,  382  ;  Meeting  called, 
to  be  held  at  Lancaster,  383  ;  Committee  appointed,  384  ;  Meeting  held, 
385  ;  Letter  from  Reading,  387  ;  Meeting  of  the  committee  of  inspection, 
&c.,  388;  (Joinmittee  men  from  different  townships  meet  at  Lancaster,  395; 
Their  proceedings,  &c.   &c.  395. 


n 

CHAPTER  IX. 

Course  of  the  mother  country  objectioniil)le,  p.  404;  Military  conventioii 
at  Lancaster,  405  ;  Uaniel  Rolierdeun  and  James  Evving  elected  Brigadier 
Generals,  407 ;  Resolutions  passed  and  adopted,  407 ;  Committee  of  safety : 
convention  to  form  the  first  State  Constitution,  408;  Pennsylvania  and  Lan- 
caster county  active,  409;  Numerous  incidents,  &c.  in  I, ancaster  county 
during  the  Revolution,  410  ;  General  Wayne's  head  quarters  and  correspon- 
dence with  his  Excellency,  Thomas  Wharton,  President  of  the  Executive 
Council  of  Pennsylvania,  411 ;  ('ongress  repairs  from  Philadelphia  to  Lan- 
caster, thence  to  York,  420;  Military  meeting  at  Manheiin,  421  ;  Surviving 
Revolutionary  soldiers:  Philip  Meek,  323;  John  Ganter,  424 ;  George 
Leonard,  Peter  Mauerer,  Peter  Shindle,  Jacob  Hoover,  425;  Notes,  426. 

CHAPTER  X. 

Lancaster  county  after  the  Revolution,  427 ;  Germans  and  those  of  Ger- 
man extraction:  views  on  education,  427;  Franklin  college  established,  428; 
First  board  of  Trustees,  428  ;  Reichenbach :  New  Jerusalem  Ctiurch  ;  the 
twelve  articles  received  by  that  church,  429 ;  Lnproveraents  great  in  the 
county,  433;  Columbia  laid  out,  433  ;  Lancaster  city,  seat  ot  government 
434 ;  Late  war :  means  of  Lancaster  county,  434  ;  Notes  of  variety,  435. 

CHAPTER  XL 

EncCATios' : — Preliminary  remarks:  Importance  of  general  education,  p_ 
436;  Views  of  colonists,  437;  Mennonites' views  of  education,  438  ;  Scotch 
and  Irish  settlers,  made  at  first  little  preparation,  &c  till  1798,  439  ;  First 
flchaols  in  the  town  of  Lancaster,  440  ;  Lutheran  and  German  Reformed 
churches  have  schools  under  their  auspices,  440 ;  Rev.  M.  Schlatter,  indefat- 
igable in  his  efforts  to  establish  schools,  443 ;  Extract  from  Coetuale  pro- 
ceedings of  1760,  442;  Trustees  and  managers  of  public  schools,  443; 
Germans  patriotic,  modest  and  unassuming,  &c.  443  ;  Ludwig  Hacker  es- 
tablishes a  Sabbath  school  at  E'phrata,  444 ;  German  classical  school  at 
Ephrata,  445  ;  Academy  at  Ephrat.i,  445 ;  Academy  at  Litiz,  &c.  445,  446 ; 
^5elect  Academy  at  Lancaster,  446 ;  Franklin  college,  &c.  447  ;  Private 
schools  and  Academics  in  various  parts  of  the  county,  448  ;  An  act  for  the 
education  of  children  in  the  borough  of  Lancaster,  448  ;  The  Mechanics' 
Society,  450  ;  Classical  Academy  :  Lancaster  County  Academy  :  Classical 
Academies  in  the  county,  451,  453  ;  Seminaries:  Common  Schools  :  Sab- 
bath Schools  Lyceums,  &c.  453. 

CHAPTER  XIL 

Religious  De:tominatio\s. — Early  missionaries  among  the  Conestoga 
and  other  iHdians.  p.  455  ;    The  Mennonites,  356  ;   The  Friends  and  Qua- 


12 

kers,  457;  The  Ornish  or  Amish,  457;  The  Episcopalians,  457 ;  The  Pres- 
byterians,  457 ;  The  German  Baptists,  458 ;  The  German  Seventh  Day 
Baptists,  458 ;  The  Lutherans,  453  ;  The  German  Reformed,  459  ;  Tire 
United  Brethren  or  Moravians,  461;  The  Roman  CathoHcs,  461;  The 
Methodist  Episcopal,  461 ;  The  New  Jerusalem  Church,  462  ;  The  Evan- 
gelical Association,  462;  Tiie  Reformed  Mennonites,  462  ;  The  Universal- 
ists;  TheSeceders;  The  United  Brethren;  The  Church  of  God;  The 
Calvanistic  Baptists,  463;  The  Mormons,  « Millerites"  and  African 
Churches,  464. 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

Geology  of  Lancaster  County,  p.  465  ;  Natural  History,  467 ;  Mamma- 
lia, 470  ;  Reptilia,  471 ;  Ojihidia,  471  ;  Sauria,  472  ;  Amphibia,  472 ;  Pis- 
ces, 472  ;  Coieoptera,  474  ;  Orthoptcra,  Hemiptera,  Neuroptera,  Hymenop- 
tcra,  Lepidoptera,  Diptera,  478  ;  Mollusca,  479  ;  Helicidae,  481 ;  Unionidae, 
483. 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

Catalogue  of  the  Filicoid  and  Flowering  Plants  of  lisncaster  county,  483. 
List  of  Birds,  by  Libhart,  508. 

ArPEXDii. — A.  The  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  boundary  hne.  B. 
James  Le  Tort.    C.  The  Huguenots, 


HISTORY  OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


INTRODUCTORY  PART: 

VROM    THE    EARLIEST    SETTLEMENTS    IN    PENNSYLVANlJli, 

TO    THE    FIRST    SETTLEMENTS    MADE   WITHIN  THIS 

PRESENT  LIMITS  OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


CHAPTER  I. 

Colonization,  remarks  on — Purchases  made  from  the  Aborigines — In  New 
England — By  Calvert — By  Roger  Williams — By  the  Swedes— By  Car- 
teret— Penn  follows  their  example — Early  settlements  on  Delaware  baj 
and  river — Swedes  supplanted  by  the  Dutch — Dutch  triumph  short — 
Delaware  taken  possession  of  by  the  English — Penn  purchases  New 
Castle. 

From  History  it  is  evident  that  the  formation  of  Colo- 
nies, which  is  among  the  oldest  occurrences  recorded,  or 
handed  down  by  tradition,  was  owing  to  various  causes, 
and  different  circumstances.  Perhaps  the  avaricious 
desire  of  man  as  an  individual  to  increase  his  possessions, 
and  collectively  as  a  nation  to  enlarge  his  domains,  by 
extending  the  boundaries  of  empire,  and  to  secure  a 
country  acquired  by  the  right  of  discovery,  taken  by 
conquest,  or  otherwise  obtained,  is  a  leading,  among 
many  causes,  of  colonization. 

Colonies  have  been  the  consequences  from  emigration, 
and  which  was  either  owing  to  a  great  increase  of  popu- 
lation at  home,  in  a  limited  territory;  or,  produced  by 
civil,  as  well  as  religious   oppression.     Phoenecia  and 

3 


14  HISTORY   oy 

Greece,  maratime  states,  possessing  as  they  did,  a  limited 
temtory,  would  naturally  have  to  resort  to  emigration. — 
Commercial  enterprize  led  as  much  to  colonization  as  a'ny 
one  single  cause. 

Many  of  the  Colonies  of  North  America  were  the 
consequences  of  emigration,  either  voluntary,  or  produced 
by  religious  persecution,  in  the  Fatherland,  where  many 
an  aching  heart  yearned  after  a  place  of  peace  and 
repose,  where  in  obedience  to  the  dictates  of  a  quickened 
conscience,  strains  of  worship,  praises  of  the  Almighty, 
might  be  poured  forth  unmolestedly. 

The  Colonies  established  by  the  Carthagenians,  were 
made  through  conquest  and  for  the  purpose  of  keeping 
the  country  in  subjection.  The  policy  of  the  Romans 
was,  in  the  earliest  ages  of  the  republic,  of  sending  out 
colonies  to  the  conquered  nations,  to  enforce  the  authority 
of  the  mother  country  upon  the  vanquished  people. — 
Their  colonies,  in  this  respect,  differed  essentially  from 
many  others;  and  have  very  appropriately  been  called 

Die  Rocmische  Besaizungen,  the  outposts  of  Rome. 

The  Venetian  system  of  colonies  in  Candia  and  Cyprus, 
resembled  that  of  Rome.  The  limits  of  this  chapter  will 
not  permit  enlargement. 

A  principle  had  obtained  in  Europe,  that  a  new  dis- 
covered country  belonged  to  the  nation,  whose  people 
first  discovered  it.  Eugene  IV.  and  Alexander  VI.  suc- 
cessively granted  to  Portugal  and  Spain  all  the  countries 
possessed  by  infidels,  which  should  be  occupied  by  the 
industry  of  their  subjects,  and  subdued  by  the  force  of 
their  arms.  The  colonies,  established  in  North  America, 
were  founded  upon  more  equitable  principles.  In  almost 
every  instance,  possession  of  the  country  was  taken  with 
the  least  possible  injury  to  the  aborigines.  Lands  were 
purcJiased  from  the  natives.     It  liad  been,  according  to 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  IS 

Bellmap,  a  common  thing  in  New  England  to  make  fair 
and  regular  purchases  from  the  Indians;  many  of  their 
deeds  are  still  presei-ved  in  the  public  records.  Nume- 
rous instances,  showing  that  the  purchases  were  mada 
from  the  Indians,  might  be  quoted;  a  few  must  suffice. 

The  noble  hearted,  who  were  not  allured  by  the  love 
of  conquest,  and  the  power  of  wealth,  in  their  efforts  to 
colonize,  piuchased  the  right  of  possession  from  the  sons 
of  the  forest.  Calvert,  a  Roman  Catholic,  when  he 
planted  his  colony,  1634,  in  the  province  of  Maryland, 
commenced  Avith  an  act  of  justice,  of  which  the  natives 
of  that  State  may  well  be  proud;  he  purchased  of  the 
savage  proprietors,  a  right  to  the  soil,  before  he  took  pos- 
session ;  for  a  compensation  with  which  the  Indians  were 
satisfied.* 

Roger  Williams,  a  baptist,  on  his  expulsion  from  Mas- 
sachusetts, in  1636,  went  to  Seconk,  where  he  procured 
a  grant  of  land  from  Osamaquin,  the  chief  Sachem  of 
Pokanot.  He  honestly  purchased  their  land,  and  a  suf- 
ficiency of  it,  for  his  little  colony;  he  was  uniformly 
their  friend,  and  neglected  no  opportunity  of  ameliorat- 
ing their  condition,  and  elevating  their  character.t  The 
Swedes,  landing  at  Inlopen,  1637  or  1638,  on  the  west- 
ern shore  of  the  Delaware  Bay,  proceeded  up  the  river, 
opened  communications  with  the  Indians;  and  purchased 
from  them  the   soil  upon  the  western  shore,  from  the 

*Haw's  Contribution,  T.  23.         fHolmfis' Annals,  I.  2.S3. 

Note. — In  Roger  Williams'  Life,  published  by  J.  Knowles, 
in  1834,  it  is  stated  that  Aquedueck  Island,  now  Rhode  Island, 
"  was  ceded  or  sold  to  him  for  forty  fathoms  of  white  beads, 
then  the  currency  of  the  country,  by  the  realm  owner 
Canonicus,  King  of  the  Naragansets,  because  he  was  a  good 
man  and  a  friend  of  the  Indians,  having  settled  among  them  in 
1634,  at  Mochasuck,  now  Providence— MSS.  14. 


16  HISTORY   OF 

capes  to  the  falls  at  Sankikans,  opposite  to  the  present 
city  of  Trenton.  "They  maintained  a  harmonious  in- 
tercourse Avith  the  natives,  acknowledging  the  right  of 
soil  to  he  in  the  aborignes.  They  not  only  scrupulously 
refrained  from  injuring  them,  but  cultivated  their  friend- 
ship by  acts  of  justice,  and  kindness  in  supplying  their 
necessities:"  they  aimed  in  the  spirit  of  the  gospel,  by 
friendly  means,  to  civilize  and  win  them  over  to  the 
christian  faith. 

Philip  Carteret,  appointed  in  1665,  as  Governor  of 
New  Jersey,  "purchased  from  the  Indians  their  titles  to 
all  the  lands  which  were  occupied.  This  proceeding 
was  afterwards  approved  by  the  proprietaries,  who  then 
established  tlic  rule,  that  all  lands  should  be  purchased 
from  the  Indians,  by  the  Governor  and  Council,  who 
were  to  be  re-imbursed  by  the  settlers,  in  proportion  to 
their  respective  possessions."* 

William  Penn,  the  'sole  lord'  of  the  province  of  Penn- 
sylvania, followed  the  examples  of  justice  and  modera- 
tion, set  him  by  former  Europeans,  in  their  magnanimous 
conduct  towards  the  aborigines  of  America.  Having 
thus  united  his  example  with  theirs,  for  the  imitation  of 
all  succeeding  adventurers  and  settlers  of  colonies,  he  de- 
serves equal  praise  with  those  who  set  the  example,  and 
those  who  folio w.t 

♦Frost's  U.  S.  130. 

t "  We  find  that  Penn  had  sent  a  letter,  previous  to  his  arrival, 
by  the  first  colony  for  Pennsylvania,  to  the  Indians,  informing 
them  that  the  (treat  (iod  l)ad  been  pleased  to  make  him  con- 
cerned in  their  part  of  the  world,  and  that  the  king  of  the 
country,  where  he  lived,  had  given  him  a  province  therein ; 
but  tliat  he  had  no  desire  to  enjoy  it  without  their  consent;  that 
he  was  a  man  of  peace,  and  that  the  people  whom  he  had  sent 
■wrere  of  tlie  same  disposition;  but  if  any  differoncc  should 
happen  between  them,  it  might  be  adjusted  by  an  equal  num- 


LANCASTER     COTTNTT.  17 

Among  historical  writers  there  is  a  diversity  of  opinion 
as  to  the  time  when  the  first  permanent  settlement  was 
made  in  Delaware.  Darby,  in  his  View  of  the  United 
States,  says,  that  a  Swedish  colony,  under  the  auspices  of 
Gustavus  Adolphus,  reached  Delaware,  1628.  Accord- 
ing to  Gordon's  History,  Darby's  assertion  appears  to  be 
erroneous.  The  fact,  however,  that  Delaware  bay  and 
river  were  explored  as  early  as  1623,  by  Captain  May,  is 
well  established.  He  sailed  up  the  river  as  far  as  Glou- 
cester point,  in  New  Jersey,  a  few  miles  below  the  city 
of  Camden,  where  he  built  a  fort  called  Nassau.  Accord- 
ing to  Gordon,  the  Swedes  visited  Cape  Henlopen,  which, 
on  account  of  its  verdure  and  fertility,  they  named  Para- 
dise Point,  and  began  a  settlement  on  the  Delaware  bay 
and  river;  having,  however,  previous  to  makmg  their 
settlements,  bought  land  of  the  measurably  civilized  na- 
tives.* "  Their  fii'st  settlement  was  near  Wilmington,  at 
the  mouth  of  Christina  creek,  and  they  afterwards  built 
forts  at  Lewistown  and  Tinicum  isle :  which  last  was  the 
seat  of  government  of  their  colony  of  New  Sweden. — 
Here  John  Printz,  their  governor,  built  himself  a  spacious 
mansion,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  Printz's  hallP 
According  to  Watson,  the  Swedes   settled  many  other 

ber  of  men,  chosen  on  both  sides.  With  this  he  appointed 
commissioners  to  treat  with  the  Indians,  about  purchasing  land, 
and  promised  them,  that  he  would  shortly  come  and  converse 
with  them  in  person."     Belknap,  II.  40. 

*The  Indians  at  the  Swedish  settlement  were  very  industrious 
and  civilized.  They  sold  the  use  of  the  land  very  cheap :  400 
acres  of  land  for  a  yard  of  baize  or  a  bottle  of  brandy.  They 
had  large  fields  of  maize,  beans,  gourds,  pumpkins,  melons, 
&:c.,  with  orchards  of  plum  and  peaches.  Holm  confirms  this, 
and  even  says  that  the  squaws  spun  and  wove  cloth  of  yarn, 
out  of  nettles,  and  wild  hemp,  which  Kalm  called  Apocynum 
cannabinum.    MSS.  Remarks  on  the  early  His.  Pa.  p.  13. 

3* 


\^  niSTORY    OP 

places  within  the  present  hmits  of  Delaware  and  Penn- 
sylvania; among  these  maybe  enumerated,  Moco;7onam, 
the  preient  town  of  Chester,  Manaiung,  a  fort  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Scluiyikiil.     They  seemed  to  flourish ;  but 
amid  their  prosperity,  some  envied  them;  for  it  appears, 
the  Dutch  colonists  viewed  the  Swedes  as  rivals,  or  in- 
truders.    Notwithstanding  the  solenm  protestations  of  the 
Swedes,  the  Dutch  built  a  fort  in  1651,  at  New  Castle,  in 
the  very  heart  of  New  Sweden.     Risingh,  Printz's  suc- 
cessor, by  a  well  raalurcd  stratagem,  displaced  the  intru- 
ders.    Ttiis  SU2CCSS  did  not  daunt  the  Dutch;— viewed  as 
an  insu'.t  to  tliem,P^'tor  Stuyvesant,  Dutch  governor,  em- 
barked at  New  Amsterdam,  with  an  armament  consisting 
of  six  vassals,  and  sevan  hundred  choice  men;  invaded 
New  Swadeii;  reduced  the  whole  colony,  in  1655.     Al- 
though the  Swadish  empire  was  of  brief  destiny;  the  tri- 
umph of  the  Dutch  was  alike  short.     "In  1664,  Charles 
II.  of  England,  regardless  of   previous  settlements  by 
others,  deemed  it  not  inexpedient  to  grant  all  the  large 
territory,  not  only  of  New  Nctherland,  but  New  Sweden, 
to  his  brother,  the  L'uke  of  York:  and  the  country  was 
taken  possession  of  by  an  expedition  of  three  ships  and 
six  huiJrad  men,  u  ider  the  connuand  of  Col.  Richard 
Nichols.     New  Amsterdam  was  thenceforth  called  New- 
York."     The  Duke's  grant,  from  the  King,  also  included 
New  Jersey.     He  likewise  obtained  Delaware.     In  1682 
William  Penn  purchased  New  Castle,  and  the  country 
for  a  coni])ass  of  tv/elvc  miles  around  it,  of  the  Duke  of 
York;  luid  afterwards  extanded  liis  j)urchase   to   Cape 
Henloi)tn.     This  country,  called  the  Lower  Couniics  of 
Delaware,  remained  a  portion  of  the  colony  of  Pcmisyl- 
rania,  till  I70i3. 


LANCASTER   C0T7NTT.  IP 


CHAPTER  II. 

William  Penn  bom — How  he  was  made  acquainted  with  this  conntry — In* 
atrumentil  in  settling  West  New  Jersey — Obtains  a  charter  for  Pennsyl- 
vania— Firs'  purchasers  embark  for  America — Markham's  instructions — 
He  holds  a  Treaty  with  the  Indians — Penn  arrives  in  America — Convene* 
an  Asscm  <ly  at  Upland — Interview  with  Lord  Baltimore — Religious  visit 
— Visits  New  Jersey ;  the  Duke  of  York ;  his  friends  on  Long  Island ; 
returns  to  Philadelphia ;  holds  his  grand  Treaty  with  the  Indians — More 
arrivals  from  Europe — Emigrants  provide  shelters — Form  plantations — 
Philadelphia  laiil  out — Counties  organized — Second  Asssembly  convoked 
—Penn  obliged  to  return  to  Europe. 

William  Penn,  the  Founder  of  Pennsylvania,  born 
in  London,  October  16,  1644,  was  the  grand-son  of  Giles 
Penn,  and  son  of  Sir  William,  an  Admiral  of  the  Eng- 
l;s'i  Navy.  He  was  educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
whire,  on  hearing  Thomas  Loe,  a  quaker  of  eminence, 
he  imbibed  his  principles,  which  a  few  years  afterwards 
he  publicly  professed.  He  was  in  consequence,  twice 
turned  out  doors  by  his  father.  In  1668  he  began  to 
preach  in  public,  and  to  write  in  defence  of  his  embraced 
doctrines.  For  this  he  was  twice  incarcerated,  and  once 
brought  to  trial.  It  was  during  his  first  imprisonment 
t'-iat  he  wrote — No  Cross,  No  Crown.  In  1672,  he 
mairled  Gulielma  Maria  Springett,  a  lady  of  his  religious 
principles.  In  1677,  he  visited  Holland  and  Germany, 
to  propagate  his  favorite  doctrines.  He  devoted  much  of 
his  time  to  preaching,  writing,  and  visiting  several  coun- 
tries on  the  continent,  and  Ireland. 

To  show  the  reader  how  Penn,  whom  Montesquieu 
denominates  the  modern  Lycurgus,  the  real  founder  of 


so  HISTORY    OP 

Pennsylvania,  was  made  acquainted  with  the  country,  it 
will  be  necessary  to  briefly  notice  a  train  of  circum- 
stances which  led  to  results  of  so  much  magnitude  to  the 
world,  as  the  colonization  of  Pennsylvania — "the  asy- 
lum of  the  oppressed." 

In  or  about  the  year  1675,  says  Proud,  Lord  Berkeley 
sold  his  half  of  the  province  of  New  Jersey  to  a  person 
named  John  Fenwick,  in  trust  for  Edward  Byllinge,  and 
his  assigns,  in  consequence  of  which  the  former,  this 
year,  arrived  with  a  number  of  passengers,  in  a  ship 
called  Griffith,  from  London,  on  a  visit  to  his  new  pur- 
chase. He  landed  at  a  place,  in  West  Jersey,  situated 
upon  a  creek,  or  small  river,  which  runs  into  the  river 
Delaware;  to  which  place  he  gave  the  name  Salem;  a 
name  which  both  the  place  and  creek  still  retain.  This 
was  the  first  English  ship  which  came  to  West  Jersey; 
and  it  was  near  two  years  before  any  more  followed. — 
This  long  intei-val  is  supposed  to  have  been  occasioned 
by  a  disagreement  between  Fenwick  and  Byllinge; 
which  was  at  last  composed  by  tJio  Icind  offices  of  Wil- 
liam Penn. 

Byllinge,  having  been  reduced  in  circumstances,  had 
agreed  to  present  his  interest  in  New  Jersey  to  his  cred- 
itors, by  whose  entreaty  and  importunity  William  Penn, 
tliough,  it  is  said,  witli  reluctance,  was  prevailed  upon  to 
become  joint  trustee  with  two  of  them,Gawen  Lawrie,of 
London,  and  Nicholas  Lucas,  of  Hertford,  for  the  manage- 
ment thereof.  These  he  invested  with  his  own  moiety  of 
the  province ;  it  being  all  his  remaining  fortune,for  the  sat- 
isfaction of  his  creditors.  Hence  William  Pemi  became 
one  of  the  chief  instruments  in  settling  West  New  Jer- 
sey; and  thereby  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  adjacent 
country  of  Pemisylvania,  before  it  had  that  name,  or 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  21 

was  granted  to  him.*  Having  learned  the  advantages 
offered  to  settlers  in  West  New  Jersey,  he  spared  neither 
pains  nor  time  to  point  out  to  brethren  of  the  same  faith 
the  benefits  to  be  derived  in  settling  here ;  and,  on  his 
suggestions,  many  of  them  emigrated  thither,  pur- 
chased land,  and  built  towns  and  villages,  principally  on 
the  eastern  shore  of  the  Delaware  river;  and  several  of 
them  settled  as  early  as  1675,  at  Upland,  now  Chester, 
Kensington,  and  several  other  places,  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Delaware. 

Having  spent  much  time  in  the  laudable  employment 
of  ameliorating  the  condition  of  others,  he  projected  the 
design  to  colonize  the  country  contiguous  to  that,  which 
he  had  been  the  chief  instrument  to  settle ;  he  availed 
himself  of  his  favorite  estimation,  which  the  eminent 
services  of  his  fother  had  gained  him,  and  petitioned 
King  Charles  H.  that  in  lieu  of  a  large  sum  of  money, 
due  his  father,  from  the  government,!  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  letters  patent  might  be  granted  him,  for  a  tract  of 
land  in  America,  "lying  north  of  Maryland;  on  the  east, 
bounded  by  Delaware  river;  on  the  west,  limited  as 
Maryland;  and  northward,  to  extend  as  far  as  plantable." 

*Proud  I.  136,  137.  Penn  despatched  no  less  than  eight  hun- 
dred seUlers  during  the  year  1677— '78,  for  West  New  Jersey; 
these  were  mostly  Quakers  and  persons  of  property  and  res- 
pectability. 

fHis  father,  distinguished,  in  English  History,  by  the  con- 
quest  of  Jamaica,  and  by  his  conduct,  discretion  and  courage 
in  the  signal  battle  against  the  Dutch  in  1665,  bequeathed  to 
his  son,  a  claim  on  the  government  for  sixteen  thousand  pounds. 
Massachusetts  had  bought  Maine  for  a  little  more  than  one 
thousand  pounds;  then,  and  long  afterwards,  colonial  property 
was  lightly  esteemed;  and  to  the  prodigal  Charles  II.  always 
embairatsed  for  money,  the  giant  of  a  province  seemed  tha 
easiest  mode  of  cancelling  the  debt — Bancroft,  II.  303. 


22  HISTORY   OF 

His  request  being-  duly  considered  by  the  King,  by 
the  Privy  Council,  and  by  the  Lords  of  the  CommittcQ 
of  Trade  and  Plantations;  and  Lord  North,  Chief  Jus- 
tice; and  Sir  William  Jones,  the  Attorney  General, 
having  been  consulted,  William  Penn  obtained,  amidst 
great  opposition,  a  royal  charter  from  Charles  II.  bearing 
date,  Westminster,  March  4,  1681. 

Having  been,  by  virtue  of  this  charter,  constituted  sole 
proprietary  of  Pennsylvania,  he  made  sales  of  lands  to 
adventurers,  called  first  purchasers,  who  embarked 
some  at  London,  others  at  Bristol,  in  1681,  for  America, 
and  arrived,  "at  the  place  where  Chester  now  stands,  on 
Uie  11th  of  December."  Ajiiong  these  was  William 
Markhani,  a  rolativp.  of  the  propriolary,  whom  he  had 
appointed  deputy  governor,  and  certain  commissioners, 
with  plenary  powers,  and  instructions  to  confer  with  the 
Indians,, respecting  their  lands,  and  to  confirm  with  them 
a  league  of  peace.  From  these  instructions,  to  the 
deputy  governor  and  to  the  commissioners,  it  will  be  seen, 
the  examples  set  by  the  New  England  States,  by  Calvert, 
Williams,  by  the  Swedes,  Carteret  and  others  to  pur- 
chase the  rii^ht  of  soil  from  the  Mborii^iyies,  wei» 
honorably  followed  by  Peini,  notwithstanding  the  principle 
which  had  obtained  among  Ein'opcan  nations,  "/o  ivrest 
the  soil  by  force^^  from  the  people  to  whom  it  naturally 
belonged.  It  needs  scarce  repetition,  in  this  place,  to  state, 
^  it  has  l)cen  errotieousli/  supposed  that  Mar/cha?n,  or 
Penn,  was  the  first  man  who  purchased  la)ids  froin  the 
^Jhorii(i7ial  t/2mericans  ! .'" 

Markham,in  obedience  to  his  instructions,  held  a  treaty 
in  June,  1682,  with  the  Indians,  and  purchased  lands 
from  them,  as  appears  from  a  deed,  dated  July  15,  1682, 
signed  by  Idcpiahon,  lannottowe,  Idquoqucywon,  Sa- 
hoppe,  for    himself   and    Okonichon,  Swampisse,  Na- 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  23 

hoosey,  Tomackhickow,  Weskekitt  and  Talawsis,  Indian 
Shackamakers.  Markham  made  several  purchases  pre- 
vious to  the  arrival  ef  Penn,  who  with  many  of  his 
friends,  chiefly  from  Sussex,  sailed  for  America,  and 
landed  at  New  Castle  on  the  27th  October,  1682,  where 
he  was  received  with  demonstrations  of  joy.  Penn  then 
went  to  Upland,  now  called  Chester,  where  he  convened 
an  assembly  on  the  4th  of  December.  This  body,  dur- 
ing a  session  of  three  days,  enacted  several  important 
laws,  one  of  which  was  an  act  to  natiu:alize  the  Dutch, 
Swedes,  and  other  foreigners. 

Penn  was  -devoted  to  the  interest  of  the  colony;  he 
lost  no  time  in  delays.  No  sooner,  according  to  Gordon, 
had  the  assembly  adjourned,  than  Penn  hastened  to 
Maryland,  to  see  Lord  Baltimore,  who  had  set  up 
claims,  arising  from  an  indistinctness  of  grant,  touch- 
ing the  boundary  lines  between  the  two  provinces,  which 
caused  much  disquiet  to  the  border  colonists — -with  the 
intention,  if  possible  to  adjust  the  difficulties,  he  spent 
several  days,  without  being  able  to  effect  the  object  of 
his  interview  with  Lord  Baltimore.  The  negotiation 
was  postponed  till  next  spring.*  Tlie  dispute  was 
finally  settled,  in  1762!  Penn  spent  some  time  in 
Maryland,  in  religious  visits,  and  then  returned  to 
Chester. 

•Lord  Baltimore  relied  on  the  priority  and  distinctness  of 
his  own  title  ;  while  Penn  defended  a  later  and  more  indistinct 
grant,  on  a  plea  which  had  been  suggested  to  him  by  the 
Committee  of  Plantations  of  England— that  it  had  never  been 
intended  to  confer  on  Lord  Baltimore  any  other  territory  but 
such  as  was  inhabited  by  savages  only,  at  the  date  of  his 
charter;  and  that  the  language  of  the  charter  was,  therefore, 
inconsistent  with  its  intendent,  in  so  far  as  it  seemed  to  au- 
thorize his  claim  to  any  part  of  the  region  previously  colonized 
by  the  Swedes  and  Dutch— Gra^m,  //.  341 ;  also,  Sec  Ap- 
pendix A. 


£4  HISTORY    07 

"From  Chester,  tradition  describes  the  journey  of 
Penn  to  have  been  continued  with  a  few  friends,  in  an 
open  boat,  in  the  earUcst  days  of  November,  to  the 
beautiful  bank,  fringed  with  Pine  trees,  on  which  the 
city  of  Philadelphia  was  soon  to  rise."  The  following 
weeks,  Penn,  from  a  natural  impulse,  visited  New  Jersey, 
New  York,  the  metropolis  of  his  neighbor  proprietary, 
the  Duke  of  York,  and,  after  meeting  friends  on  Long 
Island,  he  returned  to  the  banks  of  the  Delaware. 

To  this  period  belongs  his  first  grand  treaty  with  tlie 
Indians.  It  was  held  contiguous  to  Philadelphia. — 
Here,  Penn,  with  a  few  friends,  met  the  numerous  dele- 
gation of  the  Lenni  Lenape  tribes.  Here  he  confirmed 
what  he  had  promised  the  Indians  through  Markhamj 
under  the  bleak,  frost-shorn  forest,  Penn  proclaimed  to 
the  mon  of  the  Algonquin  race,  from  both  banks  of  the 
Delaware,  from  the  borders  of  the  Schuylkill,  and  it  may 
be,  for  the  news  had  spread  far  and  wide,  that  the 
Quaker  King  was  come,  even  to  Mengwis  from  the 
shores  of  the  Susqu3hanna,  the  message  of  peace  and 
love,  which  George  Fox  had  professed  before  Cromwell, 
and  Mary  Fisher  had  borne  to  the  Grand  Turk.  "The 
English  and  Indians  slioukl  respect  the  same  moral  law, 
should  be  alike  secure  in  their  pursuits,  and  in  their 
possessions,  and  adjust  every  difference  by  a  peaceful 
tribunal,  composed  of  an  equal  number  of  men  from 
each  race." 

"  We  meet,  said  Penn,  on  the  broad  pathway  of  good 
faith,  and  good  will;  no  advantage  shall  be  taken  on 
cither  side,  but  all  shall  be  opencss  and  love.  I  will  not 
call  you  children;  for  parents  sometimes  chide  their  chil- 
dren too  severely;  nor  brothers  only;  for  brothers  differ. 
The  friendship  between  me  and  you,  I  will  not  compare 
to  a  chain ;  for  that  the  rains  might  rust,  or  the  falling 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  25 

tree  might  break.  We  are  the  same,  as  if  one  man's 
body  were  divided  into  two  parts;  we  are  all  one  flesh 
and  one  blood." 

These  touches  of  pathetic  eloquence,  clothed  by  the 
sacredness  of  that  sound  doctrine  which  flowed  from  the 
speaker,  reached  their  understandings,  affected  their 
hearts,  assuaged  their  revenge,  and  removed  their  guile* 
They  received  the  presents  of  Penn  with  more  than  mere 
formahty,  it  was  with  sincere  cordiaUty ;  they  accepted  his 
gifts,  and  in  friendship  gave  him  the  belt  of  wampum. 
"We,  exclaimed  they,  as  with  a  sound  of  many  waters, 
will  live  in  love  with  William  Penn  and  his  children,  as 
long  as  the  moon  and  the  su  i  shall  endure." 

This  treaty  of  peace  and  friendship  was  made  under 
the  open  sky,  by  the  side  of  the  Delaware,  with  the  sun, 
the  river,  and  the  leaflass  forest,  for  witness.  It  was 
not  confirmed  by  an  oath:  it  was  not  ratified  by  signa- 
tures and  seals:  no  written  record  of  the  conferences  can 
be  found;  and  its  terms  and  conditions,  had  no  abiding 
monument  but  on  the  heart.*  There  they  were  written 
like  the  law  of  God,  and  were  never  forgotten.  The 
artless  sons  of  the  wilderness,  returning  to  their  wigwams 
and  their  cabins,  would  count  over  shells  on  a  clean  piece 
of  bark,  and  recall  to  their  memory,  and  repeat  to  their 
children,  or  to  the  stranger,  the  words  of  the  Quaker 
King.  This  treaty,  executed  without  oath,  was  inviola- 
bly kept  for  forty  six  years,  on  the  part  of  the  natives.t 

It  has  been  well  observed  that  the  benevolence  of  Wil- 
liam Penn's  disposition  led  him  to  exercise  great  tender- 
ness towards  the  tawny  sons  of  tlie  woods,  which,  however, 
was  much  increased  by  the  opinion  he  had  formed,  and 
which  he  boldly  and  in-'Lnuously  avowod,  supporting  it 

♦Bancroft,  II.  382.  f  Col.  Rec.  III.  301-350. 

3 


26  BISTOttT    05* 

by  plausible  inductions,  that  they  were  the  ten  dispersed 
tribes  of  Israel.*  He  travelled  into  the  country,  visited 
them  in  their  cabins,  was  present  at  their  feasts,  conversed 
with  them  in  a  free  and  familiar  manner,  and  gained  their 
affections  by  his  affability,  and  repeated  acts  of  generosity. 
On  public  occasions,  he  did  not  forget  the  dignity  of  his 
station ;  he  always  received  them  with  ceremony,  trans- 
acted business  with  solemnity  and  becoming  order. 

In  one  of  his  excursions  in  the  winter,  he  found  a  chief 
warrior  sick,  and  his  wife  preparing  to  sweat  him,  in  the 
usual  manner,  by  pouring  water  on  a  heap  of  heated 
stones,  in  a  closely  covered  hut,  and  then  plunging  him 
into  the  river,  through  a  hole  cut  in  the  ice.  To  divert 
himself  during  the  sweating  operation,  the  chief  sang  the 
exploits  of  his  ancestors,  then  his  own,  and  concluded  his 
song  with  this  reflection:  Why  are  we  sick,  and  these 
strangers  well?  It  seems  as  if  they  were  sent  to  inherit 
the  land  in  our  stead !  Ah !  it  is  because  they  love  the 
Great  Mannitto — the  Great  Spirit,  and  we  do  not! — 
The  sentiment  was  rational,  and  such  as  often  occurred 
to  the  sagacious  among  the  natives.  It  cannot  have 
been  disagreeable  to  Penn,  to  hear  such  sentiments  uttered, 
whose  view  it  was  to  impress  them  with  an  idea  of  his 
honest  and  pacific  intentions,  and  to  make  a  fair  bargain 
with  them.  Some  of  their  chiefs  made  him  a  voluntary 
present  of  the  land  which  they  claimed;  others  sold  it  at 
a  stipulated  price.  Penn  himself  described  one  of  these 
interviews  in  a  letter  to  a  friend  of  his  in  England.t 

The  same  year  Penn  arrived,  there  was  quite  an  ac- 
cession; between  twenty  and  thirty  ships  landed  with 
passengers,  and  the  two  next  succeeding  years  settlers 
from  London,  Bristol,  Ireland,  Wales,  Holland,  Germany, 

♦Proud,  I.  259.  fBclknap,  II.  413. 


XABCASTER    OOtTUTT.  37 

&c.  arrived  to  the  number  of  about  fifty  sail;  among 
these  were  German  Quakers,  from  Cresheim,  near  Worms. 
in  the  Palatinate.  The  banks  of  the  Delaware  presented 
motion  and  life.  "On  landing,  they  set  bustling  about  to 
procure  shelter.  Some  lodged  in  the  woods  in  hollow 
trees,  some  under  the  extended  boughs  of  trees,  some  in 
caves  which  were  easily  dug  on  the  high  banlvs  of  the 
Wissahickon  and  the  Delaware,  and  others  in  haste 
erected  huts.  They  were  abundantly  supplied  with 
wood,  water,  and  fertile  land."  Nor  had  they  been  for- 
getful to  bring  with  them,  the  necessary  implements  for 
building  and  husbandry.  Having  now  housed,  treed,  or 
caved,  their  provisions  and  portable  property,  under  such 
shelter  as  they  could  find,  or  had  provided,  some  were 
procuring  warrants  of  survey  for  taking  up  so  much 
land  as  was  sufficient  for  immediate  settling,  "others 
went  diversely  further  into  the  woods  where  their  lands 
were  laid  out ;  often  without  any  path  or  road,  to  direct 
them,  for  scarce  any  were  to  be  fomid  above  two  miles 
from  the  water  side ;  not  so  much  as  any  mark  or  sign  oi 
any  European  having  been  there.  All  the  country,  fur- 
ther than  about  two  miles  from  the  river,  except  the 
Indians'  movable  settlements,  was  an  entire  wilderness, 
producing  nothing  for  the  support  of  human  life,  but  "the 
wild  fruits  and  animals  of  the  woods."* 

They  soon  formed  plantations  of  Indian  corn  and  wheat. 
The  forest  furnished  deer,  rabits,  squirrels,  young  bears, 
wild  turkeys  of  enormous  size,  pigeons;  the  rivers 
abounded  with  fish,  such  as  sturgeons,  shad,  rock,  her- 
ring, perch,  trout,  salmon ;  the  fruits  of  the  woods  were 
chestnuts,  grapes  of  diverse  sorts;  walnuts,  cranberries. 
<'The  first  settlers  endured  some  hardships,  it  is  true,  but 

♦Proud,  I.  220. 


28 


HISTORY    OF 


they  were  in  a  rich  country,  and  their  knowledge  of  re- 
sources, and  of  the  free  institutions  which  they  were 
about  to  transmit  to  their  posterity,  enabled  them  to 
conquer  all  diiticulties."* 

"  At  the  close  of  the  year  1 682,  according  to  Gordon, 
the  proprietary,  with  the  assistance  of  his  Surveyor 
General,  Thomas  Holme,  proceeded  to  lay  out  his 
promised  city,  Philadelphia.  During  the  first  year 
eighty  houses  were  erected  in  the  city,  and  an  equitable 
and  profitable  trade  opened  with  the  Indians.  The 
Governor  chose  his  own  residence  in  a  manor,  which  he 
called  Pcnnsbury,  siluited  a  few  miles  below  the  falls  of 
the  Delaware,  and  about  twenty-five  from  the  city, 
where  he  built  a  large  and  convenient  brick  house, 
having  an  extensive  hall  for  his  Indian  conferences." 

"The  survey  of  the  country  inhabited  by  Europeans 
having  been  completed,  the  proprietary,  in  1682,  divided 
it  into  six  counties;  three  in  the  province  of  Pennsyl- 
vania and  the  like  number  in  the  territory  of  Delaware. 
Philadelphia,  Bucks,  and  Chester,  in  Pennsylvania— and 
Newcastle,  Kent,  and  Sussex,  in  Delaware.  The  county 
organization  was  completed  by  the  appointment  of 
sheriffs  and  other  officers."  t 

The  state  of  aftairs  rendered  it  necessary  for  a  second 
assembly^  to  be  convoked,  which  met  at  Philadelphia, 

*Frost. 

tTl)c  shcrilfs  of  each  county  in  Pennsylvania,  were,  for 
Philadcipliia  county,  John  Tost;  for  Bucks,  llichard  Noble; 
for  Chcbtur,  Thomas  Uslier. 

JMcmbcrs  of  the  second  assembly,  for  Chester  county, 
were,  John  Iloskins,  Robert  Wade,  George  Wood,  John 
Blunston,  Di.nnis  Rucliford,  Thomas  Bracy.  John  Bezer,  John 
Harding,  Joseph  Phipps. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  29 

March  12th,  1683.  During  this  session  Penn  created  a 
second  frame  of  government,  differing  in  some  points 
from  the  former,  to  which  the  assembly  readily  assented. 
They  also  enacted  a  variety  of  salutary  regulations,  by 
"Which  the  growing  prosperity  of  the  province  was  pro- 
moted, and  its  peace  and  order  preserved.  In  1684,  the 
province  and  territories  were  divided  into  twenty-two 
townships,  containing  7,000  inhabitants,  of  whom  2,500 
resided  in  Philadelphia.*  This  city  already  comprised 
three  hundred  houses." 

On  information  received  from  his  agent  that  his 
presence  was  needed  in  England,  and  another  addi- 
tional cause,  his  dispute  with  Lord  Baltimore,  Penn 
sailed  for  Europe,  August  16,  1684;  leaving  the  province 
under  the  government  of  five  commissioners,  chosen 
from  the  Provincial  council.  Previous  to  his  departure 
he  had  made,  according  to  Oldmixon,  a  league  of  amity 
with  nineteen  Indian  nations,  between  them  and  all  the 
English  America 

*John  Key,  born  1682,  in  a  cave,  long  afterwards  known  by 

the  name  of  Penny-pot,  near  Sassafras  street,  was  the  first 

child  born  of  English  parents  in  Philadelphia,  in  compliment 

of  which  William  Penn  gave  him  a  lot  of  ground;  he  died  at 

Kennet,  in  Chester  county,  July  5,  1767,  aged  85  years. — 

Proud. 

3* 


30  HISTORY    OP 


CHAPTER   III. 


Brief  sketch  of  the  History  of  Pennsylvania,  from  1684  to  1699 — Pro- 
vincial Executives  from  1C84  to  1699 — Bounilarics  of  Chester  county 
determined — Increase  of  populatinn — First  mills  in  Chester  county — 
Penn's  eftbrt  to  improve  the  condition  of  the  natives — Efforts  to  christianize 
the  Indians — Penn's  new  treaty  with  Susquehanna,  Shawanese  and 
Ganawese,  &c.  nations — A  new  form  of  Government  framed — PeJiR 
appoints  Andrew  Hamilton,  Deputy  Governor — Sails  for  England. 

As  it  will  be  necessary  to  occasionally  recur  to  the 
main  history  of  Peiinsylv^ania,  and  in  order  to  preserve 
some  connection  in  the  narrative  of  events  of  the  period 
between  Penn's  departure,  in  1684,  for  Europe,  and  his 
return,  in  1G99,  to  America,  a  brief  historical  sketch  of 
that  time  is  given,  though  some  of  the  incidents  con- 
nected with  the  early  settlements  of  Lancaster  county, 
and  to  which  the  order  of  time  has  not  yet  brought  us, 
are  tiiercliy  anticipated. 

Soon  after  Penn's  return  to  England,  Charles  II.  died, 
February  (J,  1G84 — 5;  and  .huncs  II.  ascended  the 
'throne,  who  was  jjroclaimed  King  in  the  province,  May 
2d,  1685.  "Ponn's  altachmcnt  to  the  Stuart  family 
induced  him  to  adhere  to  this  unfortunate  monarch  till 
Jong  alter  liis  fall;*  and  for  two  years  after  the  revolu- 
tion wl.ic  1  placed  William,  Prince  of  Orange, and  Mary, 
the  duugliler  of  James,  on  the  throne,  the  province  was 
administered  in  the  name  of  James.  This  could  not  fail 
to  draw  down  the  indignation  of  King  William  on  the 
devoted  head  of  the  ])roprietary,  who  suffered  much 
persecution  for  his  unflinching   loyalty.     He   was  four 

»Jamcs   abilicatcd,  and    went   to    France,    December  23, 
■imS.— Blair's  Chrunol. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  91 

times  imprisoned.  The  King  took  the  government  of 
Pennsylvania  into  his  own  hands;  and  appointed  Colonel 
Fletcher  to  administer  the  government  of  this  province, 
as  well  as  that  of  New  York.  It  at  length  became 
apparent  to  the  King,  that  Penn's  attachment  to  the 
Stuarts  was  merely  personal,  and  not  attended  with  any 
treasonable  designs;  and  he  was  restored  to  favor. — 
Being  permitted  to  resume  and  exercise  his  rights,  he 
appointed  William  Markham  to  be  his  Deputy  Go- 
Ternor."* 

"In  1699,  the  assembly  complained  to  Governor 
Markham  of  a  breach  of  their  chartered  privileges;  and 
in  consequence  of  their  remonstrance,  a  bill  of  settle- 
ment, proposed  and  passed  by  the  assembly,  was  ap- 
proved by  the  Governor,  forming  the  third  frame  of 
government  of  Pennsylvania.  This  constitution  was 
more  democratic  than  the  former." 

"In  1699,  Penn  again  visited  his  colony,  accompanied 
by  his  family,  with  the  design  of  spending  the  remainder 
of  his  life  among  his  people.  He  was  disappointed, 
however,  by  finding  the  colonists  dissatisfied  with  the 
existing  state  of  things.  Negro  slavery,  and  the  inter- 
course with  the  Indian  tribes,  were  the  subjects  of  much 

♦Provincial  Executives  during  Penn's  absence  : 

1.  Council  and  President,  Thomas  Lloyd,  from  August^ 
1684,  to  December,  1688. 

2.  John  BlackwcU,  Deputy  Governor,  from  December,  1688, 
to  February,  1689. 

3.  Council  and  President,  Thomas  Lloyd,  from  1689,  to 
April,  1693. 

4.  Benjamin  Fletcher,  Governor,  from  April,  1693,  to  June, 
1693. 

5.  William  Markham,  Deputy  Governor,  from  June,  1693,  to 
1699,  when  Penn  arrived. 


S3  .  HISTORY   OF 

unpleasant  altercation  between  the  proprietary  and  the 
colonists.  Certain  laws  which  he  proposed  for  regulat- 
ing these  affairs,  were  rejected  by  the  assembly.  His 
exertions,  in  recommending  a  liberal  system  to  his  own 
sect,  were  attended  with  better  success,  and  the  final 
abolition  of  slavery,  in  Pennsylvania,  was  ultimately 
owing  to  these  powerful  influences."* 

The  proprietary,  previous  to  his  departiue  for  Eng- 
land, had  divided  the  lower  part  of  Pensylvania,  into 
three  counties,  viz:  Philadelphia, Bucks  and  Chester,  and 
cast  the  counties  into  townships,  for  large  lot s^  of  land\\ 
but,  as  appears  from  the  Colonial  Records,  did  not  so 
clearly  define  and  precisely  fix  upon  the  boundaries  of 
the  counties,  as  to  prevent,  among  peaceable  quakers 
themselves,  subsequent  misunderstandings. 

The  boundaries  of  Chester  county,  especially  its  en- 
largement, had  been  made  the  subject  of  more  than  a 
mere  transient  conversation.  Penn,  in  a  discourse,  a  few 
days  before  he  left  the  province,  did  declare  "upon  the 
bank  (Delaware)  by  John   Simcock's  house,t  to  John 

•Frost's  U.  S.  139, 140. 

fit  appears  to  have  been  part  of  the  plan  of  William  Penn 
to  have  laid  out  the  province  into  townships  of  5,000  or  10,000 
acres,  and  to  have  surveys  made  within  the  respective  bounda- 
ries of  such  townships ;  and  that  purchasers  of  large  tracts 
might  lie  together;  he  accordingly  introduced  this  clause  into 
his  warrant.  "  According  to  the  method  of  townships  ap- 
pointed by  mc."  This  plan  was  not  long  pursued— •Smii/j's 
Laws,  II.  140. 

JJohn  Simock  lived  in  Chester  county.  He  was  a  man  of 
good  education;  was  one  of  the  proprietor's  first  commis- 
sioners of  property,  and  one  of  his  most  trusty  friends  in  the 
government.  He  was  a  Quaker  preacher.— He  died  January 
27, 1702. 


LANCASTER    COUNTT.  33 

Blunston  and  others,  when  he  was  moved  to  decide, 
how  the  bounds  of  Chester  county  were  to  be  run,  so  as 
to  enlarge  the  Umits  or  boundary  thereof;  being  at  that 
time  but  a  small  tract  of  land  not  above  nine  miles 
square.  Owing,  however,  to  his  departure,  behig  press- 
ingly  urged  to  return  for  Europe,  nothing  definite  was 
then  done  as  to  the  enlargement  of  the  county  of 
Chester.  In  1685,  the  council  having  seriously  weighed 
and  considered  the  same,  ordered  the  bomids  to  be 
established.* 

Although  Chester  county  had  been  partly  settled  be- 
fore Penn  arrived  the  first  time ;  and  notwithstanding  his 
benevolent  spirit,  in  looking  more  to  moral  worth  and 
fitness  in  inviting  emigrants  of  every  peculiarity  of 
creed  to  his  province,  it,  nevertheless,  appears  that 
Chester  county,  with  its  limited  territory,  was  only 
thinly  seated,  prior  to  1689.  The  smallness  of  tract  of 
land,  and  its  sparse  population,  were  then  urged,  by  the 
inhabitants  of  the  county,  as  a  consideration  to  the  Go- 
vernor and  council  for  enlargement,  as  will  appear  from 
their  humble  petition,  in  1689. 

"The  humble  petition  of  ye  Justices  of  Chester 
county,  in  the  behalfe  of  themselves  and  inhabitants  of 
ye  said  county,  sheweth  : 

That  whereas,  ye  said  county  is  but  a  small  tract  of 
land,  not  nine  miles  square,  and  but  thinly  seated, 
whereby  ye  said  county  is  not  able  to  support  the  charge 
thereoff;  vpon  our  humble  request  to  the  Proprietor  and 
Governor,  and  his  serious  consideration  of  our  weak 
conditions,  was  pleased  out  of  compassion  to  vs,  to  grant 
an  enlargement  of  ye  same,  in  manner  following,  viz: 
to  runn  vp   ffrom  Dellaware   river,  along  Darby   Mill 

•Col.  Rec.  I.  74. 


94  HisTORT  or 

creek,  ye  severall  courses  thereof,  vntill  they  took  in 
Radnor  and  Herford  townshipps  then  downe  to  the 
Skoulkill;  then  vpwards  along  the  several  courses  there- 
off,  witliout  limniitt. 

Therefore,  wee  humbly  pray  you  will  be  pleased  to 
confirme  ye  said  bounds,  wherebye  the  county  of  Chester 
may  be  in  some  measure  able  to  defray  their  necessary 
cliarge,  and  wee  shall,  as  in  duty  bound/** 

It  was  signed  by  John  Blunston,  Thomas  Brassie, 
Randell  Vernon,  Caleb  Pusey,  Thomas  Usher.  The 
prayer  of  the  petitioners  was  considered  at  several 
councils,  viz :  March  25  and  26,  16S9.  Some  time  in 
1693,  the  petitioners,  inhabitants  of  Chester  county,  who 
had  sufferred  long  for  the  want  of  the  division,  between 
the  county  of  New  Castle,  State  of  Delaware,  and 
Chester  county,  having  again  prayed  the  council  to  adjust 
bounds,  a  temporary  division  between  the  two  counties 
was  ordered  to  be  made,  August  9,  1693.t  The 
boundaries  of  the  county  extended  indefinitely  west- 
ward, and  remained  unchanged  till  Lancaster  and  Berks 
were  successively  formed. 

The  increase  of  inhabitants  in  the  colony  and  in  Ches- 
ter county,  between  the  time  of  adjusting  the  boimdary 
between  New  Castle  and  Chester  and  Penn's  second, 
arrival,  was  considerable;  gradually  augmenting  the 
j)opulution;  and  tlie  settlement  extended  to  Brandy  wine 
creek ;  where,  to  meet  the  wants  of  the  people,  Corne- 
lius Empson,  as  early  as  1GS9,  erected  a  mill;  beh)g,  as 
it  is  believed,  the  second  mill  erected  in  the  county  of 
Chester;  Xarkus's  mill  having  been  erected  about  IGSl. 

It  has  been  stated  that  Penn  was  not  successful  in  his 

•Col.  Rec.  I.  221.  f  Col.  Rec.  I.  340,  345. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  25 

attempts  to  obtain  legislative  restrictions  upon  the  inter- 
course with  the  Indians  to  prevent  shameful  practices 
upon  these  poor  creatures,  by  unprincipled  whites,  whose 
conduct  was  occasionally  beastly ;  not  satisfied  with 
gelling  them  all  manner  of  spirituous  liquors  for  the  sake 
of  gain,  but  would  frequently  disgrace  themselves  and 
their  wretched  victims.*  His  not  succeeding  in  having 
legislative  co-operation,  to  prevent  their  temporal  ruin, 
he  was  determined  to  improve  their  condition ;  he  paid 
the  sons  of  the  forest  a  visit,  participating  in  all  their 
innocent  amusements,  and  in  turn  received  their  visits  at 
his  own  house  at  Pennsbury.t  He  co-operated  with  his 
friends,  who,  as  early  as  1685,  signalized  by  an  attempt 
with  the  annual  meeting  of  their  society  at  Burlington, 
in  New  Jersey,  to  communicate  the  knowledge  of 
christian  truth  to  the  Indians.  With  what  success,  may 
be  learned  from  Proud's  statement :  "  that  the  Indians  in 
general  acknowledged  at  that  time,  what  they  heard  was 
very  wise,  weighty  and  true;  and  never  afterwards 
thought  about  it."  So  far  as  is  known  to  us,  the  Quaker 
Missionaries  have  kept  no  particular  accomits  of  the 
the  number  of  Indian  converts  to  Quakerism,  There  is 
no  doubt  that  the  savages  acceded  readily  to  the  con- 
ferences that  were  proposed  to  them,  and  listened  with 
their  usual  gravity  and  decorum  to  the  sedate  Quaker  3 
who,  in  professing  to  obey  the  command  of  the  Saviour^ 
"  to  teach  and  baptize  all  nations,'^  ever  ventured  to 
teach  them  that  baptism  was  not  an  ordinance  of  divine 

♦See  a  case,  Col.  Rec.  I.  96. 

fPenn,  at  a  former  treaty,  had  promised  the  Shawanese 
Chief,  protection.  "To  enable  him  to  fulfil  this  promise,  he 
risited  them  in  person  at  Conestogo,  attended  by  many  gen- 
tlemen of  distinction."— Co/.  Rec.  II.  253. 


36  HISTORY    OP 

or  christian  appointment !  Indian  converts  to  Christi- 
anity, if  history  be  true,  have  been  gained  in  America  by 
Catliolics,  Puritans,  Moravians,  Baptists,  &c.-,*  but  no 
records  are  extant,  showing  the  probable  number  of 
conversions  of  Indians  to  Christianity,  by  Quakers, 
though  it  is  admitted,  some  of  the  Friends  preached 
with  much  freedom  to  them. 

Penii,  in  1700,  formed  a  new  treaty  wilh  the  Susque- 
hanna, the  Shawanesc,  the  Ganawese,t  and  tribes  of  the 
Five  Nations.  Tiiis  treaty  provided  for  perpetual  peace 
and  good  officers  between  the  parties,  confirmed  to  the 
Indians  the  benefits,  and  subjected  them  to  the  penahies 
of  the  EngUsh  law,  in  their  intercourse  with  the  whites: 
it  stipulated  that  both  parties  should  refuse  credence  to 
unauthorized  reports  of  hostility  intended  by  either:  that 
the  Indians  should  never  suffer  strange  tribes  to  settle  in 
any  part  of  the  province  without  permission  from  the 
Governor  :  that  no  European  should  engage  in  the  Indian 
trade  without  the  license  of  the  government ;  and  lastly, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Conestogo,  should  be  con- 

•  According  to  Stiles'  Literary  Diary,  there  were  in  1696, 
•thirty  Indian  churches  in  New  England. — Holmes,  7.459. 

•fThc  Piscatawisc,  or  Ganawcsc,  having  removed  nearer  the 
Susquehanna  Indians,  in  1G98,  met  William  Pcnn  in  council 
in  May,  1701,  and  entered  into  new  articles  of  agreement; 
the  Susquehanna  Indians  became  sureties  for  their  peaceabl 
behavior.— Proud  I.  428.— Col.  Rcc.  II.  9-12. 

"William  Penn  permitted  the  Piscatawese  or  Ganawcsc,  to 
remove  higher  up  the  Potomoc,  within  his  claim;  and  tradi- 
tion says,  he  purchased  their  right  of  soil  on  the  Putomoc,  to 
strengthen  his  demand  on  Lord  Baltimore." — Lan.  Intdl.  <^ 
Jour. 

I  Gordon. 


LANCASTER    COUNTT.  37 

firmed.*  In  the  spirit  of  this  treaty,  the  Provincial 
Council  formed  a  company  of  traders  exclusively  au- 
tliorized  to  repress  the  inebriety  of  the  nations,  and  to 
impress  upon  them  a  sense  of  the  christian  religion  by 
examples  of  probity  and  candor. 

While  busily  employed  in  promoting  the  temporal 
welfare  of  the  Indians,  and  improving  the  condition  of 
the  colonists,  he  received  intelligence  from  England  that 
measures  were  agitated  to  reduce  all  the  proprietary 
governments  in  America  to  royal  ones,  which  induced 
him  to  change  his  mind,  and  he  at  once  determined  to 
return  to  Europe,  as  soon  as  he  had  some  frame  of 
government  firmly  estabUshed.  The  assembly,  met 
September  15,  1701.  A  form  of  government  was  estab- 
hshed,  that  gave  the  representatives  of  the  people  the 
right  of  originating  laws,  which  was  before  solely  vested 
in  the  Governor:  it  allowed  the  Governor  the  veto 
power  on  bills  passed  by  the  assembly:  also  the  right  of 
appointing  his  council,  and  of  exercising  the  whole  ex- 
ecutive power.  Soon  after  the  formation  of  this  frame 
of  government,  Penn  returned  to  England.  He  sailed 
from  Philadelphia,  November  1st,  1701;  before  his  de- 
parture, he  appointed  Andrew  Hamilton,  Esq.,  Deputy 
Governor,  and  James  Logan,  Secretary  of  the  province 
and  clerk  of  the  comicil. 

♦Proud. 


1 

\ 

CHAPTER   IV. 


Prince  William  dies — Anne  ascends  the  throne — Penn  in  favor  with  her — 
State  of  affairs  in  the  province — Disquiet  among  the  Indians — Messenger 
sent  to  the  Conestogo  Indians — Secretary  of  Council  and  Sheriff  of 
Chester  and  New  Castle  are  sent  to  them— Thomas  Chalk  ley  preaches 
at  Conestogo — Governor  visits  the  Conestogo  Indians — Indian  Eloquence 
— Gov.  Evans'  strange  character,  and  second  journey  to  the  Susquehanna 
— Governor's  journal  of  his  interview  with  the  Indians — Nicole  appre- 
hended at  Pixtan,  conveyed  to  Philadelphia  and  imprisoned. 

In  the  preceding  chapter  the  reason  of  Penn's  hasten- 
ing to  England  is  stated.  He  arrived  there  about  the 
middle  of  Decemher,  1701.  At  home  he  had  sufficient 
influence  to  arrest  the  bill  in  its  progress,  for  changing 
the  proprietary  governments,  in  America,  into  royaJ 
ones. 

The  reigning  Prince,  William  HI.  died  January  IS, 
1702;  and  was  succeeded  by  the  Princess  Anne  of  Den- 
mark, during  whose  reign  Pennsylvania  received  aug- 
mented accessions.  Penn  became  her  favorite.  She 
greatly  promoted  his  interest.  Though  he  basked  in  her 
favor,  he  was  not  protected  against  the  storms  of 
political  life.  He  was  harrassed  by  complaints  on  the 
part  of  the  provincialists,  on  account  of  the  appointment 
of  his  Deputy  Governor,  Evans,  whom  ho  had,  on  the 
death  of  Mr.  Hamilton,  constituted  as    his  successor.* 

•Mr.  11.  died  at  Amboy,  whilst  on  a  visit  to  his  family,  who 
resided  at  that  place,  April  20,  1703.  It  was  this  year  that  the 
representatives  of  tlie  territory  of  Pennsylvania  persisting  in 
an  absolute  refusal  to  join  with  those  of  the  province  in  legis- 
lation, it  was  now  agreed  and  settled  between  them,  that  they 
should  compose  distinct  assemblies,  entirely  independent  of 
each  other,  pursuant  to  the  liberty  allowed  by  a  clause  in  the 
charter. — Holmes,  I,  480. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  39 

The  state  of  things  in  the  province  wa.7  such  as  to  em- 
bitter Hamilton's  brief  administration,  by  the  disputes  of 
the  assembly.  Evans,  whose  life  and  conduct  were 
objectionable,  was  re-called,  and  superseded,  by  the 
appointment  of  Charles  Gookin,  ,as  Governor,  who 
arrived  in  March,  1709.  He  continued  in  office  till  1717. 
During  his  administration,  the  first  permanent  settlements 
were  made  within  the  present  limits  of  Lancaster,  then 
Chester  county.* 

Though  no  actual  settlements  had  been  made,  prior  to 
1708,  or  1709,  in  Lancaster  county,  a  few  whites  had 
their  abodes  among  the  Indians  on  the  Susquehanna. — 
These  were  Indian  traders,  viz :  Joseph  Jessop,  James  Le 
Tort,  [t]  Peter  Bezalion,  Martin  Chartier,  all  Frenchmen , 
the  latter  had  lived,  prior  to  1704,  long  among  the 
Shawanah  Indians,  and  upon  the  Susquehanna  ;"§  and 
one  Mitchel,  a  Swiss. {  Nicole  Godin,  an  active  young 
fellow,  but  rather  a  sneak,  and  one  Francois.  These, 
however,  had  no  license  to  trade  among  and  with  the 
Indians. 

It  appears  from  a  French  letter,  from  Madame  Letort, 
the  French  woman  at  Conestogo,  directed  to  Edmund 
Ffarmer,  bearing  date  15th  March,  1703-4,  that  the 
Towittois  Indians  had  come  down  and  cut  off  the  two 
families  of  neighbor  Indians  at  Conestogo,  and  that  they 
were  all  there  under  great  apprehensions  of  further  mis- 
chief  from  them,  and  were  preparing  to  demand  succor 

*  Lancaster  county  originally  formed  part  of  Chester,  from 
which  it  was  separated  in  1729. 

[f  ]  See  Appendix  B. 

{See  Col.  Rec.  II.  133. 

tHe  had  been  sent  out  by  the  Canton  of  Berne,  Switzerland, 
to  search  for  vacant  land. 


40  '  HISTORr   OF 

of  the  government  in  case  the  disorders  should  be 
continued.* 

"The  subject;  mentioned  in  the  letter,  was  considered 
in  council,  March  22d;  and  it  was  resolved  that  mes- 
sengers be  forthwith  despatched  to  Conestogoe,  by  way 
of  New  Castle,  to  know  the  truth  of  the  information,  the 
relation,  as  it  appeared,  being  somewhat  suspicious."" 

So  repeatedly  were  vague  reports  of  Indian  disturb- 
ances from  this  quarter,  and  Indian  conferences,  held  at 
Philadelphia,  that  the  Governor  was  induced  to  send  the 
Secretary  of  the  council,  in  October,  1705,  to  Conestogo. 
The  Secretary,  in  company  with  the  Sheriff,  and  Cleric 
of  Chester  county,  and  the  Sheriff  of  New  Castle,  and 
Hercules  Coutts,  Ilermanus  Alricks,  Edmimd  Shippen^ 
Jr.,  and  others,  being  ten  in  number,  went  to  Conestogo,. 
as  the  chief  place,  telling  the  Indians  that  he  was  come 
from  the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania,  who  had  always 

been  a  friend  of  all  the  Indians  within  the  bounds  of  it. 

Among  otliers,  he  would  mention  things  of  great  im- 
portance at  the  present  time,  and  which  he  must  lay- 
before  them: 

"  First,  That  they  should  take  great  care  of  giving  ear 
to  malicious  reports,  spread  and  carried  by  ili  men,  for 
that  we  heard  they  had  been  alarmed  at  the  christians 
putting  themselves  in  arms  in  all  these  parts  and  muster- 
ing; the  reason  of  this,  was  the  war  with  the  French, 
and  was  designed  rather  to  help  than  hurt  them;  but,  as 
they  and  their  brethren  each  must  be  assistant  to  the 
other,  and  therefore  the  English  took  up  arms  to  defend 
themselves,  and  the  Indians,  also,  against  both  their  ene- 
mies.    That  notwithstanding  they  ought  all,  as  far  as 

•Col.  Record  II.  123.— (^This  winter  was  remarkable,  in 
Pennsylvania,  for  a  great  snow,  in  general  about  one  yard 
doo^.— Proud. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  41 

possible,  to  avoid  war,  for  peace  was  mo^'  desirable,  and 
war  must  be  only  for  defence."  ^■ 

"That  we  are  also  informed  some  o?  the  Maryland 
Indians,  then  among  them,  had  d'ffered  with  the 
English  there,  and  were  afraid  to  return,  or  come  among 
the  English  of  that  government.  If  so,  they  might 
then  continue  among  us,  till  matters  were  fully  settled, 
that  our  Governor  would  treat  with  the  Governor  of 
Maryland  in  their  favor;  but  they  must  not  quarrel  with 
any  of  the  subjects  of  England,  for  we  are  all  under  one 
crown,  and  are  as  one  people." 

In  the  same  year  (1705,)  Thomas  Chalkley,  an  emi- 
nent preacher  among  the  Quakers,  as  he  was  visiting  some 
of  his  brethren  at  Nottingham,  in  the  province  of  Maryland 
had  a  concern,  says  he,  on  my  mind  to  visit  the  Indians 
Uving  near  Susquehannagh,  at  Conestogoe,  and  I  laid  it 
before  the  elders  at  Nottingham  meetmg,  with  which 
they  expressed  their  amity,  and  promoted  my  visiting 
them.  We  got  an  interpreter,  and  thirteen  or  fourteen 
of  us  travelled  through  the  woods  about  fifty  miles,  car- 
rying our  provisions  with  us,  and  on  the  journey  set 
down  by  a  river,  and  spread  our  food  on  the  grass  and 
refreshed  ourselves  and  horses,  and  then  went  on  cheer- 
fully and  with  good  will,  and  much  love  to  the  poor 
Indians,  and  when  we  came  they  received  us  kindly, 
treating  civilly  in  their  way.  We  treated  about  having 
a  meeting  with  them  in  a  religious  way;  upon  which 
they  called  a  council,  in  which  they  were  very  grave,  and 
spoke,  one  after  another,  without  any  heat  or  jarring — 
and  some  of  the  most  esteemed  of  their  women  speak  in 
their  councils.  I  asked  our  interpreter,  why  they  suf- 
fered or  permitted  the  women  to  speak  in  their  councils? 
His  answer  was,  "that  some  women  were  wiser  than 
some  men." 

4» 


43  HISTORY   OP 

"Our  interpreter  told  me  that  they  had  not  done  any 
thing  for  many  years  without  the  counsels  of  an  ancienl; 
grave  woman;' who,  I  observed,  spoke  much  in  their 
councils ;  for  as  1'  was  permitted  to  be  present  at  it,  and  I 
asked,  what  it  was  the  woman  said?     He  told  me,  she 
was  an  Empress;   and  they  gave  much  heed  to  what 
she  said  amongst  them ;  and  that  she  then  said  to  him, 
<'  she  looked  upon  our  coming  among  them  to  be  more  than 
natural,  because  we  did  not  come  to  buy  or  sell,  or  get 
gain,    but    come    in    love    and  respect  to  them — and 
desired  their  well-doing  both  here  and  hereafter;"  and 
further  continued,  "that  our  meetings  among  them  might 
be  very  beneficial  to  their  young  people" — and  related 
a  dream  which  she  had  three  days  before,  and  interpreted 
it,  viz:  "that  she  was  in  London,  and  that  London  was 
the  finest  place  that  she  ever  saw — it  was  like  to  Phila- 
delphia ;  but  much  bigger — and  she   went  across  six 
streets,  and  in  the    seventh   she  saw    TVilliam   Penn 
preaching  to  the  people,  which  was  a  great  multitude, 
both  she  and  William  Penn  rejoiced  to  see  each  other; 
and  after  meeting  she  went  to  him,  and  he  told  her  that 
in  a  little  time  he  would  come  over  and  preach  to  them 
also,  of  which  she  was  very  glad.      And  now  she  said 
her  dream  was  fulfilled,  for  one  of  his  friends  was  come 
to  preach  to  them." 

"  She  advised  them  to  hear  us,  and  entertain  us 
kindly;  and  accordingly  they  did.  There  were  two  na- 
tions of  them,  the  Senecas  and  Shawanesc* 

•The  Shawancsc  had  wigAvams  along  the  bank  of  the  Octto- 
raro  creek,  near  the  present  boundary  of  Chester  and  Lancas- 
ter county.  When  the  road,  in  1719,  to  Christiana  bridge,  &c. 
was  laid,  its  course  was  defined— "to  the  fording  place  at  Oct- 
toraro,  at  Old  Shawana  town,  thence  over  Octtoraro,  along  the 
Indian  Path,  kc.—Caurt  Records,  at  Chcslcr,  Avg/rerm,  1119. 


/ 


LANCASTER    C0T7NTT.  43 


«We  had  first  a  meeting  with  the  Senecas,  with  which 
they  were  much  affected;  and  they  ca.'led  the  other 
nation,  viz:  the  Shawanese,  and  interpi-eted  to  them 
what  we  spoke  in  their  meeting,  and  'Le  poor  Indians, 
and  particularly  some  of  the  yoimg  men  and  women, 
were  under  a  solid  exercise  and  concern.  We  had  also  a 
meetmg  with  the  other  nation,  and  they  were  all  very- 
kind  to  us,  and  desired  more  such  opportunities;  the 
which,  I  hope,  Divine  Providence  will  order  them,  if  they 
are  worthy  thereof. 

The  Gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  was  preached  freely  to 
them,  and  faith  in  Christ,  who  was  put  to  death  at  Jeru- 
salem, by  the  unbelieving  Jews;  and  that  this  same 
Jesus  came  to  save  people  from  their  sins,  and  by  his 
grace  and  light  in  the  soul,  shows  to  man  his  sins,  and 
convinceth  him  thereof;  delivering  him  out  of  them,  and 
gives  inward  peace  and  comfort  to  the  soul  for  well-do- 
ing; and  sorrow  and  trouble  for  evil-doing;  to  all  which 
as  their  manner  is,  gave  public  assent;  and  to  that  of  the 
light  of  the  soul,  they  gave  a  double  assent,  and  seemed 
much  affected  with  the  doctrine  of  truth;  also  the 
benefit  of  the  holy  scriptures  was  largely  opened  to 
them." 

"After  this,  we  returned  to  our  respective  habitations, 
thankful  in  our  hearts  to  the  God  and  Father  of  our 
Lord  Jesus  Christ.  Several  of  the  friends  that  went 
with  me  expressed  their  satisfaction  in  this  visit,  and 
offered    themselves    freely    to    go    again    to    the    like 


services.* 


♦Thomas  Chalkley,  wife  and  family,  came  from  England  to 
Pennsylvania,  in  1701,  where  he  settled  and  resided  for  upwards 
of  forty  years,  except  when  absent  on  business.  He  was, 
besides,  a  sea-faring  man ;  also  engaged  as  a  minister  of  the 
gospel;  the  discharge  of  duty,  in  this  double  capacity,  aeces- 


44  HISTORY    OF 

I 

It  appears  that  the  Indians,  at  Conestogo  were  quite 
an  object  of  attention;  fearful  they  might  be  ahenated, 
Governor  Ev  ^ns  conceived  it  of  the  utmost  importance, 
under  these  e.-^iing  circumstances*  "to  maintain,  as  far 
as  possible,  a  \perfect  good  understanding  with  the 
Indians,  and  to  \a.hoT  to  keep  them  secure  in  the  Queen's 
interest  against  tht\  machinations  used  by  the  enemy  to 
debauch  them  from"  the  people  of  the  province.  To 
effect  this,  he  proposed,  in  August,  1706,  the  year  after 
Chalkley's  errand  to  them  as  messenger  of  Peace,  ta 
visit  very  speedily  the  Indians  of  Conestogo,  and  the  ad- 
jacent settlement.  He  went,  and  had  a  personal  inter- 
view with  them  at  Conestogo;  and  it  proved,  as  he 
hoped,  of  great  service. 

It  was  then,  perhaps,  he  was  so  eloquently  addressed 
by  an  Indian  Orator,  who, as  the  Poet  says,  spake: 
"Hos  docet  ore  loqui  facilis  natura  diserto; 
Lingua)  grande  loquens  est  idioma  suae. 
With  native  eloquence  their  speech  abounds, 
Untaught  with  figures  grand,  and  lofty  sounds." 

"Father — we  love  quiet;  we  suffer  the  mouse  to 
play;  when  the  leaves  are  rustled  by  the  wind  we  fear 
not;  when  the  leaves  are  disturbed  in  ambush,  we  are 
uneasy;  when  a  cloud  obscures  your  brilliant  smi,  our 
eyes  feel  dim;  but  when  the  rays  appear,  they  give 
great  heat  to  the  body,  and  joy  to  the  heart.     Treachery 

sarily  called  him  much  away  from  his  family.  He  was  a 
successful  minister — beloved  and  highly  esteemed  for  his 
virtues.  "He  was  a  man  of  a  meek  and  quiet  spirit;  and  he 
possessed  an  engaging  sweetness,  both  in  ministry  and  con- 
rersation."  While  on  a  religious  visit  to  the  Island  of  Tortola, 
he  died  in  1741.  He  left  behind  him  some  religious  works, 
and  a  Journal,  from  which  the  above  extract  has  been  copied — 
Page,  47-51. 

*There  was  war,  between  tho  French  and  English  at  tbv 
time. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  45 

darkens  the   chain  of   friendship,   but  truth  i\akes  it 
brighter  than  ever.     This  is  the  peace  we  desire  * 

The  Governor  and  Council  having  been  informed  of 
the  treacherous  and  murderous  conduct  of  Nicole  and 
-Francois,  in  their  endeavors  to  incense  the  Indians  on  the 
Susquehanna,  against  the  English,  it  was  deemed  expe- 
dient that  they  should  be  visited  again. 

In  the  summer  season  of  1707,  Gov.  Evans  made 
another  journey  among  the  Indians.  With  what  mo- 
tives he  undertook  this  second  journey,  is  somewhat  diffi- 
cult to  decide,  if  it  should  be  maintained  they  were  pure- 
ly patriotic.  If  historians  have  not  been  biased,  if  they 
have  been  accurate,  faithful  and  impartial,  in  reporting  to 
future  ages  his  actions,  he  presents  to  the  v/orld  a  strange 
character;  not  worthy  of  imitation.  Governors  do  act 
strangely  sometimes!     Of  him  it  is  recorded: 

"  He  increased  the  nmiiber  of  taverns,  and  ale  houses 
for  the  sake  of  license  money,  which  he  had  doubled  : 
that  m  his  private  life  he  was  indecorous  and  immoral ; 
had  practised  abominations  with  the  Indians  at 
Conestogo;  committed  at  his  own  country  resideiKe 
notorious  excesses  and  debaucheries,  not  fit  to  be  re- 
hearsed, and  had  beaten  several  of  the  peace-  officers, 
who,  ignorant  of  his  presence,  at  a  house  of  ill-fame, 
had  attempted  to  disperse  the  company,  at  ten  o'clock  in 
the  morning  ;t   and,  though  by  his  example,  he  weak- 

*Lan.  Intel].  &  Jour. 

f "  William  Penn,  Jr.,  who  came  with  Evans  from  England, 
was  one  of  the  parties  of  this  night  brawl,  and  was  indicted 
for  his  conduct  in  the  city  court.  He  professed  the  faith  of  the 
Church  of  England,  but  had  worn,  it  would  seem,  hitherto  in 
the  province  a  quaker  garb.  Upon  the  institution  of  this 
prosecution  he  threw  off  all  disguise,  abandoned  his  quaker 
connexions,  and  openly  proclaimed  his  principles." — Logan, 
MSS. 


46  I  HISTORY    OP 

ened  t^ie  hands  of  the  magistrates,  he  hypocriticalhr 
caused  his  proclamations  to  be  read  in  the  churches  and 
religiou'5  meetings,  against  the  very  disorders  which  he.' 
himself  committed." 

"i^e  permitted  French  papists  from  Canada  to 
trade  with  the  Indians,  and  seduce  them  from  th& 
English  interest.^'* 

Having  presented  the  reader  a  historical  brief  of  his 
moral  and  political  character,  an  account  of  his  last 
journey,  as  laid  before  the  Board  in  council,  the  22d 
July,  1707,  is  given  in  extenso,  in  these  words:  "The 
Governor,  with  Messrs.  John  French,  Wm.  Tonge, 
Mitchel  Bezaillion,  Gray,  and  four  servants,  set  out  from 
New  Castle  the  27th  of  June,  and  the  next  morning 
arrived  at  Octoraro,  where  the  Governor  was  presented 
with  some  skins  by  the  Indians,  and  the  same  liight  we 
arrived  at  Pequehan,  "  at  the  mouth  of  Pequae  creek" 
being  received  at  Martines,!  by  0  Pessah,  "the  chief 
of  the  Shawanoes,"  and  some  Indian  chiefs,  who  con- 
ducted us  to  the  town,  at  our  entrance  into  which  place^. 
we  were  saluted  by  the  Indians  with  a  volley  of  fire 
arms.  On  Monday,  we  went  to  Dekanoagah,  upon  the 
river  Susquchaima,  being  about  nine  miles  from  Peque- 
han. Some  time  after  our  coming  here  a  meeting  was^ 
held  of  the  Shawanois,  Senequois  and  Canoise  Indians, 
and  the  Nantikoke  Indians  from  the  seven  following 
towns,  viz:  Matcheattochouisie,  Witicliquaom,  Teah- 
quois,  Matchcouchtin,  Natahquois,  Byengeahtein,  and 
Pohecommoati;  an  Indian  presented  to  the  Governor 
and  liis  company,  and  all  the  Indians  then  present,  a 

•Gordon,  150  ;  Proud,  I.  482. 

fMartin  Charticr,  who  had  lived  long  among  the  Shawanah 
Indians!— Co/.  Rec.  H,  133. 


LANCASTER   COUNTr.  47 

large  pipe  with  tobacco,  out  of  which  every  one  smoked, 
and  then  the  Governor  acquainted  the  Indians  that  he 
had  received  a  message  from  the  Senequois  Indians,  of 
Conestogo  and  those  of  Pequehan,  how  that  several 
strange  Indians  were  amongst  them,  and  desired  his 
presence  there;  that  although  he  had  the  charge  and 
care  of  many  thousands  of  the  great  Queen  of  Eng- 
land's subjects,  yet  he  was  now  come  to  this  place  to 
know  their  desires,  and  was  willing  to  serve  them  in 
whatsoever  lay  in  his  power.  To  which  a  Nantikoke 
Indian  replied,  that  they  were  extremely  glad  the 
Governor  was  with  them,  and  that  they  had  waited  ten 
days  to  see  him. 

Adjunkoe,  one  of  the  Sachems  of  Conestogo,  said 
he  was  well  satisfied  with  the  relation  the  Nantikoke 
Indians  had  given  of  their  affairs ;  yet,  notwithstanding,  he 
was  very  desirous  they  should  make  it  known  to  the 
Governor  that  he  might  also  be  satisfied  with  it ;  a  Nan- 
tikoke Indian  took  into  his  hands  a  belt  of  wampun 
from  him  whereon  there  was  hung  nineteen  others,  and 
several  strings  of  beads,  and  said  that  they  had  been 
given  to  understand  the  Queen  had  sent  orders  that  the 
Indians  should  live  in  peace  with  one  another,  and  that 
they  were  sent  to  give  some  of  those  belts  in  behalf  of 
the  Governor  of  Maryland,  and  themselves  to  the  Five 
Nations,  as  our  Indians  also  intended  to  do  to  others  for 
Pennsylvania  and  themselves,  if  the  Governor  thought 
fit,  in  order  to  renew  their  league  with  the  Five 
Nations. 

Governor — How  long  have  you  been  at  peace  with 
this  nation? 

Nantikoke  Indians — Twenty-seven  years. 

Governor — What  is  the  reason,  then,  of  so  many  belts 
of  wampum  and  strings  of  beads? 


48  HISTORY    OP 

Nantikoke  Indians — We  send  them  as  a  tribute. 

Governor — I  am  very  well  satisfied  with  what  has 
been  told  me,  and  with,  what  the  Governor  of  Maryland 
has  done,  and  had  I  been  acquainted  with  this  business 
at  Philadelpliia,  I  would  have  sent  a  belt  of  wampum  as 
a  token  of  friendship  to  the  Five  Nations;  but  some  of 
those  Five  Nations  were  with  me  not  long  since,  by 
whom  I  sent  a  belt;  and  then  Adjunkoe  took  a  belt 
in  his  hands,  saying,  he  meant  to  send  it  to  the  Five 
Nations  for  Penn  and  themselves. 

Indian  Harry,  by  order  of  the  Conestogo  Sachem, 
spoke  in  English  to  the  Nantikoke,  who  all  understood 
that  language,  as  follows,  viz :  you  are  going  to  the 
Onandagocs;  be  sure  keep  on  your  way;  many  may  tell 
you  several  things  to  fright  you,  and  that  they  are  great 
men,  and  you  will  be  killed.  Yet  keep  on  your  way  and 
believe  them  not,  for  you  will  find  the  King  of  the  Five 
Nations  a  very  great  one,  and  as  good  a  king  as  any 
amongst  the  Indians. 

Governor — I  am  very  glad  to  see  you  altogether  at 
this  time,  and  it  is  my  desire,  and  shall  be  my  endeavor, 
tliat  you  all  live  in  peace.  Your  enemies  are  ours,  and 
whosoever  shall  pretend  to  injure  you,  I  will  endeavor 
tliat  you  shall  have  satisfaction  made  for  it. 

Then  the  conference  ended,  and  the  Governor  treated 

the   Indian  chiefs  at  dinner,  and  at  night  returned  to 

Pequehaii. 

Peqnehan,  301  h  June. 

Present: — Shawanois  Indians,  and  some  of  the  Five 
Nations. 

0  Pessah  spoke  in  behalf  of  the  youth  of  the  town,  as 
follows,  viz: 

We  thank  the  Governor  for  his  kindness  in  supporting 
our  people.     We  are  liappy  to  live  in  a  country  at  peace, 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  4J> 

and  not  as  in  these  parts,  where  we  formerly  hved ;  for 
then  upon  our  return  from  hunting,  we  found  our  town 
surprised,  and  our  women  and  children  taken  prisoners 
by  our  enemies. 

Governor — The  Indians  may  be  assured  of  my  pro- 
tection, for  we  are  one  people.  If  in  your  absence,  any  of 
your  enemies  endeavor  to  hurt  any  of  your  wives  or 
children,  they  shall  have  redress;  for  I  esteem  an  injury 
done  to  you  as  to  myself. 

0  P  ess  ah — It  was  the  Nantikoke  and  Canoise  Indians 
who  sent  for  our  father,  the  Governor,  and  not  we,  there- 
fore we  are  very  sorry  they  entertained  him  no  better ;  but 
since  they  have  not  been  so  kind  as  they  ought,  we  hope 
the  Governor  will  accept  of  our  small  present,  which  we 
now  make  him ;  for  we  are  sensible  the  ways  are  bad, 
and  that  the  bushes  wear  out  your  clothes,  for  which 
reason  we  give  these  skins  to  make  gloves,  stockings 
and  breeches,  in  place  of  those  worn  out. 

Governor — I  am  well  pleased  with  my  journey,  and 
shall  be  always  ready  to  do  the  like  to  preserve  peace 
,  amongst  you  at  home,  and  maintain  your  alliance 
abroad.  I  have  now  (to  let  you  see  what  confidence  I 
have  in  you,)  trusted  myself  in  the  midst  of  you,  with 
a  very  few  of  our  great  Queen's  subjects,  although  I 
could  have  easily  brought  with  me  very  great  numbers. 
I  have  been  told  that  some  ill-designing  persons  have 
frequently  raised  reports  of  my  intention  to  destroy  you ; 
pray,  let  me  know  the  authors  of  these  reports,  and  they 
^hali  be  punished  according  to  their  deserts.  I  am,  and 
always  have  been,  ready  to  do  you  all  manner  of  good 
offices,  and  will  continue  in  the  same  mind  towards  you. 
It  is  my  mind  that  ycm.  secure  thoir  persons,  and  give  me 
immediate  notice  of  it.  Tliere  have  been  formerly- 
several  alliances  made  with  you,  which  you  well  know 

5 


50  HISTORY   OF 

we  on  our  parts  have  observed  punctually;  and  so  shall 
contmue  to  do,  and  wish  you  may  do  the  same. 

Then  an  Indian  spoke  in  behalf  of  the  women: — We 
are  included  in  the  alliances  before  spoken  of,  as  well  as 
our  men,  so  we  ask  the  Governor's  protection,  and  de- 
sire the  Governor  will  kindly  accept  this  present  of 
skins,  which  freely  we  make  him,  as  a  testimony  of  our 
kindness. 

Governor — I  do  accept  your  presents  very  kindly,  and 
thank  you  for  the  same;  and  you  shall  always  find  me 
ready  to  protect  and  defend  you,  and  will  continue  to 
treat  you  as  friends  and  sisters. 

After  which  the  Governor  spoke  to  the  messengers 
from  the  Five  Nations,  viz : 

You  must  be  sure  you  remember  to  acquaint  your 
chiefs  that  you  have  seen  me  here,  and  at  the  Shawa- 
noise  town;  and  of  the  friendship  and  alliance  that  is 
betwixt  us  and  the  Indians. 

O  Pessah — I  hope  the  Governor  will  give  us  his  hand 
in  token  of  his  friendship. 

Governor — I  will  give  not  only  give  my  hand,  but  my 
heart. 

During  our  abode  at  Pequehan,  several  of  the  Shawo- 
nois  Indians,  from  the  southward,  came  to  settle  here 
and  were  admitted  so  to  do  by  0  Pessah,  with  the 
Governor's  consent;  at  the  same  time  an  Indian  from  a 
Shaonois  town,  near  Carolina,  came  in,  and  gave  an 
account  of  four  hundred  and  fifty  flathcadcd  Indians  had 
besieged  them:  and  that  in  all  probability,  the  same  was 
taken.  Bczallion  informed  the  Governor  that  the  Shao- 
nois of  Carolina  (he  was  told)  had  killed  several  chris- 
tians; whereupon  the  Governor  of  that  province  raised 
the  said  flathcadcd  Indians,  and  jomcd  some  christians  to 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  51 

them,  besieged,  and  have  taken,  as  it  is  thought,  the  said 
Shaonois  town. 

On  Tuesday,  1st  of  July,  we  went  to  Conestogo,  and 
lay  there  that  night,  and  the  next  morning  proceeded  on- 
our  journey  and  arrived  in  the  evening  within  three 
miles  of  an  Indian  village,  called  Peixtan.*  The  Go- 
yernor  had  received  information  at  Pequehan,  that  one 
Nicole,  a  French  Indian  trader,  was  at  that  place,  against 
whom  great  complaints  had  been  made  to  the  Governor, 
of  which  he  acquainted  the  chief  Indian  of  Peixtan,  as 
also  of  his  design  to  seize  him;  who  willingly  agreed  to 
it,  but  advised  the  Governor  to  be  very  cautious  in  ths 
manner;  there  being  only  young  people  at  home,  who 
perhaps  might  make  some  resistance,  if  it  were  done 
without  their  first  being  told  of  it ;  for  this  reason  we 
lay  short  of  the  village  that  night;  but  early  in  the 
morning  we  went  within  one-half  a  mile  of  the  town, 
and  leaving  our  horses,  marched  afoot,  nearer  the  same, 
from  whence  the  Governor  sent  Martine  to  the  village, 
ordering  him  to  tell  Nicole  that  he  had  brought  two  kegs 
of  rum  with  him,  which  he  had  left  in  the  wood,  for 
fear  any  christians  were  there,  and  to  persuade  Nicole 
to  go  with  him  to  taste  the  rum.  Martine  returned 
with  James  Le  Tort,  and  Joseph  Jessop,  two  Indian 
ti-aders,  but  could  not  prevail  with  Nicole ;  upon  this, 
Martine  was  sent  back,  with  orders  to  bring  down  some 
of  the  Indians,  and  Nicole  with  them ;  then  we  drew 
nearer  the  town,  and  laid  ourselves  in  the  bushes,  and 
Martine  returned  v/ith  two  Indians,  whom  the  Governor 
acquainted  with  his  intent  of  taking  Nicole,  telling  at  the 
same  time,  he  had  spoken  with  the  luicle  of  one  of  them 

♦"Peixtan,  spelt  Peichtang,  Pechetan,  &c.  in  old  records, 
once  an  Indian  wigwan),  now  Harrisburg,"  R.  C.—Lan,  InteiL 
ij-  Jour. 


52  HISTORY    OP 

upon  that  head,  who  ordered  the  Indians  to  subniit  to 
the  Governor's  commands,  with  which  they  were  con- 
tented, though  we  perceived  too  well  the  contrary,  by 
tJieir  inquiring  how  many  we  were,  and  how  armed:;; 
and  by  the  concern  they  seemed  to  be  m,  when  they 
found  we  were  more  in  number  than  they;  but  stilL 
Kicole  was  wanting;  it  was  therefore  resolved  at  oncet^; 
try  once  more  if  he  could  be  got  into  the  woods,  accord-, 
ingly  went  again,  and  bronght  Nicole  to  tlie  place  where 
we  lay  concealed,  and  asking  to  drink  a  dram,  he  seized 
liim ;  but  Nicole  started  from  him  and  run  for  it,  whe?i. 
immediately  we  started  out  and  took  him,  and  presently 
carried  him  to  the  village,  through  which  we  were 
obliged  to  pass,  and  there  v/e  found  some  Indians  with 
guns  in  their  hands,  who  looked  much  displeased  at  what 
we  had  done,  but  we  being  in  readiness  against  any  sur- 
prise, they  thought  it  not  fit  to  attempt  any  thing ;  here 
we  stayed  about  half  an  hour,  and  then  parted  for  Tiu*- 
pyhocken:  having  mounted  Nicole  upon  a  horse,  and 
tied  liis  legs  under  his  belly;  we  got  within  a  mile  of 
Turpyhocken,  about  two  of  the  clock  on  Friday  morn- 
ing, and  about  seven  the  Governor  went  to  town,  from 
thence  we  went  to  Manatawny  that  night,  and  the  next 
day  to  Philadelphia." 

Nicole  was  imprisoned  in  the  common  jail  at  Philadel- 
phia. From  his  examination  and  trial  before  the  coun- 
cil, he  stated,  that  according  to  what  his  mother  had  told 
him,  he  was  born  in  Blackfryers,  London,  that  iiis  mother 
had  carried  him  to  France,  and  that  his  uncle  in  London^ 
had  sent  for  him;  and  that  about  the  year  lGS(i,  he  was. 
brought  over  iuU)  this  coimtry,  with  a  French  gentle- 
man, who  Iiad  come  on  the  account  of  Doctor  Cox. — 
He  was  tried  by  indictments  as  a  subject  in  England.* 

•Sec  Col.  Roc.  II.  405-G. 


LANCASTER    COtJNTr.  59 


CHAPTER  V. 

G«uso  of  disquietude  among  the  Indians — Indians  at  Conestogo  send  a 
messenger  to  the  Council — Mitchel  and  other  Europeans  intrude  upon  th» 
Indians — Governor  Evans'  explanation  of  Mitchel's  course — Critical  junc- 
ture— Evans  re-called — Gookin  appointed  Governor — Penn's  embarrass- 
ment — Penn  mortgages  the  province — Quit-rents — Emigration  impeded 

Gookin  sends  a  message  to  the  Indians  at  Conestogo — Mingoes  and 

others  appear  in  Philadelphia — Gookin's  visit  to  Conestogo — Swedish 
Missionary  at  Conestogo — His  sermon  and  Indian  chiefs  answer — 
French  and  Worley  on  a  message  to  Conestogo. 

The  disquietude  among  the  Indians  still  was  such  as 
to  render  it  necessary,  shortly  after  the  Governor's 
return,  to  despatch  a  message  to  them  by  Martiji  Char- 
tier,  who  was  returning  from  Philadelphia  to  his  trading 
station  among  the  Shawanois,  at  Pecquea,  near  Cones- 
togo. The  great  uneasiness  among  them  was  frequently 
occasioned  by  non-licensed  and  non-resident  transient 
traders  and  speculators  among  them,  or  those  who  sought 
to  mend  their  future  fortunes  by  seeking  out,  locating 
and  purchasing  the  choice  vacant  lands  from  the  proprie- 
tary's commissioners.  Such  appears  to  have  been  the 
case  about  Conestogo,  in  1707.  Among  those,  at  this 
time,  was  one  Lewis  Mitchel,  or  Michelle,  who  was  em- 
ployed and  sent  out,  about  the  year  1703  or  4,  by  the 
Canton  of  Bern,  in  Switzerland,  to  search  for  vacant 
lands  in  Pennsylvania,  Virginia  or  Carolina.* 

The  Indians  at  Conestogo,  sent  a  message  to  the 
council,  by  Harry,  the  interpreter.  The  Governor  was 
absent.  The  council  convened  to  receive  the  message  in 
form.  As  his  credentials,  Harry  laid  upon  the  board  six 
loose  strmgs  of  wampum,  and  declared  that  he  was  sent 

^Williamson,  I.  C.  6., 

5» 


54  HISTOKT    OP 

hj  the  Queen  and  the  principal  of  Conestego,  to  the  Go-- 
rernor  and  council,  to  acquaint  that  divers  Europeans,, 
namely,  "Mitcliel  (a  Swiss,)  Peter  Bczalion,  James  Le 
Tort,  Martin  Chartier,  the  French  Glover  of  Philadel- 
phia, Frank,  a  young  man  of  Canada,  who  Avas  lately 
taken  up  here,  being  all  Frenchmen,  and  one  from  Vir- 
ginia, who  also  spoke  French,  had  seated  themselves  and 
built  houses  u])on  the  branches  of  the  Patowmeck^^ 
■within  this  govermnent,  and  pretended  that  they  were  in 
search  of  some  mineral  or  ore;  that  in  the  Governor's 
name,  they  had  required  the  Indians  of  Conestogo,  to 
send  some  of  their  people  with  them  to  assist  them,  for 
which  the  Governor  would  pay  them.  That  those  of 
Conestogo,  not  thinking  these  proceedings  to  be  incon- 
sistent with  their  past  treaties  and  leagues  of  friendship, 
desired  to  know  wliether  the  said  persons  were  really 
sent  by  the  government,  and  had  tlius  seated  them- 
selves by  their  approbation,  and  whether  they  had 
any  orders  to  desire  the  assistance  of  the  said  Indians,  if 
not  that  they  might  be  called  home." 

Harry  added  in  particular,  ^' thai  ihon!;h  Milchel 
was  the  person  tc/io  had  first  led  the  rest  Ihitheryyet 
he  had  left  them  for  many  weeks  past,  and  pretended 
that  he  wanted  one  Clark,  of  Maryland,  who  it  is  said^ 
to  be  now  under  an  attainder,  by  an  act  of  assembly' 
of  that  government,  to  assist  him  in  the  discovery."* 

On  further  consideration  it  appeared  that  Peter  Be- 
zalion  was  the  only  licensed  Indian  trader,  according  to. 
an  act  passed  .-il  a  general  Assembly,  October  14,  1700, 
licid  at  New  Castle. 

Mitchel,  who  had  been  in  Philadelphia, in  the  summer 
of  170(5,  wassentforby  Governor  Evans.  The  Governor 
♦'required  to  know  of  him  what  he  intended  by  travers- 

•Col.Rcc.  11.420. 


LANCASTER    C0T7NTT.  55 

ing  the  country,  as  he  had  done,  without  permission; 
and  what  was  the  meaning  of  these  discourses  about 
mmes." 

The  Governor  stated  to  the  board,  February  25,  1707, 
that  the  above  was  the  substance  of  his  tall<:  with  him, 
and  that  Mitchel  repUed,  "  He  had  been  employed  by 
divers  of  his  countrymen,  who  were  in  treaty  with  the 
w-own  and  proprietor  for  land  here  for  a  convenient  tract 
to  settle  a  colony*  of  their  people  on,  to  come  over  and 
gearch  for  such  a  place  as  might  best  suit  them,  and 
upon  this  head,  he  was  large  in  giving  an  account  of  the 
design." 

The  Governor  further  stated  that  he  asked  "  How  he- 
durst  presume  to  range  this  coimtry,  on  any  such  design, 
without  applying  first  to  him;  to  which  he  answered 
tliat  he  would  have  done  it,  but  that  he  lost  his  creden- 
tials, and  expected  others  over." 

The  Governor  also  added,  "that  he  had  some  notion, 
of  mines,  and  had  his  thoughts  much  bcmt  that  way,  that 
he  was  willing  to  let  him  proceed,-  and  had  not  dis- 
couraged him ;  that  he  had  advised  him  to  take  some  of 
the  Indians  with  him ;  that  of  the  persons  before  men- 
tioned, he  had  ordered  tv/o  that  he  could  confide  in  to  be 
there,  that  he  might  have  a  full  accomit  of  their  proceed- 
ings; but  that  he  knew  nothing  that  so-  many  hadj 
gone  out,  nor  could  think  it  was  fit  to  be  suffered." 

The  council  agreed  that  none  except  those  who  had 
license  to  do  so,  should  remain  among  the  Indians  on  the 
forks  of  the  Potomac;  and  thus  the  matter  ended. 

This  was  a  critical  juncture  to  the  provincials,  to 
Governor  Evans,  and  to  the  proprietary.  The  unsettled 
state  of  Indian  affairs,  perplexed  the  people;  the  execu^ 

*This  colony  settled  in  1710,  in  North  Carolina,  at  a  place 
which  they  subsequently  called  New  Bern.. 


56 


HISTOIir   OP 


tivG  and  the  legislators,  owing  to  the  quarrels  between 
tliem,  had  done  nothing  in  their  respective  capacities, 
that  resulted  in  a  benefit  to  the  country.  Besides  this 
family  feud  and  Indian  perplexities,  the  trade  of  the  pro- 
vince had  been  greatly  interrupted  by  the  privateers  of  the 
enemies  cruizing  and  capturing  vessels.  There  was  no 
remedy  for  all  this,  as  long  as  Evans  was  Governor.— 
He  was  re-called.  Col.  Charles  Gookin  was  appointed, 
and  arrived  in  JMarch,  1708 

Penn's  pecuniary'  embarrassments  were  intricate  and 
perplexmg,  owing  to  various  causes.  The  expenditure 
of  his  government  was  great,  and  he  was  defrauded  by 
his  Stewart  of  his  Irish  estates,  and  confined  within  the 
rules  of  the  Fleet  prison.  "He  was  relieved  from  this 
humiliating  state,  by  mortgaging  the  province,  and  his 
political  rights  therein,  to  Henry  Gouldney,  Joshua  Gee, 
Sylvanus  Grove,  John  Woods  and  John  Field,  of  Lon- 
don, Tiiomas  Callowhill,  Thomas  Cade  and  Jeffrey 
Pennell,  of  Bristol,  and  Thomas  Cuppage,  of  Ireland. 

The  mortgagees  did  not  assume  the  government,  but 
appointed  Edward  Shippen,  Samuel  Carpenter,  Richard 
Hill,  and  James  Logan,  commissioners  to  superintend 
tlieir  iuterj3st  in  the  province,  who  repaid  the  loan  with 
funds  obtained  from  the  sale  of  lands,  and  from  his 
quit-rents."* 

*  Quit-rents.— It  appears  from  the  writings  of  Sparks,  Belk- 
nap and  Franklin,  that  when  Penn  reserved  quit-rents,  they 
were  not  agreed  to  without  difficulty.  The  purchasers  rcmon-. 
strated  against  tiieni  as  a  burden,  unprecedented  in  any  other 
American  Colony ;  but  it  is  said,  Penn  artfully  distinguished 
between  the  character  of  Proprietor  and  of  Governor,  and 
insinuated  strongly  that  government  must  be  supported  with 
dignify,  and  that  by  complying  with  this  expedient,  they 
would  be  freed  from  other  taxes.    Such  distinctions  are  very 


LANCASTER    COUNTT.  57 

Emigration,  during  this  unhappy  state  of  affairs,  was 
reiy  Umited.  Though  the  oppression  abroad  was  very- 
great,  and  a  free  asyhim  held  to  all  of  every  creed,  tlie 
influx  of  population  had  for  a  season  stopped,  and  settle- 
ments sparsely  made.  None  seemed,  even  in  the  pro- 
rince,  to  adventure  an  approach  m  settling  nearer  the 
banks  of  the  Susquehanna.  Those  who  advanced 
took  forethought  not  to  seat  far  from  "  mill  and  meeting 
/wnse.''  A  few  quaker  pioneers  settled  about  the  year 
1707,  in  Kennet,  Chester  county.  Among  others  were 
Vincent  Caldwell,  Thomas  Wickersham,  Joel  Bailey> 
Thomas  Hope,  Guyan  Miller..* 

Nothing  of  importance  c-f  a  local  character,  within  the 
limits  of  Lancaster  county,  occurred  during  the  first  year 
of  Gookin's  administration.  The  Indians  had  sent 
several  messages  to  him  and  council.  He  promised  them 
a  visit,  but  was  prevented  by  public  business.  Lest  he 
might  forfeit  their  confidence,  he  instructed  the  sectretary 
at  a  comicil,  held  at  Philadelphia,  Jime  8,  1709,  forth- 
with to  despatch  a  messenger  to  the  Conestogo  and 
other  Indians,  &c.,  with  instructions  in  writing  to  excuse 
him  from  coming,  because  the  assembly  was  then  in 
session  upon  an  important  business,  and  as  a  credential, 
he  commanded  the  messenger  to  take  a  good  belt  of 
"wampum  with  him,  to  inform  them  that  if  they  designed 
to  pay  a  visit  to  the  Five  Nations,  they  ara  now  busily 

convenient  to  a  politician — and  by  this  distinction  the  poiat 
was  gained. 

All  quit-rents  were  abolished,  except  in  Manors,  by  the  ninth 
section  of  the  Divesting  Act,  passed  27th  November,  1779- — 
Smith's  Laws,  Pa.  II,  138. 

The  quit-rents  were  not  uniform ;  they  varied  from  one 
shilling  sterling  per  hundred  acres,  to  six  shillings  per  annum^ 
and  in  other  instances  more. 

*Proud,  I,  482. 


58  HISTORY    OP 

engaged  wtli  the  English  in  a  war  against  Canada,  for 
•which  vast  preparations  are  made  from  England  ;*  tha^ 
if  those  of  Conestogoe,  the  Shawanois  and  otliers,  can 
engage,  and  will  prepare  themselves  to  join  immediately 
in  this  expedition,  their  young  men  should  all  provide 
themselves  for  it  without  delay,  and  they  shall  receive  by 
the  Queen's  orders,  sent  for  that  purpose,  a  good  reward, 
every  man  a  gun,  and  that  their  answer  to  this,  by  some- 
of  their  old  men,  and  a  good  interpreter,  is  immediately 
desired.  That  whether  they  can  engage  or  not,  we 
shall  be  glad  to  see  some  of  tliem  here,  and  the  Governor 
will  shortly  make  them  a  visit." 

John  French  hastened  to  Conestogo  and  delivered  the 
message.  He  returned  to  Philadelphia,  and  communi- 
cated the  Indians'  message.  "They  would  forthwith 
call  in  all  their  young  men,  and  with  all  their  force  come 
to  Philadelphia,  in  order  to  proceed  to  Albany  and  join 
in  tlie  expedition  against  Canada." 

But  as  the  assembly  had  voted  against  raising  money 
for  that  purpose,  it  was  resolved  that  a  message  be  sent 
to  the  Indians,  desiring  them  to  defer  their  coming- 
to  Philadelphia,  for  that  the  Governor  will  speedily  pay 
tlicm  a  visit. 

Notwithstanding  the  desire  expressed  by  the  Governor 
and  council,  that  they  might  defer  their  coming,  tliey 
appeared;  they  were  the  chiefs  of  several  nations  of 
Indians,  living  on  Susquehanna,  viz:  Andaggy-jun- 
guah,  Woshtachary,  chiefs  of  the  Mingoes,  Owechcla, 
Passakassy  and  Skal itchy,,  chiefs  of  the  Delaware  In- 
dians, settled  at  Pcshtang  (Paxton),  above   Conestogo,. 

»An  cxpcilition  was  determined  on  for  the  reduction  of  the 
French  in  North  America.  The  plan  was  extensive.  The 
French  were  to  be  subdued,  not  only  in  Canada  and  Acadia, 
but  also  in  Newfoundland.— //oi/nc«,  /.  500. 


LANCASTER    COUNTT.  59 

zmd  other  adjacent  places,  Peter  and  Pipskoe,  chiefs  of 
Ganawese,  with  their  several  interpreters. 

The  Governor  congratulated  them  on  their  coming  to 
see  him,  and  they  were  all  satisfied  with  him.  A  num- 
ber of  presents  were  made  them,  before  their  departure 
for  home. 

The  following  year  the  Governor  paid  the  Indians  a 
visit  at  Conestogo,  "where  he  found  them  very  much 
inclined  to  the  English,  and  to  the  proprietary,  and  his 
government  in  particular;  but  that  they  had  complained 
to  him  that  several  persons  make  it  then-  business  to  way- 
lay their  young  men  returning  from  hunting,  making  them 
drunk  with  rum,  and  then  cheat  them  of  their  skins,  and 
that  if  some  method  be  not  taken  to  prevent  it,  they  must 
be  forced  to  remove  themselves  or  starve,  their  depen- 
dence being  entirely  upon  their  peltry ;  whereupon  it  is 
thought  proper  that  such  Indian  traders  as  are  foreigners, 
being  admitted  and  licensed  by  the  Governor,  shall 
come  under  such  regulation  as  the  Governor  and 
council,  from  time  to  time,  shall  direct  and  appoint." 

If  any  reliance  can  be  placed  on  the  following  tradi- 
tion, for  it  should  be  considered  such,*  the  Swedes  also, 
as  well  as  others,  felt  interested  in  the  spiritual  welfare  of 
the  Indians  of  Lancaster  county,  and  sent  missionaries 
among  them  to  instruct  them  in  the  doctrines  of  the 
christian  religion.  One  of  their  missionaries,  who  re- 
sided a  few  years  at  Conestogo,  cither  at  the  time  of 
Governor  Gookin's  first  visit  to  the  Indians  at  Conestogo, 

*Robert  Proud,  who  wrote  a  History  of  Pennsylvania,  ia 
1780,  says  this  speech  had  been  printed  in  Pennsylvania,  as  a 
genuine  speech  of  an  Indian  chief  in  the  province  ;  but 
whether  it  be  really  so,  or  not,  it  certainly  contains  arguments 
which  have  been  used  by  some  of  thsse  people,  and  it  may 
serve,  in  part,  to  give  some  idea  of  their  sentiments  on  thi« 
subject. 


60  HISTORY    OJ 

or  when  Colonel  French  and  Henry  Worley,  went  on  a 
message  m  1710,  was  present,  and  preached  a  sermon  to 
tile  Indians  at  Conestogo,  m  which  sermon  he  set  forth 
original  sin,  the  necessity  of  a  mediator,  and  endeavored, 
by  certain  argtiments,  to  indiice  the  Indians  to  embrace 
tlie  christian  religion.  After  he  had  ended  his  discourse, 
one  of  the  Indian  chiefs  made  a  speech  in  reply  to  the 
sermon ;  the  discourse  on  both  sides  was  made  known  by 
interpreters.  The  missionary, upon  his  return  to  Sweden, 
published  his  sermon  and  the  Indian's  answer;  having 
written  them  in  Latin,  he  dedicated  them  to  the  University 
of  tJpsal,  and  desired  them  to  furnish  him  with  argu- 
ments to  confute  such  strong  reasoning  of  the  Indian. — 
The  Indian's  speech,  translated  from  the  Latin,  is  as 
follows : 

"Since  the  subject  of  his  errand  is  to  persuade  us  to  em- 
brace a  new  doctrine,  perhaps  it  may  not  be  amiss, 
before  we  offer  him  the  reasons  why  we  cannot  comply 
with  his  request,  to  acquaint  him  with  the  grounds  and 
principles  of  that  religion  he  would  have  us  abandon. 
Our  forefathers  were  under  a  strong  persuasion  (as  we 
are)  that  those  who  act  well  in  this  life,  will  be  rewarded 
in  the  next,  according  to  the  degree  of  their  virtues. — 
And  on  the  other  hand,  that  those  that  behave  wickedly 
here  will  undergo  such  punishments  hereafter  as  were 
proportionate  to  the  crimes  they  were  guilty  of.  Tliis 
has  been  constantly  and  invariably  received  and  ac- 
knowledged for  a  truth  through  every  successive  genera- 
tion of  our  ancestors :  it  could  not  then  have  taken  its 
rise  from  fable ;  for  human  fiction,  however  artfully  and 
plausibly  contrived,  can  never  gahi  credit  long  among 
people  where  free  enquiry  is  allowed,  which  never  was 
denied  by  our  ancestors;  who,  on  the  contrary,  thought  it 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  61 

the  sacred  inviolable  natural  right  of  every  man,  to  ex- 
amine and  judge  for  himself. 

Therefore,  we  think  it  evident  that  our  notions  of 
future  rewards  and  punishments  were  either  revealed 
from  Heaven  immediately  to  some  of  our  forefathers, 
and  from  them  descended  to  us,  or  that  it  was  implanted 
in  each  of  us  at  our  creation  by  the  Creator  of  all  things, 
Whatever  the  method  might  have  been,  whereby  God 
has  been  pleased  to  make  known  to  us  his  will  and  give 
us  a  knowledge  of  our  duty,  it  is  in  our  sense  a  divine 
revelation.  Now  we  desire  t®  propose  to  him  some 
questions.  Does  he  believe  that  our  forefathers,  men, 
eminent  for  their  piety,  constant  and  warm  in  their 
pursuit  of  virtue;  hoping  thereby  to  merit  eternal  happi- 
ness, were  all  damned.  Does  he  think,  that  we,  who 
are  zealous  imitators  in  good  works,  and  influenced  by 
the  same  motives,  as  we  are,  earnestly  endeavoring  with 
the  greatest  circumspection  to  tread  the  path  of  integrity, 
are  in  a  state  of  damnation?  If  that  be  his  sentiments, 
it  is  surely  as  impious  as  it  is  bold  and  daring.  In  the 
next  place  we  beg  that  he  would  explain  himself  more, 
particularly  concerning  the  revelation,  if  he  admits  of  no 
other,  than  what  is  contained  in  his  written  book;  the 
contrary  is  evident  from  what  has  been  shown  before. — 
But  if  he  says,  God  has  revealed  himself  to  us,  but  not 
sufficiently  for  our  salvation,  then  we  ask,  to  what  pur- 
pose should  he  have  revealed  himself  to  us  in  any  v/ise. 
It  is  clear,  that  a  revelation  insufficient  to  save,  cannot 
put  us  in  a  better  condition  than  we  be  without  revela- 
tion at  all.  We  cannot  conceive  that  God  should  point 
out  to  us  the  end  we  ought  to  arrive  at,  without 
opening  to  us  the  way  to  arrive  at  that  end.  But  sup- 
posing our  understanding  to  be  so  far  illuminated  as  to 


62  HISTORY    OF 

know  it  to  be  our  duty  to  please  God,  who  yet  has  left 
us  under  an  mcapacity  of  doing  it ;  will  this  missionary 
therefore  conclude  we  shall  be  eternally  damned  ?  Will 
he  take  upon  him  to  pronounce  damnation  agamst  us  for 
not  doing  those  things  which  he  himself  aclmowledgeth 
were  impossible  by  us  to  be  done.  It  is  our  opinion,  that 
every  man  is  possessed  with  sufficient  knowledge  for  Ms 
own  salvation.  The  Almighty,  for  any  thing  we  know, 
may  have  communicated  himself  to  different  races  of  peo- 
ple in  a  different  manner.  Some  say,  they  have  the  will  of 
God  in  writings ;  be  it  so,  their  revelation  has  no  advan- 
tage above  ours,  since  both  must  be  equally  sufficient  to 
save,  or  the  end  of  revelation  would  be  frustrated;  be- 
sides, if  they  both  be  true,  they  must  be  the  same  m  sub- 
stance, and  the  difference  can  only  lay  in  the  mode  of 
communication.  He  tells  us  there  are  many  precepts  in 
this  written  revelation,  which  we  are  entirely  ignorant 
of;  but  those  written  commands  could  only  be  assigned 
for  those  who  have  the  writings,  they  cannot  possibly 
regard  us.  Had  the  Ahiiighty  thought  so  much 
knowledge  necessary  for  our  salvation,  his  goodness 
would  not  so  long  defer  the  communication  of  it  to  us. — 
And  to  say  in  a  matter  so  necessary  he  could  not  at  one 
and  the  same  time  reveal  himself  to  all  mankind,  is 
nothing  else  than  an  absolute  denial  of  his  omnipotence. 
Without  doubt  he  can  make  his  will  manifest  witliout 
the  help  of  any  book,  or  the  assistance  of  any  bookish 
man  whatever.  We  shall,  in  the  next  place,  consider 
the  arguments  which  arise  from  tlie  consideration  of 
Providence. 

If  we  be  the  work  of  God,  (which  we  presume  will 
not  be  denied)  it  follows  from  thence,  that  we  are  under 
the  care  and  protection  of  God;  for  it  cannot  be  sup- 
posed that  the  Deity  should  abandon  his  own  creatures. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  68 

aiid  be  utterly  regardless  of  their  welfare.  Then  to  say 
that  the  Almighty  has  permitted  us  to  remain  in  a 
fatal  error  through  so  many  ages,  is  to  represent  him  as  a 
tyrant. 

How  is  it  consistent  with  his  justice  to  force  life  upon 
a  race  of  mortals  without  their  consent,  and  then  to 
damn  them  eternally  without  ever  opening  to  them  a 
door  to  salvation.''  Our  conceptions  of  the  gracious  God 
are  much  more  noble,  and  we  think  that  those  who 
teach  otherwise,  do  little  less  than  blaspheme.  Again  it 
is  through  the  care  and  goodness  of  the  Almighty,  that 
from  the  beginning  of  time  tluough  so  many  generations 
to  this  day,  our  name  has  been  preserved  unblotted  out 
by  our  enemies,  and  unreduced  to  nothing.  By  the  same 
care  we  now  enjoy  our  lives,  and  are  furnished  with  the 
necessary  means  of  preserving  these  lives.  But  all 
these  things,  compared  with  our  salvation,  are  trifling. — 
Therefore,  since  God  has  been  so  careful  of  us  in  matters 
of  little  consequence,  it  would  be  absurd  to  affirm  that 
he  has  neglected  us  in  cases  of  the  greatest  importance ; 
admit  he  has  forsaken  us,  yet  it  could  not  be  without  a 
just  cause.  , 

Let  us  suppose  that  some  heinous  crimes  were  com- 
mitted by  some  of  our  ancestors,  like  to  that  we  are  told 
of  another  race  of  people,  in  such  a  case,  God  would 
certainly  pmiish  the  criminal,  but  would  never  involve 
us  that  are  innocent  in  the  guilt ;  those  who  think  other- 
wise must  make  the  Almighty  a  very  whimsical  evil-na- 
tured  being. 

Once    more:    are  the  christians  more  virtuous?    or 

rather,  are  they  not  more  vicious  than  we  are?  if  so, 

ho^  came  it  to  pass  that  they  are  the  objects  of  God's 

beneficence,  while  we  are  neglected  ?  does  he  daily  confer 

his  favors  without  reason,  and  with  so  much  partiahty  ? 


o4  HISTORY    OF 

In  a  word:  we  find  the  christians  much  more 
depraved  in  their  morals  than  we  are — and  we  judge 
from  their  doctrine  by  the  badness  of  their  Uves. 

Shortly  after  Governor  Gookin's  visit  to  the  Indians^ 
he  sent  two  messengers,  Col.  John  French  and  Henry  Wor- 
ley,  to  them.  After  a  friendly  interview,  they  retnrned  to. 
Philadelphia,  and  laid  before  the  board  of  comicil,  in. 
session,  June  16,  1710,  their  report. 

"t/^/  Cones fogo,  June  S,  1710, 
Present  : — John  French,  Henry  Worley,  Iwaagenstj^ 
Terrutanaren  and  Teonnotein,  chiefs  of  the  Tuscaroroes, 
Civility,  the  Senegues  kings,  and  four  chiefs  of  the  na- 
tions with  Opessa,  the  Shawanois  king. 

The  Indians  were  told  that  according  to  their  request, 
we  were  come  from  the  Governor  and  Government,  to 
hear  Avhat  prosposals  they  had  to  make  anent  a  peace, 
according  to  the  purport  of  their  embassy  from  their  own 
people. 

They  signified  to  us  by  a  belt  of  wampum*  which  was 
sent  them  from  their  old  women,  that  those  implored 
their  friendship  of  christians  and  Indians  of  this  govern- 
ment, that  without  (^finger  or  trouble  they  might  fetch 
wood  and  water. 

*"  Wampom  or  wampum,  says  Loskeil,  is  an  Iroquois  word 
meaning  a  muscle.  A  number  of  these  muscles  strung  to- 
gether is  called  a  string  of  wampum,  which  when  a  fathom, 
six  feet  long,  is  termed  a  fathom  or  belt  of  wampum, 
but  the  word  string  is  commonly  used,  whether  it  be  long  or 
short.  Before  the  Europeans  came  to  North  America,  the  In» 
dians  used  to  make  their  strings  of  wampum  chiefly  of  small 
pieces  of  wood  of  equal  size,  stained  either  black  or  white. — 
Few  were  made  of  muscles,  which  were  esteemed  very  valua- 
ble and  difficult  to  make ;  for  not  having  proper  tools,  they 
spent  much  time  in  finishing  them,  and  yet  their  work  had  a 
clumsy  appearance.    But  the  Europeans  soon  contrived  to 


UlNCASTER    COUNTY.  65 

The  s-word  belt  was  sent  from  their  young  men  fit  to 
hunt,  that  privilege  to  leave  their  towns,  and  seek  provi- 
sion for  their  aged,  might  be  granted  to  them  without 
fear  of  death  or  slavery. 

The  fourth  was  sent  from  the  men  of  age,  requesting 
that  the  wood,  by  a  happy  peace,  might  be  as  safe  for 
them  as  their  forts. 

Tlie  fifth  was  sent  from  the  whole  nation,  requesting 
peace,  that  thereby  they  might  have  liberty  to  visit  their 
neighbors. 

The  sixth  was  sent  from  their  kings  and  chiefs,  desir- 
ing a  lasting  peace  with  the  christians  and  Indians  of  this 
Government,  that  thereby  they  might  be  secured  against 
those  fearful  apprehensions  they  have  for  these  several 
years  felt. 

The  seventh  was  sent  in  order  to  entreat  a  cessation 
from  murdering  and  taking  them,  that  by  the  allowance 
thereof,  they  may  not  be  afraid  of  a  mouse,  or  other 
thing  that  ruffles  the  leaves. 

The  eighth  was  sent  to  declare,  that  as  being  hitherto 
strangers  to  this  place,  they  now  came  as  people  blind, 
no  path  nor  communication  being  betwixt  us  and 
them;  but  now  they  hope  we  will  take  them  by  the 

make  strings  of  wampum,  both  neat  and  elegant,  and  in  great 
abundance.  Those  they  bartered  with  the  Indians  for  other 
goods,  and  found  this  traffic  very  advantageous.  The  Indians 
immediately  gave  up  the  use  of  old  wood  as  substitutes  for 
wampum,  and  procured  those  made  of  muscles. 

Every  thing  of  moment  transacted  at  solemn  council,  either 
between  the  Indians  themselves,  or  with  Europeans,  is  ratified, 
and  made  valid  by  strings  and  belt  of  wampum.  Formerly 
they  used  to  give  sanction  to  their  treaties  by  delivering  a  wing 
of  some  large  bird.  This  custom  still  prevailed  as  late  as 
1775,  among  the  more  western  nations,  in  transacting  business 
with  tUe  Delawares"— XiosieiZ. 

6* 


Q6  BISTORT  oy 

hand  and  lead  them,  and  then  they  will  lift  np 
their  heads,  in  the  woods,,  without  any  danger  or 
fear. 

These  belts,  they  say,  are  only  sent  as  an  introduction, 
and  in  order  to  break  off  hostilities  till  next  spring ;  for 
then  their  kings  will  come  and  sue  for  the  peace  they  so 
much  desire. 

Wc  acquainted  them  that  as  most  of  this  continent 
were  the  subjects  of  the  crown  of  Great  Britain,  though 
divided  into  several  govermnents,  so  it  is  expected  their 
intentions  are  not  only  peaceable  towards  us,  but  also  to 
all  the  subjects  of  the  crown ;  and  that  if  they  intend  to 
settle,  and  live  amicably  here,  they  need  not  doubt  the 
protection  of  this  Government,  in  such  things  as  were 
honest  and  good;  but  that  to  confiim  the  sincerity  of 
ther  past  carriage  towards  the  English,  and  to  raise  in  us 
a  good  opinion  of  them,  it  would  be  very  necessary  to 
procure  a  certificate  from  the  Government,  they  leave  to 
this,  of  their  good  behavior,  and  then  they  might  be 
assured  of  a  favorable  reception. 

The  Senegues  return  their  hearty  thanks  to  the  Go- 
vernment for  their  trouble  in  sending  to  them,  and 
acquauited  us  that  by  advice  of  a  council  amongst  them, 
it  was  determined  to  send  tlicse  belts,  by  the  Tuscaro- 
roes,  to  the  Five  Nations."* 

*Col.  Rec.  II.  553-4. 


LANCASTHR   COUITTT.  6f 


SECOND    PART; 


FROM   THE    EARLIEST    SETTLEMENTS    MADE    WITHIX 

THE    PRESENT    LIMITS    OF    THE    COUNTY  TO    ITS^ 

ORGANIZATION    IN   THE    YEAR    172,9. 


CHAPTER   I. 


Preliminary  remark*— Unsettled  state  of  aflairs  in  Europe — Consequent 
emigration  of  Swiss,  Germans,  French  and  others,  into  America — Into 
Pennsylvania — Swiss  Mennonites  settle  in  Pequea  Valley — Purchase  ten 
thousand  acres  of  land — Make  improvements — Others  purchase  lands— 
The  Mennonites  call  a  meeting  to  send  a  person  to  Europe  for  the  residue 
of  their  families — Kendig  goes  and  returns  with  a  number  of  families- 
Settlements  augmented — Governor  Gookin's  journey  to  Conestogo. 

The  unsettled  state  of  affairs  in  Europe  subjected 
many  of  the  Germans,  French,  Swiss  and  others,  to  sore 
persecutions  because  they  could  not  change  their  reli- 
gious opinions  so  as  to  coincide  invariably  with  those  of 
tlie  ruling  Prince.  The  religious  complexion  of  th« 
caimtry  was  frequently  determined  or  influenced  by  the 
cliaracter  of  the  mlers — as  they  changed,  it  was  changed, 
either  by  force,  or  by  inducements  to  "Ao/fi?  it  with 
the,  populciceP  To  these  changes  it  was  impossible  for 
the  Germans,  the  Swiss,  the  French,  to  conform. 


68  HISTORY   OF 

Frederick  II,  Elector  Palatine,  embraced  the  Lutheran 
faith;  Frederick  III.  became  a  Catholic,*  Lodovic  V. 
restored  the  Lutheran  church ;  his  son,  and  successor, 
was  a  Calvmist.  These,  m  their  turn,  protected  some, 
others  they  did  not.  The  last  Prince,  son  of  Lodovic, 
was  succeded  by  a  Catholic  family,  during  whose 
reign  it  was  the  lot  of  the  Protestants  to  be  unkindly  op- 
pressed. Besides  these  unpropitious  changes,  and  of 
being  subjects  of  alarm  and  persecution,  the  Germans 
occupied  the  unenviable  position  of  living  between  two 
powerful  belligerent  rivals.  War  seemed  to  be  the  very 
element  of  these  ruling  Princes,  then,  of  those  countries. 

In  the  year  1622,  Count  Tilly,  the  Imperial  General, 
took  Heidelberg,  and  put  five  hundred  of  the  inhabitants 
to  the  sword.  In  1634,  Louis  XIV.  entered  the  city  and 
destroyed  many  of  the  inhabitants. 

The  close  of  the  seventeenth  century,  was  an  eventfiil 

l>eriod.      The   celebrated  Edict   of   Nantes,  issued  by 

Heniy  IV.   hi    159«,   in   favor  of   the   Huguenots*   or 

Protestants,  was  revoked,  Oct.  23,  1685,  by  Louis  XIV. 

whose  name  was  execrated  over  a  great  part  of  Europe. 

Consequent  upon  there  vocation  of  this  edict,  there  was 

one   of  the  most  terrible  persecutions  ever  suffered  in 

Franee.     It  is  recorded  in  History,  "abdit  that  time, 

though  the  frontiers  were  vigilantly  guarded,  upwards  of 

five  hundred  thousand  Huguenots  made  their  escape  to 

*Huguenot. — This  epithet  has  been  the  subject  of  some  dis- 
cussion. We  are  inclined  to  the  opinion,  that  the  origin  of  the 
word  is  derived  from  the  German,  Eidgenossen,  confederates. 
A  party  thus  designated  existed  at  Geneva  ;  and  it  is  probable 
ttat  the  French  Protestants  would  adopt  a  term  so  applicable 
to  themselves.  This  opinion  is  supported  by  Mezeray,  Main,' 
hourg,  and  Diodatiy  Professor  of  Theology  at  Geneva— Wl. 
S.  Browning's  His.  Hug.  292. 
See  AppendixC,  for  a  fuliei  account  of  the  Huguenots^    • 


LANCASTER    OOUNTT.  69 

Switzerland,  Germany,  Holland,  England  and  America. 
"The  unfortmiate  were  more  wakeful  to  fly,  than  the 
ministers  of  tyranny  to  restrain."* 

At  this  critical  juncture,  the  Mennonites  were  perse- 
cuted in  Switzerland,  and  driven  into  various  countries ; 
some  to  Alsace,  above  Strasburg,  others  to  Holland,  &c., 
where  they  lived  simple  and  exemplary  lives ;  in  the 
villages  as  farmers,  in  the  towns  by  trades,  free  from  the 
charge  of  any  gross  immoralities,  and  professing  the 
most  pure  and  simple  principles,  which  they  exemplied 
in  a  holy  conversation.  Some  of  those  about  Strasburg, 
with  other  High  and  Low  Germans  transported  them- 
selves about  the  year  1683,  by  the  encouragement  of 
William  Penn,  to  Pemisylvania,  and  settled  principally 
at  Germantown ;  the  greater  part  of  whom  were  natural- 
ized in  1709.t 

Li  16S8,  Heidelberg  was  taken  the  second  time,  by 
the  French,  who  laid  the  inhabitants  under  oppressive 
contributions;  after  which,  at  the  approach  of  the  impe- 
rial army,  they  blew  up  the  citidal,  and  reduced  the 
town  to  ashes.     It  soon  rose  again  upon  its  cinders,  and 

*The  Huguenots  put  a  new  aspect  on  the  North  of  Germany, 
where  they  filled  entire  towns,  and  sections  of  cities,  introduc- 
ing manufactures  before  unknown.  A  suburb  of  London  was 
filled  with  French  mechanics;  the  Prince  of  Orange  gained 
entire  regiments  of  soldiers,  as  brave  as  those  whom  Crom- 
well led  to  victory ;  a  colony  of  them  even  reached  Good 
Hope.  The  American  colonies,  influenced  by  religious  sym- 
pathy, were  ever  open  to  receive  the  Huguenots.  They  set- 
tled in  the  New  England  States,  the  Middle  and  Southern 
States.  The  United  States,  says  Bancroft,  are  full  of  monu- 
ments of  the  emigrations  from  France. 

The  limits  of  afoot-note,  will  not  admit  of  enlargement  here- 
See  Appendix  C. 

fCol.  Rec.  II.  514. 


70  HISTORY    OF 

again  it  was  taken  by  a  French  army,  who  laid  it,  a 
second  time,  mto  ashes,  in  1693.  The  inhabitants,  men, 
women  and  children,  about  1 500,  stripped  of  all,  were 
forced  to  flee,  m  consternation,  to  the  fields  by  night. — 
Once  more,  on  the  retreat  of  the  French  army,  were  tlie 
former  inhabitants  prevailed  upon  to  rebuild  the  city, 
miconscious,  however,  of  the  treachery  of  a  perfidious 
Elector,  who  had  sacredly  promised  them  liberty  of  con- 
science— Heaven's  choicest  boon — ^and  exemption  from 
taxes  for  thirty  years.  After  some  time,  the  Elector, 
whose  creed,  it  appears,  embraced  the  essential  ingre- 
dient, ^^  Promises  made  to  herpetics  should  not  be  ra- 
dcemedy^  harrassed  his  duped  subjects,  with  relentle3s 
persecution.  The  French  army  havmg  crossed  the 
Rhine,  the  distressed  Palatines  persecuted  by  their  heart- 
less Prinee — plundered  by  a  foreign  enemy,  fled  to 
escape  from  death,  and  about  six  thousand  of  them,  for 
protection,  to  England,  in  consequence  of  encourage- 
ment, they  had  received  from  Queen  Anne,  by  proclama- 
tion, in  1708,  Among  these  was  a  number  to  be  men- 
tioned in  the  sequel  of  our  narrative. 

Many  also  had,  prior  to  the  issuing  of  Anne's  procla- 
mation, determined  to  seek  refuge  in  America.  Tlie 
Canton  of  Bern,  in  Switzerland,  had  employed  Cluisto- 
plier  de  Graffenried  and  Lewis  Mitchel  or  Michelle,  as 
pioneers,  with  instructions  to  search  for  vacant  lands  in 
Pennsylvania,  Virginia  or  Carolina.  One  of  these, 
Michelle,  a  Swiss  miner,  had  been  in  America,  prior  to 
1704  or  1705,  traversing  the  country  to  seek  out  "a  con- 
venient tract  to  settle  a  colony  of  their  people  on."  He 
was  among  the  Indians  in  and  about  Conestogo  during 
1706  and  1707,  "in  search  of  some  mineral  or  ore 
and,  "it  is  believed,  he    and    his    associates    built 

'"Col.  Rec.  11.  420,— Williams,  His,  N.  C. 


.5>* 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  71 

fort    not  far    from    Connejaghera,  many  miles  above 
Conestogo." 

Before  those  of  Bern  had  fully  executed  their  project, 
they  were  induced  to  fly  for  safety,  to  London,  in  the 
vicinity  of  which,  they  pitched  their  tents,  and  were 
supported  at  the  public  expense  until  they  could  be 
shipped  off  for  America — some  sailed  for  New  York,* 
Pennsylvania,  and  others  for  North  Carolina,  where 
they  arrived  in  December,  1709,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Neuse  and  Trent.  This  year  a  respectable  number  of 
Meimonites  left  Strasburg,  in  German}'-,  whither  they 
had  fled  from  their  Vaterland,  and  sailed  for  America  to 
seek  a  refuge  free  from  persecution.  At  home  they 
were  persecuted  by  arrogant  man,  "glorying  in  the  mag- 
nitude of  his  power,  who  was  every  where  impiously  inter- 
posing between  the  homage  of  his  fellow  and  his  Creator, 
and  striving,  by  coercion,  to  apostatize  mankind  from  the 
line  of  duty  which  conscience  pointed  out  to  tread;" 
aiid  the  Mennonites,  unwilling  to  sacrifice  their  principles 
of  religion  upon  the  altar  of  expediency,  were  not 
tolerated  to  enjoy  mimolestedly  the  privilege  of  worship- 
ing God  according  to  the  dictates  of  conscience.  Many 
of  the  ancestors  of  those  who  first  settled  in  this  county, 
wliose  lineal  descendants  still  possess  the  lands  pur- 
chased and  improved  by  them,  were  beheaded,  some 
beaten  with  many  stripes,  others  mcarcerated,  and  some 

*Colonel  Robert  Hunter,  appointed  Governor  of  New  York, 
arrived  at  that  province,  June  14, 1710,  brought  with  him  3,000 
Palatines,  who,  in  the  previous  year,  had  fled  to  England  from 
tlie  rage  of  persecution  in  Germany.  Many  of  whom  settled 
in  the  city  of  New  York;  others  in  Germantown,  Livingston 
Manor,  Columbia  county,  and  others  in  Pennsylvania. — 
&mit)Cs  New  York,  I.  123. 

Smith  says  "the  Queen's  liberality  to  these  people  was  no 
mOie  beneficial  to  them,  than  serviceable  to  the  couQtry." 


72  HISTORY    OF 

banished  from  Switzerland.  Of  those  who  suffered,  and 
who  might  be  mentioned,  were  Hans  Landis,  at  Zm-ich, 
in  Switzerland,  Hans  Miller,  Hans  Jacob  Hess,  Rudolph 
Bachman,  Ulrich  Miller,  Oswald  Landis,  Fanny  Landis, 
Barbara  Neff,  Hans  Meyhn  and  two  of  his  sons — all 
these  suffered  between  1638  and  1643. 

JVIartin  Meylin,  son  of  Hans,  was  an  eminent  minister 
of  the  gospel  of  the  Mennonite  church,  in  the  Palatinate 
and  Alsace.  His  talents  were  above  the  mediocrity. — 
He  rendered  himself  conspicuous  as  an  Ecclesiastical 
writer ;  his  manuscripts  on  the  sufferings  of  the  Memio- 
nites  of  1645,  and  other  works  of  his,  as  well  as  those 
by  Jeremiah  Mantgalt,  his  colleague,  were  subsequently 
published,  and  are  copiously  quoted,  by  that  voluminous 
writer,  T.  Von  Bracht,  author  of  the  Maertyrer 
Spiegel. 

Those  who  emigrated  to  Pennsylvania  had  fled  from 
the  Cantons  of  Zurich,  Bern,  Shaflliausen,  Switzerland, 
to  Alsace,  above  Strasburg,*  where  they  remained  for 
some  time,  thence  they  came  to  the  province  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

The  offence  of  which  they  were  guilty,  bringing  down 
"upon  them  so  much  suffering  and  persecution,  was  their 
non-conformity  to  what  seemed  to  them,  at  least,  a  cor- 

*Many  of  the  Mennonites  fled  from  the  Cantons  of  Zurich, 
Berne,  Schatfhausen,  &c.,  Switzerland— several  edicts  were 
issued  forbidding  them  the  free  exercise  of  their  religious 
opinions.  One  at  Schaflfhausen,  A.  D.  1650.  One  was  issued 
by  the  Prince  of  Ncwberg,  A.  D.  1653:  in  1671,  they  were  se- 
verely persecuted,  and  extensively  dispersed. — BradiVs  His- 
tory, p.  1019-102:3.— Erag-.  Trans. 

Extract  from  a  letter  written  by  Jacob  Evcrling  in  Obersuelt- 
xen,  April  7,  1671:  "In  answer  to  the  inquiry  of  your  friends, 
touching  the  condition  of  our  Swiss  brethren  in  the  department 
oi'  Bern,  it  is  an  unvarnished  fact,  that  they  are  in  a  distressed 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  7S 

rupt  practice,  "To  hear  all  manner  of  preaching." — 
They  then  had,  and  even  at  the  present  day,  some  have 
conscientious  scruples  in  attending  public  worship  with 
other  religious  assemblies.  They  also  did,  as  they  now 
do,  openly  discard  the  doctrine  of  self-defence  and  vio- 
lent resistance.  They  have  been,  and  are  still,  opposed  to 
war ;  they  believe  it  comports  illy  with  the  christian  pro- 
fession to  fight  with  carnal  weapons.  They  have 
always  been  peaceable,  and  domestic  in  their  habits. 
They  ever  cultivated  the  mild  arts  of  peace,  and  trusted 
to  their  own  domestic  resources. 

The  descendants  of  the  Puritans  boast  that  their  an- 
cestors fled  from  the  face  of  their  persecutors,  willing  to 
encounter  'perils  in  the  wilderness  and  perils  by  the 
heathen,'  rather  than  be  deprived,  by  the  ruthless  perse- 
cutor, of  the  free  exercise  of  their  religion.  The  descen- 
dants of  the  Swiss  Mennonites,  who,  amid  hardships  and 
trials,  made  the  first  settlements  among  the  tawny  sons 
of  the  forest,  in  the  west  end  of  Chester  county,  can  lay 
claun  to  more.  Their  ancestors  did  not  seek  for  them- 
selves and  theirs  only,  the  unmolested  exercise  of  faith, 
and  the  practice  of  worship ;   but  they  in  turn  did  not 

condition — four  weeks  since  they  had  arrested  near  forty  per- 
sons, male  and  female — one  of  them  has  since  arrived  at  our 
place.  They  also  whipped  a  minister  of  the  word,  took 
him  out  in  the  country  as  far  as  Burgundy — marked  him  with 
a  branding  iron,  and  let  him  go  among  the  French ;  but  as  he 
could  not  speak  their  language,  he  had  to  wander  three  days 
before  he  could  get  his  wound  dressed  and  obtain  any  refresh- 
ment, &c. — BracUVs  His.  p.  1022 

From  the  same,  dated  May  23d,  1761 :  The  persecution  of 
our  friends  still  continues  in  all  its  violence,  so  that  we  are  as- 
tonished that  they  do  not  make  greater  haste  to  leave  the 
country.  One  or  two  occasionally  arrive  here  in  a  miserable 
condition;  but  the  most  of  them  stay  above  Strasburg,  in 
Alsace  ;  some  chopping  wood,  others  labor  in  the  vineyard,  &c. 

7 


74  HISTORY    OF 

persecute  others,  who  differed  from  them  in  rehgious 
opinion.  They  plead  for  miiversal  toleration,  and  their 
practice  confirmed  it. 

About  the  year  1706  or  1707,  a  number  of  the  perse- 
cuted Swiss  Mennonites  went  to  England,  and  made  a 
particular  agreement  with  the  Honorable  Proprietor, 
William  Penn,  at  London,  for  lands  to  be  taken  up."* — 
Several  families,  from  the  Palatinate,  descendants  of  the 
distressed  Swiss,  emigrated  to  America  and  settled  m 
Lancaster  county  in  the  year  1709."t 

The  traditions,  respecting  the  first  visit  to  the  place  of 
subsequent  settlement,  are  discrepant.  From  public 
documonts  and  some  private  papers  in  the  possession  of 
Abraham  Meylin,  and  others,  residing  in  West  Lampe- 
ter township,  we  may  confidently  state  that  the  Memio- 
nites  commenced  a  settlement  in  1709  or  1710,  at  the 
place  where  the  Herr's  and  Meylins  now  reside,  near 
Willow  Street. 

A  Swiss  company,  to  emigrate  to  America,  and  settle 
in  the  wilderness,  had  been  organized,  but  who  the  pro- 
jector of  it  was,  we  cannot  state.  The  pioneers  were 
Hans  Meylin,  his  son  Martini  and  John,§  Hans  Herr, 
John  Rudolph  Bundcly,  Martin  Kendig,  Jacob  Miller, 

*Col.  Rec.  III.  397. 

f  Iin  Jahr  1709,  kamcn  elliche  familien  von  der  Pfalz  wclche 
von  den  vertriebencn  Schweizern  abstammten  und  liessen 
sich  nieder  in  Lancaster  County — Benjamin  Eby^s  Geschichten 
dcr  Mennoniten,p.  151. 

• 

IMartin  IMeylin,  son  of  Hans  Meylin,  was  the  first  gun-smith 
within  the  limits  of  Lancaster  county  ;  as  early  as  1719,  he 
erected  a  horing-mill,  on  what  is  known  as  Mcylin's  run,  on 
the  farm  now  owned  by  Martin  Meylin,  West  Lampeter  town- 

^John  Meylin  connected  himself  with  the  Siehen  Taeger,  at 
Ephrata — he  assumed  the  name  '  Amos,'  or  '■Bruder  Amos.^ 


LANCASTER    COITNTT.  75 

Martin  Oborholtz,  Hans  Funk,  Michael  Oborholtz,  Wen- 
del  Bowman  and  others,  who  came  to  Conestogo  in 
1709,  selected  a  tract  of  ten  thousand  acres  of  land  on 
the  north  side  of  Pequae  creek,  and  shortly  afterwards, 
procured  a  warrant  for  the  same.  It  is  dated  October 
10,  1710 — the  warrant  was  recorded,  and  the  land  sur- 
veyed, the  23d  of  the  same  month-  The  27th  of  April, 
1711,  the  Surveyor  General,  at  the  request  of  the  first 
pui'chasers,  subdivided  the  said  ten  thousand  acres, 
"into  so  many  parts  as  they  had  previously  agreed 
upon." 

It  appears  from  tradition  and  other  corroborating  testi- 

ship.  He  was  esteemed  one  of  the  most  skilful  workmen,  m 
iron,  of  his  day.  He  was  an  active,  useful  member  of  the  new 
colony  ;  and  transacted  much  of  their  business  abroad. 

AVe  here  present  a  few  copies  of  many  papers  in  the  pos- 
session of  Abraham  Meylin,  Mill-wright,  grandson  of  Martin 
Meylin,  from  which  it  will  sufficiently  appear  that  he  transact- 
ed bnsiness  abroad. 

In  1729,  an  act  was  passed  to  naturalize  many  of  the  Swiss 
and  German  settlers— April  14th,  1730 — Received  of  Martin 
Meylin  £14,  4s.  6d.  for  the  naturalization  of  seven  persons. 

Samuel  Bltjnston. 

In  1729,  the  fears  of  the  government  were  excited,  because 
the  Germans  adhered  to  each  other,  and  used  their  own  lan- 
guage exclusively;  their  emigration  to  this  country  was  to  be 
discouraged  by  passing  an  act  to  lay  a  duty  of  forty  shillings  per 
head  on  all  aliens ! ! 

Received,  September  29th,  1731,  of  Martin  Meylin,  £8,  lis. 
8d.  for  passage  and  head  money  of  John  Eschellman. 

Thomas  Laweence. 

Philadelphia,  17th,  3d  mo.,  1729— Received  of  Martin  Mey- 
lin, £10,  18s.  8d.  money  of  Pa.,  which  with  £9,  formerly  paid 
to  me  by  James  Dawson,  is  in  full  for  the  principal,  interest 
and  quit-rents,  due  to  the  proprietaries  for  200  hundred  acres 
of  land  near  Conestogo,  first  granted  and  surveyed  to  the  said 
James  Dawson,  but  now  in  possession  of  said  Martin  Meylin. 

James  Steel,  Receiver  General, 


76  HISTORY    OF 

mony,  that  by  virtue  of  the  agreement  with  William 
Perm,  and  permission  from  the  Deputy  Governor,  Hon. 
Charles  Gookm,  they  commenced  making  improvements; 
before  a  warrant  had  been  issued,  and  that  while  some 
Avere  felling  trees,  removing  underbrush,  building  cabins, 
others  went  to  Philadelphia  to  obtain  a  warrant  for  theii' 
choice  tract  of  woods.  The  following  documents 
strengthen  the  tradition  to  be  correct  in  the  main  facts. 

"By  the  commissioners  of  property — Whereas  we 
have" agreed  with  John  Rudolph  Bundely,  Martin  Ken- 
dig,  Jacob  Miller,  Hans  Hcrr,  Martin  Oborlioltz,,  Hans 
Fmik,  Michael  Oborholtz  and  one  Wendel  Bowman. 
Swissers,  lately  arrived  in  this  province,  for  ten  thousand 
acres  of  land,*  situate  on  the  northwesterley  side  of  a 
hill,  about  twenty  miles  easterly  from  Connystogoe,  near 
the  head  of  Pecquin  creek,  for  which  said  land,  they  are 
to  pay  the  sum  of  five  hundred  pounds,  sterling  money 
of  Great  Britain,  in  manner  following:  that  is  to  say, the 
sum  of  one  hundred  pounds,  part  thereof  in  hands,  at 
ye  insuing  of  these  presents,  the  sum  of  one  hundred 
pounds  more  thereof  (together  with  forty  eight  pounds,, 
like  money,  being  the  interest  of  four  hundred  pounds 

*It  was  part  of  Penn's  policy  to  sell  large  tracts  in  one 
body,  and  under  such  restrictions  as  to  induce  families  to  unite 
in  settlements.  In  a  proclamation,  concerning  the  treaty  of 
land,  dated  in  Old  England,  the  24th  of  the  llth  month,  1686, 
Penn  declares,  "  Since  there  was  no  other  thing  I  had  in  my 
eye  in  the  settlement  of  this  province,  next  to  the  advancement 
of  virtue,  than  the  comlortable  situation  of  the  inhabitants 
therein ;  and  for  that  end,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
most  eminent  of  the  first  purchasers,  ordained  that  every  town- 
ship, consisting  of  five  thousand  acres,  should  have  ten  fami- 
lies, at  least,  to  the  end  the  province  might  not  lie  like  a  wil- 
derness, &c." 

Those  who  purchased  in  large  tracts  were  required  by  certain 


LANCASTER    COUNTr.  77 

for  two  years)  at  the  end  of  two  years  and  six  months, 
from  the  time  of  the  survey  of  the  said  lands,  (one-half 
year's  interest  of  the  whole  being  abated),  one  hundred 
and  eighteen  pounds  fiuther,  part  thereof  with  interest, 
included  within  one  year,  then  next  after  one  hundred 
and  twelve  pounds  (the  mterest  being  mcluded)  further 
part  thereof,  within  one  year,  then  next  after,  the  sum  of 
one  hundred  and  six  pounds  full  residue  thereof,  that  of 
all  interest  for  the  same,  within  one  year,  that  next  fol- 
lowing, so  that  the  said  five  hundred  pounds  and  mterest, 
a^  aforesaid,  is  to  be  paid  in  six  years  next  after  the  time 
of  survey.  And  also  that  the  said  purchasers,  their  heirs 
and  assigns,  shall  pay  imto  the  proprietary  and  Governor 
William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  the  sum  of  one 
sliilling  sterling  aforesaid,  quit-rent  yearly  forever, 
for  every  hundred  acres  of  the  said  ten  thousand 
acres  of  land,  and  that  said  purchasers  shall  have  said 
lands  free  of  quit-rent  for  the  two  first  years  next  after 
the  survey  thereof,  and  the  said  purchasers  requesting  of 
us  a  warrant  for  the  location  and  survey  of  the  said  land 
aforesaid.     These  are,  therefore,  to  authorize  and  require 

concessions  to  plant  a  family  within  three  years  after  it  was 
surveyed,  on  every  thousand  acres.  These  regulations  were, 
however,  not  generally  observed. 

By  warrant,  dated,  July  5,  1712,  there  were  surveyed,  Nov. 
1^  1712,  Pequea,  now  Strasburg  township,  for  Amos  Strettle, 
3380  acres,  who  afterwards  sold  it  in  smaller  tracts;  the  prin- 
cipal persons  to  whom  he  sold,  prior  to  1731,  were  Henry 
Shank,  Ulrich  Brackbill,  Augustine  Widower,-  Alexander 
Fridley,  Martin  Miller,  George  Snavely,  Christian  Musser,  An- 
drew Shultz,  John  Fonts,  Jacob  Stein,  John  Hickman,  John 
Bowman,  Valentme  Miller,  Jacob  Hain,  John  Hcrr,  Henry 
Carpenter,  Daniel  Ferree,  Isaac  Lefevre,  Christian  Stoner, 
John  Beiers,  Hans  Lein,  Abraham  Smith,  John  Jacob  Hoover, 
Septimus  Robinson,  Samuel  Hess,  Samuel  Boyer,  John 
Musgrove. 


78  HISTOET    OF 

thee  to  survey  or  cause  to  be  surveyed,  unto  the  said 
purchasers  the  full  quantity  of  ten  thousand  acres  of 
land  (with  reasonable  allowance  for  roads  and  highways) 
in  one  entire  tract,  at  or  near  the  place  aforesaid,-  and  to 
subdivide  the  same  (if  they  request  it)  into  so  many 
small  tracts  or  parts  as  they  shall  agree  or  appoint  to 
each  of  them  his  respective  share  to  be  holden  by  the 
purchasers,  their  heirs  and  assigns,  under  the  rents,  pay- 
ments and  agreements  aforesaid,  subject  to  distress  for 
the  said  rent  in  case  of  non-payment,  and  of  thy  trans- 
actions and  doings  in  the  premises,  by  virtue  of  these 
presents  thou  art  to  make  such  returns  into  the  Secretary's 
office,  with  all  reasonable  expedition.  Given  mider  our 
hands  and  seals  of  the  province,  the  tenth  day  of  the 
eight  month  at  Philadelphia,  A.  D.  1710. 

EDWARD  SHIPPEN, 
GRIFFITH  OWEN, 
THOS:  STORY." 
To  Jacob  Taylok,  Surveyor  General. 
Warrant  Book,  1700—1714,  p.  229. 

On  the  23d  of  October,  the  land  was  surveyed  and  di- 
vided among  the  Meylins,  Herr,  Keiidig,  and  others  of 
the  company. 

Having  erected  temporary  shelters,  to  answer  their 
wants,  some  set  about  it,  and  put  up  dwellings  of  more 
durableness.  Martin  Kendig  erected  one  of  hewed  wal- 
nut logs  on  his  tract,  which  withstood  the  storms  and 
rain — the  gnawings  of  the  tooth  of  time,  for  rising  of  one 
hundred  and  ten  years,  and  might,  had  it  not  been  re- 
moved in  1841,  and  its  place  taken  up  by  one  of  more 
durable  materials,  have  withstood  the  corroding  elements 
for  generations  to  come.      They  now  began  to   build 


LANCASTKK    COrNTT.  79 

houses  and  add  new  acquisitions  of  lands  to  their  first 
possessions.* 

To  depend  upon  their  Indian  neighbors  for  provisions, 
wa5  useless — the  Indians  depended  mainly  upon  game 
and  fish — of  course,  the  supplies  of  provision  were 
scanty,  and  what  they  had  they  were  under  necessity  to 
transport  from  a  distant  settlementt  for  some  time,  till 
the  seeds  sown  in  a  fertile  soil,  yielded  some  thirty, 
others  forty  fold.  Fish  and  fowl  were  plenty  in  the 
wilds.  The  season  of  their  arrival  was  favorable — 
around  them  they  saw  crowned  the  tall  hazel  with  rich 
festoons  of  a  luscious  grape.  J 

*Martin  Kendig,  lately  an  inhabitant  of  Switzerland,  had 
surveyed  him  a  tract  of  land  in  Strasburg  township,  1060  acres, 
bounded  by  lands  of  Martin  Meylin,  Christian  Herr,  and  John 
Funk.  Another  tract  of  530  acres,  bounded  by  John  Herr's 
land.     Another  of  265  acres. — Recorded  Sept.  1711 

Christopher  Franciscus,  of  Switzerland,  530  acres,  bounded 
by  lands  of  Jacob  Miller,  Wendel  Bowman,  John  Rudolph 
Bundely— in  1710,  John  Funk  530  acres,  bounded  by  lands  of 
Martin  Kendig,  Jacob  Miller.— Surveyed  Feb.  28, 1711.  John 
Rudolph  Bundely,  late  of  Switzerland,  500  acres,  bounded  by 
lands  of  Wendel  Bowman,  Surveyed,  1710,  and  Martin  Mey- 
lin, 265  acres.  Christian  Herr,  530  acres,  John  Herr,  530  acres, 
all  recorded  July  3,  1711.  Wendel  Bowman  530  acres,  re- 
corded July  7, 1711.  The  warrants  for  all  the  above  tracts  are 
dated  1710. 

tTheir  nearest  mill  was  at  Wilmington,  on  the  Brandywine,. 
Delaware. 

t"Of  living  creatures,  fish,  fowl,  and  the  beasts  of  the  wood,, 
here^  are  dirers  sorts,  some  for  food  and  profit,  and  some  for 
profit  only ;  for.  food  and  profit,  the  elk,  as  big  as  a  small  ox ; 
deer,  bigger  than  ours;  beaver,  raccoon,  rabbits,  squirrels  and 
some  eat  young  bear,  and  commend  it.  Of  fowl  of  the  land, 
there  is  the  turkey,  (forty  and  fifty  pounds  weight)  which  is 
very  great;  pheasants,. heath-birds,  pigeons  and  partriges,  in. 


80  HI8T0BT   or 

After  they  had  been  scarce  fairly  seated,  they  thought 
of  their  old  homes,  their  country  and  friends — they 
sighed  for  those  whom  they  left  for  a  season;  "They 
reynembered  them  that  were  in  bonds  as  bound  with  them 
aiid  which  suffered  adversity,"  and  ere  the  earth  began 
to  yield  a  return  in  ^^  kindly  fruit s,^^  to  their  labors,  con- 
sultations were  held  and  measures  devised,  to  send  som» 
one  to  their  Vaterland,  to  bring  the  residue  of  some  of 
their  families;  also  their  kindred  and  brothers  in  a  land 
of  trouble  and  oppression,  to  their  new  home ;  into  a 
land  where  peace  reigned,  and  abundance  of  the  comforts 
af  life  could  not  fail ;  they  had  strong  faith  in  the  fruit- 
fulness  and  natural  advantages  of  their  choice  of  lauds. 
Tliey  knew  these  would  prove  to  them  and  their  children^, 
the  home  of  plenty — tlieir  anticipations  have  never, 
failed. 

A  council  of  the  whole  society  was  called ;  at  whidi- 
their  venerable  minister  and  pastor,  Hans  Herr,  pre- 
sided, and  after  fraternal  and  free  interchange  of  senti- 
ment, much  consultation  and  serious  reflection,  lots,  in 
conformity  to  the  custom  of  the  INIennonites,  were  cast, 

abundance,  &c.      Of  fish,  sturgeon,  herring,  rock,  shad,  cats- 
head,  eel,  trout,  salmon,  &c. 

The  fruits  that  I  find  in  the  woods,  are  the  white  and  black 
mulberry,  chesnut,  walnut,  plums,  strawberries,  cranberries, 
hurlleberries,  and  grapes  of  divers  sorts.  The  great  red  grape, 
called  by  ignorance,  the  fox-grape." — Penn's  letter  to  the  Fre» 
Society  of  traders,  at  London,  dated  Philadelphia,  the  \%th  August,., 
1GS3. 

Well  might  the  poet  say, 

"  Quaevis  sylva  feria,  et  piscibus  amnis  abundat;. 
Fertque  suum  I'ructus  quaelibet  arbor  onus. 
With  beasts  the  woods,  with  fish  the  streams  abound ; , 
The  bending  trees  witij  plenteous  fruits  are  crowned." 

Makik, 


LAKCASTEB    COUNTY.  81 

to  decide  who  should  retiirn  to  Europe  for  the  families^ 
left  behind  and  others.  The  lot  fell  upon  Hans  Herr,  who' 
had  left  five  sons,  Christian,  Emanuel,  John,  Abraham 
and  one,  whose  name  we  have  not  learned.*  This  deci- 
sion was  agreeable  to  his  own  mind ;  but  to  his  friends 
and  charge,  it  was  unacceptable;  to  be  separated  von 
ihrem  prediger,  from  their  preacher,  could  be  borne  with 
reluctance  and  heaviness  of  heart  only.  They  were  all 
too  ardently  attached  to  him  to  cheerfully  acquiesce  in 
tliis  dttermination — ^reluctantly  they  consented  to  his 
departure — after  much  anxiety  manifested  on  account  of 
this  unexpected  call  of  their  pastor  from  them;  their  sor- 
rows were  alleviated  by  a  proposal  made  on  the  part  of 
Martin  Kendig,  that,  if  approved,  he  would  take  Hans 
Herr's  place — this  was  cordially  assented  to  by  all. — 
Without  unnecessary  delay,  Martin,  the  devoted  friend  of 
tJie  colony,  made  ready — Avent  to  Philadelphia,  and  there 
embarked  for  Em'ope ;  after  a  prosperous  voyage  of  five 
or  six  weeks,  he  reached  the  home  of  his  friends,  where 
he  was  received  with  apostolic  greetmgs  and  salutations 
of  joy.  Having  spent  some  time  in  preliminary  arrange- 
ments, he  and  a  company  of  Swiss  and  some  Ger- 
mans, bade  a  lasting  adieu  to  their  old  homes,  and  dis- 
solved the  tender  ties  of  friendship  with  those  whom 
they  left.  With  his  company,  consisting  of  the  residue 
of  some  of  those  in  America,  and  of  Peter  Yordea,  Jacob 
Miller,  Hans  Tschantz,  Henry  Funk,  John  Houser,  John 
Bachman,  Jacob  Weber,  Sclilegel,  Venerick,  Guldhi,  and 
others,  he  returned  to  the  new  home,  where  they  were  all 
cordially  embraced  by  their  fathers  and  friends. 

•Three  of  Hans  Herr's  sons  settled  in  what  is  now  called 
West  Lampeter  township,  and  two  in  Manor  township ;  from 
these  sprang  a  numerous  connexion  of  Herrs;  rising  of  one 
hundred  and  fifty  of  that  name,  descendants  of  Hans  Herr,  are 
taxables,  residing  within  the  present  limits  of  the  county. 


82  HISTORY    OF 

With  this  accession,  the  settlement  was  considerably 
augmented,  and  now  numbered  about  thirty  families; 
though  they  lived  m  the  midst  of  the  Mingoe  or  Cones- 
togo,  Pequae  and  Shawanese  Indians,  they  were  ne^er-- 
theless  safely  seated ;  they  had  nothing  to  fear  from  the 
Indians.*  They  mingled  with  them  in  fishing  and  hunt-- 
ing.  "The  Indians  were  hospitable  and  respectful  to  the 
whites,  and  exceedingly  civil." 

This  little  colony  improved  their  lands,  planted 
orchards,!  erected  dwellings,  and  a  meeting  and  school- 
house  for  the  settlement,  in  which  religious  instruction, 
on  the  Sabbath,  and  during  the  week,  a  knowledge  of 
letters,  reading  and  writing,  were   given  to  those   who 

♦The  Honorable  Chas.  Gookin,  Esq.,  Lieut.  Gov.  of  Pa» 
made  a  journey  to  Conestogo,  and  in  a  speech  to  the  Indians, 
June  18th,  1711,  says,  "He  intends  to  present  five  belts  of 
wampum  to  the  Five  Nations,  and  one  to  you,  of  Conestogo, 
and  requires  your  friendship  to  the  PalatiTies,  settled  near 
Pequea." 

To  which  they  answer,  "That  they  are  well  pleased  with  the- 
Governor's  speech    »    *    »    "  As  to  the  Palatines,  they  are  in 
their  opinion  safely  seated." — Col.  Rec.  II.  p.  556-7. 

The  several  nations  of  Indians,. living  on  the  Susquehanna 
at  this  time,  were  Mingoes,  or  those  of  the  Conestogo,  Dela- 
ware Indians  settled  at  Peshtang,  above  Conestogo,  and  other 
adjacent  places,  and  Ganawese.  "  The  Piquaws  had  their 
wigwams  scattered  along  the  banks  of  the  Pequea." — Col, 
Rec.  II.  489. 

fSome  of  the  first  planted  fruit  trees  may  yet  be  seen  on  the 
farm  of  Christian  Herr,  great  grandson  of  Hans  Herr.  There 
we  saw  a  cherry  tree  in  full  vigor,  which,  it  is  said,  is  rising  of 
one  hundred  and  twenty  years  old.  We  measured  it,  and, 
found  it  15  feet  and  4  feet  inches  in  circumference.  Also  a 
a  Catalpa,  Bignonia  catalpa,  which  was  transplanted  by 
Christian  Ilcn^'s  mother;  it  measures  fifteen  feet  in  cir-- 
cumference. 


LANCASTBR    COUNTY.  83 

assembled  to  receive  information.  The  Mennonites 
never  wasted  money  in  rearing  stately  temples,  or  in 
building  massive  colleges,  in  which  to  impart  nseful 
knowledge.  They  ever  observed  it  religiously,  to  have 
their  children  instructed  in  reading  and  writing,  at  least, 
since  the  days  of  Menno  Simon,  the  great  reformer,  and 
to  bring  them  up  in  habits  of  industry,  and  teaching 
them  such  trades  as  were  suitable  to  their  wants,  expe- 
dient and  adapted  to  their  age  and  constitution."*  Their 
sons  and  daughters  were  kept  under  strict  parental  au- 
thority, and  as  a  consequence,  were  not  led  into  tempta- 
tions by  which  so  many  youths,  of  both  sexes,  at  the 
present  day,  are  rained. 

Their  religious  meetings  and  schools  were  for  a  long 
time  held  in  the  same  rude  buildings.  Among  their  first 
preachers  were  Hans  Herr,  Hans  Tschantz,  Ulrich  Brech- 
bill,t  who  was  accidentally  killed,  while  driving  liis 
team  on  the  road  to  Philadelphia.  Their  ministers  were 
men  of  sound  minds,  of  irreproachable  conversation. — 
lu  tliis  country,  the  Mennonite  ministers,  especially  in 
this  county,  are  not,  in  the  parlance  of  the  age,  classi- 
cally educated.  "  In  Europe,  at  Amsterdam,  the  jNIenno- 
iiites  have  a  college,  in  which  all  the  useful  branches  are 
taught.     Students  of  Theology  receive  instruction  in  a 

*"Haltetund  foerdert  die  kindern  zu  lesen  und  schreibeo  ; 
lehret  sic  spinnen  and  andere  Haende  \TOrkthun,  was  ihren 
Jahren  und  personen  nach  fueglich,  nuetzlich,  ertraeglich  und 
bequem  isL" — Menno  Simon. 

fl739,  October  den  19ten,  Ulrich  Breckbill,  ein  diener  der 
gemeinde  ist  auf  der  Philadelphia  Slrasse,  mit  seinera  wagen 
ploetzlich  umgekommen. — Meylin's  Family  Bible. 

(^Samuel  Miller,  son  of  Jacob  Miller,  was  the  first  child 
•born  in  the  Swiss  Colony;  he  was  born  January  22,  1711. 

Jacob  Miller,  Samuel's  father,  was  born  in  Europe,  1663, 
came  to  America,  in  1710,  died  the  20tb  April,  1739— interred 


84  HISTORY  or 

room,  containing  the  library,  over  the  Mennonite  Chapel. 
The  lectui'es  are  delivered  in  Latm ;  and  each  student, 
before  his  entrance,  must  be  acquainted  with  Latin  and 
Greek.  They  attend  at  a  literary  institution  for  instruc- 
tion in  Hebrew,  Ecclesiastical  History,  Physics,  Natural 
and  Moral  Philosophy,  &c.  The  college  was  established 
nearly  a  century  ago,  and  was  at  first  supported  by  the 
Amsterdam  Memionites,  alone ;  but  lately,  other  Men- 
nonite churches  sent  in  their  contributions.  Some  of  the 
students  receive  support  from  a  public  fimd ;  they  are  all 
intended  for  the  christian  ministry." — Dr  Ypeij. 

in  Tschantz's  burying  ground,  now  on  the  farm,  owned  by 
Doctor  Martin  Musser. 

Barbara  Meylin,  consort  of  Martin  Mcylin,  was  born  in  the 
year  1672;  after  living  twenty -four  years  in  matrimony,  she 
died  April  2d  1742,  aged  70  years. 

Hans  Meylin,  born  in  1714,  died  at  the  age  of  19  years,  the 
26th  of  December,  1733 — all  interred  in  Tschantz's  grave-yard. 
Preacher  Tschantz  set  apart  from  his  farm  two  hundred  and 
fifty-six  perches  for  the  purposes  of  a  grave-yard.  Released 
all  personal  claim  thereto  in  1740,  for  the  use  of  the  neighbor- 
hood. 

Note. — Menno  Simon,  one  of  the  distinguished  reformers  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  a  man  whose  apostolic  spirit  and  labors 
have  never  yet  been  fully  appreciated,  was  born  at  Witmar- 
sum,  in  Friesland,  1.505.  In  1.528  he  entered  in*o  orders  as  a 
Romish  Priest;  but  after  examining  the  New  Testament  for 
himself,  he  seceded  from  that  sect. 

About  the  year  1-537,  he  was  earnestly  solicited  by  many  of 
the  christians  with  whom  he  connected  himself,  to  assume 
among  them  the  rank  and  functions  of  a  public  teacher;  and 
as  he  looked  upon  these  brethren  as  being  exempt  from  the 
fanatical  phrensy  of  the  Munstcrites,  he  yielded  to  their  en- 
treaties. Their  community  was  greatly  scattered  till  1536, 
about  that  time  they  obtained  a  regular  state  of  church  order, 
separate  from  all  Dutch  and  German  Protestants,  who,  at  that 
time,  had  not  been  formed  into  one  body  by  any  bonds  of 


LANCASTER    OOUXTr.  S5 

A  settlement  having  begun,  forming  the  nucleus  of  a 
neighborhood  or  community  of  neighbors,  German  and 
French  settled  around  them;  among  these  were  the 
Ferree  family,  Daniel  Ferree  and  his  sons;  Isaac  Le- 
fevre,*  Slaymaker  and  others,  of  whom  a  particular  ac- 
coimt  will  be  given  in  the  sequel.     Every  new  country, 

unity.  This  advantage  was  procured  them  by  the  sensible  and 
prudent  management  of  that  champion  in  Protestanism,  Menno 
Simon.  This  wise,  learned  and  prudent  man,  as  said  before, 
was  chosen  by  them  as  their  leader,  that  they  might  by  his 
paternal  effortsv  in  the  eyes  of  all  Christendom,  be  cleared 
from  the  blame  which  some  of  the  Munsterites  had  incurred, 
and  which  the  enemies  of  the  friends  of  Menno  laid  to  their 
charge.  Menno  accomplished  this  object — some  of  the  per- 
fectionists he  reclaimed  to  order,  and  others  he  excluded.  He 
purified  also  the  religious  doctrines  of  the  Baptists.  He  was 
indefatigable  in  labors — he  founded  many  communities,  viz: — 
in  Friesland,  Holland^  Groningen,  East  Friesland,  Brabant — 
on  the  borders  of  the  Baltic  Sea — in  Germany,  in  the  Palati- 
nate, in  Alsace,  Bavaria,  Suabia,  Switzerland,  Austria,  Mora- 
via, &c.  He  suffered  tnore  persecution,  and  endured  more 
fatigue,  than  all  the  rest  of  the  reformers  of  his  day-^he  died 
the  death  of  the  righteous,  at  Fresenburg,  January  31st,  1551. 

*"  William  'Penu',  Proprietor,  &c. — Whereas  my  late  com- 
missioners of  property,  by  a  warrant  bearing  date  the  10th 
October,  1710,  granted  unto  John  Rudolph  Bundely,  Hans 
Herr,  and  divers  other  Germans,  late  inhabitants  in  or 
near  the  Palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  10,000  acres  of  land,  to  be 
laid  out  by  them  on  the  north  side  of  a  hill  about  twenty  miles 
easterly  of  Conestogo,  and  near  the  head  of  Pequea  creek,  in 
this  province,  by  Virtue  of  which  warrant  there  was  surveyed 
and  subdivided,  at  the  instance  of  the  said  Martin  Kendig,  for 
the  use  of  Daniel  Ferree  and  Isaac  J^efevre,  late  of  Steinmeis- 
ter,  in  the  Palatinate  of  the  Rhiiie,  a  certain  tract  of  land,  situ- 
ated and  bounded  by  lands  of  Thomas  Story,  &:c.,  two  thousand 
acres."— iJecorJt'cZ  July  12lh,  1712. 


86  HISTORY    OP 

it  is  believed,  has  had  its  man  of  ^^  notoriety^ ^ — Ken- 
tucky had  a  Boone — Peqiiae,  a  Franciscus.* 

Not  to  deviate  too  far  from  a  chronological  order,  we 
shall  now  present  Governor  Gookin's  minutes  of.  a 
journey  in  1711,  to  the  Indians  in  the  vicinage  of  the 
Palatines;  such  the  Mennonite  settlement  was  called. 

On  information  received  from  Peter  Bezallion,  that  the 
Queen  and  some  of  the  chiefs  of  the  Conestogo  Indians, 
would  be  glad  to  see  the  Governor  and  some  of  the 
council,  touching  the  death  of  one  Le  Tore,  who  it  ap- 
pears, had  been  killed  before  Gookin's  arrival  in  America, 
and  to  have  a  talk  with  some  of  the  chiefs  of  the  Five 
Nations,  who  were  waiting ;  he  and  some  of  the  coun- 
cil proceeded  to  Conestogo.  The  following  is  a  copy  of 
the  journal,  which  was  laid  before  the  council  at  a  ses- 
sion, Jime  23,  1711. 

"t/^/  Conestogo,  June  18,  1711. 
Present: — The   Hon.   Charles   Gookin,   Esq.,  Lieut. 
Governor,  and  Joseph  Growdon,  Richard  Hill,  Griffith 
Owen,  Caleb  Pusey,  Esq.,  council. 

*Christopher  Franciscus  Wcus  an  adventurous  Swiss,  and  one 
of  the  first  settlers  in  the  county.  It  is  said  the  current  of  dar- 
ing runs  in  the  blood  of  the  Franciscuses.  His  sons,  after  him, 
and  his  son's  sons,  and  grandson's  sons  have,  since  the  old 
man's  day,  been  known  as  stoict  men.  They  made  many  "a 
fellow''  cry  out,  in  the  language  of  Terence,  auribus  teneo  lu- 
pum,  i.e./  know  not  which  way  to  turn,  as  said  the  wolf  when 
Franciscus  hugged  him. 

Of  Daniel  Boone,  the  Kentucky  adventurer,  it  is  said,  he 
slew  a  bear;  of  Franciscus  and  his  daughter,  it  is  related,  they 
eviscerated  a  wolt,  with  a  similar  weapon,  a  butcher-knife. — 
We  give  the  traditional  story  as  wo  have  it  from  one  who  as- 
.sures  us,  it  is  true.  While  Francis,  one  evening  in  the  fall  of 
the  year,  was  reclining  on  his  bed,  and  the  rest  of  the  family 
having  all  retired,  except  a  daughter,  who  was  about  "  laying 


LANCASTER    COUNTr.  87 

A  present  of  50  pounds  of  powder,  1  piece  of  Stroud- 
water,  1  piece  of  Duffils,  100  pounds  of  shot — being 
laid  upon  the  floor,  the  Governor,  by  Indian  Harry,  the 
Interpreter  thus  spolie : 

Governor  Penn,  upon  all  occasions,  is  willing  to  show 
how  great  a  regard  he  bears  to  you,  therefore  has  sent 
this  small  present,  a  forerunner  of  a  greater  one  to 
come  next  spring,  to  you,  and  hath  required  me  to  ac- 
quaint you  that  he  is  about  to  settle  some  people  upon 
the  branches  of  the  Potomack,  and  doubts  not  but  the 
same  mutual  friendship  which  has  all  along  as  brothers 
passt  betwixt  the  inhabitants  of  this  Government  and 
you,  will  also  continue  betwixt  you  and  those  he  is  about 
to  settle ;  he  intends  to  present  five  belts  of  wampum  to 
the  Five  Nations,  and  one  to  you  of  Conestogo,  and 
requires  your  friendship  to  the  Palatines,  settled  near 
Pequae. 

To  which  they  answer : 

That  they  are  extremely  well  pleased  with  the  Go- 

her  head  on  the  ear,"  fhe  father  heard  a  noise  at  the  cabin's 
door,  he  went  and  opened  it,  at  that  instant  a  wolf  seized  him 
by  the  breast  of  his  jacket — Franciscus  hugged  him  tightly — 
called  to  his  daughter  to  bring  the  butcher-knife  and  rip  open 
the  beast — she  did — and  the  wolf  was  butchered. 

The  place  where  the  wolf  was  slain,  is  marked  by  the  head  of 
a  fine  spring,  near  Lampeter  Square,  where  Daniel  Zimmerman, 
who  bought  of  Franciscus,  erected  a  substantial  sandstone 
house  in  1750.  Daniel  was  the  son  of  Henry  Zimmerman,  or 
Carpenter,  a  Swiss  patriot,  of  whom  we  shall  have  occasion  to 
speak  hereafter. 

Col.  Bouquet,  a  Swiss,  in  the  English  service  during  the 
French  and  Indian  War,  visited  Daniel  Zimmerman,  in  1758, 
while  his  detachment  of  men  was  quartered  at  Lancaster. 

John  Miller,  grandfather  of  Jacob  Miller,  who  communi- 
cated these  facts,  raised  one  Paulus,  who  was  Bouquet's  driver 
— he  drove  what  B.  called  miin  roth  wagdii. 


88  HISTORT    OP 

vernor's  speech ;  but  as  they  are  at  present  m  war  with 
the  Toscororoes  and  other  Indians,  they  thihk  that  place 
not  safe  for  any  christians,  and  are  afraid  if  any  damage 
sliould  happen  to  these  the  blame  may  be  laid  wpou 
them,  ihat  settlement  being  situated  betwixt  them  and 
tliose  at  war  witli  them.  As  to  the  Palatines,  they  are-, 
in  their  opinion,  safely  seated,  but  earnestly  desire  that 
the  death  of  Le  Tore  may  be  nov/  adjusted,  for  thaJ 
they  shall  not  thinlv  themselves  safe  till  it  is.''' 

July  ISth,  Tuesday  about  twelve. 

The  Senoquois  and  Shawnois  met  the  Governor  and 
Council,  Opessah,  chief  of  the  Shawnois,  by  Martin 
Cliartier,  interpreter,  thus  spoke  : 

Were  it  posssible  for  us  by  presents,  or  any  other  way, 
to  atone  for  the  lives  of  these  young  men,  our  young 
people  unadvisedly  slew,  we  would  be  partly  willing  to 
make  satisfaction,  and  such  a  condcscention  would  for- 
ever be  gratefully  remembered  and  more  eagerly  engage 
us,  and  for  the  future  render  us  more  careful.  The 
uneasiness  we  had  on  that  accomit  was  such  that  we 
could  not  sleep  until  the  last  time  the  Governor  and 
his  people  were  up  here,  and  which  time  we  had  some 
hopes  given  us  of  adjusting  the  matter,  since  the 
murderers  arc  all  dead,  save  one,  who  is  gone  to 
IVIesassippi. 

To  which  the  Governor  answered: 

That  the  laws  of  England  were  such  that  whosoever 
killed  a  man  must  run  the  same  fate ;  yet  considering  the 
previous  cicriunstances  lo  that  murder,  the  length  of 
the  time  since  the  account,  the  distance  of  place  where 
acted  from  this  Government,  and  before  my  coming  here, 
and  the  persons  all,  save  one,  who  is  absconded  since, 
are  dead,  I  am  willing  to  forbear  further  prosecution  on 
enquiring  into  it,  but  withal  caution  you  if  any  such 


LABTGASTER    COUTCTT.  89 

thing  hea-eafter  falls  out,  you  may  be  assured  I  shall  as 
well  know  how  to  do  justice,  as  I  have  now  showed  you 
mercy,  for  which  they  return  the  Governor  their  hearty 
thanks,  and  Opessah  assures  that  if  hereafter  any  such 
thing  should  happen,  he  himself  would  be  executioner, 
and  burn  them  that  should  dare  do  it. 

The  Senequois  acquaint : 

That  Opessah  being  thereto  solicited  by  John  Hans 
Steelman,  had  sent  out  some  of  his  people,  either  to 
bring  back  or  kill  Francis  De  Le  Tore  and  his  company. 
Op&ssah,  he  affirms  he  was  entirely  iimocent,  for  that 
John  Hans  came  to  his  cabin,  where  he  and  his  young 
people,  who  were  there  going  a  hunting,  were  in  coun- 
cil, told  him  that  some  of  his  slaves  and  dogs  (meaning 
Le  Tore  and  company)  were  fled,  therefore  desired  him 
forthwith  to  send  some  of  his  people  to  bring  them  back 
or  kill  them,  and  take  goods  for  their  trouble,  at  which 
motive  Opessah  being  surprised,  told  him  that  he  ought, 
by  no  means,  to  discourse  after  that  manner  before  yoimg 
people  who  were  going  to  the  woods,  and  might, 
by  accident,  meet  those  people,  and  therefore  ordered 
him  to  desist, utterly  denying  his  request. 

The  Senoquois  also  acquainted  the  Governor  that  Le 
Tore  had  taken  a  boy  from  them  and  had  sold 
him  at  New  York,  and  requested  the  Governor 
would  enquire  after  him,  that  he  might  hear  from  him 
again." 


90  HISTORY    OF 


CHAPTER   11. 

Fcrrce  family  make  preparations  to  emigrate  to  America — Procure  certi^. 
cales  of  civil  and  religious  standing — By  vvay  of  Holland  and  England 
come  to  IS'cw  York — Acquire  the  rights  of  citizenship — Settle  in  Lan- 
caster county — Several  documents  of  interest — Tradition  of  the  ancestors 
of  the  Ferrees,  by  Joel  Lightncr,  Esc^. — Tuscorora  Indians  unite  with  the 
Five  Natioiis. 

About  the  year  1709,  as  stated  in  a  preceding  chapter, 
a  large  emigration  from  the  Lower  Palatinate  to  the 
British  colonies,  took  place.  Among  these  were  the  well 
known  names,  besides  those  mentioned  in  the  last  chap- 
ter, of  Weigand,  Fisher,  Kennan,  Volck,  Plettel,  Gulch, 
Hubertson,  Schaneman,  Lefever,  Ferree  and  others,  as 
they  are  at  present  spelled.  Some  of  them  located  them- 
selves and  became  permanent  inhabitants  of  what  is  now 
Lancaster  comity.  It  is  certain  that  the  Ferrees  and  Le- 
fevers,  who  were  what  was  called  Walloons,  did  settle 
and  improved  lands,  taken  up  by  JNIartin  Kendig,* 
which  was  part  of  ten  thousand  acres  previously  pur- 
chased from  the  proprietary's  conmiissioners,  by  him,  a 
meml.ier  of  a  Swiss  company;  and  it  is  both  hiteresting 
and  instructive  to  see  with  what  carefulness  and  regard 
for  their  own  characters,  both  as  citizens  and  christians 
for  the  good  opinion  of  the  world,  these  sterling  people 

*"At  a  meeting  of  the  commissioners  Sept.  10,  1712 
— the  late  commissioners  having  granted  10,000  acres  of 
land  to  the  Palatines,  by  their  warrant  dated  Gth,  8th, 
1710,  in  pursuance  thereof  there  was  laid  out  to  Martin  Kendig, 
besides  the  2,000  acres  already  confirmed  and  paid  for,  the  like 
quantity  of  2,000  acres,  towards  Susquehanna,  of  which  the 
General  Surveyor  has  made  a  return.  The  said  Martin  Ken- 
dig now  appearing  desirous  that  the  said  land  may  be  granted 


LAITC ASTER    COUNTT.  91 

conducted  their  removal  from  their  former,  and  th€  set- 
tlement in  their  new  homes. 

There  is  httle  similarity  between  the  proceedings  of 
these  progenitors  of  some  of  our  good  old  fashioned 
Lancaster  comity  farmers,  and  those  of  the  flitting  popiu- 
lation  of  the  present  day.  The  latter  in  their  inconsid- 
ered  removals  only  seem  desirous  of  can-ying  with  them 
as  large  an  amomit  as  possible  of  this  world's  wealth, 
regardless  of  any  other  proof  of  respectability,  and 
trusting  to  it  to  make  way  for  them  in  all  the  pm-suits 
and  relations  of  life.  By  way  of  contrast,  and  of  gain- 
ing instruction  from  the  actions  of  our  ancestors,  we 
shall  present  a  somewhat  detailed  accomit  of  the  ro- 
moval  and  settlement  of  a  particular  family. 

Owin?  to  French  incm-sions  into  the  Palatinate  and 
Other  oppressions  of  a  rehgious  nature,  the  family  of  the 
Ferrees  turned  to  seek  a  home  in  the  new  world,  about 
the  beginning  of  the  last  century,  when  thousands  came 
to  America.  Its  members  were  Daniel  Ferree,  his 
widowed  mother,  (the  wife  of  Daniel  Ferree  deceased) 
his  wife  and  their  two  sons,  Andrew  and  John.  The 
first  step  as  good  citizens  was  to  obtain  the  consent 
of  their  country  to  their  departure,  as  appears  by  the 
following  original  document. 

and  confirmed  to  Maria  Warenbuer,  for  whom  the  same  was 
taken  up,  or  intended,  and  who  is  to  pay  the  consideration  of 
it.  But  upon  further  consideration  of  the  matter,  it  is  agreed 
among  themselves  that  the  said  land  shall  be  confirmed  to 
Daniel  Fierre  and  Isaac  Lefevre,j;  two  of  the  said  widow's  sons, 
and  the  consideration  money,  viz :  £140  at  £7  per  100  acres, 
by  agreement  having  been  for  some  time  due,  but  is  now  to  be 
paid  down  in  one  sum.  'Tis  agreed  they  shall  only  pay  £10 
for  interest,  that  is  £150  for  the  whole. '^ 

(t Isaac  Lefevre  was  her  son-in  law.) 


92  HISTORY    07 

Demnach  Maria,  Daniel  Fuehre's  Wittib,  mit  ihreni 
sohn  Daniel  Fiiehrc,  dessen  Eheweib  imd  noch  andem 
sechs  ledigen  Kindcrn,  ihrer  hoffenden  Besscmng,  Gele- 
genheit  und  Wohlfahrts  willen,  von  Steinweiler  aus  der 
ober  Schultheiserey  Bittigheim,  dcs  Churpfaeltzischcn 
oberamls  Gormcrshcim,  auf  die  insul  Pcnnsylvanien  per 
Holland  luid  Engclland  sich  zubegeben  imd  allda  zu 
wohncn  vorhabcn,  und  dahero  urn  ein  beglaiibtiges 
Certifikat,  dasz  sic  init  vorwissen  von  dem  ort  Stein- 
weiler geschicden  und  sich  gewaehrter  ihrer  wohnungs- 
zeit  vertraeglich  und  ohne  klag  verhalten,  auch  niemand 
mit  schulden  verwandt,  dcsglcichen  keiner  leibeigen- 
schaft  zugethan,.  gebuehrend  angesucht:  als  hat  man 
denselbcn  ihr  suchen  and  bitten  willfahren,  anbey  imver- 
haltcn  woUen,  dasz  obgedachte  leute  ganz  offenbar  von 
hier  wegziehen,  waehrendcr  zcit  als  ilu-  vatcr,  die  wittib 
und  kinder  in  mchrgedacliten  Steinweiler  gewolmt,  sich 
fromm  und  ehrbarlich  verhalten,  dasz  man  sie  gern  laen- 
ger  all  hier  und  der  ortcn  gcschen  hactte.  So  sind  sie 
auch  der  leibeigenschaft  nicht  unterworfen,  massen  die 
ober  sciniltheiserey  Bittigheim,  worin  Steinweiler  gelegen 
freyzuegig;  auch  haben  sie  ihrem  gcbuehrenden  abzug 
Oder  naclisteur  fuer  gnaedigste  herrschaft  hinterlasson : 
von  schulden,  damit  sie  andern  verwandt  seyn  sollen,hat 
man  nichts  vernommen,  als  schultheis  Hr.  Fischer  in 
Steinweiler,  Avelcher  expresse  deswegen  gehoert  worden, 
zeugniss  alles  dessen  giebt.  Dessen  in  urkund  habe  ich 
dieses  in  abwesenlieit  Churpfaclzischen  regiermigs  rath, 
obcramtmann  und  gemcinschacft  Gudenberg,  Fauthe  zu 
Altenstatt  uiid  ober  schultheis  allhier  Ilerr  von  Cmi  aiLS- 
gefertiget  und  den  aus  diescr  nothdurft  behacndiget. — 
Siege]  Bittigheim  den  lOten  Martii,  170S. 

[Sicgcl.]  J.  P.  DIETRICH,  Grejffier. 


LAKCASTER   COUNTY,  93 

Translation. — Whereas  Maria,  Daniel  Fuehre's  (Fe- 
ries')  widow,  and  her  son  Daniel  Ferie  with  his  wife  and 
other  six  single  children,  in  view  of  improving  their 
condition  and  in  furtherance  of  their  prosperity,  purpose 
to  emigrate  from  Steinweiler  in  the  mayoralty  of  Bittig- 
heim,  High  Bailiwick  Germersheim,  via  Holland  and 
England,  to  the  island  of  Pennsylvania,  to  reside  there, 
they  have  requested  an  accredited  certificate  that  they 
left  the  town  of  Steinweiler  with  the  Imowledge  of  the 
proper  authorities,  and  have  deported  themselves  peacea- 
bly and  witliiout  cause  for  censure,  and  are  mdebted  to  no 
one,  and  not  subject  to  vassalage,  l>eing  duly  solicited,  it 
has  been  thought  proper  to  grant  then*  petition,  declaiing 
tliat  the  above  named  persons  are  not  moving  away 
clandestinely — that  during  the  time  their  father,  the 
widow  and  children  resided  in  this  place  they  behaved 
Uiemselves  piously  and  honestly — that  it  woujd  have 
been  highly  gratifying  to  us  to  see  them  remain  among 
us — that  they  are  not  subject  to  bodily  bondage,  the 
mayoralty  not  being  subject  to  vassalage — they  have 
also  paid  for  their  permission  to  emigrate ;  Mr.  Fischer, 
tlie  mayor  of  Steinweiler  being  expressly  interrogated, 
it  has  been  ascertained  that  they  are  not  liable  for  any 
debts.  In  witness  whereof,  I  have,  in  the  absence  of 
tlie  counsellor  of  tire  Palatinate,  &c.,  signed  these 
presents,  gave  the  same  to  the  persons  who  intended  to 
emigrate.     Dated  Bittigheim,  March  10th,  170S. 

[L.  &]  J.  P.  DIETRICH,  Court  Clerk. 

Next,  as  christians,  they  obtained  a  certificate  of  their 
religious  standing  from  the  proper  church  officer's,  even 
to  a  statement  of  the  time  and  place  of  the  christian 
baptism  of  their  young  children.  No  doubt  they  es- 
teemed the  following,  which  was  thus  obtamed,  as  the 


94  HisToar  of 

most  valuable    article    among    their  possession.       We 
present  the  original  and  a  translation. 

Temoignage  pour  Daniel  Firre  et  sufianilk. 

Nous  Pasteur,  Anciens  ct  Diacres  de  PEglise  Re- 
fomiee,  Vallonne  de  Pelican  au  has  Palatinat  ayants  este 
prie  par  I'honorable  Daniel  Firre,  sa  femme  Anne  Marie 
Leininger,  et  leurs  enfants,  Andrie  et  Jean  Firre,  de  leur 
accordir  mi  temoignage  de  leur  vie  et  religion,  certifions 
et  attcstons  quils  out  toutjours  fait  profession  de  la  pure 
Relision  Reform-ce,  frequente  nos  saintes  assemblees, 
et  participe  a  la  cene  du  Seigneur  avec  les  autres  fidcles : 
Au  reste  lis  se  sont  toutjours  comporte  honnestement 
sans  avoir  donne  aucun  scandale  qui  soit  venu  en  notre 
connoissance :  Estants  maintenant  sur  leur  depart,  pour 
ses  establir  aillems,  nous  les  recommendons  a  laguarde 
de  Dieu  et  a  la  bienveillance  do  tons  nos  freres  en 
Seign:  Xt:  En  foy  de  quoy  nous  avons  signe  ce  present 
temoignage  de  nos  signes  et  marques  accustumees:  fait  a 
Pelican  en  nostre  consistoire  le  10  de  JNIais,  1708. 
[L.  S.        MICHAEL  MEESSAKOP; 

J.  ROMAN,  Pasteur  et  Inspccteur, 
PIERRE  SvSCHARLET,, 
JAQUE  BAILLEAUX,  Diacre, 
JEAN  BAPTISTE  LA  PLACE,  Diatre. 

Les  cnfans  sus  noma  a  scavoir,  Andrie  et  Jean  Firre 
out  esti  Raptistcs,  le  premier  dans  I'Eglisc  de  Stcmviler 
i'an.  1701,  le  2S  me  de  Septembre:  son  parain  estoit 
Andrie  Leininger  et  sa  Maricc  Margarithc  Leininger, 
L'autre  cc  scavoir  Jean  a  este  Baptize  dans  I'Eglisc  de 
Rliorbac,  I'an.  1703,  le  8  me  de  fevricr:  le  parain 
estoit  Abraham  PiilUon  et  Judith  Mille  tons  deux  de 
Steinviler. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  95 

Certificate  for  Daniel  Firre  arid  his  family. 
Translation. — We,  the  Pastor,  Elders  and  Deacons 
-of  tlie  Reformed  Walloon  Church  of  Pelican,  in  the 
Lower  Palatinate,  having  been  requested  by  the  Hon- 
orable Daniel  Firre,  his  wife  Anne  Maria  Leininger 
and  their  children  Andrew  and  John  Firre,  to  grant 
tliem  a  testimonial  of  their  life  and  rehgion,  do  certify 
and  attest  that  they  have  always  made  profession  of  the 
pure  Reformed  religion,  frequented  our  sacred  assemblies, 
and  have  partaken  of  the  supper  of  the  Lord  with  the 
otiier  members  of  the  faith:  in  addition  to  which  they 
have  always  conducted  themselves  uprightly  without 
having  given  any  cause  for  scandal,  that  has  come  to 
our  knovdedge :  being  now  on  their  departure  to  settle 
elsewhere,  we  commend  them  to  the  protection  of  God, 
and  to  the  kindness  of  all  our  brethren  in  the  Lord 
Christ  In  witness  of  which  we  have  signed  this 
present  testimonial,  with  our  signatures  and  usual 
marks.     Done  at  Pelican  in  our  consistory,  the   10th  of 

May,  1708. 

MICHAEL  MEESSAKOP, 

J.  RO]MAN,  Pastor  and  Inspector, 
PETER  SSCHARLET, 
JAMES  BAILLEAUX,  Deacon, 
JOHN  BAPTIST  LAPLACE,  Deacon. 
The  undernamed  children,  to  wit :  Andrew  and  John 
Firre  were  baptized,  the  first  in  the  church  of  Stein- 
weiler  in  the  year  1701,  on  the   2Sth  of  September:  his 
sponsors  were  Andrew  Leininger  and  his  wife  Margaret 
Leininger :  the  other,  to  wit :  Jolm  was  baptized  in   the 
church  of  Rhorbac,  in  the  year   1703,  on  the   8th  of 
February^-   the  sponsors    were  Abraham  Ptillioo  and 
Judith  Miller,  both  of  Steinweiler. 

Note.— -It  was  customary  among  the  Reformed  to  procure  a 
church  certificate  before  leaving  their  Vateriand. 


&6  HISTORY  or 

Haying  openly  and  lionestly  adjusted  their  affairs 
previous  to  their  departure,  they  bade  adieu  to  their  old 
and  endeared  home,  this  family,  via  Holland  and 
England"  made  their  way  to  the  7ieiv  7voi'ld-,  where  they 
an-ived,  sometime  in  1709,  in  the  city  of  New  York. — 
Having  arrived,  and  being  pleased  with  the  country, 
iJieir  next  step  was  to  acquire  the  rights  of  citizenship 
from  the  proper  authority.  The  following  letters  patent, 
under  the  Privy  seal  of  Queen  Anne  will  show  they 
were  successful  in  their  application,  and  will  be  read 
with  interest  by  the  descendants  of  all  named  in  it. 

Anne,  by  the  grace  of  God,  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, Queen,  defender  of  faith,  &c.  To  whom  all  these 
presents  may  come,  Imow  ye  that  we  for  good  causes 
and  considerations  especially  moving  us  hereunto  by 
om-  special  grace,  moving  us  thereunto,  do  grant  for  our- 
selves, our  heirs  and  successors  to  onr  beloved  Joshua 
Rocherthal,  Sybella  Charlotte,  his  wife,  Christian  Joshua 
his  son,  and  Sybella  and  Susanna  his  daughters,  Law- 
rence Schwisser,  and  Ann  Catharine  his  wife,  and  John 

♦According  to  the  statements  of  R.  Conyngham,  Esq.,  a  man 
of  erudition  and  well  known  as  one  of  more  than  ordinary  re- 
search into  Historrcal  facts,  Mary,  the  mother  of  Daniel  Ferree, 
accompanied  by  her  children,  and  armed  with  a  spirit  of  reso- 
lution superior  to  her  sex,  went  to  London,  from  Ihence  to 
Kensington,  whore  William  Penn  resided,  to  be  near  Queen 
Anne,  of  whom  he  was  deservedly  a  favorite.  Madame 
Ferree  made  her  wishes  known  to  him  :  William  Penn  sympa- 
lhi7.ed  with  her  in  her  misfortunes  and  became  interested  for 
her  and  her  children,  and  ne.xt  day  introduced  her  to  Queen 
Anne, 

The  Queen  was  delighted  in  thus  being  afforded  an  opportu- 
nity to  display  the  natural  feelings  of  her  heart.  Lodgings 
were  obtained  for  Madame  Ferree  in  the  vicinity  until  a  vessel 
was  ready  to  sail  for  New  York. — Redmond  Conyngham's 
Address  of  July  Ath,  Ib-l'J. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  97 

liis  son,  Henry  Rennau,  and  Johanna  his  wife,  and  Law- 
rence and  Henry  his  sons,  Susanna  Lisboschain,  and 
Mary  Johanna  Lisboschain;  Andrew  Volk,  and  Ann 
Catharine  his  wife,  and  George  Heeronimus  his  son,  and 
]\Iary  Barbara,  and  Ann  Gertrtraude  his  daughters,  Mi- 
chael Weigand,  Ann  Catharine  his  wife,  Tobias  and 
George  his  sons,  Ann  Mary  his  daughter,  Jacob  Weber, 
and  Ann  Elisabeth  his  wife,  and  Eve  Elisabeth,  and 
Eve  Mary  his  daughters,  John  Jacob  Plettel,  Ann  Elisa- 
beth his  wife,  and  Margaret,  Ann,  Sarah  and  Catharine 
his  daughters,  John  Fisher,  and  Mary  Barbara  his  wife, 
Melchior  Gulch,  Ann  Catharine  his  wife,  Henry  his  son, 
and  Magdalen  his  daughter,  Isaac  Twek,  Peter  Rose  and 
Joannah  his  wife,  Mary  Wemarin,  and  Catharine  We- 
marin  his  daughters,  Isaac  Feber*-  Catharine  his  ivife, 
and  Mrahain  his  son,  Daniel  Firre,  Ann  Mary  his 
wife  and  Andrew  and  John  his  sons,  Hubert  Hubert- 
son,  and  Jacob  his  son,  and  Harman  Schuneman ; 
which  persons  are  truly  German  Lutherans;  and  who 

^Undoubtedly  Isaac  Le  Fevre  who  had  married  Catharine, 
the  daughter  of  Mary  Ferree,  and  who  settled  within  the  limits 
of  this  county  at  the  time  Daniel  Ferree  did.  According  to  Mr. 
Conyngham's  statement,  "Isaac  Le  Fevre  was  born  in  1669, 
and  in  1686,  came  to  Philadelphia  from  Esopus.  He  married 
Catharine  soon  after  her  arrival."  He  was  but  a  youth  when 
he  left  his  fays  naiaZ,  Fatherland.  Mr.  C.  in  an  eloquent  ad- 
dress on  the  Early  Settlement  of  the  Valley  of  Pequea,  delivered 
July  4,  -1842,  speaking  of  the  Ferree  family,  says  :  "And  nozo 
let  me  turn  your  attention  to  a  youth  of  fourteen  :  his  parents 
had  perished  in  the  religious  wars  which  had  desolated  France 
— an  oi'phan — friendless — he  travelled  through  Holland— went 
to  London — came  to  Kensington  where  he  made  known  his  in- 
tentions to  William  Penn.  Alone  1  oh  no !  he  had  one  com- 
panion— it  was  his  consolator  in  Europe — 'it  was  his  comforter 
in  Pcnnsylv-ania^— that  companion  was  his  Bible.  That  young 
lad  was  Isaac  Le  Fevre.  That  Bible  is  still  preserved  by  the 
family  of  Le  Fevres  as  a  most  precious  relic.'' 

9 


93  HISTORY    OF 

being  reduced  to  extreme  poverty  by  the  frequent 
French  incursions  into  the  Palatinate  in  Germany,  lately 
have  fled  for  refuge  to  this  oiu*  Kingdom  of  Great 
Britain,  and  further  have  gone  to  live  in  our  province  of 
New  York,  in  America,  and  therefore  they  shall  and 
will  be  esteemed  as  natural  born  subjects  and  reputed  as 
£uch  by  our  heirs  and  successors  of  this  our  Kingdom  of 
Great  Britain,  and  their  heirs  respectively  shall  and  will 
be  esteemed  as  such  by  cur  heirs  and  successors,  and 
their  heirs  shall  and  v/ill  be  dealt  with,  reputed  and 
governed  as  such,  as  the  rest  of  our  faithful  subjects  of 
this  our  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain,  and  they  shall  be  so 
esteemed  in  every  place  and  jurisdiction  under  this  our 
crown  of  Great  Britain,  and  shall  be  lawfull  for  them  or 
their  heirs  respectively  in  all  actions  of  what  kindsover 
they  may  be  to  pursue  for  and  enter  complauit  in  and 
about  the  same  in  whatsoever  place  or  jurisdiction  they 
may  be  in  or  under  in  this  our  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain, 
and  elsewhere,  under  our  Government  to  have,  exercise, 
use  and  enjoy  the  full  privilege  of  making  answer  and 

The  descendants  of  Isaac  Lc  Fcvre  are  numerous  and  res*- 
pectable  in  this  county ;  and  many  of  them  are  settled  in  va*- 
;ious  parts  of  Pennsylvania,  and  other  states.  Isaac  had  four 
sons  and  two  daughters — Abraham,  Philip,  Daniel,  Samuel, 
Mary  and  Esther.  Philip,  the  second  son,  was  a  gunsmith, 
settled  on  a  farm  now  owned  by  George  Meek,  and  by  Henry 
Le  Fever,  both  lineal  descendants.  Philip,  had  four  sons  and 
four  daughters;  Isaac,  .  George,  Adam,  Jacob,  Catharine, 
Esther,  Eve  and  Elisabeth. 

Catharine   was  born   in  March,   1734,  and  was  married   to 

Nicholas  Meclf ;  both  resided  for  many  years  in  this  county 

They  spent  their  last  days  with  their  son  Jacob  Meek,  at  Har- 
(isburg,  wiicre  buth  died  at  an  advanced  age.  Nicholas  Meek 
died  April  Hi,  lbO;3,  aged  71  years,  4  months  and  4  days  ;  Cath> 
arine  Meek  died  October  2nd,  1804,  aged  70  years  and  7 
months.     Philip,  t^leir  eldest  son,  aged  87,  is  yet  living. 


LANCASTER    COVVTY.  99 

defence  in  all  matter  or  matters  whatsoever  as  any  others 
of  these  oixi  natural  born  subjects  of  Great  Britain,  and 
moreover  it  shall  be  lawfull  for  them  or  their  heirs  res- 
pectively to  hold  lands  and  the  same  to  convey ;  and  to 
hold  places  of  trust  anywhere  under  this  our  Crown  of 
Great  Britain,  and  the  land  purchased  the  same  to  enjoy 
and  hold  and  possess  to  themselves  and  their  heirs,  or  in 
any  other  mamier  to  make  clear  titles  or  to  alienate  the 
same  to  any  person  or  persons  that  they,  at  their  own 
pleasure,  may-  think  proper  and  the  same  to  be  peaceably 
and  honestly  enjoyed  as  well  as  by  any  others  of  our 
faithful  subjects  of  this  our  Kingdom  of  Great  Britam, 
born  within  the  same,  and  it  be  lawfull  for  themselves  or 
their  heirs  respectively,  to  hold  and  enjoy  the  mannor  of 
lands  and  hereditaments  whereby  they  may  be  to  them- 
selves or  those  whom  they  may  think  proper  to  convey 
them  respectively,  or  to  any  person  or  persons  whatso- 
ever, him  or  them,  the  same  to  enjoy  honestly  and 
peaceably,  as  well  as  if  they  were  originally  born  in  this 
our  Kmgdom  of  Great  Britain,  and  the  same  to  hold, 
enjoy  and  possess  from  any  grievance  whatever  from 
any  grievance  from  our  heirs  or  successors  or  ministry,  or 
any  other  whatsoever,  nevertheless,  it  is  oiu"  will  that  the 
persons  and  those  to  whom  respectively,  in  the  first 
place,  and  to  whom  their  heirs  respectively,  relative  shall 
make  or  cause  to  be  made  obeisance  to  us  oiu:  heirs  or 
successors  and  shall  contribute  and  pay  as  may  seem  just, 
them  and  their  heirs  respectively,  shall  pay  to  our  heirs 
and  successors,  our  custom  and  subsidy  on  their  mer- 
chandize as  well  as  merchant  strangers  ought  or  should 
pay,  and  they  or  their  heirs  respectively,  shall  pay  due 
regard  to  every  ordination  act,  statute  and  proclamation 
of  this  our  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain,  and  shall  be  obe- 
dient as  may  appear  just  and  formal,  and  shall  render  a 


100  HISTORV    OF 

due  regard  to  magistrates  and  to  our  sliips  of  war  and 
shall  be  in  subordination  to  our  corporations  mercantile 
of  this  our  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain,  by  any  charters 
or  letters  patent  of  ours,  any  others  of  our  predecessors 
heretofore  granted,  and  at  any  time  hereafter,  or  any 
person  or  persons  that  are  or  will  be  master  of  ship  oi 
matters  of  ships  or  may  follow  merchandize,  that  then 
this  shall  be  void  and  of  none  effect :  Provided,  never- 
theless, That  we  reserve  for  the  time  being  to  ourselves, 
our  heirs  and  successors,  our  full  power  and  authority 
from  time  to  time  of  revoking  and  determining,  by  letters 
patent,  under  the  Great  Seal  of  Great  Britain,  these 
Letters  Dennizens  to  such  person  or  persons,  concerning 
whom  we,  our  heirs,  or  our  successors,  in  order,  in  pri- 
vate counsel  to  our  heirs  or  successors  will  declare  as 
may  appear  right  to  us,  to  our  heirs  or  successors,  in 
making  Demiizens  to  those  person  or  persons  as  may 
appear  hurtful!  or  inconvenient  to  us  our  heirs  or  succes- 
sors, yet  giving  and  grunting  to  persons,  and  any  others, 
reasonable  and  sufficient  time  of  selling,  alienating,  as- 
signing or  disposing  of  their  manors,  messuages,  lands, 
so  held  hereditaments,  and  their  merchandize,  respec- 
tively, and  likewise  of  removhig  their  respective  goods 
and  effects  of  whatsoever  kind  or  qualify  they  may  be 
before  determination  of  these  letters  patent  as  appears.  Li 
witness  whereof  we  caused  these  letters  patent  to  be 
made  and  done :  witness  myself  at  Westminster,  this 
21st  day  of  August,  1708  in  the  seventh  year  of  our 
reign.     Registered  under  our  Private  Seal.       COCKS. 

New  York,  Aug.  10th,  1709,  Recorded  in  the  Secre- 
tary's office  of  the  province  of  New  York,  iu  the  Book 
of  General  Records,  Lib:  No.  L.  Folio  141  &  142. 

Co])ied  from  the  original,  word  for  word,  and  concord- 
ing  thereto  as  a  sworn  evidence. 

JOHN  CONRAD  CODWEIS,  Interpreter. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  101 

New  York,  27th  day  of  August,  in  the  year   1709, 
diligently  compared  and  examined  this  true  copy. 
JOHN  CONRAD  CODWEIS,  (Deponent,) 

San  me  tendering  the  oath. 

Before  me, 

D :  PROVOOK. 

Signed  with  the  Great  Seal  of  Great  Britain. 

After  spending  some  time  in  New  York,  they  went, 
according  to  tradition,  to  Esopus  Settlement,  in  Ulster 
Comity,*  about  seventy  miles  from  Albany.     Here  they 

*That  there  was  then  a  settlement  in  Ulster  county,  N.  Y. 
of  those  who  always  made  '■'■  profession  ds  la  pure  religion  re- 
formee,"  is  a  matter  of  history.  The  following  extract  of  a 
letter,  from  our  friend,  Edmund  Eltinge,  to  us,  dated  New 
Paltz,  Feb.  25',  1S43,  will  go  to  strengthen  the  tradition  in  the 
main  facts.  Speaking  of  the  Huguenots  when  leaving  France, 
says,  "The  greatest  proportion  went  to  Germany  and  a  party 
of  them  settled  at  a  place  called  Paitz  on  the  River  Rhine. — 
This  was  about  the  year  1650,  A.  D.  Here  they  remained  ten 
years,  and  in  1660  emigrated  to  New  York,  then  under  the 
Dutch  Dynasty.  What  num.ber  came  at  this  time,  I  cannot  say 
— probably  hundreds.  The  most  opulent  settled  in  New  York 
city  and  on  Long  Island.  The  second  class  in  point  of  wealth 
at  New  Rochelle,  and  those  who  were  poor  came  to  Kingston, 
(formerly  Esopus  R.)  in  this-  (Ulster)  county,  then  called 
Wildwyke  (Wild-retreat)  and  inhabited  by  the  Dutch. 

The  names  of  Huguenots  who  came  to  Kingston,  twelve  in 
number,  were  Louis  Da.  Bois  and  his  sons  Abraham  and  Isaac, 
Christian,  Doaice  or  Deys,  Abraham  Hosbrouch,  Andries  Lefevre, 
Jean  Brook  or  John  Hosbrouch,  Lewis  Berier,  Antonie  Crispell, 
Hugo  Freer  and  Simon  Lefevre.  Eleven  of  these  came  in 
1660.  Abraham  Hasbrouch  accompanied  them  as  far  as  Eng- 
land, where  he  remained  for  a  year  or  two,  and  while  there 
joined  the  army,  and  formed  the  acquaintance  of  Edmund  An- 
dres,who  was  subsequently  the  Governor  of  this  colony — when 
became — he  andtho^e  who  accompanied  him,  went  into  Canada 
— where  they  located  I  cannot  say — Mr.  Hosbrouch  was  Jipvv- 

9* 


102  HISTORY    OF 

remained  about  two  years.  Whence  they  proceeded-  to 
Pennsylvania,  where  (as  is  evident  from  documents) 
Martin  Kendig  had  taken  up  for  Maria  Warenbuer, 
widow  of  Daniel  Ferree,  two  thousand  acres  of  land,  as 
appears  from  the  minutes  of  the  commissioners,  Sept. 
10,  1712,  quoted  at  large: — See  pages  90,  91.  "The 
said  Martin  Kendig  now  (Sept,  10,  1712)  appearing 
desirous  that  the  said  (2000  acres)  land  may  be  granted 
and  confirmed  to  Maria  Warenbuer,/or  whom  the  same 
was  taken  \qi  or  intended,  (§r." 

This  tract  was  then  in  Chester  county,  Cones  toga 
township,  now  East  Strasburg,  in  this  comity.  It 
composed  the  farms  now  owned  by  Henry  A.  Carpenter, 
Ferre  Brinton,  Jolin  C.  Lefevre,  Joseph  L.  Lefevre,  Jacob 

ever  informed  that  his  brother  Jean  Brook  was  in  this  countv, 
and  he  came  hither. 

The  Huguenots  of  Ulster  spent  a  few  years  of  unsettled  life 
at  Kingston  and  in  the  meantime  explored  the  country.  They 
linally  concluded  upon  purchasing  a  tract  now  enclosed  within 
the  boundaries  of  this  town,  and  comprising  about  two-thirds 
of  its  surface.  The  purchase  was  made  from  the  Indians,  sub- 
ject however  to  the  claim  of  the  Government.  The  Indians, 
though  so  universally  charged  with  treachery,  yet  in  this 
instance  observed  strict  fidelity  to  their  covenant,  and  the 
Huguenots  were  never  molested  by  them  on  this  soil.  In 
order  to  get  a  perfect  title  it  was  necessary  to  obtain  a  cession 
from  the  Government  of  these  lands,  and  Abraham  Hcsbrouch 
who  was  entrusted  with  the  commission,  being  acquainted 
with  Edmund  Andros,  obtained  letters  patent  in  1677,  Sept. 
29th.  confirming  to  the  twelve  individvals  above  named  their 
purchase  without  charge.  This  tract  comprised  about  ninety 
sijuarc  miles."  •  •  «  "Some  of  the  Huguenots'  de-cen- 
dants,  who  reside  in  your  county,  (Lancaster),  emigrated  from 
this  county,  or  rather  their  ancestors.  The  name  of  Lefevre 
and  Du  Buis,  is  from  here.  One  by  the  name  of  Lefevre  was 
in  Congre.'iS  some  years  since,  whose  ancestors  resided  in  this 
town." 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  103 

Hershey,  Cliiistian  Leman,  Henry  and  Jacob  Brackbill, 
Theo.  Sherts,  Isaac  B.  Burrowes,  Jacob  Eshleman,  Chris- 
tian Hershey,  INIessrs.  Witmers,  R.  Conyngham,  Esq.  R. 
Taggart,  Phihp  Foster,  Henry  Shertz,  John  Shertz,  F.  S. 
Burrowes,  D.  Lefevre. 

While  speaking  of  the  family  of  Ferrees,  it  will  not 
be  out  of  place  to  direct  the  attention  of  the  reader  to 
two  other  documents;  one  is  an  inventory  of  goods  and 
chattels  of  a  farm  of  the  early  times,  being  the  list  of 
appraisement  of  the  personal  property  of  Andrew 
Ferree,  the  same  person  who  is  mentioned  as  the  eldest 
son  of  Daniel,  the  first  settler.  It  shows  the  prices  of 
articles  at  that  time.  The  reader  will  find  in  it  plenty  of 
all  the  useful  and  necessary  food,  and  implements,  of  a 
farmer ;  but  will  seek  in  vain  for  the  fine  furnitiue  of 
the  present  day."^     The  other  document  is  the  marriage 

*  Inventory  of  the  goods  and  chattels  of  Andrew  Fei^ee^ 

deceased. 

To  wheat  in  the  stack  at  £-3 — wheat  and  rj-e  in  the 

ground,  £6, 
To  great  waggon,  £12 — little  waggon,  £5, 
To  a  plow  and  two  pairs  of  irons. 
To  two  mauls  and  three  iron  wedges,  9s — to  four 

old  weeding  hoes,  4s, 
To  a  spade  and  shovel,  8s — to  a  matock  and  three 

dung  forks,  10s, 
To  two  broad-axes,  12s— to  joyner'saxe  and  adze, 

Ts, 
To  Sundry  carpenter  tools,  £1 — sundry  joyner's 

tools,  £2  5s, 
To  seven  duch  sythes, 
To  four  stock  bands,  two  pair  hinges,  sundry  old 

iron. 
To  a  hand-saw,  £2— to  five  sickles  and  two  old 

hooks. 


£14    0 

17    0 

110 

0 
0 
0 

0  13 

0 

0  IS 

0 

0  19 

0 

3    5 
0  12 

0 

0 

0  14 

0 

0  11 

0 

104  HISTORY    OF 

of  Daniel  Ferree,  Jr.,  who  was  a  son  of  the  fijrst  settler; 
out  bom  in  this  country,  with  Mary  Carpenter  or  Zim- 
merman, It  is  somewhat  in  the  form  now  used  by  tlie 
Society  of  Friends.  Many  of  the  present  citizens  of 
the  vicinity  will  recognize  the  names  of  their  ancestors, 
in  the  list  of  signers  and  guests  at  the  wedding. 

To  a  cutting  box,  two  knives,  £1 — to  twenty -two 

baggs,  £2  10s,  3  10    0 

To  two  pair  chains,  14s,  two  hackles,  £1  10 — to 

five  bales,  12s,  2  16    0 

To  four  smal  chains  and  other  horse  goers  at  14    0 

To  other  horse  geers  at  £1  10 — to  a  mans'  saddle 

at  £110,  3    0    0 

To  three  falling  axes  at  10s — to  two  fowling  pieces, , 

£2,  2  10    0 

To  a  large  Byble,  2.:  0    0 

To  two  fether  beds  at  £6 — to  wearing  cloaths,  £7, .       13    0    0 
So  sundry  pewter,  £2  8 — to  a  box  iron,  4s,  2  12    0 

To  sundry  iron  ware,  £2-r~to  a  watering  pot,  6s,  2    6    0 

To  sundry  wooden  ware  al  £l— to  two  iron  pot-  ■ 

racks,  £1,  2    0    0> 

To  four  working  horses,  £24 — to  a  mare  and  two 

colts,  £11, 
To  six  grown  cows  at  £15 — to  ten  head  of  yong 

cattle,  £13  10, 
To  eleven  sheep,  £3  17— to  swine,  £l  10, . 
To  two  chests,  16s — to  a  spinning  wheel,  8s, 
To  sley,  6s — to  cash  received  of  Samuel  Tayler, , 
To  cash  received  for  a  servant  girles  time, 

£152    8    6 

As  apraised  this  24th  day  of i- the  month  called  November,. 
1735.  HATTIL  VARMAN, 

SAJM'L  JONES. 

Note. — Thomas  Makin,    in   his  Descriptio  Pcnnsylvaniae,. 
Anno,  1729,  describes  most  graphically  the  rural  state  of  affairs 
at  that  time : 


35    0 

0 

28  10 

0 

5    7 

0 

1.  3 

0 

2    8 

0 

3    0 

0 

LANCASTER    COUNTY.  105 

«  Whereas,  Daniel  Feire,  Junior,  of  tlie  county  of 
Lancaster  and  province  of  Pennsylvania,  yoeman,  and 
Maiy  Carpenter,  daughter  of  Henry  Carpentex  of  the 
comity  and  province  aforesaid,  spinster,  having  made  due 
publication  of  their  intention  of  marriage  as  the  law 
directs : — These  are  therefore  to  certify  all  whom  it  may 
concern  that  on  the  first  of  May,  Anno  Domini,  17^9, 
before  me  Emanuel  Carpenter,  one  of  his  JNIajesty-s 
justices  of  the  peace  for  the  said  county,  they,  tlic  said 
Daniel  Fiere  and  Mary  Carpenter  appeared  in  a  public 
and  solemn  assembly  for  that  purpose  appointed  and 
meet  together  at  the  dwelling  house  of  the  aforesaid 
Hemy  Carpenter,  where  he  the  said  Daniel  Fiere  did 

Providus  in  morem  formicae  alimenta  reponit 

Rusticus  hiberni  frigoris  usque  memor. 
Aestivo  reputans  quodumque  labore  lucratur, 

Quae  mox  insequitur,  longa  vorabit  hymens. 

Stramine  tecta  replet  Cerealibus  horrea  donis 
Impeger,  ct  curat  condere  quicquid  habet: 
Despicit  exoticas  que  dapes,  vestesque  superbas, 
•    Contentus  modicis  vivere  pace  suis. 

Esuriens  dulces  epulas  depromit  inemptas, 

Et  proprio  vestis  vellere  texta  placet, 
Parva  huinilisque  domus,  latos  quae  prospicit  agros, 

Parta  vel  empta,  sibi  sutficet  atque  suis. 

Utilis  est  illi,  si  non  opulenta  supella; 

Res  sapiens  omnes  utilitatc  probat. 
0  !  mihi  si  liceat  sylvas  habitare  beatus,     ^ 

Et  modico  victu,  non  sine  pace,  frui. 

TRANSLATION. 

The  farmer,  provident^  amidst  his  cares, 
For  winter,  like  the  prudent  ant,  prepares  : 

Foreknowing,  all  that  summer  doth  produce, 
Is  only  for  consuming  winter's  use. 


106  HISTORY    OF 

openly  declare  that  he  took  the  said  Mary  Carpenter  to 
be  his  wife,  promising  to  be  unto  her  a  loving  and  faith- 
ful husband  till  death  should  separate  them,  and  she,  the 
said  JMaiy  Carpenter,  then  and  there  in  the  assembly,  did 
in  like  manner  openly  declare  that  she  took  the  said 
Daniel  Fiere  to  be  her  husband,  promising  to  be  unto 
him  a  loving,  faithful  and  obedient  wife  till  death  should 
separate  them,  and  for  a  further  confirmation  thereof,, 
both  the  said  parties  to  these  presents  have  hereunto  in- 
terchangeably put  their  hands,  she  after  the  custom  of 
marriage,  eissuming  the  surname  of  her  husband ;  and 
we  whose  names  are  hereunto  subscribed,  being,  wit-, 
nesses  present  at  the  solemnization  thereof,  the  year  and 
day  first  above  written. 

Witness:  DANIEL  FIERE, 

Emanuej.  Carpenter,        MARY  FIERE. 

Henry  Hanes,  Elizabeth  Kemp,  Paulus,    Peter   ApfeL. 

Heiuy  Gai*pentGr,  Salome  Carpenter,  Lawrence  Hayn, 

Daoiel  Le  Fevre,  Henrich  Zimmerman,  William  Bufiing-- 

Hg  fills  his  barns  and  collars  with  gecd  cheep, 
Against  that  dreary  season  of  the  year. 
/    He  scorns  exotic  foods,  and  gaudy  dress. 
Content  to  live  on  )iomely  fare,  in  peace. 

Sweet  to  the  taste  Jiis  unhouglit  dainties  are 

And  his  own  home  spun  he  delights  to  wear. 
His  lowly  dwelling  views  his  large  domain, 

Improv'd  in  part,  where  peace  and  plenty  reign. 

Plain  furniture,  but  useful,  he  doth  chusc; 

And  wiijely  values  cv'ry  thing  for  use. 
In  these  blest  sliades  may  I  delight  to  be ; 

Here  little  is  enough,  with  peace,  for  mc.     [motto  was: 

These  were  days  of  peace  and  plenty — the  German's 

"  Selbst-gcsponnen,  und  selhst^gemacht ; 
Rein  dabei,  ist  Bauern  TracW'' — which  he  practised. 


\ 

LANCASTER    COUNTY.  107 

ton,  Daniel  Zimmerman,  Hans  Haiiser,  Gabriel  Zimmer- 
man, Jacob  Carpeiiter,  Theophilus  Hartman,  Christian 
Zimmerman,  Hani  Hartman,  Isaac  Fiere,  Peter  Fiere, 
Joharm  Conrad  Kaempf,  Isaac  Le  Fevre,  Daniel  Har- 
man,  Johannes  Volkaemmer,  George  Philip  Dollinger, 
Christian  Harman,  Maria  Herman,  Abraham  Fiere, 
Susan  Zimmerman,  Hester  Le  Fevre,  Jacob  Fiere, 
Philip  Le  Fevre,  Samuel  Le  Fevre,  Salome  Harman, 
Leah  Fiere,  Mary  Hain,  Jonas  le  Rou,  Rachael  Fiere, 
Isaac  Fiere. 

This  tract,  spoken  of  before,  had  been  taken  up,  or 
mtended,  for  Maria  Warenbuer.  At  a  meeting  of  the 
commissioners,  10th,  7th  mo.  1712,  Martin  Kendig,  the 
widow,  her  son  Daniel,  and  son-in-law  Isaac  Le  Fevre, 
appeared  before  them,  Kendig  desired  that  the  land  mjght 
be  granted  and  confirmed  by  patent  to  Maria,  the  widow : 
— "  but  upon  further  consideration  of  the  matter,  it  ivas 
agreed  among  themselves  that  the  said  land  be  confirmed 
to  Daniel  Fierre  and  Isaac  Lefevre — and  the  considera- 
tion money,  one  hundred  and  forty  pounds,  at  seven 
shillings  per  hundred  acres,  having  been  for  some  time 
due,  but  was  to  be  paid  down  in  one  sum,  it  was  agreed 
they  should  only  pay  ten  pounds  for  interest,  that  is  one 
hundred  and  fifty  pounds." 

The  receipts  for  the  purchase  of  this  tract  and  quit- 
rents  for  several  years,  signed  by  James  Logan,  and 
others,  are  yet  in  existence,  carefully  preserved.*  Much 
care  manifests  itself  in  the  business  of  this  family. 

In  this  methodical  and  regular  manner  was  the  emi- 
gration of  our  earlier  German  settlers  conducted ;  and  in 

*We  here  present  a  copy  of  a  reciept:  "Philadelphia,  11, 
7, 1712,  Received  of  IMaria  Warenbuer,  twenty  shillings  sterl- 
ing, for  one  year's  quit-rent  of  two  thousand  acres  of  land, 
laid  out  to  her  at  Sirasburg,  in  this  Province. 

JAMES  LOGAN,  Receiver:' 


108  HISTORY    OF 

the  present  instance,  it  is  a  fine  commentary  on  such 
honest  proceedings  to  find  the  land  thus  obtained  to  be 
still  in  the  hands  of  the  lineal  descendants  of  such 
wartlt/  ancestors.  Hexry  A.  Carpenter,  from  whom 
we  have  obtained  the  foregoing  documents,  is  now  the 
ov/ner  of  the  old  Ferree  Homcstetid,^  containing  two 
hundred  and  forty  acres,  and  nearly  all  the  owners  of 
the  otlier  farms  makingup  the  tract  of  two  thousand  acres, 
first  purchased  by  Daniel  Ferree  and  Isaac  Le  Fevre, 
are  eitlier  relatives,  or  closely  connected  with  the  Ferrees, 
H.  A.  Carpenter  is  the  fifth  in  descent  from  Daniel  Ferree. 
His  father  was  Abraham  Carpenter. 

Before  closing  this  chapter,  we  shall  introduce  a  tra- 
ditionaiy  account  of  the  Ferree  famil}^,  furnished  us  by 
Joel  Ligiitner,  Esq.,  of  Leacodk  township.  It  was  written, 
in  answer  to  several  inquiries  ptit  to  Mr.  Lii^htner,  in 
lS22,by  the  Hon.  Abraham  Shreiver,E.sq.,ofV]i:edenck 
county,  Maryland.  We  have  added  a  few  iwte-s.-^ 
Shreiver's  mother  was  a  Ferree. 

•*'An  account  of  the  ancestors  of  the  Ferric  family,  as 
given  by  John  Ferric,  aged  84  years,  (in  1822)  Joseph 
Le  Fevert  and  Leah  Lightncr,J  aged  about  63,  (in  1822), 
and  from  some  of  the  original  title  papers  to  the  lands 
purchased  from  the  Hon.  William  Pcnn,  proprietor  of 
the  province  of  Pennsylvania. 

"Mary  Fcrrcc,  whose  maiden  nafno  was  Warcnbucr,  died  at 
an  advanced  age,  in  Concstoga  township,  1716.  On  her  death, 
Peter  Evans,  Register  General  for  llie  probate  of  Wills,  and 
granting  Letters  of  Administration,  in  and  for  the  province  of 
Pennsylvania,  fee.  granted  Letters  of  Administration  to  Mary's 
sons,  Daniel,  Philip  and  John,  tlie  20th  of  September,  171G. 

fJoel  Lightner's  wife's  father. 

jThc  mother  of  Joel  Lightncr. 


LAKCASTEB    COTJNTT.  109 

In  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  King  of  France,  the  pri- 
vileges of  the  Protestants  were  openly  violated,  mission- 
aries were  sent  for  their  conversion,  supported  by 
dragoons,  and  severities  were  exercised  which  excited 
the  horror  and  indignation  of  all  the  reformed  states  of 
Europe.  In  1685,  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes, 
first  granted  by  Henry  IV.  and  confirmed  by  Louis 
XIII.  deprived  the  Protestants  of  all  exercise  of  their 
religion,  and  tore  them  from  their  children  to  be  educated 
Catholics.  The  tyrant,  at  the  same  time,  issued  his 
decrees  against  emigrations,  and  placed  guards  on  his 
coasts;  nevertheless,  vast  numbers  escaped  from  his 
machinations  and  carried  their  arts  and  industry  to 
foreign  and  hostile  nations. 

Louis  became  ambitious  of  the  fame  that  would 
attach  to  the  extirpation  of  heresy  from  his  kingdom. 
Calvinism  in  France,  since  the  victory  over  it  by  Riche- 
lieu had  become  a  peaceful  separation  from  the  national 
cimrch,  and  its  sectaries  were  useful  citizens,  chiefly 
attached  to  manufactures  and  comm.erce.  Influenced  bv 
a  spirit  of  intolerance  and  bigotry,  he  undertook  to  put  an 
end  to  it.  About  this  time  the  husband  of  Mary  Ferrie 
or  Verre  resided  in  the  town  of  Lindau,  not  far  from  the 
river  Rhine,  in  the  kingdom  of  France;  his  family  con- 
sisted of  himself,  his  wife,  three  sons  and  three  daugh- 
ters ;  the  names  of  the  sons  were  Daniel,  Philip  and  John, 
the  daughters'  names  were  Catharine,  JNIary  and  Jane. 
Mr.  Ferrie,  the  father,  was  a  silk-weaver  by  trade,  his 
religion  Calvinistic ;  consequently  he  became  one  of  the 
sufferers  under  those  decrees.  The  troops  had  entered 
their  town  and  commenced  murdering  the  Protestants, 
taking  and  destroying  their  property,  they  had  no  other 
shift  but  to  take  flight,  leavmg  behind  them  all  their 
property  except  some  trifling  articles,  and  some  cash ; 

10 


110  HISTORY    OF 

they  made  flight  into  Germany,  not  far  from  Strasburg, 
where  they  resided  two  years.  On  their  leaving  France, 
they  were  accompanied  by  a  yomig  man  by  the  name  of 
Isaac  Le  Fevre,  who  stated  that  his  family  were  nearly 
all  put  to  death  by  the  soldiers,  that  he  himself  escaped 
with  difficulty,  unhurt :  he  continued  as  one  of  the  family 
until  they  arrived  in  America  and  married  one  of  their 
daughters,  Catharine  Ferrie,  and  from  whom,  as  far  as 
we  can  learn,  all  the  names  of  the  Le  Fevres,  in  this 
county,  spring. 

During  their  residence  in  Germany,  the  father  died,  and 
Mary  Ferrie,  the  widow,  (it  is  singular  that  after  she 
came  to  America,  she  was  not  pleased  to  be  called  by 
any  other  name  than  that  of  JVIary  Warrinbuer,  that 
being  her  maiden  name) — hearing  of  a  fine  province, 
called  P«nnsylvania,  in  North  America,  that  the  pro- 
prietor, William  Penn,  resided  in  London,  determined  to 
set  out  for  that  place,  that  if  she  could  find  sufficient 
encouragement  from  Penn,  she  would  try  to  get  to 
America ;  she  accordingly  set  out  for  London  with  her 
family,  and  when  she  arrived  there,  she  employed  a 
person  to  direct  her  to  William  Pcnn's  residence.  When 
on  their  way,  her  conductor  pointed  out  to  her  Penn's 
carriage,  which  wah  just  meeting  them:  she  being  of  a 
persevering  disposition,  called  Penn,  who  immediately 
stopped  his  carriage,  and  he  being  well  acquainted  with 
the  French  language,"^  which  was  cpiite  gratifying  to  her, 
as  she  could  neither  speak  nor  understand  the  English. — 
Penn  having  learned  the  nature  and  object  of  her  call, 

»Pcnn,  while  in  France,  in  1662  and  1663,  studied  Theology 
and  French.,  under  tho  instruction  of  Moses  Amyraut,  a  Calvi- 
nistic  or  French  Protestant  divine,  a  native  of  Bourgcuil ;  a 
man  of  unbounded  charity  and  compassion.  He  inculcated 
these  principles  into  all  his  students,  and  exemplified  them  in 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  Ill 

invited  her  into  his  carriage,  as  he  was  then  on  his  way 
home,  when  he  would  be  more  particularly  attentive  to 
what  she  had  to  say.  Penn  told  her,  he  had  an  agent  in 
Pennsylvania,  that  to  him,  he  would  give  her  a  recommen- 
dation, so  that  her  business,  he  hoped,  might  be  done  to 
her  satisfaction. 

Penn  treated  her  very  kindly  whilst  at  his  house.— 
They  remained  in  London  about  six  months,  when  a 
vessel  was  about  to  sail  for  the  North  river,  in  which 
they  took  passage.  On  their  arrival  at  New  York,  they 
moved  up  the  North  river  to  a  place  called  Esopus,* 
where  they  remained  about  tiuo  years,  then  moved  to 
Philadelphia ;  thence  into  Pequea  settlement.  Previous 
to  which  they  had  taken  up  a  large  tract  of  land.  Be- 
fore they  sailed  from  London  for  America,  a  variety  of 
implements  of  husbandry  was  presented  to  them  by 
Queen  Anne,  which  they  found  of  great  use  when  they 
commenced  clearing  land. 

Philip,  one  of  the  sons,  was  now  about  twenty-one 
years  of  age,  and  had  a  desire  to  earn  something  for 
himself;  and  having  formed  an  acquaintance  with 
several  families  at  Esopus,  he  made  for  that  place,  where 
he  hired  for  one  year  with  a  respectable  farmer,  by  the 
name   of   Abraham  Dubois,  whose  daughter  Leah  he 

his  actions  ;  during  the  last  tea  years  of  his  life,  he  bestowed 
his  whole  salary,  which  was  considerable,  upon  the  poor, 
without  distinction  of  Catholic  or  Protestant.  Amyraut  was  a 
man  of  moderation  and  candor,  and  had  the  rare  fortune  to  be 
esteemed  by  men  of  all  sects.  His  Theological  works  are 
numerous,.    He  died  in  1664. 

*Esopus  was  an  early  settlement,  between  eighty  and  ninety 
miles  north  of  the  city  of  New  York.  It  was  also  formerly 
called  Wildwycke,  now  Kingston.  The  village  of  that  place 
was  burned  by  the  British  under  Vaughan,  in  October,  1777, 
when  great  quantities  of  stores  were  destroyed. 


il2  HISTORY   OP 

married  at  the  expiration  of  the  year,  and  brought  her 
to  his  people  in  Pequea  settlement,  where  he  o^m- 
menced  improving  a  tract  of  land  on  the  north  side  of 
Pequea  creek,  (on  part  of  which  Joel  Lightner^  Esq., 
resides  at  present)  which  land  had  been  previously 
allotted  to  him  by  his  mother.* 

Some  of  their  first  labor  was  to  cut  grass  in  the 
woods  for  the  purpose  of  making  hay,t  no  land'  being 
cleared  on  that  part — for  a  shelter,  house  and  bam,  they 
placed  timbers,  forked  at  the  top,  into  the  ground,  laid 
poles  across  them,  built  their  hay  upon  the  frame,  which 
served  as  a  roof  to  their  house,  under  which  they  lived 
several  months ;  during  their  ^'■siihstack  stay,^^  in  this 
rude  shelter,  their  son  Abraham,  was  born. 

They  lived  to  raise  eight  children,  five  sons  and  three 
daughters ;  the  names  of  the  sons  were  Abraham,  Isaac, 
Jacob,  Philip  and  Joel;  the  daughters' names  were  Lena, 
who  intermarried  with  William  Buffington;  Leah  was 
married  to  Peter  Baker,  and  Elisabeth  to  Isaac  Ferrie. — 
Abraham,  first  born,  was  married  about  the  year  1735  or 
36,  to  a  woman  by  the  name  of  Eltinge,  from  Esopus,  her 
parents  were  Low  Dutch.  Abraham  lived  on  part  of 
the  land  owned  by  his  grand-mother,  Mary  Ferrie. 
They  had  several  children.^     He  died  at  an  advance^ 

*From  a  communication  to  us,  dated  Dec.  21, 1842,  by  Isaac 
F.  Lightncr,  it  appears,  Abraham  Dubois  patented  one  thou- 
sand acres  of  land,  in  Lancaster  county,  which  he  gave  to  his 
daughter  Mary,  who  had  married  Philip  Ferrce.  The  patent 
was  granted  May  7, 1717. 

f  The  great  flats  of  Pequea  were  natural  meadows  on  which 
grass  grew  luxuriantly,  which  proved  a  great  source  of  com- 
fort to  new  settlers. — Conyvgham. 

JTheir  children  were,  Cornelius,  Israel  and  Rebecca,  Cor- 
nelius settled  in  Virginia;  Israel  married  a  Miss  Dickey; 
Rebecca  was  married  to  David  Shreiver,  father  of  the  Hon. 
Abraham  Shreiver,  of  Frederick  county,  Md. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  '  113 

age,  and  was  buried  in  a  place  now  called  Carpenter^s 
grave-yard,  about  one  mile  from  where  he  was  born — 
the  burial  ground  was  pointed  out  by  his  grand-mother, 
Mary  Ferrie,  where  she  and  several  of  her  family  were 
buried.*  After  Abraham's  death,  his  widow  married 
one  Curgus  or  Circus — they  moved  up  the  Susque- 
hanna, and  I  cannot  tell  what  became  of  them  after- 
wards."t 

This  year,  1712  or  13,  the  Five  Nations  received  into 
their  confederacy,  the  Tuscororas. 

We  would  ask  the  indulgent  reader  to  follow  us  in  an 
apparent  digression  from  the  main  narrative,  while  a 
few  relevant  facts  are  adduced  to  show  how  the  Tusca- 
rora  nation  came  to  miite  with  the  Five  Nations. 

In  1712,  the  Tuscaroras,  the  Corees,  with  whom 
Baron  de  Graffenried,  Governor  of  the  Palatines,  in 
North  Carolina,  mentioned  in  a  preceding  part  of  our 
narrative,  made  a  treaty  in  the  town  of  CorJ  and  other 
Indian  tribes,  in  North  Carolina,  formed  a  conspiracy  to 
exterminate  the  English.  To  be  seciu-e  themselves,  the 
chief  town  in  the  Tuscarora  nation,  was  enclosed  by 
kind  of  stockades;  within  this  enclosure,  1,200  bowmen, 
of  different  tribes,  met.     Under  the  mask  of  friendship, 

*"Mary  Ferrie  vested  in  Trustees  a  piece  of  land  near  Para- 
dise, as  a  burial  place  for  the  use  of  the  settlement.  It  is 
neatly  walled  and  kept  in  good  condition  by  the  neighbors, 
whose  ancestors  repose  within  its  limits." — Redmond  Conyng- 
ham. 

f  "I  have  found  a  copy  of  a  will  of  Abraham  Dubois,  dated  Oct. 
1st,  1731,  among  his  grand-father,  Joel  Ferrie's  papers,  which 
had  been  some  time  in  possession  of  his  son  Isaac  Ferree, 
from  which  it  appears  that  a  person  by  the  name  of  Roeloflf 
EUsting,  as  spelt  in  that  instrument,  is  recognized  as  a  son-in- 
law,  married  to  his  daughter  Leah. 

JWilliams'  N.  C.  I.  287. 

10* 


114  HISTORY   OF 

small  parties  went  in  various  directions  into  the  settle- 
ments, and  after  night,  committed  the  most  atrocious 
murders.  Near  Roanoke,  they  killed  a  great  number  of 
the  Palatines,  who  had  come  to  America  with  Graffen- 
ried,  and  many  others.  This  distressing  intelligence 
coming  to  the  ears  of  Governor  Craven,  who  immedi- 
ately despatched  Col.  Barnwell,  with  600  militia  and 
366  Indians,  to  the  relief  of  the  settlers.  As  soon  as  Barn- 
well and  his  men  arrived,  he  attacked  the  Indians,  killed 
300,  and  took  about  100  prisoners.  After  this  rough 
encounter,  the  Tuscaroras  retreated  to  their  fortified 
town ;  Barnwell  pursued  and  surrounded  them,  killed  a 
considerable  number,  and  obliged  the  living  to  sue 
for  peace.  About  one  thousand  of  them  were  killed, 
Avounded  and  taken. 

Most  of  ihe  Tuscaroras,  after  this  defeat,  abandoned 
tlieir  country  and  repaired  to  the  Five  Nations,  who 
received  them  in  their  confederacy,  and  made  them  the 
Sixth  Nation.* 

Gov.  Spotswood,  in  a  letter  dated  Williamsburg, 
January  25,  1719-20,  speaking  of  the  Indians  on  the 
Susquehanna:  Your  Indians  were  actually  in  these 
parts  (Virginia)  assisting  the  Tuscaroras,  Avho  had  mas- 
sacred in  cold  blood  some  hundreds  of  the  English,  and 
were  then  (1712  and  1713)  warring  against  us,  and  they 
have  at  this  very  day  (1719)  the  chief  murderers,  with 
the  greatest  part  of  that  nation,  seated  under  their  pro- 
tection, near  Susquehannah  river,  whither  they  removed 

♦Jefferson's  Va.  138. 

Note— "1717,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Waynian,  missionary  to  the  Welsh 
settlements  of  Radnor  and  Oxford,  frequently  visited  Pequea, 
Conestoga,  and  the  Indian  settlements  of  Conestoguc.  He 
baptized  many  children  of  Quakers,  and  some  who  had  been 
Quaiicrs."— R.  C.  Lan.  Intel!.  &c  Jour. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  115 

theiTi,  when  they  found  they  could  no  longer  support 
them  against  the  force  which  the  English  brought  upon 
them  in  these  parts.* 


CHAPTER   III. 

Augmentation  of  settlements — Germans  and  English  settle  around  the 
Swiss  or  Palatines — Settlements  m  dilferent  parts  of  the  county — Names 
of  persons  naturalized — Notice  of  Slaymakers — Conestoga  Manor  sur- 
veyed— Names  of  lirst  purchasers — Grajf  Thai  settled — Lancaster  and 
vicinity  settled — Squatters  on  the  west  side  of  Susquehanna — Indians  at 
Conestoga  address  a  letter  to  Logan — Colonel  French  goes  to  Conestoga ; 
holds  a  treaty  with  the  Indians — Logan  meets  the  Indians  on  the  Susque- 
hanna—Samuel  Robins  sent  to  Virginia. 

Settlements  had  now  been  fairly  made  amidst  the 
Indians;  the  hardships  that  presented  themselves  in  the 
incipient  stage  of  settling,  began  to  vanish,  and  almost 
every  discouraging  obstacle  was  surmounted.  "Their 
success,  the  glowing,  yet  by  no  means  exaggerated 
accounts  given  by  them,  of  the  scenery  of  the  country, 
the  fertility  of  the  soil  they  cultivated,  the  abundance  of 
game  with  which  the  forest  teemed,  the  quantity  and 
delicacy  of  the  fish  v/hich  the  rivers  yielded;  but  above 
all,  the  kind  and  amicable  relationship  they  cultivated 
and  maintained  with  their  Indian  neighbors,  all  conspired 
to  make  them  the  objects  of  attention,  and  afterwards 
one  of  the  prominent  points  whither  emigration  tended 
in  an  increasing  and  continued  stream."t  Tlie  perse- 
cuted of  every  land,  and  of  different  tongues,  settled 
around  them,  in  various  directions  of  the  comity. 

In  1713,  Christopher  Schlegel,  late  of  Saxony,  took 
up  with  a  view  to  settle,  though  he  afterwards  trans- 

•Col.  Rec.  III.  77.  fGeo.  ford's,  MSS. 


116  HISTORY    OF 

ferred  his  interest  in  his  tract  of  one  thousand  acres,  to 
others; — this  land  is  on  a  stream  flowing  into  the  Cones- 
toga,  "not  far  from  land  granted  to  the  Palatines."  It 
was  afterwards  the  place  where  the  Cartliges,  Indian 
agents,  resided.  Another  person,  Benedictus  'S^enerick, 
late  of  Germany,  took  up  two  hundred  acres,  near  the 
Palatines,  in  1715.*  Between  the  Pequea  and  Cones- 
toga  creeks,  near  the  Susquehanna^  Richard  Carter,  an 
Englishman,  a  wheel-right,  located  and  improved  two 
hundred  acres,  in  1716.  The  same  year,  Alexander 
Bews,  took  up  four  hundred  acres  on  the  south  side  of 
the  Conestoga;  Anthony  Pretter,  of  East  Jersey,  three 
hundred  acres,  near  Pequea,  or  south  side  of  Conestoga ; 
and  John  Gardhier,  Jr.,  from  Philadelphia  county,  two 
hundred  acres,  on  the  same  side  of  Conestoga.  About 
this  time,  Jacob  Greider,  or  Kreider,t  Jacob  Hostater, 

*In  and  about  Smoketown,  in  1715,  Peter  Bellas,  Daniel 
Harman,  William  Evans,  James  Smith,  settled. 

fThe  relentless  spirit  of  persecution,  as  the  number  of  its 
subjects  of  oppression  decreased,  singled  out  individual  fami- 
lies ;  of  these  oppressed,  were  the  Kreiders  and  Hostaters — 
these  fled  for  life  from  Switzerland  to  Wurtcmburg;  taking 
nothing  with  them  from  their  Fatherland,  except  their  families, 
and  small  quantities  of  tow  cloth,  a  few  linens,  and  some 
wearing  apparel.  Kreider  remained  but  a  short  time — but 
emigrated  to  America,  and  in  company  with  Hostater,  after 
paying  the  brethren  of  their  faith,  a  visit,  at  Pequea,  settled  on 
the  north  side  of  the  Conestoga,  about  two  miles  south  from 
the  present  site  of  Lancaster,  where  he  took  up -eight  hundred 
acres  of  land  in  1716  or  1717,  "among  the  new  surveys  at 
Conestoga." 

Here,  he  erected  a  temporary  shelter,  a  tent  covered  with 
tow  cloth  brought  from  Switzerland,  which  served  him  and  his 
family  till  autumn,  when  the  tent  gave  way  to  a  cabin  built 
of  round,  unlicwn  hickory  saplings,  and  covered  with  bark — 
both  were  abundant. 

When  the  weather  became  cold,  his  tawny  neighbors,  the 


LANCASTER    COUNTT.  117 

Hans  Frantz,  Schenk,  and  others,  settled  on  the  banlvs  of 
Conestoga;  Joseph  Cloud,  in  1717,  took  up  500  acres 
near  Pequea  creek.  The  same  year,  settlements  were 
began  on  the  banks  of  Octoraro,  William  Grimson, 
constable  of  Sadsbury  township,  in  1717,  was  among 
the  first  settlers  on  the  Octoraro ;  his  neighbors  were  the 
Cooksons,  Mayes,  Jervis,  Irwins,  and  some  years  after- 
wards, the  Pattersons,  Darbys,  Mackrels,  Leonards, 
Jones,  Steels,  Matthews,  Cowens,  Mm-rays,  Millers, 
Allisons,  Mitchels,  and  others,  all  of  whom  settled  on  or 
near  Octoraro. 

The  Swiss  settlement  received  an  augmentation  in 
1715-16  and  17;  besides  those  already  named,  were 
Hans    Mayer,  Hans  Kaigy,  Christian  Hearsey,  Hans 

Indians,  paid  him  regular  night  visits  to  shelter  with  him,  and 
sleep  by  the  side  of  a  genial  fire.    They  were  on  perfect  terms 
of  intimacy  and  friendship ;    the  Indians  frequently  supplied 
him  and  family  with  fish  and  venison,  which  they  gave  ia  ex- 
change for  bread.     Fish  were  very  abundant  in  the  Conestoga 
and  all  the  streams  of  the  country ;  these  they  took  with  nets 
made  of  bark,  or  speared  them  with  a  gig  made  of  Ashvood.^ 
The  inventive  genius  of  the  Indian  is  known  to  all  who  have 
spent  some  time  among  them,  or  are  conversant  with  their 
mechanism.    Perhaps  the  reader  may  wish  to  know  how  to 
make  a  fish-gig,  if  he  should  ever  be  placed  in  the  Indians' 
situation,    we  will  tell,  as   we    were  told,  how  the  Hickory 
Indians,  on  Conestoga,  made  theirs.     Christian  Kreider,  grand- 
son of  the  first  settler,  says,  "  The  Indians  took  a  very  slender 
sapling  of  Ashwood,— this  kind  of  wood  v/as  preferred  on 
account  of  its  hardness :  and  burned  it  to  a  point  at  one  end  ;'* 
this,  says  the  reader,  is  simple.    So   it  is,  just  as  easy  to  be 
done  as  setting  up  an  egg  on  the  point  end,  or  the  discovery  of 
America,  after  it  is  known.    The  reader,  especially  our.young 
friends,  would,  we  think,  be  pleased  to  know  how  the  fish 
were  secured  with  a  barbless,  pointed  stick.      The  Indian  is 
never  at  a  loss  to  take  a  fish,  if  he  has  no  net,  he  takes  either 
his  bow  and  arrow  or  his  spear,  such  au  one  one  as  has  just 


118  HISTORY    OF 

Graaf,  (who  afterwards  settled  GraaPs  Thai)  Hans  Pu- 
pather,  Michael  Shank,  Henry  Pare,  Peter  Leman, 
Melchior  Breneman,  Benedictus  Witmer,  Henry  Funic, 
Jacob  Landis,  Ulrich  Houry,  Hans  Faber,  Isaac  Coff- 
man,  JMelchior  Erisman,  Michael  Miller,  Jacob  Krentzer, 
Jacob  Boehm,  Tlieodorns  Eby,  Michael  Donegar,  and 
others. 

Down  the  Conestoga,  towards  Susquehanna,  settle- 
ments were  made  between  1716  and  1719 — among  those 
who  took  up  lands  and  settled  thereon,  were  David 
Jones,  Edmund  Cartlidge  and  John  Cartlidge.  Edmimd 
Cartlidge  resided  in  Darby  township,  Chester  county,  as 
early  as   1G98,  and  in  1711,  in  Philadelphia  county,* 

been  described,  and  his  tiny,  barky  boat;  he  glides  to  a  place 
where,  as  every  skilled  piscator knows,  fish  are;  here,  through 
the  calm  and  transparent  water  he  strikes  the  spear  through 
the  body  of  the  fish,  passes  one  hand  below,  and  takes  a  huge 
salmon  or  some  other  fish. 

On  a  certain,  occasion,  as  Kreider  had  the  honor  of  the  com- 
pany of  his  Indian  neighbors,  and  having  that  day  consulted 
his  almanack  to  regulate  his  clock,  by  its  indication  of  rising 
and  setting  of  the  sun,  noticed  the  moon  would,  in  afew  weeks, 
be  eclipsed  ;  he  informed  the  guests  that  on  a  certain  evening, 
a  few  weeks  from  that  time,  the  moon  would  hide  her  faces 

just  as  the  clock  would  strike ;  to  hear,  that  the  moon 

would  refuse  to  shine,  was  nothing  new  to  them,  they  had  seen 
eclipses  before;  but  that  their  white  neighbor  shc;uld  possess 
so  much  prescience  as  to  know  this  before  hand,  was  strange  to 
tliem.  At  the  time  specified  when  the  hroad-faced  moon  was  to 
hide  her  disc,  fifty  or  sixty  Indians  assembled  ;  they  were  all 
attention  ;  scarce  had  the  clock  struck,  to  their  utter  astonish- 
ment, the  moon's  face  began  to  lessen.  Profound  silence  pre- 
vailed. Their  spokesman  expressed  the  cogitations  of  the 
wonder-stricken  visitors,  uttered  it  as  their  sage  conclusion,  in 
these  words:  'Tis  the  white  man's  God  tells  him  this,  else  he 
would  not  know  it  before  hand." 

•Public  Rec.  West  Chester,  Vol.  A.  p.  291. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  119 

John,  his  brother,  for  many  years  an  Indian  agent,  was 
at  one  time  held  in  high  estimation  by  the  proprietary's 
agents ;  but  like  many  others,  the  day  of  trouble  came  upon 
him  ^^andhe  was  not  remember ed.^^*  A  warrant '  for  land ' 
was  issued,  dated  "Octobe?  1st,  1718,  for  him  to  take  up 
on  the  north  side  of  Conestoga  creek  at  some  convenient 
place,  three  hundred  acres,  and  to  make  an  addition 
thereunto  of  two  hundred  acres,  to  be  by  him  enclosed 
and  held  for  the  conveniency  of  pasturage  for  the  term 
of  fourteen  years,  in  consideration  of  his  services  among 
the  new  settlers." 

It  was  at  the  house  of  this  gentleman  a  number  of 
councils  were  held  with  the  Indians.  We  have  been  in 
the  house,  built  in  1719,  in  Avhich  the  councils  were 
held.  It  is  nov/  owned  by  Benjamin  Wright,  of  jManor 
township. 

It  appears  from  the  Public  Records  at  West  Chester, 
that  Jolm  Cartlidge  sold  liquor  by  the  small,  prior  to 
1718,  among  the  neighbors  on  the  banks  of  the  Cones- 
toga.  It  was  so  reported  by  his  vigilant  "  fellow  inhabi- 
tant," to  the  court.  Christian  and  Joseph  Stoneman, 
Sigismund  Landart,  all  late  of  Germany,  took  up  lands 
on  the  Conestoga,  prior  to  1719,  and  Francis  Neiff  on 
the  west  branch  of  Little  Conestoga,  prior  to  1715. 

The  following  persons  located  lands  in  1719:  Jenkin 
Davis,  late  of  Wales,  near  or  on  the  branch  of  Cones- 
toga creek,  George  Steward,  near  the  Susquehanna, 
James  Le  Tort,  on  or  near  Susquehanna,  where  he  had 
his  station  as  Indian  trader,  and  received  a  warrant  for  one 
hundred  acres.  Le  Tort,  Bizaillon  and  Chartier,  had 
resided  some  years  previous  to  the  commencement  of 
Swiss  settlements  among   the    Indians;    Chartier    was 

*John  Cartlidge  was  one  of  His  Majesty's  Justice  of  Peace, 
appointed  in  1718,  July  4th.— CoZ.  Rec.  III.  40. 


120  EISTORr    OP 

among  them  before  1704,*  and  in  1717,  upon  his  request, 
he  received  a  warrant  for  three  hundred  acres,  where  he 
"had  seated  himself  on  the  Susquehanna  river,  above 
Conestoga  creek,  including  within  the  survey  the  im- 
provement then  made  by  him,  for  which  he  agreed,  on 
behalf  of  his  son  Peter  Chartier,  in  whose  name  he 
desired  the  survey  to  be  made,  to  pay  for  the  same. 

Tn  1714,  Peter  Bizaillon,  who  had  license  to  trade, 
prior  to  1703,t  received  a  warrant  from  the  commis- 
sioners of  property:  "We  dO  hereby  authorize  and  allow, 
Peter  Bezaillon,  Indian  trader,  to  seat  himself  at  Pash- 
tang,  or  an]''  other  Indian  town  or  place  on  Susqua- 
hannah,  in  this  province,  and  to  erect  such  buildings  as 
are  necessary  for  his  trade,  and  to  enclose  and  improve 
such  quantities  of  land  as  he  shall  think  fit,  for  the 
accommodation  of  his  family  there,  until  further  order 
shall  be  given  by  the  proprietor  or  his  commissioners : 
Provided,  always,  That  the  said  Peter  shall  not  act  or 
proceed  in  any  thing  under  color  hereof,  but  by  the  free 
leave  and  approbation  of  the  Indians  amongst  whom  he 
'  dwells  or  resides." 

In  various"  parts  of  tlie  county  surveys  were  made, 
from  1714,  to  1718.  A.  Dubrie,  Esq.,  of  Drumore 
township,  kindly  furnished  us  accounts  of  surveys  made 
in  Little  Britain  and  other  southern  townships. 

A  survey  was  made  in  Little  Britain  for  Alexander 
Ross^ — warrant  dated  Nov.  5,  1714 — land  situated  near 
the  middle  of  the  township,  on  Little  Conowingo  creek, 
now  held  by  Christian  King,  and  others.  Another 
survey  in  part  of  seven  hundred  acres  was  made  for 
Edward  Sleadwell,  granted  to  him  by  warrant  dated 
May  5,  1717,  situated  in  the  -soutli  west  corner  of  the 
county,  nearly  surrounded  by  Octoraro  creek,  and  con- 

•Col.  Rcc.  II.  133       t^ol.  Rcc.  II.  100. 


LAXCASTEE    COUXTT.  l21 

tained  two  hundred  acres,  and  after  his  decease  was 
divided  between  his  son  and  son-in-law,  John  Priest; 
and  has  since  passed  by  the  name  of  "Priest's  Neck.'' 
There  were  other  surveys  made  between  1715  and 
1720  in  the  south  west  part  of  the  township. 

"  Teague's  Endeavor.'" — A  Maryland  patent  was 
granted  to  IMary  Graham,  June  G,  1715,  for  one  hundred 
acres,  now  held  by  Robert  JNIaxwelL 

"Cornwall.''^ — A  Maryland  patent,  granted  to 
Emanuel  Grubb,  for  one  hundred  acres,  in  1716,  and 
and  another,  1720,  for  two  hundred  acres;  now  held  by 
Jeremiah  B.  Haines,  Levi  Brown  and  others.  Three 
Partners. — Another  Maryland  patent,  granted  to  Thomas 
Jacobs,  September  16,  1720,  a  large  tract  now  held  by 
James  Porter  and  others.*  From  the  forearoina-,  it  is 
<?vident,  that  the  Swiss  Settlevient,  with  tlieir  fine 
country,  attracted  considerable  attention,  while  it  was 
yet  in  its  infancy. 

Not  to  weary  the  reader  with  general  details  of 
individual  settlers,  we  shall  present  a  public  document 
possessing  more  than  ordinary  interest  to  the  numerous 
descendants  of  those  whose  names  are  recorded  in  it. — 
They  had  all  come  to  this  country  previous  to  171S,  and 
had  purchased  and  held  lands  before  1729.  We  are 
indebted  to  Abraham  Meylin,  of  West  Lampeter  town- 
ship, for  a  copy  of  it.  This  document  has  been  upwards 
of  one  himdred  and  fourteen  years  in  the  possession  of 
^ho.  3Iey]in  family.  It  is  an  act  passed  Anno  Eegni, 
Georgii  II.  Regis  JSIagnae  Britunniae,  Franeiae,  et 
Hiberniae,  tertio.^     October  14,  1729. 

*If  the  reeuler  will  examine  the  article  in  the  Appendix^  A, 
he  will  understand  these  patents  fully, 

fin  the  third  year  of  the  reiga  of  George,  II.  King  of  Great 

Britain,  France  and  Ireland. 

11 


122  HISTORY    OP 

Whereas,  By  encouragement  given  by  the  Honorable 
William  Penn,  Esq.,  late  Proprietary*  and  Governor  of 
the  province  of  Pennsylvania,  and  by  permission  of  his 
Majesty,  King  George  the  First,  of  blessed  memory, 
and  hLs  predecessors.  Kings  and  Queens  of  England,  &c. 
divers  Protestants,  who  were  subjects  to  the  Emperor  of 
Germany,  a  Prince  in  amity  with  the  Crown  of  Great 
Britain,  transported  themselves  and  estates  into  the 
province  of  Pennsylvania,  between  the  years  one  thou- 
sand seven  hundred,  and  one  thousand  seven  hundred 
and  BigMeen;  and  since  they  came  hither  have  con- 
tributed very  much  to  the  enlargement  of  the  British 

*\Villiam  Penn,  the  Proprietary  and  Founder  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, died  July  30,  17W,   at  Rushcomb,   near  Twyford,  in 
Euckinghan^shire,  England,  aged  about  seventy-four  years. — 
In  1612,  he  had  been  seized  witn  some  fits  of  the  aDoplectic 
kind;  which,  for  the  last  six  years  of  his  life,  had  so  affected 
his  mental  faculties,  especially  his  memory,  as  to  render  him 
in  a  great  measure  incapable  of  public  business;  which,  with 
the   gradual  decline  of  his  strength  of  body,  continued  to 
increase  till  the  last  period  of  his  days.    As  a  leader  of  a 
christian  sect,  he  has  left  no  mean  name.    He  was  a  man  of 
more  than  ordinary  zeal  and  courage;  he  was  ardent  and 
enthusiastic,  yet  discreet.    As  a  statesman,  he  was  wise  and 
judicious.    As  an  economist,  liberal,  even  to  his  own  pecu- 
niary embarrassment.     As  a  writer,  much  esteemed  by  his 
friends.    In  his  demeanor,  it  is  said,  he  was  grave,  yet  free 
from  moroseness.     Christians  are  not  morose.    He  had  been 
twice  married;  his  first  wife  was  Gulielma  Maria  Springctt, 
daughter    of  Sir  William  Springett,    of  Darling, in    Sussex; 
with  her  he  had  two  sons  and  one  daughter,  Springett,  William 
and  Lctitia.     Springett  died  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  years, 
in  1696.     William   and    Lelitia,    and   three    grand    children 
children  of  his  son  William,  survived  him.    His  second  wife 
was  Hannah,  daughter  of  Thomas  Callowhill,  of  Bristol,  by 
whom    he    had    five    children,    John,    Thomas,    Margaretta, 
Richard  and  Dennis,  who,  with  their  mother,  were  living  at 
their  father's  death. 


LANCASTER    COUXTY.  123 

Empire,  and  to  the  raising  and  improving  simdry  com- 
modities fit  for  the  markets  of  Europe,  and  and  have 
always  behaved  themselves  religiously  and  peaceably, 
and  have  paid  a  due  regard  and  obedience  to  the  laAvs 
and  Government  of  this  province ;  ^nd  whereas.,  Many 
of  said  persons,  to  wit,  Martin  Meyhn,  Hans  Graaf,  and 
others,  all  of  Lancaster  county,  in  the  said  province,  in 
demonstration  of  their  affection  and  zeal  for  his  present 
Majesty's  person  and  Government,  quahfied  themselves 
by  taking  the  qualification,  and  subscribing  the  declara- 
tion directed  to  be  taken  and  subscribed  by  the  several 
acts  of  parliament,  made  for  the  security  of  his  Majesty's 
person  and  Government,  and  for  preventing  the  dangers 
which  may  happen  by  Popish  Recusants,  &:c.,  and 
thereupon,  have  humbly  signified  to  the  Governor  and 
Representatives  of  the  freemen  of  this  province,  in 
General  Assembly,  that  they  have  piurchased  and  do 
hold  lands  of  the  proprietary,  and  others,  his  Majesty's 
subjects  within  this  province,  and  have  likewise  repre- 
sented their  great  desire  of  being  made  partakers  of 
those  privileges  which  the  natural  born  subjects  of  Great 
Britain  do  enjoy  within  this  province  ;  and  it  being  just 
and  reasonable,  that  those  persons  who  have  bona  fide 
purchased  lands,  and  who  have  given  such  testim.ony  of 
their  affection  and  obedience  to  the  Crown  of  Great 
Britaui  should  as  well  be  secured  in  the  enjoyment  of 
their  estates,  as  encouraged  in  their  laudable  affection 
and  zeal  for  the  English  constitution ; 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Hon.  Patrick  Gordon,  Esq., 
Lieut.  Governor  of  the  province  of  Pennsylvania,  &c,, 
by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  freemen  of 
the  said  province,  m  General  Assembly  met,  and  by  the 
authority    of   the  same,    That    Martin  Meylin,  Hans 


124  HISTORr   OP 

Graaf,  Christian  Stoneman,  Jacob  Funk,  Francis  Neiff,"* 
Francis  Neiff,  Jr.,  George  Kindeck,  John  Burkholder 
John  Burkholder,  Jr.,  Abraham  Burkliolder,  Michae 
Bowman,  John  Hess,  John  Frederick,  Christophei 
Preniman,  Martin  Harnist,  Joseph  Buckwalter,  Felix. 
Landes,  Jr.,  Adam  Preniman,  John  Funlv,  John   Boh- 

*Francis  NefF,  his  sons  Francis,  Jr.,  Henry  and  Daniel,  and 
the  sons  of  Daniel,  namely :  Henry  and  Daniel,  gi-andsons  o| 
Francis  the  elder,  were  all  natives  of  Switzerlaud.  On 
account  of  religious  persecution,  being  Mennonites,  they  fled 
from  their  Vaterland,  to  Alsace,  thence  they  emigrated  to 
America,  and  settled  at  a  very  early  date  on  a  small  stream, 
Neff's  run,  which  empties  into  the  west  branch  of  the  Little 
Conestoga,  where  the  great  ancestor  took  up  a  large  tract  of 
land,  and  which  is  stiil  owned  by  some  of  the  lineed  descen- 
dants, of  the  male  and  female  issue. 

As  it  may  be  interesting  to  the  numerous  descendants  of  one 
of  the  first  families,  in  this  part  of  the  county,  we  insert  a 
brief  genealogy  of  Francis  Neff's  progeny,  as  furnished  us, 
vr.rbaUy,  by  Mrs.  Magdalen  Sehner,  aged  79,  the  great  grand- 
daughter of  Francis,  the  elder,  and  grand-daughter  of  Daniel 
ISTefi",  who  had  four  sons  and  two  daughters,  viz:  Henry, 
Daniel,  John,  Jacob,  the  grand-father  of  Jacob  K.  Netf,  M.  D/, 
of  Lancaster;  Barbara,  who  intermarried  with  Musselman, 
aud  Ann,  married  to  Isaac  Kauffman.  Henry,  the  oldest  son 
of  Daniel  Neff,  married  a  Miss  Obcrholtzer;  their  children 
were  John,  Daniel,  David,  Jacob,  Henry  aud  one  daughter, 
Mrs.  Keller,  Dr.  John  Eberle's  grand  mother. 

The  original  Homestead  is  now  principally  owned  by  Gott- 
lieb Sehner  and  Jacob  Neff.  We  seek  for  tlic  descendants  of 
Francis  Neff',  in  the  male  lineage,  ihc  numerous  Neffs  in  Lan- 
caster and  Huntingdon  county.  Pa.,  and  in  Virginia;  in  the 
female,  the  name  of  Musselman,  Kauffman,  Miller,  Mayer, 
Henneberger,  Scbwar,  Sehner,  Ruth,  Cassel,  Florcy,  Keller, 
Eberle — the  two  last  named  are  noticed  in  the  sequel — Bear, 
Brandt,  Shelly,  Bowman  and  others,  principally  in  this 
county. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  125 

man,  John  Taylor,  Henry  Neiff,  Michael  Mire,  Henry 
Bare,  Peter  Bimigarner,  Melcor  Hufford,  Melcor  Eris- 
man,  John  Brubakcr,  Jacob  Nisley,  Hans  Snevely, 
Jacob  Goot,  John  Woolslegle,  Jacob  Mire,  Christopher 
Sowers,  Joseph  Stoneman,  Daniel  Ashleman,  Christian 
Peelman,  John  Henry  Neiff,*  John  Henry  Neiff,  Jr., 
Abraham  Hare,  John  Ferie,  Jacob  Biere,  Peter  Yordea, 
Peter  Leamon,  Hans  Jacob  Snevely,  Isaac  Coffman, 
Andrew  Coffman,  Woolrich  Rodte,  Henry  Fmik,  Roody 
Mire,  John  Mylin,  Jacob  Bheme,  John  Coffman, 
Michael  Doneder,  Charles  Christopher,  Andrew  Shultz, 
John  Hoiiser,  Christian  Preniman,  Jacob  Miher,  black, 

*  John  Henry  Neff,  known  as  the  "  Old  Doctor,"  a  brother  of 
Francis  Neff,  named  above.  He  was  undoubtedly  the  tirst 
regularly  bred  physician  in  Lancaster  county.  Who  has  not 
heard  of  Doctor  Hans  Heinrich  Neff?  So  well  was  Dr.  Neff 
known,  that  when  the  boundaries  of  townships  were  fixed 
upon,  June  9lh,  1729,  one  of  the  lines  of  Manheim  township, 
is  thus  defined:  "thence  down  the  said  creek  to  the  "■Old 
Doctor's  Ford:'  Hans  Henry  Neff,  Doctor  of  Physic,  had 
taken. up  land  on  the  Conestoga,  a  few  miles  from  the  present 
site  of  Lancaster  city.  Among  his  descendants,  are,  besides 
the  Neffs,  Millers,  Tchantzs,  Kendigs,  Weavers,  Bears,  and 
others. 

The  Neffs  were  of  those,  "  who,  many  years  since,  came  into 
this  province  under  a  particular  agreement  with  the  late  Honor- 
able Proprietor,  William  Penn,  at  London  ;  and  had  regularly 
taken  up  lands  under  him.  And  who,  it  appears  to  me,"  said 
Gov.  Gordon,  J aimavy  13th,  1729,  "by  good  information,  that 
they  have  hitherto  behaved  themselves  well,  and  have  generally 
so  good  a  character  for  honesty  and  industry,  as  deserves  the  esteem 
of  this  Government,  and  a  mark  of  regard  for  them.''''— Col  Rec. 

III.  29G. 

11* 


126  HISTORY    OF 

Henry  Carpenter,*  Emanuel  Carpenter,!  Gabriel  Car- 
penter, Daniel  Herman,  Christian  Hemian,  Philip  Fiere, 
Mathias  Slareraaker,J  Big  John  Shank,  Jacob  Churts, 
Jacob  Snevely,  Jr„  John  Woolrich  Hover,  John  Croy- 
der,  John  Leeghte,  John  Stampher,  Martin  Graaf,  Peter 
Ncwcomat,  Jacob  Bare,  Jr.,  John  Henry  Bare,  Jacob 
Weaver,  Henry  Weaver,  John  Weaver,  David  Longan- 
icker,  George  Weaver,  Abraham  Mire,  Woolrick  Houser, 
John  Mire,  Henry  IMusselman,  Michael  Shank,  Jacob 
Miller,  Jacob  Miller,  Jr.,  Martin  Miller,  Peter  Abye, 
Hans  Goot,  Christian  Staner,  John  Jacob  Light,  Adam 
Brand,  Christopher  Franciscus,  Casper  Loughman, 
Frederick  Stay,  John  Line,  John  Swope,  Bastian  Royer, 
Jonas  Lerov/,  Simeon  King,  John  Abye,  Everhard 
Ream,  all  of  Lancaster  county,  be,  and  shall  be  to  all 
intents  and  purposes  deemed,  taken,  and  esteemed,  His 
JNIajesty^s  natural  born  subjects  of  this  province  of  Penn- 
sylvania, as  if  they,  and  each  of  them  had  been  born 
within  the  said  province;  and  shall  and  ma}^,  and  every 
one  of  them  shall  and  may,  within  this  province,  take, 
receive,  enjoy,  and  be  entitled  to  all  rights,  privileges 
and  advantages  of  natural  born  subjects,  as  fully,  to  all 

"'Henry  Zimmerman  or  Carpenter  arrived  in  Pennsylvania 
in  tile  year  1G93,  and  returned  afterwards  to  Europe  for  his 
family,  whom  he  brought  out  in  1706,  and  settled  first  in  Ger- 
mantown,  and  removed  within  the  present  bounds  of  Lan- 
ca^sier  county,  (then  Chester)  in  1717."  His  descendants  arc 
very  numerous  and  respectable. 

jEmanuel  Zimmerman  or  Carpenter,  son  of  Henry  Car- 
pent;jr,  was  born  in  Switzerland,  in  the  year  1702  and 
died  1780.  His  influence  was  salutary  and  great  in  the 
county.  He  had  the  unbounded  confidence  of  his  fellow 
citizens,  as  will  appear  from  the  sequel. 

tXhe  name  was  originally  in  German  Schleiermacher. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  127 

intents  and  constructions  and  purposes,  whatsoever,  as 
any  of   his  Majesty's  natural  bom    subjects    of    this 

The  subjoined  communications  will  be  read  with  more  than 
OTflinary  interest.  The  first  is  from  H.  F.  Slaymaker,  Esq.., 
and  the  other  from  John  Slaymaker,  Esq.,  both  written  in  reply 
to  several  queries  previously  proposed  touching  the  ancestors 
of  this  highly  respectable  family : 

"  Mathias  Slaymaker  emigrated  from  Strasburg,  in  Germany 
He  WcLs  born  and  bred  in  Hess  Castle,  and  came  to  this  coun- 
try about  the  year  1710.  He  settled  on  what  is  called  the 
"London  Lands;"  a  tract  of  1,000  acres,  near  the  present 
residence  of  Peter  J.  Eekert,  in  Strasburg  township,  which  i^ 
supposed  to  have  been  named  by  him ;  he  was  at  that  time 
suiTounded  by  Indians;  their  names  are  not  known. 

He  had  two  brothers  ;  one  of  whom  was  a  clergyman,  and 
settled  in  the  Emperor's  dominion,  high  up  in  Germany ;  he 
was  appointed  Secretary  of  Legation  from  that  Government 
to  tlae  Court  of  St.  James;  afterwards.  Charge  d'Atfairs,  and 
tliere  married.  President  John  Adams,  when  minister  to  tiie 
Court  of  St.  James,  resided  with  one  of  his  descendants. — 
His  oldest  son  was  Governor  of  an  Inland. 

The  other  brother  was  major  in  the  King  of  Prussia's  full 
regiment;  and  afterwards, it  is  probable,  his  son  was  one  of  tlie 
officei-s  (a  Major)  in  the  Hessian  troops — as  one  of  that  name 
w£us  confined  as  a  prisoner  of  war  in  the  Lancaster  jail. 

The  first  named,  Mathias,  had  five  sons,  Lawrence,  Mathias, 
John,  Henry,  Daniel  and  two  daughters,  Margaret  and  Bar- 
bara Eeckman.  He  was  married  before  he  came  to  this 
country — and  Lawrence  and  Margaret  were  born  in  Germany. 
Lawrence  married  a  sister  of  Jacob  Pfautz,  and  had  one  cliild 
who  mamed  a  person  by  the  name  of  Lefevre,  and  moved  to 
Cumberland  county. 

Mathias  married  a  Miss  Smith,  and  had  two  sons  and  three 
daughters,  John,  William,  Rachel,  Rebecca  and  Elisabeth. 

John  married  Elisabeth  White,  and  had  Mathias,  John,  Wil- 
liam and  Alexander,  and  five  daughters,  Jane,  Elisabeth,  Mary, 
Kitty  and  Ann. 

Henry  married  Faithful  Richardson,  and  had  three  sons, 
Amos,  Henry  and  Samuel,  and  six  daughters,  Mary,  Hannah, 


128  HISTOBY    OP 

province,  can,  do,  or  ought  to  enjoy,  by  virtue  of  their 
being  His  INIajcsty's  natural  born  subjects  of  His 
Majesty's  said  province  of  Pennsylvania. 

Faithful,  Lydia,  Sarah  and  Sophia.  Daniel  marricJ  Gilsey 
Young,  and  had  Daniel,  William  and  Matliias,  and  two  daugh- 
ters. Margaret  married  Michael  Fickle,  and  had  a  large 
family.    Barbara  married  Hironimeus  Eckman, 

Henry,  the  father  of  Amos,  assisted  in  clearing  the  ground  on 
which  part  of  the  city  of  Lancaster  is  now  founde  d. 

The  "London  Land,"  alluded  to,  descended  to  the  four  sons, 
John,  Henry,  Mathias  and  Daniel,  all  of  whom  had  children, 
and  left  their  estates  to  their  respective  descendants—  a  large 
portion  of  which  is  still  held  in  the  name. 

Active  measures  were  taken  by  the  emissaries  of  the  British, 
to  prevail  on  the  inhabitants  to  take  protections  from  the 
Crown,  and  Henry  Slaymaker  was  called  upon  to  take  one, 
but  refused,  having  taken  part  with  the  Republic,  and  was  a 
magistrate  at  that  time,  and  received  the  oath  of  allegiance 
from  all  who  were  friendly  to  the  Republic.  He  was  the  oldest 
Justice,  and  after  M.  Hublcy  became  incapable  of  trying  a 
cause,  he  was  appointed  principal  Judge,  and  presided  for  a 
year. 

In  the  time  of  the  Revolution  there  wasa  company  of  young 
men  who  entered  into  articles  of  agreement  for  the  purpose  of 
suppressing  all  who  were  then  called  tories — at  the  head  of 
this,  was  Col.  James  Mercer,  an  active  whig— Amos  Slay- 
maker,  (son  of  Henry)  was  one  of  this  association,  and  his 
Father  (Henry)  also  an  active  whig,  had,  at  all  times,  informa- 
tion of  what  was  going  on  so  as  to  suppress  any  attempts  at 
rising  against  the  Republic,  or  stealing  or  carrying  off 
property.  It  was  very  effective  in  suppressing  the  incursions 
of  the  tories,  who  were  very  annoying  to  the  eastern  section  of 
Lancaster  county,  by  stealing  and  carrying  olf  horses  and 
other  property  tu  the  British  army— but  was  attended  with 
great  hazard  to  the  members.  They  were  ordered  out  by 
Henry  Slaymaker,  (father  of  Amos)  when  information  was 
given  of  their  presence  in  the  neighborhood  :  and  I  have  often 
heard  my  father  (Amos)  relate  adventures  he  had  in  pursuit  of 
them  at  night,  which  was  their  time  for  committing  dcprcda- 


LAXCASTEH   COUJ^TY.  129 

The  same  year  the  Conestoga  Manor  was  sun-eyed 
for  the  use  of  the  proprietary,  by  order  of  the  Coniniis- 

tions,  and  he  has  often  been  out  whole  nights  after  tbeni — one 
hi  particular,  when  they  were  informed  that  the  Doanes,  who 
were  celebrated  tories,  were  encamped  in  a  swamp  near  the 
Gap,  about  where  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  passes  the  Gap, 
and  the  cussociations  went  in  pursuit  of  them  through  a  tremen- 
dous storm  of  rain,  sleet,  thunder  and  lightning,  but  after  grea^ 
difficulty  from  underwood,  briars,  and  in  gaining  their  retreat, 
they  found  some  of  the  disaifected  in  the  neighborhood,  had  ia 
the  mean  time  apprised  them  of  their  approach,  and  they  had 
escaped.  The  members  of  this  company  were  in  constani 
danger  of  losing  their  lives,  as  many  in  the  eastern  part  of  tlxj 
county  were  disafiected — and  they  were  in  danger  of  being 
shot  even  at  their  ordinary  occupations.  Amos  served  two 
terms  in  the  Revolutionary  war  as  an  Ensign  of  a  company, 
commanded  by  his  uncle  Capt.  John  S,  (father  of  the  present 
Captain)  who  was  also  an  officer  in  Braddock's  war.  Amos 
was  magistrate  for  many  years — a  member  of  the  Legislature 
and  of  the  Pennsylvania  Senate,  and  also  a  member  of 
C-ongress," 

[Extract  of  a  Letter  from  John  Slaymaker,  Esq.] 
"My  father  John,  was  in  Braddock's  campaign,  as  a 
wagoner.  He  was  put  to  draw  a  cannon  at  the  place  of  ren- 
dezvous, and  took  it  into  battle  on  the  day  of  Braddock's 
defeat — he  had  eleven  horses  to  it  on  that  day,  which  were  all 
shot  before  the  retreat.  I  have  often  heard  him  say  if  it  hail 
not  been  for  Washington's  brave  conduct  in  covering  tba 
retreat,  there  would  hardly  a  man  have  escaped.  In  this  conflicl 
the  most  of  the  American  troops  were  killed — my  father  came 
off  safe.  In  1776,  he  marched  at  the  head  of  a  company  to 
Bergen,  in  Jersey — was  in  the  skirmish  on  Chesnut  Hill,  under 
General  Bull,  where  Bull  was  taken  prisoner.  After  his  return 
home,  he  was  chosen  County  Commissioner,  which  ended  his 
public  services.    He  died  in  1798,  aged  65  years. 

The  sale  of  the  "London  Land"  was  in  the  year  1761,  in 
Philadelphia.    Father  paid  £800  for  346  acres  of  said  tract. 

Note — London   Lands,  in  Lancaster  county. — It  appears 
that  a  land  company  was  organized  at  an  early  date.    In 


130  HISTORY    OF 

sioners  of  Property,*  to  Jacob  Taylor,  Surveyor  Gen 
eral — he  had  been  Surveyor  General  for  many  year 


1696,    this  company,  called  the    London  Company,   owned 
65,000  acres  of  land  in  Pennsylvania,  usually  known  by  the 
name  of  London  Lands ;  of  this,  there  were  47,800,  in  Lancas~ 
ter  and  Berks,    Part  of  these  lands  were  rented  at  the  rate  of 
£2  per  100  acres,  with  exception  of  some  thousands  of  acres  sold 
from     1718 — 1720,    by    the    company   to    different    persons. 
The  rest  remained  in  possession  of  the  company  until  1762. — 
At  this  time  the  heirs  of  those  who  originally  constituted  the 
company  had  been  considerably  scattered,  and  many  entirely 
unknown.      An  Act  of   Parliament  was  therefore  procured 
authorizing  the  sale  of  the  land,  and  Dr.  Fothcrgill,  Daniel 
Zachary,    Thomas    How,    Deboreaux    Bowly,    Luke    Kindc, 
Richard    How,  Jacob  Hagen,   Sylvanus   Grove  and  William 
Heron,  were  the  agents  appointed  to  superintend  the  business. 
Their  attorneys   in  this    country    were  Samuel  Shoemaker, 
Jacob  Cooper  and  Joshua  Howell.     In  1762,  sales  were  ac- 
cordingly effected  to  the  great  satisfaction  of  the  occupants  of 
the  land,  who  had  generally  made  considerable  improvements, 
cleared  away  the  wood,  and  erected  comfortable  farm-houses, 
and  out-buildings,  many  of  them  not  being  altogether  aware  of 
titles;  but  supposing  that  they  were  possessed  of  a  fee  simple 
estate  in  soil — the  prices  however  at  which  they  were  held, 
were  not  unreasonable ;  each  settler,  it  is  believed,  with  few 
exceptions,  purchased  the  tract  upon  which  he  was  seated. — 
There  were  a  few  squatters  who  were  not  willing  to  comply. 
The  case  of  Ilormbinc.  is  still  remembered  by  some  of  the 
descendants  of  the  first  settlers  on  the  London  Lands.     One 
Richard  Brazier  had  squatted  in  the  vicinity   of  the   Slay- 
makers.     Brazier  died,  left  a  widow  and  some  money — Horra- 
bine  made  suit  to,  and  married  the  widow.    He  forged  a  deed 
for  a  London  tract — the  misdating  of  three  days  exposed  the 
forgery — and  he  was  tried,  convicted,  cropped  and  sent  to 
Honduras  Bay  to  chop  Logwood.    His  family  was  left  penny- 
less. 

*These  are  to  authorize  and  require  thee  without  any  delay 
to  survey  or  cause  to  be  surveyed  all  that  tract  of  land  lying 
between  Sasquahanuah  river  and  Conestogo  creek,  from  the 


LANCASTER    COUNTT.  131 

from  1706  to  1733,  when  Benjamin  Eastburn  was 
appointed. 

mouth  of  said  creek  as  far  up  the  river  as  the  land  already 
granted  to  Peter  Chartier,  and  then  by  a  line  running  from  the 
said  river  to  Conestogo  creek,  all  which  tract  of  land  for  the 
proper  use  and  behoof  of  William  Penn,  Esq.,  proprietary 
and  Governor  in  Chief  the  said  Province,  his  heirs  and  assigns 
forever.  Given  under  our  hands,  March  1,  1717-18.  The 
Manor  was  afterwards  divided  and  sold  to  purchasers. 

CONESTOGA  MANOR. 

Note. — This  survey  included  rising  of  16,000.  It  was  after- 
wards sold  in  small  tracts  and  patented.  The  following  were 
the  principal  patentees:  Israel  Pemberton  held  300  acres, date 
of  his  patent,  October  1st,  1723.  The  Messrs.  Wrights  ov.n 
1500  acres— date  of  patent,  December  13,  1735— sold  after- 
wards in  smaller  parcels  to  John  Herr,  Andrew  Stineman, 
Daniel  Lintner,  Jacob  Killhaver,  Rudy  Herr,  Jacob  Frantz,^ 
Godfrey  Klugh,  Mathew  Oberholtzer,  Rudy  Herr,  Jr.,  John 
Killhaver,  Christian  Hershy,  Andrew  Kauffman— James  Patti- 
son,  107  acres,  Nov.  21, 1734,  James  Logan,  700  acres,  patent 
dated  July  15,  1737,  afterwards  held  by  George  Brenner, 
Philip  Brenner,  Christian  Stouffer,  Casper  Souter,  Adam 
Fisher,  Valentine  Rummel,  Law^rence  Clifier,  Christian  Stake 
—Michael  Baughman,  499,  Michael  Mayer,  131  acres,  both 
same  date,  Feb.  20,  1738,  Michael  Mayer,  sen.,  217  acres, 
patent  dated  October  16,  1737,  Abraham  Steiner,  63  acres, 
May  3,  1740,  John  Wistler,  167  acres,  July  3,  1741,  Jacob 
Kuntz,  166,  Anna  Ottila  Betty  Kofi'er,  166,  Jacob  Hostetter, 
475,  John  Shank,  197  acres,  patent  dated  July  30,  1741,  Edward 
Smout,  113  acres,  June  21, 1743,  Michael  Baughman,  339,  May 
28, 1752,  Abraham  Hare,  424,  April  22,  17.51,  Jacob  V/istler, 
125,  Valentine  Miller,  140,  both  May  25,  1756,  Martin  Funk, 
•237,  Dec.  18, 1758,  Jacob  Wistler,  202,  Jacob  Shuck,  155,  Aug. 
18, 17.59,  Abraham  and  John  Miller,  89,  Valentine  Haith,  29, 
Robert  Beatty,  226,  Feb.  1760,  Samuel  Herr,  247,  John  Keagy, 
188,  Henry  Funk,  150,  Jacob  Wistler,  173,  Ludwich  and 
Frederick  Ziegler,  209  June,  1760,  John  Witmer,  77,  Abraham 
3Iillcr,  204,  Rudolph  Herr,  176,  Jacob  Witmer,  77,  Nov.  1761, 


132  HISTORY    OP 

Passing,  we  would  add  the  remark,  that  "technically 
sperCking,  there  were  no  Manors,  (that  is,  lands  belong- 
ing to  a  Lord  or  Nobleman,  or  so  much  land  as  a  Lord 
formerly  kept  in  his  own  hands  for  the  use  and  sub- 
sistence of  his  family)  in  Pennsylvania,  although  the 
proprietaiy's  tithes,  and  other  large  surveys  for  them, 
were  so  called." 

The  settlement  of  the  Ferrees  and  Lefevres,  received 
a  considerable  augmentation  about  this  time.  The 
promising  fniitfulness  of  the  country,  beside  other 
advantages,  attracted  settlers,  among  them  were  the 
Slaymakers,  Witmers,  Lightners,  Eschelman,  Herr, 
Hershey,  Espenshade,  Baer,  Groff,  Graaf,  Zimmerman, 
Koenig,  Keneagy,  Denlinger,  Beck,  Saudor,  Becker, 
Roam,  and  many  others. 

James  M'Mastcr,  247,  April,  1761,  John  Keagy,  159,  Henry- 
Funk,  177,  David  Hare,  195,  John  Miller,  150,  George  Adam 
Dustier,  112,  John  Correll,  209,  Christian  Stoner,  244,  all  dated 
1761,  Michael  Kauffman,  116,  John  Kauffman,  118,  Jacob 
Kauffman,  167,  Christian  Kauttman,  163,  Michael  Kauffman, 
118,  Abi-aham  Steiner,200,  John  Wormely,  115, Jacob  Whistler, 
19,  John  Kreemer,  184,  Bartholomew  Butt,  40,  John  Graff, 
136,  all  dated  1762,  Philip  Ulweiler,  39,  Benjamin  Miller,  220, 
David  Hare,  Jr.  94,  Tetcr  Snyder,  86,  Henry  Atkinson  and 
Adam  Eigging,  49,  Peter  Witmer,  132,  dated  1763,  John  Miller, 
m,  Jan,  19,  1764,  John  Newcomer,  109,  Joseph  Nelson,  109, 
Jacob  Wisler,  178,  Mary  Wright,  1-19,  dated  1767,  John  Kendrick, 
.'>58,  James  Pratt,  232, 1768,  Henry  Buckley,  150,  1769,  William 
Wright,  257,  1770,  Ulrich  Rcbur,  232,  John  Manning,  165, 
1772^,  Jacob  Ashlcman,  340,  1774,  Indian  Town,  414,  Blue 
Rock;,  800  acres.    We  omitted  fractions  of  acres. 

Note. — Thomas  Pcnn  estimated  the  value  of  Conestoga 
Manor,  being  65  miles  from  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  13,400,  at 
£40  per  hundred  acres,  £5,360,  Pennsylvania  currency.-^ 
There  is  no  date  to  the  paper  from  which  we  made  the  extract. 
Sparks^  Fraiiklin,  III.  553. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  133 

A  settlement  was  also  commenced  in  the  interior  of 
the  county ;  Hans  Graaf  located  at  the  head  of  a  small 
stream,  known  by  the  name  of  Grove's  run,  in  West  E^rl 
township.*     He  was  joined  next  year  by  Mr.  Wenger, 

*Hans  Graaf  fled  from  Switzerland  to  Alsace,  with  one  of 
his  brothers,  about  the  year  1695  or  96,  he  came  to  Germantown, 
where  he  remained  a  short  time;  afterwards  settled  on  Grove's 
Run,  in  Earl  township,  both  of  which  were  named  in  honor  of 
him.  The  following  circumstance,  as  related  to  us  by  one  of 
his  lineal  descendants,  will  show  the  reader  how  Graaf  was  led 
to  settle  in  Graaf  s  Thaal;  for  this  is  the  name  by  which  the 
settlement  is  known  to  this  day : 

His  horses  having  strayed  from  Pequea;  while  in  pursuit  of 
them  in  a  northern  direction  from  the  inhabited  parts,  he  dis- 
covered a  fine  spring  in  a  heavily  timbered  spot;  the  head  of 
Grove's  Run.  In  this  elysian  dale,  said  he,  will  I  fix  my  per- 
manent abode.  He  nevertheless  pursued  his  horses  till  he 
found  them,  and  returned  to  Pequea.  A  short  time  afterwards 
he  made  a  disposition  of  his  effects.  Now  he  returned  to  the 
spring,  and  about  one-half  mile  down,  on  the  north  side,  he 
erected  a  cabin  under  a  large  AVlfite  Oak  tree,  in  which  he,  his 
wife  and  an  only  child,  stayed  all  winter.  In  the  spring  of  the 
year,  having  secured  by  a  warrant,  dated  November  22,1717,  a 
large  tract  of  land,  he  erected  a  house  near  the  cabin.  The 
spot  where  he  erected  the  house  in  the  spring  of  1718,  is  still 
pointed  out  by  his  progenitors.  At  this  time,  as  was  common 
with  the  aborigines  in  all  the  new  settlements,  the  Indians  called 

frequently  at  his  house  to  sell  baskets  and  Hickory  brooms. 

Mr.  Graaf  had  six  sons;  as  soon  as  some  of  them  were  grown 
up,  he  turned  his  attention  to  dealing  in  blankets,  and  other 
articles  of  merchandize,  which  he  procured  at  Philadelphia, 
and  took  them  to  Harris's  Ferry,  on  the  Susquehanna,  and 
exchanged  them  for  skins,  furs  and  the  like. 

He  spoke,  it  is  said,  the  Indian  language  fluently.  \Vhen 
one  of  the  sons  drove,  the  old  gentleman  accompanied  him, 
riding  a  fine  steed,  for  he  kept  none  but  fine  horses.  On  one 
cccsaion,  as  his  team  was  returning  to  Philadelphia,  Peter,  the 
oldest,  was  driving,  in  crossing  the  Brandywine,  which  was 
very  flush  at  the  time,  he  was  in  danger  of  a  watery  grave ; 

12 


134  HISTORY    OF 

one  of  whose  grand-sons,  Joseph  Weiiger,  occupies  the 
Homestead. 

From  and  after  1718,  settlements,  in  their  incipient 
stages,  had  been  pretty  general  throughout  the  greater 
part  of  tlie  county.  The  JNIill  Creek  Settlement,  and 
others,  were  commenced  about  the  year  1719,  or  20. 

About  tlie  year  1708,  Alexander  Mack,  of  Shriesheim, 
and  seven  others  in  Schwarzenau,  Germany,  met  in  a 
religious  capacity ;  from  which  society,  arose,  what  is 
well  linown,  the  Tunkers,  or  First  Day  German  Bap- 
tists; and  who,  though  apparently  inoffensive,  were 
made  subjects  of  persecution,  and  were  driven  by  force 
of  oppression  into  Holland,  some  to  Creyfels,  and  the 
mother  church  voluntarily  removed  to  Senistervin,  in 
Friesland,  and  thence  emigrated  to  America,  in  1719, 
and  dispersed  to  different  parts  in  Pennsylvania,  some  to 
Conestoga,  some  to  Mill  Creek,  some  to  Oley,  some  to 
Skippack,  some  remained  at  Germantown,  where  they 

the  father  on  a  lofty  steed,  rode  in,  took  the  young  fellow  on 
his  own  horse  behind  him,  and  seizing  the  lines,  drove  safely- 
through  the  rushing  stream. 

He  raised  six  sons,  Peter,  David,  the  grandfather  of  John 
Graaf  our  informant,  John,  Daniel,  Marcus  and  Samuel, 
\vho  was  known  as  Graaf,  der  Jaeger,  the  huntsman. 

Hans  Graaf,  after  having  served  his  day  and  generation,  the 
public  also  on  several  occasions,!  and  having  divided  his  land 
among  his  sons,  died,  leaving  a  large  family  connection. — 
Perhaps  there  is  no  family  in  the  county,  more  numerous 
respectable  and  useful  citizens  than  the  Graafs.  So,  without 
doubt,  the  magistrates  and  inhabitants  of  Lancaster  county 
thought,  when  they  met  to  settle  upon  the  bounds  and  give 
names  to  townships,  June  9, 1729:  they  had  regard  to  the  worth 
of  thi.s  family  in  calling  one  of  the  townships,  after  the  first  set- 
tlers of  Graaf,  i.  e.  Earl  township. 

fCol.  Rcc.  III.  420— G73. 


LANCASTER   COUNTY.  135 

formed  a  church  in  1723,  under  the  charge  of  Peter 
Becker. 

Among  the  early  settlers  on  Mill  Creek,  were  Conrad 
Beissel,  a  man  of  some  notoriety  in  the  religious 
history  of  the  county,  Joseph  Shaeffer,  Hans  Meyer, 
Henry  Hoehn,  and  several  Landises. 

The  settlement  near  and  around  Lancaster,  began  to 
increase.  Francis  Neff,  Hans  Henry  Neff,  Doctor  of 
Physic,  who,  and  his  descendants,  are  well  known,  Roody 
Mire,  Michael  Shank,  Jacob  Imble,  and  others,  having 
settled  here  for  some  time.  Lancaster  was  com- 
menced about  the  year  1721,  or  1722.  "  The  settlements 
about  the  Indian  villages  of  Conestoga  were  considera- 
bly advanced  in  improvements  at  this  time ;  the  land 
thereabouts  being  exceedingly  rich;  it  is  now  (1721) 
surrounded  with  divers  fine  plantations,  or  farms,  where 
they  raise  quantities  of  wheat,  barley,  flax  and  hemp, 
without  the  help  of  any  dung."* 

According  to  tradition,  where  Lancaster  is  now  built, 
was  once  an  Indian  wigwam ;  a  Hickory  tree  stood  in  its 
centre,  not  far  from  a  spring ;  under  this,  the  councils 
met,  and  it  was  from  one  of  these  that  a  deputation  was 
sent  to  confer  with  William  Penn,  at  Shackamaxon, 
1683.  The  Indian  nation  was  called  Hickory,  and  the 
town  was  called  Hickory  Town,  before  Lancaster  was 
laid  outt  "Gibson,  tavern-keeper,  had  a  Hickory  tree 
painted  upon  his  sign,  about  the  year  1722.  His  tavern 
was  situated  near  where  Slaymaker's  Hotel  was  for 
many    years,    now  occupied    by    the    Hon.  Benjamin 

•-Proud,  II.  128, 

fAccording  to  Gordon,  Lancaster  was  originally  laid  out  in 
1728,  by  James  Hamilton,  Esq.  of  Philadeldhia,  at  the  request, 
it  is  said,  of  the  proprietaries,  but  certainly  with  a  design  on 
the  part  of  the  founder  to  increase  his  estate. 


136  HISTORY    OF 

Champneys,  on  East  King  street."  Another  Indian 
town  was  built  on  a  flat  land  north-east  of  Hardwick, 
the  seat  of  the  late  William  Coleman,  Esq.,  and  a  Poplar 
ti-ee  was  the  emblem  of  the  tribe,  whence  their  name  was 
derived  ;  this  wigwam  was  situated  near  Conestoga,  and 
the  tree  stood  upon  its  bank. 

About  the  time  that  Lancaster  was  building,  some 
persons,  without  any  warrant  for  land,  settled  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Susquehanna.     There  was  one  John 
Grist,  very  abusive  to  the  Indians,  so  much  so,  that  they 
complained  to  the  Governor  of  the  mal-treatment  re- 
ceived at  the  hands  of  this  squatter.     He  was  rather  a 
reckless  character;  he,  and  his  accomplices,  were  auda- 
cious, contemned  the  authority  of  Government.     John 
Cartledge,  Esq.,  by  a  warrant  under  the  hand  and  seal 
of  the  Governor,  raised  a  Posse  Comitatus  with  instruc- 
tions to  burn  and  destroy  Grist's,  and  his  accomplices, 
dwellings;    Cartledge  did  not,  however,   enforce    v/ith 
stem  rigidness  the  letter  of  his  instructions ;  but  simply 
warned  and  admonished  ihem  forthwith  to  relinquish  the 
lands  they  had  unlawfully  taken  possession  of.     Grist, 
notwithstanding  this  pointed  warning,  refused  to  remove ; 
whereupon  the  Indians  did  destroy  some  of  their  cattle. 
Grist,  with  the  fool  hardihood  of  an  inured  transgressor, 
repaired  to  Philadelphia  to  raise  complaint  against  the 
Indians.     His  contumacious  behavior,  which  was  con- 
sidered insolent  and  seditious,  procured  him  lodgings  in 
jail.     The  Board,  who  were  moved  in  compassion  for 
his  poor  family,  granted  him  conditional  release  from 
prison.     He  returned  home  in  Aug.  1722,  and  removed 
his  family  after  he  had  gathered  his  corn.t 

Some    time    in  the  latter  cud   of   April,   1719,  the 
Indians  at  Conestoga  addressed  a  letter  to  Mr.  Logan. 

fCol.  Roc.  III.  133-5. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  137 

Secretary,  informing,  through  him,  the  Governor,  that 
some  of  their  Indians,  while  on  a  hunting  expedition, 
were  attacked  near  the  head  of  Potomack  river,  by  a 
body  of  southern  Indians  who  had  come  out  to  war 
against  the  Five  Nations,  and  the  Indian  settlements  on 
Susquehamia;  that  the  southern  Indians  had  killed 
several  of  their  people,  by  which  those  at  Conestoga 
were  so  much  alarmed  that,  in  their  opinion,  "  The  care- 
ful attention  and  vigilance  of  Government  was  never 
more  called  upon  than  at  this  juncture." 

Measures  were  adopted  by  Government,  "towards 
quieting  the  minds  of  the  Indians,  and  also  to  prevent 
incursions  upon  them  from  southern  Indians.  In  a  letter 
from  them,  to  the  Governor,  in  the  beginning  of  June, 
the  Indians  at  Conestoga  stated,  "that  if  any  of  them  had 
done  amiss,  and  departed  from  what  was  right  and  good, 
in  not  strictly  keeping  their  promises,  and  observing 
peace  with  all  the  Indians  in  friendship  and  league  with 
the  English,  they  would,  having  admitted  their  errors 
and  mistakes,  offend  no  more,  in  that  nature  or  case." 

Immediately  on  the  receipt  of  the  letter,  in  question, 
CoL  French  was  sent  to  Conestoga,  by  the  advice  of  the 
Board,  to  treat  with  the  Indians.  French  met  them 
at  Conestoga,  on  the  2Sth  of  June,  1719;  on  that  day,  he 
spoke  to  them,  as  follows : 

Friends  and  Brothers: 

"  By  the  seal  to  this  paper  affixed,  and  my  old  ac- 
quaintance and  friendship  with  you,  you  will  believe  me 
that  I  am  a  true  man,  and  sent  from  your  good  friend 
and  brother,  the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania,  to  let  you 
know  tliat  he  is  well  pleased  and  satisfied  with  the  letter 
he  received  by  the  care  of  our  good  friend,  John  Cart- 
ledge,  in  the  beginning  of  this  month,  signed  in  behalf 
of  your  nations  here  met,  in  which  letter  you  declare, 

12* 


138  HISTORY    OF 

severally,  your  iiiteiitions  of  keeping  his  words,  and  if 
any  amongst  you  have  done  amiss,  and  departed  from 
what  was  right  and  good  in  keeping  your  promises,  to 
observe,  strictly,  peace  with  all  the  Indians  m  friendship 
ajid  league  with  the  English,  you  have  therein 
acknowledged  your  errors  and  mistakes,  and  engaged  to 
offend  no  more  hi  that  nature  or  case. 

The  Governor  takes  these  assurances  of  your  good 
behavior  very  kindly,  and  now  he  and  his  council  have 
sent  me  on  purpose  to  visit  you  that  I  might  further 
treat  witli  you,  and  receive  you  in  the  same  manner,  and 
as  fully  as  he  and  his  council,  of  which  I  am  a  one,  were 
all  here  and  present  with  you,  so  well  begun  with  our 
good  friend,  John  Cartledge,  and  that  I  might  more  fully 
and  largely  give  him  an  account  of  your  affairs,  and  how 
matters  go  with  you.  I  must,  therefore,  acquaint  you 
from  my  Governor,  that  as  you,  in  your  treaty,  call 
yourselves  his  children,  he  will  always  trust  you  as  his 
sons,  and  that  he  has  ever  since  your  good  friend, 
AVilliam  Penn,  who  is  now  dead,  sent  amongst  you,  and 
endeavored  by  all  means  to  keep  you  in  peace,  and  given 
you  other  tokens  of  his  friendship,  that  you  might 
flourish  and  increase,  that  your  old  men  might  see  their 
children  grow  up  to  their  comfort  and  pleasure,  and  that 
the  young  men  might  bury  their  old  parents  v/hcn  tlicy 
die,  which  is  much  better  than  to  see  your  old  people 
momii  for  their  young  sons,  who  rashly,  and  without 
cause,  go  to  war  and  are  killed  in  the  prime  of  their 
years ;  and  he  hopes  now  that  you  arc  all  fully  con- 
vinced that  peace  is  belter  than  war,  which  destroys  you 
and  will  Ijring  you  to  nothing ;  your  strong  yoimg  people 
being  first  killed,  the  old  women  and  children  are  left 
defenceless,  who  soon  will  become  a  prey:  and  so  all 
the  nation  perishes  without  leaving  a  name  to  posterity. 


LANCASTEB    COUNTY.  139 

This  is  a  plain  mark  that  he  and  we  are  your  true 
friends;  for,  if  we  were  not,  then  we  would  encourage 
you  to  destroy  one  another:  for  friends  save  people  from 
ruin  and  destruction,  but  enemies  destroy  them.  And 
this  will  serve  as  a  mark  to  know  all  people  by,  Avho 
are  your  enemies,  either  amongst  you  or  elsewhere,  if 
they  want,  or  study  to  throw  strife  and  dissention 
amongst  you:  these  are  a  base  and  bad  people,  and 
ought  to  be  rooted  out  from  amongst  you;  for  love  and 
friendship  make  people  multiply,  but  malice  and  strife 
ruin  and  destroy.  Such  should,  therefore,  be  shut  out, 
both  from  you  and  us,  as  disturbers  of  oiu-  peace  and 
friendship  which  have  always  continued. 

I  am  also  to  acquaint  you,  that  you  have  in  a  grave 
and  solemn  manner  renewed  your  last  treaty  with  me,  on 
which  message  I  am  now  come,  that  our  Governor  v/ill 
write  to  all  the  Governors  of  the  English  that  the  Indians 
within  his  Government  are  resolved  to  live  peaceably 
and  quietly,  and  for  that  reason  that  they  should  give 
notice  to  all  their  Indians  thereof,  and  that  all  the  friends 
to  the  English  should  be  accoimted  as  one  people,  and 
the  Government  desires  you  will  let  him  know  o£ 
what  nation  these  Indians  were  who  gave  you  the 
late  disturbance,  that  they  may  especially  be  ordered  to 
do  so  no  more. 

I  am  also  to  acquaint  you  that  it  is  the  Governor's 
pleasure  that  if  any  of  the  Five  Nations  came  amongst 
you  to  trade  or  hunt,  that  you  receive  them  as  friends 
and  brothers;  but  if  they  come  amongst  you,  either  to 
persuade  you  to  go  to  War  or  to  go  themselves,  or  in 
their  return  from  it,  that  then  you  have  nothing  to  do 
with  them  nor  entertain  them ;  for  he  expects  that  none 
of  his  friends  will  Imow  any  people  but  such  as  are 


140  HISTORY   OF 

pea^jeable,  lest  they  bring  you  into  a  snare  and  you  suflfer 
hurt  for  their  faults. 

The  Governor  expects  and  requires,  that  if  any 
prisoners,  by  any  means  whatever,  fall  into  any  of  your 
hands,  that  he  be  quickly  acquainted  with  it,  and  that 
no  person  offer  to  take  upon  him  to  kill  any  stranger 
prisoner,  for  it  will  not  be  suffered  here.  He  has  been 
much  displeased  at  what  happened,  and  was  done  by 
some  amongst  you  last  year  in  these  parts,  but  is  now 
again  a  friend  upon  their  promise  and  engagement  to  do 
so  no  more,  and  Avill  take  no  more  notice  of  it,  if  they 
observe  and  fulfil  the'it  words.  It  is  indeed,  a  shameful 
and  base  thing  to  treat  a  creature  of  their  own  sliaj^e 
and  kind  worse  and  more  barbarously  than  they  would 
a  bear  or  wolf,  or  the  most  Avicked  creature  upon  earth. 
It  is  not  man-like  to  see  a  hundred  or  more  people  sing- 
ing songs  of  joy  for  the  taking  of  a  prisoner,  but  it  is 
much  worse  to  see  them  use  all  their  contrivances  of 
torture  and  pain,  to  put  that  unfortunate  creature  to 
de^th  after  such  a  manner,  and  was  as  other  nations, 
especially  the  English,  now  heard  of;  for  if  they  in  a 
just  war  kill  their  enemies,  it  is  like  men,  in  the  battle, 
and  if  they  take  them  prisoners,  they  use  them  well 
and  kindly,  until  their  King  gives  orders  to  return  them 
to  their  own  country.  They  take  no  pleasure  meanly  to 
biun,  pinch  or  slash,  a  poor  man  who  cannot  defend 
himself,  it  shows  mean  spirits  and  want  of  true  courage 
to  do  so.  For  men  of  true  courage  are  always  fidl  of 
mercy.  I  am  commanded  to  tell  you,,  and  should  have 
you  remember  it  well,  that  no  person  whatever  offer, 
after  this  time,  to  put  any  man  to  death  by  torture  here, 
for  whosoever  does  it  must  answer  it  to  the  Governor 
and  Government  at  their  peril.  It  is  inconsistent  with 
the  ways  of  nations ;  it  is  a  violent  affront  to  our  Govern- 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  141 

ment,  and  is  contrary  to  the  laws  of  the  Great  King, 
who  will  not  suffer  it. 

As  our  mutual  and  good  friendship  has  long  con- 
tinued; so  the  Governor  hopes,  and  the  Government 
also,  that  it  will  last  from  one  generation  to  another,  as 
long  as  the  sun  endures ;  and  that  we  shall  be  of  one 
mind,  one  heart,  one  inclination,  ready  to  help  one 
another  in  all  just  and  good  ways,  by  charity,  compas- 
sion and  mercy,  sticking  closely  and  inviolately  to  all 
treaties  heretofore  made ;  and  most  exactly  to  this  now 
concluded,  which  he  hopes  will  forever  last  and  remain 
to  your  good  and  prosperity,  which  he  and  this  Govern- 
ment heartily  wish ;  and  it  is  expected  that  every  article 
of  this  treaty  be  from  the  whole  hearts  of  all  of  you  ;  so, 
if  amongst  yourselves,  you  know  of  any  who  have  from 
your  last  treaty,  or  will  dissent  from  this,  let  them  be 
known  either  by  their  own  words  or  your  knowledge  of 
them,  for  what  I  do,  I  have  done  with  the  whole  consent 
of  our  Governor,  council  and  people." 

Col.  John  French,  in  company  with  Capt.  James 
Gould,  Joseph  Pigeon,  John  Cartledge  and  James  Hen- 
drickson,  met  the  next  day  in  council  at  Conestoga. — 
There  were  present,  on  part  of  the  Indians,  Canatowa, 
Queen  of  the  Mmgoes,  Sevana,  King  of  the  ShaAvenese, 
Wightomina,  King  of  the  Delawares,  Wininehack, 
Kuag  of  the  Canawages,  and  Captain  Civility,  of 
Conestoga. 

Civility,  interpreter,  in  behalf  of  the  four  nations, 
who  all  agreed  to  return  one  answer,  acquainted  John 
Cartledge,  interpreter  for  the  English,  that  this  day  the 
Indians  were  met  to  return  an  answer  to  the  Governor's 
speech  by  Colonel  French,  and  no  other  account. — 
Looking  upon  every  thing  said  to  Colonel  French  to  be 
said    as  if    the   Governor  and  his  council  were  then 


142  HISTORr    OF 

present,  and  Colonel  French  to  be  a  ti'uc  man  to  the 
Government  and  to  the  Indians ;  they  return  with  one 
heart  and  mind  their  thanks  to  the  Governor  for  this 
kind  message.  They  meet  him  and  take  him  by  the 
hand,  and  are  forever  determined  that  his  will  shall 
be  tlieirs,  and  that,  on  all  occasions,  tJiey  will  be  ruled  by 
them. 

They  desire  that  the  Governor  may  bo  acquainted 
that  tliey  are  much  pleased  that  his  message  came 
whilst  their  young  people  were  at  home,  for  whom  they 
had  lately  been  in  pain  and  trouble  as  being  absent  or 
aibroad,  that  they  might  hear  his  good  words  and  counsel, 
which  both  old  and  young  of  the  Mingoes,  Shawanese, 
Delawares  and  Conawages,  are  resolved  to  hearken  to-, 
for  tliough  hitherto  they  have  taken  night  for  day,  yet 
now  by  his  good  counsel  they  can  see  the  light  and 
what  is  good  for  them.  They  are  glad  that  none  of 
their  3^oung  people  miscarried  in  their  late  journey,  and 
that  being  now  present,  they  have  an  opportunity  of 
heai'ing  the  Governor's  message  by  Col.  French,  for 
most  of  them  were,  when  the  other  letters  from  the 
Governor  came,  also  that  they  have  an  opportunity  to 
ask  their  opinions  and  designs.  Their  young  people 
agree  to  obey  the  Governor's  words  and  message.  Aiul 
ais  Colonel  French  yesterday  told  them,  that  wliat  he 
said  was  with  the  whole  heart  of  Governor  and  council ; 
so  tliey  declare  that  what  they  say  is  not  from  their 
mouths  only,  but  from  their  whole  hearts,  and  the  heari 
of  every  one.  They  desire  the  Governor  to  believe,  and 
be  assured  that  they  will  be  obedient  to  his  words,  and 
that  tlicy  ever  have,  and  ever  will,  advise  their  young 
people  to  bo  mindful  of  his  good  advice.  They 
acknowledge  themselves  so  much  obliged  to  the  Go- 
vernor for  Ills  care  and  concern  for  them,  tliat  they  intend 


LAN'C ASTER  CCUNTr.  143 

m  two  months'  time  to  wait  upon  the  Governor 
personalb/j  to  return  their  hearty  thanks  for  such  lov-e 
from  him  and  his  Government." 

James  Logan,  Secretary,  being  on  business  up  the 
fartlier  end  of  the  Great  Valley,  on  the  road  to  Cones- 
toga,  went  to  the  Susquehanna,  at  the  request  of  the 
Governor,  where  he,  by  appointment  with  the  Indians, 
Who  were  desirous  to  speak  with  him  on  the  27th  of 
June,  met  them  at  the  house  of  John  Cartledge.  The 
dhiefs  of  the  Mingoes  or  Conestogoe  Indians,  the  sachem 
or  chief  of  the  Shawanese,  the  chief  of  the  Ganawese, 
with  several  of  their  people  and  some  of  the  Delawares, 
had  assembled  there  ;  John  Cartledge  and  Peter  Bi- 
zaillon,  interpreter,  having  seated  themselves;  James 
Logan  addi-essed  the  Indians,  "telling  them  that  as  they 
had  been  long  expected  at  Philadelphia,  in  pursuance  of 
their  own  messages  for  that  purpose;  but  instead  of 
coming,  had  lately  sent  to  the  Governor,  desiring  some 
rea^ns  that  he  would  come  up  to  them.  Here  their  old 
friends,  with  whom  they  had  been  acquainted  in  their 
treaties  for  twenty  years  past,  being  now  come  on 
business  into  these  parts  were  v/illing  to  hear  from 
themselves,  not  only  how  it  was  with  them,  but  the 
occasion  of  their  delaying  their  journey  to  Philadelpliia 
so  long,  and  at  length  sendmg  the  said  message  to  the 
Governor.  They  hereupon  sat  silent  without  appearing 
ready  to  speak  to  any  thing,  and  making  no  return,  the 
secretary  pressed  them  to  answer  him,  telling  them  that 
he  asked  these  questions  in  behalf  of  the  Governor  and 
Government,  that  they  themselves  had  appeared  desi- 
rous to  speak  to  him,  and  that  as  they  now  had  an 
opportunity  they  ought  to  proceed  and  speak  their  minds 
freely.  To  which  at  length  they  answered,  that  there 
had  been  lately  killed,  by  the  southern  Indians,  twelve 


144  HISTORY    OF 

men ;  two  of  the  Mingoes  or  Five  Nations  and  two 
Shawanese,  about  one  lumdred  and  sixty  miles  from 
that  place,  which  was  the  occasion  of  their  sending  that 
message.  James  Logan  asked  them,  whether  these  two 
Shawanese  had  been  abroad  hunting:  they  answered, 
no !  Tliey  had  gone  out  to  war.  He  then  demanded 
the  reason  why  they  would  offer  to  go  to  war  after  their 
solemn  promises  to  our  Government  to  the  contrary. 
The  chief  of  the  Shawanese  replied,  that  a  dispute  aris- 
ing among  some  of  their  young  men,  who  was  the  best 
man,  to  end  it,  they  resolved  to  make  the  trial  by  going 
to  war,  that  they  could  not  be  restrained,  but  took  the 
opportunity  of  accompanying  some  of  the  Five  Nations 
that  were  going  out  and  took  their  road  that  way. 

The  Secretary  told  them  he  should  have  a  great  deal 
to  say  to  them  on  these  heads,  and  that  the  day  being 
now  far  advanced,  he  must  desire  them  to  meet  him  in 
the  same  place  in  the  morning,  and  then  treating  them 
with  some  drink  Avithdrew. 

Next  morning  the  same  persons  attended,  bringing 
some  bundles  of  skins  with  them;  from  whence  it  being 
conjectured  that  the  Indians  designed  to  begin  a  discourse. 
All  being  seated,  after  some  time  spent  in  silence,  the 
Mingoes  or  Conestogoe  Indians  began  ;  a  Ganawese  In- 
dian, who  called  him  Capt.  Smith,  and  is  said  to  speak 
all  the  several  languages,  viz  :  his  own,  or  the  Ganawese, 
the  Mingoe,  the  Shanawese  and  Delaware,  to  perfection, 
being  appointed  interpreter  into  the  Delaware  tongue, 
and  Peter  Bizaillon  and  John  Cartledge  iiiterpreting  into 
English.     They  spoke  as  follows  : 

"  The  last  year  Colonel  French  came  to  them  on  a 
message  from  the  GoTernor,  to  inquire  into  their  health, 
and  how  it  was  with  them,  their  children  and  grand- 
children." 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  145 

That  they  were  not  then  ready  to  give  an  answer 
to  all  that  he  said  to  them,  but  that  now  they  would 
speak  freely  from  the  bottom  of  their  hearts,  and  their 
friends  might  depend  on  not  having  words  only,  but 
their  truest  inwald  sentiments  without  reserve:  and  then 
they  laid  down  a  bundle  of  undressed  deer  skins. 

That  Col.  French  and  those  with  him  told  them  from 
the  Governor  that  the  message  the  Governor  sent  them, 
and  the  advice  he  gave  them,  were  from  his  heart  and  for 
their  good,  and  they  would  as  freely  speak  from  their 
hearts.  The  Governor  advised  them  to  go  out  no  more 
to  war,  nor  to  join  with  any  of  the  Five  Nations,  or 
others  that  went  out  for  that  purpose,  but  to  live  at 
peace  with  all  people,  and  if  any  prisoners  were  brought 
to  their  towns,  they  should  not  suffer  them  to  be  burned 
or  toptured.  That  though  some  of  their  people  were 
killed  once  or  again,  yet  they  should  not  go  out,  but  bear 
it,  but  the  third  time  they  might  all  go  out  as  one  man 
together ;  that  this  they  thought  was  somewhat  too  hard 
upon  them,  if  they  must  be  as  prisoners  at  home,  and 
could  not  go  to  meet  their  enemies  that  came  against 
them;  thai  when  Governor  Penn  first  held  councils 
with  them,  he  promised  them  so  much  love  and  friend- 
ship that  he  would  not  call  them  brothers,  because 
brothers  might  differ,  nor  children,  because  these  might 
offend  and  require  correction,  but  he  would  reckon  them 
as  one  body,  one  blood,  one  heart  and  one  head;  that 
they  always  remembered  this,  and  should  on  their  parts 
act  accordingly;  that  five  of  the  old  men  who  were  at 
those  councils  were  living;  these  were  removed,  and 
tliose  who  were  then  very  young  are  now  grown  up  to 
s-uoceed,  but  transmitted  it  to  their  children,  and  they  and 
all  theirs  should  remember  it  forever;  that  they  regarded 
not  reports,  or  what  was  said  abroad,  their  head  was  at 

13 


146  HISTORY    OF 

Philadelphia,  and  they  were  one  with  him ;  on  him  they 
depended  that  tliey  should  know  eveiy  thing  that  con- 
cerned them. 

The  Ganawesc,  in  behalf  of  their  people  say,  they  are 
glad  that  they  never  heard  any  thing  from  the  Govern- 
ment at  Philadelphia,  but  good  advice,  and  what  is  for 
their  advantage ;  that  their  present  chief  was  once  at  a 
council  with  William  Pemi  before  they  removed  into  this 
province,  and  that  since  they  came  into  it,  they  have 
always  lived  quiet  and  in  peace,  which  they  acknowledge, 
and  are  thankful  for  it;  that  the  advice  that  is  sent  them 
is  always  so  much  for  their  good  that  they  cannot  but 
gladly  receive  it.  When  the  sim  sets  they  sleep  in 
peace,  and  in  peace  they  rise  with  him,  and  so  continue 
while  he  continues  his  course,  and  think  themselves 
happy  in  their  friendship,  Avhich  they  shall  take  care  to 
have  continued  from  generation  to  generation.  And 
that  as  it  shall  thus  forever  continue  on  their  side,  so 
they  desire  the  same  may  continue  on  the  Governor's 
part;  and  that  if  any  reports  should  be  heard  concerning 
them,  they  desire  it  may  not  be  believed  to  their  disad- 
vantage, for  they  will  still  be  true  and  the  same  they  at 
first  professed  themselves;  and  then  laid  down  a  bundle 
of  deer  skins, 

Tlic  Conestogas  say  :       ^ 

That  William  Penn  made  a  league  with  them  to  last 
for  three  or  four  generations ;  that  he  is  now  dead,  and 
most  of  their  ancients  are  also  dead,  but  the  league  of 
friendship  continues  strong,  and  shall  forever  continue  so 
on  their  part.  And  this  is  not  said  on  behalf  of  them- 
selves, the  Mingoes  only,  but  of  all  the  Indians  on  the 
river;  and  they  gave  another  bundle  of  deer  skins. 
Captain  Civility  threw  down  a  small  bundle  of  furs, 
saying : 


LANCASTER   COLTS'Tr.  147 

"  That  they  all  join  and  sent  that  as  a  present  to  the 
GoTemor  to  make  him  a  beaver  hat.  They  say  in 
behalf  of  the  Ganawese,  that  they  have  no  writing  to 
show  their  league  of  friendship  as  the  others  have,  and 
therefore  desire  they  may  be  favored  with  one  lest,  if  they 
should  transgress  by  reason  of  rum,  which  was  brought 
to  them  in  too  large  quantities,  they  may  be  cast  off 
and  forgotten  that  ever  they  were  in  friendship  with  us." 

The  Indians  being  met  again  after  some  refreslmaents, 
the  secretary  spoke  to  them  as  follows  : 

"It  must  be  a  great  satisfaction  to  all  honest  and  good 
men  to  find  that  the  measures  that  great  man,  William 
Perm,  took  to  establish  a  firm  friendship  with  you  had 
such  excellent  success.  Your  predecessors  and  you 
always  found  him  sincere  in  what  he  professed.  He 
always  ordered  all  those  in  power  during  his  absence  to 
show  you  all  the  like  friendship  and  affection.  Every 
Governor  that  has  been  the  same  to  you,  and  the  present 
Governor,  Colonel  Keith,  showed  the  same  disposition 
immediately  upon  his  arrival,  by  hastening  up  to  you 
with  his  council  and  many  of  his  friends  as  soon  as  he 
heard  you  were  in  trouble. 

You,  on  your  part,  have  been  faithful  and  true  to  us, 
whatever  reports  might  be  spread,  yet  the  chain  was 
still  preserved  strong  and  bright.  We  have  lived  in 
perfect  peace  and  unity  above  any  other  Government  in 
America.  And  you  renewing  the  chain  at  this  time  upon 
the  decease  of  your  great  friend  with  us  who  remain 
alive,  is  so  affectionate  and  kind  that  I  shall  not  fail  to 
represent  it  duly  to  the  Governor  and  your  good  friends 
in  Philadelphia.  Tliis  chain  has  been  made  forty  years 
ago;  it  is  at  this  time  strong  and  bright  as  ever,  and  I 
hope  will  continue  so  between  our  children  and  your 
children,  and  their  children's  children  to  all  generations 


2  i5  HISTORY    OP 


while  the  waier  flows  or  the  sun  shines  in  the  heavens; 
and  may  the  Great  Spirit,  who  rules  the  heavens  and  the 
earth,  and  who  made  and  supported  us  all,  who  is  a  friend 
to  all  good  men  who  love  justice  and  peace,  contume  the 
same  blessings  upon  it  forever. 

But  my  friends  and  brothers,,  as  we  are  obliged  to  care 
for  each  other,  and  as  the  English  have  opportunities  of 
seeing  farther  than  you,  I  find  myself  obliged,  in  behalf 
of  the  Governor  and  Government,  to  offer  you  some 
advice  that  may  be  of  great  importance  to  you,  and 
which  at  this  time  is  absolutely  necessary. 

You  acquainted  me  yesterday  with  a  loss  you  had 
sustained,  viz  :  that  twelve  men,  ten  of  the  Five  Nations 
and  two  Shawanese,  had  been  lately  cut  off  by  the 
southern  Indians,  not  two  hundred  miles  from  this  place, 
which  grieves  me  exceedingly. 

I  am  scarcely  willing  to  mention  the  cause  of  it,,  lest  I 
sliould  trouble  you,  but  I  must  do  it  for  your  good; 
I  should  not  be  your  true  friend  should  I  forbear. 

You  know  then,  my  brothers,  that  the  cause  is  thai 
some  of  your  young  men  have  unadvisedly  gone  out  to 
war  in  comjmny  ivith  others  of  the  Five  Nations 
against  the  southern  Indians.  Young  men  love  to  go 
sometimes  to  war  to  show  their  manhood,  but  they  have 
unhappily  gone  against  Indians  that  are  in  friendship 
with  the  English.  You  know,  that  as  of  the  Five 
Nations,  some  are  called  Isawandswaes,  some  Cayoogoes, 
some  Anondogecs,  some  Oneyookes,  and  some  Con- 
nyinngoes,  yet  they  are  all  one  people ;  so  the  English, 
though  they  have  different  Governments,  and  are  divided 
into  New  England,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Maryland,  Virginia  and  Carolina,  yet  they  are  all 
under  one  great  king  wlio  has  twenty  times  as  many 
subjects    as  all  these,  and  has  ui  one  city  as  many 


LAI^CASTER   COUNTY.  149 

subjects  as  all  the  Indians  we  know  are  in  North 
America.  To  him  we  are  all  subject  and  are  all 
governed  by  the  same  laws;  therefore,  those  Indians 
who  are  in  league  with  one  Government  are  in  league 
with  all ;  your  friendship  with  us  recommends  you  to  the 
friendship  of  all  other  English  Governments,  and 
their  friends  are  our  friends.  You  must  not,  therefore, 
hurt  or  amioy  any  of  the  English  or  any  of  their  friends 
whatsoever. 

Those  southern  Indians,  especially  the  Tootelese, 
formerly  made  friendship  with  you,  and  I  believe  it  was 
them  who  lately  sent  you  nine  belts  of  wampum  to  con- 
tinue the  league.  They  desired  peace,  yet  the  Five 
Nations,  and  some  of  your  rash  young  men  have  set 
upon  them :  pray,  remember,  they  are  men  as  well  as 
you;  consider,  therefore,  I  request,  what  you  would 
thinlv  of  yourselves,  should  you  suffer  these  or  any  other 
people  to  come  year  after  year  and  cut  off  your  towns, 
your  wives  and  children,  and  those  that  escape  should  sit 
still  and  not  go  out  against  them;,  you  would  not  then 
deserve  to  be  accounted  men;  and  as  they,  you  find,  are 
men,  it  is  no  wonder  if  they  come  out  to  meet  these 
young  fellows  and  endeavor  to  destroy  those  whose 
business  it  is  to  destroy  them  and  their  families." 

I  must  further,  my  friend,  lay  before  you  the  conse- 
quence of  your  suffering  any  of  yovu  young  men  to  join 
with  those  of  the  Five  Nations.  They  come  through 
your  towns  and  bring  back  their  prisoners  through  your 
settlements,  thus  they  open  a  clear  path  from  these 
southern  Indians  to  your  towns,  and  they  who  have 
been  wrong  may  follow  that  open  path,  and  first  com.e 
directly  as  the  path  leads  to  you.  Thus  you  have  done 
but  Ihtle,  and  by  the  instigation  and  advice  of  others 
may  be  the  first  that  are  fallen  upon,  wliile  those  of  the 

L3» 


OD  HISTORY   OP 

Five  Nations  are  safe  at  home,  at  a  great  distance  with 
their  wives  and  children,  and  you  may  be  the  only 
sufferers. 

They  have  hitherto  come  out  to  meet  their  enemies 
who  were  going  to  attack  them,  and  like  men  they  fight 
tliem ;  but  as  I  am  your  friend,  I  must  further  inform  you 
that  these  people  would  come  quite  up  to  your  towns  to 
do  the  same  to  you  that  they  haA'e  suffered,  but  your 
being  settled  among  the  English  has  hitherto  preserved 
you,  for  the  Governors  of  Virginia  and  Carolina  can  no 
longer  hinder  them  from  defendhig  themselves.  They 
desired  peace,  and  would  live  in  peace,  if  it  miglit  be 
granted  them. 

I  must  further  inform  you,  as  youi"  friend,  that  this 
whole  business  of  making  war  in  the  manner  you  do,  is 
now  owing  to  those  who  desire  nothing  more  than  to  see 
all  the  Indians  cut  off,  as  well  to  the  northward  as  to  the 
southward,  that  is  the  French  of  Canada,  for  they  would 
have  the  .Five  Nations  to  destroy  the  southern  nations, 
the  destruction  of  all  being  their  desire.  The  Governor 
told  you,  by  Col.  French,  that  they  were  your  enemies 
who  put  you  upon  war;  and  they  are  your  truest 
friends,  who  would  preserve  you  in  peace  ;  hearken  to 
the  advice  of  your  friends,  and  you  will  bo  preserved. — 
You  see  your  numbers  yearly  lessen ;  I  have  known 
above  three  score  men  belonging  to  this  town,.andnov/- 
I  see  not  five  of  tlie  old  men  remaining. 

What  the  Governor  has  said  to  you  by  myself  and  by 
Colonel  French,  and  what  I  now  say  to  you  is  for  your 
own  advantage,  and  if  you  arc  your  own  friends  you 
will  i)ursue  the  advice  that  is  given  you.  If  any  of  the 
Five  Nations  come  this  way  in  their  going  to  war,  and 
call  on  any  of  you  to  accompany  them,  you  must  inform 
lliem  as  you  are  in  league  with  us,  and  are  our  people* 


LANCASTER    COUNTT.  151 

you  camiot  break  your  proinises,  and  it  cannot  but  be 
pleasing  to  them  to-  see  you  live  in  such  friendship  with 
us.  I  have  said  enough  on  these  heads,  and  you- 1  hope 
will  lay  it  'dp  in  your  hearts,  and  duly  observe  it :  let  it 
sink  into  your  minds,  for  it  is  of  gi'eat  weight. 

The  Ganawese  have  behaved  themselves  well  since 
they  came  amongst  us,  and  they  shall  have  what  they 
desire.  Your  people  of  Conestogoe,  about  twenty  years 
ago,  brought  the  Shawanese  to  Philadelphia  to  see  and 
treat  with  Governor  Penn,  and  then  promised  the 
Governor  that  they  would  answer  for  the  Shawanese 
that  they  would  live  peaceably  and  in  friendship  with  us, 
but  we  find  their  ears  are  thick,  they  do  not  hear  what 
we  say  to  them,  nor  regard  our  advice. 

Tlie  chief  of  the  Shawanese  answered  to  this  with 
deep  concern ;  that  this  was  occasioned  by  the  young 
men  who  lived  under  no  Government ;  that  when  their 
king,  who  was  then  living,  Opessah,  took  the  Govern- 
ment upon  him,  but  the  people  differed  with  him;  he  left 
them,  they  had  no  chief,  therefore  some  of  them  applied 
to  him  to  take  that  charge  upon  him,  but  tlmt  he  had 
only  the  nation  without  any  authority,  and  would  do 
nothing.  He  counselled  them,  but  they  would  not  obey, 
therefore  he  cannot  answer  for  them ;  and  divers  that 
were  present,  both  English  and  Indians,  confirmed  the 
trath  of  this. 

The  secretary  hereupon  admonished  him  and  the  rest 
to  take  a  further  care,  that  what  had  been  said  should 
be  pressed  upon  the  young  people  and  duly  observed ; 
and  tlien  callmg  for  liquor  and  drinking  with  them 
dismissed  them. 

But  the  ludians,  before  they  would  depart,  earnestly 
pressed  that  an  account  of  this  treaty  should,  with  all 
possible  speed,  be  despatched  to  the  Governors  to  the. 


\52^  HISTORT'  OP- 

southward,  and  to  their  Indians,  that  further  mischief 
might  be  prevented;  for  they  were  apprehensive  the 
southern  Indians  might  come  out  to  meet  the  Five 
Nations,  and  then  they,  as  had  been  said  to  them,  lying 
in  the  road  might  be  the  sufferers,  but  they  truly  desired 
peace,  and  were  always  against  molesting  any  Indians 
tliat  were  under  the  protection  or  lived  in  friendship - 
with  the  English. 

The  secretary  then  proposed  to  them  that  they  should 
send  some  of  their  people  with  beUs  of  wampum  to  the 
Governor  of  Virginia,  to  assure  him  of  their  resolution 
to  live  in  peace,  and  to  desire  him  to  acquaint  all  his 
Indians  with  the  same.  They  readily  agreed  to  send 
belts  without  delay,  and  promised  the  following  week  to 
bring  tliem  to  Philadelphia;  but  they  seemed  appre- 
hensive of  danger  to  their  people  in  going  to  Virginia, 
where  they  were  all  strangers,  unless  the  Governor 
would  send  some  English  in  company  with  them  to 
protect  them. 

After  this  conference  was  ended,  Civility  desired  to 
speak  with  the  secretary  in  private,  and  an  opportunity 
being  given,  he  acquainted  the  secretary  that  some  of 
the  Five  Nations,  especially  the  Cayoogoes,  had  at  divers 
times  expressed  a  dissatisfaction  at  the  large  settlements 
made  by  the  English  on  the  Susquehanna,  and  that 
they  seemed  to  claim  a  property  or  right  to  those  lands- 
The  secretary  answered,  that  he  (Civility)  and  all  the 
nations  were  sensible  of  the  contrary,  and  that  the  Five 
Nations  had  long  since  made  over  all  their  right  to  Sus- 
quehaima  to  the  Government  of  New  York,*  and  tliat 

•William  Pcnn  had  engaged  Thomas  Dongan,  late  Governor 
of  New  York,  to  make  a  purchase  of  these  lands.  Dongan,, 
(January  13th,  1G9G,)  conveyed  by  deeds  to  William  Pcnn  all 
that  tract  of  land  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Susquehanna,. 


LANCASTER    COUNTT.  153- 

Governor  Penn  had  purchased  that  right  with  which 
they  had  been  fully  acquainted.  Civility  aclmowledged 
tiie  truth  of  this,  hut  proceeded  to  say  he  thought  it  his 
duty  to  inform  us  of  it,  that  we  might  the  better  prevent 
all  misunderstanding." 

The  following  week  they  redeemed  their  promises  "to- 
send  their  belts  of  wampum  without  delay  to  Philadel- 
phia." The  Conestogos  sent  their  belts  by  Tagoleless  or 
Civility,  Oyanowhachso,  Sohais  Connedechto's  son  and 
Tayucheinjch :  the  Ganawese,  by  Ousewayteichks  or 
Captain  Smith,  Sahpechtah,  Meemeeivoonnook,  Win- 
jock's  son,  George  Waapessum  and  John  Prince :  Ken- 
neope  carried  the  Shawanese  belt  of  wampum. 

He  informed  them  that  he  was  pleased  to  hear  that 
they  were  disposed  to  be  peaceable,  and  that  he  would,, 
with  all  possible  despatch,  send  a  message  to  the  south, 
to  acquaint  the  Indians  there  of  their  peaceable  inten- 
tions ;  but  as  it  would  require  some  time  to  do  this  fully, 
he  advised  those  present,  and  through  them  then  about 
Susquehanna,  to  take  care  of  themselves  and  keep  out  of 
the  warrior's  paths  till  a  full  and  perfect  peace  and  good 
understanding  can  be  settled. 

The  Governor  and  council  sent  Samuel  Robins  to 
Governor  Spotswood,  of  Virginia,  with  these  belts;  he 
delivered  them ;  and  returned  in  March  following,  with 
two  belts  from,  the  Indians  of  Virginia,  which  were  sent 

and  the  Lakes  adjacent,  in  or  near  the  province  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  consideration  of  £100  sterling:  beginning  at  the 
mountains,  or  head  of  the  said  river,  and  running  as  far  as, 
and  into  the  bay  of  Chesapeak,  which  the  said  Thomas  lately 
purchased  of,  or  had  given  him  by  the  Susquehanna  Indians, 
witii  warranty  from  the  Susquehanna  Indians. — Sjnith,  II.  Ill, 
112.  This  purchase  was  confirmed  in  1700,. when  Penn  held 
a  treaty  with  the  Mingoes;  and  subsequently  at  a  meeting  at 
Conestoga  it  was  again  confirmed.— C'oZ.  Rec.  III.  95. 


154  '  HISTORY    OP 

to  those  of  Conestogoe,  assuring  them  that  they  "  will 
not  in  future  pass  over  Potomack  river  to  eastward  or 
northward,  or  the  high  ridge  mountains  extending  along 
tJie  back  of  Virginia:  Provided,  That  those  of  Cones- 
togo,  and  those  to  the  northward,  shall  not  pass  over 
Potomack  into  Virginia,  to  the  southward,  nor  shall  go 
over  to  the  eastward  of  the  said  ridge  of  mountains." — 
Jolm  Cartledge  delivered  them  the  belts  and  interpreted 
the  messa2;e. 


CHAPTER   IV. 


Governor  Keith  visits  the  Governor  of  Virginia — Holds  a  council  with, 
tlie  Indians  at  Conestoga — Indians  complain  of  the  use  of  rum,  &c. — 
Their  trade  in  pelts  impaired — Secretary  Logan  holds  a  discourse  with 
Ghesaont— Ghesaont's  reply,  &c. — Disturbances  created  by  intruders 
under  pretence  of  finding  coppermines,  &:c. — Governor  Keith  lias  a 
survey  of  lands  made  on  the  West  side  of  Susquehanna — Indians 
alarmed  by  Maryland  intruders — Logan,  French  and  Sheriil'of  the  county 
hold  a  council  at  Conestoga — Keith  determines  to  resist  attempted 
foicroachments  by  tlie  Marylanders — A  council  is  held  at  Conestoga — 
Springetsburg  manor  surveyed — Council  held  at  Conoytown — Settlement 
of  Germans  at  Swatara  and  Tulpehocken. 

In  the  preceding  chapter,  it  is  stated,  that  Samuel 
Robins  had  been  sent,  by  the  Governor  and  council,  to 
Governor  Spottswood,  of  Virginia ;  but  before  he 
returned,  Governor  Keith  started  for  Virginia;  on  his 
way  thither,  he  met  Robins,  at  Chester,  returning  to 
Piiiladelphia.  Keith,  after  an  interview  had  with 
Robins,  pursued  his  journey. 

In  order  to  reconcile  the  Pennsylvania  Indians  and 
those  of  the  south,  he  visited  the  Governor  of  Virginia,, 
in  person.     The  disscntions  among  the  belligerents  were 
caused  about  their    hunting    grounds^      The  q^uarrels. 


LANCASTER    COUNTT.  155 

between  the  Indians  were  such  as  to  disturb  the  peace 
of  the  province.  To  prevent  this,  Keith  entered  into 
articles  of  stipulation;  returned,  determined  on,  and 
soon  afterwards,  visiting  the  Indians  at  Conestoga,  to 
have  them  ratify  the  treaty,  which  was  in  substance: 
"That  the  Indians  resident  on  the  north  and  south  of  the 
Potomac  be  confined  to  their  respective  sides  of  the 
river." 

Governor  Keith,  accompanied  by  a  suit  of  seventy 
horsemen,  many  of  them  well  armed,  repaired  to 
Conestoga.*  "He  arrived  there,  July  5th,  1721,  at 
noon,  and  in  the  evening  went  to  Captain  Civility's 
cabin,  where  four  deputies  of  the  Five  Nations,  and 
some  few  more  of  their  people,  came  to  see  the  Go- 
vernor, who  spake  to  them  by  an  interpreter  to  this 
purpose : 

That  this  being  the  first  time  that  the  Five  Nations 
had  thought  fit  to  send  any  of  their  chiefs  to  visit  him 
(the  Governor  had  invited  them  to  Philadelphia;  but  they 
refused),  he  had  come  a  great  way  from  home  to  bid 
them  welcome ;  that  he  hoped  to  be  better  acquainted 
and  hold  a  fui'ther  discourse  with  them  before  he  left  the 
place. 

They  answered,  that  they  were  eome  a  long  way  on 
purpose  to  see  the  Governor  and  speak  with  him;  that 
they  had  heard  much  of  him,  and  would  have  come 
here  before  now,  but  that  the  faults  or  mistakes  of  their 
young  men  had  made  them  ashamed  to  shew  their  faces, 
but  now  that  they  had  seen  the  Governor's  face,  they 
were  well  satisfied  with  their  journey,  whether  any  thing 
else  was  done  or  not. 

The  Governor* told  them  that  to-morrow  morning  he 
designsd    to  speak  a  few   words  to  his  brothers  and 

♦Proud,  11. 12&. 


156  lilSTORT   Ot 

children,  the  Indians  of  Conestoga  and  their  friends 
upon  Susquehanna,  and  desired  that  deputies  of  the 
Five  Nations  might  be  present  in  council  tb  hear  what  is 
said  to  them. 

At  a  council  held  at  Conestoga,  July  6th,  1721 — 
Present:  the  Hon.  Sir  William  Keith,  Bart.,  Gov. 
Richard  Hill,  Caleb  Pusey,  Jonathan  Dickinson,  Col. 
Jolm  French,  James  Logan,  secretary. 

The  Governor  spoke  to  the  Indians,  as  follows :  My 
]irothers  and  children,  soon  as  you  sent  me  word  that 
your  friends  and  relations,  the  chiefs  of  the  Five 
Nations,  \Vere  come  to  visit  you,  I  made  h::lste  and  came 
up  to  see  both  you  and  them,  and  to  assure  all  the 
Indians  of  the  continuance  of  my  love  to  them. 

Your  old  acquaintance  and  true  friend,  the  great 
William  Penn,  was  a  wise  man,  and  therefore  he  did  not 
approve  of  wars  among  the  Indians  whom  he  loved, 
because  it  wasted  and  destroyed  their  people,  but 
always  recommended  peace  to  the  Indians  as  the  surest 
way  to  make  tlicm  rich  and  strong  by  increasing  their 
numbers. 

Some  of  you  can  well  remember  since  William  Penn 
and  his  friends  came  first  to  settle  among  you  in  this 
country ;  it  is  but  a  few  years,  and  like  as  yesterday,  to 
an  old  man ;  nevertheless,  by  following  that  great  man's 
peaceable  councils  this  Government  is  now  become 
'wealthy  and  powerful,  in  great  numbers  of  people ;  and 
though,  many  of  our  inhabitants  are  not  accustomed  to 
war,  and  dislike  the  practice  of  men  killing  one  another, 
yet  you  cannot  but  know  I  am  able  to  bring  several 
thousands  into  the  field  well  armed  to  defend  both  your 
people  and  ours  from  being  hurt  by  any  enemy  tliat 
durst  attempt  to  invade  us.  However,  we  do  not  forget 
what  William  Pej:m  often  told  us,  "  That  the  experience 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  157 

of  old  age,  which  is  true  wisdom,  advises  peace,"  and  I 
say  to  you,  that  the  wisest  man  is  also  the  bravest  man, 
fox  he  safely  depends  on  his  wisdom,  and  there  is  no 
true  courage  without  it.  I  have  so  great  a  love  for  you, 
my  dear  brothers,  who  live  under  the  protection  of  this 
Government,  that  I  camiot  suffer  you  to  be  hurt  no  more 
than  I  would  my  own  children.  I  am  just  now  returned 
from  Virginia,  where  I  wearied  myself  in  a  long  journey 
botli  by  land  and  water,  only  to  make  peace  for  you,  my 
children,  that  you  may  safely  hunt  in  the  woods  without 
danger  from  Virgmia,  and  the  many  Indian  nations  that 
are  at  peace  with  that  Government.  But  the  Governor 
of  Virginia  expects  that  you  will  not  hunt  within  the 
Great  Mountains,  on  the  other  side  of  Potomac  river; 
being  it  is  a  small  tract  of  land  which  he  keeps  for  the 
Virginia  Indians  to  hunt  in;  and  he  promises  that  his 
Indians  shall  not  any  more  come  on  this  side  Potomac, 
or  behind  the  Great  Momitains,  this  way,  to  disturb  your 
himting;  and  this  is  the  condition  I  have  made  for  you, 
which  I  expect  you  will  firmly  keep,  and  not  break  it  on 
any  consideration  whatsoever. 

I  desire  that  what  J  have  now  said  to  you,  may  be 
interpreted  to  the  chiefs  of  the  Five  Nations,  present ; 
for  as  you  are  a  part  of  them.  They  are  in  like  manner 
one  with  us,  as  you  yourselves  are ;  and  therefore  our 
councils  must  agree  and  be  made  known  to  one  another ; 
for  our  hearts  should  be  open,  that  we  may  perfectly  see 
into  one  another's  breasts.  And  that  your  friends  may 
speak  to  me  freely,  tell  them  I  am  willing  to  forget  the 
mistakes  which  some  of  their  young  men  were  guilty  ofj 
among  our  people ;  I  hope  they  will  grow  wiser  with 
age,  and  hearken  to  the  grave  counsels  of  their  old  men 
whoee  valor  we  esteem  because  they  are  wise;  but 
the  rashness  of  their  young  men  is  altogether  folly- 

14 


158  BISTORT  or 

At  Coiiestoga,  m  council,  July  7th. — Present:  Gov. 
Keith,  Richard  Plill,  Caleb  Piisey,  Jonathan  Dickinson, 
Col.  John  French,  James  Logan,  Secretary,  with  divers 
other  gentlemen.  Present,  also  :  The  chiefs  or  deputies 
sent  by  the  Five  Nations  to  treat  with  the  Government, 
viz :  Sinnekaes  nation,  Ghesaont,  Awennool,  Onondagoes 
nation,  Tannawree,  Skeetowas,  Gayoogoes  nation, 
Sahoode,  Tchehuque. 

Smith,  the  Ganawese  Indian  interpreter  of  the  Mingo 
language  to  the  Delawares ;  John  Cartledge  and  James 
Le  Tort,  uiterpreter  of  the  Delaware  into  English. 

Ghesaont,  in  the  name  and  on  the  behalf  of  all  the 
Five  Nations,  delivered  himself  in  speakmg  to  the 
Governor,  as  follows : 

They  were  glad  to  sec  the  Governor  and  his  comicil 
at  this  place,  for  they  had  heard  much  of  the  Governor 
in  their  towns  before  they  came  from  home,  and  now 
they  find  him  to  Le  what  they  had  then  heard  of  him, 
viz :  their  friend  and  brother,  and  the  same  as  if  William 
Penn  were  still  amongst  them.  They  assure  the  Go- 
vernor and  council  that  they  had  not  forgot  William 
Perm's  treaties  with  them,  and  that  his  advice  to  them 
was  still  fresh  in  their  memories. 

Though  they  cannot  write,  yet  they  retain  every  thmg 
said  in  their  councils  with  all  the  nations  they  treat 
with,  and  preserve  it  as  carefully  in  their  memories 
as  if  it  was  committed  in  our  method  to  writing. 

They  complain  that  our  traders  carrying  goods  and 
liquors  up  the  Susqueliamia  nver,  sometimes  meet  with 
their  young  men  out  to  war,  and  treat  them  unliindly; 
not  only  refusing  to  give  them  a  dram  of  their  liquor, 
but  use  them  with  ill  language,and  call  them  dogs,  &c. 

They  take  this  unkindly,  because  dogs  have  no  sense 
or  understanding;  whereas  they  are  men,  and  think  that 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  159 

their  brothers  should  not  compare  them  to  such  creatm-es. 
That  some  of  om*  traders  calling  their  young  men  by 
those  names,  the  young  men  answered,  "if  they  were 
dogs  then  they  might  act  as  such;"  whereupon,  they 
seized  a  keg  of  their  liquor  and  ran  away  with  it. 

N.  B. — This  seems  to  be  told  in  their  artful  way  to 
excuse  some  small  robberies  that  had  been  committed  by 
their  young  people. 

Then  laying  down  a  belt  of  wampum  upon  the  table, 
he  proceeded,  and  said:  That  all  their  disorders  arose 
from  the  use  of  rum  and  strong  spirits,  which  took  away 
their  sense  and  memory;  that  they  had  no  such  liquors 
among  themselves,  but  were  hurt  with  what  we  fur- 
nished to  them,  and  therefore  desired  them  that  no 
more  of  that  sort  might  be  sent  among  them. 

He  presented  a  bundle  of  dressed  skins,  and  said: 
That  the  Five  Nations,  faithfully,  remembered  all  their 
ancient  treaties,  and  now  desire  that  the  chain  of  friend- 
ship, between  them  and  us,  may  be  made  strong  as  that 
none  of  the  links  can  never  be  broken. 

Presents  a  bundle  of  raw  skins,  and  obsei-ves :  That  a 
chain  may  contract  rust  with  lying  and  become  weaker 
wherefore,    he    desires    it    may  now  become   so   well 
cleaned  as  to  remain  brighter  and  stronger  than  ever  it 
was  before. 

Presents  another  parcel  of  skins,  and  says :  That  as  in 
the  firmament  all  clouds  and  darkness  are  removed  from 
the  face  of  the  sun,  so  they  desire  that  all  misunderstand- 
ings may  be  fully  done  away ;  so  that  when  tliey  Avho 
are  now  here  shall  be  dead  and  gone,  their  whole  people 
with  their  children  and  posterity,  may  enjoy  the  clear 
sunshine  of  friendship  with  us  forever,  without  any 
thing  to  interpose  and  obscure  it. 

Presents  another  bundle  of  skins,  and  says:   That 


160  msTOEr  OP 

looking  upon  the  Governor,  as  if  William  Penn  was 
present,  they  desire,  that  m  case  any  disorders  should 
hereafter  happen  between  their  young  and  ours,  we 
would  not  be  too  hasty  in  resenting  any  such  accident, 
until  their  council  and  ours  can  have  some  opportmiity  to 
treat  amicably  upon  it,  and  so  to  adjust  all  matters  as 
that  the  friendship  between  us  may  still  be  inviolably, 
preserved. 

Presents  another  parcel  of  dressed  skins  and  desires  .• 
That  we  may  now  be  together  as  one  people,  treating 
one  another's  children  kindly  and  affectionately  on  all 
occasions.  He  proceeds,  and  says :  Tliat  they  consider 
theroselves,  in  this  treaty,  as  the  full  plenipotentiaries 
emd  representations  of  the  Five  Nations,  and  they  look 
upon  the  Governor  as  the  Great  King  of  England's 
Representative,  and  therefore  they  expect  that  every 
thing  now  stipulated  Avill  be  made  absolutely  firm  and 
good  on  both  sides. 

Presents  a  bmidle  of  bear  skins,  and  says:  That 
having  now  made  a  firm  league  with  us  as  becomes  owe 
brothers,  they  complain  that  they  get  too  little  for  their 
slcins  and  fm's,  so  as  they  cannot  live  by  their  hunting. — 
They  desire  as,  therefore,  to  take  compassion  on 
them  and  contrive  some  way  to  help  them  in  that 
particular. 

Presenting  a  few  furs,  he  speaks  only  as  for  himself  to 
acquaint  the  Governor  that  the  Five  Nations  having 
heard  that  the  Governor  of  Virginia  wanted  to  speak 
with  tliem.  He  himself,  with  some  of  his  company, 
intend  to  proceed  to  Virginia,  but  do  not  laiow  the  way 
how  to  get  safe  thither. 

At  a  comicil  held  at  the  house  of  John  Cartledge,  Esq. 
near  Conestoga,  July  8th,  1721.    Present,  Gov.  Keith, 


LANCASTER   COUNTY.  116 

Richard  Hill,  Jonathan  Dickinson,  Col.  John  French, 
James  Logan,  secretary. 

The  Governor  desired  the  Board  would  advise  him  as  to 
the  quantity  and  kind  of  presents  that  must  be  made  tp 
the  Indians  in  return  to  theirs,  and  in  confirmation  of  his 
speech  to  them.  Whereupon  it  was  agreed  that  twenty- 
five  strowd  match  coats  of  two  yards  each,  one 
hundred  weight  of  gunpowder,  two  liundred  weight  of 
lead,  with  some  biscuit,  tobacco  and  pipes,  should  be 
delivered  as  the  Governor's  present  to  the  Five  Nations. 
And  the  same  being  prepared  accordingly,  the  council 
was  adjourned  to  Conestoga,  the  place  of  treaty. 

At  a  council  held  at  Conestoga,  July  8th,  1721.  P.  M. 
Present:  Gov.  Keith,  and  the  same  members  as  before, 
with  divers'  gentlemen  attending,  the  Governor  and  the 
chiefs  of  the  Five  Nations  being  all  seated  in  council, 
and  the  presents  laid  down  before  the  Indians. — 
The  Governor  spoke  to  them,  by  the  interpreters,  in 
these  words : 

]My  friends  and  brothers,  it  is  a  great  satisfaction  to  me 
that  I  have  this  opportmiity  of  speaking  to  the  valient 
and  wise  Five  Nations,  whom  you  tell  me  you  are  fully 
empowered  to  represent.  I  treat  with  you,  therefore,  as 
if  all  these  nations,  here,  were  present;  and  you  are  to 
understand  that  what  I  now  say  to  be  agreeable  to  the 
minds  of  our  great  monarch,  George,  the  King  of  Eng- 
land, who  lends  his  care  to  establish  peace  amongst  all 
the  mighty  nations  of  Europe,  and  unto  whom  all  the 
the  people,  in  these  parts,  are  as  it  were  but  like  one 
drop  of  a  bucket;  so  that  what  is  now  transacted 
between  us  must  be  laid  up  as  the  words  of  the  whole 
body  of  your  people  and  our  people,  to  be  kept  in 
perpetual  remembrance.  I  am  also  glad  to  find  that 
you  remember  what  William  Pemi  formerly  said  to  you, 

U* 


162  HISTORY   OP 

He  was  a  great  man,  and  a  good  man;  his  own  people 
loved  Inm;  he  loved  the  Indians,  and  they  also  loved 
him;  he  was  as  their  father;  he  would  never  suffer 
tliem  to  be  wronged ;  never  would  he  let  his  people  enter 
upon  any  lands  until  he  had  first  purchased  them  of  the 
Indians.  He  was  just,  and  therefore  the  Indians  loved 
him. 

Though  he  is  now  removed  from  us,  yet  his  children 
and  people  follow  his  example,  will  always  take  the 
same  measures,  so  that  his  and  our  posterity  will  be  as  a 
long  chain  of  which  he  was  the  first  link,  and  one  link 
ends  another  succeeds,  and  then  another  being  all  fii'mly 
bound  together  in  one  strong  chain  to  endure  forever. — 
He  formerly  knit  the  chain  of  friendship  with  you  as  the 
chief  of  all  the  Indians  in  these  parts,  lest  this  chain 
should  grow  rusty  you  now  desire  it  may  be  secured  and 
made  strong,  to  bind  us  as  one  people  together.  We  do 
assure  you  it  is,  and  has  always  been  bright  on  one  side, 
and  so  we  will  ever  keep  it. 

As  to  your  complaint  of  our  traders,  that  they  have 
treated  some  of  your  young  men  unkindly,  I  take  that  to 
be  said  only  by  way  of  excuse  for  the  follies  of  your 
people,  thereby  endeavoring  to  persuade  me  that  they 
were  provoked  to  do  what  you  very  well  know  they  did ; 
but,  as  I  told  our  own  Indians  two  days  ago,  I  am 
willing  to  pass  by  all  these  things.  You  may  therefore  be 
assured  that  our  people  shall  not  offer  any  injuiy  to 
yours ;  or  if  I  know  that  they  do,  they  shall  be  severely 
punished  for  it.  So  you  must,  in  like  manner,  strictly 
command  3'our  young  men  that  they  do  not  offer  any 
injury  'to  ours ;  for  when  they  pass  through  the  utmost 
skirts  of  our  inhabitants,  where  there  are  no  people  yet 
settled,  but  a  few  traders,  they  should  be  more  careful  of 
them  as  having  separated  themselves  from  the  body  of 


LANCASTER    COUNXr.  163" 

theiif  friends,  piU'ely  to  serve  the  Indians  more  commo- 
diously  with  what  they  want  Nevertheless,  if  any 
little  disorders  should  at  any  time  hereafter  arise,  v^e 
will  endeavor  that  it  shall  not  break  or  weaken  the 
chain  of  friendship  between  us;  to  which  end,  if  any  of 
your  people  take  offence,  you  must  in  that  case  apply  to 
me  or  to  our  chiefs;  and  when  we  shall  have  any  cause 
to  complain,  we  shall,  as  you  desire,  apply  to  your 
chiefs  by  our  friends,  the  Conestogoe  Indians,  but  on 
both  sides  we  must  labor  to  prevent  every  thing  of  this 
kind  as  much  as  we  can. 

You  complam  that  our  traders  come  mto  the  path  of 
your  young  men  going  out  to  war,  and  thereby  occasion 
disorders  amongst  them ;  I  will  therefore,  my  friends  and 
brotliers,  speak  very  plainly  to  you  on  this  head.  Your 
young  men  come  down  the  Susquehanna  river  and  take 
tlieir  road  through  our  Indian  towns  and  settlements,  and 
imdie  a  path  between  us  and  the  people  against  whom 
they  go  out  to  war ;  now  you  must  know,  tliat,  the  patji 
tills  way,  leads  them  only  to  the  Indians  who  are  in 
alliance  with  the  English,  and  first  those  who  are  in 
strict  league  of  friendship  with  the  great  Governor  of 
Virginia,  just  as  these,  our  friends  and  children,  who  are 
settled  amongst  us,  are  in  league  with  me  and  our 
people.  You  cannot  therefore  make  war  upon  the 
Indians  in  league  with  Virginia  without  weakening  the 
chain  with  the  English ;.  for  as  we  would  not  suffer  these 
om  friends  and  brothers  of  Conestogoe,  and  upon  this 
river,  to  be  hurt  by  any  persons  without  considering  it 
was  done  to  ourselves;  so,  the  Governor  of  Virginia 
looks  upon  tlie  injmies  done  to  his  Indian  brothers  and 
friends  as  if  they  were  done  to  himself;  and  you  very 
well  know  that  though  you  are  five  different  nations,  yet 
you  are  but  one  people,  so  as  tliat  any  wrong  done  tp, 


164  EisTonr  of 

our  nation  is  received  as  an  injmy  done  to  oil.  In  the 
same  manner,  and  much  more  so  it  is  with  the  English^, 
who  are  all  united  under  one  Great  King,  who  has 
more  people  in  that  one  town  where  he  lives,  than  all 
the  Indians  in  North  America  put  together. 

You  are  in  a  league  with  New  York  as  your  ancient 
friends  and  nearest  neighhors,  and  you  are  in  a  league 
with  us  by  treaties  often  repeated,  and  by  a  chain  which 
you  have  now  brightened.  As  therefore  all  the  English 
are  but  one  people,  you  are  actually  in  league  with  all 
the  English  Governments,  and  must  equally  preserve 
the  peace  v/ith  all  as  with  one  Government. 

You  pleased  me  very  much  when  you  told  me  that 
you  were  going  to  treat  with  the  Governor  of  Virginia. 
Your  nations  formerly  entered  into  a  firm  league  with 
that  Government,  and  if  you  have  suffered  that  chain  to 
grow  rusty  it  is  time  to  scour  it;  and  the  Five 
Nations  have  done  very  wisely  to  send  you  there  for  that 
purpose. 

I  do  assure  you,  the  Governor  of  Virginia,  is  a  great 
and  good  man.  He  loves  the  Indians  as  his  children, 
and  so  protects  and  defends  them,  for  he  is  very  strong, 
having  many  thousand  christian  warriors  under  his  com- 
mand, whereby  he  is  able  to  assist  all  those  who  are  in 
any  league  of  friendship  with  him.  Hasten,  therefore, 
my  friends,  to  brighten  and  strengthen  the  chain  with  that 
great  man;  for  he  desires  it,  and  will  receive  you  kindly. 
He  is  my  great  and  good  friend;  I  have  been  lately 
with  him.  And  since  3^ou  say  you  are  strangers,  I  will 
give  you  a  letter  to  him  to  inform  him  of  what  we  have 
done,  and  of  the  good  design  of  your  visit  to  him  and  to 
his  country. 

My  friends  and  brothers,  I  told  you  a  few  days  ago^ 
that  we  must  open  our  breasts  to  each  other;   I  shall,, 


LANCASTER   COUNTY.  16^ 

tlierefrc,  like  your  true  friend,  open  mine  yet  further  to 
yoTi  for  your  good. 

You  see  that  the  EngUsh,  from  a  very  small  people  at 
first,  are  by  peace  amongst  themselves,  become  a  very 
gi'eat  people  amongst  you,  far  exceeding  the  number  of 
all  the  Indians  that  we  knoAV  of.  But  while  v/e  are  at 
peace,  the  Indians  continue  to  make  war  upon  one 
another,  and  destroy  each  other,  as  if  they  intended  that 
none  of  their  people  should  be  left  alive;  by  which 
means  you  are,  from  a  great  people,  become  a  very 
small  people,  and  yet  you  v/ill  go  on  to  destroy 
yourselves. 

The  Indians  of  the  south,  though  they  speak  a 
different  language,  yet  they  are  the  same  people,  and 
inhabit  the  same  land  with  those  of  the  north,  we  there- 
fore camiot  but  wonder  how  you,  that  are  a  wise  people, 
should  take  delight  in  putting  an  end  to  your  race :  the 
English,  being  your  true  friends,  labor  to  prevent  this. — 
We  would  have  you  strong  as  a  part  of  ourselves ;  for 
as  our  strength  is  your  strength,  so  we  would  have  yours 
to  be  £ts  our  own. 

I  have  persuaded  all  my  brethren  in  these  parts  to 
consider  what  is  for  your  good,  and  not  to  go  out  any 
more  to  war ;  but  your  young  men,  as  they  come  this 
way,  endeavor  to  force  them,  and  because  they  incline  to 
follow  the  counsels  of  peace  and  advice  of  their  true 
friends,  yom'  people  use  them  ill  and  often  prevail  with 
them  to  go  out  to  their  own  destruction.  Thus  it  was 
that  tliis  town  of  Conestogoe,  lost  their  good  King  not 
long  ago,  and  thus  many  have  been  lost.  Their  young 
children  arc  left  without  parents,  their  wives  without 
husbands,  the  old  men,  contrary  to  the  course  of  nature, 
mourn  tlie  death  of  their  young,  tiie  people  decay  and 


HISTORY    OF  166 

grow  weak,  we  lose  our  dear  friends  and  are  aiilicted, 
and  this  is  chiefly  owing  to  your  young  men. 

Surely  you  cannot  suppose  to  get  either  riches  or 
possessions  by  going  thus  out  to  war ;  for  when  you  kill 
a  deer  you  have  the  flesh  to  eat  and  the  skin  to  sell,  but 
when  you  return  from  war  you  bring  nothing  home  but 
the  scalp  of  a  dead  man,  who,  perhaps,  was  husband  to 
a  kind  wife,  and  father  to  tender  children,  who  never 
wronged  you,  though  by  losing  him  you  have  robbed 
them  of  this  help  and  protection,  and  at  the  same  time 
got  nothing  by  it. 

If  I  were  not  your  true  friend,  I  would  not  take  th& 
trouble  of  saying  all  these  things  to  you,  which  I  desire 
may  be  fully  related  to  all  your  people,  when  you  return 
homo,  that  they  may  consider  in  time  what  is  for  their 
OAvn  good;  and  after  this,  if  any  will  be  so  madly  deaf 
and  blind  as  neither  to  hear  nor  sea  the  danger  before 
them,  but  will  still  go  out  to  destroy  and  be  destroyed  for 
nothing,  I  must  desire  that  foolish  young  men  will  take 
another  path,  and  not  pass  this  way  amongst  our  people, 
whose  eyes  I  have  opened  and  they  have  wisely  hearkened 
to  my  advice.  So  that  I  must  tell  them  plainly,  as  I  am 
their  best  friend,  and  this  Government  is  their  protector, 
and  as  a  father  to  them.  We  will  not  suffer  them 
any  more  to  go  out  as  they  have  done  to  their  destruc- 
tion. I  say  again,  we  will  not  suffer  it,  for  we  have  the 
counsel  of  wisdom  amongst  us,  and  know  v/hat  is  for 
their  good;  for  though  they  are  weak,  yet  they  are  our 
brethren.  We  will  therefore  take  care  of  them  tliat  they 
are  not  misled  with  ill  council;  you  mourn  when  you 
lose  a  brother,  we  mourn  when  any  of  them  are 
lost;  to  prevent  which,  they  shall  not  be  suffered  to  go, 
out  as  they  have  done  tQ,t>q  destroyed  by  war,,. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  167 

My  good  friends  and  brothers,  I  give  you  the  same 
counsel,  and  earnestly  desire  that  yO'U  will  follow  it 
since  it  will  make  you  a  happy  people.  I  give  you  this 
advice,  because  I  am  your  true  friend,  but  I  much  fear 
you  hearken  to  others  who  never  were  nor  never  will  be 
your  friends.  You  know  verj'  well  that  the  French  have 
been  your  enemies  from  the  beginning,  and  though  they 
were  at  peace  with  you  about  two  and  twenty  years 
ago,  yet  by  subtle  practices  they  still  endeavor  to  ensnare 
ycu.  They  us'^  arts  and  tricks,  and  tell  you  lies  to 
deceive  you,  and  if  you  would  make  use  of  your  own 
eyes,  and  not  be  deluded  by  their  Jesuits  and  Luter- 
preters,  you  would  see  this  yourselves;  for,  you  know, 
they  have  had  no  goods  of  any  value,  these  several 
years  past,  except  what  has  been  sent  to  them  from  the 
English,  of  New  York,  and  that  is  now  all  over.  They 
give  fair  speeches  instead  of  real  services,  and  as  for 
many  years  they  attempted  to  destroy  you  in  war,  so 
they  now  endeavor  to  do  it  in  peace;  for  when  they 
persuade  you  to  go  out  to  war  against  others,  it  is  only 
that  you  may  be  destroyed  yourselves,  while  we,  as 
your  true  friends,  labor  to  prevent,  because  we  would 
have  your  numbers  increased  that  you  may  grow  strong, 
and  that  we  may  be  all  strengthened  m  friendship  and 
peace  together. 

As  to  what  you  have  said  of  trade,  I  suppose  the 
great  distance  at  which  you  live  from  us  has  prevented 
all  commerce  between  us  and  your  people.  We  believe, 
those  who  go  into  the  woods  and  spend  all  their  time 
upon  it,  endeavor  to  make  the  best  bargains  they  can  for 
themselves;  so,  on  your  part,  you  must  ^alie  care  to 
make  the  best  bargain  you  can  with  them,  but  we  hope 
our  traders  do  not  exact,  for  we  think  that  a  stroud  coat, 
or  a  pound  of  powder  is  now  sold  for  no  -  more  buck- 


16S  filsToRY  or 

skins  than  formerly;  braver,  indeed,  is  not  of  late  so 
much  used  in  Europe,  and  therefore  does  not  give  so 
good  a  price,  and  we  deal  but  very  little  in  thai 
commodity.  Cut  deer-skins  sell  very  well  amongst  us, 
and  I  shall  always  take  care  that  the  Indians  be  not 
■wronged,  but  expect  other  measures  be  taken  to  regulate 
the  Indian  trade  every  where ;  the  common  methods  used 
in  trade  will  still  be  followed,  and  every  man  must  tate 
care  of  himself,  for  thus  I  must  do  myself,  when  I  buy 
any  thing  from  our  own  people,  if  I  do  not  give  them 
their  price,  they  will  keep  it,  for  we  are  a  free  people.- — 
"But  if  you  have  any  further  proposals  to  make  about 
these  affairs,  I  am  willing  to  hear  and  consider  them, 
for  it  is  my  desire  that  the  trade  be  well  regulated  to 
your  content. 

I  am  sensible  ram  is  x'ery  hurtful  to  the  Indians ;  "wb 
have  made  laws  that  none  should  be  carried  amongsi 
them,  or  if  any  were,  that  it  should  be  staved  and  thrown 
upon  the  groimd;  and  the  Indians  have  been  ordered  to 
destroy  all  the  rum  that  comes  in  their  way;  but  they 
will  not  do  it,  they  will  have  rum,  and  when  we  refu^ 
it,  they  will  travel  to  the  neighboring  provinces  and 
fetch  it;  their  own  women  go  to  purchase  it,  and  then 
sell  it  amongst  their  own  people  at  excessive  rates.  I 
would  gladly  make  any  laws  to  prevent  this  that  could 
DC  effectual,  but  the  country  is  so  wide,  the  woods  are  so 
dark  and  private,  and  so  far  out  of  my  sight,  that  if  the 
Indians  themselves  do  not  prohibit  their  own  people., 
there  is  no  other  way  to  prevent  it ;  for  my  part,  I  sliall 
readily  join  in  any  measures  that  can  be  proposed  for  so 
good  a  purpose. 

I  liave  now,  my  friends  and  brothers,  said  all 
that  I  think  can  be  of  any  service  at  this  time,  and  I 
give  you  these  tilings  here  laid  before  you  to  coufirm  my 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  169 

w'-ords,  viz  :  five  stroud  coats,  twenty  pounds  of  powder, 
and  forty  pounds  of  lead,  for  each  of  the  Five  Nations; 
that  is,  twenty-five  coats,  one  hundred  weight  of  powder, 
and  two  hundred  of  lead,  in  the  whole,  which  I  desire 
may  he  delivered  to  them,  with  these  my  words  in  my 
name  and  the  behalf  of  the  province, 

I  shall  he  glad  frequently  to  see  some  of  your  chief 
rtien  sent  in  the  name  of  all  the  rest,  but  desire  you  will 
be  so  Idnd  as  to  come  to  us  to  Philadelphia  to  visit  our 
families  and  children  born  there,  where  we  can  provide 
better  for  you  and  make  you  more  welcome ;  for  people 
always  receive  their  friends  best  at  their  own  houses. — 
I  heartily  wish  you  well  on  your  journey  and  good 
success  on  it  And  when  you  return  home.  I  desire  you 
will  give  my  veiy  kind  love,  and  the  love  of  all  our 
people,  to  your  kings  and  to  all  their  people. 

Then  the  Governoi-  rose  up  from  his  chair,  and  when 
he  had  called  Ghesaont,  the  speaker  to  him,  he  took  a 
coronation  medal  of  the  King's  out  of  his  pocket,  and 
presented  it  to  the  Indians,  in  these  words: 

That  our  children,  when  we  are  dead,  may  not  forget 
these  things,  but  keep  this  treaty  between  us  in  perpetual 
remembrance,  I  here  deliver  you  a  picture  in  gold, 
bearing  the  image  of  my  great  master,  the  King  of  all 
tl-ie  English  ;  and  when  you  return  home  I  charge  you  to 
deliver  this  piece  into  the  hands  of  the  first' man  or 
greatest  chief  of  all  the  Five  Nations,  whom  you  call 
Kannygoodk,  to  be  laid  up  and  kept  as  a  token  to  your 
children's  cliildren,  that  an  entire  and  lasting  friendship  is 
now  established  forever  between  the  English,  in  this 
country,  and  the  great  Five  Nations." 

By  the  approbation  and  direction  of  Gov.  Keith,  James 
Logan,  secretary,  held  a  discourse  with  Ghesaont,  on  tlte 
9th  of  July.     Lcgan  reminded  Ghesaorit  of  the  great 

15 


170  nisTOHY  OP 

satisfaction  the  Governor  had  exj^ressed  to  him  in  the 
council  upon  their  kind  visit,  and  the  freedom  and 
opemiess  that  had  been  used  to  them  on  our  parts,  and 
tlierefore  advised  him  if  he  had  any  thing  in  his  thoughts 
further  relating  to  the  friendship  established  between  us 
and  the  matters  treated  in  council,  he  would  open  his 
breast  in  this  free  conversation,  and  speak  it  without 
reserve,  and  whatever  he  said  on  those  heads  should  be 
reported  faithfully  to  the  Governor. 

Ghesaont  then  said,  that  he  was  very  well  pleased 
with  what  had  been  spoken.  He  saw  the  Governor  and 
the  English  were  true  friends  to  the  Five  Nations,  but  as 
to  their  young  people  going  out  to  war,  which  we 
chiefly  insisted  on ;  the  principal  reason  was  that  their 
young  men  were  become  very  poor,  they  could  get  no 
goods  nor  clothing  from  the  English,  and  therefore  they 
went  abroad  to  gain  them  from  their  enemies.  That 
they  had  once  a  clear  sky  and  sunshine  at  Albany,  but 
now  all  was  overcast;  they  could  no  longer  trade  and 
and  get  goods  as  they  had  done,  of  which  he  could  not 
Icnow  the  reason,  and  therefore  they  had  resolved  to 
try  whether  it  was  the  same  among  the  other  English 
Governments. 

To  which  Logan  answered,  that  they  had  from  the 
first  settlement  of  New  York  and  Albany,  been  in  a  strict 
league  and  friendship  with  that  Government,  and  had 
always  had  a  trade  with  and  been  supplied  by  them 
with  goods  they  wanted.  That  it  was  true,  for  three  or 
four  years  past,  the  French  had  come  from  Canada  to 
Albany,  in  New  York,  and  purchased  and  carried  away 
great  part  of  the  goods,  strowd  waters,  especially, 
sometimes  three  or  four  hundred  pieces  in  a  year,  which 
the  Five  Nations  ought  to  have  liad;  but  that  now, 
another    Governor  being  lately  sent  thither,  from  the 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  171 

great  King  of  England;  he  made  a  law  that  the 
French  should  not  have  any  more  goods  from  the 
English :  that  this  had  been  the  reason  of  the  clouds  and 
dark  weather  they  complained  of;  but  that  now  a  clear 
sunshine,  as  they  desired,  would  be  restored  to  them . 
that  he  very  well  knew  this  gentleman,  the  new 
Governor,  that  he  had  not  long  since  been  at  Philadel- 
phia, and  at  his  (the  secretary's)  house,  and  that  he 
heard  him  say  he  would  take  care  his  Indians  should 
be  well  supplied  for  the  future,  and  accordingly  they 
might  depend  on  it. 

Ghesaont  hereupon  asked,  whether  they  did  not  know 
that  the  French  had  for  some  years  past,  had  the  cloths 
from  the  English,  ansAvered,  that  they  knew  very  well 
that  these  English  goods  went  now  in  a  new  path, 
different  from  that  they  had  formerly  gone  in,  that  they 
knew  not  where  they  went,  but  they  went  beside  them 
and  they  could  not  get  hold  of  them,  though  they  much 
wanted  them. 

The  secretary  proceeded  to  say^  that  as  New  York  and 
Albany  had  been  their  most  ancient  friends,  so  they 
could  best  supply  them,  and  they  could  certainly  do  it,  if 
they  continued  in  duty  on  their  part;  that  they  were 
sensible  the  great  King  of  England  had  a  regard  for 
them,  by  the  notice  that  he  took  of  them  almost  every 
year;  that  all  the  English,  every  where,  were  friends. — 
We  were  now  very  glad  to  see  them,  but  wished  for  the 
future  they  would  come  to  Philadelphia,  as  they 
formerly  used  to  do;  that  he  himself  had  seen  their 
chiefs  twice  at  Philadelphia,  the  two  years  that  William 
Penn  was  last  here,. and  that  when  his  son  came  over 
about  three  years  after,  now  about  seventeen  years  ago,, 
a  considerable  number  of  them  came  down  and  held  a 
great  council^  with  us,  and  therefore    he  hoped  they 


172  HISTORY    OF 

would  visit  US  then  again,  Avliich  would  be  much  moi'c 
convenient  than  so  far  back  in  the  woods  where  it  was 
difficult  to  accommodate  them  and  ourselves,  that,  how- 
ever, we  were  glad  to  sec  them  here.  This  they  knew 
was  a  Government  but  lately  settled,  but  that  they  were 
now  soina;  into  two  Govenuuents  that  had  been  much 
longer  seated,  and  were  very  rich,  and  would  make  them 
exceedingly  welcome ;  that  we  saw  them  in  the  woods 
only,  at  a  great  distance  from  home,  but  they  would  see 
the  Governors  of  Virginia  and  Maryland,  at  their  own 
towns  and  houses,  where  they  would  entertain  them 
much  better;  that  they  would  be  very  kindly  received, 
for  we  were  all  of  one  heart  and  mind,  and  should 
always  entertain  them  as  our  brothers. 

Ghesaont  took  an  opportunity  of  himself  to  enter  again 
on  the  subject  of  their  people  making  peace  with  the 
other  Indians  on  the  main.  He  said  that  he  had  in  his 
own  person  labored  for  it  to  the  utmost;  that  he  had 
taken  more  pains  to  have  it  established  than  all  the 
English  had  done;  that  their  people  had  lately  made 
peace  with  the  Twcuchtwese;  that  they  had  now  a 
universal  peace  with  all  the  Indians,  excepting  tluee 
small  nations  to  the  southward,  with  whom  they  hoped 
to  have  concluded  upon  his  present  journey  by  means  of 
the  Governor  of  Virginia;  that  his  own  desii-es  were 
very  strong  for  peace,  as  his  endeavors  iiacl  shewn,  and 
that  lie  doubted  not  to  see  it  established  every  where. — 
He  said  the  Governor  had  spoken  veiy  well  in  the  coun- 
cil against  their  young  men  going  to  war,  yet  had  not 
done  it  fully  enough,  for  he  should  have  told  them 
positively  that  they  should  not  on  any  account  be 
suffered  to  go  out  to  war,  and  he  would  have  reported 
It  accordingly,  and  this  would  have  been  a  moi;e 
cffe.clual  way  to  i)revent  tjiera. 


LANCASTER    COITIS'TT.  173 

The  secretary  then  proceeded  to  treat  with  them  about 
the  road  they  were  to  take,  ^nd  it  was  agreed  that  the  chief 
of  the  Nanticokes,  a  sensible  man,  who  was  ihen  present, 
should  conduct  them  from  Conestogoe  to  their  town,  on 
Wye  river,  that  they  should  be  furnished  with  provi- 
sions for  their  journey  sufficient  to  carry  them  among  the 
inhabitants,  after  which  they  were  directed,  as  the 
Governor  had  before  ordered,  that  they  should  produce 
his  passport  to  the  gentlemen  of  the  country  where  they 
travelled,  by  whom  they  would  be  provided  for ;  and  the 
Nanticoke  chief  Avas  further  desired,  upon  their  leaving 
the  Nanticoke  towns^  to  direct  them  to  some  of  the  chief 
gentlemen  and  officers  of  those  posts  who  would  un- 
doubtedly take  care  of  them  on  sight  of  these  passports, 
and  thereby  laiowing  their  business,  have  them  trans- 
ported over  the  bay  of  Annapolis.  Being  further  asked 
how  they  would  get  an  interpreter  to  Virginia  where 
the  Indians  know  nothing  of  their  language,  and  some 
proposals  being  made  to  furnish  them,  they  answered, 
there  would  be  no  occasion  for  any  care  of  that  kind,  for 
they  very  well  knew  the  Governor  of  Virginia  had  an 
interpreter  of  their  language  always  with  him. 

Provisions  being  then  ordered  for  their  journey,  as  also 
at  their  desire,  some  for  those  of  their  company,  who 
witli  their  women  and  children  were  to  return  directly 
home  by  water  up  the  river  Susquehanna,  viz:  a  bag  of 
biscuit,  some  pieces  of  bacon  and  dried  venison ;  these 
matters  were  concluded  with  great  expressions  of 
thankfulness  for  the  Governor's  great  care  of  them 
and  their  families,  which  kindness-  they  said  they  never 
should  forget. 

The  discourse  being  continued,  they  were  told  it  was  • 
now  very  near,  viz:   within  one  moon  of  thirty-seven 
years  since  a  great  man  of  England,  Governor  of  Viir- 

15* 


174  HISTORY    OP 

ginia,  called  the  Lord  Effingham,  together  with  Colonel 
Dongan,  Governor  of  New  York,  held  a  treaty 
with  them  at  Albany,  of  which  we  had  the  writings  to 
this  day. 

Ghesaont  answered,  they  knew  it  well,  and  the  sub- 
jects of  that  treaty,  it  was,  he  said  about  settling  of 
lands.  Being  further  told,  that  in  that  treaty  the  Five 
Nations  had  given  up  all  their  right  to  all  the  lands  on 
Susquehanna  to  the  Duke  of  York,  then  brother  to  the 
King  of  England.  He  acknowledged  this  to  be  so,  and 
that  William  Penn  since  had  the  rights  of  these  lands. — 
To  which  Civility,  a  descendant  of  the  ancient  Sasque- 
hannah  Indians,  the  old  settlers  of  these  parts,  but  now 
reputed  as  of  an  Iroquois  descent,  added  that  he  had 
been  informed  by  their  old  men,  that  they  were  troubled, 
when  they  heard  that  their  lands  had  been  given  up  to  a 
place  so  far  distant  as  New  York,  and  that  they  were 
overjoyed  when  they  understood  William  Penn  had 
brought  them  back  again,  and  that  they  had  confirmed 
all  their  right  to  him. 

Divers  questions  were  further  asked  him,  especially 
concerning  the  French  of  Canada,  their  trade  and  fortifi- 
cations, on  which  he  said  that  the  French  had  three  forts 
on  this  side  the  river  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  between  their 
towns  and  Mentual,  furnished  with  great  numbers  of 
great  guns,  that  the  French  drove  a  great  trade  with 
tliem,  had  people  constantly  in,  or  going  to  and  coming 
from  their  towns,  that  tlie  French  kept  young  people  in 
their  towns  on  purpose  to  learn  the  Indian  language, 
wliich  many  of  them  now  spoke  as  well  as  themselves; 
tlKit  they  had  a  great  intercourse  with  them,  that  about 
three  hundred  of  their  men,  viz  :  of  ilic  Five  Nations, 
were  seated  on  the  other  side  of  the  great  river,  that  the 
French  had  this  last  spring  begun  to  build  or  to  provide 


LANCASTER   COUNTY.  175 

for  building  a  fort  at  Niagara  Falls,  but  they  had  since 
declined  it ;  he  knew  not  for  Avhat  reasons ;  and  they 
(the  French)  had  sent  to  his  town  (the  Isanandonas)  this 
last  winter  a  great  deal  of  powder  ta  be  distributed 
among  them,  but  nothing  was  done  upon  it.  Being 
particularly  asked  whether  the  French  had  ever  treated 
with  them  about  any  of  their  lands,  or  whether  the 
Idians  had  ever  granted  the  French  any.  He  answered, 
no !  diat  his  people  knew  the  French  too  well  to  treat 
with  them  about  lands ;  they  had  never  done  it,  or  ever 
granted  them  any  upon  any  account  whatsoever,  and  of 
this  he  said,  we  might  assure  ourselves.  Thus  the  day 
was  spent  in  such  discourses,  with  a  pipe  and  some 
small  mixed  liquors,  and  the  next  morning  Ghesa.ont, 
with  tlie  rest  of  his  company,  returning  from  the  Indian 
town  to  John  Cartledge,  took  their  leaves  very  affec_ 
tionately,  with  great  expressions  of  thankfulness  to  the 
Governor  and  tliis  Government  for  their  Idnd  reception." 
Shortly  after  the  treaty  held  at  Conestoga,  the  Go- 
vernor received  information  that  tiie  Lidians  were  likely 
to  be  disturbed  by  the  secret  and  underhanded  practices 
of  persons,  both  from  Maryland  and  Philadelphia,  who, 
under  the  pretence  of  finding  a  copper  mine,  were  about 
to  survey  and  take  up  lands  on  the  other  side  of  tlie  Sus- 
quehannah,  contrary  to  a  former  order  of  Government; 
Keith  determined  to  prevent  this.  He  nat  only  sent  a 
special  messenger  with  a  writ  under  the  lesser  seal,  but 
himself  went  to  the  upper  parts  of  Chester  county  to 
locate  a  small  quantity  of  land,  for  which  he  purchased 
an  original  proprietary  right ;  on  his  way,  he  understood 
that  some  persons  were  actually  come  with  a  Maryland 
right  to  survey  lands  upon  the  Susquehanna,  fifteen 
miles  above  Conestoga;  he  pursued  his  coiu-se  directly 
to  that   place,   and    fortunately    arrived    but    a    very 


176  HISTORY   07- 

few  hours  in  time  to  prevent  the  execution  of  their- 
design. 

"  Having/'  says  Keith,  "the  Surveyor  General  of  this 
province  with  me  in  company,  after  a  httle  consideration, 
I  ordered  him  to  locate  and  survey  some  part  of  the  right 
I  possessed,  viz :  only  five  hundred  acres  upon  that  spot 
on  the  other  side  of  Susquehanna,  which  was  likely  to 
prove  a  bone  of  contention,  and  breed  so  much  mischief, 
and  he  did  so  accordingly,  upon  the  4th  and  5th  of  April ; 
after  which  I  returned  to  Conestoga  to  discourse  with  tli* 
Indians  upon  what  happened  ;  but  in  my  way  thither,  I 
was  very  much  surprised  with  a  certain  accomit  that  the 
young  men  of  Conestoga  had  made  a  famous  war  dance 
the  night  before,  and  that  they  Avere  all  going  to  war 
immediately,  hereupon,  I  appointed  a  council  to  be  held 
with  the  Indians  next  morning  in  Civility's  cabin." 

The  particulars  of  tliis  meeting  were  never  recorded. 
But  before  long  the  Indians  became  considerably 
alarmed,  at  the  proposed  encroachments  of  the  Mary- 
landers;  Governor  Keith,  shortly  afterwards,  held  a 
council  with  the  Indians  at  Conestoga,  June  15,  1722,  to 
procure  from  them  a  grant  to  survey  a  tract  of  land, 
known  by  the  name  of  ^Springett  Manor,^^  in  York 
county. 

Closely  connected  with  the  Maryland  intrusions  as  to 
time,  an  accoimt  of  v/hich  has  been  presented,  the  fears 
of  the  people  of  the  province  were  again  awakened  by 
a  quarrel  between  two  brothers,  named  Cartledge,  and 
an  Indian,  named  Saanteenee,  near  Conestoga,  in  which 
the  latter  was  killed,  with  many  circumstances  of 
cruelty. 

The  known  principles  of  revenge,  professed  by  the 
Indians,  gave  reason  to  apprehend  severe  retaliation. — ^^- 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  1.'/ 

Policy  and  justice   required  a  rigid  inquiry,  and  the 
infliction  of  exemplary  punishment."* 

The  Governor  sent  James  Logan  and  Colonel  French, 
and  the  high  sheriff  of  the  county  of  Chester,  who  left 
Philadelphia,  March  7th,  and  arrived  at  the  house  of 
John  Cartledge,  the  9th,  to  execute  their  commission, 
and  to  investigate  the  whole  matter  connected  v/ith  the 
death  of  Saanteenee. 

They  then  proceeded  to  Conestoga,  where  they  held  a 
council  the  14th  day  of  March,  1721-22,  with  the  Indians, 
viz:  Civility,  Tannacharoc,  Gunnehatorooja,  Toweena, 
and  other  old  men  of  the  Conestogoe  Indians,  Savannah, 
chief  of  the  Shawanese,  Winjack,  chief  of  the  Gana- 
wese,  Tekaachroo,  a  Cayoogoe,  Oweeyekanowa,  Nosh- 
targlilmmen,  Delawares.  Present,  divers  English  and 
Indians — the  acused  were  arrested,  and  confined  at 
Philadelphia. 

Great  pains,  says  Proud,  were  taken  in  this  affair;  an 
Indian  messenger,  Satcheecho,  was  despatched  to  *he 
Five  Nations.  The  Governor,  with  two  of  the  council, 
met  and  treated  with  the  Five  Nations,  at  Albany, 
respecting  it;  besides  the  presents,  which  were  made  to 
the  Indians.  "  The  Five  Nations  desired  that  the  Cart- 
ledges  should  not  suffer  death;  and  the  affair  was  at 
length  amicably  settled."  "One  life,"  said  the  Indian 
King,  "  on  this  occasion,  is  enough  to  be  lost,  there  should 
not  two  die."t 

In  a  preceding  page  we  stated  that  the  Marylanders 
attempted  encroachments  on  the  lands  within  the  limits 
of  Pennsylvania.  Keith  was  determined  to  resist  them 
by  force;  he  ordered  out  a  company  of  militia,  from 
New  Castle,  to  march  to  Ouchteraro,  (Octoraro),  where 
they  were  to  aAvait  his  further  orders.     His  councils, 

•Gordon's  Pa.  188.        f  Votes  of  Assembly. 


178  HISTORY    OP 

however,  who  were  disposed  to  resort  to  no  violence, 
even  should  the  Marylanders  employ  force  to  gain  their 
object,  did  not  coincide  with  the  Governor  in  these 
violent  measures.  The  Indians  had  become  greatly 
alarmed ;  a  council  was  held  at  Conestoga,  on  Friday 
and  Saturday,  the  15th  and  16th  June,  1722;  when  the 
Indians  agreed,  hi  order  Governor  Keith  might  have  a 
better  title  to  resist  the  Marylanders,  that  a  large  tract 
should  be  conveyed  to  him  for  the  use  of  Springett 
Penn,  grandson  of  William  Penn,  senior. 

The  following  is  a  copy  of  tlie  minutes  of  the  council, 
held  at  Conestoga:  Present,  Governor  W.  Keith,  Colonel 
John  French,  Francis  Worley,  Esq.;  the  chiefs  of  the 
Cojiestogoe,  Shawana  and  Ganaway  Indians ;  Smith, 
the  Ganaway  Indian,  and  James  Le  Tort,  interpreters. 

The  Governor  spoke  as  follows :  Friends  and  brothers, 
the  belts  which  I  lately  received  from  the  Five  Nations, 
signify  that  they  are  one  people  with  the  English,  and 
our  very  kind  neighbors  and  friends.  They  invite  me 
to  come  to  them,  and  I  purpose,  in  a  short  time,  to  go 
and  meet  them  at  Albany,  and  to  make  the  chain  as 
bright  as  the  sun.  When  they  see  me,  they  will  remem- 
ber their  great  friend  William  Penn;  and  then  our 
hearts  will  be  filled  with  love,  and  our  councils  with 
peace. 

Friends  and  brothers,  you  say  you  love  me,  because  I 
come  from  your  father,  William  Penn,  to  follow  his 
ways,  and  to  fulfil  all  his  kind  promises  to  the  Indians. 
You  call  me  William  Penn,  and  I  am  proud  of  the  name 
you  give  mc.  Put  if  we  have  a  true  love  for  the 
memory  of  William  Penn,  we  must  show  it  to  his 
family  and  his  children,  that  arc  grown  up  to  be  men  in 
England,  and  will  soon  come  over  to  represent  him  here. 
The    last  time    I   was  with  you  at   Concstogoe,  you 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  179 

showed  me  a  parchment  which  you  had  received  from 
William  Penn,  containing  many  articles  of  friendship 
between  him  and  you,  and  between  his  children  and 
your  children.  You  then  told  me,  he  desired  you  to 
remember  it  well  for  three  generations  ;  but  I  hope  you 
and  your  children  will  never  forget  it.  That  parchment 
fully  declared  your  consent  to  William  Penn's  purchase 
and  right  to  the  lands  on  both  sides  of  the  Susquehanna. 
But  I  find  both  you  and  we  are  likely  to  be  disturbed  by 
idle  people  from  Maryland,  and  also  by  others'*  who 
h  ave  presumed  to  survey  on  the  banks  o£  the  Susque- 
hanna without  any  powers  from  William  Penn  or  his 
children,  to  whom  they  belong,  and  without  so  much  as 
asking  your  consent.  I  am  therefore  now  come 
to  hold  a  council  and  consult  with  you  how  to  prevent 
such  unjust  practices  for  the  future.  And  hereby  we 
will  show  our  love  and  respect  for  the  great  William 
Penn's  children,  who  inherit  their  father's  estate  in  this 
country,  and  have  a  just  right  to  the  hearty  love  and 
friendship  of  all  the  Indians,  promised  to  them  in  many 
treaties.  I  have  fully  considered  this  thing;  and  if  you 
approve  my  thoughts,  I  will  immediately  cause  to  be 
taken  a  large  tract  on  the  other  side  of  Susquehanna,  for 
the  grandson  of  William  Penn,  who  is  now  a  man  as 
tall  as  I  am.  For  when  the  land  is  marked  with  his 
name  upon  the  trees,  it  will  keep  off  the  Marylanders, 
and  every  other  person  whatsoever,  from  coming  to 
settle  near  you  to  disturb  you.  And  he  bearmg  the 
same  kind  heart  to  the  Indians  which  his  grand-^father 
did,  will  be  glad  to  give  you  a  part  of  his  land  for  your 

^•^One  John  Grist  and  divers  others,  had,  without  warrants,  or 
permission,  settled  their  families,  and  taken  up  lands  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Susquehanna,  prior  to  1121.— Col  Rec.  III. 
133. 


ISO  HISTORY   OF 

o^vn  use  and  convenience ;  but  if  other  people-  take  it 
up,  they  will  make  settlements  upon  it,  and  then 
it  will  not  be  in  his  power  to  give  it  you  as  you  want  it. 

My  friends  and  brothers,  those  who  have  any  wisdom 
amongst  you,  must  see  and  be  convinced  that  what  I 
now  say  is  entirely  for  your  good;  for  this  will 
effectually  hinder  and  prevent  any  person  from  settling 
lands  on  the  other  side  of  Susquehanna,  accordmg  to 
your  desire  -,  and,  consequently,  you  will  be  secure  from 
being  distiubed  by  ill  neighbors,  and  will  have  all  that 
land  at  tlie  same  time  in  your  own  power  to  make  use 
of  This  will  also  beget  a  true  hearty  love  and  friend- 
ship between  you,  your  children,  and  the  great  William 
Penn's  grandson,  who  is  now  Lord  of  aU  this  country 
in  the  room  of  his  grand-father.  It  is  therefore  fit  and 
necessary  for  you  to  begin  as  soon  as  you  can  to 
express  your  respect  and  love  to  him.  He  expects  it 
from  you  according  to  your  promises  in  many  treaties, 
and  he  will  take  it  very  kindly. 

Consider,  then,  my  brothers,  that  I  am  now  giving  you 
an  opportunity  to  speak  your  thoughts  lovingly  and 
freely  unto  tliis  brave  young  man,  William  Penn's 
grand-so::;  and  I,  whom  you  know  to  be  your  true 
friend,  will  take  care  to  write  down  your  words,  and  to 
send  them  to  England,  to  this  gentleman,  who  will 
return  you  a  kind  answer ;  and  so  many  hearts  will  be 
made  glad  to  see  that  great  William  Pcnn  still  lives  in  his 
children  to  love  and  serve  the  Indians. 

Council  met  on  the  16th.  The  Indians  replied  through 
Tawencu,  spokesman:  They  have  considered  of  what 
the  Governor  proposed  to  them  yesterday,  and  think  it  a 
matter  of  very  great  consequence  to  them  to  hinder  the 
Marykmdcrs  from  settling  or  taking  up  lands  so  near 
them  upon  Sasquchanna.     They  veiy  much  approve 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  181 

-v^/hat  the  Governor  spoke,  and  like  his  counsel  to  them 
very  well;  but  they  are  not  willing  to  discourse  particu- 
larly on  the  business  of  land,  lest  the  Five  Nations  may 
reproach  or  blame  them. 

They  declare  again  their  satisfaction  to  them  in  coun- 
cil; and  although  they  know  that  the  Five  Nations  have 
not  any  right  to  their  lands,  and  that  four  of  the  towns 
do  not  belong  to  any,  yet  the  fifth  town,  viz:  the 
Cayugoes,  are  always  claiming  some  right  to  the  lands 
on  the  Susquehanna,  even  where  they  themselves  live ; 
wherefore  they  think  it  will  be  a  proper  tmie,  when  the 
Governor  goes  to  Albany,  to  settle  that  matter  with  the 
Cayugoes,  and  then  all  parties  will  be  satisfied. 

They  asked  the  Governor  whereabouts,  and  what 
quantity  of  land,  does  he  propose  to  survey  for  Mr. 
Penn  ?  It  is  answered,  from  over  against  the  mouth  of 
Conestoga  creek,  up  to  the  Governor's  new  settlement, 
and  so  far  back  from  the  river,  as  that  no  person  can 
come  to  annoy  or  disturb  them  in  their  towns  on  this 
side.  They  proceed  and  say,  that  they  are  at  this 
very  apprehensive  that  people  will  come  when  the 
Governor  is  gone  to  Albany,  and  survey  this  land; 
wherefore  they  earnestly  desire  that  the  Governor  will 
immediately  cause  the  surveyor  to  come  and  lay  out  the 
Land  for  William  Penn's  grand-son,  to  secure  them ;  and 
they  doubt  not  but  the  Governor's  appearance  and  con- 
duct afterwards  at  Albany,  will  make  all  things  easy 
there."* 

Having  obtained  the  consent  from  the  Indians,  the 
Governor  issued  his  warrant,  June  18th,  and  on  the  19th 

*A  congress  of  several  Governors,  of  New  York,  Pennsyl- 
vaniaand  Virginia,  and  commissioners  were  hold  in  September- 
1722,  with  the  Six  Nations,  at  Albany ;  and  the  ancient  friend, 
ship  was  renew.ed. 

16 


182  HISTORY   OP 

and  20th,  June,  Springeftsbury  Manor  made  by  Col 
John  French,  Francis  Worley  and  James  Mitchell.—- 
They  had  been  directed,  by  the  Governor,  to  take  with- 
them  such  of  the  neighboring  inhabitants  as  they  thought 
fit  to  call  to  their  assistance,  immediately  to  cross  the 
river  Susquehanna,  and  to  survey  or  cause  to  be  sur- 
veyed, marked  and  located,  the  quantity  of  seventy 
thousand  acres,  or  thereabouts.* 

There  was  a  council  held  at  Conoy  town,  July,  1722, 
in  Donegal  township.  James  Mitchell,  Esq.  and  Mr, 
James  Le  Tort,  were  desired  to  be  present  with  the 
chiefs  of  the  Conestogoes,  Sawaneis,  and  Conoys, 
together  with  seven  chief  men  of  the  Nanticoke  Indians, 
who  were  upon  a  journey  to  the  Five  Nations,  in  order 
to  renew  former  friendship,  and  strengthen  it  in  unity  for 
time  to  come.  Anxious  to  make  the  best  of  their 
journey,  they  determined  upon  having  the  best  inter- 
preter they  could  find  at  Conoy  town,  they  made  appli- 
cation to  Captain  Smitli,  to  accompany  them;  but  in 
consequence  of  having  engaged  to  accompany  Governor 
Keith  to  Albany,  in  August,  he  declined.  Mr.  Mitchell 
hastened  to  inform  Governor  Keith  of  the  presence  of 
the  Nanticokes,  who  were  a  peaceable  people,  and 
lived    quietly    amongst  the   English,  in  INIaryland. 

About  the  year  1723,  a  number  of  Germans,  lately 
from  Schoharie,  New  York,  settled  on  the  Swatara  and 
Tulpehocken  creeks.  It  may  be  interesting  to  readers  to 
know  how  these  Germans  came  to  Tulpehocken. 

On  a  proclamation  of  Queen  Anne,  of  England,  170S, 
some  three  or  four  thousand  Germans  went  in  1 709,  to 
Holland,  and  were  thence  transported  to   England. — 

•Col.  Rcc.  III.  195. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  1S3 

They  encamped  near  London.  In  1710,  Col.  Nicholson, 
and  Colonel  Schuyler,  accompanied  by  five  sachems  or 
Indian  chiefs,  returned  from  America  to  England,  to 
solicit  additional  force  against  Canada.*  While  in 
London,  the  chiefs  of  the  confederated  Indians  saw  the 
miserable  condition  of  the  Germans,  and  commiserating 
their  case,  one  of  them  voluntarily  presented  the  Queen 
a  tract  of  his  land  in  Schoharie,  New  York,  for  the  use 
and  benefit  of  the  Germans.t  About  this  time,  Colonel 
Robert  Hunter,  appointed  Governor  of  New  York, 
sailing  for  America,  brought  with  him  about  three 
thousand  of  these  Germans  or  Palatines,  to  the  town  of 
New  York,  Avhere  they  encamped  several  months,  and 
in  the  fall  of  1710,  were  moved,  at  the  Queen's  expense, 
to  Livingston  District.  In  this  wilderness  home,  it  was 
allotted  them,  that  they  should  manufacture  tar  and  raise 
hemp  to  repaij  freightage,  from  Holland  to  England, 
and  thence  to  New  York. J  In  this  business,  they  were 
unsuccessful.  However,  they  were  released  of  all 
freightage  upon  them  in  1713.  About  one  hundred  and 
fifty  of  tlie  famiUes,  willing  to  avail  themselves  of  the 
advantages  of  their  present  from  the  Indians  to  Queen 
Anne,  moved  through  a  dense  forest,  to  Schoharie,  west 
of  Albany,  and  seated  themselves  among  their  Maqua 
or  Mohawk  friends.  Here  their  sufferings,  for  a  while, 
were  great;  they  were  deprived  of  nearly  all  the  neces- 
saries of  life.     Their  neighbors,  like  Indians,  "  are  wont 

*His.  N.  Y.  39,  Holmes,  An.  I.  501. 

fHallische  Nachrichten,  973—981 

tDiese  Teutche  Colonie  solte  Theer  brennen  und  Hanf 
bauen,  fucr  Erstattung  ihrer  Fracht  von  Holland  bis  England, 
und   von   da  bis  nach  Neuyork.— ^.  iW",  Muehlenierg,  Hal 


1S4  HISTORY   0? 

not  to  do'^ — laid  up  no  stores  from  which  they  could" 
supply  the  wants  of  their  white  brethren — depending 
entirely  upon  Natiue's  store-house ;  believing  that  their 
hands  were  not  made  to  labor  with,  but  to  have  rule 
over  the  birds  of  the  air,  the  fishes  of  the  stream;, 
and  the  game  in  Nature's  park. 

In  Schoharie,  having  permission  from  the  Indians,  this 
colony  commenced,  under  discouraging  circumstanceSy 
improving  lands  and  building  houses.  They  labored 
for  ten  years,  when  they  were  dispersed;  and  in  1723,  a 
portion  of  them,  surrounded  by  difficulties  in  travelling, 
rising  of  three  hundred  miles,  seated  themselves,  some 
eighty  or  ninety  miles  from  Philadelphia,  at  Swatara  and 
Tulpehocken.*  Among  this  number  were  the  Weisers,t 
whose  descendants  are  numerous  and  respectable ;  these 
are  the  Muhlenbergs  and  others. 

*Hallische  Nachrichten. 

fConrad  Weiser,  who  remained  in  New  York,  when  his 
father  came  here  in  1723,  arrived  at  Tulpehockcn  in  1729.  In. 
a  subsequent  page  the  reader  will  find  a  mticz  of  C.  W. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  185 


CHAPTER  V. 

Donegal  township  organized — First  settlers — Harris's  attempt  to  settle  at 
Conoy — Settles  at  Paxton — Settlement  commenced  by  Barber,  Wright 
and  Blunston — Settlements  back  from  the  river — Reamstown  settlement 
— Welsh  settlement— Webei's  Thai  settled — Settlement  at  Saeue 
Schwamm,  or  New  Holland — Germans  misrepresented — Committee 
appointed  to  inquire  into  the  facts ;  makes  report — Thomas  Wright  killed 
by  the  Indians — Inhabitants  of  the  upper  part  of  Chester  county 
alarmed — Governor  Gordon  goes  to  Conestoga  and  holds  a  treaty  -nith 
the  Indians — Returns  to  Philadelphia — Note  ;  Iron  Works. 

As  the  population  of  the  county  increased,  it  was  found 
necessary  to  organize  new  townships.  Donegal  was 
organized  in  the  year  1722,  and  David  Jones  appointed 
constable.  The  first  settlers  of  Donegal  were  principally 
Irish  emigrants;  they  were  the  Semples,  Pattersons, 
Mitchells,  Hendrickses,  Speers,  Galbraiths,  Andersons, 
Scotts,  Lowreys,  Pedans,  Porters,  Sterrits,  Kerrs,  Works, 
Litles,  Whitehills,  Campbells,  and  others.  James 
Mitchell  and  James  Hendricks,  were  justices  of  the 
peace.  Many  of  the  lineal  descendants,  of  the  first 
settlers,  are  still  the  owners  of  their  ancestor's  first 
possessions. 

Jolm  Harris,  a  native  of  Yorkshire,  who  commenced, 
afterwards,  a  settlement  at  Paxton,  first  made  an  attempt 
to  settle  near  the  mouth  of  Conoy  creek,  not  far  from  the 
present  site  of  Bainbridge.  Harris  did  not  think  this  a 
propitious  spot ;  for,  it  appears,  this  place  was  fre- 
quented by  more  northern  Indians,  on  their  southern 
excursions,  which  excited  considerable  alarm.*  Go- 
vernor Spottswood,  of  Virginia,  in  a  letter  to  the 
Governor  of  Pennsylvania,  says:  "A  nnmber  of  Penn- 

*Col.  Rec.  III.  58—90. 

16* 


186  HISTORY    OF 

sylvania  Indians,  while  on  their  return  from  the  south, 
when  they  had  committed  several  robberies  and  out- 
rages, stopped  at  Conoytown,  May  20,  1719,  and  while 
there,  the  Indians  sent  for  John  Cartledge,  Esq, — On  his 
arrival,  they  sat  do-«Pli  before  him  in  a  grand  council  of 
war,  produced  fifteen  prisoners,  bade  him  discourse  with 
two  of  them  that  spoke  English.  Cartledge  found  they 
were  natives  of  Virginia ;  he  interceded  for  their  lives 
and  liberties;  but  the  Indians  turned  a  deaf  ear  to  his 
entreaties,  and  gave  him  to  understand,  that  they 
intended  to  continue  in  their  dire  perpetrations  of  out- 
rages upon  the  Virginians,  declaring,  they  had  made  a 
clear  path  tp  pass  and  repass,  to  and  from  the  southward, 
having  removed  all  obstacles  out  of  the  way,  and  that 
they  expected  to  have  free  recourse  for  their  people 
amongst  the  English  plantations,  whilst  they  were 
making  war."*  The  apprehension  of  insecurity  may 
have  influenced  Harris  to  abandon  this  place,  and  locate 
at  Paxton. 

John  Harris,  the  first  white  settler  at  Paxton,  the 
present  site  of  Harrisburg,  "experienced  much  difficulty 
at  his  first  settlement,  as  his  supplies  had  to  be  trans- 
ported on  liorscs,  a  great  distance.  He  was  an  extensive 
Indian  trader;  and  he  was  also  the  first  person  who 
introduced  the  plough  on  the  Susquehanna,  within  the 
jncsent  limits  of  Dauphin  county. 

His  son  John,  the  founder  of  Harrisburg,  is  said  to 
have  been  born  at  the  present  site  of  Harrisburg  or  nn- 
mediately  below  it,  in  1726  ;  and  he  is  also  said  to  have 
heen  the  first  white  child  born  in  Pennsylvania,  west 
oi  the  Conewago  Hills.  He  died  in  1701,  aged  65- 
y«ars." 

*Col.  Hoc.  111.70. 


LANCASTER    OOUNTT>  IST,' 

"  An  incident  in  the  life  of  John  Harris,  the  elder,  has 
excited  considerable  interest,  and  been  the  subject  of 
much  inquiry.  On  one  occasion,  a  band  of  Indians,  who 
had  been  down  the  river,  or,  as  is  said,  to  the  east,  on  a 
trading  excursion,  came  to  his  house — some,  or  most  of 
them,  were  intoxicated — they  asked  for  lum,  meaning 
West  India  rum,  as  the  modern  whiskey  was  not  then 
manufactured  m  Pennsylvania.  Seeing  they  were 
already  intoxicated,  he  feared  mischief,  if  he  gave  them 
more,  and  he  refused.  They  became  enraged,  and 
seized  and  tied  him  to  the  JNIulberry  tree  to  burn  him. — 
Whilst  they  were  proceeding  to  execute  their  purpose,, 
he  was  released,  after  a  struggle,  by  other  Indians  of  the 
neighborhood,  who  generally  came  across,  the  river. — 
How  tlie  alarm  was  given  to  them,  whether  by  firing  a 
gun  or  otherwise,  or  by  whom,  is  not  certainly  known. — 
In  remembrance  of  this  event,  he  afterwards  directed 
that  on  his  death  he  should  be  buried  under  the  Mul- 
berry tree,  which  had  been  the  scene  of  this  adventure. 
Part  of  the  trunk  of  this  tree,  is  still  standing.  It  is  ten 
feet  high,  up  to  the  lowest  limbs,,  and  the  stump  is  eleven 
feet  six  inches  in  circumference.^' 

John  Harris,  died  about  1748-^probably  in  December,* 
and  was  biu:ied  v/here  he  had  directed-— under  the  shade  of 
his  own  memorable  tree — and  there  his  remaiiis  still 
repose,  with  those  of  some  of  his  children.  The  title  to 
the  grave  yard,  to  the  extent  of  fifteen  feet  square,  is 
secured  by  conveyance  from  the  commissioners  who 
laid  out  the  town.  In  the  words  of  Parson  Elder, 
who  knew  John  Harris,  well,  ^'He  was  as  honest  a 
man,as  ever  broke  bread.^' 

A  settlement  was  commenced  in  1726,  on  the  Susque- 
hanna, south  of  the  Chiques  Hill,  by  Robert  Barber, 

*EsQ.  Geo.  W.  Harris'  letter,  dated  August  10, 1843. 


18S  HISTORY   OP 

Jolin  Wriglit  and  Samuel  Blunston,  Quakers,  The  first 
mentioned  took  up  and  pm-chased  one  thousand  acres, 
bounded  by  the  Chi([ui's  Hill  on  the  north,  and  extending 
down  the  Susquehanna  to  llie  present  site  of  Columbia. 
Having  his  warrant,  INIr.  Barber  returned  to  Chester,  and 
in  1727,  in  company  with  John  Wright  and  Samuel 
Blunston,  and  families,  came  and  settled  on  the  land  he 
had  piu-chased.  Samuel  Blunston  took  five  hundred 
acres,  adjoining  the  Chiques  Hill,  and  built  a  house 
where  Mr.  S,  B.  Heise  now  resides.  He  died  without 
issue,  and  his  estate  descending  to  collateral  heirs,  is 
now  held  by  the  JNIisses  Bethel. 

John  Wright,  (who  had  come  from  Lancashire,  Eng- 
land, to  Chester  county,  on  the  Delaware  river,  in  1714,) 
took  two  hundred  and  fifty  acres  of  the  land  lying  south, 
and  immediately  below  Blunston's,  and  built  where  the 
Messrs.  Wrights  now  reside.  Two  large  Walnut  trees, 
of  the  English  species,  planted  by  him  more  than  one 
hundred  years  ago,  contimie  to  designate  the  place 
of  his  first  improvement.  His  descendants  continue 
to  reside  in  Columbia,  and  hold  part  of  the  first 
purchase. 

These  three  gentlemen  were  active  and  enterprising 
and  useful  citizens.  Their  names  are  intimately  asso- 
ciated with  all  the  earlier  transactions  of  Lancaster 
county,  as  will  appear  from  the  sequel  of  our  History. 

"When  they  first  settled  here,  and  for  some  time,  says 
William  Wright,  grandson  of  John  Wright,  in  a  letter* 
to  George  Ford,  Esq.,  they  had  to  depend  on  the  Darby 
Mills  for  flour,  which  they  carried  on  pack-horses 
through  the  woods  along  an  Indian  path  to  the  Susque- 
hanna. The  Indians,  who  were  very  good  neighbors, 
and  the  only  ones  they  had,  often  supplied  them  with 

•T^ated  Columbia,  2  mo.  25, 1842. 


LANCASTER  COUNTF.  IS  9 

game ;  in  return,  they  looked  for  nothing  but  bread  and 
milk,  of  which  they  were  very  fond.  When  their  supply 
of  flour  run  low,  they  had  to  hide  their  bread.  The 
Indians  had  no  idea  of  any  thing  being  withheld; 
whilst  either  party  had  it,,  all  should  partake."  The 
descendants  of  these  pioneers  still  reside  in  the  county. 
This  settlement  sbon  attracted  the  attention  of  others. — 
Repugnant  as  they  are  in  feelings,  the  Irish  and  Germans 
soon  afterwards  established  themselves  as  neighbors, 
living  on  terms  of  mtimacy  for  a  while.  In  newly 
settled  countries  all  is  sociability,  and  perfect  friendship 
prevails.  Former  distinct  nationalities  are  not  cherished ; 
yet  never  forgotten.     German  and  Irish  are  opposites. 

The  land  back  from  the  river  was  settled  principally 
by  Germans:  Forrys,  Stricklers,  Garbers,  and  others. — 
Their  first  purchase  was,  it  is  said,  from  an:  old  woman 
named  Mary  Ditcher,^  who  used  to  go  through  the 
country  making  what  was  called  improvements — a  few 
sticks  piled  together,  a  fire  Irindled,  and  a  pot  hung  over 
it,  constituted  a  first  right.  Those  Avho  could  pay  for  the 
land  had  first  choice,  but  these  improvements  were 
generally  bought  for  a  trifle  by  those  able  to  pay  for  the 
lands. 

This  old  Mary  Ditcher  seems  to  have  been  rather  a 
singular  personage.  She  is  described  as  wandering 
through  the  woods,  leading  an  old  horse,  her  only 
property,  with  her  laiittmg  in  her  hand,  and  clad  in  a 
garment  chiefly  of  sheep-skin. 

Hempfield  township  was  so  called  from  the  great  quan- 
tity of  hemp  raised  there.  Manor,  from  lands  reserved  by 
the  proprietors.  The  settlers  adjoining  Barber's  and 
Wright's,  were  Irish  families,  named  Patton,  who  gave 
name  to  the  hill  and  the  current  below,  called  Patton's 

*Haz.  Reg.  IX.  113. 


190  HISTORY    OF 

current.  It  has  been  said  there  was  once  a  great 
slaughter  of  the  Indians  at  that  place,  by  a  party  of 
cruel  men,  headed  by  a  person  named  Bell.  In  the 
neighborhood  were  many  places  said  to  be  graves  of  the 
Indians,  and  it  was  believed  that  a  piece  of  cannon  lay 
sunk  in  the  current.  Below  this,  the  settlers  were 
Gemians:  Stinemans,  Kauffmans,  Herrs,  Rupleys. — 
The  township  (where  Wright  first  settled)  above,  was 
called  Donegal  by  the  Irish  settlers,  Andersons,  Cooks, 
Tates,  Kays. 

In  the  noith-eastern  part  of  the  county,  a  settlement 
was  commenced  about  the  year  1723  or  4,  by  Everhard 
Ream,  whose  descendants  still  reside  in  the  village  called 
after  the  first  settler  and  proprietor.  This  place,  like  many 
others,  was  occupied  solely  by  the  Indians,  at  the  time 
Mr.  Ream  located  here.  He  ventured  with  his  wagon 
and  horse  into  the  woods,  where  he  unloaded  his  '■'■fix- 
tures and  furniture,''^  under  a  large  oak  tree  that 
spread  its  extended  boughs  over  him  and  his  small 
family  till  he  had  put  up  a  rude  hut  of  logs,  which  he 
built  upon  what  is  now  Lesher's  farm.  His  nearest  mill 
was  on  the  Brandy  wine,  and  his  nearest  neighbors,  the 
Mulbachers,  then  living  on  Mill  creek.  After  clearing  a 
small  spot,  he  procured  a  warrant  and  located  about 
four  hundred  acres;  afterwards,  in  1725,  received  a 
patent  for  the  same. 

Some  of  his  first  or  early  neighbors,  who  had  been 
attracted  by  the  improved  spot  and  fine  water,  were 
Bucher,  Huber,  Walter,  KoUer,  Schwarsswalder,  Leader, 
Schneider,  Killion,  Dock,  Forney,  Rupp,  Balmer, 
May,  Mayer,  Hahn,  Rosier,  Beyer,  Leet,  Sclilott,  Graf, 
Wolf,  Feierstein,  Weidman,  and  others. 

At  the  very  infancy  of  the  Pennsylvania  colony,  a. 
nmiiber  of  Welsh,  of  sterling  worth  and  excellent  charac* 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  191 

ter,  arrived  in  the  province  in  16S2.  "They  had  early 
purchased  of  the  proprietary,  in  England,  forty  thousand 
acres  of  land,  and  settled  west  of  the  Schuylkill.  In  a 
few  years  their  number  was  so  much  augmented,  that 
they  had  settled,  before  1692,  six  townships  m  the  lower 
counties. 

The  Welsh  (Tustom,  and  that  of  the  Swiss  and  Pala- 
tines, in  settling  new  countries,  were  similar  in  many 
respects.  At  first  they  would  send  persons  across  the 
Atlantic,  to  take  up  land  for  them,  and  made  some 
preparations  for  the  reception  of  their  families.  Among 
the  Welsh,  who  acted  as  pioneer,  was  the  well  known 
Rowland  Ellis,  who  sent  over  Thomas  Owen  and  family 
to  make  a  settlement,  and  as  soon  as  Owen  had  made 
some  unprovements,  in  which  he  spent  a  few  years, 
ElUs,  and  one  hundi'ed  other  Welsh  passengers,  arrived 
in  16S6. 

In  1 6 9S,  other  Welsh  families  arrived;  among  whom 
were  William  Jones,  Thomas  Evans,  Robert  Evans, 
Owen  Evans,  Cadwallader  Evans,  Hugh  Griffitli, 
Edward  Foulke,  John  Humphrey,  Robert  Jones,  and 
others,  who  purchased  ten  thousand  acres  of  land 
of  Robert  Turner,  in  Guinedd  township,  Chester 
county. 

Another  settlement  was  commenced,  about  the  year 
1722  or  3,  by  the  Welsh,  extending  up  as  far  as  to  the 
present  site  of  Churchtown.  Among  the  principal 
settlers  were  Torbet,  Douglas,  E.  Davis,  A.  Billing,  Z. 
Davis,  Spenger,  Henderson,  Evans,  Ford,  Lardner, 
Morgan,  Robinet,  Edwards,  Jenkins. 

While  the  Welsh  were  making  improvements,  a  few 
miles  south  of  Allegany;*  a  region  on  the  Tulpehocken, 

*The  country  along  Alleghany  creek,  a  small  stream  which 
enters  Tulpehocken,  is  still  known  by  that  name. 


192  HISTORY    OF 

some  Swiss  and  Germans  settled  in  JVeher  Thai,  south 
of  Conestoga  creek,  so  called  from  the  Webers,  or 
Weavers,  who  took  up  between  two  and  three  thousand 
acres  of  land,  in  1723  or  4.  George  Weber  and  Hans 
Guth,  brothers-in-law,  Jacob  Weber  and  Henry  Weber, 
all  Swiss,  were  the  first  settlers  contiguous  to  the 
Welsh.  Guth  located  north-east  from  the  Webers. — 
The  plain,  or  thai,  was  timberless  when  the  first  settlers 
commenced.  Guth  or  Good  settled  in  Brecknock  town- 
ship, where  a  numerous  connexion  of  them  reside. 

The  Webers  and  Guths  had,  previous  to  taking  up 
land  here,  lived  some  twelve  or  fifteen  years  near 
Lancaster.  They  were  a  young  family,  seeking  a  place 
of  permanent  abode,  where  they  have  since  become 
both  wealthy  and  numerous.*  George,  the  oldest  of  the 
three  brothers,,  had  three  sons  and  two  daughters :  Hans, 
Henry,  Samuel,  Maria  and  Magdalena.  The  present 
generation  of  Weavers  still  possess  the  lands  of  their 
ancestors.  Some  of  them  have  moved  to  the  ^'Far 
IFesi,''    others  to   Canada.      The  Webers  were  soon 

*The  following,  which  we  copied  at  the  house  of  Samuel 
Weaver,  in  1842,  may  give  the  reader  some  idea  of  the 
numerical  strength  of  the  family.  Christian  Weaver's  father 
was  a  native  of  Switzerland. 

Christian  Weaver  was  born  in  Earl  township,  Lancaster 
county,  ra.  Dec.  25,  1731— married  Sept.  30,  1749,  to  Bliss 
I\lagdalcn  Ruth — lived  55  years  in  a  state  of  matrimony,  and 
16  years  as  a  widower.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Mennonite 
church.  Died  of  a  lingering  disease,  Feb.  13,  1820,  aged  68 
years,  1  month,  1  week  and  2  days.  Had  eight  sons  and 
five  daughters.  Of  the  seven  sons  and  five  daughters  were 
born,  before  C.  W's.  death,  and  living  at  the  time,  99  grand- 
children, 88  grand  children's  children,  and  55  great  grand 
chilhren's  children.  His  lineal  descendants  were  309.  Henry 
Martin  preached  his  funeral  discourse.    Text,  John,  14, 12, 13. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  193 

}oined  by  the  Martins,  Schneders,  Millers,  Zimmermans, 
Ruths,  and  many  others,  principally  IMennonites. 

During  the  year  1727,  rising  of  one  thousand  Pala- 
tines arrived  in  Pennsylvania;  among  these  were  the 
Dieffenderfers,  Ekmans,  Meyers,  Bowmans,  Eberlees, 
Zugs,  Shultzes,  Funks,  Frans,  and  others,  whose 
descendants  constitute  a  portion  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Lancaster  county.*  Two  brothers,  Alexander  and  John 
Dieffenderfer,  sailed  from  Rotterdam,!  arrived  at  Phila- 
delphia in  the  month  of  September ;  Alexander  settled  in 
Oley,  now  Berks  county,  and  John  at  Saeue  Schivamm, 
now  New  Holland,  in  the  woods.  His  grand-son, 
David,  son  of  Michael  Dieffenderfer,  now  in  his  ninety- 
second  year,t  informed  us  that  liis  grand-father's  house- 

*They  were  of  those  who  first  subscribed  a  "writing,  de- 
claring their  allegiance  to  the  King  of  Great  Britain,  and 
fidelity  to  the  proprietary  of  the  province."  The  paper  was 
drawn  up  in  these  words:  "We,  subscribers,  natives  and  late 
inhabitants  of  the  Palatinate  upon  the  Rhine,  and  places  adja- 
cent, having  transported  ourselves  and  families  into  this 
province  of  Pennsylvania,  a  colony  subject  to  the  Crown  of 
Great  Britain,  in  hopes  and  expectation  of  finding  a  retreat 
and  peaceable  settlement  therein,  do  solemnly  promise  and 
engage,  that  we  will  be  faithful  and  bear  true  allegiance  to  his 
present  Majesty,  King  George  the  Second,  and  his  suc- 
cessors, Kings  of  Great  Britain,  and  will  be  faithful  to  the 
Proprietor  of  this  province ;  and  that  we  will  demean  our- 
selves peaceably  to  all  his  said  majesty's  subjects,  and  strictly 
observe  and  conform  to  the  laws  of  England  and  of  this 
province,  to  the  utmost  of  our  power  and  best  of  our  under- 
standing." 

fThey  sailed  in  the  Ship  William  and  Sarah,  William  Plill, 
master.  There  were  ninety  Palatine  families,  making  in  all 
about  400  persons,  in  this  ship.— CW.  Rec.  III.  390. 

tSee  a  brief  sketch  of  his  public  life,  at  the  close  of  this 
chapter. 

17 


194  HISTORY   OF 

}iold  goods  were  brought  from  Philadelphia,  by  one 
JMartin,  and  unloaded  under  an  Oak  tree.  In  the  course 
of  a  few  days  after  their  arrival,  a  hut  or  cabin  was 
erected  by  the  aid  of  the  neighbors,  who  were  kind ;  and 
the  goods  snugly  housed,  and  the  family  comfortably 
situated.     INIichael,  David's  father,  Vv'"as  then  a  child. 

The  neighbors  were  attentive  in  relieving  their  wants, 
and  supplying  them  with  necessaries.  Mr.  Bear 
bestowed  them  a  cow;  JNIr.  Martin  and  Hans  Graaf, 
some  flour  and  meat.  Shortly  afterwards,  other  German 
families  settled  here ;  among  these  were  Ranck,  Bachert, 
Beck,  JNIayer,  Brimmer,  Koch,  Hinkel,  Schneider,  Seger, 
Stehly,  Brubacher,  INIeixel,  Diller,  and  others. 

The  caprice  of  Keith,  induced  him  to  receive  the 
application  of  the  Swiss  and  Germans,  with  perfect 
indifference.  They  applied  as  early  as  1721;  but  the 
consideration  of  their  petition  was  procrastinated,  days, 
months  and  years,  till  1724,  and  then  only  was  leave 
granted  to  bring  in  a  bill  to  naturalize  them,  on  the  hu- 
miliating condition,  provided  each  Swiss  or  German 
should  individually  obtain  from  a  justice  of  the  peace, 
a  certificate  of  the  value  of  his  property,  and  the 
nature  of  his  religious  faith — not  enough  yet — a 
representation  is  made  (1727)  to  Governor  Gordon 
Keith's  successor;  "that  a  large  number  of  Germans, 
peculiar  in  their  dress,  religion,  and  notions  of  political 
Governments,  had  settled  on  Pcquca,  and  were  deter- 
mined not  to  obey  the  lawful  aiuhority  of  Government; 
that  they  had  resolved  to  speak  their  oivn  language^  (a 
grave  charge  indeed  !)  and  to  acknowledge  no  sovereign, 
but  the  Great  Creator  of  the  Universe." 

There  was,  perhaps,  never  a  people  who  feel  less 
disposed  to  disobey  the  lawful  authority  of  Government 
than  the  JSIennonites,  against  whom  these  charffes  were 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  195 

made.  In  justice  to  them,  we  shall  digress  from  our 
narrative,  and  introduce  their  own  sentiments  on  this 
subject:  "We  dedicate  ourselves  to  the  security  of  good 
Government,  and  the  preservation  of  human  life.  As 
Christ  commanded  Peter  to  pay  tribute  to  Cesar,  so  we 
shall  always  pay  our  taxes.  We  are  subject  to  high 
authority,  as  Paul  advises,  for  those  in  authority  bear  not 
the  sword  in  vain  to  execute  wrath,  but  to  exercise 
mercy.  We  hope  and  pray,  that  we  may  not  offend. — 
INIay  God  govern  the  hearts  of  our  rulers,  that  they  do 
those  good  things  which  will  add  to  their  own,  and  our 
happiness." 

It  is  also  well  known,  that  it  was  owing  to  their  con- 
scientious scruples  to  take  up  arms  against  the  mother 
country,  to  whom  they  had  vowed  loyalty,  that  they 
were  the  last  to  resist  a  high  authority;  but  no  sooner 
had  the  American  Independence  been  acknowledged — 
lawful  authority  established — than  they  obeyed  the 
rulers  of  their  country.  They  have  never,  as  a  class,  or 
as  individuals,  so  far  as  we  know,  been  disloyal,  trouble- 
some, or  expensive  to  Government.  They  pay  their 
taxes  regularly ;  support  the  poor  of  their  faith,  at  their 
own  expense :  You  look  in  vain  in  the  poor-house  for 
any  of  their  brethren  or  sisters. 

To  add  food  to  keep  alive  jealousies,  and  excite  mis- 
givmgs  against  the  Germans,  "it  was  reported  that  some 
thousands  were  expected  to  arrive  in  the  ensuing  season 
of  1727."  It  is  true  that  three  hundred  and  forty-eight 
Palatine  families,  making  in  all  twelve  hundred  and  forty 
persons,  did  arrive.*     They  came  not  as  disloyalists,  but 

•The  number  of  German  emigrants,  during  172.8,  was  less 
than  the  preceding  year,  only  152  families,  consisting  of  390 
persons  arrived  at  Philadelphia;  during  1729  it  was  still  less ; 
only  243  Palatine  passengers  arrived.    Strange,  that  this  num?- 


15fi  HISTORY    OP 

were  encouraged  to  come  to  Pennsylvania  to  settle  and 
improve  the  country,  upon  tlie  invitation  of  the  proprie- 
tary. Tlicir  industry  and  utility  had  before  that  period 
been  proverbial. 

This  information,  and  the  report  of  expected  arrivals, 
were  laid  before  the  Assembly,  whereupon  William 
Webb,  Samuel  Ilollingsworth,  and  John  Carter,  were 
appointed  a  committee  to  inquire  into  the  facts,  and  make 
report  to  the  next  House.  These  gentlemen  investigated 
the  grave  charges,  and  in  1728,  made  a  report  favorable 
to  the  Germans  and  Swiss,  who  had  been  invited  by  the 
original  proprietary,  William ;  "  that  they  had  honestly 
paid  for  their  lands,  and  were  a  quiet  and  industrious 
people,  honestly  discharging  their  civil  and  religious 
duties.  But  tliat  some  had  made  a  settlement  on  lands 
without  any  right,  and  refused  to  yield  obedience  to 
the  Government;  that  those  persons  had  entered  this 
colony  from  that  of  New  York,"  says  the  report,  &c. — 
These  some,  were  but  few  who  had  settled  "  upon  Tul- 
pahaca  creek,"  about  the  year  1722,  or  23.  These, 
"from  New  York,"  had  settled  on  the  Tulpehocken 
lands,  by  Governor  Keith's  permission.  They  were 
thirty-three  families  in  1723  Avith  other  natives  of 
Germany,  who  were  by  the  bounty  and  goodness  of 
Queen    Anne    in(hiced    to    transpoit    themselves    and 

ber  should  alarm  the  Government  so  much  as  to  pass  an  act 
laying  a  duty  of  forty  shillings,  per  head,  on  aliens,  i.  e.  Ger- 
mans, Swis-^',  Dutch  and  French!!!  The  influx  of  paupers — 
not  Germans — which  was  so  great  during  1729,  should  have 
excited  more  alarm,  than  the  few  aliens. 

During  the  year  1729,  there  were  of  English  and  Welsh  pas- 
sengers and  servants,  267,  Scotch  servants,  43,  //-tsA  passengers 
and  servants,  1155,  Palatine  (alien,  or  40  shilling  head)  passen- 
gers, 243  ;  by  the  way  of  New  Castle,  chiefly  passengers  and 
servants  from  Ireland,  4500. — JIugh.  His.  Acd.  163. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY;  19T 

families  to  the  colony  of  New  York,  in  1710,  or  1711, 
where  they  settled.  But  their  families  increasing,  and 
being  in  that  Government  confined  to  the  scanty  allow- 
ance of  ten  acres  of  land  to  each  family,  whereupon  they 
conld  not  well  subsist,  being  informed  of  the  kind  recep- 
tion which  the  Germans  usually  met  within  the  province 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  hoping  they  might,  with  what 
substance  they  had,  acquire  larger  settlements  in  the 
province  of  Pennsylvania,  did  leave  their  settlements  in 
New  York,  and  came  with  their  families;  applied  to  the 
Governor,  who  granted  them  permission  to  settle." 

The  names  of  many  of  these  are  still  preserved 
recorded,  viz :  Johannes  Yans,  Peter  Ritt,  Conrad  Schitz, 
Paltus  Unsf,.  Toritine  Serbo,  Josap  Sab,  Jorge  Ritt, 
Godfreyt  Filler,  Johannes  Claes  Shaver,  lo.  Hameler 
Ritt,  Antonis  Shart,  Johan  Peter  Pacht,  Jocham  Michael 
Cricht,  Sabastian  Pisas,  Andrew  Falborn.*" 

As  the  settlements  were  now  becoming  numerous,  and 

settlers  located  in  various  parts,  they  came  frequently  and 

more  closely  in  contact  with  the  Indians  ;  and  in  despite 

of  the  efforts  of  the  Government  to  prevent  bloodshed, 

owing  to  some  violence  on  the  part  of  both  whites  and 

natives,  a  person  named  Thomas  Wright  was  killed  by 

some  Indians  at  Snaketown,. forty  miles  above  Conestoga. 

John  Wright  addressed  a  letter,  carried  by  Jonas  Deven- 

port,  to  Secretary  Logan,  at  Philadelphia,  which  was 

laid  before  the  council,  Sept.  27,  1727.     The  account  in 

the  letter  stated,  that  on  the  11th  of  September,  several 

Indians,  together  with  one  John  Burt,  an  Indian  trader, 

and  Thomas  Wright,  were  drinking  near  the  house  of 

Burt,  who  was  singing  and  dancing  with  the  Indians, 

and  tlie  said  Wright;  Burt  bade  Wright  to  knock  down 

the  Indian,  whereupon  Wright  laid  hold  of  the  Indian, 

•Col.  Rec.  III.  341. 

17« 


198  HiSTonr  ov 

but  did  not  beat  him,  that  afterwards  Biirt  struck  the 
Indian  several  blows  with  the  fist,  that  the  said  Wright 
and  Burt  afterwards  returned  into  the  house  where  the 
Indians  followed  them  and  broke  open  the  door,  that 
while  Wright  was  endeavoring  to  pacify  them,  Burt 
called  out  for  his  gun,  and  continued  to  provoke  them  more 
and  more;  that  hereupon  said  Wright  fled  to  the  hen- 
house to  hide  himself,  whither  the  Indians  pursued  him, 
and  next  morning  he  was  found  dead.  The  inquisition 
on  the  body  set  forth,  that  the  said  Wright  came  to  his 
death  by  several  blows  on  his  head,  neck  and  temples, 
which  the  jurors  said,  they  believe,  were  done  by  the  In- 
dians. This  quarrel  arose  from  too  free  use  of  rum,  sold 
by  Burt,  the  Indian  trader.* 

About  this  time  the  colonists  of  Pennsylvania  were 
much  annoyed  by  non-resident  Indians,  who  frequently, 
in  small  parties,  roved  on  the  borders  of  the  settlements, 
and  stimulated  by  drink  and  cupidity,  committed  out- 
rages upon  the  persons  and  property  of  the  inhabitants. 
This  was  the  case  in  the  settlements  on  Manatay  creek, 
which  empties  into  the  Schuylkill,  thirty  miles  above 
Philadelphia.t 

In  the  spring  of  1728,  the  hihabitants  of  the  upper 
part  of  Chester  aounty,  were  considerably  alarmed,  in 
viev/  of  a  quarrel  that  Avas  likely  to  ensue  between  the 
Indians  of  these  parts  and  tbe  Sbawanese,  who  had 
killed  two  of  the  Conestogoe  Indians.  Mr.  Wright 
acqliainted  the  Governor  by  letter  that  tbe  Indians 
seemed  to  prepare  for  war,  and  that  therefore  his  presence 
was  desired  as  necessary  to  settle  these  differences, 
which  might,  in  the  end,  affect  llie  peace  of  the  people  of 
the  province.     In  the  back  parts  of  the  county,  whole 

*Col.  Rcc.  III.  yU2.  -[Gordon,  20G. 


LANCASTER   COUNTF,.  1^9 

families  had  left  their  habitations,  through  fear  of  being 
attacked  by  the  Indians. 

The  Governor  and  council  paid  strict  attention  to  tlic 
representations  of  Mr.  Wright,  and  made  necessary- 
arrangements  to  go  to  the  seat  of  disturbance  to  recon- 
cile those  at  enmity.  The  Governor,  attended  with 
some  members  of  the  council,  and  divers  other  gentle- 
men, to  the  number  of  about  thirty,  set  out  from  Phila- 
delphia, May  22, 1'72&,  and  on  the  evening  of  the  23rd, 
arrived  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Andrew  Cornish,  about  a 
mile  distant  from  Indiantown.  Here  they  spent  the  24th 
and  25th,  in  waiting  for  some  other  persons  expected  at 
tlie  treaty  and  in  mutual  civilities  ;•  and  on  the  26th,  the 
treaty  began  at  the-  Indian  town  of  Conestogoe. 

Present:  The  Hon.  Patrick  Gordon,  Esq.,  Lieut.  Go- 
\'ernor,  some  members  of  council  and  divers  other  gen- 
tlemen. Present,  also,  viz:  Ganyataronga,  Tawenna, 
Tanniatchiaro,  Taquatarensaly,  alias  Captain  Civility, 
chiefs  of  the  Conestogoe  Indians;  Oholykon,  Peyeas- 
hiskon,  Wikimikyona,  chiefs  of  some  of  the  Delaware 
Indians,  on  Brandy  wine;  Howickyoma,  Skayanannego, 
Onneygheat,  Nanamakamen,  Peyhiohinas,  chiefs  of  the 
Ganawese  Indians;  Weysow-walow,  Keyscykakalow^ 
Nichtamskakow,  chiefs  of  the  Sliawanese. 

Shakawtawlin,  or  Sam,  interpreter  from  the  Delaware 
mto  the  Shawanese  and  Mingoe,  {alias  Conestogoe). — 
Pomapechtoa,  interpreter  from  the  Delaware  into  tlie 
Ganawese  language.  Nicholas  Scull,  John  Scull,  and 
Peter  Bizallion,  assistant  interpreters. 

The  Governor  spoke  as  follows:  My  friends  and 
brethren,  you  are  sensible  that  the  great  William  Penn, 
the  father  of  this  country,  when  he  first  brought  his 
people  with  him  over  the  broad  sea,  took  all  the  Indians, 
the  old  inhabitants,  by  the  hand,  and  because  he  found 


200  HISTORY    OF 

them  to  be  sincere,  honest  people,  he  took  them  to  his 
heart  and  loved  them  as  his  own.  He  then  made  a 
strong  league  and  chain  of  friendship  with  them,  by 
which  it  was  agreed  that  the  Indians  and  English,  with 
all  the  christians,  shonld  be  as  one  people.  Yonr  friend 
and  father,  William  Penn,  still  retained  a  warm  affection 
for  all  the  Indians,  and  strictly  commanded  those  whom 
he  had  sent  to  govern  this  people  to  treat  the  Indians  as 
his  children,  and  continued  ia  this  kind  love  for  them 
until  his  death. 

His  sons  have  now  sent  me  over  in  their  stead,  and 
they  gave  me  strict  charge  to  love  all  the  Indians  as  their 
brethren,  and  as  their  father,  William  Penn,  loved  you. 
I  would  have  seen  you  before  this  time,  but  I  fell  sick 
soon  after  I  came  over,  and  continued  so  until  next 
spring.  I  then  waited  to  receive  some  of  the  Five 
Nations  who  came  to  see  me  at  Philadelphia,  and  last 
fall  I  heard  you  were  all  gone  hunting. 

I  am  now  come  to  see  you,  and  to  renew  the  ancient 
friendship  which  has  been  between  William  Penn's 
people  and  you.  I  was  in  hopes  that  Sassoonan  and 
Opckasset,  with  their  people,  would  have  been  likewise 
here;  they  have  sent  me  kind  messages  and  have  a 
warm  love  for  the  christians.  I  believe  they  will  come 
to  me  at  Philadelphia,  for  since  they  could  not  get  hither 
I  have  desired  them  to  meet  me  there.  I  am  now  to 
discourse  witli  my  brethren,  the  Conestogoes,  Delawares, 
Ganawese  and  Shawanese  Indians  upon  Susquehanna, 
and  to  speak  in  love  to  them. 

IVIy  brethren,  you  have  been  faithful  to  your  leagues 
with  us,  your  hearts  have  been  clean,  and  you  have 
preserved  the  chain  from  spots  or  rust,  or,  if  there  were 
any,  you  have  been  careful  to  wipe  them  away.  Your 
leagues  with  your  father,  Williaui  Penn,  and  with  his. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  201 

Governors,  are  in  writing  on  record,  that  our  children's 
children  may  have  them  in  everlastmg  remembrance. — 
And  we  know  that  you  preserve  the  memory  of 
those  things  amongst  you  by  telling  them  to  your 
children,  and  they  again  to  the  next  generation,  so  that 
they  remained  stamped  on  your  minds  never  to  be  forgot. 
The  chief  heads  or  strongest  links  of  this  chain,  I  find 
are  these  nine,  viz : 

1.  Tliat  all  William  Penn's  people  or  christians,  and 
all  the  Indians  should  be  brethren,  the  children  of  one 
father,  joined  together  as  with  one  heart,  one  head,  and 
one  body. 

2.  That  all  paths  should  be  open  and  free  to  both 
christians  and  Indians. 

3.  That  the  doors  of  the  christian's  house  should  be 
open  to  the  Indians,  and  the  houses  of  the  Indians  to 
the  christians,  and  that  they  shouid  make  each  other 
welcome  as  friends. 

4.  That  the  christians  should  not  believe  any  false 
rumors  or  reports  of  the  Indians,  nor  the  Indians  believe 
any  such  rumors  or  reports  of  the  christians,  but  should 
first  come  as  brethren  to  inquire  of  each  other;  and  that 
both  christians  and  Indians  when  they  hear  such  false 
reports  of  their  brethren,  should  bury  them  as  in  a  bot- 
tomless pit. 

5.  That  if  the  christians  heard  any  ill  news  that  may 
be  to  the  hurt  of  the  Indians,  or  the  Indiaiis  hear  any 
such  ill  news  that  may  be  to  the  injuiy  of  the  cliristians, 
they  should  acquaint  each  other  with  it  speedily,  as  true 
friends  and  bretlu'en. 

6.  That  the  Indians  should  do  no  more  any  manner  of 
harm  to  the  christians,  nor  their  creatures,  nor  the  chris- 
tians do  any  hurt  to  any  Indians,  but  each  trust  the  other 
as  their  brethren. 


203  inal'ORY    OF 

7.  But  as  there  are  wicked  people  in  all  nations,  if 
either  Indians  or  christians  should  do  any  harm  to  each 
other,  complaint  should  he  made  of  it  hy  the  persons 
suffering  that  right  may  he  done,  and  when  satisfaction 
is  made,  the  injury  or  wrong  should  he  forgotten,  and  be 
buried  as  in  a  bottomless  pit. 

8.  That  the  Indians  should  in  all  things  assist  the 
diristians,  and  the  christians  assist  the  Indians  against 
all  wicked  people  that  would  disturb  them. 

9.  And  lastly,  that  both  christians  and  Indians  should 
acquamt  their  children  with  this  league  and  firm  chain 
of  friendship  made  between  them,  and  that  it  should 
always  be  made  stronger  and  stronger,  and  be  kept 
bright  and  clean,  without  rust  or  spot  between  om- 
children,  while  the  creeks  and  rivers  run,  and  while  the 
sun  and  moon  and  stars  endure. 

And  for  a  confirmation  on  our  parts  all  these  several 
parcels  of  goods,  viz :  twenty  strowd  match  coats,., 
twenty  duffels,  twenty  blankets,  twenty  shirts,  one 
hundred  pounds  of  gunpowder,  two  h^^ndred  pounds  of 
lead,  five  hundred  flints  and  fifty  knives. 

After  whicii  the  Governor  proceeded  and  said:  INIy 
brethren,  I  have  now  spoke  to  the  league  and  chain  of 
friendship,  first  made  by  your  father,  William  Penn, 
with  your  fathers,  which  is  confirmed.  I  am  now  to 
acquaint  you  with  an  unhappy  accident  that  lias  afllicted 
me  and  all  good  people  amongst  us,  and  we  lament  and 
mourn  with  you  on  the  heavy  misfortune. 

About  forty  days  ago  we  heard  that  the  Twcchtweys* 
were  coming  as  enemies  against  this  country.     I  believe 

'<Thi.s  intelligence  was  communicated  to  the  Governor  by 
James  Le  Tort,  Indian  trader,  then  at  Philadelphia,  who  had 
just  come  from  Chcnasy,  in  the  upper  parts  of  the  river  Sus-- 
quchannah. — Col.  Rec,  III.  312. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  203 

it  is  false,  for  we  never  hurt  theTwechtweys;  and  about 
eighteen  days  since,  I  received  an  express  from  the  Iron 
Works  at  Mahanatawny,*  acquainted  me  that  eleven 
foreign  Indians,  painted  for  war,  and  armed  with  guns, 
pistols  and  swords,  were  come  amongst  our  inhabitants, 
plundering  them  and  taking  away  their  provisions  by 
force,  whereupon  some  of  our  people,  to  the  number  of 
twenty  men,  with  arms,  went  to  speak  to  them  civilly, 
but  the  Indians  fired  upon  them  and  wounded  some  of 
them;  our  men  likewise  fired  on  the  Indians  and 
wounded  some  of  them  also,  but  the  Indians  fired  first.t 
It  was  very  ill  done  to  fire. 

As  soon  as  I  heard  this  account,  I  took  my  horse  and 
went  to  Mahanatawny,  with  several  gentlemen  of 
Philadelphia;  but  the  Indians  were  gone  off.  I  found 
our  people  believed  there  were  more  coming,  and  there- 
fore some  hundreds  met  together  with  their  arms  to  defend 
themselves  in  case  the  Indians  should  attfick  them.  As 
I  was  returning  home,  I  heard  news  that  grieved  me 
exceedingly.  I  was  told  that  two  or  three  furious  men 
amongst  us  had  killed  three  of  our  Indian  friends  and 
hurt  two  girls.  I  went  back  mourning,  and  sent  out 
men  to  take  the  murderers,  Avho  were  accordingly  taken, 
and  they  are  now  in  irons  in  a  dungeon  to  be  tried  by 
the  laws  of  the  Great  King  of  all  the  English,  as  if  they 
had  killed  so  many  of  his  own  subjects.  I  have  likewise 
caused  search  to  be  made  for  the  dead  bodies,  and  two 
women  were  found  murdered,  who,  by  my  order,  were 
laid  in  a  grave  and  covered  with  shirts  and  strowds.  I 
hear  likewise  that  the  dead  body  of  an  Indian  man  has 
been  found  and  was  buried. 

*About  30  miles  above  Philadelphia,  in  Berks  county. 

fThey   were  non-resident  Indians,  headed  by  a  Spanish 
Indian.—CoL  Rec.  III.  321. 


J04  HISTORY    OF 

You  know  there  arc  wicked  people  amongst  all 
nations;  there  are  ill  people  amongst  you,  and  you  are 
sometimes  forced  to  put  them  to  death.  The  English 
are  a  great  people,  and  there  are  likewise  wicked  men 
amongst  them.  I  mourn  for  this  misfortune,  and  will  do 
all  I  can  to  comfort  the  relations  of  the  dead  when  I  see 
them,  which  I  hope  will  he  at  Philadelphia  with 
Sassoonan,  and  Opekasset. 

jVbout  eight  months  ago,  I  received  an  accoimt  that  an 
Englishman  was  killed  by  some  Indians,  at  the  house  of 
John  Burt,  in  Snaketown.  I  heard  John  Burt  was  very 
abusive  to  the  Indians,  and  I  sent  to  apprehend  him,  but 
he  fled;  if  he  can  be  taken  he  will  be  punished.  But 
since  there  was  a  man  killed,  we  expect  the  Indians  will 
do  us  justice,  for  we  must  be  just  and  faithful  to  each 
other,  that  this  spot  may  be  wiped  away  and  the  chain 
be  kept  bright  and  clean. 

You  know,  my  brethren,  that  one  link  of  the  chain  is, 
that  when  the  Indians  are  uneasy,  they  should  tell  it  to 
us,  and  when  we  are  uneasy,  we  will  tell  it  to  them.  I 
therefore  desire  your  hearts  may  be  open,  that  I  may 
know  if  you  have  any  cause  of  grief,  Avhich  I  will 
endeavor  to  remove,  for  I  am  your  brother. 

I  have  issued  a  proclamation  requiring  all  people  to 
use  you  well,  which  shall  be  read  unto  you  before  I  go 
away.  I  will  prevent  any  hurt  being  done  to  our 
friends,  the  Indians,  because  those  who  do  not  behave 
themselves  agreeable  to  what  is  therein  connuanded, 
will  be  severely  punished.  The  Governor,  council, 
Indians,  and  others,  as  the  day  before,  met  at  the  same 
place.  May  27th. 

Tawenna,  in  the  name,  and  on  the  behalf  of  all  the 
Indians  spoke  to  the  Governor,  which  was  rendered  into 
English,  by  John  Scull,  interpreter. 


LANCASTER    COUXXr.  205 

Give  ear,  said  Tawenna,  my  brethren,  of  Philadel- 
phia, the  Conestogoe  Indians,  the  ShaAvanese,  the 
Ganawese,  and  Delawares,  have  somewhat  to  say, 
which  they  will  speak  presently. 

They  say,  they  look  upon  the  Governor  as  if  William 
Penn  himself  were  present.  They  are  four  nations  and 
among  them  are  several  foolish  people,  as  if  they  were 
just  sprung  from  the  earth;  but  that  since  their  first 
friendship  with  William  Penn,  they  never  have  received 
any  wrong  or  injury  from  him  or  any  of  his  people. — 
That  several  foolish  people  among  them  committed  follies 
and  indiscretions,  but  they  hope  these  will  never  inter- 
rupt the  friendship  which  is  between  their  people  and 
us,  for  that  they  and  all  William  Penn's  people  are  as 
one  people,  that  eat  as  it  were,  with  one  mouth,  and  are 
one  body,  and  one  heart. 

Then  presenting  a  belt  of  wampum  of  eight  rows, 
they  say :  They  would  not  have  the  Governor  grieve  too 
much  for  the  rash  inconsiderations  that' of  late  have  been 
committed;  they  must  be  buried  and  forgot,  for  that  what 
has  happened  was  done  by  their  friends ;  if  it  had  been 
done  by  their  enemies,  they  would  have  resented  it,  but 
that  we  and  they  are  one ;  that  they  have  always  met 
with  justice  and  kindness  from  William  Penn,  and  from 
all  the  Governors  whom  he  had  sent  here,  and  thus  do 
all  the  Indians  of  Conestogoe,  Delaware,  the  Shawanese 
and  Ganawese,  say.  That  they  are  extremely  glad  and 
satisfied  with  Avhat  the  Governor  said  to  those  yesterday, 
it  greatly  rejoiced  their  hearts  that  they  had  no  such 
speech  made  to  them  since  the  time  that  the  great 
William  Penn  was  amongst  them,  all  was  good,  and 
nothing  was  amiss. 

Then  presenting  four  strings  of  wampum,  they  say : 
They  will  visit  the  Governor  at  Philadelphia,  after  the 

18 


206  niSTORT    OF 

harvest  is  over,  and  then  tlicy  Avill  speak  fully  to  him,  as 
their  brother  and  friend,  for  the  Conestogoes,  Delawares, 
Shawanese,  and  Ganawese  will  then  come  to  him,  and 
he  may  look  up  the  Conestogoe  road  and  expect  them. 
That  wliat  had  happened  at  John  Burt's  House,  was  not 
done  by  them,  it  was  done  by  one  of  the  Menysinicks, 
who  are  of  another  nation,  and  therefore,  they  can  say 
nothing  to  it." 

After  this  answer  of  the  Indians,  some  of  the  gentle- 
man present,  moved  the  Governor  that  seeing  there  was 
now  a  numerous  company  of  our  inliabitants  met 
together,  he  would  be  pleased  to  press  the  Indians  to 
declare  to  hiin  if  they  suffered  any  grievance  or  hard- 
ship from  this  Government,  because  several  reports  had 
been  industriously  spread  abroad,  as  if  they  had  some 
just  cause  of  complaint.  And  the  Governor  having 
ordered  the  interpreters  to  acquaint  them  therewith; 
they  all  answered  that  they  had  no  cause  of  complaint, 
that  William  Penn  and  his  people  had  still  them  treated 
well,  and  they  had  no  uneasiness. 

The  Governor  then  told  them,  that  he  was  well 
pleased  with  what  they  had  said  unto  him,  and  that 
since  the  Indian,  who  killed  the  Englishman  at  Burt's 
house,  is  not  of  their  nation,  he  would  demand  justice 
from  that  nation  to  which  he  belonged. 

After  giving  the  Indians  a  few  presents,  the  Governor 
took  all  the  Indian  chiefs  by  the  hand,  and  desired  them 
that  when  they  returned  home  they  should  acquaint  all 
their  people  with  what  had  now  passed  between  them  and 
us,  that  the  remembrance  thereof  might  endure  forever. 

Note.— Iron  Works—"  Kurtz,  it  is  supposed,  established  the 
first  Iron  Works  in  1720,  within  the  present  bounds  of  Lancaster 
county.  Tlio  Grul)bs  were  distinguished  for  their  industry  and 
entcrprize  :  they  connnonced  operations  in  1728." — Haz.  Rtg. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  207 

To  close  this  chapter,  we  have  introduced  a  brief 
sketch*  of  the  public  services  of  our  old  father,  David 
Dieffenderffer,  residing  at  Hew  Holland. 

David  Dieffenderffer,  was  born,  February  9th, 
1752,  near  New  Holland;  before  he  had  reached  his 
tenth  year,  his  father,  Michael  Dieffenderffer,  moved  to 
Lancaster.  David,  when  in  his  eleventh,  saw  a  sight  in 
Lancaster,  "too  horrible  to  relate,"  to  use  his  own 
language,  the  massacred  Indians  in  their  gore,  and  one 
in  the  agonies  of  death,  menacing  revenge  by  the  motion 
of  "his  dying  hands." 

At  the  age  of  twenty -five,  he  sternly  advocated  the 
suffering  cause  of  his  bleeding  country,  by  actual  and 
personal  services;  first  in  the  character  of  a  militia  man, 
after  the  expiration  of  his  tour,  he  served  as  an  enlisted 
volunteer  of  Colonel  Houssacker's*  regiment,  under 
Captain  David  Wilbert,  of  Philadelphia,  and  Lieut.  Col. 
George  Strieker,  father  of  General  Strieker,  late  of 
Baltimore. 

He  was  in  many  important  engagements.  He  was 
engaged  in  the  taking  of  the  Hessians  at  Trenton,  where 
Colonel  Rahl,  the  Hessian  commander,  and  a  gallant 
officer,  was  mortally  wounded,  besides  six  other 
officers,  and  between  twenty  and  thirty  privates,  of  the 
enemy,  were  killed,  Decembsr  26,  1776,  and  twenty- 
three  officers,  and  rising  of  nine  hundred  privates,  were 
taken  prisoners  by  the  Americans,  who  lost  only  four 

*Houssacker,  who  afterwards  deserted  the  Americans,  and 
surrendered  twenty  or  more  of  his  men,  at  Princeton,  had 
been  originally  commissioned  a  major  of  Wayne's  battalion. 
"  He  had,"  says  Graydon,  "if  I  mistake  not,  been  an  adjutant 
of  the  Royal  Americans;  and  was  considered  a  capable  dis- 
ciplinarian. He  was  a  German,  or  rather  a  man  of  no  country 
or  any  country ;  a  citizen  of  the  world,  a  soldier  of  fortune, 
and  a  true  mercenary." — Graydon's  Mem,  218. 


208  HISTORY    OF 

privates,  and  two  of  these  were  frozen  to  death.  He 
was  at  the  cannonading  of  Trenton,  January  2, '1777; 
when  the  Americans  were  repulsed,  "I  ran,"  said  the 
veteran  to  us,  in  his  ninety-first  year,  "  like  a  Hollander, 
while  the  bullets  whistled  about  my  ears,  and  rattled 
like  hailstones  against  the  fence."  He  was  in  the  en- 
saarement  where  there  was  a  fearful  odds  in  numbers  and 
tact  against  the  Americans,  when  they  had  to  contend 
against  Lord  Cornwallis's  troops,  and  reinforced  by  regi- 
ments under  the  command  of  Colonel  JNIaywood,  at  the 
battle  of  Princeton,  January  3rd,  1777;  here  the  British 
loss  was  more  than  one  hundred  killed,  and  rising  of 
three  hundred  prisoners  taken.  "But  the  victory  was 
by  no  means  a  bloodless  one  to  the  Americans;  General 
Mercer  was  mortally  wounded.  Col.  Haslet,  Col.  Potter, 
and  other  officers  of  subordinate  rank,  were  killed." 

He  was  with  the  American  army  at  Morristown,  hi 
winter  quarters.  Here  Washington,  not  trustmg  to  the 
barriers  nature  had  thrown  around  his  position,  sent  out 
detachments  to  assail  and  harass  General  Howe's  troops; 
and  it  was  in  these  expeditions  Dieffenderffer  frequently 
took  part. 

In  a  skirmish  at  Monmouth,  in  the  spring  of  '77, 
Dieffenderffer  was  taken  prisoner  and  shamefully  mal- 
treated by  one  of  the  British,  who  struck  him  in  his 
face  with  his  musket ;  a  scar  is  still  visible  on  his  upper 
lip ;  blow  upon  blow  would  have  been  repeated,  but  for 
the  manly  and  timely  interposition  of  a  small  Scotch- 
man, he  was  treated  as  a  prisoner.  He,  and  twenty-five 
or  thirty  fellow-prisoners,  were  conveyed  to  New  York, 
and  confined  in  a  sugar-refinery,  covered  in  part  with 
tile.  The  sufferings  they  endured,  excited  universal 
indignation,  and  will,  everlastingly,  reflect  reproach  on 
the  British  conunander.      Many  of   them  sunk  mider 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  209 

their  sufferings  and  died.  Dieffenderffer's  sufferings 
were  mitigated  by  the  kindness  of  a  Mr.  Miller,  Hessian 
commissary  in  the  English  service;  having  been  at 
Lancaster,  he  had  taken  lodging  at  the  public  house  of 
Michael  Dieffenderffer,  and  who,  in  a  conversation,  told 
Miller  he  had  a  son,  a  suffering  prisoner,  at  New  York, 
and  if  he  had  an  opportunity,  would  send  him  some 
money.  Miller  informed  him  he  would  shortly  return  to 
New  York,  and  would  be  pleased  to  have  it  in  his  power 
to  befriend  him  or  his  suffering  son ;  the  opportunity  was 
improved,  and  four  half-johannes,  placed  in  the  hands  of 
the  commissary,  who,  with  the  characteristic  fidelity  of 
an  honest  Hessian,  on  his  arrival,  delivered  the  gold  to 
David.*  He  received,  he  said,  with  gratitude,  and  in. 
tears,  the  money,  a  kind  father  had  sent  him.  His  condi- 
tion was  greatly  ameliorated. 

Notwithstanding  the  economy  he  used,  his  money,  as 
his  imprisonment  was  protracted,  was  reduced  to  a  few 
cents;  and  while,  as  a  prisoner  of  hope,  he  was  meditat- 
ing how  his  future  sufferings  should  be  mitigated,  Capt. 
Michael  Smyser,t  of  York  county,  on  his  retui-n  from 
Long  Island,  by  way  of  New  York,  to  his  home,  handed 
him  an  English  guinea.  After  five  months'  suffering, 
in  the  latter  part  of  October,  he  went  to  Long  Island 
where  he  was,  on  parole,  laboring  for  his  board  and 
clothing  for  some  time ;  he  returned  to  New  York  ;  was 

*This  statement  we  have  from  the  old  father  himself;  v/hile 
relating  to  us  the  incidents  of  liis  eventful  life,  at  this  particu- 
lar, we  saw  steal  down  his  cheeks,  in  hurried  succession,  tears 
from  his  sightless  organs  ;  he  added,  "I  had  a  kind  father." 

fCaptain  Michael  Smyser  was  one  of  the  virtuous  band  of 
th£  gloomy  period  of  '76.  At  the  unfortunate  capture  of  Fort 
Wcishington,  he  vvas  made  prisoner,  and  could  appreciate  the 
sufferings  of  his  fellow-citizens. 

18* 


210  HISTORY   OF 

exchanged,  and  received  a  permit ;  and  in  company  with 
Colonel  Atlee,  who  had  been  taken  prisoner  before, 
came  to  Trenton,  where  they  parted.  Dieffendcrffer,  by 
way  of  Valley  Forge  returned  to  Lancaster.  He 
remained  a  short  time  at  home ;  then  in  company  with 
Captain  Wilbert,  went  to  Valley  Forge;  here  he 
remained  four  weeks,  sufficiently  long  to  witness  the 
sufferings  of  the  American  army. 

On  the  18th  of  June,  1778,  General  Howe  evacuated 
Philadelphia,  and  crossed  over  into  New  Jersey,  whither 
they  were  speedily  followed  by  Washington ;  pursuing  the 
enemy,  and  on  the  28th  of  June,  gained  a  signal 
victory  at  Monmouth,  over  the  British.  Dieffendcrffer 
was  in  this  engagement.  This,  says  he,  was  one  of  the 
hottest  days  that  he  ever  experienced ;  several  fell  dead 
from  drinking  cold  water.  From  Monmouth,  they 
marched  to  the  White  Plains,  a  few  miles  to  the  north- 
eastward of  New  York  Island.  Thence  they  went  to 
West  Point,  where  Washington  had  his  head  quarters. — 
Here  Dieffendcrffer  having  received  a  furlough, 
returned  to  Lancaster,  where  he  remained  till  March, 
1779,  when  he  returned  to  the  regiment  at  East  on. — 
Under  the  command  of  General  Sullivan,  they  marched 
into  the  W^yoming  country,  and  Gennesee  Flats ;  thence 
returned  to  Wyoming ;  then  the  regiment,  under  the 
direction  of  Major  Weldner,  came  on  to  Sunbury. — 
Owing  to  sickness,  Dieffendcrffer,  as  ensign,  resigned  his 
commission,  and  returned  to  Lancaster,  in  1779. 

His  eventful  life,  through  habits  of  temperance  and 
moderation,  has  been  lengthened  four  score  and  ten. — 
Though  sightless  for  some  years,  he  enjoys  at  present 
remarkable  health ;  and  enjoys  the  company  of  a 
virtuous  and  intelligent  offspring  and  relatives.  Here 
we    would  add  that  his  cousin,  Jacob    Dieffendcrffer, 


I^ANCASTER    COUNTY.  !^\ 

residing  in  the  same  village,  New  Holland^  was 
in  the  service  of  his  countiy,  when  Lord  Corn- 
wallis  was  taken.  We  regret  that  we  have  not  the 
particulars  of  his  services.  May  they  both  continue  to 
command  the  esteem  which  tliey  so  richly  merit,  and 
when  their  warfare  on  earth  ends,  may  they  rest  iii 
peace.. 


CHAPTER   VI. 


Ephrata — Origin  of  Gcnnan  Baj:tist3  in  Europe,  and  tlieir  emigration  to- 
America — Some  settle  at  Mueibach — Sieben  Taeger  association  formed 
at  Ephrata,  by  Conrad  Beissel — Change  of  life  among  tiiem-^They  built 
Kc'iar  and  Zion — Singular  architecture  of  buildings — Fractur-Schriften. 
by  the  Sisters — Specimens  of  original  poetry — Eckerlein  and  the  bell-^ 
Its  destination — Sabbath  School  established — Miller  succeeds  Beissel — 
Juliana  Penn's  letter — Poetry  dedicated  to  Miller — Present  state  of 
Ephrata.  List  of  names  of  the  first  inhabitants  of  Ephrata — Names  of 
some  of  the  early  settlers  in  Lancaster  county. 

A  settlement  v/as  commenced,  in  1725,  or  1726,  on 
the  banks  of  the  Cocalico  creek,  where  the  Reading 
road,  and  Downingtown  turnpike  intersect,  at  present,  in 
Ephrata  township,  and  is  well  known  by  the  name  of 
"Kloster,"  or  "Ephrata,"  or  "Dunkertown,"  a  nick- 
name from  the  word  Dunker,  or  Tunker,  a  corruption 
of  Taeicfer,  Baptists.  To  show  the  origin  of  this  settle- 
ment, we  shall  introduce  as  preliminary,  a  brief  historL- 
cal  sketch  of  the  Germa,n  Baptists,  from  whom  the 
founder  of  the  society  at  Ephrata,  seceded.  Those 
at  Ephrata,  are  generally  known  by  the  name  of ''Sieben 
Taeger,"  Seventh  Bay  People;  because  they  keep  the 
seventh,  mstead  of  the  Jirst  day  of  the  week,  as  the 
Sabbath. 


2li 


HISTORY    OP 


In  the  year  1708,  eight  persons,  five  brcllircn  and  three 
sister\s,  viz:  Alexander  Mack,  of  Schreisheim,  in  the 
Palatinate,  Germany,  George  Graby  and  Lucas  Fetter, 
of  Hesse  Cassel,  Andrew  Boney,  of  Basle,  in  Switzer- 
land, and  John  Kipping,  from  Wirtemburg,  and  Johanna 
Bong,  Anna  Margaretta  Mack,  and  Johanna  Kipping, 
entered  iriio  a  covenant  with  each  other,  to  meet  regu- 
larly, to  carefully  and  impartially  examine  the  doctrines 
of  the  New  Testament,  and  by  the  help  of  God,  to  ascer- 
tain what  are  the  obligations  it  imposes  on  professed  fol- 
lowers of  the  meek  and  the  humble  Saviour;  laying 
aside  pre-conceived  opinions,  and,  if  possible,  to  attain 
to  the  answer  of  a  good  conscience  by  rendering  implicit 
obedience  to  the  commands  of  the  Lord  Jesus ;  to  follow 
him  in  evil  as  well  as  in  good  report.  The  result  of 
their  meetings  and  prayerful  investigations  was  the 
formation  of  a  society,  that  as  brethren  and  sisters,  under 
the  cross  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  dwelled  togetiier  in 
unity  of  a  living  faith.  This  society  is  now  called  the 
Dunkers,  from  the  mode  of  administering  baptism,  in 
water,  by  trine  immersion. 

The  society  having  been  formed,  and,  as  they  con- 
ceived that  immersion  was  the  only  valid  mode  of 
administering  bajUism,  and  none  of  them  thus  baptized, 
they  felt  themselves  in  a  difficulty,  says  one  of  their 
writers,  "not  soon  got  over;"  one  of  their  number,  who 
labored  among  them  in  word,  visited  the  societies  in 
diffcrents  parts  of  Germany,  to  collect  the  opinion  of  the 
awakened  generally,  upon  the  subject  of  baptism;  the 
greater  number  acknowledged  that  immersion  was  the 
mode  practiced  by  tlie  Apostles  and  primitive  christians, 
l)ut  still  endeavoring  to  satisfy  themselves,  that  a  hand- 
full  of  water  by  pouring,  would  answer  the  same  end, 
provided  it  was  administered  to  proper  subjects  only. 


LANCASTER    COVSTY.  213 

^'The  consciences  of  the  before  mentioned  could,  how- 
ever, find  no  satisfaction  in  these;  they,  therefore, 
desired  him,  who  was  their  minister,  to  baptize  them  by- 
immersion;  according  to  the  example  and  practice  of 
the  first  christians  and  primitive  believers;  he  felt  a 
diifidence  to  comply  with  their  request  on  account  of  his 
not  being  baptized  himself,  he  desired,  therefore,  first  to 
be  baptized  before  he  could  conscientiously  baptize  any 
of  them;  and  they  betook  themselves  to  fasting  and 
prayer,  in  order  to  obtain  help  and  direction  in  this  case, 
from  Him  who  is  the  restorer  of  paths  to  dwell  in,  for  they 
were  all  desirous  to  be  baptized.  In  this  dilemma,  a 
testimony  of  scripture  revived  in  their  minds,  "Where 
two  or  three  are  gathered  in  my  name,  there  am  I  in  the 
midst." 

"Wherefore,  with  an  unbroken  confidence  in  the 
precious  promise  of  God,  they  cast  lots,  who  of  the 
four  brethren  should  baptize  him,  that  was  anxiously 
desirous  of  being  baptized;  they  pledged  their  Avord,  at 
the  same  time,  that  it  should  remain  a  secret  upon  whom 
the  lot  fell,  that  no  one  might  take  occasion  to  call  the 
society  by  the  name  of  any  man,  as  was  the  case  with 
the  Corinthian  church,  which  was  sharply  reproved  by 
the  Apostle." 

"The  crisis  for  the  camp  to  move  forward,  had  now 
arrived;  they  were  now  made  w^illing  in  the  day  of  the 
Lord's  power;  accordingly,  they  went  out  in  the  morn- 
ing, to  a  stream  called  Ader,  and  then,  he,  upon  whom 
the  lot  had  fallen,  baptized  the  brother,  who  was  so 
anxious  to  submit  to.  the  ordinance.  This  being  done, 
he  was  acknowledged  as  duly  qualified;  he  baptized 
him  first  by  whom  he  had  been  baptized,  and  the  three 
remaining  brethren,  and  the  sisters;  thus  were  these 
eight,  at  an  early  hour  in  the  morning,,  baptized  in  the, 


214  nisTORr  of 

water  by  trine  immersion ;  and  after  they  came  up  out 
of  the  water,  and  liad  changed  their  clothes,  they  were 
filled  with  joy,  and  by  the  grace  of  God,  these  expres- 
sions were  revived  in  their  minds  with  peculiar  energy, 
"be  ye  fruitful  and  multiply." 

They  met  with  no  small  share  of  opposition  and  per- 
secution, notwithstanding  these,  they  soon  increased, 
wherever  the  hand  of  persecution  had  driven  them; 
some  fled  to  llolland,  some  to  Creyfels,  in  the  Dutchy  of 
Cleves;  and  the  mother  church  voluntarily  removed  t(J 
Serustervin,  in  Friesland.  In  a  very  short  time,  there  were 
efficient  laborers  in  this  branch  of  God's  moral  vineyard; 
especially  at  Creyfels.  Among  the  brethren  there  were 
John  II.  Kalklosor,  from  Frankenthal,  Christian  Leib, 
and  Abraham  Dubois,  from  Ebstcin,  John  Naas,  and 
others,  from  the  north,  Peter  Becker,  from  Dilsheim, 
John  H.  Traut,  and  his  brethren,  and  Stephen  Koch, 
George  B.  Gantz,  from  Umstadt,  and  Michael  Ecker- 
ling,  from  Stras1)urg.  Among  these,  as  their  leader,  was 
Alexander  Mack,  who  devoted  his  property  to  the  com- 
mon use  of  the  society,  and  emigrated  to  Pennsylvania, 
in  1729,*  where  persecuted  virtue  found  an  asylum 
under  the  benign  Goverimient  of  Penn.  They  first 
settled  at  Germantown,  some  at  Skippack,  Oley,  others 
at  Conestoga,  and  elsewhere.  A  congregation  of  them 
was  organized,  and  they  chose  Peter  Becker,  as  official 
ba])tizer. 

The  society  increased  rapidly,  and  soon  a  church  was 
formed  in  Lancaster  county,  at  Muclbach,  (Mill  creek). 
One  of  the  prominent  members  of  this  last  mentioned 

•Im  lahr,  1729,  ist  Alexander  Mack,  der  Urstaender  der 
Taeufer,  samt  dm  ucbrigen  gcdachtcr  GcMiieinde,  von  Fries- 
land  abgcsctzt  und  in  Pcnnsylvanicn  angekommen. — Peter 
Miller. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  215 

church,  was  Conrad  Beissel,  a  native  of  Germany.  He 
Was  converted  in  1715.  He  had  fled  from  the  persecu- 
tions of  that  period.  He  arrived  in  America  in  1720, 
and  in  1721,  settled  at  Mill  creek,  where  he,  and  one 
Stuntz,  built  a  house;  and  they  were  soon  joined  by 
Isaac  Von  Babern,  George  Stiefel,  and  others.  It 
appears  from  an  extract  of  the  Ephrata  Chi'onicle,  that 
Conrad  Beissel  was  baptized  by  Peter  Becker,  in  Pequea 
creek,  in  1724.  Soon  a  new  organization  arose  from 
the  Dunkers.*  Beissel,  "wholly  intent  upon  seeking 
out  the  true  obligation  of  the  word  of  God,  and  the 
proper  observances  of  the  rites  and  ceremonies  it  im- 
poses, stripped  of  human  authority,  he  conceived  that 
there  was  an  error  among  the  Dunkers,  in  the  ob- 
servance of  the  day  for  the  Sabbath;    that  the  seventh 

*About  the  same  time,  another  religious  sect  was  formed  in 
Oley,  now  Berks  county.  This  association  was  headed  by  one 
Mathias  Baumann.  His  followers  or  disciples  were  styled 
"The  New-born." 

They  professed  to  be  impeccable,  or  of  having  attained  a 
state  of  sinlessness:  they  were  perfectionists.  They  boasted 
they  were  sent  of  God  to  confound  others.  Their  disputations 
were  frequently  heard  in  the  market  places  of  Philadelphia. — 
On  one  occasion,  Baumann,  to  show  that  his  doctrine  was 
from  God,  proposed  to  wade  across  the  Delaware  river. 

They  were,  as  it  is  the  custom  of  enthusiasts  and  fanatics, 
contentious,  wandering  through  the  country,  displaying  zeal 
for  their  doctrines,  by  controverting  with  al!  who  differed  from 
them  in  matters  of  faith.  Conrad  Beissel,  the  founder  of  the 
Sieben  Taeger,  was  occasionally  annoyed  in  his  recluse  situa- 
tion, by  them. 

Baumann,  their  leader,  was  a  native  of  Lamshelm,  Palati- 
nate ;  born  in  1701 ;  came  to  America  between  the  years,  1719, 
and  1722;  he  died,  1727.  It  is  reported,  he  was  an  honest  and 
sincere  man  ;  not  solicitous  to  accumulate  property  ;  but,  that 
Kuehlenwein,  Jotter,  and  others  of  his  followers,  loved  the 
g»od  things  of  the  world  inordinately. 


216  HISTORY    OF 

day  was  the  command  of  the  Lord  God,  and  that  day 
being  cstabhshed  and  sanctified,  by  the  Great  Jehovah, 
forever!  And  no  change,  nor  authority  for  change,  ever 
having  been  announced  to  man,  by  any  power  sufficient 
to  set  aside  the  solemn  decree  of  the  Almighty;  a 
decree  which  he  declared  that  he  had  sanctified  forever ! 
He  felt  it  to  be  his  duty  to  contend  for  the  observance  of 
that  day.  About  the  year  1725,  he  published  a  tract 
entering  into  a  discussion  of  this  point,  which  created 
some  excitement  and  disturbance  in  the  society,  at  Mill 
creek ;  upon  which  he  retired  from  the  settlement,  and 
went  secretly,  to  a  cell  on  the  banks  of  the  Cocalico,'* 
that  had  previously  been  occupied  by  one  Elimelich,  a 
hermit.  His  place  of  retirement  was  unknown  for 
sometime  to  the  people  he  had  left,  and  when  discovered, 
many  of  the  society  at  Mill  creek,  who  had  become 
convinced  of  the  truth  of  his  proposition  for  the  observ- 
ance of  the  Sabbath,  settled  around  him,  in  solitary 
cottages.  They  adopted  the  original  Sabbath — the 
seventh  day — for  public  worship,  in  the  year  1728; 
which  has  ever  since  been  observed  by  their  descendants, 
even  unto  the  present  day. 

In  the  year  1732,  the  solitary  Mfe  was  changed  into  a 
conventicle  one,  and  a  monastic  society  was  established 
as  soon  as  the  first  buildings  erected  for  that  purpose 
were  finished.  May,  1733.  The  habit  of  the  Capuchins, 
or  White  Friars,t  was  adopted  by  both  the  brethren  and 

*Cocalico,  called  by  the  Delaware  Indians,  Kocli-Halckung, 
CIcrmanice,  Schlangcnhochlc,  Serpents  den ;  from  the  abun- 
dance of  serpents  along  the  stream. — Chron.  Eph.  52. 

fCapuziner,  cine  Abart  des  Franciscaner  Ordens,  wclche 
gegen  das  lahr  1525,  ihren  Anfang  nahm.  Sie  tragen  cine 
lange  spitz  zulaufendc  capuze  und  cincn  langen  Bart;  die 
Vcrfassung  des  ordens  ist  strong  und  zcichnet  sich  durch 
Enthaltsamkcit  aus. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  21? 

sisters;  which  consisted  of  a  shirt,  trowsers,  and  vest, 
with  a  long  white  gown  or  cowl,  of  woolen  web  in 
winter,  and  hnen  in  summer.  That  of  the  sisters 
differed  only  in  the  substitution  of  petticoats  for  trowsers, 
and  some  little  peculiarity  in  the  shape  of  the  cowl. — 
Monastic  names  were  given  to  all  who  entered  the 
cloister.  Onesimus  (Israel  Eckerlin)  was  constituted 
Prior,  who  was  succeeded  by  Jaebez  (Peter  Miller)  and 
the  title  of  Father — spiritual  father — was  bestowed  by 
the  society,  upon  Beissel,  whose  monastic  name  was 
Friedsam;  to  which  the  brethren  afterwards  added 
Gottrecht;  implying,  together.  Peaceable,  Godright.  In 
the  year  1740,  there  were  thirty-six  single  brethren  in 
the  cloister,  and  thirty-five  sisters ;  and  at  one  time,  the 
society,  including  the  members  living  in  the  neighbor- 
hood, numbered  nearly  three  hundred. 

The  first  buildings  of  the  society  of  any  consequence, 
were  Kedar  and  Zion;  a  meeting  house  and  convent, 
which  were  erected  on  the  hill  called  JNIount  Zion. — 
They  afterwards  built  larger  accommodations,  in  the 
meadow  below,  comprising  a  sister's  house,  called  Saron, 
to  which  is  attached  a  large  chapel  and  "Saal"  for  the 
purpose  of  holding  Agapas,  or  Love  Feasts.  A 
brother's  house,  called  Bethania,  with  which  is  con- 
nected the  large  meeting  room,  with  galleries,  in  which 
the  whole  society  assembled,  for  public  worship,  in  the 
days  of  their  prosperity,  and  which  are  still  standing, 
surrounded  by  smaller  buildings,  that  were  occupied  as 
printing-office,  bake-house,  school-house,  almonry,  and 
others,  for  different  purposes;  on  one  of  wliich,  a  one 
story  house,  the  town  clock  is  erected.* 

•One  of  the  buildings  having  been  erected  thirty-eight  years, 
was  converted  into  a  Hospital  in  the  American  Revolution, 
and  afterwards  occupied  as  a  school  house.    The  house  stands 

19 


218  HISTOKY    OP 

"The  buildings  are  singular,  and  of  very  ancient 
architecture;  all  the  outwalls  being  covered  with  shin- 
gles, or  clapboards.  The  two  houses,  for  the  brethren 
and  sisters,  are  veiy  large,  being  three  and  four  stories 
high :  each  has  a  chapel  for  their  night  meetings,  and 
the  main  buildings  are  divided  into  small  apartments, 
each  containing  between  fifty  and  sixty,  so  that  six 
dormitories,  which  are  barely  large  enough  to  contain  a 
cot  (in  early  days  a  bench,  and  billet  of  wood  for  the 
head)  a  closet  and  an  hour  glass  surrounded  a  common 
room,  in  which  each  subdivision  pursued  their  respec- 

no  more  ;  the  spot  it  occupied  is  still  pointed  out  to  the  casual 
visitor,  by  the  courteous  inhabitants  of  Ephrata. 

A  few  days  after  the  battle  of  Brandywine  had  been  fought, 
September  11,  1777,  four  or  five  hundred  of  the  wounded 
soldiers  were  taken  to  Ephrata,  and  placed  in  the  Hospital. — 
Doctors  Yerliel,  Scott  and  Harrison,  were  the  attending 
surgeons  and  physicians.  The  wounds  and  camp  fever, 
baflied  their  skill:  one  hundred  and  fifty  of  the  soldiers  died 
here ;  they  were  principally  from  the  Eastern  States,  and 
Pennsylvania,  and  a  tew  British,  who  had  deserted  and  joined 
the  American  Army.  "  The  first  of  them  that  died  here,  was 
buried  by  the  honors  of  war;  a  funeral  sermon,  preached  by 
one  of  their  own  number,  appointed  for  that  purpose.  This 
practice  was  continued  for  some  time,  till  they  began  to  drop 
off  too  rapidly  to  allow  time  for  the  performance  of  the  cere- 
mony, when  every  thing  of  the  kind  was  dispensed  with." 

The  place  where  they  rest,  is  enclosed  ;  and  for  many  years, 
a  board,  with  this  inscription : 

"lijfcv   anuhfu   Hi'r    <KffI)cinr   tjfclcr  Soltr»T[teu/* 

was  placed  over  the  gate  of  tlie  enclosure.  The  board,  with 
the  inscription,  is  no  more.  Measures  are  now,  upon  sugges- 
tion of  Joseph  Konigmacher,  Es(].,  and  many  of  his  fellow 
citizens,  taken  to  raise  a  plain  and  durable  monument,  to 
rescue  from  oblivion,  and  perpetuate  the  memories  of  the 
entombed  soldiers,  who  were  wounded  at  Brandywine,  and  died 
at  Ephrata. 


XAXCASTER  COtTNTY.  219 

tive  avocations.     On    entering    these    silent  cells,  and 
traversing  the  long  narrow  passages,  visiters  can  scarcely 
divest  themselves  of  the  feeling  of  walking  the  tortuous 
windings  of  some  old  castle,  and  breathing  in  the  hidden 
recesses  of  romance.     The  ceilings  have  an  elevation  of 
but  seven  feet;  the  passages  leading  to   the   cells,  or 
kammers,  as  they  are  styled,  and  through  the  different 
parts  of  both  convents,  are  barely  wide  enough  to  admit 
one  person,  for  when  meetmg  a  second,  he  has  always  to 
retreat.     The  dens  of  the  kammers  are  but  five  feet 
high,  and  twenty  inches  wide,  and  the  window,  for 
each    has  but   one,  is  only   eighteen  by  twenty-four 
inches;    the    largest    windows    affording    light    to  the 
meeting  rooms;    the  chapels,  the  saals,  and  even  the 
kammers,  or  dormitories,  are  hung  and  nearly  covered 
Tvith  large  sheets  of  elegant  penmanship,  or  ink  paint- 
ings ;  many  of  which  are  texts  from  the  scriptures,  exe- 
cuted   in  a    very  handsome    manner,    in  ornamented 
Gothic  letters,  called   in    German,    Fractur-Schrifter. 
They  are  done  on  large  sheets  of  paper,  manufactuied 
for  the  purpose  at  their  own  mill,  some  of  which  are  put 
into  frames,  and  which  admonish  the  resident,  as  well  as 
the  casual  visiter,  which  ever  way  they  may  turn  the 
head.      There    are  some  very  curious  ones :    two    of 
which  still  remain  in  the  chapel  attached  to    Saron. — 
One  represents  the  narrow  and  crooked  way,  done  on  a 
sheet  of  about  three  feet  square,  which  it  would  be 
difficult  to  describe ;   it  is  very  curious  and  ingenious : 
the  whole  of  the  road  is  filled  up  with  texts  of  scripture, 
adverting  the  disciples  of  their  duties,  and  the  obliga- 
tions  their  profession  imposes  upon  them.      Another 
represents  the  three  Heavens.     In  the  first,  Christ,  the 
Shepherd,  is  represented  gathering  his  flock  together ;  in 
the  second,  which  Occupies  one  foot  in  height,  and  is 


220  HISTORY    07 

three  feet  wide,  three  hundred  figures  in  Capuchin  dress, 
can  be  count  xl,  witli  harps  in  their  liands,  and  heads  of 
ail  innumerable  host ;  and  in  the  third  is  seen  the  Throne 
surrounded  by  two  hundred  Arch-Angels,  Many  of 
these  Fractur-Schriften  express  their  own  enthusiastic 
sentiments  on  the  subject  of  Celibacy,  and  the  virtue  of 
a  recluse  life,  whilst  others  are  devotional  pieces.  The 
following  are  from  two  found  in  the  chapel  of  the 
sisters'  convent.  We  can  copy  the  sentiment,  but  carmot 
convey  an  idea  of  their  style. 

Die  Lieb  ist  ursrc  kron  und  heller  tugend  spicgel. 

Die  Weishcit  unsre  Lust,  und  reines  Gottcs  Siegel; 

Das  Lamm  ist  unser  schatz  wir  uns  an  vertrauen, 

Und  folgen  seinem  Gang  als  reinste  Jungfraucn. 

Unsre  Kronen  die  ■wir  tragen  in  diescr  sterblichkeit, 

Werden  uns  in  Trucbsals-tagen  durch  vicl  Lcid  zubereit, 

Da  muss  unsre  Hoffnung  bUiehen  und  der  Glaube  wachscn  auf 

"Wan  sich  Welt  undFleisch  bemucchen  uns  zu  schwacchem  im 

Lauf, 
0,  wol  dan  !  wcilwir  gezachlct  zudcr  rcinen  LacnimcrHeerd, 
Die  dem  keuschen  Lamm  vcrmachlet,  und  crkauft  von  der  Erd, 
Bleibet  schon  alhier  verborgen,  unser  Ehrcn  Schmuck  und 

Kron, 
Wird  us  doch  an  jencm  Morgen  Krocnon,  lesus  Gottcs  Sohn. 

Above  the  door,  as  you  enter  from  the  sister  house 
m  the  saal,  is  one  which  we  copied  while  on  a  visit  to 
the  place. 

Die  Tliucr  zum  cingang  in  das  haus 

Wo  die  vcrcinte  Scclcn  wohncn 

Laosst  koines  mehr,  von  da  hinaus 

Weil  GoU  tlnit  sclber  untcr  ihnen  tlironcn 

Ihr  Glucck  bluehl  in  vcreintcn  Licbes  Flammcn, 

Weil  sie  aus  GoU  und  seiner  Lieb  herstammcn. 

Immediately  to  the   right   of  this  is  another  which, 


LANCASTER    COUNTT.  221 

by  the  aid  of   Schwester  Barbara,  we  were   able  to 
copy. 

So  lebet  dann  die  reine  Schaar 

Im  innern  Tempel  hierbeisamen, 

Entrissen  aller  Welt-Gefahr 

In  heiss  verliebten  Liebes-Flammen ; 

Und  lebet  dann  in  Hoffnung  bin, 

Nach  der  beglueckten  Freiheit  die  dort  oben ; 

Da  sie  nach  dem  verliebten  Sinn 

Ihn  ohne  zeit  und  end  wird  loben. 

Another  on  the  same  wall,  which,  as  we  have  been 
informed,  was  a  favorite  Rdm  in  their  more  prosperous 
days. 

So  steht  der  Tempel  da  erfuelltmit  reinen  Seelen, 

Die  sich  das  keusche  Lamm  zu  eigen  thut  vermaehlen: 

Els  gehet  vor  uns  her,  wir  folgen  treulich  nach, 

Und  nehmen  mit  auf  uns  sein  Kreuz  und  Ungemach. 

Bleiben  wir  so  in  ihm  so  ist  das  Ziel  getroffen  ; 

Und  haben  dorten  einst  das  wahre  Gut  zu  hoffen : 

Bleiben  ihm  gespart,  bis  es  sich  wird  vermaehlen, 

Und  wir  in  jener  Welt,  ewig  sein  Lob  erzaehlen. 

Die  Lieb  ist  unsere  kron  und  heiliger  Tugendspiegel ; 

Die  Weisheit  unsere  Lust  und  reines  Gottes  Siegel: 

Das  Lamm  ist  unser  Schatz  dem  wir  uns  anvertrauen, 

Und  folgen  seinem  Gang  als  reinste  Jungfranen. 

In  the  rooms  which  any  sister  has  occupied,  and  is 
departed,  a  piece,  which  is  framed  in  imitation  of  a 
tablet,  is  put  up  expressive  of  the  character  and  virtues 
of  the  deceased,  or  some  feeling  memorial  of  love  is 
inscribed.  The  following  was  found  in  the  kammer 
which  had  been  occupied  by  Zenobia,  a  very  beautiful, 
lovely  and  devout  sister : 

ZENOBTA, 

"  Wird  gruenen  und  Gcdeyen,  ihre  Arbeit  wird  nicht  vergel- 

lich,   noch  auch   ihre    Hoffnung,  verlohren  seyn,  ihr  Erbe 

bluehet  mitten  unter  den  Heiligen." 

I'J* 


222  HISTORY   OP 

"A  room  was  set  apart  for  such  purposes,  called 
^  Das  Sclircib  Zimmer,"  the  writing  room,  and  several 
sisters  devoted  their  whole  attention  to  this  labor,  as 
well  as  to  transcribing  the  writings  of  the  founder  of  the 
society;  thus  multiplying  copies  for  the  wants  of  the 
community,  before  they  had  a  printing  press.  Two 
sisters,  named  ^Qmiastasia  and  Iphigenia,  were  the 
principal  ornamental  writers.  They  left  a  large  folio 
volume  of  sample  alphabets,  of  various  sizes  and  style; 
which  are  both  elegant  and  curious,  exhibiting  the  most 
patient  application.  The  letters  of  the  first  alphabet  are 
twelve  inches  long,  surrounded  by  a  deep  border,  in 
imitation  of  copper-plate  engraving;  each  one  of  wliich 
is  different  in  the  filling  up.  It  was  finished  in  the  year 
1750,  and  is  still  preserved  in  the  hands  of  the  trustees. 
There  was  another  transcribing  room  appropriated 
exclusively  to  copying  music.  Hundreds  of  volumes, 
each  containing  five  or  six  hundred  pieces,  were  trans- 
ferred from  book  to  book,  with  as  much  accuracy, 
and    almost    as    nuich    neatness,  as    if  done    with    a 

graver. 

"It  was  in  contemplation,  at  one  time,  by  the  Ecker- 

lins,  three  brothers,  one  of  \vhom  was  a  pi'ior,  and  had 
the  superintendence  of  the  secular  concerns,  to  make  it  a 
place  of  more  importance  than  a  mere  religious  refuge. 
They  were  from  Germany,  and  had  been  brought  up 
Catholics.  They  conceived  a  project  of  erecting  exten- 
sive buildings,  and  connecting  trades  Avith  it;  and  had 
some  preparations  under  way;  (he  timber  all  hewn,  as 
ail  the  buildings  are  of  wood,  even  the  chimneys,  which 
remain  in  use  at  this  day;  and  in  readiness  to  erect  a 
tower,  and  liad  sent  to  Europe,  where  they  had  exten- 
sive connexions,  and  got  a  chime  of  bells  cast,  unknown 
to  the  society,  until  they  arrived  at  Philadelphia,  and  tlie 


LAhX^ASTER    COUXTr.  223 

bill  for  payment  was  forwarded  to  them.  The  society 
resolved  not  to  receive  them,  but  had  them  sold  and  paid 
the  loss.  One  of  these  bells  having  upon  it,  "Ephrata — 
Israel  Eckerlin,  Prior/^*  was  purchased,  and  is  now  on 
one  of  the  churches  in  Lancaster. 

"  This  transaction  led  to  the  discovery  of  a  conspuacy 
of  the  Eckerlins  to  possess  themselves  of  the  titles  of 
the  property,  which  v,^as  much  more  extensive  and 
valuable  then  now,  and  which  termmatcd  in  the  expul- 
sion of  Israel  from  the  office  of  Prior.    The  Eckerlins 

♦Israel Eckerlin,  Prior;  this  is  given  on  the  authority  of  "W. 
A.  Fahaestock,  M.  D.,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  much  of 
this  article.  We  believe  the  bell  alluded  to,  is  the  one  on  the 
Lutheran  church.  If  it  is,  it  h£is  this  inscription  :  Buh  auspicio 
viri  venerandi  Onesimi  Societ.  Ephrat.  Pracpo:>iti,  A.  O. 
MDCCXLV.  Which  we  translated:  "Under  the  auspices  of 
the  venerable  man,  Onesimus^  placed  over  the  society  at 
Ephrata,  A.  D.  174-5. 

Note. — At  a  church  council  held  in  Ephrata,  Beissel,  and 
his  associates,  had  determined  to  break  the  bell  and  inter  thB 
fragments ;  however^  on  a  night's  reflection,  it  was  resolved  to 
dispose  of  it  dlflferently :  the  bell  was  pardoned  from  its  de- 
creed fate,  and  sold  to  the  Lutherans,  at  Lancaster.  We  quote 
the  Chomican  Ephratense :  "  Um  diesselbe  zeit,  1745,  kara  die 
ansehnliche  Glocke  in  Philadelphia  an  von  England,  welche 
die  EckerUn  sollen  bestellt  haben,  folgendes  motto  war  um 
dieselbe  gegossen:  Sub  auspicio  xiri  venerandi  Onesimi  Socie- 
tasis  Ephratensis  Praepositi :  Auf  diese  empfangene  Nachricht 
•ward  Rath  gehalten  in  des  Vorstehers  Gegenwart,  welcber 
fur  die  Glocke  sehr  unguenstig  ausfiel:  dasz  sie  solte  ia 
stuecken  zerschlagen,  und  unter  die  erde  vergraben  werden; 
aber  wie  sie  solte  bezahli  werden,  wusste  niemand,  dann  sie 
kostete  80  pfund.  Des  andern  Morgens  erschien  der  Vorsteher 
abermal  Im  Rath,  und  sagte:  Er  haette  nachgedacht,  weil  die 
Brueder  arm  waeren,  solte  die  Glocke  pardonirt  werden,  und 
also  ist  sie  an  die  Lutherische  Kirche,  in  Lancaster  komraen. — 
Ckron.  Eph.  p.  164. 


224  niSTORT  OP 

afterwards    moved  to    Virginia,  where  tlicy   obtained 

some  notoriety  in  connection  with  the  Indian  affairs. 

The  society  was  wedded  to  apostohc  simpUcity;  they 
•deshed  no  towe?' — no  bells.  They  refused  to  have  a 
bell  to  call  them  to  meeting,  even  the  midniglit  meeting, 
which  was  regularly  held  at  twelve  o'clock:  P'riedsam 
contending  that  the  spirit  of  devotion  ought  to  be  suih- 
cient  to  make  them  punctual  to  the  hour,  which  generally 
proved  to  be  adequate. 

"  The  community  was  a  republic,  in  which  all  stood 
upon  perfect  equality  and  freedom.  No  monastic  vows 
were  taken,  neither  had  they  any  written  covenants,  as 
is  common  in  the  Baptist  cliurches.  The  New  Testa- 
ment was  their  confession  of  faith,  their  code  of  laws, 
and  church  discipline.  The  property  Avhicli  belonged 
to  the  society,  by  donation,  and  the  labor  of  the  single 
brethren  and  sisters,  was  common  stock;  but  none  was 
obliged  to  throw  in  his  own  property,  or  to  give  up  any 
possessions.  The  society  was  supported  by  the  income 
of  the  farm  and  grist  mill,  paper  mill,  oil  mill,  fulling 
mill,  and  the  labor  of  the  brethren  and  sisters,  in  the 
cloister. 

IMany  of  the  male  members  were  men  of  education, 
and  the  school  which  they  had  established,  attracted 
attention    abroad;  young  men  from  Baltimore  and  of 

Philadelphia,  were  sent  to  this  i)lacc  to  be  educated. 

Ludwig  Hacker,  the  teacher  of  the  common  school, 
projected  the  plan  of  holding  a  school  in  the  afternoons 
of  the  Sal.ibath,  or  Saturday,  and  who,  in  connexion 
with  some  of  the  brethren,  commenced  it,  to  give  instruc- 
tion to  the  indigent  children  who  were  kept  from  regular 
school  by  employments  which  their  necessities  obliged 
them  to  be  engaged  at  during  tlie  week,  as  well  as  to 
give    religious  instruction    to  those  of  better  chcmn- 


LANCA"rr:n  countf.  235 

stances.  The  precise  time  when  this  school  was  estab- 
lished, is  not  known;  it  was  after  1739. 

Tlie  society,  after  an  existence  of  fifty  years,  began  to 
decline,  from  some  cause,  which  we  have  not  been  able 
to  learn.  Some  say  that  BeissePs  successor,  Peter  Miller, 
wanted  vigor  of  mind.  This,  says  Doctor  Fahnestock, 
is  not,  he  believes,  the  cause ;  for  he  assured  us,  in  a 
conversation  with  him  on  this  subject,  in  1S36,  so  far  as 
he  could  learii,  Peter  Miller  was  a  man  of  much  greater 
powers  of  mind  than  Beissel,  and  that  he  had  the 
management  of  the  establishment  during  Beissel's  time  f- 
and  to  whose  energy  and  perseverance  is  mainly 
attributable  the  great  prosperity  of  the  institution  in  its 
early  days. 

That  Miller  was  a  man  of  more  than  ordinary  powers 
of  mind,  is  evident  from  the  testimony  of  the  Rev. 
Jedediah  Andrews,  an  alumnus  of  Havard  College,  of 
the  class  of  1695,  Andrews  speaking  of  INIiller,  in  a 
letter,  dated  Philadelphia,  8th,  14th,  1730. 

"There  is  lately  come  over  a  Palatine  candidate  of  the 
ministry,  who  having  applied  to  us  at  the  Synod  (Scotch 
Synod)  for  ordination,  'tis  left  to  three  ministers,  (these 
were  Tenant,  Andrews  and  Boyd),  to  do  it.  Ho  is  an 
extraordinary  person  for  sense  and  learning.  We  gave 
liim  a  question  to  discuss  about  Justification,  and  he 
answered  it,  in  a  Avhole  sheet  of  paper,  in  a  very  notable 
manner.  His  name  is  John  Peter  Miller,  and  speaks 
Latin  as  readily  as  we  do  our  vernacular  tongue,  and  so 
does  the  other,  ISIr.  Weiss."t 

•Beissel  died  July  6th,  1768,  aged  77  years  and  4  months,-^ 
He  was  a  native  of  Oberbach,  in  the  Palatinate. 

tGeorge  Michael  Weiss,  was  born  at  Stebback,  in  Neckar- 
thal,  Germany.  Mr.  Miller  and  he  were  fellow  students  at 
Heildelberg.     Vfeiss  came  to  America,  some  years  before 


226  HISTOPY    OF 

At  an  early  period,  they  established  a  German  printing 
office,  wliich  enabled  tlieni  to  distribute  tracts  and 
hymns,  and  afterwards  to  print  several  large  Avorks,  in 
virhich  the  views  of  the  founder  are  fully  explained. — 
Many  of  tliese  books  have  been  lost  and  destroyed.  In 
the  Revolutionary  war,  just  before  the  battle  of  Ger- 
mantown,  three  wagon  loads  of  books,  in  sheets,  were 
seized  and  taken  away  for  cartriges.  They  came  to  the 
paper  mill  to  get  paper,  and  not  finding  any  there,  they 
pressed  the  books  in  sheets.  The  printing  press,  used 
then,  is  now  in  possession  of  R.  R.  Heitler,  Esq.,  at 
Ephrata. 

"  JNIusic  was  much  cultivated.  Beissel  was  a  first  rate 
musician  and  composer.  In  composing  sacred  music  he 
took  his  style  from  the  music  of  Nature,  and  the  whole 
comprising  several  large  volumes  are  founded  on  the 
tones  of  the  Aeolian  harp ;  the  singing  is  the  Aeolian 
harp  harmonized;  it  is  very  peculiar  in  its  style  and 
concords,  and  in  its  execution.  The  tones  issuing  from 
the  choir  imitate  very  soft  instrumental  music ;  convey- 
ing a  softness  and  devotion  almost  super-human  to  the 

Miller  finished  his  studies.  Before  Miller's  ordination,  Weiss 
had  been  Pastor  of  the  German  Reformed  congregation,  in 
Philadcljjiiia,  and  about  that  time,  in  company  with  an  Elder, 
named  Keif,  visited  Holland,  and  other  parts  of  Europe,  for 
the  purpose  of  making  collections  in  aid  of  the  feeble  congre- 
gations, in  Pennsylvania. 

Mr.  Miller,  Weiss,  and  John  Bartholomew  Ricger,  fellow 
students,  wore  on  terms  of  intimacy,  at  liome  and  in  America. 
Rieger  was  a  native  of  Obcringclhcini,  ralalinate.  He 
studied  at  Basel  and  Heidelberg,  arrived  in  America,  in  1731^ 
and  afterwards  settled  in  Lancaster  county  ;  he  had  charge  of 
several  German  Reformed  congregations  in  this  county.  Ho 
died  at  Lancaster,  March  11,  1709,  aged  G2  youi-s,  2  luonlhs 
and  4  days,;  buried  in  the  German  Relur'ned  church  grave* 
yard. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  227 

auditor.  Their  music  is  set  in  four,  six,  and  eight  parts. 
All  the  parts,  save  the  bass,  are  lead  and  sung  exclusive- 
ly by  females,  the  men  being  confined  to  the  bass,  which 
is  set  in  two  parts,  the  high  and  the  low  bass — the  latter 
resembling  the  deep  tones  of  the  organ,  and  the  first,  in 
combination  with  one  of  the  female  parts,  is  an  excellent 
imitation  of  the  concert  horn.  The  whole  is  sung  on  the 
falsetto  voice,  the  signers  scarcely  opening  their  mouths, 
or  moving  their  lips,  which  throws  the  voice  up  to  the 
ceiling,  v/hich  is  not  high,  and  the  tones,  which  seem  to 
be  more  than  human,  at  least  so  far  from  common  church 
singing  appears  to  be  entering  from  above,  and  hovering 
over  the  heads  of  the  assembly." 

The  reader  may  form  some  idea  of  their  music  from 
tlie  following  extract  of  a  letter  written  by  a  tourist 
durmg  the  proprietary  administration  of  Governor 
Penn  :  "  The  counter,  treble^  tenor,  and  bass,  were  all 
sung  by  women,  with  sweet,  shrill,  and  small  voices,  but 
with  a  truth  and  exactness  in  time  and  intonation  that 
was  admirable.  It  is  impossible  to  describe  to  your 
Lordship,  my  feelings  upon  this  occasion.  The  per- 
formers sat  with  their  heads  reclined,  their  countenances 
solemn  and  dejected,  their  faces  pale  and  emaciated  from 
their  manner  of  living,  the  clothing  exceeding  white  and 
quite  picturesqe,  and  their  music  such  as  thrilled  to  the 
veiy  soul ;  I  almost  began  to  think  myself  in  the  world 
of  spirits,  and  that  the  objects  before  me  were  ethereal. 
In  short,  the  impression  this  scene  made  upon  my  mind, 
continued  strong  for  many  days,  and  I  believe,  will  never 
be  wholly  obliterated." 

Tliis  music  is  lost,  entirely  now,  at  Ephrata ;  not  the 
music  books,  but  tlie  style  of  singing;  they  never 
attempt  it  any  more.  It  is,  however,  still  preserved  and 
finely  executed,  though  in  a  faiiit  degree,  at  Snow  hilly 


?2S  HTSTORY    CJ 

in  Franklin  county,  where  there  is  a  branch  of  tlie 
socictj?-,  and  which  is  now  the  principal  settlement  of 
tlie  Seventh  Day  Baptists.* 

This  society  attracted  considerable  attention.     Lien  of 
various  rank  and  standing  visited  the  place. 

George  Thomas,  formerly  an  Antigua  planter,  ap- 
pointed in  1737,  Governor  of  the  province  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, visited  Ephrara,  in  1741.  He  came,  says  Peter 
Miller,  accompanied  by  a  retinue  of  twenty  horses,  and  a 
large  number  of  distinguished  gentlemen  from  Maryland 
and  Virginia;  they  were  all  honorably  received  by  the 
brethren.  The  Governor  said  he  was  much  gratified  to 
see  such  an  institution.  He  spoke  very  favorably  of 
their  religious  and  economical  arrangements.  The 
motives  of  visit,  it  is  believed,  were  sinister.  Without 
doubt,  he  gained  the  object  of  his  visit  more  easily  by 
adulation  than  he  would  have  otherwise.  At  this  time, 
the  talented,  and  active  Conrad  AVeiser,  was  a  member 
of  tlie  association.  It  was  the  Governor's  object,  if 
possible,  to  secure  once  more  the  services  of  this  man  in 
a  capacity,  for  which  he  seems  to  have  been  felicitously 
suited,  that  of  an  Indian  interpreter.  He  tendered  him 
the  appointment  of  justice  of  the  peace,  which  he 
accepted.  Wciser  frequently  presided  at  court,  as 
chief  justice,  ivith  his  beard:\  He  was  afterwards 
appointed  provincial  interpreter,  in  which  capacity,  he 
rendered  his  country  essential  services  for  many  years. — 
Governor  William  Denny,  spent  some  time  time  here,  in 

•The  leading  rchgious  tenets  ef  this  society,  may  be  seen  in 
a  work,  entitled,  "He  Pasa  Ecclesia,"  published  by  Rupp, 
Clyde  &  Williams,  Octavo,  900  pages,  1843. 

fMan  hat  ihn,  C.  W.  auch  auf  dcr  Court  als  obcrstcn  Ricbter 
gesehcn  unter  Krone  sitzcn  mit  scinem  gewochnlichonlBard. — 
Cl)iroiuEph.,{j'6. 


LANCASTER    COUNTS.  229 

1756,  and  through  an  interpreter,  had  a  long  conversa- 
with  Beissel,  touching  the  condition  of  the  country. 

Peter  Miller  was  a  native  of  Oberant  Lantern,  came 
to  America  in  1730  ;  soon  after  his  arrival,  was  ordained 
by  a  Scotch  Synod,  at  Philadelphia;  received  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Society  at  Ephrata,  by  being  baptized  in  1735, 
and  remained  sixty-one  years,  to  the  day  of  his  death, 
September  25,  1796,  a  member  thereof. — His  remams 
rest  in  the  grave  yard  at  that  place. 

He  was  well  known  in  the  religious  and  literary 
world.  It  is  said,  he  translated  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence into  seven  languages.  His  correspondence  was 
extensive ;  he  was  visited  by  hundreds :  General  Lee, 
David  Rittenhouse,  Count  Zinzendorf,  and  several  noble- 
men of  Europe,  have  been  the  guests  of  the  establishment. 
We  have  space  to  insert  a  few  of  his  correspondents' 
communications.  The  first  is  from  a  female;  the  other 
is  "  a  rhymic  effusion,^ ^  by  a  young  gentleman  of  Phila- 
delphia, written  many  years  ago,  in  consequence  of  a 
visit  he  made  Peter  Miller,  and  to  whom  he  dedicated 
the  Poem. 

September  29fh,  1114:. 
Sir: — Your  very  respectable  character  would  make  me 
ashamed  to  addres  you  with  words  merely  of  form. — 
I  hope,  therefore,  you  will  not  suspect  me  of  using  any 
such,  when  I  assure  you,  I  received  the  favor  of  your  let- 
ter with  great  pleasure.  And  permit  me,  sir,  to  join  the 
thanks  I  owe  to  those  worthy  v/omen,  the  holy  sisters  at 
Ephrata,  with  those  I  now  present  to  you,  for  the  good 
opinion  you  and  they  may  have  of  me.  I  claim  only 
that  of  respecting  merit,  when  I  find  it ;  and  of  wishing 
an  increase  in  the  world,  of  that  piety  to  the  Almighty, 
and  peace  to  our  fellow-creatures,  that  I  am  convinced  is 
ill  yom-  hearts;  and,  therefore,  do  me  the  justice  to 

20 


230  HISTORY   OF 

believe,  you  have  my  wishes  of  prosperity  here,  and 
happiness  hereafter. 

I  did  uot  receive  the  precious  stone,  you  were  so  good 
to  send  me,  mitil  yesterday.  I  am  most  extremely 
obliged  to  you  for  it.  It  deserves  to  be  particularly 
distinguished,  on  its  own,  as  well  as  the  giver's  account. 
I  shall  keep  it  with  grateful  remembrance  of  my  obhga- 
tions  to  you. 

Mr.  Pemi,  as  well  as  myself,  were  much  obliged  to 
you  for  remarking  to  us,  that  the  paper  you  wrote  on, 
was  the  manufacture  of  Ephrata.  It  liad,  on  that  ac- 
comit,  great  merit  to  us  ;  and  he  has  desired  our  friend, 
j\Ir.  Barton,  to  send  him  some  specimens  of  the  occupa- 
tion of  some  of  your  society.  I  heard  him  say,  tliat  he 
rejoices  to  hear  of  your  and  their  welfare. 

It  is  I,  that  should  beg  pardon  for  interrupting  your 
quiet,  and  profitable  moments,  by  an  intercourse  so  little 
beneficial  as  mine ;  but  trust  your  benevolence  will  in- 
dulge this  satisfaction  to  one  who  wishes  to  assure  you, 
sir,  that  she  is,  with  sincere  regard,  your  obliged  and 
faithful  well  wisher. 

JULIANNA  PENN. 

'TO    PETER    MILLER,  PRINCIPAL    OF   THE    SOCIETY    OF   DUNKERS 

AT   EPHRATA." 

Th'  Eternal  God  from  his  exalted  throne, 
Surveys  at  once,  caith,  heav'n,  and  worlds  unknown — 
All  tilings  that  are,  before  his  piercing  eye, 
Like  the  plain  tracings  of  a  picture  lie — 
UnuUcr'd  thoughts,  deep  in  the  heart  conceal'd, 
In  strong  expression  stand  to  him  revcal'd — 
Thousands  and  twice  ten  thousands,  every  day. 
To  Him  or  fcign'd  or  real  homage  pay — 
Like  clouds  of  incense  rolling  to  the  skies, 
In  various  forms  tlieir  supplications  rise. 

Their  various  forms  to  him  no  access  gain — 


LANCASTER    COTJNTr.  231 

Without  the  Heart's  true  incense  all  are  vain ; 
The  suppliant's  secret  motives  there  appear, 
The  genuine  source  of  every  offer'd  prayer. 

Some  place  Religion  on  a  throne  superb, 
And  deck  with  jewels  her  resplendent  garb  ; 
Painting  and  sculpture  all  their  powers  display, 
And  lofty  tapers  shed  a  lambent  ray. 
High  on  the  full-ton'd  organ's  swelling  sound, 
The  pleasing  anthem  floats  serenely  round; 
Harmonic  strains  their  thrilling  pow'rs  combine, 
And  lift  the  soul  to  ecstacy  divine. 

In  Ephrata's  deep  gloom  you  fix  your  seat. 
And  seek  Religion  in  the  dark  retreat ; 
In  sable  weeds  you  dress  the  heav'n-born  maid, 
And  place  her  pensive  in  the  lonely  shade  ; 
Recluse,  unsocial,  you,  your  hours  employ, 
And  fearful,  banish  every  harmless  joy. 

Each  may  admire  and  use  their  fav'rite  form. 
If  Heav'n's  own  flame  their  glowing  bosoms  warm. 
If  love  divine  of  God  and  man  be  there, 
The  deep-felt  want  that  forms  the  ardent  prayer, 
The  grateful  sense  of  blessings  freely  given, 
The  boon,  unsought,  unmerited  of  Heav'n, 
*Tis  true  devotion — and  the  Lord  of  Love, 
Such  pray'rs  and  praises  kindly  will  approve. 
Whether  from  golden  altars  they  arise, 
And  wrapt  in  sound  and  mcense  reach  the  skies; 
Or  from  your  Ephrata,  so  meek,  so  low, 
In  soft  and  silent  aspirations  flow. 

Oh!  let  the  Christian  bless  that  glorious  day, 
When  outward  forms  shall  all  be  done  away. 
When  we,  in  spirit  and  in  truth  alone. 
Shall  bend,  0  God !  before  thy  awful  throne. 
And  thou  our  purer  worship  shalt  approve* 
By  sweet  returns  of  everlasting  love. 

What  yet   remains  of  Ephrata,  is  worthy  a  long 
journey  to  be  seen;  "its  weather  beaten  walls;  upon 


232  HISTORY    OP 

which  the  tooth  of  time  has  been  gnawing  for  nearly 
one  and  a  half  century,  are  crumbling  to  pieces,  render- 
ing it  more  interesting  from  its  antiquity,  "Many  traces 
of  the  olden  time  remain,  but  its  life  has  departed. — 
There  are,  however,  many  delightful  associations  con- 
nected with  the  mouldering  walls,  and  like  some  of  the 
dilapidated  castles,  which  are  apparently  falling  to  the 
ground,  deserted  and  given  to  the  rooks  and  owls,  yet  it 
contains  many  habitable  and  comfortable  apartments." 
These  are  occupied  by  several  single  sisters,  one  of 
whom,  sister  Barbara,  has  been  here  fifty-five  years; 
but  under  different  Government;  in  former  days  the 
whole  property  and  income  belonged  exclusively  to  the 
single  brethren  and  sisters ;  but  now  by  legislative 
enactment  is  invested  in  all  the  members,  single  and  mar- 
ried. The  sisters,  since  this  enactment,  in  the  convent, 
are  not  supported  out  of  the  common  stork  and  their 
common  labor,  but  each  has  house-room,  which  all  the 
married  members  are  entitled  to,  who  require  it,  as  well 
as  firewood,  flour  and  milk,  from  the  society,  who  still 
possess  some  land  and  a  mill,  and  their  labor  they 
apply  to  their  own  use,  or  dispose  of  it  as  they  see  proper." 

We  state,  with  regret,  that  the  prescribed  limits  of  this 
work,  preclude  a  detailed  account  of  this  highly  in- 
teresting association. 

The  descendants  of  those  who  were  connected  at  an 
early  date,  are  numerous,  and  many  of  them  influencial 
in  society.  The  principal  ones  connected  with  the 
society,  in  early  existence,  were  Conrad  Beissel,  Urner, 
Landis,  Lang,  Mcyljn,  Graff,  Weber,  Grc1)il,  Funk, 
Eicher,  Naegly,  Frey,  Wolfart,  Gass,  Hildcbrand,  Hoehn, 
Sigmund,  Landart,  Peter  Miller,  Conrad  Weiser,  Heur- 
man,  Zinn,  Hoecker,  Pettikoffer,  Gorgas,  Mack,  Ries- 
man,  Eckstein,  Rinsing,  Eckerlin,  Heipcl,  Koch,  Meyer> 


LANCASTER   COUNTr.  233 

Hardie^  Stretch,  Pearcol,  Derborough,  Griffyth,  Peas- 
cify,  Rogger,  Seymour,  Hackly,  these  were  English — 
Philip  Beusel,  Lohman,  Kimmel,  Sangmeister,  Hoelleor 
thai,  Martin,  Horn,  Koenig,  Beller,  Hummer,  Senseman, 
and  others,  who  all  were  members  prior  to  the  death  of 
\      £.  Beissel,  who  died  June  6th,  1768. 

Note.— We  shall  close  this  chapter  with  a  list  of  the  names 
of  land-holders  (not  before  mentioned)  who  settled  at  an  early 
date,  within  the  present  limits  of  the  county,  some  before, 
others  shortly  after,  Lancaster  county  had  been  erected.  For 
the  want  of  information,  the  list  is  necessarily  limited.  Those 
named,  all  settled  prior  to  1735.  Among  these,  in  various 
pai*ts  of  the  county,  were  the  Roddyes,  Craigheads,  Towsten- 
beriers,  Cooksons,  Mayes,  Jervis,  McCawlys,  Storys,  Greens, 
Whitehills,  Hermans,  Irwins,  Wolfs,  Bezoars,  Venericks, 
Ritters,  Millseps,  Royers,  Woolricks,  Houslemans,  Byerlya, 
Simons,  Palmers,  Poutchs,  Kitchs,  Travengsrs,  Linders, 
Verdrees,  Wises,  Barnetts,  Ringers,  Stoners,  Alberts,  Beards, 
Pendalls,  Kores,  Owens,  Eaves,  Thornburys,  Marshalls, 
Brickers,  Lertys,  Jacksons,  Beesons,  Nessleys,  Swoops,  Bears, 
Emmets,  Hcrseys,  Astons,  Steers,  M'Nabbs,  Smiths,  Beckers, 
Forneys,  Rowlands,  Weidlers,  Elroods,  Stumps,  Snejv;elys, 
Eberles,  Oikelbergers,  Wypreights,  Finks,  Longs,  Lindseys, 
Kings,  Reads,  Wells,  Blyths,  FuUertons,  Moores,  Francis, 
McKanes,  Dehoofs,  Goughnours,  Lines,  Dyers,  Hietts,  Stani^ 
bach,  Bumgarners,  Hoffs,  Noacres,  Lytles,  Darbys,  Douglas, 
Sturm,  Echman,  Guy,  Philips,  Basler,  Shinover,  Scroop, 
Varner,  Mackrells,  Shillys,  Turners,  Hoffmans,  Knowls,  AVhit- 
raers,  Kinrighs,  Burkhards,  Leepharts,  Pleystows,  Weightmans, 
Burkhunters,  Andersons,  Piggots,  Wiesenants,  Blacks,  Leoo- 
ards.  Steels,  Ramsays,  Sypes,  Lyncks,  Lowdpns,  Musselraans, 
Matthews,  McClanaghans,  Staigys,  Bradcns,  Burtons,  Gales, 
Cowens,  Robinsons,  Murrays,  Bensons,  Shannons,  Browns, 
Kellys,  Allisons,  Eddys,  Fultons,  Mitchells  of  Sadsbury,  Fos- 
ters, Graypcels,  Shryers,  Clinehaws,  Harnist,  Webbs,  Reiffs, 
Watsons,  Montgomerys,  McCardys,  LeRues,  Adlumns,  Clem- 
sons,  Conodes,  Plumbs,  Shieft'ers,  Warders,  Dennings,  Reists, 
Slemmans,  Armors,  Templemans,  McConnels,  Sensineys, 
Tillers,  Hustons,  Meixells,  Geers,  Wolfspaniers,  Baughmaas, 
~  20* 


234  HISTORY    OF 

Ters,Hennings,  Andrews,  McNcalys,  Rudcneglee,  Kitzmillers, 
Le  Chaars,  Bushans,  Roodcs,  Birshings,  Jacks,  Flemmings, 
M'Clellaiids,  Howards,  EUmakers,  Adams,  Haines,  Haltzingers, 
Tcttcnhaucrs,  Hokenbracks,  Davisons,  Bishairs,  Seldenridge, 
Saunders,  Shcrrards,  Molers,  Stinsons,  Eancks,  Kcysers, 
Shcrks,  Davids,  Paxtons  of  Sadsbury,  Eobcrtsons,  Coxs,  Heis- 
tandts,  Fences,  Painters,  Pouts,  Livistoncs,  Kellers,  Wingers, 
Lightners,  Bombergcrs,  Krcils,  McGarrys,  Shallybcrgers,  Hig- 
genbothcms,  Evalts,  Walters,  Middlctons,  Hanricks,  Heys, 
Baldwyns,  Campbells,  Vanleres,  Stiles,  Musgroves,  Balls, 
McKimms,  Phillips,  Pegellis,  Brittans,  Dyers,  Dieffenbachs, 
Gillmores,  Boyds,  Overs,  Georges,  Lambs,  Bishops,  Stritchs, 
Krebs,  Hastings,  Alexanders,  McNealys,  Kahoons,  Hudsons, 
Wendcls,  Fcczers,  Westhavers,  Cuffroots,  Wcitmans,  Lloyds, 
Lyncks,  Hewstons,  Berriers,  Buchanans,  Saudters,  Sherricks, 
Perrys,  Cumptons,  Reynolds,  Moffats,  Moodys,  Allinsons, 
McClcnns,  Littles,  Shennons,  Classprinners,  Klings,  Griffiths, 
Shizlers,  Hendersons,  McClures,  Hughes,  Thomcs,  Walters, 
Duflields,  Stettcrs,  Kates,  Oralis,  Hollers,  Crawfords,  Dcnnys, 
Scotts,  Baltens,  Brackens,  McPhersons,  Pcnnocks,  Rippys, 
Daws,  Walkers,  Rohrcrs,  Richardsons,  Linvilles,  Walls,  Gaills, 
Ross,  Posllewhaits,  Pughs,  Bcckott,  Encks,  Imblcs,  Boosons, 
Kyles,  Bauds,  Elis,  Blackshaws,  Doughertys, 


vy 


LANCASTER    COUNTr..  ^35. 


THIRD    PART. 


FROM    THE    ORGANIZATION    OP    LANCASTER    COUNTY,    ONE 
THOUSAND    SEVEN    HUNDRED   AND    TWENTY-NINE. 


CHAPTER  I. 


Erection  and  organization  of  the  county — Boundaries  of — Seat  of  Justice—- 
James  Annesly — Boundaries  of  townships — First  court  held  at  Postle- 
whaites — Extracts  of  court  records — Morris  Cannaday  indicted — Found 
guilty  and  sold — Constables,  Overseers  and  Supervisors  appointed- 
Applicants  to  be  Indian  traders — Petitions  for  license  to  sell  rum — First 
court  held  at  Lancaster — Conrad  Weiser,  notice  of — N  otes,  &c. 

Settlements  on  both  sides  of  the  Susquehanna, 
especially  on  the  eastern,  having  been  extended  and 
greatly  augmented  by  the  influx  of  a  mixed  population; 
emigrations  from  abroad  and  natives  of  the  province; 
the  inliabitants  of  the  upper  parts  of  Chester  county 
deemed  it  necessary  as  early  as  1628,  to  avoid  inconve- 
niencies  arising  daily  from  the  want  ^^  of  justice  at  every 
maivs^^  to  petition  the  proper  authorities,  to  erect  and 
establish  a  new  county.  Petitions  were  accordingly 
forwarded  to  the  council  at  Philadelphia,  Februar}^  Gth, 
1728-9,  and  received  due  consideration. 


236  HISTOKY    OP 

"At  a  council  held  at  Philadelphia,  February  6th^ 
1728-9:  Present,  the  Hon.  Patrick  Gordon^  Esq.,  Lieut. 
Governor  of  Pennsylvania,  and  James  Logan,  Richard 
Hill,  Isaac  Norris,  Samuel  Preston,  William  Fishbourn, 
Clement  Plumsted,  Samuel  Hazle,  Esquires ;  a  petition 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  upper  parts  of  Chester  county 
was  laid  before  the  board  and  read,  setting  forth  that  by 
reason  of  their  great  distance  from  the  county  town, 
where  courts  are  held,  offices  are  kept,  and  annual  elec- 
tions made,  they  lie  under  very  great  inconveniences, 
being  obliged,  in  the  recovery  of  their  just  debts,  to 
travel  near  one  hundred  miles*  to  obtain  a  writ ;  that  for 
want  of  a  sufficient  number  of  justices,  constables  and 
other  officers,  in  those  parts,  no  care  is  taken  of  the 
high-ways ;  townships  are  not  laid  out,  nor  bridges  built, 
when  there  is  an  apparent  necessity  for  them ;  and 
fiuther,  that  for  want  of  a  gaol  there,  several  vagabonds 
and  other  dissolute  people  harbor  among  them,  tliinking 
themselves  safe  from  justice  in  so  remote  a  place ;  and 
therefore  praying  that  a  division  line  be  made  between 
the  upper  and  lower  part  of  said  county,  and  the  upper 
part  thereof  erected  into  a  county,  with  all  the  immu- 
nities, rights  and  privileges  which  any  other  county  of 
this  province  does  enjoy. 

"The  board  taking  the  same  into  consideration,  are  of 
opinion,  that  the  Governor  is  fully  empowered  by  virtue 
of  his  commission,  to  grant  the  prayer  of  the  petition,  if 
the  same  shall  appear  necessary;  but  as  it  is  a  matter  of 
some  moment,  and  Avill  require  a  mature  deliberation,  it 

*Tho  courts,  &:c.  were  held  at  Upland  or  Chester,  on  Dela- 
M'arc  river,  15  miles  S.  W.  from  Thiladclphia.  Upland  is  an 
ancient  place.  The  first  adventurers  under  Pcnn  landed  here, 
Dec.  11,  lC)f^2.  It  w  as  also  the  scat  of  the  first  legislature  after 
the  arrival  of  William  Tcnn. 


LANCASTER    COUNXr.  237 

was  moved  and  agreed  that  the  further  consideration, 
thereof  should  be  deferred  till  to-morrow  at  nine  o'clock? 
beforenoon,  to  which  time  the  council  is  adjourned." 

"Council  met  next  day — the  minutes  of  the  three  pre- 
ceeding  councils  being  read  and  approved,  the  board 
according  to  order  entered  into  the  consideration  of  the 
petition  in  the  minutes  of  yesterday,  touching  the 
division  of  Chester  county,  and  after  the  same  had 
been  fully  considered  and  debated,  the  board  came  to 
the  following  resolution :  That,  as  well  for  as  reasons  set 
forth  in  the  said  petition,  as  the  security,  peace  and  good 
order  of  the  whole  government,  there  doth  appear  a  real 
necessity  that  a  new  county  should  be  erected,  according 
to  the  prayer  of  said  petition ;  and  although  the  power 
of  erecting  counties  is  wholly  vested  in  the  proprietary, 
and  therefore  in  the  Governor,  or  his  lieutenant,  yet,  in- 
asmuch as  this  will  require  the  establishment  of  courts 
of  judicature,  with  other  alterations,  for  which  a  due 
provision  will  best  be  made  by  a  law;  it  may  be 
convenient  that  the  government  acquaint  the  House  of 
Representatives  now  sitting,  with  the  application  made 
to  him,  that  the  same  may  be  carried  on  with,  and 
strengthened  by  the  joint  and  unanimous  concurrence  of 
the  whole  Legislature." 

"At  a  council  held  at  Philadelphia,  February  20th, 
1728-9.  The  minutes  of  the  preceeding  council  being 
read  and  approved,  the  Governor  informed  the  board 
that  pursuant  to  the  resolution  of  the  last  council,  he  had 
acquainted  the  House  of  Representives  with  his  inten-- 
tion  to  erect  the  upper  part  of  the  county  of  Chester 
into  a  separate  county,  in  Avhich  they  had  concurred  and 
desired  that  an  equal  number  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
lower  and  upper  part  might  run  the  division  line ;  and 
therefore,  he  was  now  to  recommend  to  tlie  board  to. 


Z3S  HISTORY  or 

(iosc  fit  and  well  qualified  persons  for  that  service,  and 
to  consider  of  proper  directions  for  their  guidance 
therein;  and  after  due  consideration  thereof: 

^Tis    Ordered    That,    Henry   Hayes,  Samuel  Nutt, 
Sainuol  Hollingsworth,  Philip   Taylor,  Elisha  GatcheL, 
James  James,  John  Wright,  Tobias  Hendricks,  Samuel 
Blmiston,  Andrew  Cornish,  Thomas  Edwards  and  Jolin 
Musgrove,  or  a  major  part    of   them,  calling  to  theii 
assistance  John  Taylor,  the  siuveyor  of  Chester  county, 
meet  at  some  convenient  place  near  Octoraro  creek  oi 
river,  and  cause  a  marked  line  to  be  run  from  the  most 
northerly  or  main  branch  of  tlie  said  creek  northward,  or 
to  the  east  or  west  thereof,  as  it  shall  be  found  most  con- 
venient, to  the  next  high  ridge  of  barren  or  uninhabited 
hills  that  lead  from  thence  to  Schuylkill  river,  keeping  as 
near  as  may  be  to  the  right  of  said  hills,  and  to  proceed 
along  the  ridge  thereof,  yet  with  as  few  changes  in  the 
course  as  their  situation  will  admit,  and  fixing  the  same 
to  tlie  most  conspicuous,  natural  and  durable  mai'ks,  tliat 
may  be  least  subject  to  uncertainty  or  variation ;  to  be 
bomided  southward  by  the  southern  bounds  of  the  prov- 
ince, and  eastwardly  the  said  Octoraro  creek  ;  and  from 
tlience  the  northern  line  to  be  by  them  run  as  aforesaid, 
to  the  said  hills,  from  thence  the  said  line  along  the  said 
hills  to  Schuylkill,  and  from  thence  to  the  main  northern 
cor  easterly  branch  thereof,  above  the  forks  of  said  river, 
to  lie  open  on  the  westward,  till  fm'ther  orders  shall  be 
given  therein ;  and  to  make  report  of  their  proceedings 
to  tills  board. 

«At  a  council  held  at  Philadelphia,  May  2d,  1729:^ 
Present,  the  Hon.  Patrick  Gordon,  Esq.,  Lieut.  Governor 
Richard  Hill,  William  Fishbourn,  Clement  Plumsted, 
Tliomas  Lawrence  and  Samuel  Hazle,  Esquires.  A 
return  being  made  by  the  order,  dated  the  20th  February 


LANCASTER   COTJNTT.  239 

last,  for  running  a  division  line  in  the  county  of  Chester, 
and  setthng  the  boundaries  of  the  county  to  be  erected 
in  the  back  parts  of  this  province  towards  Susquehanna, 
pursuant  to  the  minutes  of  council  of  the  20th  of  said 
February,  the  same  was  read,  approved  and  confirmed, 
and  is  in  these  words : 

"Pursuant    to    a    warrant    from  the    Hon.    Patrick 
Gordon,  Esq.,  Lieut.  Governor  of  the  province  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  counties  of  New  Castle,  Kent  and  Sussex, 
upon  Delaware,  bearing  date  the  22d  day  of  February 
last  past,   We,  whose  names  are  hereunto  subscribed, 
met  together  on  the  17th  day  of  March,  1728-9,  near 
tlie  head  of  the  northern  branch  of  Octoraro  creek,  and 
with  tlie  assistance  of  John  Taylor,  Surveyor  of  the 
comity  of  Chester,  run  a  line  from  the  said  branch  to  the 
river  Schuylkill,  accordmg  to  the  courses  following,  viz: 
Beginning  on  a  corner  marked  white  oak  standing  on  the 
eastern   side  of  the  said  branch,  on  the  land  of  John 
]VIinshall,  thence  north-east  by  north,  five  hundred  and 
eight  perches  to  a  chesnut  oak  standing  on  the  top  of  a 
barren  mountain  at  the  head  of  the  branches  of  the  said 
Octoraro  creek,  thence  along  the  said  mountain,  norths 
east  by  east,  three  hundred  and  forty  perches  to  a  chest- 
nut tree,  thence  north  north-east,  four  hundred  and  forty 
perches  to  a  white  oak  by  a  branch  of  Pequea  creek, 
tlience  continuing  the  same  course  along  the  said  moiu> 
tain  four  hundred  and  eight  perches  to  a  chestnut  oak, 
thence  north  by  east  seven  hundred  perches  to  a  white 
oak  near  a  small  branch  of  Brandywine  creek,  thence 
north  by  west  six  hundred  and  sixteen  perches  to  a 
diestnut  tree  standing  on  the  top  of  a  mountain  at  the 
head  of  the  western  branch  of  the  said  Brandywine 
creek,  thence  east  north-east  along  the  said  mountain 
two  thousand    two  hundred  and  twenty  perches  to  a 


240  HISTORY   OS' 

chestnut  tree  near  the  western  branch  of  the  French 
creek,  thence  northeast  by  east  three  hundred  and  fifty 
perches  to  a  red  oak,  thence  north  east  one  hundred  and 
ninety  perches  to  a  chestnut  oak  near  another  branch  of 
the  said  French  creek,  thence  north  east  by  north  tAVO 
thousand  one  hundred  perches  to  a  corner  marked  white 
oak,  standing  by  the  said  river  Schuylkill,  about  three 
quarters  of  a  mile  below  the  house  of  John  Burroughs. 

Henry  Hayes,  Samuel  Hollingsworth,  Philip  Taylor, 
Elisha  Gatchel,  James  James,  John  Wright,  Tobias 
Hendricks,  Samuel  Blunston,  Andrew  Cornish,  Thomas 
Edwards,  John  Musgrove. 

"And  the  upper  parts  of  the  province  described  as 
aforesaid,  are  hereby  declared  to  be  erected,  and  are 
accordingly  erected  into  a  county  by  the  name  of 
Lancaster  County.*  And  'tis  ordered  that  the  same 
be  signified  to  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  the 
return  laid  before  them  for  their  direction  in  describing 
the  boundaries  thereof  in  the  bill  now  before  them  for 
establishing  courts  of  judicature,  &c.  within  the  same. 

"May  Sth,  1729,  the  governor  recommended  to  the 
board  to  consider  of  proper  persons  to  be  appointed 
justices  of  the  peace  of  the  said  county  of  Lancaster, 
and  the  following  persons  were  named  justices,  viz  : — 
John  Wright,  Tobias  Hendricks,  Samuel  Blunston, 
Andrew  Cornish,  Thomas  Edwards,  Caleb  Pierce, 
Thomas  Reid,  and  Sannicl  Jones,  Esqrs. 

*Lanca.stcr  county  was  named  by  Julm  Wright — ""Wlicn 
Lancaster  county  was  laid  ofl'  from  Chester,  my  grand  father, 
says  William  Wright  of  Columbia,  in  a  letter  to  George  Ford, 
Esq.,  gave  it,  its  name,  after  the  county  he  came  from  in  Eng- 
land." Wright  came  from  Lancashire,  England,  in  1714,  and 
settled  in  Chester;  in  1726  he  moved  to,  and  settled  on  the 
Susquehanna,  at  Columbia. 


LANCASTER   COUNTY.  241 

Robert  Barber  was  likewise  appointed  sheriff,  and 
Andrew  Galbraith,  Coroner ;  and  commissioners  were 
ordered  to  be  proposed  accordingly. 

"  May  10th,  1729,  the  House  of  Representatives  waited 
Gil  the  Governor,  and  the  Speaker  presented  a  bill  passed 
into  a  law,  which  tUas  accordingly  by  the  Governor 
passed  into  a  law  of  this  province.  Be  it  enacted,  That 
all  and  singular  the  lands  within  the  province  of  Penn- 
sylvania, lying  to  the  northward  of  Octoraro  creek,  and 
to  the  westward  of  a  line  of  marked  trees,  running  from 
the  north  branch  of  said  Octoraro  creek,  northeasterly  to 
the  river  Schuylkill,  be  erected  into  a  county,  and  the 
same  is  hereby  erected  into  a  county,  named,  and  from 
henceforth  to  be  called  Lancaster  County  ;  and  the  said 
Gctoraro  creek  the  line  of  marked  trees.  From  the  sub- 
sequent organization  of  other  counties  the  original  boun- 
daries of  Lancaster  have  been  altered. 

«At  a  council  held  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  18, 1729-30. — 
The  Governor  acquainted  the  board  that  whereas,  by  the 
law  for  erecting  Lancaster  county,  John  Wright,  Caleb 
Pierce,  Thomas  Edwards  and  James  Mitchell,  or  any 
tliree  of  them,  are  empowered  to  purchase  for  the  use  of 
the  said  county,  a  convenient  piece  of  land  to  be  ap- 
proved of  by  the  Governor,  and  thereon  to  build  a  court 
bouse  and  prison,  and  that  now  the  said  John  Wright, 
Caleb  Pierce  and  James  Mitchell,  have  by  a  certificate 
under  their  hands,  signified  that  they  have  agreed  upon 
a  lot  of  land  for  the  use  aforesaid,  lying  on  or  near  a 
small  run  of  water,  between  the  plantations  of  Rudy 
Mire,*  Michael  Shank  and  Jacob  Imble,  about  ten  miles 

*Rudy  Mire  had  settled  here  about  the  year  1712.  It  is  said, 
his  son  Abraham  was  the  eighth  white  child  born  in  Lancaster 
county.  Abraham  was  a  minister  of  the  Mennonite  denomi- 
nation, and  the  first  German  Scrivener  in  Lancaster,    Though 

21 


242  HISTORY    OP 

from  Susquehanna  river,  and  prayed  his  approbation  of 
the  same.     The  Governor  therefore  referred  the  matter 
to  the  consideration  of  the  hoard,  whether  the  situation 
of  the  place  those  gentlemen  had  pitched  on  for  a  town 
might  be  fit  to  be  confirmed,  and  that  a  town  should 
accordingly  be  fixed  there.       But  the   question  being 
asked  to  whom  the  land  they  had  made  choice  of  now 
belongs,  and  who  has  the  property  of  it,  because  it  may 
be  in  such  hands  as   will  part  with,   or  at   least,   on 
reasonable  terms  for  that  use,  and  this  not  being  known 
by  any  at  the  board,  it  was  deferred  till  such  time  as  that 
could  be  ascertained.     But   as  it  is  presumed  for  any 
thmg  that  is  yet  known,  to  be  unsmweyed  land,  and  that 
the  right  is  only  in  the  proprietor,  it  is  the  opinion  of  the 
board,  that  it  is  more  proper    to    be  granted  by  the 
proprietor  for  such  uses,  than  by  any  other  person. 

Metn.— "The  Governor  having  understood  that  the 
right  of  the  land  pitched  upon  for  the  townstead  of  Lan- 
caster, remains  yet  in  the  proprietaries,  was  advised  to 
approve  of  the  place  agreed  on  by  Messrs.  Wright, 
Pierce  and  Mitchel,  and  the  same  was  confirmed  ac- 
cordingly by  a  writing  dated  JMay  1st,  1730. 

According  to  tradition,  it  appears,  "that  on  the  division 
of  the  county,  a  contention  arose  as  to  the  most  suitable 
location  for  the  seat  of  Justice.     Wright's  Ferry  was 

Abraham  was  a  defenceless  Mernonitc,  his  son  Christian  took  a 
decided  and  aclive  part  with  the  Whigs  in  the  Revolution  ;  he 
was  an  officer  in  the  anny.  The  sword,  with  which  he  so  val- 
iantly del'cndcd  his  country,  was  presenled  by  his  widow,  to  a 
relative,  to  Capt.  George  Eichholtz,  while  in  the  service  of  the 
United  States  in  1814. 

Jolui  Jiicob  Eieliholtz,  grandfather  of  Capt.  George,  was 
married  to  Christian  Meyer's  sister.  Mr.  Eiclitioltz  was  wag- 
onmaster  at  the  time  of  Braddock's  defeat;  and  it  is  said,  upon 
good  authority,  the  fu-st  brick-maker  in  Lancaster  county. 


LANCASTER   COUNTY.  243 

Strenuously  recommended.  So  confident  was  the  first 
sheriff  of  the  coimty,  Avho  resided  at  Wright's  Feriy, 
that  the  seat  would  be  fixed  there,  "that  he  had  a  strong  . 
wooden  building  put  up  near  his  residence,  which  was 
intended  for  the  county  jail.  It  is  only  a  few  years  since 
this  building  was  pulled  down."* 

"Postlewhait's,  from  its  being  an  old  settlement,  (now 
Jacob  Fehl's,  Esq.,)  the  origmal  site  of  an  Indian 
wigwam,  appearing  to  possess  superior  advantages,  a 
temporary  court  house  of  logs  and  jail  were  there 
erected."  Courts,  as  will  appear  from  the  records,  were 
held  at  Postlewhait's,  till  August  term,  1730,  and  after- 
wards at  Lancaster. 

"Governor  Hamilton  made  an  offer  of  two  places, 
the  old  'Indian  Field,'  'High  Plain,'  'Gibson's  Pasture,' 
'Sanderson's  Pasture;'  the  other  the  'Waving  Hills,' 
embosomed  in  wood,  bounded  by  "Roaring  Brook,'  on 
the  west.  The  road  from  Philadelphia  to  Harris's 
Ferry,  passed  through  the  centre.  Gibson  resided  near 
a  fine  spring,  with  a  large  hickory  tree  before  his  door. — 
This  was  the  favorite  tree  of  the  Indian  tribe  who  lived 
in  the  vicinity,  and  were  called  by  the  whites  from  that 
circumstance,  the  '  Hickory  Indians.' 

"There  were  two  swamps,  one  called  the  'Dark 
Hazel  Swamp,'t  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  proposed 

*Rev.  D.  Goheen. 

f  "  The  Dark  Hazel  Swamp  was  attempted  to  be  cleared 
from  wood,  and  a  drain  made  to  carry  ofl'  the  water,  in  the 
year  1745." 

Note. — "James,  afterwards  Lord  Altham,  was  confined  in 
the  prison  erected  at  Wright's  Ferry.  The  history  of  this  indi- 
vidual is  curious,  and  illustrates  the  remark,  '■'■Truth  is  stranger 
tlian  fiction.''''  The  individual,  the  subject  of  this  note,  came  to 
this  country  in  1728,  v/hen  quite  young,  and  served  his  time  as 


.544  HISTORY    OF 

town ;  the  other,  '  Tlic  Long  Swamp/  rmming  from  a 
south  westerly  direction  through  the  northern  hmits  to^ 
^Roarmg  Brook.'" 

After  the  county  had  been  erected,  justices,  sheriffs, 
and  other  oflicers  appointed,  a  meeting  was  held  the  9th 
of  June,  1729,  by  magistrates  and  inhabitants  of  the 
county,  to  settle  and  agree  upon  the  names  and  bounda- 
ries of  townships.  The  following  names  and  bounda- 
ries were  agreed  on,  and  confirmed  by  the  Court  of 
Quarter  Sessions,  held  tlie  fii'st  Tuesday  in  August, 
1729. 

Drumore. — The  township  of  Drumore,  beginning  at 
the  south  line  of  Sadsbury  by  Octoraro,  thence  down 
die  said  creek  to  the  province  line  towards  Maryland, 
thence  up  the  Sasquchanah  to  the  mouth  of  Muddy  run, 
tlience  by  the  said  rmi  to  Richard  Booson's  land,  and 
from  thence  on  a  direct  course  to  the  south-west  corner 
of  John  Kyle's  land  on  Sadsbury  hue,  and  by  the  said 
line  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

James  Anncsl)',  ■with  a  farmer  on  the  Lancaster  road.  From 
some  cause  he  ran  away  from  his  master  ;  and  was  caught  and 
confined  in  the  jail  at  Columbia.  He  was  a  fine  singer,  and 
the  neighbors  frequently  visited  the  prison  to  hear  him  sing. 
The  events  of  his  life  furnished  the  ground  work  for  ^'Roderick 
Randoyn,^^  and  the  popular  novel  oi '■'■Florence  McCartey.^'  The 
facts  concerning  this  singular  case  are  taken  from  the  evidence 
given  on  his  trial  and  may  be  relied  on  as  authentic. 

"Arthur  Annesley  (Lord  Altham)  married  Mary  Sheffield, 
natural  daughter  of  the  earl  of  Buckingham.  By  her,  in  the 
year  171.'3,  he  had  a  son,  James,  the  subject  of  these  remarks. 
In  the  next  year,  the  parents  had  some  differences,  which  ter- 
minated in  separation.  The  father,  contrary  to  the  wish  of  the 
mother,  took  exclusive  possession  of  his  son  James,  and  man- 
ifested much  fondness  for  him,  until  the  year  1722,  wlicn  he 
formed  some  intimacy  witli  Mrs.  Gregory.  His  wife  died 
about  the  same  time.    Bliss  Gregory  expecting  now  to  become, 


LANCASTER    COTJNTT.  245 

Sadsbury. — The  township  of  Sadsbmy,  by  the  county 
line  at  the  mountain  which  divides  Octoraro  and  Pequea, 
thence  westerly  along  the  said  mountain  to  the  north- 
west corner  of  John  Kyle's  land,  thence  by  said  land  to 
the  south-west  corner,  and  from  thence  south  200 
perches,  thence  east  to  Octoraro,  thence  up  the  said 
county  line,  and  along  the  said  line  to  said  place  of 
beginning. 

Martock. — The  township  of  Martock,  beginning  at 
the  mouth  of  Muddy  run,  thence  up  Sasquehanah  to 
Pequea,  thence  up  Pequea  to  the  mouth  of  Great  Beaver 
creek,  thence  up  the  said  creek  to  Sadsbury  line,  thence 
by  the  said  line  to  John  Kyle's  corner  aforesaid,  thence 
by  Drumore  township  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

CoKosTooA. — The  township  of  Conostoga,  begin- 
ning at  the  mouth  of  Pequea,  thence  up  Sasquehanah, 
to  said  mouth  of  Conestogoe  creek,  thence  up  the  said 
creek  to  the  mouth  of  Mill  creek,  thence  by  a  direct  line 

his  wife,  exerted  herself  to  alienate  his  affections  from  his  son,, 
by  insinuating  that  he  was  not  his  lawful  child.  She  succeeded 
to  get  him  phiced  from  home,  at  a  school  in  Dublin.  In  No- 
vember, 1727,  Lord  Altham  died;  and  his  brother  Richard 
wishing  to  possess  the  estate  and  title,  took  measures  to  get  rid 
of  his  nephew,  James,  by  having  him  entered  on  board  of  an 
American  vessel  which  sailed  from  Dublin  in  April,  1728.  He 
was  landed  at  Philadelphia,  then  in  his  thirteenth  year,  and 
sold  as  a  redemptioner!  and  actually  served  out  twelve  years 
of  his  time  in  rough  labor,  when  a  seeming  accident,  in  the 
year  1740,  brought  him  to  such  acquaintances  as  led,  in  the 
next  year  to  his  return  home.  The  case  was  as  follows  : — Two 
Irishmen,  John  and  William  Broders,  travelling  the  Lancaster 
road  in  1740,  stopped  at  the  house  near  the  forty  mile  stone, 
where  James  was  in  service  with  an  old  German,  These  coun- 
trymen entering  into  conversation  perceived  that  they  were 
severally  from  Dumainc,  in  the  county  of  Wexford,  and  that 
James  Anncsly  was  the  son  of  Arthur.  The  two  Broders  vol- 
unteered to  go  back  to  Ireland,  and  testify  to  the  discovery, 

21* 


Si46  HISTORr    OF 

to  Pequea  at  the  moutli  of  Beaver  creek,  thence  down 
Peqviea  to  the  place  of  beginnmg.  * 

Hempfield. — Tlie  township  of  Hempfield,  beginnmg 
at  the  mouth  of  Conestoga,  thence  up  Sasquelianah  to 
Chickasakuigc,  thence  up  the  said  creek  to  Peters'  Road 
by  the  Log  Cabins,  thence  to  Little  Conestoga,  and 
down  tlie  same  to  the  Manor  hne,  and  thence  down  the 
said  line  to  Great  Conestoga,  and  down  the  same  to  the 
place  of  beginning. 

Donegal. — The  township  of  Donegal,  beginning  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Chickasalunge,  thence  up  the  East 
Branch  to  Peters'  Road,  thence  (taking  in  the  present 
inhabitants)  on  a  northerly  coiu'se  to  Concwago,  thence 
by  the  same  and  the  said  river  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

DERPtV. — The  township  of  Dcrry,  beginning  at  the 
mouth   of  Conewago,  thence  up   Sasquehanah  to   the 

Avhich  they  had  made,  and  actually  kept  their  word,  and  ap- 
peared as  witnesses  at  the  trial  which  afterward  occurred. 
James  subsequently  stated  his  case  to  Robert  Ellis,  Esq.,  of 
Philadelphia,  who  compassionately  heard  his  case,  procured  a 
passage  for  him  to  Admiral  Vernon,  then  in  the  West  Indies, 
by  whom  he  was  afterwards  landed  in  England.  But  shortly 
after  James  had  arrived  in  London,  he  unfortunately  killed  a 
man,  fur  which  he  had  to  stand  a  trial.  He  was  acquitted  not- 
withstanding the  clforts  of  his  unnatural  uncle  to  have  him 
convicted.  An  action  was  then  brought  against  the  uncle. 
Lord  Altham,  and  went  to  trial  in  November,  1743,  and  the 
verdict  was  given  in  favor  of  James,  our  redemptioner.  The 
uncle  appcaled^to  the  house  of  Lords;  and  while  the  case  was 
pending  James  died,  leaving  his  uncle  in  quiet  possession  of 
his  ill-gotten  estate,  and  who  while  he  continued  to  live,  which 
was  not  long,  c.\hil)ited  the  spectacle  of  the  finished  villain  m 
the  Iriiih  nobleman." — Columbia  Spy,  vol.  2(1,  No.  3o. 

•NoTF,. — ConfHogn  was  originally  organized,  about  1712 — 
prior  to  171!),  it  was  divided  into  East  and  West  Conestoga. 
David  Fcrrcc  was  the  first  Constable  of  East  Conestoga,  and 
James  Hendricks,  of  West  Conestoga. 


LANCASTER    COUNXr.  247 

mouth  of  Suataaro,  thence  up  Suataaro  to  the  mouth  of 
Quetopohello,  thence  south  on  a  direct  hne  to  Conegawo, 
and  down  the  same  to  the  place  of  beginning.* 

Peshtank. — The  township  of  Peshtank,t  beginning 
at  the  mouth  of  Suataaro,  thence  up  the  river  to  Keh- 
tohtaning  hill  above  Peter  Aliens,  thence  eastward  by 
tlie  south  side  of  said  hill  to  the  meridian  of  Queto- 
pohello mouth,  thence  on  a  south  course  to  the  mouth 
of  the  same  at  Suataaro,  and  down  Suataaro  to.  the 
place  of  beginning. 

Lebanon. — Lebanon  J  township,  beginning  under  the 
aforesaid  hill  at  the  north-east  comer  of  Peshtank,  thence 
by  the  said,  hill  easterly  to  the  meridian  of  the  west  line 
of  Tolpchockan  manor,  thence  southerly  and  by  the 
said  line  to  the  hills  bounding  Warwick  townsliip,  thence 
by  the  said  hills  and  township  westerly  to  the  corner  of 
Deny  on  Conewago,  thence  northerly  by  Derry  and 
Peshtank  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

Earl. — Earl  township,  beginning  at  Peters'  Road  by 
Conestogoe  creek  being  a  corner  of  Leacock  township, 
thence  up  Conestogoe  creek  and  up  Muddy  creek  to  the 
Indian  Path,  thence  along  the  southern  branch  of  said 
creek  to  the  brow  of  Turkey  hill,  thence  southerly  in  a 
direct  coiu-se  to  the  north-east  corner  of  Thomas  Ed- 
wards' land  apjd  by  the  said  land  southerly  over  Cones- 
togoe creek  to  another  corner  of  said  land,  thence  on  a 
direct  course  to  the  corner  of  the  west  line  of  Nathan 
Evans'  land,  thence  by  the  said  land  and  along  southerly 
to  the  top  of  the  mountain,  thence  westerly  along  the 

*Now  in  Dauphin  county.. 
fNow  in  Dauphin  county. 
|Now  in  Lebanon  county. 


248  "  HISTORY    OP 

said  mountain  by  Salisbury  line  to  David  Cowcn's  west 
corner,  thence  to  Peters'  Road  and  along  the  same  to  the 
place  of  beginning. 

Wauwick. — Warwick  township,  beginning  by  Cones- 
toga  creek  at  a  corner  of  Manheim  township  by  Peters' 
Road,  thence  up  by  the  west  side  of  Conestoga  to 
Hans  Graff's  mill,  thence  up  a  northerly  branch  to  David 
Preist's  mill,  thence  westerly  along  the  hills  by  Lebanon 
township  to  Derry,  thence  southerly  by  Donegal  to  the 
aforesaid  road,  thence  along  the  said  road  easterly  to  the 
place  of  beginning. 

INIanheim. — Manheim  township  beginning  by  Peters' 
Road  at  a  corner  of  Donegal  and  Warwick  townships 
near  the  head  of  Little  Conestoga  creek,  thence  down 
the  said  road  by  Warwick  township  to  Conestoga  creek, 
thence  down  the  said  creek  to  the  Old  Doctor^ s*  Ford, 
thence  westerly  by,  Lancaster  township  on  a  direct  line 
to  Little  Conestoga  at  the  upper  side  of  Peter  Bom- 
garner's  land,  thence  up  the  said  creek  to  the  place  of 
beginning. 

Lancaster. — Lancaster  township,  beginning  at  the 
Old  Doctor's  Ford,  thence  down  the  west  side  of  Cones- 
toga to  the  jN'Ianor  line,  thence  by  the  said  line  to  Little 
Conestoga,  thence  up  the  said  creek  by  Hempfield 
township,  thence  by  the  said  toAvnship  to  the  place  of 
beginnimr. 

Le ACOCK. — Leacock  township,  beginning  at  the  mouth 
of  Beaver  creek,  thence  up  the  cast  side  of  Pequea  to 
Philip  Fcire's  lower  corner,  thence  west  by  Lampeter 
township  to  Conestoga  creek  at  the  upper  corner  of 
George  Bard's  land,  thence  up  the  said  creek  to  Peters' 
Road,  thence  easterly  along  the  said  road  by  Earl  town- 
.ship  to  David  Cowen's  land,  thence  southerly  and  wcs- 

*Hans  Henry  NcfT,  Doctor  of  Physick. 


LANCASTER    COrXTT.  249 

terly  by  Salisbury,  Sadsbury  and  Martick  townships  to 
the  place  of  beginning. 

Lampeter. — Lampeter  township,  beginning  at  the 
mouth  of  Mill  creek  at  a  corner  of  Conestoga  township, 
thence  up  the  east  side  of  Conestoga  creek  to  Leacock 
township,  thence  easterly  by  the  said  township,  Pequea, 
thence  down  Pequea  by  the  said  township,  Beaver 
creek,  thence  by  Conestoga  township  to  the  place  of 
beginning. 

Salisbury. — Salisbury  township,  beginning  at  the 
county  line  at  the  north-easterly  corner  of  Sadsbury 
township,  thence  northerly  along  the  said  line  to  the 
mountains  at  Brandywme  head,  thence  westerly  by 
Caernarvon  township  along  the  said  moimtain  to  a 
corner  of  Leacock  township  by  David  Cowen„  thence  by 
the  said  township  southerly  to  the  east  line  of  Thomas 
Story's  land,  thence  continuing  by  the  said  township 
along  another  mountain  to  Sadsbury  line,  thence  to  the 
said  line  easterly  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

Caernarvon. — Caernarvon  township,  beginning  at 
the  county  line  at  a  corner  of  Salisbury  on  the  moun- 
tains, thence  northerly  along  the  said  line  to  the  north- 
east corner  of  Cadwaleder  Elis's  land,  thence  westerly 

by township  along  a  ridge  of  mountains  to  Earl 

township  at  the  northTcast  corner  of  Thomas  Edwards' 
land,  thence  southerly  by  the  said  township  to  the 
corner  of  Leacock  and  Salisbury  township,  thence 
easterly  by  Salisbury  and  along  tlie  said  mountain  to  the 
place  of  begmning. 

Several  extracts  from  the  early  court  records  are 
presented,  which  will,  it  is  believed,  be  read  with  some 
interest. 

At  a  court  of    General    Quarter    Sessions    of    the 


/ 


250  niSTORY    OF 

Peace  held  at  the  liouse  of  John  Postleivhait*  in  the 
township  of  Concstoga,  for  the  county  i>f  Lancaster,  the 
fifth  day  of  August,  in  the  third  year  of  the  Reign  of 
our  Sovereign  Lord,  the  second  by  the  grace  of  God  of 
Great  Britain,  France  and  Ireland,  King,  Defender  of  the 
Faith,  &.C.  Before  John  Wright,  Tobias  Hendricks, 
Andrew  Cornish,  Thomas  Read  and  Samuel  Jones, 
Esquires,  Justices  of  our  said  Lord,  the  King,  the  peace 
of  our  same  Lord,  the  King,  in  said  county,  aforesaid,  to 
keep,  as  also  divers  felonies,  tresspasses,  and  other  mis- 
demeanors, ill  the  said  comity,  committed  to  hear  and 
determine  assigned,  &c. 

The  court  being  opened,  the  sheriff,  to  wit,  Robert 
Barber,  Esq.,  returns  the  writ  of  Venire  Facias  to  him 
directed,  with  the  panel  thereunto  annexed,  and  the 
following  persons  were  sworn  and  affirmed  on  the 
Grand  Inquest,  viz:  James  Mitchell,  George  Stuart, 
Edward  Smout,  Edmund  Cartlidge,  James  Patterson, 
Andrew  Galbraith,  John  Hendricks,  James  Hendricks, 
Thomas  Baldwyn,  James  Roddy,  Francis  Jones,  Samuel 
Taylor,  Patrick  Campbell,  William  Hey,  John  Gail- 
braith,  Matthew  Atkinson,  Ephraim  Moor. 

DoMiNus  Rex,  vs.  Morris  Cannadt. 

And  now,  at  this  day,  Morris  Cannady,  being  indicted 
by  the  Grand  Inquest  for  this  comity,  for  having  feloni- 

'Posikichairs,  in  Conestoga  township,  7  S.  W.  from  Lancas- 
ter, now  Jacob  FeliVs.  On  John  Postlcwhait's  decease,  Charles 
Nonis,  and  other  persons,  Trustees  for  the  General  Land 
OHice,  sold  Postlcwhait's  farm  to  Joseph  Pugh,  of  Lancaster, 
in  June  175G.  Pugh  sold  to  Tobias  Stoneman  the  same  month, 
to  whom  the  children  of  Posllewhait,  namely,  Susana,  married 
to  Benjamin  Price,  John,  Samuel  and  Edmund,  released,  Oct. 
28th,  17()L  Stoneman  sold  in  17f)"2  to  Andrew  Foehl,  grand- 
father of  Jacob  Fehl,  Esq.  This  farm  has  been  held  rising  of 
80  years  by  the  Fehls. 


LANCASTEil    COUNTlT.  251 

oiisly  taken  and  carried  away  fourteen  pounds,  seven 
shillings,  tlie  goods  and  chattels  of  Daniel  Cookson,  was 
brought  to  the  bar  in  custody  of  the  sheriff,  and  being 
asked  how  he  would  hereof  acquit  himself,  pleaded 
tliereunto  instantly  not  guilty,  and  for  trial  put  himself 
upon  the  country,  and  Joseph  Growdon,  Jr.,  Esq.,  who, 
for  our  Sovereign  Lord,  the  King,  this  behalf  prosecutes 
in  like  manner;  and  thereupon  a  jury  being  called,  im- 
mediately came  in,  viz :  John  Lawrence,  Robert  Black- 
shaw,  Thomas  Gale,  John  JNIitchell,  Joseph  Burton, 
Edmund  Dougherty,  Richard  Hough,  Joshua  Minshall, 
Richard  Carter,  Joseph  Worke,  David  Jones,  Lawrence 
Bankson,  who  the  truth  of  and  upon  the  premises  being 
duly  elected,  tried,  sworn  or  afhrmed  upon  their  oath  or 
aiiirmation,  respectively  do  say,  that  the  said  jNlorris 
Cannady  is  guilty  of  the  felony  as  in  manner  and  for  as 
he  stands  mdicted;  and  thereupon  it  is  considered  by 
the  comt  that  the  said  ]Morris  Cannady  pay  to  the  Go- 
vernor, for  the  support  of  this  Government,  (the  money 
stolen  having  before  been  restored  unto  the  said  Daniel 
Cookson,  the  right  owner  thereof)  the  sum  of  fourteen 
pomids,  seven  shillings,  and  that  he  further  pay  the 
costs  of  this  prosecution,  together  with  two  pounds, 
eighteen  shillings,  by  the  court  allowed,  the  said  Daniel 
Cookson,  for  his  loss  of  time,  charges  and  disbursements 
in  the  apprehending  and  prosecuting  the  said  Morris 
Cannady,  and  that  the  said  JNlorris  stand  committed  to  the 
custody  of  the  sheriff  of  this  county,  until  he  make 
satisfaction  for  the  same  aforesaid  by  the  court  in  manner 
aforesaid  adjudged,  and  moreover  shall  be  publicldy 
whipped  *  *  *  on  his  bare  back  with  twenty-one 
stripes  well  laid  on. 

Upon  the  petition  of  Morris  Cannady,  setting  forth  that 
he  hath  no  estate  or  effects  whatsoever,  to  satisfy  the 


252  BisTonr  o^ 

fiiie  to  the  Honorable,  the  Governor  of  this  province^ 
and  to  discharge  the  costs  of  prosecution  against  him, 
and  humbly  praying  the  relief  of  this  court  in  the 
premises;  it  is  therefore  ordered ^^er  curia,  that  the  said 
Morris  be  sold  by  the  said  sheriff  of  this  county,  to  the 
highest  bidder  for  any  term  not  exceeding  six  years,  and 
thatjhe  money  thence  arising  be  applied  for  or  towards 
payment  of  the  fine  and  costs  aforesaid;  and  that  the 
sheriff  make  return  of  his  doings  herein  to  the  next 
com't. 

1730,  November  3.---At  a  court  held  at  Lancaster. 

Robert  Barber,  late  sheriff  of  the  county,  reports  to  the 

com-t,  that  pursuant  to  a  former  order  he  had  sold  Morris 

Cannady  for  the  time  limited  by  said  order  to  one  John 

Lawrence,  of  Peshtank,  for  sixteen  pounds,  of  which 

smn  he  had  only  received  the  value  of  fourteen  pounds, 

five   shillings,   and  the   said  John  being  insolvent,  the 

remainder  could  not  be  had ;    he,  therefore,  prays  this 

court  would  order  the  costs  of  suit  and  other  charo-es 

against  said  Canady  to  be  settled  and  the  state  thereof 

represented  to  the  Governor  that  the  said  sheriff  may  be 

no  further  liable  than  he  hath  effects  to  answer. 

Ordered,  ptr  curia,  that  Tobias  Hendricks  and  An- 
drew Galbraith,  Esqrs,,  settle  the  said  accounts  and 
certify  their  proccedhigs  to  the  Governor  hi  behalf  of 
said  sheriff,  according  to  his  prayer. 

To  completely  organize  the  townships  after  their 
erection,  the  court,  at  the  session  for  August,  \129,  made 
the  following  appohitments,  viz:  For  Hempfield  town- 
ship, Joshua  Low,  for  John  Brubaker, constable;  Ed- 
mund Smout,  over-seer  of  the  poor;  Joshua  Law  and 
Henry  Neiff,  supervisors.  Conestoga,  Albert  Hendricks, 
constable;  David  Jones,  over-seer  of  the  poor;  John 
Linvillc,  supevvisor.     Martock,   George  Littleton,  con- 


LANCASTER   COUNTY.  253 

Stable.  Drmiiore,  Patrick  Ewings,  constable.  Sads- 
bury,  Robert  Young,  constable.  Leacock,  Henry  Jones, 
for  Hans  Good,  constable;  Israel  Robinson  and  Daniel 
Fiere,  supervisors.  Lampeter,  John  Wall,  for  Wendel 
Bowman,  constable ;  Stephen  Atkinson,  over-seer  of  the 
poor;  Edmund  Cartledge  and  Adam  Brand,  supervisors. 
Manheim,  Thomas  Gall,  constable  ;  Thomas  Thornbury 
and  John  Mire,  supervisors.  Salisbury,  James  Gaut, 
constable.  Warwick,  Richard  Carter,  constable.  Co- 
calico,  Edmund  Carpenter,  constable.  Earl,  INIartin 
Grove,  constable.  Lebanon,  John  McCurry,  constable. 
Robinson,  Francis  Hughes,  constable.  Tulpehocken, 
Michael  Shaver,  constable.  Carnaervon,  George  Hud- 
son, constable.  Peshtank,  Thomas  Garner,  constable; 
Peter  Allen,  overseer  of  the  poor.  Donegal,  Patrick 
Campbell. 

Petition  presented  to  court  by  the  subscribers,  "pray- 
ing that  they  may  be  recommended  to  the  Governor  as 
suitable  persons  to  trade  with  tlie  Indians,"  was  allowed 
per  curiam. 

James  Pattison,  Edmund  Cartledge,  Peter  Chartier, 
John  Lawrence,  Jonas  Davenport,  Oliver  \Vallis,  Patrick 
Boyd,  Lazarus  Lowry,  WiUiam  Dunlap,  William  Bes- 
wick,  John  Wilkins,  Thomas  Perrin,  John  Harris. 

At  the  same  session  petitions  were  presented  to  the 
court  praying  to  be  recommended  to  the  Governor  as 
proper  persons  to  keep  public  houses  of  entertainment, 
which  v/ere  severally  granted  j^er  curiam,  in  favor  of 
John  Postlewhait,  John  Miller,  Jacob  Funk,  Christian 
Stoneman,  Jacob  Biere,  Edmund  Dougherty,  Samuel 
Taylor,  Francis  Jones,  Mary  Denny. 

Upon  the  petition  of  divers  inhabitants  of  this  county 
setting  forth  the  necessity  of  a  high-way  through  Hemp- 
field  township,  from  the  first  unsurveyed  land  near  Sas- 

22 


254  HISTORY    OP 

quehaiinah  to  Christian  Stoneman,  his  mill,  and  from  the 
said  mill  to  Daniel  Cookson's,  at  the  head  of  Pequea 
and  praying  that  fit  persons  may  be  appointed  to  view 
and  lay  out  the  same  accordingly.  It  is  ordered  per 
curiayn  that  Edmund  Cartledge,  William  Hughes, 
Charles  Jones,  Henry  Neiff,  John  Brubaker  and  James 
Pattison,  do  view  the  place,  and  if  they,  or  any  four  of 
them  are  satisfied  that  there  is  occasion  for  the  said  road, 
they  lay  out  the  same  and  make  return  by  course  and 
distance  under  their  hands  to  the  next  court. 

Whereas,  At  a  meeting  of  the  magistrates  and 
others  at  the  house  of  John  Postlewhait,  on  the  ninth  of 
June  past,  (1729)  it  was  agreed  that  for  the  present 
supply  of  this  county,  the  sheriff  should  erect  a  building 
sufficient  to  hold  prisoners  and  should  be  allowed  towards 
defraying  the  expense,  the  sum  of  five  pounds,  public 
money — which  building  is  now  nearly  built.  It  is  there- 
fore agreed  and  ordered  by  this  court  that  the  said 
sheriff  shall  with  all  expedition  finish  the  said  building 
which  when  finished  sliall  thenceforth  be  reputed  the 
common  jail  of  the  county  of  Lancaster,  till  the  prison 
be  built,  and  with  this  order  the  sheriff  agrees. 

November  4,  1729. — The  court  appointed,  ordered 
that,  Tobias  Hendricks  and  Andrew  Galbraith,  viev/ 
the  prison  and  make  report  tothe  county  and  assessors, 
accordingly,  &c. 

From  the  following  extracts— May  term,  1730 — it  will 
be  seen  that  Lancaster  county  had,  at  an  early  day,  a 
good  supply  of  places  to  ''^o  sell  rxnn  by  the  smaW' — 
these  are  the  words  of  the  petitioners. 

List  of  those  licensed.  May  5th,  1730,  and  rate  of 
license. 

Jacob  Bear,  40  shillings;  Francis  Jones,  10s.;  James 
Patterson,  40  s. ;  James   Cook,  20.;   Andrew  Cornish, 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  255 

40  s.;  Erasmus  Bachraan,  20  s.;  Martin  Hamist,  20  s.; 
John  Harris,  40  s. ;  John  Postlewhait,  60  s. ;  Christian 
Stoneman,  -50  s.;  Edward  Dougherty,  30  s.;  John  Steel, 
25  s. ;  Christopher  Franciscus,  20  s. ;  John  Miller,  20  s. ; 
Samuel  Bethel,  40  s.;  John  David,  30  s.;  George  Stuart, 
20  s. ;  Thomas  Armstrong,  20  s. ;  Jacob  Fimk,  30  s. ; 
WiUiam  White,  10  s.;  Thomas  Baldwin,  30  s. ;  Peter 
Allen,  40  s.;  Edward  Cartledge,  30  s.;  Jones  Daven- 
port, 30  s. ;  Henry  Baily,  20  s. ;  WiUiam  Dunlap,  20  s. ; 
William  Clark,  20  s. ;  Henry  Snevely,  20  s. ;  Michael 
Mire,  20  s. ;  John  Wilkins,  20  s. ;  Lazarus  Lowry,  20  s. ; 
Michael  Shank,  20  s.;  Casper  Laughman,  40  s.;  George 
Haynes,  30  s. ;  Isaac  Miranda,  20  s.;  John  Hen- 
dricks, 20  s. 

At  a  court  of  General  Quarter  Sessions  of  the  Peace, 
held  at  Lancaster,  the  third  day  of  November,  in  the 
fourth  year  of  his  Majesty's  Reign,  Armo,  1730,  before 
John  Wright,  Thomas  Edwards,  Tobias  Hendricks, 
Andrew  Cornish,  Andrew  Galbraith  and  Caleb  Pearce, 
Esqrs.,  Justices  of  our  Lord,  the  King,  the  peace  of  our 
said  Lord,  the  King  in  the  county  aforesaid,  &c. 

The  court  being  opened,  the  sheriff,  to  wit:  John 
Galbraith  returns  the  writ  of  Venire  Facias  to  him 
directed  with  the  panel  thereunto  annexed,  and  the 
following  persons  were  sworn  and  affirmed  on  the  Grand 
Inquest. 

Edward  Smout,  Jr.,  James  Patterson,  John  Kile, 
Randel  Chambers,  Hatwell  Varnon,  Ephraim  Moore, 
Richard  Hough,  George  Stites,  Christian  Vanlere, 
Daniel  Cookson,  John  Jones,  Jolm  Musgrove,  Jr.,  James 
Gait,  James  Whitehill,  Thomas  Johnston,  William  Wil- 
kins, William  Richardson. 

Robert  Barber,  late  sheriff  of  the  said  county,  re- 
turned to  this  court  by  indenture  under  the  hands  and 


256  HISTORY    OF 

seals  of  six  free-holders  of  the  said  county,  Gabriei 
Davis,  John  Caldwell,  Joshua  Low,  Emanuel  Carpenter, 
Walter  Denny  and  Thomas  Wilkins,  for  assessors,  and 
John  Davis  commissioned  for  the  ensuing  year. 

We  have  introduced  a  brief  notice  of  one  whose  name 
is  intimately  associated  with  the  history  of  Lancaster 
county,  and  the  early  history  of  the  United  States. 

Conrad  Weiser,  an  active,  enterprising  man,  con- 
spicuous in  the  annals  of  this  county  from  its  organiza- 
tion till  1760,  was  born  in  Germany,  1696.  At  the  age 
of  13,  in  1709,  he  left  his  Vatcrland,  accompanied  by 
his  father  and  seven  brothers  and  sisters,  with  three  or 
four  thousand  other  Germans,  they  went  to  England  ;* 
thence  they  sailed  for  New  York,  where  they  arrived, 
the  13th  June,  1710.  In  the  fall  of  the  same  year,  the 
father  of  the  subject  of  this  notice,  and  hundreds  of 
German  families,  were  transferred  at  Queen  Anne's 
expense  to  Livingston  District,  where  many  of  them 
remained  till  1713;  that  year  about  one  hundred  and 
fifty  families  moved  to  Schoharie  to  occu])y  lands  pre- 
sented to  Queen  Anne  by  a  Mohawk  chief,  for  the 
benefit  of  these  Germans.  While  residing  here,  Conrad 
Weiser 's  fothcr,  in  1714,  became  acquainted  with  Quag- 
nant,  a  chief  of  Maqua  or  Mohawk  nation.  Quagnant 
proposed  to  the  father  to  take  Conrad  with  him  into 
his  country,  and  to  teach  him  the  language  spoken  by 
his  nation;  the  father  consented,  and  Conrad  accom- 
panied the  chief  to  his  house  in  the  autumn  of  1711. — 
Here  his  sufferings,  according  to  Weiser's  own  journal, 
were  almost  intolerable.  lie  was  exposed  to  the  in- 
clemencies of  a  severe  winter,  '^pinched  by  hunp^cr  and 
front,'"  menaced  with  death  by  the  inebriated  Indians; 
tc  escape  which,  he  had  often  to  flee  and  conceal  himself 

•See  page  182—184. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  257 


5 


till  reason  was  restored,  and  "  a  second  sober  thought 
restrained  their  threats.  Having  spent  eight  months 
among  them,  and  acquired  the  principal  part  of  the 
Mohawk  language,  he  returned  to  the  German 
colony,  where,  as  interpreter,  he  acquired  a  competent 
knowledge  of  the  language,,  in  a  very  short  time. 

Owing  to  a  defect  in  the  titles  to  their  lands  which 
involved  them  in  difficulties,  this  German  colony  was 
dispersed;  some  remained  at  Schoharie,  among  these 
was  Weiser,  the  interpreter,  others  left,  in  search  of  a 
new  home ;  these  wended  their  course  in  a  south-wes- 
terly direction  till  they  struck  Susquehanna,  where 
they  made  canoes,  freighted  these  with  their  families  and 
goods ;  floated  down  the  river  to  the  mouth  of  Swatara 
creek,  thence  they  worked  their  way  up  till  they  reached 
a  fertile  spot  in  Tulpehocken,  where  they  settled  amidst 
the  Indians,  in  1723. 

Weiser,  as  stated,  remained  at  Schoharie,  till  1729, 
when  he,  his  v/ife  and  four  children  left,  and  followed 
his  relations  and  friends  to  Tulpehocken,  where  they 
were  all  cordially  received.  Here  he  took  up  a  tract 
of  land  within  a  few  miles  of  the  site  of  Wommelsdorf. 

He,  as  occasion  demanded  it,  acted  as  interpreter 
between  the  Indians  and  the  German  settlers.  Though 
he  had  determined  to  spend  his  remaining  days  in 
private,  his  talents  soon  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
Government,  and  his  services,  as  interpreter,  were  re- 
quired, by  the  Hon.  Patrick  Gordon,  Lieut.  Governor 
of  Pennsylvania,  as  early  as  1631;  for  that  purpose, 
Weiser  accompanied  Shekellany  and  Cehachquey,  In- 
dians, who  liad  returned  from  the  Six  Nations,  to  Phila- 
delphia.*    He    was    called  on    repeatedly    to    act    as. 

•Col.  Rec.452. 

22* 


258  HISTORY   OF 

interpreter    while    pursuing    the    improvement  of  hk 
farm. 

He  was  a  man  of  imbounded  benevolence,  and  dis- 
posed "/o  hope  all  things'' — it  was  tlirough  him  the 
Moravian  brethren  were  made  attentive  to  Indian 
natives,  especially  the  Iroquois,  or  Six  Nations.  Mr. 
Spangenberger  received  the  first  account  of  them  from 
Conrad  Weiser,  a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  interpreter  to 
the  Government  in  Pennsylvania.*  The  Governor  and 
Proprietor  of  Pennsyh^ania  had  sent  him  in  the  winter 
ol  173G,  to  treat  with  the  Iroqiiois,  concerning  a  war 
ready  to  break  out  between  them  and  the  Indians  of 
Virginia,  and  to  endeavor  to  settle  the  dispute  amicably. 
On  this  journey,  of  nearly  five  hundred  miles,  he  suffered 
great  hardships.  The  weather  was  uncommonly  severe, 
and  he  had  to  force  his  way,  mostly  on  foot,  throus-h 
deep  snow,  thick  forests,  brooks  and  rivers,  carrying 
provisions  fc  r  several  weeks  on  his  back.t 

If  it  may  be  called  such,  he  had  the  good  fortune  to 
become  acquainted  with  n^any  of  the  conspicuous 
characters  of  his  day.  Count  Zinzcndorf  visited  him 
August  14,  1752,  where  he  met,  at  Tulpehocken,  a 
numerous  embassy  of  sachems  or  heads  of  the  Six 
Nations,  retm-ning  from  Pliiladelphia.  The  count  was 
desirous  of  preaching  the  Gospel  to  the  Indians;  Weiser 
was  interpreter  on  this  occasion ;  adding  in  conclusion 
of  the  discom-se:  "This  is  the  man,  whom  God  hath 
seni,  both  to  tlie  Indians  and  to  the  white  people,  to 
make  known  his  will  unto  them,''  confirming  his  words, 
*Loskiel.  P.  T,  4,  .J. 

flic  was  fippoiiited  in  1741.  Die  Landcs  Obrigkcit  gewann 
ilin  lid),  uc'gen  sciiu-s  chrliclien  uiul  bcscjink-i-.s  iiiicl/Jichcn 
Characters,  umi  maciitu  ihu  1741,  ziim  Fricde-lliclitcr  und 
i:  othschaftcr  buy  den  Indiancr-Naliun.    Hall.  Naclirichtcn  978. 


LANCASTER   COUNTY;  §55 

after  the  Indian  custom,  by  a  present  of  a  piece  of  red 
cloth.* 

Sometime  in  the  month  of  September,  Conrad  Weiser 
visited  Shomakin,  a  populous  Indian  town,  where  he 
interpreted  between  Shikellimus  and  the  count. 

He  attended  all  the  principal  Indian  treaties  held  for  a 
period  of  rising  twenty-five  years.  About  the  year 
1752,  Com'ad  Weiser,  in  connexion  with  the  Governor 
of  Pennsylvania,  Chief  Justice  Allen,  Mr.  Peters,  Secre- 
tary of  the  Land  Office,  Messrs.  Turner,  and  B.  Frank- 
lin, was  appointed  a  trustee  and  manager  of  the  public 
schools,  which  were  established  through  the  efforts  of 
the  Rev.  IVIichael  Schlatter.  By  virtue  of  their  com- 
mission, the  trustees  established  schools  at  Lancaster, 
York,  Reading,  New  Hanover,^  Skippack,  and  Goshen- 
hopen.t 

During  the  French  and  Indian  hostilities,  as  Lieut. 
Colonel,  he  commanded  the  seccni  battalion  of  the 
Pennsylvania  regiment,  consisting  of  nine  companies — 
"they  were  thus  distributed — one  company  at  Fort 
Augusta,  one  at  Hunter's  mill,  seven  miles  above  Har- 
risburg,  on  the  Susquehanna,  one  half  company  on  the 
Swatara,  at  the  foot  of  the  North  mountain,  one  com- 
pany and  a  half  at  Fort  Henry,  close  to  the  Gap  of  the 
mountain,  called  the  Tothea  Gap,  one  company  at  Fort 
Williams,  near  the  forks  of  the  Schuylkill  river,  six 
miles  beyond  the  mountains,  one  company  at  Fort  Allen, 
at  Gnadenhuetten,  on  the  Lehigh,  the  olh2r  three  com- 
panies were  scattered  between  the  rivers  Lehigh  and 
Delaware,  at  the  disposition  of  the  captains,  at  farm- 
houses, others  at  mills,  from  three  to  twenty  in  a  place."t 

The  duties  of  the  numerous  stations  of  life  he  held, 
were  always  discharged  with  fidelity  and  ability;  he  was 

»Ibid.  27.        fHall.  Nach.  G61.        t^ordon's  Pa.  341. 


260  HISTORY    OP 

both  capable  and  honest.  The  space  allowed  us,  we 
regret,  will  not  admit  of  details.  He  closed  his  eventful 
life,  July  13,  1760 — his  remains  were  interred  July  15, 
near  Wommelsdorf,  Berks  county.  He  left  seven  chil- 
dren and  numerous  relatives  to  lament  his  departure. — 
Weiser  was  a  man  of  strong  mind — cultivated  in  the 
never  failing  school  of  experience.  His  poetical  effu- 
sions, a  few  of  which  only  remain,  are  said  to  be  well 
written.  The  following  is  a  concluding  verse  of  a  hymn 
fiu'nished  by  W.  at  a  church  dedication: 

Fuer  Feuer,  Krieg  und  Wassers-Noth 
Wollst  du  dis  Haus  bewahren ! 
Damit  nach  unserm  selgen  Tod 
Die  Nachkommen  erfahren, 
Dasz  wir  dich,  wahren  Gott,  geliebt 
Und  uns  in  deinem  Wort  geuebt, 
Um  deines  Namcns  willen. 

Notes. — Hatvvel  Varnon  was  a  native  of  Wrexford,  Ireland.. 
In  1728,  he  settled  in  Lancaster  county,  now  Leacock  town- 
ship. It  is  said  he  was  a  man  of  rare  endowments  ;  and  ac- 
tive and  useful  Friend — died  1747, 1  mo.  1  day. — Friend's  Mis- 
cellany, Vol.  IV.  2d. 

Quakers  were  numerous  in  Lancaster  county,  as  early  as 
1730.  "  The  Quakers  extended  their  settlements  to  the  Susque- 
hanna, one  thousand  families  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  settled 
in  Chester  county,  before  1700.  A  thousand  families  of 
Friends  were  settled  in  Lancaster  county,  at  the  time  or  shortly 
after  its  erection.  The  meeting  house  in  Lancaster  city,  was, 
for  a  length  of  time,  numerously  attended." — 11^  C.  Jmu.  Jour. 

In  the  spring  of  1729,  John  and  James  Hendricks  made, 
under  the  authority  of  Government,  the  first  autliorizcd  settle- 
ment on  the  west  .side  of  the  Susquehanna,  now  called  York 
county.    They  were  soon  followed  by  other  families. 

The  following  mills  had  all  been  erected  in  Lancaster 
county,  prior  to  1729:  Christian  Stoneman's,  Hans  Graff's, 
Samuel  Taylor's. 


LANCASTER    COUNTS.  261 

In  May  1729,  the  Conestogoe,  Ganawese  and  Delaware 
Indians,  went  to  Philadelphia  to  have  an  interview  with  Gov. 
Gordon.  The  chiefs  of  the  Conestogoe  were  Tawenna,  Gaya- 
torouga  and  Taquatarcnsaly,  sometimes  sailed  Civility ;  those 
of  the  Ganawese,  Amawoolit,  Peyhiohinas  and  Yaochkon- 
guess;  those  of  the  Dclawarcs,  Peyashickon,  Whawyayga- 
men  and  Saykalin.  Peter  Bizallion  and  John  Scull,  were 
interpreters.— CoZ.  Rec.  III.  383. 

1730,  May  5th,  at  Postlewhait's,  John  Emerson,  Gent.,  upon 
his  humble  suit  to  court,  was  admitted  to  practice  as  an  at- 
torney at  law  within  the  same. 

1731,  May  4,  at  Lancaster,  Edward  Harris,  Gent.,  upon  his 
humble  suit  to  court,  was  admitted  to  practice  as  an  attorney 
at  law. 

1730,  Lancaster  town  contained  about  200  inhabitants — this 
year  Stephen  Atkinson  built  a  fulling  mill  at  a  great  expense  ; 
but  the  inhabitants  of  the  upper  part  of  the  creek  assembled 
and  pulled  down  the  dam  on  the  Conestoga,  as  it  prevented 
them  from  rafting  and  getting  their  usual  supply  of  fish.  At- 
kinson altered  his  dam  with  a  twenty  feet  passage  for  boats  and 
fish. 

Members  of  the  Assembly  from  Lancaster  county  for  1727, 
were  Thomas  Edwards,  John  Wright,  James  Mitchell  and 
Thomas  Reed.  For  1730,  John  Musgrove,  Thomas  Edwards, 
John  Wright  and  George  Stuart. 


262  HISTORY    OF 


CHAPTER   11. 

Koad  from  Lancaster  to  riiiladelphia  ordered  to  be  laid  out,  &c. — Election 
excitement,  orviolent  contest — Border  frays — Townships  erected — Penns- 
borough  and  Hopewell,  west  of  the  Susquehanna — Hanover — Little 
Britain — James  Ewing  born — Contest  between  the  Marylandeis  and 
inhabitants  of  Lancaster — Cressap  and  his  associates  attempt  to  displace 
the  Germans — Is  apprehended  and  imprisoned — Governor  Ogle  sends 
messengers  to  Philadelphia — German  settlers  seized  and  carried  to  Balti- 
more— The  council  sends  an  cml'assy  to  Governor  Ogle — Marjlanders 
break  into  Lancaster  jail — Germans  naturalized — J\otes  of  variety. 

Previous  to  the  erection  of  the  county,  Uttle  or  no 
care  had  been  taken  of  the  high-Wcays.  The  first,  and 
leading  object  of  the  inhabitants,  after  townships  had 
been  erected  and  organized  by  the  appointment  of 
the  requisite  ofiicers,  was  laying  out  roads  and  build- 
ing bridges  where  there  was  necessity.  "A  petition  of 
the  magistrates,  grand  jury,  and  other  inhabitants  of 
Lancaster  county,  was  presented  to  the  board  of  coun- 
cil held  at  Philadelphia,  January  29,  1730 — 1,  setting 
forth  that  not  having  the  conveniences  of  any  navigable 
water,  for  bringing  the  produce  of  their  labors  to  Phila- 
delphia, they  are  obliged,  at  a  great  expense,  to  transport 
them  by  land  carriage,  which  burthen  became  heavier 
through  the  want  of  suitable  roads  for  carriages  to  pass. 
Th^tt  there  are  no  public  roads  leading  to  Phi]adol})hia, 
yet  laid  out  through  their  county,  and  those  in  Chester 
county,  tlirough  which  they  now  pass,  are  in  many 
places  incommodious.  And  therefore  praying  that  proper 
persons  may  bo  appointed  to  view  and  lay  out  a  road  for 
public  service,  from  the  town  of  Lancaster,  till  it  falls  in 
witii  the  high  road  in  the  county  of  Chester,  leading  to 
the  Ferry  of  Schuylkill  at  High  street,  and  that  a  review 


LANCASTER    COUNTIT.  263 

may  be  had  of  the  said  pubhc  road  in  the  county  of 
Chester;  the  prayer  of  which  petition  being  granted: 

« It  is  ordered  that  Thomas  Edwards,  Edward  Smout. 
Robert  Barber,  Hans  Graaf,  Caleb  Peirce,  Samuel  Jones 
and  Andrew  Cornish,  of  the  county  of  Lancaster,  or 
any  five  of  them  view  and  lay  out  by  course  and  dis- 
tance, a  convenient  high  road  from  the  said  town  of 
Lancaster;  and  that  Thomas  Green,  George  Aston, 
William  Paschal,  Richard  Buffington,  William  jMarch, 
Samuel  Miller  and  Robert  Parke,  of  the  county  of 
Chester,  or  any  five  of  them,  in  continuing  to  lay  out  as 
aforesaid,  the  said  road  from  the  division  Ime  aforesaid, 
till  it  falls  in  with  the  King's  high  road  in  the  county  of 
Chester,  leading  to  Philadelphia,  and  make  return 
thereof  to  this  board.  And  they,  the  above  named  per- 
sons of  the  county  of  Lancaster,  or  any  five  of  them, 
together  with  the  above  named  persons  of  the  county  of 
Chester,  or  any  five  of  them,  are  further  empowered 
jointly  to  review  the  said  road  within  the  last  mentioned 
county,  and  to  report  to  this  board  what  alterations  may 
be  necessary  to  be  made  therein,  and  suit  the  conve- 
niency  of  carriages,  and  for  the  better  accommodation  of 
the  inhabitants  of  this  province. 

The  persons  appointed  to  view  and  lay  out  the  road, 
made  report  to  the  board,  October  4,  1733,  that  they  had 
attended  to  the  business  assigned  them,  which  report 
was  approved  and  confirmed ;  and  it  was  then  ordered 
that  the  road  thus  laid  out,  be  declared  the  King's  High- 
way, or  Public  Road,  and  that  the  same  be  forthwith 
cleared  and  rendered  commodious  for  public  service."* 

•The  courts  ordered,  the  Governor  and  council  having  certi- 
fied the  same,  that  the  respective  supervisors  open  and  clear 
the  King's  Road  leading  from  Lancaster  to  Philadelphia ;  to 
clear  the  same  on  the  north  side  of  the  marked  trees,  at  least 


«/ 


264  HISTORY    OP 

111  the  history  of  this  county,  the  year  1732,  is  re- 
markable on  account  of  a  violent  contest,  and  bo7'cler  > 
frays,  in  both  of  which  females  played  "  a  manly  part ;"  ^ 
Mrs.  Galbraith  "iigured  "  in  the  former,  and  Mrs.  iitnise— 
"  shone  "  in  the  latter.  Andrew  Galbraith  of  Donegal, 
and  John  Wright  of  Hcmpiield,  were  both  candidates 
for  member  of  Assembly  ;  it  was  an  excitting  time  pro- 
duced by  exciting  causes.  "Andrew  Galbraith  was 
pushed  forAvard  by  his  friends.  Mrs.  Galbraith  mounted 
her  favorite  mare,  Nelly;  a  spur,  she  fastened  to  her 
ancle,  and  away  she  went,  her  red  cloak  flowing  to  the 
wind,  to  scour  the  county  for  Andrew.  She  did  him 
good  service;  for  Andrew  Galbraith  was  elected  and 
returned  a  member,  and  took  his  seat,"  among  his  col- 
leagues of  the  county,  viz:  Messrs.  George  Stuart, 
Thomas  Edwards,  and  Samuel  Blunston. 

"  John  Wright  contested  the  election,  and  Wright  and 
Galbraith  were  heard  at  the  bar  of  the  House,  and  after 
hearing  their  claims,  the  House  resolved  "  that  Andrew 
Galbraith  is  duly  returned  a  member  for  the  county  of 
Lancaster."* 

.  John  Wright  was  a  short  time  after  elected  in  the 
place  of  George  Stuart,  who  had  died  a  short  time  after 
his  election. 

thirty  feet  wide,  and  grub  the  underwood,  at  least  fifteen  feet 
of  the  said  space  on  the  side  north  the  marked  trees  and  make 
necessary  bridg-cs  over  swamps  so  as  (o  render  the  same  safe 
and  passable  for  horse  and  wagon. — Ducket  of  Quar,  Ses.for 
17^3. 

*John  "Wright  contested  the  scat  of  A.  Galbraith,  on  the 
ground  that  a  number  of  the  tickets  on  which  his  name  was 
written,  were  rejected,  because  the  tickets  contained  but  three 
names  instead  of  fuur.  The  House  resolved,  "  That  a  ticket 
containing  a  less  number  of  names  than  by  law  directed,  be  a 
Oad  ticket.'" — Votes  of  Assembly. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  265 

Sometime  in  1732,  as  appears  from  the  affidavits  of 
James  Hendricks,  William  McMannack,  John  Capper, 
John  Briibaker,  Charles  Jones,  John  Patten,  Alexander 
McKey,  JoshiialVIinshal,  Francis  Ward,  Rebecca  Hen- 
dricks, Joshua  and  Tobias  Hendricks,  taken  before  John 
Wright  and  Samuel  Blunston,  Hempfield,  that  "James 
Patterson  had  been  informed  that  one  or  more  of  his 
horses  had  been  killed  near  John  Lowe's  plantation,  and 
that  his  two  sons,  Daniel  and  William,  had  been  seen 
presenting  a  gun  to  fire  at  another  horse,  but  were  pre- 
Terited  by  being  discovered,  sent  some  persons  thither  to 
enquire  into  the  truth  of  the  matter,  who,  finding  one  of 
them  lying  dead  near  Lowe's  house,  made  some  expos- 
tulations with  his  sons  on  that  head,  who  were  so  far 
from  disowning  the  fact,  that  they  said  they  would  kill 
all  the  horses  which  came  upon  that  land,  and  having 
assaulted    and    grossly  abused    Patterson's  messenger, 
threatened  they  would  tie  and  v/hip  all  those  he  should 
send  over  thither ;  that  upon  complaint  hereof  made,  a 
warrant  was  issued  for  apprehending  the  two   persons 
who  had  been  thus  guilty  of  that  assault."     The  war- 
rant was  directed  to  Charles  Jones,  constable  of  Hemp- 
field  township,  v/ho,  with  his  staff  in  hand,  and  in  con- 
sequence of  threats  from  Thomas  Cressap  and  his  asso- 
ciates— "  ^Maryland    intruders," — to    shoot    any   officer 
of  Pennsylvania,  Vv'^ho  came  into  those  parts  to  do  liis 

Note. — Thomas  Penn,  son  of  William  Pcnn,  arrived  in 
Pennsylvania,  1732.  He  was  at  Lancaster  in  October,  1736 — 
signed  licenses  or  grants  for  settlements  that  had  been  made 
previously  on  the  west  side  of  the  Susquehanna.  Samuel 
Blunston  was  engaged  as  his  agent  to  grant  licenses  for  12,000 
acres,  to  satisfy  the  rights  of  settlers,  &:c.  These  licenses,  or 
rather  promises  to  the  settlers,  to  grant  them  patents  for  the 
lands  they  had  settled,  are  signed  by  T.  Penn,  himself. — 
Smith. 

23 


266  HISTORY    OP 

duty,  Jones  demanded  ihe  assistance  of  James  Patter- 
sons, senior  and  junior,  William  McMannack,  Alexander 
McKcy,  Jolm  Capper,  John  Hart,  John  Patten,  James 
Patten  and  jNIatthew  Bailey,  "who  took  three  guns,  and 
these  not  loaded,  serving  only  as  an  appearance  of 
defence,"  went  to  the  house  of  Mr.  Lowe,  apprehended 
Daniel  and  William,  who  made  considerable  resistance. 
i\Irs.  Lowe  raised  an  alarm  to  raise  the  neighborhood,* 
whereupon,  Thomas  Cressap,  William  Canon  and  Ed- 
ward Evans,  followed  to  rescue  the  prisoners,  and 
wounded  John  Hart;  but  were  obliged  to  desist.  The 
Lowes  were  arrested  and  imprisoned  at  Lancaster. 

This  was  soon  followed  by  more  "  unhappy  frays," 
accompanied  by  acts  of  atrocity  committed  by  the  JVIary- 
landers  "upon  the  Pennsylvanians,"  The  Lancaste- 
rians  were  aroused  to  action,  they  called  "to  arms,"  and 
a  body  of  the  mostr  esolute,  entered  into  JNIaryland  and 
compelled  Cressap  and  his  associates  to  flee.  The  Lan- 
casterians  convinced  the  Marylanders  that  they  were  not 
to  be  assailed  Avith  impunity. 

Though  Lancaster  county  was  without  specified 
limits,  at  this  time,  settlements  had  nov/  been  made  west 
of  the  Susquehanna,  within  the  present  boundaries  of 
York,  Adams,  Franklin,  Cumberland,  Perry;  the  inhabi- 
tants in  various  parts  presented  petitions  to  the  court  at 
Lancaster  for  the  erection  of  townships.  At  the  Novem- 
ber session,  1735,  upon  the  petition  of  many  inhabitants 
on  the  west  side  of  the  Susquehanna  river,  opposite  to 
Paxton,  praying  that  the  parts  settled  between  said  river 

*Lo\vc's  house,  where  his  sons  were  taken,  was  within  the 
boundaries  of  Pennsylvania.  About  400  people  lived  more 
south  than  Lowe's  house,  who  paid  taxes  in  Lancaster  county, 
and  had  always  acknowledged  themselves  inhabitants  of  Penn- 
sylvania.—CW.  Rcc.  HI.  007 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  267 

and  Potomac  river,  on  Conedogwainst,  Yellow  Britches 
and  Conegocliegue  creeks,  may  be  divided  into  two 
townships,  and  constables  appointed  in  them,  it  was 
ordered  by  conrt  that  a  line  running  northerly  from  the 
hills  to  the  southward  of  Yellow  Britches  (crossing  a 
direct  line  by  the  Great  Spring)  to  Keghtotening  moun- 
tain, be  the  division  line,  and  the  eastern-most  township, 
be  called  Pennsborough,  and  the  western,  Hopewell. — 
(Cumberland  county.) 

At  the  February  session,  1736-7,  upon  a  petition  of 
the  inhabitants  of  Lancaster  county,  Hanover  township 
was  erected;  divided  on  the  west  from  Peshtank  by 
BeaAT-er  creek  from  its  mouth  to  the  mountain,  from 
Lebanon  on  the  east,  and  Derry  on  the  south  by  Sua- 
taaro  creek,  from  Beaver  mouth  to  the  forks,  thence  by 
the  north  branch  thereof  to  the  mountain. 

At  the  Februaiy  session,  1737-8. — The  petition  of 
many  of  the  inhabitants  of  Drumore  township,  setting 
forth  the  inconveniences  they  lie  under  by  the  largeness 
of  the  township,  and  praying  the  same  may  be  divided 

Note. — James  Ewing  was  born  about  the  year  1736,  in 
Manor  township,  of  this  county,  of  Irish  parents.  When  yet  a 
lad  his  parents  moved  to  Hellam  township,  Lancaster,  now 
York  county.  Our  young  hero,  at  the  age  of  18  or  19,  was 
engaged  in  repelling,  with  his  associates,  and  citizens  soldiers, 
the  incursions  of  the  Indians.  Ho  took,  at  an  early  day,  an 
active  part  in  the  Indian  or  French  army;  and  was,  it  is  be- 
lieved, a  lieutenant  in  Braddock's  army,  and  present  at  the 
disastrous  slaughter  usually  called  "Braddock's  Defeat." 

He  served  his  country  in  various  capacities.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Legislature  for  six  or  seven  years.  He  was 
Brigadier  General,  and  attached  to  the  Flying  Camp  in  the 
Revolutionary  war.  He  was  in  public  life  till  1800 — died  in 
March,  1906,  aged  about  70  years.  Of  him  it  is  said,  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  what  is  said  of  few:  "He  died  without  an 
enemy," 


268  HISTORY   OF 

by  a  line  running  from  a  marked  Spanish  oak  standing: 
on  the  brow  of  a  roundisli  hill  by  Sasquehanah  opposite 
an  island,  called  INIonnt  Johnson,  north-east  by  cast  to 
Octoraro  creek,  and  that  the  said  western  division  may 
be  called  the  townsliip  of  Little  Britain,  which  said 
petition  being  considered  and  approved  of,  the  same  is 
ordered  ^;cr  curiam  to  be  recorded  in  manner  aforesaid. 

The  year  1736,  there  was  a  contest  between  the  Mary- 
landers  and  the  inhabitants  of  Lancaster,  arising  from 
tlie  undefined  boundary  between  Pennsylvania  and 
INIaiyland.  A  respectable  number  of  Germans  and 
others  had  settled  west  of  the  Susquehanna,  now  York 
county,  under  Pennsylvania  titles;  but  to  avoid  paying 
taxes,  imposed  by  the  province,  these  settlers  accepted 
titles  from  Maryland,  "and  attorned  to  Lord  Baltimore; 
but,  becoming  satisfied  that  adhesion  to  him  might  ulti- 
mately prejudice  their  interests,  they  formally  renounced 
their  allegiance,  and  sought  protection  from  Penn- 
sylvania." 

This  course  of  shiflivg  greatly  displeased  the  INIary- 
landers;  they  were  determined  to  eject  the  "miscreants" 
from  their  possessions.  Three  hundred  men,  headed  by 
the  sheriff  of  tlic  county  of  Baltimore,  advanced  within 
the  borders  of  Pennsylvania  to  execute  their  ejectment. 
The  citizens  of  Lancaster  county  could  not  look  with 
indifference  upon  the  conduct  of  the  Marylanders: 
Samuel  Smith,  the  sheriff  of  Lancaster  county,  drew  out 
a  Posse  Comitatiis,  i.  e.  citizens  to  oppose  the  aggres- 
sions of  rioters  or  invaders,  and  to  protect  the  settlers 
west  of  the  Susquehanna.  Smith  .succeeded  without 
violence  in  having  the  Marylanders  leave  tlu^  arena, 
where  tlicy  proposed  to  execute  the  design  of  their  mis- 
sion, with  tiie  midcrstanding  the  settlers  there  would. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  269"" 

after  consultation,  "  give  an  answer  to  Lord  Baltimore'sj 
expedition  to  acknowledge  his  authority."  ] 

For  a  short  time,  disturbances  seemed  to  be  settled;) 
but  before  long,  through  the  instrumentality  of  Captaiii 
Thomas  Cressap,  a  restless,  quarrelsome  individual,  an 
association  was  formed  with  the  knowledge  of  Governor 
Ogle,  of  some  fifty  or  sixty  persons,  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Captain,  to  displace  the  Germans,  being  the  prin- 
cipal settlers;  and  to  divide  their  lands,  according  to  the 
agrarian  laws  of  Rome:  "to  distribute  the  lands  of  the 
conquered  among  the  conquerors;  for  Cressap  had 
promised  each  of  his  associates  two  hmidred  acres  of 
land. 

In  the  prosecution  of  their  design,  they  killed  one 
Knowles,  Avho  had  resisted  them.  Their  leader,  how- 
ever, did  not  escape  with  impunity;  the  sheriff  of  Lan- 
caster assailed  him,  and  on  the  23d  of  November,  1736, 
after  he  was  Avounded,  took  him  as  prisoner  and.  con- 
ve^^ed  him  to  Philadelphia  jail. 

"Governor  Ogie,  on  receipt  of  this  intelligence, 
despatched  Edmund  Jennings  and  Daniel  Dulany  to 
Philadelphia,  to  demand  reparation,  and  the  release  of 
Cressap.  Both  were  refused  by  the  president  and  coun- 
cil, who  earnestly  remonstrated  against  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  people  of  Maryland,  encouraged  and  pro- 
tected by  their  Governor. 

"Governor  Ogle  immediately  ordered  reprisal.  Four 
German  settlers  were  seized  and  carried  to  Baltimore, 
and  a  band  of  associators,  under  one  Iliggenbotham, 
proceeded  forcibly  to  expel  the  Germans.  Again  the 
council  ordered  out  the  sheriff  of  Lancaster,  and  the 
power  of  his  county,  with  directions  to  dispose  detach- 
ments in  proper  positions  to  protect  the  people;  and  they 
despatched  Messrs.  Lawrence  and  Ashton,  members  of 

23* 


i  270  HISTORY    OF 

8 

\  the  board,  to  support  liim  in  the  execution  of  their  orders, 
rWhen  the  sheriff  entered  the  field,  tlie  invaders  retired,. 
I  mt  returned  as  soon  as  his  force  was  witiidrawn.  Cap- 
tvires  were  made  on  both  sides.  The  German  settlers 
w*rc  harassed  perpetually;  in  many  instances  driven 
froau  their  farms,  and  in  others  deterred  from  every 
attempt  to  plant  or  improve. 

f'ln  May,  1737,  the  council  sent  Samuel  Preston  and 
John  Kinsey,  on  an  embassy  to  Governor  Ogle,  to  treat 
on  some  measures  which  might  preserve  the  quiet  of 
the  border,  until  the  pleasure  of  the  King  should  be 
known,  to  whom  both  parties  had  appealed.  But  Go- 
vernor Ogle  requiring  some  concessions  incompatible 
with  the  rights  of  the  proprietaries  of  Pennsylvania, 
file  deputies  returned  without  having  made  any  agree- 
ment. In  October,  1737,  a  party  of  Marylanders,  six- 
teen daring  fellows,  under  the  direction  of  a  desperadoy 
named  Richard  Lowder,  broke  open  the  jail  al  Lan- 
caster, and  released  the  rioters  wlio  had  been  appre- 
hended by  th?  sheriff,  among  wliom  was  a  brother  of 
the  leader.  Fortunately,  when  indignation  was  prompt- 
ing the  inhabitants  on  l:)oth  sides  of  the  line  to  further 
breaclies  of  peace,  an  order  of  the  King  in  council,  on 
the  subject  of  the  boundary,  induced  both  parties  to  re- 
frain from  further  violence,  to  drop  all  persecutions,, 
and  to  discharge  their  respective  prisoners  on  bail." 

In  1738,  a  respectable  number  of  Swiss  and  Germans 
having  applied,  were  naturalized.  Many  of  the  appli- 
cants had  been  in  the  country  as  early  as  1727, 1  ul  the 
gi-eater  part  of  them  came  in  between  1731  and  1735. — 
TIk!  AfM  was  passed  at  a  session  held  from  October,  173S> 
to  May,  1739. 

The  following  arc  the  names  of  tiiose  naturalizod^all 
of  Lancaster  ccuntv: 


LANCASTER    COUXTT.  271 

Michael  Albert,    William    Albert,  Leonard  Bender, 
George  Miller,  John  Bushong,*  Nicholas  Candle,  John 
Hagey,  Charles  Keller,  Stephen  Remsberger,  Ludowick 
Dettenburn,  Jacob  Bare,  Jr.,  John  Leiberger,  Michael 
Becker,  John  Peter  Cooher,  Christian  Lawer,  John  Li- 
bough,    Bartholomew    Shaver,    Casper    Stump,    Jacob. 
Becker,  Tobias  Pickle,  Peter  Rutt,  George  Klein,  Paiit 
Tittenhoffer,   Matthias  Tise,   George  Lodowick  Horst, 
Sebastian  Graff,  John  Henry  Basseler,  Matthias  Yung, 
Jacob    Schloug,   Henry   JMichael   Immel,   Felix   Miller, 
INIartin    Weybrecht,  Frederick  Eighelberger,  Sebastian 
Fink,   Hans  Adam  Schreiner,  Christian   Lang,  Casper 
Fillar,  Anthony  Bretter,  Leonhard  Ellmaker,  Andreas 
Bersinger,    Hans    Graff,    Jacob    Hartman,    Theophilus 
Hartman,  Theophilus  Hartman,  Jr.,  Benjamin  Witmer, 
Abraham  Witmer,  Johannes  Pinkley,  Turst  Buckwalter, 
Henry  Neaf,  Jr.,  Valentine  Hergelrat,  Henry  Basseler, 
John  Stetler,  Leonhard  Romler,  Leonhard  Heyer,  Peter 
Schell,  John  Nohaker,   Nicholas  Miller,   Johan  Hock, 
Tiiomas  Knopnenheffer,  Michael  Knoppenheffer,  Chris- 
tian Leman,  George  Unrook,  Jacob  Scheffer,  Valentine 
Keffer,    Jacob   Etshberger,   Herman  Walburn,   Casper 
Reed,    Christian   IVIanusmith,   Nicholas    Kutts,   George 
Weyrick,  Christopher  Ley,  Jacob  Lower,  Hans  Moor, 

*John  Bushong,  a  French  Huguenot,  sailed  in  the  same  vessel 
with  the  Rev.  Johannes  Bartholomews  Rieger.  They  left 
Rotterdam  by  way  of  Cowes,  in  the  Ship  Britannia  of  London, 
Michael  Franklyn,  Master,  and  arrived  at  Philadelphia  in  Sept. 
1731.  Some  of  Bushong's  descendants  reside  in  East  Lam- 
peter, near  Heller's  Church.  Among  others,  who  arrived  in 
the  same  vessel,  are  the  well  known  names  of  Beyer,  Bock, 
Frey,  Hiestand,  Carl,  Keyser,  Kraft,  Kobell,  Lehman,  Lutz, 
Nehs,  Roth,  Ruppert,  Voglcr,  Schwartz,  Weis,  Wirtz,  Seig- 
mund,  Weynand,  Schrotcr,  Bihlmcier,  Mentz,  Horsch,  Boor, 
Bahn.— CoZiJec. ///.  431. 


HISTORY    OF 


Johannes  Blum,  George  Steitz,  Ercismus  Biickenmeyer, 
George  Graff;  "being  all  of  the  Protestant  or  Reformed 
religion,  and  subjects  of  tlic  Emperor  of  Germany,  and 
other  provinces  now  in  amity  with  the  King  of  Great 
Britain ;  every  one  of  them  ivas  by  this  act  declared  citi- 
zens, and  all  the  immunities  enjoyed  by  natural  liege  sub- 
jects, were  to  be  enjoyed  by  them. 


5J 


Notes  of  vaeiety. — In  1732  locusts  were  very  numerous, 
and  the  noise  made  by  them  was  sufficient  to  drown  ones 
voice  in  conversation — orchards  and  young  trees  generally 
sulfered  much  by  them. — Meylins  Family  Bible. 

Smith's  mill  in  Martic,  Buckley's  mill  on  the  Octorora,  and 
Emanuel  Herr's  on  Pequea,  had  been  erected  prior  to  1733. 

The  first  house  erected  in  Strasburg,  1733. 

In  1734,  Lutheran  Church  and  School  House  were  commen- 
ced in  Lancaster,  the  Church  was  dedicated  October  28,  1738. 
The  same  year  (1738)  an  Episcopal  Church  was  built  in  Con- 
estoga  15  miles  from  Lancaster.  The  same  year  tlie  hottest 
summer  ever  experienced  in  the  count}' — harvest  men  died  in 
the  fields — multitude  of  birds  were  found  dead. 

The  Court  of  Nov.  term,  1735,  appointed  Eandle  Chambers, 
Jacob  Peat,  James  Silvers,  Thomas  Eastland,  John  Lawrence 
and  Abraham  Endless,  to  view  and  lay  out  a  road  from  Harris' 
Ferry  towards  Potomac,  so  as  best  to  answer  the  necessities  of 
the  inhabitants. 

Aug.  5,  1735,  James  C alder.  Attorney  at  Law,  on  applica- 
tion, was  admitted  to  practice  in  the  Lancaster  court. 

June  20, 1736,  the  first  German  Reformed  Church,  in  Lan- 
caster, dedicated — a  log  building,  nearly  opposite  the  present 
church — after  1771,  when  the  new  church  had  been  iinished,  it 
was  converted  into  a  private  dwelling  and  occupied  as  such 
till  Jan.  14,  183G,  Avhen  it  was  destroyed  by  fire.  Kcv.  John 
Jacob  Hook  or  Iluck,  V.  D.  M.  was  German  llcf.  pastor  at 
Lancaster,  in  1730. 

Dec.  7, 1737 — at  night  a  smart  earthquake  was  felt  at  Cones- 
toga  and  Philadelphia. 


LANCASTER    COUXTY.  273 

Nov.  2,  1736,  Alexander  Pearcy— May  3,  1737,  James  Kea- 
ting— admitted  to  practice  law  at  the  Lancaster  bar.  In  1736-7 
settlements  commenced  at  Adamstown — first  settlers  were 
William  Adams,  Abraham  Kearn,  John  Johns,  Philip  Steflfy, 
Mathias  Fansler,  Flickingers  and  others. 

"■How  to  settle  with  some  Doctors  in  olden  times.'''' — August  5, 
1736,  at  a  court  of  Gen.  Quarter  Session  :  Doct,  William  Smith, 
a  vagabond  and  beggar,  being  convicted  before  the  court  of 
being  an  impostor,  it  is  the  judgment  of  the  court  that  he  re- 
cieve,  in  the  town  of  Lancaster,  ten  lashes,  and  be  conducted 
from  Constable  to  Constable,  and  be  whipped  with  ten  lashes, 
in  the  most  public  place,  till  he  comes  to  the  bounds  of  the 
county,  at  Octorora,  and  there  be  dismissed."  Be  patient  in 
suffering,  as  the  Doctor  said,  when  he  received  his  pay. 

In  1738,  the  number  of  taxables,  in  Lancaster  county,  was 
2560.  About  the  year  1733,  many  emigrants  from  the  Pala- 
tinate, Germany,  settled  in  Brecknock  township;  among  these 
were  Jacob  Guth,  Christian  Guth,  Avho  erected  the  first  grist 
mill  in  the  township ;  John  Mussleman,  Francis  Diller,  who 
erected  the  first  distillery  in  Brecknock ;  Jacob  Schne  Jer, 
Francis  Eckert,  Herman  Deis,  Christopher  Waldhaucr,  Wil- 
liam Morris,  Englishman,  and  some  others. — >S.  Bowman's 
Letter. 

Member  of  Assembly  for  Lancaster  county.  1731 :  John 
Koyle,  Andrew  Galbraith,  John  Musgrove,  Thomas  Edwrads— 
1732:  George  Stuart,  Thomas  Edwards,  Samuel  Blunston, 
Andrew  Galbraith— 1733:  Andrew  Galbraith,  Thomas  Edwards, 
John  Wright,  John  Koyle— 1731:  James  Hamilton,  John  Em- 
erson, Andrew  Galbraith,  John  Wright— 1735  and  1736:  James 
Hamilton,  Tbomas  Edwards,  Andrew  Galbraith,  Thomas  Arm- 
strong—1737:  James  Hamilton,  John  Wright,  Andrew  Gal- 
braith, Samuel  Smith. 


274  HISTORY    OF 


CHAPTER   III. 

Governor  Thomas  appointed — The  county  dividcc]    into  eight  Districts 

Several  new  townships  formed — John  Wright's  charge  to  the  grand  jury 

Brief  memoir  of  Wright — Serjeant  attempts  to  instruct  the  Indians — 
Ornish  apply  to  the  Assembly  for  an  act  of  naturalization — Count  Zin- 
zcndorf  in  Lancaster — Visits  Wyoming — Indians  conclude  to  massacre 
him — Singular  incident  dissuade  them — Attempts  made  to  prejudice  the 
Assenihly  against  tlic  Germans — Martin  Mcylin's  house  built — Church 
council  convoked — Irish  behavior  or  conduct  at  an  election — Disputes 
between  Irish  and  Germans — Murhancellin  murders  Armstrong  and  his 
two  servants — Murhancellin  arrested  and  imprisoned — Indian  treaty  held 
in  Lancaster — Indians  bark  Musser's  Walnut  trees — Lutheran  excite- 
ment in  Lancaster — Liiidley  Murray  born — Notes  of  variety. 

On  the  death  of  Governor  Gordon,  James  Logan, 
senior  member  of  the  council,  discharged  the  duties  of 
president,  from  August,  173G,  to  August,  1738,  when  he 
was  superseded  by  George  Thomas,  Esq.,  a  planter  of 
Antigua,  as  Governor  of  the  province  and  territories. — 
He  was  appointed  in  1737,  "but  his  assumption  o'f  office 
was  delayed  by  the  remonstrance  of  Lord  Baltimore, 
against  the  right  of  the  proprietaries  to  the  Lower  coun- 
tries. He  met  the  Assembly  of  the  province,  on  the  Gth 
of  August,  1738."  He  was  Deputy  Governor  till  1747. 
During  his  achninistration,  events  of  a  local  and  general 
character  transpired,  of  some  interest  to  the  reader;  the 
leading  ones  shall  be  noticed. 

Pursuant  to  an  act  of  Assembly,  passed  in  1739,  for 
the  dividing  the  county  into  districts,  the  justices  of  the 
courts  of  Quarter  Sessions,  made  and  agreed  to  the  fol- 
lowing divisions:  The  first  district  was  constituted  of 
Hem])field,  I^ancastcr  and  Hellam  townships.  Hellam 
is  now  part  of  ^'ork  county.  The  second  district  cm- 
braced  Donegal,  Paxton,  Dcrry  and  Hanover.     The  last 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  275 

three  are  within  the  bounds  of  Dauphin  county.  The 
third  district  was  composed  of  Sadsbury,  Sahsbury,  Lea- 
cock  and  Strasburg.  The  fourth  district  of  Warwick, 
jManheim,  Lampeter  and  Lebanon.  The  last  named  is 
ill  Lebanon  comity.  The  fifth  district  inchided  Cones- 
toga,  Martic,  Drumore  and  Little  Britain.  The  sixth  of 
Tolpehocken,  Hidelberg,  Berne*  and  Bethel ;t  all  in 
Berks  county.  The  seventh  of  Robinson,  Cocalico,  Car- 
naervon  and  Earl ;  the  first  is  in  Berks.  The  eighth  was 
constituted  of  Pennsboro  and  Hopewell ;  both  in  Cum- 
berland; but  since  divided  mto  fifteen  or  sixteen  town- 
ships, in  that  county. 

The  year  1741,  is  remarkable  in  the  history  of  the 
county,  and  in  the  life  of  the  incorruptible  John  Wright^ 
Esq.,  for  his  immoveable  resistance  to  the  encroachments 
made  upon  ancient  usages.  "During  the  administration 
of  Governor  Thomas,  the  enlisting  of  indented  or 
bought  servants,!  for  soldie7\s,  was  first  permitted  to  be 

*Berne  had  been  part  of  Tulpehocken,  till  May,  1738,  when 
it  was  divided  or  separated  from  the  latter,  by  order  of  the 
court. 

fBethel  was  part  of  Lebanon  township,  till  May,  1739.  The 
court  ordered  that  it  be  divided  and  bounded  as  follows,  viz  : 

"  That  the  division  line  begin  at  Swatara  creek,  at  a  stony 
ridge,  about  half  a  mile  below  John  Tittles,  and  continuing 
along  the  said  ridge  easterly  to  Tolpehockon  township  to  the 
northward  of  Tobias  Pickel's,  so  as  in  its  course  to  leave  John 
Benaugle,  Adam  Steel,  Thomas  Evv'crsly  and  Matthias  llr?e,  to 
the  southward  of  the  said  line  ;  that  the  northermost  division 
be  named  and  called  Bethel — the  southern  division  continue  the 
name  Leianon,''^ 

tThe  number  of  bought  and  indented  servants,  who  were 
thus  taken  from  their  masters,  as  appears  by  the  printed  votes 
of  the  Assembly,  were  about  276;  whose  masters  were  com- 
pensated by  the  Assembly  for  their  loss  sustained  thereby,  to 
the  amount  of  two  thousand  five  hundred  and  eighty-eight 
pounds. — Pruud, 


276  HISTOKY    OP 

carried  into  execution,  in  the  province,  before  the  act  of 
parliament,  in  that  case,  was  made  ;  which  being  disa- 
greeal)lc  and  injm'ious  to  many  of  the  inhabitants,  and 
contrary  to  ancient  usage/'  John  Wright,  tlie  mild  but 
firm  Quaker,  of  Wright's  Ferry,  of  this  county,  and 
who  had  for  many  years  been  a  member  of  the  Assem- 
bly, spoke  out  freely  and  firmly  against  this  measure;  as 
a  consequence,  he  fell  a  victim  to  Governor  Thomas'  in- 
tolerance. Having  understood  that  the  Governor  in- 
tended to  remove  him  from  office;  he  had  at  that  time 
been  justice  of  the  peace,  and  president  of  the  Common 
Pleas,  he  attended  the  May  session  of  the  court,  1741, 
and  before  the  new  commissioners  had  been  published, 
delivered  a  charge  to  the  grand  jury,  whicli  was  pub- 
lished by  their  order;  and  wliich  deserves  to  be  en- 
graven upon  the  hearts  of  all  who  hate  executive 
domination. 

"As  a  new  commission  of  the  peace,  for  this  county, 
is,  I  suppose,  now  to  l)c  published,  in  which  my  name, 
and  some  of  my  brethren,  are,  I  presume,  left  out;  I 
desire  your  patience  and  attention  a  few  moments,  while 
I  give  the  last  charge  to  the  grand  jury,  which  I  shall 
ever  do,  from  this  place,  and  take  leave  of  my  bretln-en, 
the  justices,  and  my  friends,  the  good  people  of  tlie 
county,  as  a  magistrate. 

"I  have,  for  upwards  of  twenty  years,  borne  a  com- 
mission of  the  peace,  in  Chester  and  Lancaster  counties, 
under  the  respective  Governors  of  this  province,  and  have 
lived  in  familiar  friendship  and  good  understanding  with 
all  of  them,  until  of  late. 

"About  twelve  years  ago,  under  the  mild  and  peace- 
able administration  of  Governor  Gordon,  I  was  one  of 
those  who  were  instrumental  in  procuring  this  part  of 
the  province  to  be  erected  into  a  separate  county,  and 


LANCASTER    COUXTT.  277 

have  contributed,  according  to  my  small  ability,  to  have 
rule  and  order  established  and  preserved  among  us.  I 
have  always  attended  the  courts  of  judicature;  except 
when  want  of  health,  or  the  service  of  my  country,  in 
some  other  station,  require  my  absence ;  and  it  has  been 
my  lot  repeatedly  to  give  the  charge  to  the  gentlemen  of 
the  grand  juries  from  this  place. 

"I  am  now  an  old  man;  too  old,  if  both  opportunity 
and  inclination  should  invite  (which  I  am  assured  never 
will)  ever  to  take  the  burden  upon  me  again;  and,  there- 
fore, am  willing  to  make  you  a  few  observations  on  power 
and  Government,  and  the  present  posture  of  affairs  here. 

"  I  shall  pass  over  the  original  of  the  English  constitu- 
tion; the  several  steps  and  gradations,  by  which  it  has 
rose  to  the  purity  and  perfection,  it  is  at  this  day;  the 
many  attempts,  which  have  been  made  to  invade  it,  and 
the  blood  and  treason,  which  have  been  spent,  in  defence 
of  that  constitution,  and  those  liberties,  which  render  the 
English  nation  so  famous  throughout  the  world. 

"And,  first,  I  observe  to  you.  Gentlemen  of  the  Grand 
Jury,  that  the  privilege  of  trials,  by  juries  is  counted 
older  than  the  English  Government,  and  was  not  un- 
known to  the  ancient  Britons:  juries  are  looked  upon 
as  essential  felicity  to  English  subjects;  and  are  put  m 
the  first  rank  among  English  liberties;  the  reason  given 
is  this;  because  no  man's  life  shall  be  touched,  for  any 
crime  (out  of  parliament)  unless  he  bethought  guilty  by 
two  several  juries ;  and  these  juries,  being  substantial 
men,  taken,  from  time  to  time,  out  of  the  neighborhood 
of  the  person  accused,  cannot  be  supposed  to  be  biased; 
whereas,  it  is  observable,  that  judges  are  made  by  pre- 
rogatives and  many  have  been  preferred  by  corrupt  min- 
isters of  state;    and   may  be  so  again;   and  such  ad- 

24 


278  HISTORY    OF 

vanced  as  will  serve  a  present  turn,  rather  than  those  of 
more  integrity  and  skill,  in  the  laws. 

''Juries  are  of  two  kinds,  and  are  commonly  distin- 
guished by  Grand  and  Peilf  Juries;  the  former,  which 
you  are,  have  larger  power  than  the  other,  as  very 
plainly  appears  by  the  qualification,  which  you  have 
taken.  Your  power  extends  to  all  offences  within  the 
comity;  and  your  office  is  principally  concerned  in  two 
things, prese7iime7ifs  and  indictments ;  the  difference  of 
which  is  this,  the  first  is,  where  you,  of  your  own 
knowledge,  or  inquiry,  take  notice  of  some  offence, 
crime,  or  nuisance,  to  the  injury  of  the  public,  which  you 
think  ought  to  be  punished,  or  removed,  and  give  notice 
to  the  court,  in  writing,  briefly,  of  the  nature  of  the 
thing,  and  the  person's  name  and  place:  this  is 
called  a  ^j^r-sf^/ywe;?/,  and  differs  from  an  indict- 
vient  in  these  two  respects  :  first,  in  that  it  is  not  drawn 
up  in  form;  whereas  inditiraents  are  generally  drawn 
up  and  presented  to  you,  by  the  Attorney  General  and 
the  witnesses  qualified  to  attend  you;  and  when  you 
have  examined  them  you  either  indorse,  that  it  is  a  true 
bill;  or,  tha,t  it  does  not  appear  to  you,  sufficient  grounds 
for  the  accusation,  that  the  person's  life,  estate,  or  repu- 
tation, should  be  brought  in  question ;  all  which  is  under- 
stood, by  indorsing  the  word  ignoramus.  From  hence, 
it  appears,  that  you  are  appointed,  as  well  to  be  guar- 
dians of  the  lives,  liberties,  estates,  and  even  reputations 
of  the  innocent,  as  to  be  a  means  of  bringing  offenders 
to  justice.  And,  as  you  are  endued  with  a  sufficient 
portion  of  understanding  to  know  what  offences  are 
represenlable  by  you,  I  shall  not  enumerate  them; 
}uiving  already  said,  they  arc  generally  under  your 
notice  ;  but  sluill  rather  recommend  to  you,  and  your 
successors,  a  steady  care,  both  for  the  secm'ity  of  tlni 


LANCASTER    COUNTr.  279 

innocent,  (for  by  you  malicious  prosecutions  may  be 
cropped  in  bud)  and  bringing  offenders  to  the  justice  of 
the  law  ;  that  by  their  public  shame  and  suffering,  they 
and  others  may  be  deterred  from  the  like  offences,  for  the 
future. 

"The  office  of  a  civil  magistrate,  or  justice  of  the  peace, 
is  an  office  of  high  trust,  and  ought  to  be  executed  with 
great  care,  circumspection,  and  good  conscience.  Magis- 
trates may  be  looked  upon  as  ministers  under  God. 
invested  with  some  branches  of  power,  for  the  public 
benefit,  viz:  To  be  a  terror  and  scourge  to  evil  doers^ 
and  to  praise  them  who  do  well ;  and  while  they  lead 
lives  exemplary  of  this,  and  in  their  public  actions,  have 
this  principally  in  view,  distributmg  justice  impartially, 
with  clean  hands  and  pure  hearts,  their  post  is  truly  hon- 
orable, and  they  are  highly  worthy  of  regard.  But  if 
they  unhappily  deviate  from  this  rule,  if  they  are  found  in 
the  practice  of  those  crimes,  which  they  ought  to  punish 
and  suppress,  if  they  pervert  justice  for  bribes,  and  op- 
press the  poor  and  innocent,  they  therefore  render  them- 
selves highly  imworthy  of  an  office  of  so  great  a  trust. 

"  I  was  always  a  friend  to  power,  well  knowing  that 
good  and  wholesome  laws,  duly  executed,  are  so  far  from 
being  a  restraint  upon  true  liberty,  that  they  are  only  as 
regulating  springs  to  the  passions,  and  productive  of  it; 
and  our  worthy  founder,  and  first  proprietor  tells  us, 
"  That  he  con:posed  his  frame  of  Government  with  a 
view  to  support  poiver  in  reverence  with  the  people,  and 
to  secure  the  people  from  the  abuse  of  power :"  and  these 
two  are  generally  observed  to  attend  each  other,  as  causes 
and  effects.  And  a  noted  professor  of  the  law,  in  this 
province,  some  years  ago,  when  he  espoused  the  cause  of 
liberty,  and  loaded  with  age  and  infirmities,  took  a  long 
journey  in  defence  of  it,  has  these  words  on  power:     "It 


^60  HISTORY    OP 

may  justly  be  compared  to  a  great  river,  which,  while 
kept  witliin  due  bounds,  is  both  beautiful  and  useful;  but 
when  it  overflows  its  banks,  it  is  then  too  impetuous  to 
be  stemmed!  it  bears  down  all  before  it,  and  brings 
destruction  and  desolation  where  it  comes," 

"  If,  then,  these  are  the  ill  effects  of  lawless  power,  eveiy 
wise  man  ought  to  be  on  his  guard,  to  prevent  them,  by 
keeping  up  the  banks  of  liberty,  and  common  right,  the 
only  bulwark  against  it, 

"It  was  in  defence  and  support  of  this  great  bulwark, 
against  the  attempts  of  power,  under  a  pretence  of  serving 
his  majesty,  l)ut  done  in  such  a  manner  as  I  apprehend, 
cannot  be  supposed  was  ever  intended,  or  expected,  by 
our  most  gracious  sovereign ;  whose  distinguishing  char- 
acter is,  to  protect  and  not  to  oppress;  and  whatever 
burden  the  necessity  of  the  times  requires  to  be  laid  on 
the  subjects  under  his  immediate  and  just  administra- 
tion, is  laid  equally  and  impartially;  I  say,  it  was  to  the 
opposition  given  by  the  House  of  Representatives,  to  the 
manner  in  which  these  attempts  were  made,  and  the  just 
concern  and  dislike  shewed  thereto,  that  we  may  impute 
the  late  changes  made  in  the  connnissions  of  the  peace 
throughout  the  jirovince,  whatever  other  pretences  they 
may  be  glossed  with, 

"  For  this  cause,  my  friends  and  countrymen,  for  the 
cause  of  English  liberty^  for  standing  in  the  civil  defence 
of  right  and  property,  are  we  dismissed;  and  I  rejoice, 
and  am  heartily  glad,  that  I  have  been  one  of  those, 
who  are  thought  worthy  of  displeasure. 

"And  now,  to  conclude,  I  take  my  leave,  in  the  words 
of  a  Judge  of  Israel.  "Here  I  am,  witness  against  me; 
wliom  have  I  defrauded;  whom  have  I  oppressed;  or, of 
whose  hands  have  I  received  any  bribe,  to  blind  my 
eyes  therewith?  And  I  will  restore  it." 


LANCASTER    COUNTT.  281 

"May  the  Prince  of  Peace,  who  is  the  King  of  Kings, 
protect  the  people  of  this  province  from  domestic  foes 
and  foreign  enemies,  is  my  hearty  desire ;  and  so  I  bid 
you  all  farewell." 

"Respecting  this  same  John  Wright,  it  may  be 
further  observed,  in  this  place,  that  he  died  about  the 
year  1751,  in  Lancaster  county,  where  he  had  lived,  in 
the  eighty-fourth  of  his  age. 

It  is  recorded  of  him,  "That  he  was  born  in  the  year 
1667,  in  Lancashire,  in  England,  of  religious  and  repu- 
table parents ;  who  were  among  the  early  professors  of 
the  doctrine  held  by  people  called  Quakers,  and  lived 
and  died  highly  esteemed  members  of  that  community. 
He  was  educated  with  a  view  to  the  practice  of  physic ; 
but  he  declined  pursuing  it,  and  entered  into  trade,  till 
the  year  1714;  when  he  removed  with  his  family  into 
Pennsylvania,  well  recommended  by  certificates,  from 
his  friends,  the  Quakers,  in  that  part  of  England,  both 
as  to  his  moral  character,  and  as  a  preacher,  in  the  society ; 
.with  whom  they  had,  for  many  years,  lived  in  strict 
amity. 

"Soon  on  his  settlement  in  the  province,  his  principles 
and  conduct  recommended  him  to  the  notice  of  the 
public :  he  was  a  representative  to  the  General  Assembly, 
for  Chester  county,  and  many  years  one  for  Lancaster 
county.  In  his  station  as  a  Judge,  for  the  last  county, 
he  was  noted  for  prompt,  honest  principles,  and  candor, 
and  an  inflexible  integrity ;  one  instance  of  which  ap- 
pears in  the  cause  and  manner  of  his  dismission  from  that 
office,  in  1741,  as  above  mentioned. 

"He  continued  to  attend  the  Assemblies,  till  broken 
health,  and  an  advanced  age,  rendered  such  attendance 
diflicult,  and  sometimes  impracticable ;  although  the 
people  among  whom  he  lived,  from  a  long  experience  of 

24* 


282  HISTORY    OP 

liis  sei-vices,  and  regard  to  him,  would  not  be  prevailed 
on  by  himself,  or  his  family,  to  name  another  in  his  stead, 
for  that  station ;  but  continued  to  return  his  name  till  he 
died. 

"  Through  every  station  in  life,  his  good  will  to  man- 
kind, his  love  of  peace  and  good  order,  and  his  en- 
deavors to  give  them  a  permanent  footing  in  his  neigh- 
hood,  and  in  the  county  in  general,  were  known  to  be 
liis  delight  and  study :  his  sense  of  religion,  and  the 
testimony  he  bore  to  it,  were  free  from  intemperate  zeal^ 
yet  earnest,  and  attended  with  life  and  spirit,  influenced 
by  the  love  of  God,  and  benevolence  to  his  whole  crea- 
tion ;  such  he  continued,  with  his  understanding  clear, 
his  mind  calm,  cheerful  and  resigned,  to  the  advanced 
period  of  old  tige,  when  he  expired  without  a  groan/'* 

This  year,  1741,  a  Mr.  Serjeant,  a  gentlemen  of  New 
England,  took  a  journey  to  the  Shawanese,  and  some 
other  tribes  on  the  Susquehanna,  and  he  may,  it  is  proba- 
ble, have  visited  the  Indians  in  this  county,  and  offered 
to  instruct  them  in  the  christian  religion  ;  but  they  would 
have  none  of  his  instruction ;  they  rejected  his  offer 
with  disdain.  The  poor  fellows  had  experienced,  to 
their  soijow,  too  many  wrongs  at  the  hands  of  those 
who  should  have  treated  them  kindly.  "They  re- 
proached Christianity,  judging  it,  as  they  did  by  the  lives 
of  those  \\'\\o professed  lo  he  chrislians.  They  told  him 
the  traders  would  lie,  cheat,  and  debauch  their  daughters 
Siiid  sisters,  and  even  their  wives,  if  their  husbands  were 
not  at  hoiue.  Tlioy  said  further,  that  the  Senecas  had 
given  them  their  country,  but  charged  them,  never  to 
receive  Christianity  from  the  E)ig/ish.'''\ 

1742. — A  n.spectablc  number  oi'  the  Omisli,  of  Lan- 
caster couuiy,  petitioned  the  General  Assembly  that  a 

*ProuJ.         fi'ivud,  11.  312. 


LAN'CASTER    COUNTT.  283 

Special  law  of  naturalization  for  their  benefit,  might  be 
passed.  Tliey  stated, "  They  had  emigrated  from  ^lurope 
by  an  invitation  from,  the  proprietaries ;  that  they  had 
been  brought  up  and  were  attached  to  the  Omisli  doctrine, 
and  were  conscienciously  scrupulous  against  taking 
oaths — they  therefore  cannot  be  naturalized  agreeably  to 
the  existing  law."  A  law  was  passed  iu  conformity  to 
thfcir  request.* 

The  year  1742,  is  also  remarkable  in  the  annals  of 
this  county,  for  the  visits  of  Louis  Nicholas  Zinzendorf, 
usually  called  Count  Zinzendorf.  This  remarkable  man 
arrived  in  America  in  1741,  and  in  1742,  visited  Lan- 
caster County  and  city.  On  his  arrival,  permission  was 
granted  him  to  preach  in  the  court  house.  He  made 
converts  wherever  he  went;  among  his  first  fruits  was 
the  convei^sion  of  George  Kline  to  his  views,  who  after- 
wards, as  may  be  seen  from  the  sequel,  aided  in  the  pro- 
motion  of  a   INIoravian  church  in  this  county.t     His 

'^Haz.  Reg. 

Note. — Touching  oaths,  they  maintain  the  following  as 
set  forth  in  their  own  words:  Was  das  Eid  Schwoeren  angehet, 
davon  glauben  und  bekennen  wir:  Das  der  Herr  Christus  das- 
selbe  gleichfals  den  seinen  abgerathen  und  verboten  habe: 
naemlich,  das  sie  lieinesweges  soUen  schwoeren,  sondern  das 
ja,  ja,  und  nein,  nein  sollte  seyn. — Glauhens  BeJcenntniss, 
Art.  15. 

The  Ornish  and  Mennonites  hold  the  same  doctrities.  They 
maintain  that  Christ  in  Alalt.  v.  34-37,  totally  and  explicitly 
prohibited  his  followers  the  use  of  oaths,  and  has  given  them 
permission  to  ratify  their  cause  with  nothing  more  than  a  yca^ 
yea  or  a  nay,  nay.  His  disciples,  they  maintain  ought  to  be 
children  of  truth. — Illustratiriir  Mirror,  by  John  Jlerr,  p.  127-133 
Lane.  Ed.  1634. 

fSee  chapter  V. 


284  HISTORY    OF 

engrossing  aim  was  to  christianize  the-  Indians.  With- 
this  view  he  visited  a  distant  part  of  Lancaster  county — 
the  Wyoming  country — inhabited  by  the  Shawanese 
Indians.  Zinzcndorf,  and  his  httle  company,  pitched 
their  tents  on  the  banks  of  the  Susquehanna,  a  Uttle 
below  the  town.  This  caused  no  small  degree  of  alarm 
among  the  Indians;  "a  council  of  the  chiefs  was  assem- 
bled, the  declared  purpose  of  Zinzcndorf  was  deliber- 
ately considered.  To  these  unlettered  children  of  the 
wilderness  it  appeared  altogether  improbable  that  a 
stranger  should  brave  the  dangers  of  a  boisterous  ocean, 
three  thousand  miles  broad,  for  the  sole  purpose  of  in- 
structing them  in  the  means  of  obtaining  happiness  after 
deaths  and  that  too  without  requiring  any  compensation 
for  his  trouble  and  expense ;  and  as  they  had  observed 
the  anxiety  of  the  white  people  to  purchase  lands  of  the 
Indians,  they  naturally  concluded  that  the  real  object  of 
Zinzcndorf  was  either  to  procure  them  the  lands  at 
Wyoming  for  his  own  use,  to  search  for  hidden  treasures, 
or  to  examine  the  country  with  a  view  to  future  con- 
quest. It  was  accordingly  resolved  to  assassinate  him,  and 
to  do  it  privately,  lest  the  knowledge  of  the  transaction 

Note. — Zinzendorf,  the  patron  of  the  sect  of  the  Moravians, 
was  born  at  Dresden,  May,  1700.  He  studied  at  Hale  and 
Utrecht.  About  the  year  1722,  he  began  to  preach  and  write  to 
instruct  his  fellow  men.  He  travelled  extensively  in  Europe. 
In  1737  he  visited  London ;  1741  he  came  to  America,  and 
preached  in  various  parts  in  Pennsylvania.  He  with  his  daugh- 
ter, Benigna,  and  several  brethren  and  sisters,  visited  various 
tribesof  Indians.  At  Sheconneco  he  established  the  lirst  Indian 
Moravian  Congregation  in  America.  In  1743  he  returned  to 
Europe.  He  died  at  Ilerrnhut  in  17(50,  and  his  coffin  was  car- 
ried to  tlic  grave  by  thirty-two  preachers  and  missionaries, 
whom  he  had  reared  and  some  of  whom  liad  toiled  in  Holland, 
England.  Ireland,  North  America,  and  Greenland.  \Nhal  mon- 
arch  uas  ever  honored  Inj  a  funeral  like  this  .' — Allen, 


LANCASTER    COtNTT.  285 

should  produce  war  with  the  EngUsh  who  were  setthng 
the  country  below  the  mountains. 

"Zinzendorf  was  alone  in  his  tent,  seated  upon  a  bun- 
dle of  dry  weeds,  which  composed  his  bed,  and  engaged 
in  writing,  when  the  assassins  approached  to  execute  their 
bloody  mission.  It  was  night,  and  the  cool  air  of  Sep- 
tember had  rendered  a  small  fire  necessary  to  his  comfort 
and  convenience.  A  curtain  formed  of  a  blanket  and 
hung  upon  pins  was  the  only  guard  to  the  entrance  of 
his  tent.  The  heat  of  his  small  fire  had  roused  a  large 
rattlesnake  which  lay  in  the  weeds  not  far  from  it ;  and 
the  reptile,  to  enjoy  it  more  effectually,  crawled  slowly 
into  the  tent  and  passed  over  one  of  his  legs  undis- 
covered. Without,  all  was  still  and  quiet,  except  the 
gentle  murmur  of  the  river  at  the  rapids,  a  mile  below. 
At  this  moment,  the  Indians  softly  approached  the  door 
of  his  tent,  and  slightly  removed  the  curtain,  contem- 
plated the  venerable  man  too  deeply  engaged  in  the 
subject  of  his  thoughts  to  notice  either  their  approach, 
or  the  snake  which  lay  extended  before  him.  At  a  sight 
like  this,  even  the  heart  of  the  savage  shrunk  from  the 
idea  of  committing  so  horrid  an  act,  and  quitting  the 
spot,  they  hastily  returned  to  the  town  and  informed 
their  companions  that  the  Great  Spirit  protected  the 
white  man,  for  they  had  found  him  with  no  door  but  a 
blanket,  and  had  seen  a  large  rattlesnake  crawl  over  his 
legs  without  attempting  to  injure  him.  This  circum- 
stance, together  with  the  arrival  soon  afterwards  of 
Conrad  Weiser,  procured  Zinzendorf  the  friendship  and 
confidence  of  the  Indians."*  After  spending  twenty 
days  at  Wyoming,  he  returned  to  Belhlehem. 

The  Indians  had  been  so  repeatedly  duped  that  their 
suspicions  were  nearly  as  often  excited  as  those  of  the 

♦Chapman's  His.  of  Wyoming. 


286  HISTORY    OF 

Avhites  against  their  own  brethren ;  however,  with  this 
difference,  that  in  both  cases  under  consideration  there 
was  no  cause  at  all  for  these  suspicions.  The  inoffensive 
Count,  as  well  as  the  inoffensive  Mennonite  and  Ger- 
mans, had  the  singular  fortune  to  be  noticed  "i^i'M  screen 

When  excitements  run  high,  arising  from  prejudice, 
the  innocent  themselves  feel  as  thougli  it  were  a  duty 
they  owe  their  fellow  men,  to  avoid  every  appearance 
that  might  engender  unfounded  suspicions.  This  the 
Mcnnonites  of  Lancaster  county  did  on  more  than  one 
occasion.  "In  1741,  a  second  attempt  was  made  to 
prejudice  the  Assembly  against  the  Germans,  but  in  the 
message  of  the  Assembly  to  Governor  Thomas,  the 
House  expressed  their  views  as  follows:  Who  they  are 
that  look  with  jealous  eyes  at  the  Germans,  the  Go- 
vernor has  not  been  pleased  to  inform  us,  nor  do  we 
know.  Nothing  of  the  kind  can  be  justly  attributed  to 
us,  or  any  preceding  Assembly,  to  our  knowledge. — 
The  Legislature  of  this  province  has  generally,  on  appli- 
cation made  to  them,  admitted  the  Germans  to  partake 
of  the  privileges  enjoyed  by  the  King's  natural  subjects; 
and  as  Ave  look  upon  them  to  be  a  laborious,  industrious 
people,  we  ?hall  cheerfully  perform  what  can  be  expected 
from  us  for  their  benefit,  and  for  those  who  may  here- 
after arrive." 

To  allay  unfounded  prejudices,  the  Mcnnonites  gave 
a  decided  proof  thereof  in  1742,  in  convoking  a  churcli 
council,  consisting  of  elders,  preachers  and  the  bishop^ 
and  meeting  at  the  house  of  Martin  J\I(\i/lin,  in  Lam- 
peter townsliij). 

Martin  Mcylin,  grandfafher  of  Martin  JMeylin,  Jacoh 
Meylin,  John  Meylin,  and  Abraliam  Meylin,  all  at 
present  residing  in  West  Lampeter  township,  built  what 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  287 

Was  then  caWed  a  palace,  of  sandstone.  It  was,  in  1742, 
one  of  the  most  stately  mansions  in  the  country ;  and  as 
the  Mennonites  were  a  plain  people,  and  Martin  Meylin, 
an  active  member,  the  house  was  not  only  considered  too 
palace-like,  but  the  appearance  of  it  might,  as  they  rea- 
soned, strengthen  their  enemies  in  prejudicing  the  gov- 
ernment against  them — they  had  been  virtually  charged 
with  disloyalty — "determined  not  to  obey  the  lawful 
authority  of  government — that  they  were  disposed  to 
organize  a  government  of  their  own." 

The  bishop,  Hans  Tschantz,  with  his  elders  and 
assistance,  having  repaired  to  the  humble  log  cottage 
hard  by  the  '-'stately  mansion,"  and  organized  the 
meeting,  himself  presiding  over  the  deliberations  of  the 
assembled.  Martin  was  first  questioned,  upon  conscience, 
to  openly  declare  what  his  intentions  were  in  erecting  so 
large,  so  gorgeous  a  dwelhng — remmding  him  of  the 
rumor  some  twelve  or  thirteen  years  ago  ;  and  lately,  of 
the  prejudices  excited  against  the  Germans.  He  stated, 
he  consulted  only  his  comfort,  and  that  he  had  no 
sinister  views.  Next  he  was  reminded  that,  in  their 
view,  the  house  was  rather  too  showy  for  a  Memionite. 
The  question  was,  v/hether  he  deserved  severe  censure, 
if  not  suspension  from  church  privileges,  for  this  over- 
sight. After  some  concessions,  and  mutual  forbearance, 
by  the  parties,  it  was  resolved  that  Martin  be  kindly 
reprimanded  ;  to  which  he  submitted — thus  the  matter 
ended,  and  all  parted  as  brethren. 

The  Germans  were  at  one  time  viewed  in  "  double 
vision;^'  both  as  objects  of  suspicion,  and  subjects  of 
easy  imposition.  Even  at  this  day,  many  of  us  scarcely 
understand  the  "spicy  and  sweet  words"  "  of  the  dear 
people" — "  the  bone  and  sinew  of  the  country,"  &c. 
uttered  by  politicians  in  their  scrambles  for  seats  of 


288  HISTORY    OF 

honor,  and  the  fat  things  of  office.  The  "  scenes  gont 
ore?*,"  and  now  playing,  rcmmd  us  of  the  recorded 
past. 

Scrambhng  for  ollicc  among  the  Enghsh  and  Irish  in 
this  county  is  nothing  new  ;  as  early  as  1732  there  was 
a  violent  contest  between  Galbraith  and  Wright.  In 
1743  the  Irish  strove  for  "ascendancy  at  the  polls."  An 
election  was  held  this  year  to  supply  the  vacancy  occa- 
sioned by  the  death  of  Thomas  Linsey.  The  Irish  com- 
pelled the  sheriff  to  receive  such  tickets  as  they  approved, 
and  make  a  return  accordingly.  The  following  resolu- 
tion was  passed  in  Assembly  :  Resolved,  That  the  sheriff 
having  assumed  upon  himself  the  power  of  being  sole 
judge  at  the  late  election,  exclusive  of  the  inspectors 
chosen  by  the  framers  of  said  county  of  Lancaster,  is 
illegal,  unwarrantable  and  an  infringement  of  the 
the  liberties  of  the  people  of  the  province  ;  that  it  gave 
just  cause  for  discontent  to  t!ie  inhabitants  of  said 
county;  that  if  any  disturbances  followed  thereupon,  it 
is  justly  imputed  to  his  own  misconduct.  Resolved 
further,  That  the  sheriff  of  Lancaster  county  be 
admonished  by  the  speaker.  The  sheriff  attended,  and 
being  admonished,  promised  he  would  take  care  and  keep 
the  law  in  future.  He  also  altered  the  return,  as 
Samuel  Blunston  was  entitled  to  take  his  seat.* 

Tlie  Germans  began,  about  this  time,t  to  look  to  their 
rights  as  well  as  their  interests;  they  had  determined 
upon  maintaining  these  with  firmness.  Disturbances  be- 
tween the  Irish  and  Germans,  were  common.  The  pro- 
proprietors,  to  prevent  these,  "on  the  organization  of 
York  and  Cumberland,  gave  orders  to  their  agents  to  sell 

•Votes  of  Assembly. 
fGordon's  Pa.  p.  241,  242. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  289 

no  lands  in  York  and  Lancaster  counties  to  the  Irish ; 
and  also  to  make  advantageous  overtures  to  the  Irish 
settlers  on  Paxton  and  Swatara,  and  Donegal  townships, 
to  induce  them  to  remove  to  Cumberland  county,  which 
offer  being  liberal,  was  accepted  by  many."* 

While  warm  feelings  were  engendered  among  the 
Germans  and  Irish  against  each  other,  the  savage  Indian 
was,  in  a  distant  part  of  the  county,  imbruing  his  hands 
in  the  blood  of  the  whites.  Murhancellin,  an  Indian 
chief,  of  the  Delaware  tribe,  murdered  John  Armstrong 
and  his  two  servants  on  Juniata.  He  was  soon  appre- 
hended by  Captain  Jack's  party,  conveyed  to  Lancaster 
jail,  where  after  several  months,  imprisonment  he  was 
removed  to  Philadelphia  jail,  '-'lest  he  should  escape,  or 
his  trial  and  execution  should  produce  an  unfavorable 
impression  on  his  countrymen  about  to  assemble,  for  a 
conference  with  the  whites,  at  Lancaster."  Tiie  gov- 
ernor also  required  that  the  property  of  the  deceased 
should  be  returned  to  his  family;  and  he  invited  a  dep- 
utation to  attend  the  trial  of  the  Indian,  and  his  execu- 
tion, should  he  be  found  guilty.t 

The  proposed  conference,  held  in  Lancaster  1745,  was 
attended  by  Gov.  Tiiomas  himself,  in  person,  and  by 
agents  from  Virginia  and  Maryland,  and  from  the 
Iroquois  tribes.  This  treaty  or  conference  Avas  con- 
ducted with  much  parade  and  formality,  after  the  Indian 
manner.  "All  matters  of  dispute  between  the  parties 
were  satisfactorily  settled.  The  Indians  engaged  to 
prevent  the  French,  and  the  Indians  in  their  alliance, 
from  marching    through  their    country,  to   attack  the 

*The  Works,  Moores,  Galbraiths,  Bells,  Whitehills,  Silvers, 
Semples,  Sterrits,  Woods,  early  settlers"  In  the  ea^t  end  ol 
Cumberland  county,  were  from  Donegal  township. 

fGordon's  Pa.  24G,  247. 

25 


290 


HISTORY    OP 


English  settlements;    and  that    they    would  give  the 
earliest  information  they  received  of  the  enemy's  designs  j 
and,  in    consideration   of   four  hundred   pounds,  they 
recognized  the  title  of  the  king  to  the  colony  of  Virginia, 
as  it  was  then,  or  should  be,  afterwards  bounded.     The 
favor  of    the   Indians   was  not  obtained  gratuitously. 
Pemisylvania  presented  them  with  three  hundred  povmds 
currency ;  Maryland  one  hundred  pounds  ;  and  Virginia 
two  hundred  pounds,  with  the  addition  of  a  promise  to 
recommend  the  Six  Nations  to  the  consideration  of  his 
majesty. 

But  this  conference  did  not  remove  causes  of  future 
disquiet.     These  lay  in  the  encroachments  of  the  settlers, 
and  in  the  conduct  of  the  traders  ;  who,  in  defiance  of 
the  law,  carried  spirituous  liquors  to  the  Indian  wigwams ; 
and,  taking  advantage  of  the  inordinate  passion  of  the 
savage  for  this  poison,  cheated  them  of  their  skins,  and 
their  wampum,  and  debauched  their  wives.     "  Is  it  not 
to  be  wondered  at  then,  said  Governor  Thomas,  if  when 
the  Indians  recover  from  their  drunkcn-fit,they  should  take 
severe   revenge.       Or  would  it  have  been  a  matter  of 
surprise,  had  they  charged  on  whites,  in  the  aggregate, 
the  vices  of  individuals,  and   sought  vengeance  on  the 
natives   whose  citizens  daily   assumed   their   soil,   and 
destroyed  the  best  of  their  people." 

The  Indians  about  the  town  of  Lancaster  were  also 
committing  depredations  in  a  small  way;  some  of  them 
found  their  cabins  wanted  roofs,  and  to  secure  the 
shingles,  they  barked  Jobn  Musser's  Walnut  trees, 
which  stood  in  town,  to  cover  their  cabins  with.  Musscr 
made  complaint  to  the  Governor,  touching  the  barking 
of  his  trees,  demanding  six  pounds  damage  ;  the  Assem- 
bly gave  him  three  pounds.* 

'Votes  of  Assembly,  17M. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  291 

'  The  year  1745,  is  remarkable  in  the  history  of  the 
Lutheran  church,  in  the  city  of  Lancaster,  on  account  of 
a  great  ferment  excited  among  the  Lutherans.  The 
Rev.  Neyherg,  pastor  of  the  Lutheran  church,  united  a 
portion  of  his  congregation  with  the  Moravians ;  this 
caused  an  excitement  among  the  Lutherans;  they  in- 
formed the  Governor  they  were  compelled  to  hear  a  doc- 
trine which  they  did  not  approve,  or  they  must  resign 
their  church.  The  Governor  kindly  informed  them  that 
he  could  not  interfere,  that  the  law  protected  all  alike, 
and  their  rights  were  thus  secure,  and  it  was  to  the  law 
they  should  look  for  protection.*  In  1746,  after  Rev. 
Henry  Mclchior  Muhlenberg,  had  visited  the  congrega- 
tion to  reconcile  the  parties,  Neyherg  v/ithdrew,  and 
had  a  Moravian  church  built.  In  1748,  Rev.  Handschuh, 
took  charge  of  the  Lutheran  congregation.! 

*Haz.  Reg, 

f  Nachricht  der  Ev.  Gem.  in  America,  67. 

Notes. — Lindley  Murray,  the  English  Grammarian,  was 
born  in  1745,  near  Swatara,  Lancaster  county.  He  died  in 
England,  1S2G. 

October  1741,  by  the  special  order  and  direction  of  the  pro- 
prietaries, Thomas  Coolcson,  Deputy  Surveyor  of  Lancaster 
county,  laid  out  the  town  of  York. 

John  Eby's  mill,  Elias  Myer's  mill,  and  George  Eby's  mill — 
all  erected  before  1739.  The  winter  of  1740,  dreadfully  severe 
— the  snow  in  general  more  than  three  feet  deep — the  back 
inhabitants  suffered  much  from  want  of  bread — many  of  the 
families  of  the  new  settlers  had  little  else  to  subsist  upon  but 
the  carcases  of  deer  they  found  dead  or  dying  in  the  swamps  or 
run  about  their  houses.  The  Indians  found  a  great  scarcity  of 
deer  and  turkeys. 

Tradition  speaks  of  a  great  flood  in  the  spring  of  1740 — 
January  6th  and  7th  1741,  the  coldest  days  for  many  years. 
William  Smith's  mill  on  Beaver  creek  had  been  erected  prior 


292  HISTORY    OF 

to  1741,  In  1741  Mr  John  Ross,  keeper  of  the  ferry  at  Blue 
Rock,  on  the  Susquehanna,  prayed  the  court  for  a  road  from 
his  ferry  to  the  town  of  Lancaster. 

The  neighborhood  of  Rcinholdsville  was  settled  between  the 
years  of  1735 — 40  by  Germans,  by  Hans  Beclinan,  Hans  Zim- 
merman, Peter  Shoemaker,  large  landholders,  and  others. 

Rapho  township. — May  1741,  the  inhabitants  of  the  north  cast 
part  of  Donegal  township,  petitioned  for  the  erection  of  a 
new  township  to  be  called  Rapho. 

In  1742,  a  party  of  Indians,  twenty-one  Onondagoes,  and 
seven  Oncidas,  on  their  way  to  Virginia,  in  an  excursion 
against  the  Tallapoosas  there,  left  their  canoes  at  Harris's 
landing — came  to  Lancaster  county,  procured  a  pass  from  a 
magistrate — travelled  peaceably  through  the  province,  obtain- 
ing supplies  of  provisions  from  the  inhabitants.  They  were 
directed  to  obtain  a  renewal  of  their  peiss  from  the  authorities 
of  Virginia,  after  they  should  cross  the  Potomac;  but  this  they 
found  impossible,  being  unable  to  make  themselves  under- 
stood— were  foiled  in  the  object  of  their  excursion. — Gokdon. 

In  1745,  the  Catholics  procured  a  lot,  in  the  city  ot  Lancas- 
ter, from  Hamilton's  estate,  on  which  a  few  years  afterwards,  a 
small  log  church  was  erected,  in  1760  this  was  burnt  down. — 
In  1762,  the  present  Catholic  church  was  founded. 

May  1,  1742,  Lancaster  was  incorporated  as  a  borough  by 
George  Thomas,  l)y  charter. 

A  German  Reformed  congregation  was  organized,  near 
Adamstown,  called  "Modecrick  Church,"  in  1743. 

October  3,  1744,  the  Episcopalians  held  a  meeting  at  Lan- 
caster, for  the  organization  of  a  parish — St.  James'  church. — 
The  Rev.  Richard  Locke,  an  itinerant  missionary,  was  the 
first  ofliciating  minister.  Measures  were  taken,  April  15, 1745, 
for  the  erection  of  a  small  stone  church,  which  however  was 
not  completed  till  1753. 

In  1754,  the  Moravians  held  a  provincial  council  in  Lan- 
caster, In  1746,  they  built  a  church  and  school  house — the 
former  stood  on  the  site  of  the  present  church.  Their  first 
pastor  at  Lancaster  was  Rev.  L.  T.  Neyberg. 

September  22,  1746,  Rev.  Michael  Schlatter,  V.  D.  M.of  St. 
Gall,  Switzerland,  in  company  with  Rev.  Weiss,  of  Philadel- 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  SS'S 

phia,  visited  Rev.    John  B.  Rieger,  V.  D.  M.  Pastor  Loci, 
Lancaster. 

Members  of  Assembly  from  Lancaster  county,  for  1738,  were 
James  Hamilton,  John  Wright,  Andrew  Galbraith,  Samuel 
Smith ;  in  1739,  John  Wright,  Thomas  Evving,  Thomas  Lind- 
ley,  Thomas  Edwards;  in  1740,  Anthony  Shaw,  and  the  same 
as  before,  except  Thomas  Edwards ;  in  1741  and  1742,  Samuel 
Blunston,and  the  same  as  before,  except  Thomas  Edwards. 


CHAPTER   IV. 


York  county  organized — Election  frauds — Sabbath  school  commenced  at 
Ephrata — David  Ramsay  born  ;  Memoir  of — Bart  township  organized — 
House  of  Employment  provided — General  Miller — General  Clark — 
Abundant  crops — Distilleries  erected — Partial  famine — Indian  alarms, 
and  horrid  atrocities — French  neutrals  imported — Their  condition  unen- 
viable— An  Act  to  disperse  them — Cooper,  Webb  and  Le  Fevre  ap- 
pointed to  execute  the  several  provisions  of  the  Act — Another  act  passed 
relative  to  the  French  neutrals — Notes  of  variety. 

As  the  settlements  extended  westward  of  the  Susque- 
hanna, and  the  population  augmented,  the  difficulty,  as 
is  the  case  in  newly  settled  countries,  increased  among 
the  orderly  portion  to  secure  themselves  against  thefts 
and  abuses,  frequently  committed  amongst  them  by  idle 
and  dissolute  persons,  who  resorted  to  the  remote  parts 
of  the  province,  and  by  reason  of  the  great  distance 
from  the  court  or  the  prison,  frequently  found  means  of 
escape.  These  facts  were  urged  by  the  inhabitants  west 
of  the  Susquehanna,  as  with  one  voice,  for  consideration, 
upon  the  Legislature.  The  Governor  with  the  Assem- 
bly, on  the  19th  of  August,  1749,  made  a  division  of 
Lancaster  county,  and  the  part  west  of  the  Susquehamia 
was  called  York. 

25* 


B94  HISTORY    OP 

Tlie  same  year  York  was  separated  from  Lancaster, 
"  James  Webb  complained  to  the  General  Assembly  of 
the  undue  election  and  return  of  a  member  from  Lan- 
caster county,  and  praying  redress.  It  was  given  in  evi- 
dence before  the  Assembjy,,  that  the  election  had  been 
conducted  in  a  violent  and  unbecoming  manner;  that 
votes  had  been  received  by  persons  unauthorized  to  re- 
ceive the  same,  and  particularly  two  by  Christian  Herr, 
one  of  the  inspectors ;  that  many  persons  voted  as 
often  as  four,  five,  six,  and  even  ten  times;  that  one  of  the 
candidates,  who  was  elected,  encouraged  them,  and 
although  there  had  not  been  one  thousand  persons  upon 
tire  ground,  yet  two  thousand  three  hundred  votes  had 
been  received. 

The  House  resolved.  That  the  election  be  confirmed, 
and  the  officc7^s  be  admonished  and  censured  by  the 
speaker:  they  were  severely  censured." 

Sabbath  school  instruction,  which  is  so  common  in  the 
world,  was  first  introduced  in  this  county,  at  Ephrata. — 
Ludwick  Hacker,  whom  we  mentioned  before,  was  a 
man  devoted  to  the  cause  of  juvenile  instruction.  "He 
came  to  Ephrata  in  1739,  and  shortly  on  his  arrival,  was 
appointed  the  teacher  of  the  common  school.  After 
being  a  short  time  employed  in  this  responsible  station, 
lie  likewise  opened  a  school  in  the  afternoon  of  the  sab- 
bath ;  aided  by  some  of  his  brethren,  imparted  instruc- 
tion to  the  poorer  class  of  children,  who  were  kept  from 
regular  school  by  employments  in  which  their  necessities 
obliged  them  to  be  engaged  during  the  week,  as  well  as  to 
give  religious  instruction  to  those  of  better  circumstances. 

It  is  not  exactly  known  in  wiiat  year  the  Sabbath 
sciiool  was  commenced.  "  It  appears  from  the  records  of 
the  minutes  of  the  society,  that  materials  for  a  Sabbath 
school   room  were   furnished   in  the  year  1749.     This 


LANCASTER  COUNTT.  295 

school  flourished  many  3^ars,  and  was  attended  with 
some  remarkable  eonsequences.  It  produced  an  anxious 
inquiry  among  the  juvenile  class,  who  attended  the 
school,  which  increased  and  grew  into  what  is  now 
termed  a  revival  of  religion.  The  scholars  of  the  Sab- 
bath school  met  together  every  day  before  and  after 
common  school  hours,  to  pray  and  exhort  one  another, 
under  the  superintendance  of  one  of  the  brethren." 

The  year  1749,  is  remarkable  in  the  annals  of  Lan- 
caster county,  for  the  birth  of  David  Ramsay,  the  great 
American  Historian.  He  was  born  in  Drumore  town- 
ship, the  2d  of  April,  1749.  He  was  the  youngest  son 
of  James  Ramsay,*  a  respectable  farmer,  who  had  emi- 
grated from  Ireland  at  an  early  age,  and  by  the  cultiva- 
tion of  his  farm,  with  his  own  hands,  provided  the  means 
of  subsistence  and  education  for  a  numerous  family. — 
He  was  a  man  of  intelligence  and  piety,  and  early  sowed 
seeds  of  Imowledge  and  religion  in  the  minds  of  his 
children.  He  lived  to  reap  the  fruits  of  his  labors,  and 
to  see  his  offspring  grow  up  around  him,  ornaments  of 
society,  and  props  to  him  in  the  evening  of  his  eventful 
life. 

David  Ramsay  was  educated  at  Princeton  college,  and 
took  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts  at  the  age  of  1 6. — 
After  devoting  some  time  to  the  general  cultivation  of 
his  mind,  he  began  the  study  of  physic,  at  Philadelphia, 
and  attended  the  lectures  at  the  college  of  Pennsylvania. 
He  commenced  the  active  duties  of  his  profession  in 
Maryland,  where  he  continued  one  year,  and  then  went 
to  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  with  a  letter  of  very  high 
recommendation  from    Dr.   Rush.      He  soon  acquired 

*David's  mother  was  a  Miss  Montgomery.  Many  of  his 
relatives  still  reside  in  this  county;  among  whom  are  the 
Pattersons,  Clcndeiiins,  and  others,  of  Little  Britain. 


296  HISTORY    OF 

celebrity  in  his  profession  ;  but  his  diversified  talents  and 
active  mind  soon  took  a  wider  range.  From  the  com- 
mencement of  tlie  revolution,  he  was  an  ardent  patriot,, 
and  exerted  all  liis  powers  to  promote  the  independence 
of  his  country.  From  the  declaration  of  independence 
to  the  termination  of  the  war,  he  was  a  member  of  tlie 
privy  council,  and  with  two  others  of  that  body  was 
among  the  citizens  of  Charleston  who,  in  1780,  were 
banished  by  the  British  to  St.  Augustine.  On  an 
exchange  of  prisoners,  after  an  absence  of  eleven  months, 
he  was  sent  back  to  the  United  States.  In  17S2  he  was 
elected  a  member  to  Congress;  in  176*,  Mr.  Hancock 
being  unable  to  attend.  Dr.  Ramsay  was  elected  president 
pro  tempore,  and  for  one  year  discharged  the  duties  of 
that  station  with  abiUty,  industry,  and  impartiality.  In 
1786  he  returned  to  Charleston,  and  resumed  the  duties 
of  his  profession,  and  his  historical  labors,  in  which  he 
continued  to  be  occupied  during  the  remainder  of  life. 
"  The  predominant  trait  in  the  character  of  Ramsay," 
says  his  biographer,  "  was  philanthrophy."  The  experi- 
ence of  his  philanthropy  and  beneficence  in  early  life 
in  the  attentions  received  from  him  at  Charleston,  and  in 
letters  of  introduction,  which  he  spontaneously  offered,, 
to  the  highly  respectable  family  of  Barnwell  and  to  others 
in  Beaufort,  and  in  a  very  obliging  historical  correspon- 
dence of  later  years,  has  left  an  indelible  impression  on 
the  mind  of  the  present  writer,  who  must  be  indulged  in 
the  concurrent  testimony.  He  was  also  a  man  of  exem- 
plary piety.  He  was  a  member  of  the  independent  or 
Congregational  church  in  Charleston^  and  adorned  his 
christian  profession.  The  last  scene  of  his  life  furnished 
bright  evidence  of  his  faith  and  piety,  of  his  ^love  and 
charity,  and  of  his  immortal  ho])c,  "  through  the  blood 
of  the  Redeemer." 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  297 

He  was  assassinated  in  the  street,  a  few  paces  from  his 
own  dwelUng,  in  the  open  day,  hy  a  maniac,  who  shot 
him  with  a  pistol  loaded  with  three  balls.  One  of  his 
wounds  proved  mortal  the  second  day.  "  Death  had  for 
him  no  terrors."  The  publications  of  Dr.  Ramsay, 
which  have  met  with  a  very  favorable  reception  in 
Europe  as  well  as  in  America,  are,  "  The  History  of  the 
Revolution,  in  S.  Car.  pub.  1784— His.  Am.  Rev.  pub. 
1790— Life  of  Washington,  1801— The  History  of  S. 
Car. — being  the  extension  of  an  interesting  work,  pub- 
lished in  1795,  entitled  "A  Sketch  of  the  Soil,  Climate, 
Weather,  Diseases,  of  S.  C— Memoirs  of  the  Life  of 
Martha  Laurens  Ramsay,  1810.  Among  his  manu- 
scripts were,  "A  History  of  the  U.  S.  from  the  first  set- 
tlement to  English  Colonies,"  and  a  series  of  historical 
volumes  to  be  entitled  "  Universal  History  Americanised, 
or,  An  Plistorical  View  of  the  World,  from  the  earliest 
records  to  the  nineteenth  century,  with  a  particular 
reference  to  the  state  of  society,  literature,  religion,  and 
form  of  government  in  the  U.  S.  of  America."  Tiiis 
Universal  History,  has  been  published  in  12  volumes, 
Phiia.  1818.* 

The  citizens  of  Sadsbury  having  petitioned  for  a  divi- 
sion of  the  township,  the  court,  at  the  November  Session 
of  1743,  appointed  Calvin  Cooper,  George  Leonard,  sen. 
James  Wilson,  Samuel  Ramsay,  Robert  Wilson  and 
James  Miller,  to  divide  the  same — "they  met  the  20th 
of  March,  and  considered  the  most  proper  place.  The 
line  is  to  begin  in  a  road  called  Aaron  Musgrove's  road, 
near  the  coppermines,  at  Strasburg  township  line,  where 
it  divides  from  Sadsbury,  and  down  the  several  courses 
thereof  to  the  east  side  of  said  road  to  a  new  road 
branching  therefrom,  leading   to  John    Tayloi-'s  mill, 

*Thatchers  Med.  Diet.  Vol.  I.  Art.  Ramsay. 


298  HISTORY  or 

commonly  known  by  the  name  of  Buckley^s  mill,  on  the 
east  side  of  said  road,  the  several  courses  thereof,  to  a 
road  branching  therefrom  commonly  known  by  the  name 
of  Rustan's  road,  and  on  the  east  side  thereof,  by  the 
line  that  divides  Colerain  and  Sadsbmy ;  all  which  we 
allow  and  conclude  to  be  the  division.  The  eastern  part 
thereof  retaining  the  name  Sadsbury,  and  the  western 
part,  to  be  called  BartP 

The  condition  of  many  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
county  was,  in  1750  and  1751,  such  as  to  induce  the 
people  of  the  county  to  call  meetings  to  devise  measures 
to  obviate  the  sufferings  of  the  destitute.  "  In  pursuance 
of  a  resolution  passed  at  a  large  and  respectable 
meeting  of  the  freemen  of  Lancaster  county,  in  the 
town  of  Lancaster,  it  was  stated  that  a  number,  of  the 
settlers  had  severely  suffered,  both  from  the  hardships  of 
a  new  settlement  and  the  hostilities  of  the  Indians — and 

Note. — Gen.H.  Miller  was  born  near  Lancaster  city  Feb.  13, 
1741.  Took  a  distinguished  part  in  the  Revolution.  He  was 
in  all  the  important  engagements  on  Long  Island,  York  Island, 
White  Plains,  Trenton,  Princeton,  Head  of  Elk,  Brandywine, 
Germantown,  Monmouth ;  at  this  latter  place  two  horses 
were  successively  shot  under  him. 

In  a  letter  of  General  Washington's  to  Congress,  dated 
"Trenton  Falls,  Dec.  12,  1770,"  it  is  said,  "Captain  Miller,  of 
Colonel  Hand's  regiment,  also  informs  me,  that  a  body  of  the 
enemy  were  inarching  to  Burlington,  yesterday  morning. — 
He  had  been  sent  over  with  a  strong  scouting  party,  and  at 
day  break  fell  in  with  their  advanced  guards,  consisting  of 
about  four  hundred  Hessian  troops,  who  fired  upon  him  before 
they  were  discovered,  but  without  any  loss,  and  obliged  him 
to  retreat  with  his  party,  and  to  take  the  boat." 

lie  was  a  member  of  the  Legislature — Quarter  master  in  tho- 
Whiskey  Expedition — Brigadier  General  of  the  Militia  of  the 
United  States,  during  the  late  war,  at  Baltimore.  He  held 
other  civil  otliccs — died  at  Carlisle,  Aprils,  1824. 


LANCASTER   COUNTl".  299 

therefore  resolved,  That  a  house  of  employment  be  pro- 
vided for  the  industrious,  in  indigent  circumstances. — 
The  building  was  accordingly  erected  by  the  benovo- 
ient  spirit  which  disposed  all  sects  and  all  countries  to 
contribute  their  aid  for  so  excellent  a  purpose. 

A  farm  was  procured,  and  farming  implements  pro- 
vided ;  also  manufacturing  articles  for  the  encouragement 
of  honest  but  indigent  industry.  Lancaster  became 
soon  remarkable  for  the  excellence  of  its  stockings,  made 
in  that  establishment." 

■  The  year  1752  is  remarkable  in  the  annals  of  Lan- 
caster county  for  the  abundance  of  all  cereal  products, 
especially  wheat.  Since  the  settling  of  the  county,  the 
crops  had  not  yielded  so  bountifully  as  they  did  in  1751 
and  1752.  The  mercies,  received  at  the  hands  of  a 
munificent  Giver,  were  not  duly  appreciated,  and  thank- 
fully enjoyed.  They  induced  to  lead  men  into  excess. — 
Many  in  their  levity  and  wantoness,  destroyed  this  rich 
store  of  provision,  fattened  their  hogs  on  wheat,  "  which 
they  consumed  upon  their  lusts."  Others  in  various 
parts  of  the  county,  erected  distilleries,  and  thus  consumed 
the  wheat,  by  converting  it  into  a  poison,  and  thereby 
brought  a  great  evil  upon  community.* 

*Die  jahre  1751  und  1752,  sind  so  fruchtbar  an  Weitzen  und 
andern  Fruechten  gcvvesen,  dasz  dieMenschenin  ihrer  Leicht- 
sinnigkeit  aus  Muthwillcn  haben  gesucht,  diesen  Vorrath  zu 
verschwenden  :  dann  sie  haben  mit  dem  edlen  Weitzen,  von 
welchem  viele  Arme  haetten  leben  koennen,  die  Schweine 
gemaestet,  welclie  sic  liernach  in  ihrer  Wohllust  verzchret 
haben.  Daneben  hat  man  allenthalben  Brenn-Kessel  ange- 
schaft,  und  aus  diesem  Segcn  starke  Getraenke  gebrannt, 
welches  grosse  Unordnung  hat  verursachet.— -C/iron.  Epiirat. 
190. 

Note. — Gen.  John  Clark,  a  native  of  this  county,  was  born 
in  1751 — at  twenty-five  he  entered  the  public  services  of  his 


300  HISTORY   OP 

These  years  of  plenty  were  followed  by  years  of 
scarcity.  The  summers  of  '53,  '54,  and  '55^  were 
remarkable  for  continued  drought,  and  consequent 
want  of  food  for  man,  and  provender  for  beast ;  both 
lacked  the  wonted  abundance — both  were,  in  some  in- 
stances, reduced  to  the  point  of  starvation.  There  was 
a  public  calamity  in  the  land,  and  not  unlike  the  famine 
in  the  days  of  David,  (2  Sam.  31) ;  the  indigent  suffered 
greatly.  In  addition  to  their  pressing  wants,  Indian  hos- 
tilities having  commenced,  the  fear  of  being  murdered  by 
the  Indians,  cast  a  deep  gloom  over  the  face  of  the 
country.  They  felt  it  as  a  merited  rebuke  of  heaven  for 
their  excesses.  "For  about  the  20th  of  October,  1755, 
the  news  was  received  at  Lancaster,  that  the  French  and 

country.  Congress  appointed  him,  February  0,  1778,  as  one 
of  the  auditors  for  the  army  under  General  Washington.  He 
was  also  aid-de-camp  to  Gen.  Green.  The  following  letter  from 
Washington,  to  Congress,  speaks  of  Clark's  character : 

Head  Quarters,  Valley  Forge,  Jan.  2,  1778. 

I  take  the  liberty  of  introducing  Gen.  John  Clark,  the  bearer 
of  this,  to  your  notice.  He  entered  the  service  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  war,  and  has  for  some  time  past  acted  as 
aid-de-camp  to  Major  General  Green.  He  is  active,  sensible, 
and  enterprising,  and  has  rendered  me  great  services  since  the 
enemy  l;as  been  in  Pennsylvania,  by  procuring  me  constant, 
and  certain  intelligence  of  the  motives  and  intentions  of  the 
enemy.  It  is  somewhat  uncertain  whether  the  state  of  his 
health  will  admit  of  his  remaining  in  the  military  line ;  if  it 
.should,  I  shall  perhaps  have  occasion  to  recommend  him  in  a 
more  particular  manner  to  the  favor  of  Congress  at  a  future 
time.  At  present,  I  can  assure,  that  if  you  should,  while  he 
remains  at  York,  have  any  occasion  for  his  services,  you  will 
fmd  him  nol  only  willing,  but  very  capable  of  executing  any 
of  your  commands.  Respectfully, 

GEO.  WASHINGTON. 

At  the  close  of  the  Revolution,  Clark  resumed  the  practice 
of  law  at  York.     He  died  December  27,  1819. 


LANCASTER    COTTNTY.  301 

Indians  had  massacred  and  scalped  many  of  the  inhabi- 
tants, not  more  than  forty  miles  above  Harris's  Ferry, 
(Harrisbm-g).  About  forty-five  persons  from  Paxton 
immediately  proceeded  to  the  spot,  where  they  found 
fourteen  bodies  shockingly  mangled,  which  they  in- 
terred." At  Reading,  October  22,  1755,  says  Conrad 
Weiser,  the  people  are  in  a  great  consternation,  coming 
down,  leaving  their  plantations  and  corn  behind  them ; 
twenty-five  persons,  men,  women  and  children,  killed, 
scalped  and  carried  away  on  the  16th  October;  thirteen 
killed,  who  were  men,  and  elderly  women,  and  one 
child;  the  rest  being  young  women  and  children  carried 
away ;  a  house  burnt  up.  Many  had  been  alarmed 
before. 

The  defeat  of  Braddock's  army,  July  9,  1755,  threw 
the  inhabitants  into  the  utmost  consternation.  "All  the 
females  and  children  of  the  settlements,  at  Wright's 
Ferry,  numbering  about  thirty,  were  removed  to  Phila- 
delphia, where  they  spent  the  winter.  They  occupied  a 
house  in  Chestnut  street,  which  has  since  been  pulled 
down  to  make  room  for  the  Arcade.  The  men  only 
remained."* 

Toward  the  close  of  the  year,  1755,  a  large  number 
of  French  neutrals  were  transported  from  Nova  Scotia 
into  the  different  English  provinces  of  America;  and 
many  of  these  unfortunate  persons,  men,  women  and 
children,  destitute  of  means  to  support  themselves,  were 
thrown  into  Lancaster  county,  and  became  a  public 
charge  to  the  inhabitants. 

While  preparations  were  making  on  the  part  of  Eng- 
land to  carry  on  the  war  against  the  French,  in  1755,  an 
expedition  was  undertaken  against  Nova  Scotia,  under 
the  command  of  Colonel  IVIonckton.     The  expedition, 

*D.  Goheen. 

^6 


302  HISTORY    OF 

proved  successful,  and  the  French  forces  in  Nova  Scoti* 
were  vanquished.  "A  question  then  arose  how  the 
Frencli  inhabitants  should  be  disposed  of.  They  had 
called  themselves  neutrals;  but  some  of  them  were 
found  in  arms,  and  they  had,  as  appeared,  supplied  the 
French  with  arms,  and  thus  seven  thousand  of  them 
were  distressed  in  consequence  of  a  few  taking  up  arms. 
The  rest  were  peaceable,  industrious,  pious  and  frugal 
people.  A  proposal  was  made  to  such  of  them  as  had 
not  borne  arms,  to  remain  in  possession  of  their  lands, 
upon  condition  that  they  would  take  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance to  the  British  Government,  without  qualification ; 
this  they  refused;  for  they  might  then  have  been  com- 
pelled to  take  up  arms  against  their  own  kindred  and 
Indian  neighbors,  which  they  deemed  a  flagrant  abuse  of 
a  former  right :  for  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  1713,  they 
were  permitted  to  retain  their  lands,  on  taking  the  oath 
of  allegiance  to  their  new  sovereign.  Queen  Anne,  ivilh 
the  gratification  that  they  should  not  be  compelled  to 
bear  arms  against  their  Indian  neighbors,  or  their 
countrymen,  the  French;  and  this  immunity  was,  at 
subsequent  periods,  assured  to  their  children.  On 
refusing  to  take  the  proposed  oath  of  allegiance,  their 
property  was  destroyed,  and  they  were  transported  and 
distributed  among  the  several  British  Colonics.  Some  of 
them  were  thrown  on  the  public  charge  of  this  county.'* 
Their  condition  was  unenviable — deplorable  indeed. — 
From  a  pathetic  address,  drawn  up  by  themselves,  to  his 
most  excellent  Majesty,  King  of  Great  Britain,  we  learn 
that  the  miseries  tlicy  endured  were  great.  "The 
miseries,"  said  they,  "we  have  endured  since  our  depar- 
ture from  Nova  Scotia,  cannot  be  sufficiently  expressed, 
being  reduced  for  a  livelihood  to  toil  and  labor  in  a 
southern  climate,  so   disagreeable  to  our  constitutions, 


LANCASTER    COFNTT.  30!? 

that  most  of  us  have  been  prevented  by  sickness  from 
procuring  the  necessary  subsistence  for  our  families;  and 
therefore  are  threatened  with  that  which  we  esteem  the 
greatest  aggravation  of  aU  our  suffering,  even  of  having 
our  children  forced  from  us  and  bound  out  to  strangers, 
and  exposed  to  contagious  distempers  unknown  in  our 
native  country.  This,  compared  with  the  atfluence  we 
enjoyed,  shows  our  condition  to  be  extremely  wretched. 
We  have  already  seen  in  the  province  of  Pennsylvania, 
two  hundred  and  fifty  of  our  people,  perish  through 
miseries  and  various  diseases." 

This  memorial,  says  Halyburton,  in  his  History  of 
Nova  Scotia,  had  not  the  effect  of  procuring  them 
redress ;  they  were  left  to  undergo  their  punishment  m. 
exile,  and  to  mingle  with  the  population  among  whom 
they  were  distributed. 

In  this  county,  the  citizens  petitioned  the  Legislature 
for  the  passage  of  an  Act  to  disperse  the  inhabitants  of 
Nova  Scotia,  thrown  upon  them.  An  Act  was  passed 
March  5,  1756,  by  which  Calvin  Cooper,  James  Webb 
and  Samuel  Le  Fevre,  were  appointed  to  carry  its 
several  provisions  into  execution.  The  Act  empowered 
and  required  them,  or  a  majority  of  them,  or  their  sur- 
vivors, and  enjoined  it,  that  within  twenty  days  after  the 
passage  of  the  Act,  to  order  and  appoint  the  disposition 
of  the  inhabitants  of  Nova  Scotia  imported  and  per- 
mitted to  be  landed,  in  such  manner  and  proportions  as 
to  them  appeared  most  equitable  under  certain  limita- 
tions, to  have  regard  to  such  lands  and  plantations,  or 
other  employment  as  they  might  procure  for  them 
towards  maintaining  themselves  and  families,  and  there- 
by easing  the  province  of  the  heavy  charge  of  support- 
mg  them.  The  act  further  provided  in  these  words : — 
<'  And  for  tht  more  effectual  settling  and  employing  said 


304 


HISTORY    OP 


inhabitants,  it  was  enacted  that  the  overseers  of  the 
poor  of  the  several  townships  of  Lancaster  county  were 
required  and  enjoined  to  accept  of,  provide  for,  and 
receive  into  their  respective  townships  such  of  the  Nova 
Scotians,  as  were  to  be  allotted,  and  sent  into  their  town- 
ships, by  an  order  under  the  hands  and  seals  of  at  least 
two  of  the  above  named  persons;  provided,  that  not 
more  th^n  one  family  was  allotted  to  the  care  of  the 
overseers  of  the  poor  of  any  one  township.  They  were 
to  secure  them  employment,  as  was  most  suitable  to  the 
circumstances  of  the  families  and  persons  allotted,  and 
appointed  for  their  respective  townships,  as  directed. — 
The  overseers  were  directed  to  keep  just  and  true  ac- 
counts of  all  such  unavoidable  charges  and  expenses  as 
might  have  accrued ;  which  accounts  were  directed  to 
be  transmitted  under  oath,  or  afhrmed,  to  the  persons 
nominated. 

Those  who  had  been  bred  to  farming,  farms  at  a  rea- 
sonable rate,  were  to  be  rented  for  them,  and  some  small 
assistance  was  to  be  afforded  them  toward  settlement 
thereof.  The  commissioners  were  authorized  to  pur- 
chase or  procure  such  slock  or  utensils  of  husbandry  for 
making  settlements,  provided  the  supplies  allotted  to  any 
single  iinnily  did  not  exceed  in  the  whole  ten  pounds. — 
The  expenses  incurred  Avere  to  be  defrayed  and  paid  out 
of  the  money  given  to  the  King's  use  by  an  Act  of 
Assembly. 

Their  condition  was  such  as  to  make  it  necessary  for 
the  Assembly  to  pass  another  Act,  January  18,  1757: — 
"Wiiereas  it  has  been  found  by  experience  that  the  Act 
of  March  4,  1756,  has  not  answered  the  good  intentions 
of  the  Legislature  of  uniting  them  with  his  Majesty's 
loyal  subjects  by  granting  the  said  inhabitants  of  Nova 
Scotia  equal  privileges  and  innnunitics  with  the  inluibi- 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  305 

'cants  and  settlers  of  the  province,  and  the  grievous  bur- 
dens of  maintaining  them  in  the  manner  hitherto  used  is 
greater  than  the  good  people  of  this  province,  under  their 
present  distressed  circumstances,  are  well  able  to  bear, 
and  for  as  much  as  there  are  numbers  of  children  among 
them  whose  real  advantage  and  interest  it  would  un- 
doubtedly prove  to  be  brought  up  in  industry  and  fru- 
gality, and  bound  out  to  learn  husbandry,  or  some  other 
profitable  art,  whereby  they  might  become  reputable 
inhabitants,  entitled  to  the  rights  of  the  British  subjects, 
and  their  parents  thereby  eased  of  the  charge  of  their 
maintenance  as  well  as  the  public,  which  by  proper  care 
may  be  in  a  good  degree  relieved  from  the  present  heavy 
expenses." 

It  was  enacted  that  the  overseers  of  the  poor  of  the 
townships  in  which  the  Nova  Scotians  were  dispersed, 
were  required  and  enjoined  within  two  months  of  the 
passage  of  the  Act,  or  as  soon  afterwards  as  convenient, 
by  and  with  the  consent  and  approbation  of  one  or  more 
justices  of  the  peace  to  bind  out,  such  of  the  children  of 
the  Nova  Scotians,  whose  parents  or  friends  were  not 
capable  to  maintain  them,  or  neglected  otherwise  to  pro-* 
vide  for  them,  to  kind  masters  and  mistresses,  on  the 
best  terms  they  could  obtain;  on  condition  the  children 
were  taught  to  read  and  write  the  English  language,  and 
such  reputable  and  profitable  occupations  as  would  ena- 
ble them  to  support  themselves  at  the  expiration  of  the 
term  of  apprenticeship;  males  were  to  be  bound  out  till 
twenty-one  ;  females  till  eighteen. 

Further  provision  was  also  made  for  those,  who,  by 
reason  of  age,  impotence,  or  any  bodily  infirmity,  were 
rendered  incapable  to  maintain  themselves,  that  they,  were 
provided  for,  and  maintained,  as  other  poor  of  the  town- 
ship ;  but  at  the  charge  of  the  province. 

26* 


306 


HISTORY    OP 


We  doubt  not,  there  may  some  of  the  descendants  of 
the  F];ench  neutrals,  reside  in  the  comity.  Vestiges  of 
them  remained  in  Philadelphia  for  a  long  time.  "They 
refused,"  says  Gordon,  speaking  of  those  in  Philadel- 
phia, "for  a  long  time  to  labor,  but,  finally,  settled  in  low 
huts,  in  a  quarter  of  the  town,  where  a  vestige  continued 
until  the  year  1800." 

Those  who  were  carried  to  Baltimore,  soon  fomid  means 
to  become  proprietors  of  much  of  the  ground  on  South 
Charles  street,  and  erected  thereon  their  habitations, 
which  long  bore  the  name  of  French  town.  Many 
of  the  French  descendants  of  the  old  French  neutrals,  are 
still  there. 

Notes.— Octobei-  20, 1749,  the  Annual  Synod  of  the  German 
Reformed  church,  met  for  the  first  time  in  Lancaster.  Rev, 
Bartholomaeus,  V.  D.  M.  preached  the  Synodical  sermon.— 
The  number  of  German  reformed  ministers  in  America  was 
small  in  1749;  these  were  John  Philip  Bochm,  George  Michael 
Weisp,  P.  B.  Ricgcr,  Jacob  Lischy,  formerly  a  Moravian, 
Rev.  Bartholomaeus,  John  Philip  Leydich,  Michael  Schlatter, 
missionary  from  Holland,  two  on  probation,  Conrad  Temple- 
man,  at  Swatara,  J.  C.  Wirts,  at  Sacany,  and  two  students 
lately  from  Europe,  David  Marinus,  and  Jonathan  Du  Bois. 

January  27th,  1749-50,  Cumberland  county  was  erected— 
Marcli  11th,  1752,  Berks  was  erected— June  1  and  2, 1750,  se- 
vere frost— ice  in  many  places— rye  and  corn  injured. 

Governor  Pownall  in  Lancaster  in  1754:— "I  took  the  road 
from  Philadelphia  to  Wright's  Ferry,  on  the  Susquehanna.— 
Lancaster  is  a  growing  town,  and  making  money— a  manu- 
factory is  here  of  guns— it  is  a  stage  town— 500  houses- 2,000 
inhabitants.  Between  Lancaster  and  Wright's  Ferry,  I  saw 
the  finest  farm  one  can  possible  conceive,  in  tlie  liighest  culture  ; 
it  belongs  to  a  Switzer.  Here  it  was,  I  saw  the  method  of  wa- 
tering meadows  by  cutting  troughs  in  the  side  of  the  hill  for 
the  springs  to  run  in;  the  water  runs  over  the  sides  and  waters, 
whoki  ground. — PownaWs  Jourml. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  307 

Lancaster  county  had,  for  half  a  century,  been  celebrated 
for  the  manfacture  of  guns.  This  business  was  successfully 
carried  on  by  John  Fondersmith,  a  European,  who  located  at 
Strasburg,  in  1749,  where,  assisted  by  one  of  his  sons,  he 
made  "  defensive  arms''  for  the  Revolutionary  patriots. 

The  late  Dr.  Eberle's  father — a  peerless  genius  tn  steel  and 
iron — a  natural  mechanic — manufactured  bayonets,  during  the 
Revolution,  not  inferior  to  the  damask  blade. 

Peter  Schaub,  of  Lancaster  county,  setting  forth  to  the 
Assembly,  that  when  the  forces  under  Col.  Dunbar  were  at 
Lancaster,  on  their  way  to  Philadelphia,  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  horses  and  cattle  belonging  to  them  were  put  into  his 
meadow,  and  kept  there  for  two  days,  whereby  the  greatest 
part  of  the  grass  was  destroyed,  required  compensation  for 
damages  sustained ;  Jacob  Myers  and  others  valued  the 
damages  at  £11,  7s.  The  Assembly  considered  the  petition, 
September  19th,  1755.  John  Brubaker  presented  a  similar 
petition  ;  his  damages  were  £8,  6s.* 

Col.  Dunbar  was  an  officer  under  Edward  Braddockj  who 
met  with  a  fatal  reproof,  July  9th,  1755,  near  Pittsburg,  for  his 
overweening  confidence  and  reckless  temerity. 

Members  of  Assembly  for  Lancaster  county,  for  1743: — 
Anthony  Shaw,  Arthur  Patterson,  Thomas  Lindly,  John  Wright 
— in  1744:  James  Mitchell,  John  Wright,  Arthur  Patterson, 
Samuel  Blunston — in  1745  and  1746:  John  Wright,  James 
Mitchell,  Arthur  Patterson,  James  Wright — in  1747  and  1748: 
John  Wright,  Arthur  Patterson,  James  Webb,  Peter  WorralL 

*Votes  of  Assembly. 


308  nisTORT  OP 


CHAPTER  V. 


Moravian  community  at  Litiz — Zlnzendorf  in   Lancaster — Application  tc 
the    conference    at    Bethlehem — Commencement    of    Litiz — Parsonage 
built — School  House  removed — Rev.  B.  A.  Grube — Present  condition,  or 

state  of  Litiz;  Improvements;  Church,  and  consecration  of  it,  &c List 

of  the  names  of  Pastors — Schools  and  names  of  Teachers — Brother  and 
Sister  Houses — The  grave  yard — The  spring — Population,  mechanics,  &c. 

The  Moravians,  those  who  embraced  the  views  of 
Count  Zinzendorf,  of  whom  a  passing  notice  has  been 
given  in  a  preceding  page,  commenced  the  formation  of 
a  community,  in  this  county,  about  the  year  1755  or  56, 
at  Litiz,  eight  miles  north  of  the  city,  of  which  we 
shall  give  a  detailed  account.     The  subject  is  interesting,* 

To  give  a  full  account  of  this  village,  and  the  first 
settlement  of  the  Moravians  in  Lancaster  county,  we 
shall  begin  with  the  year  174*.  It  happened,  in  that 
year,  that  Count  Zinzendorf,  the  patron  of  the  renewed 
church  of  the  United  Brethren  or  Moravians,  who  being 
persecuted  in  Saxony,  by  such  as  disliked  his  attempts  to 
form  Christian  communities,  which  were  not  to  be 
governed  by  the  established  church  government  of  that 
Kingdom,  directed  his  attention  and  Christian  eye  to 
Pennsylvania,  where,  at  a  previous  period,  a  great  num- 
ber of  German  Separatists  had  emigrated ;  accordingly, 
lie  visited  Pennsylvania,  and  believing  that  his  visit 
might  be  rendered  more  profitable,  if  he  could  succeed 
in  uniting  many  of  these  emigrated  Christians,  who 
diffcrco  in  some  particular  points,  he  set  out  on  his  tour 
ihrougli  Pennsylvania,  and  whenever  he  iiad  an  oppor- 

*This  article  has  been  furnished  by  a  inejubcr  of  the  Mora-- 
vian  Society  of  Litiz. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  309 

tunity,  to  acquaint  himself  with  the  various  sects,  he 
tried  to  unite  them  on  those  points,  which  he  considered 
as  essential  in   Christian  doctrine.      He  neglected  no 
opportunity  to  preach  whenever  he  found  an  open  door, 
and  to  proclaim  Christ,  and  Him  crucified,  as  the  only 
ground  and  hope  of  our  salvation.     From  Bethlehem, 
he  proceeded,  firstly,  through  Berks  county,  where  he 
visited  the  Schwenkfelders,  and  other  sects,  and  from 
there  to  Lancaster  county,  where,  among  other  pious 
persons,  whom  he  visited,  was   Mr.   Jacob  Huber,  of 
Warwick  township ;  and  he  met  with  a  friendly  recep- 
tion.     The  same  evening  after  his  arrival,  he  addressed 
the  assembled    neighbors.       Many    more    would  have 
attended,  had  they  not  been  prevented  by  Mr.  George 
Kline,  IMr,  Huber's  neighbor,  who  made  efforts  to  dis- 
suade others  from  hearing  him,  and  endeavored  to  excite 
unkind  feelings  against  him  ;  however,  during  the  succes- 
sive nights,  he  became  very  uneasy,  touching  his  course; 
his  conscience  told  him  loudly,  he  had  not  acted  rightly. 
The    following  day,   Count  Zinzendorf  went  to  Lan- 
caster, where  he  had  permission  to  preach  in  the  court 
house.     Kline  followed  him  thither  to  hear  him  preach, 
and  was  one  of  his  most  attentive  hearers.     The  Count's 
address  removed  all  his  prejudice,  and  made  such  an  im- 
pression on  his  mind,  that  he,  as  well  as  some  of  his 
neighbors,  requested  him  to  visit  them  again,  or  to  send 
them  a  minister  who  preached  like  him ;  this  the  Count 
promised  to  do,  and  immediately  on  his  return  to  Bethle- 
hem, sent  the  Rev.  Jacob  Lischy,  to  them,  with  orders 
also  to  visit  other  pious  persons,  who  resided  in  various 
parts  of  Lancaster  county,  and  whom  the  Count  had 
visited  previously.     After  that  they  were  for  a  number 
of  years  visited  by  others  from  Bethlehem.     Their  meet- 
ings were  partly  held  in  private  hpuses,  and  partly  ill  a 


310  HISTORY    OP  ,    . 

Lutheran  church,  which  was  huilt  in  1741,  on  Mr, 
George  Khne's  land,  and  known  as  St.  Jacob's  church. — 
The  Reverend  Theophilus  Neyherg,  who  was  then  the 
Lutheran  minister  at  Lancaster,  preached  every  four 
weeks  in  this  church  until  1746,  when  he  left  the  Lan- 
caster Congregation,  and  devoted  his  whole  attention  to 
the  Lutheran  congregation  in  Warwick  township,  and 
finally  united  himself  with  the  greater  part  of  his  flock 
with  the  Moravian  Society. 

In  1747,  they  concluded  to  apply  to  the  conference  at 
Bethlehem,  for  an  ordained  minister,  who  would  live 
among  them,  and  who  could  attend  to  the  spiritual 
affairs  of  their  small  congregation;  this  request  was 
readily  granted,  on  condition  that  they  would  provide  a 
suitable  dwelling  for  him  and  his  family.  As  soon  as 
Mr.  George  Kline  heard  this,  he  offered  three  and  three- 
quarter  acres  of  land,  at  the  lower  part  of  his  farm,  for 
this  purpose,  and  it  was  determined  to  build  a  suitable 
house,  which  might  serve  for  a  dwelling,  church  and 
school  house.  On  the  9th  of  February,  1748,  tl.is  house 
was  consecrated,  and  on  the  22nd  of  July,  following,  the 
Rev.  Leonhard  Schnell  moved  into  it,  as  their  minister 
and  school  teaclier.  On  the  1 3th  of  May,  following,  ho 
opened  the  school,  with  four  boys  and  three  girls.  This 
house  was  then  known  as  the  "  Warwick  Churcli  and 
School  House,"  and  stood  eastwardly  from  the  present 
site  of  Litiz. 

Ill  1751,  it  was  determined  to  establish  a  similar 
congregation,  like  that  at  Bethlehem.  Mr.  George  Kline 
being  one  of  the  most  zealous  members,  of  the  then  but 
small  flock,  and  having  no  heirs,  offered  them,  to  accept 
his  farm  of  more  than  600  acres  for  that  purpose.  This 
kind  offer  was  gratefully  accepted,  and  t\u:  title  thereof 
transferred   to  the   Society,  according  to   law.     In  the 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  311 

spring  of  that  year,  Mr.  Geogre  Kline  had  built  a  large 
two  story  stone  house  for  a  residence,  which,  however, 
he  occupied  but  a  short  period,  as  he  moved  to  Bethle- 
hem, where  he  ended  his  life.  This  house  stands  to  this 
day,  and  is  found  in  the  central  part  of  the  village,  and 
according  to  it,  the  main  street  has  been  located,  and 
which  causes,  that  it  does  not  run  due  east  or  west. 

In  1757,  the  village  was  laid  out  by  the  Rev.  Na- 
thaniel Seidel,  and  Mr.  John  Renter,  who  were  sent  from 
Bethlehem  for  that  purpose,  and  the  name  of  Litiz  was 
given  to  it,  in  memory  of  a  village  in  Bohemia,  from 
which  the  forefathers  of  the  United  Brethren  had  emi- 
grated. *  *  *  The  same  religious  basis  was  then 
given  to  all  the  future  proceedings  of  the  United  Breth- 
ren, in  Litiz,  which  is  characteristic  of  all  their  settle- 
ments, in  Europe  and  in  this  country,  and  accordingly, 
the  Brother  and  Sister  Houses,  of  which  we  shall  say 
more  hereafter,  were  built  in  the  years,  1758  and  1759. 

In  1761,  the  present  Parsonage  was  built,  and  the 
greater  part  of  the  upper  story  was  dedicated  for  a  place 
of  worship.  It  was  provided  with  a  small  organ,  and 
the  walls  were  adorned  with  a  number  of  beautiful  oil 
paintings ;  the  works  of  the  celebrated  Hayd,  represent- 
ing all  the  most  remarkable  scenes  of  our  Saviour's  life. 
In  this  Hall,  the  congregation  worshiped  until  the  13th  of 
August,  1787,  wken  the  present  church,  of  which  we 
shall  say  more  hereafter,  was  consecrated  for  spiritual 
services. 

In  1762,  the  Warwick  church  and  school  house,  of 
which  we  spoke  above,  was  removed  into  the  village,  to 
serve  as  a  dwelling  and  school  house  for  the  teacher, 
who  had  the  charge  of  the  school  for  such  children  as 
did  not  belong  to  the  Society.  In  those  days,  schools 
were  not  as  numerous  as  in  our  day,  and  there  was  not 


315  HISTORY    OF 

another  school  withm  four  miles  o:f  Litiz,  consequently, 
the  children,  from  the  adjacent  country,  were  all  sent  to 
this  school.  The  children  of  the  Society,  had  then  a 
Separate  school.  Among  those  who  resided  in  this  house, 
and  served  as  teachers,  the  Rev.  Bernhard  A.  Grube, 
deserves  particular  notice.  It  was  not  only  the  object  of 
this  good  man  to  teach  the  children  to  read,  write  and 
cypher,  but  also  to  impress  good  morals  on  their  minds, 
and  to  acquaint  them  with  their  Saviour.  Various  were 
the  methods  which  he  adopted,  but  one  in  particular  we 
would  mention:  Being  an  excellent  ornamental  writer, 
he  wrote  into  his  pupils'  book,  their  names,  adding  some 
wish  or  prayer,  and  from  time  to  time,  he  presented  them 
with  hymns  of  his  own  composition,  or  passage  from 
Scripture,  beautifully  written.  Many  of  these  trilling 
presents,  proved  as  seeds  sown  into  good  ground,  which 
grew,  and  have  brought  fruits  unto  salvation.  To  this 
day,  there  are  Bibles  and  spelling  books  to  be  found  in 
Warwick  township,  in  which  is  found  his  writing,  and 
many,  who  are  grand,  and  great-grand  children,  of  those, 
who,  as  children  received  of  his  trifling  presents  in  those 
long  by-gone  days,  hold  them  as  dear  as  their  fore- 
fathers did. 

In  1771,  the  St.  Jacob's  church,  to  which  we  referred 
to,  in  a  preceding  page,  being  much  out  of  repair,  and 
not  used  any  more  for  sacred  worship,  was  taken  down, 
and  removed  to  the  fulling  mill  below  the  village,  and 
converted  into  a  dweUing  house,  for  the  miller;  this 
house  stands  to  this  day,  and  is  at  present  the  property  of 
Mr.  John  Keller. 

The  grave  yard,  which  belonged  to  this  church,  is  yet 
in  existence,  and  is  known  by  the  name  of  "Warwick 
Grave  Yard;"  it  is  located  a  short  distance  southwardly 
from  the  village,  near  the  Lancaster  road.     To  persons 


LANCASTER  couxxr.  315 

who  are  fond  of  reading  old  epitaphs  on  tomhstones,  this 
place  offers  a  fine  opportunity. 

Having  given  the  reader  some  account  of  the  early 
"settlement  of  this  interesting  village,  we  shall  now 
-attempt  to  describe  it,  as  we  find  it  in  our  day. 

It  is  not  saying  too  much,  if  we  state,  that  it  is  proba- 
hly  the  neatest  and  cleanest  village  in  Lancaster  county. 
As  said  before,  its  location  is  nearly  east  and  west,  ex- 
tending in  that  direction,  about  one-half  a  mile.  There 
is  not  only  pavement  before  all  the  houses  through  the 
whole  village,  but  the  different  paths  leading  to  the 
church,  schools,  &c,,  are  well  paved,  with  creek  or  lime- 
stone slabs.  The  square,  r. round  which  are  located  the 
institutions,  church  and  parsonage,  is,  perhaps,  not  sur- 
passed in  beauty  by  any  other  spot  in  tlie  county  ;  such 
is  its  splendor  in  the  summer  season,  that  it  frequently 
occurs,  that  travellers  stop  in  their  journey  to  give  it  a 
closer  examination  than  a  mere  transient  notice. 

It  is  enclosed  by  a  white  fence,  and  tastefully  laid  out 
in  gravel  walks;  around  it  is  an  avenue  of  locust  and 
cedar  trees,  and  the  interior  is  adorned  with  Linden 
Cedar  and  Balm  of  Gilead  trees,  and  a  very  great  variety 
of  shrubbery.  From  the  beginning  of  jSIay,  till  the  end 
of  October,  different  kinds  of  flowers  are  there  found  in 
bloom;  its  greatest  splendor  is  in  August,  when  the  great 
variety  of  Hollyhocks  and  Dahlias  are  in  bloom,  and 
there  are  probably  few  places  where  such  a  variety  of 
tint  and  color  is  found  as  in  this  spot.  The  superin- 
tendence of  this  truly  delightful  spot  is  under  the  care 
and  direction  of  Mr.  Mathias  Tschudy. 

The  church,  to  which  reference  has  been  made,  is  66 
feet  in  length,  and  50  feet  in  depth;  it  is  built  of  lime- 
stone, and  has  a  very  fine  appearance,  and  the  mason 
Avork  in  its  front  is  generally  considered  a  master-piece  of 

37 


314  SistoRf  OS* 

workmanship ;  it  is  ornamented  with  a  neat  spire,  and 
has  a  town  clock,  which  is  remarkable,  because  it  strikes 
the  quarters.  It  has  two  entrances,  at  one  of  which  the 
Brethren,  and  at  the  other  the  Sisters  enter.  Its  interior 
is  plain  and  very  neat;  there  are  no  pews  in  it,  but 
benches  with  backs.  It  has  two  galleries,  and  is  pro- 
vided with  an  excellent  organ.  Originally,  there  was  no 
pulpit  in  the  church,  but  merely  a  table,  covered  with 
l)lack  cloth,  at  which  the  minister  officiated.  It  being 
fifty  years  in  1837,  since  the  church  had  been  conse- 
crated, various  alterations  were  undertaken  in  that  year, 
and  among  others,  also,  that  of  placing  a  pulpit  in  the 
place  of  the  table.  After  all  the  repairs  were  com- 
pleted, the  congregation  celebrated  the  fiftieth  anniver- 
sary of  their  church  on  Sunday  the  13th  of  August, 
1S37.  A  brief  account  of  such  a  celebration  among  the 
Moravians  may  perhaps  be  interesting  to  the  reader ;  we 
shall,  therefore,  attempt  to  give  some  description  of  this 
cliurch  festival.  The  church  was  previously  beautifully 
adorned  with  various  inscriptions,  and  most  tastefully 
decorated  with  flowers  and  evergreens,  and  the  musicians 
selected  and  practiced  their  best  sacred  music;  and  to 
render  it  still  more  harmonious,  invited  a  number  of  the 
best  vocal  and  instrumental  performers  from  Bethlehem 
and  Nazareth,  to  assist  them  on  the  occasion.  On  the 
evening  of  the  12th,  the  congregation  met  for  the  pur- 
pose of  solemnly  closing  the  remarkable  period  of  fifty 
years,  during  which  the  Lord  had  permitted  them  to 
worship  in  this  sanctuary.  Early  on  the  morning  of  the 
13lli,  all  the  inhabitants  were  a^vakened  by  solemn 
music,  announcing  to  them  the  approach  of  the  happy 
day,  for  which  old  and  young  had  been  looking  wi*h 
such  joyful  anticipation.  At  eight  o'clock,  the  congre- 
gation met  for  the  first  time,  in  the  new  period  of  their 


LANCASTER   COUNTY.  315 

church's  existence,  and  dedicated  the  church,  as  well  as 
themselves  anew  to  the  Lord.     At  ten  o'clock,  they  met 
again,  when  an  excellent  address,  suitable  to  the  occa- 
sion, was  delivered,  and  an  account  read  of  the  first  con- 
secration, August  13th,  1787,  and  also  the  names  of  all 
those   who    served  as  ministers  within  the  transpired 
period.     At  two  o'clock,  there   was  a   Love   Feast,  a, 
church  ceremony  which  is  customarj'-  at  all  festival  occa- 
sions among  the  Moravians — in  token  of  fellowship  and 
brotherly  union,  and  is  in  imitation  of  a  custom  in  the 
primitive  churches ;  during  which  the  congregation  and 
the  choir,  accompanied  with  instrumental  music,  alter- 
nately, sang  anthems,  which  had  been  expressly  printed 
for  the  occasion ;  after  that,  the  communicants  met  for 
the  first  time  at  the  Lord's  table  in  this  new  era  of  their 
church.     In  the  evening,  the  beautiful  square,  which  we 
have    attempted  to  describe,  was  tastefully  illuminated 
with  upwards  of  800  lights,  and  the  whole  congregation, 
together  with  numbers  from  the  adjacent  country,  met  in 
it  for  the  purpose  of  solemnly  closing  this  joyful  festival. 
Anthems,  which  had  been  expressly  printed  for  the  occa- 
sion, were  handed  to  all  present,  when  in  the  solemn 
evening  hour   of  that   blessed   sabbath,  surrounded  by 
thousands  of  beautiful  flowers,  and  accompanied  with 
instrumental  music,  all  united  in  singmg  the  praises  of  the 
Lord,  for  all  the  blessings  conferred  on  them  as  a  con- 
gregation ;  the  scene  was  a  heavenly  one,  and  will  long 
be  remembered  by  all  who  witnessed  it. 

The  following  ministers  labored  in  succession,  in  the 
congregation  at  Litiz : 

1742,  Count  Nicolas  Louis  de  Zinzendorf;  1743,  Jacob 
Lischy;  1745,  Daniel  Neuberts;  1747,  Leonard  Schnell; 
1749,  Christian  H.  Ranch;  1748  to  1153,  Abraham 
Reinke,  Senior  j    1754,  Michael  Zahm,^  and   Christian 


316  ^.  HISTORY    OF 

Bader;  1755,  Christian  'Krogstinpp  and  Abraham 
Reinke,  Senior;  1755  to  1787,  Mathcw  Hehl;  1756 
Francis  Christian  Lemhkc ;  175G,  David  Nitshmann, 
Daniel  Bishop  and  Daniel  Neubert;  1757,  George 
Weiser;  1759,  Jacob  Till;  17ao,  Abraham  Rusmyer  and 
Godfrey  Roesler;  1762,  Christian  Krogstrupp;  1763, 
]krnhard  AdamGrnbc;  17G5, Nicholas  Eberhard;  1774, 
Godfrey  Roesler;  1784,  John  Klingsohr;  1790,  Andrew 
Huebner  and  Abraham  Reinke,  Junior;  1801,  John 
Herbst,  John  Meder  and  John  F.  Freeauf;  1811,  Jacob 
Van  Vleck  and  Constantino  Miller;  1812,  Andrew  Be- 
nade,  John  M.  Beck  and  Abraham  Reinke,  Junior - 
1822,  Thomas  Longballe;  1823,  John  Christian  Beckler; 
1829,  Andrew  Benade  and  John  F.  Loefller;  183G, 
William  Eberman  and  Charles  F.  Kluge;  1843,  Peter 
Wolle  and  Charles  W.  Senft. 

The  Schools. — Litiz  has  long  been  celebrated  for  its 
schools,  and  we  shall  attempt  to  give  some  description  of 
tliem. 

There  are  four  schools  in  the  village  ;  tv/o  of  them  are 
however,  infant  schools  ;  one  for  the  little  boys  and  one 
for  the  little  girls.  In  these  schools,  the  small  children  of 
the  village,  and  some  from  the  neighborhood,  arc  taught 
to  read,  the  rudiments  of  arithmetic,  and.  some  writing, 
and  from  these,  they  are  promoted  into  the  two  existing 
higher  schools. 

The  young  Ladies'  Seminary. — The  commence- 
ment of  this  Institution  was  as  early  as  1794.  Previ- 
ous to  the  building  of  the  edifice  in  which  we  find  it  at 
present,  it  was  conducted  partly  in  the  Sister's  House,  and 
partly  in  a  small  house,  adjacent  thereto.  In  the  year 
1804,  on  the  2Gth  of  October,  the  pupils  then  living  in 
the  Sister's  House,  moved  into  the  new  building,  expressly 
built  for  school  purposes.     It  is  three  stories  high,  and  86 


LANCASTER    COUNXr.  317 

feet  in  length  and  40  in  depth.  In  the  basement,  is  a 
large  dining  room,  and  the  first  and  second  story  are  the 
schooh-ooms,  principal's  residence,  and  a  chapel  for 
spiritual  devotions.  The  third  story  is  occupied  as  a 
dormitory,  and  a  room  called  the  sickroom,  which  is 
expressly  set  apart  for  such  as  may  be  indisposed  ;  a  nurse 
resides  in  this  room,  whose  duty  it  is  to  attend  to  such  of 
the  pupils,  as  it  may  be  found  necessary  to  remove 
into  it.  In  the  rear  of  the  building  is  a  large  yard,  or 
play-ground,  provided  with  a  pavillion,  seats,  swings, 
&c.  for  the  pleasure  and  amusement  of  the  pupils.  The 
Institution  is  provided  with  a  very  extensive  Library, 
and  as  music  is  taught,  every  room  is  provided  with  a 
piano.  It  is  customary  in  this  Institution  to  have 
musical  entertainments  from  time  to  time.  A  friend  of 
ours  who  has  occasionally  been  present,  assures  us,  that 
the  performances  of  the  pupils,  in  vocal  and  instrumen- 
tal music,  arc  tru'y  excellent,  and  are  probably  not  sur- 
passed in  any  other  Institution  of  the  kind.  Ornamental 
needlev/ork  of  various  kinds,  is  also  taught  to  great  per- 
fection, and  all  other  branches,  which  constitute  a  practi- 
cal education,  receive  their  due  share  of  attention. — 
Their  are  six  Tutoresses  engaged,  two  always  residing 
in  each  schoolroom,  with  about  fourteen  pupils,  whose 
duty  it  is,  not  only  to  instruct  them,  but  to  have  a 
watchful  eye  over  their  morals,  and  to  take  walks  with 
them,  after  the  daily  exercises  are  closed.  We  are 
indeed  happy  to  be  able  to  so.y,  that  the  school  is  at 
present  in  a  very  fi-jurishing  condition,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  its  present  eificient  Principal,  Mr.  E.  A.  Freeauf, 
and  his  amiable  lady. 

The  Principals  of  this  Institution,  since   its  establish- 
ment have  been  as  follows: 

1794,  Rev.  John  A.  Iluebner;  1801,  Rev.  Johnlierbst, 

27* 


318  HISTORY    OP 

1802,  Rev.  John  Meder;  1805,  Rev.  John  F.  Freeanf; 
1815,  Rev.  Andrew  Bcnade ;  1822,  Rev.  John  C.  Beck- 
ler;  1824,  Rev.  Samuel  Renike  ;  1826,  Rev.  John  G. 
Kummer;  1833,  Rev.  Charles  F.  Klnge;  1836,  Rev. 
Peter  Wolle  5  1843,  Rev.  Evigcne  A.  Freeanf. 

Among  these,  Rev.  John  F.  Frecauf,  the  father  of  the 
present  Principal,  and  the  Rev.  Andrew  Benade,  deserve 
particularly  to  be  noticed,  as  it  was  under  their  direction 
that  this  Institution  was  in  its  most  flourishing  condition. 
Long  will  the  names  of  good   Old   Pappy   Freeauf,  and 
good  Pappy  Benade,  as  the  young  ladies  were  wont  to 
call  them,  he  remembered  by  the  many  who  were  placed 
into  their  care,  and  there  is  no   doubt,  should  this  meet 
the  eye  of  such,  they  will  remember  with  pleasure  those 
happy  days  which  they  spent  in  Litiz  school  under  their 
care  and  the  many  devout  prayers  they  offered   in  their 
belialf,  when  met  in  the  little  chapel,  as  well  as  the  many 
good  and  fatherly  admonitions  they  gave  them  from  time 
to  time. 

The  Young  Gentlemen's  Academy. — We  have 
abready  stated  that  in  the  early  years  of  Litiz, 
there  were  two  schools,  one  for  the  boys,  belonging  to 
the  society,  and  the  other  for  those  from  the  adjacent 
country.  As  Warwick  township  became  more  settled,  so 
the  schools  increased,  and  there  was  no  more  necessity  to 
send  the  children  to  ]jitiz,  consequently,  the  one  for  the 
children  from  the  comitry  was  discontinued.  Mr.  Chris- 
tian Schropp  conducted  the  town  school,  for  many  years, 
and  on  the  2nd  of  January,  1815,  Mr.  John  Beck,  the 
present  Principal,  took  charge  of  it.  At  that  period,  the 
school  was  held  in  an  old  building,  which  liad  been  fixed 
up  for  tliat  purpose,  and  which  stood  at  the  same  place> 
where  the  present  brick  school  house  stands. 


LANCASTER   COUNTY.  319 


! 


Mr.  Beck  spared  neither  pains  nor  expense  in  improv- 
ing the  school,  and  his  indefatigable  exertions,  as  well  as 
the  various  methods  he  adopted  to  further  his  pupils  in 
their  studies,  became  a  subject  of  general  remark.  In 
1S19,  the  school  began  to  attract  the  attention  of  parents 
from  abroad,  and  boys  were  brought  from  various  places. 
In  1822,  it  was  found  necessary  to  erect  the  present 
brick  school  house;  the  old  building  being  too  small  to 
contain  all  the  pupils.  This  building  is  two  stories  high, 
and  is  adorned  with  a  neat  cupola.  The  second  story  is, 
however,  not  occupied  for  school  purposes,  but  as  a 
concert  hall,  where  the  musical  society  of  Litiz  meets. — • 
It  is  provided  with  an  extensive  musical  library,  and  a 
number  of  instruments  belonging  to  the  Society. 

The  school  continued  to.  increase  from  year  to  year ; 
and  boys  were  brought  from  various  parts  of  Pennsyl- 
▼ania,  Virginia,  Ohio,  the  Carolinas,  Maryland,  Louisi- 
ana,   &c.     Ttiis  continued  increase,  rendered    it  neces- 
sary, not  only  to  add  another  building,  but  also  more 
teachers.       Accordingly,   the    large    building,  formerly 
called  the  "Brethren's  House,"  which  is  near  the  brick 
house,  was  engaged,  and  arranged  for  school  purposes. 
The   school   is  therefore   at  present   conducted  in  two 
buildings,   in  which   five  teachers  are   employed;    the 
school  rooms,  fi,ve  in  number,  are  large,  and  well  venti- 
lated, and  furnished  with  every  thing  that  can  render 
pupils  comfortable;  each  pupil  has  his  own  desk  and 
chair,  and  the  number  admitted  into  a  room  never  ex- 
ceeds, at  highest,  twenty-four — this  arrangement  is  made 
with  the  view  to   enable  the  teacher  of  each  class,  not 
only  to  do  ample  justice  to  each  one  m  his  charge,  but 
also  for  the  preservation  of  good  order,  and  the  separa- 
tion of  the  larger  boys  from  the  smaller  ones.     Each 
r»om  is  provided  with  a  time-piece,  and  the  walls  are 


320  HISTORY    OF 

adorned  with  handsomely  painted  moral  lessons,  as  well 
as  Astronomical,  Historical,  ]\Iathematical,  and  Geo- 
graphical Charts.  The  school  is  likewise  provided  with 
an  excellent  Library,  and  a  very  extensive  Philosophical 
and  Chemical  apparatus.  Not  far  from  the  school,  is  a 
large  play  gromid  for  the  pupils ;  it  is  enclosed  with  a 
high  fence,  and  has  a  number  of  shade  trees  in  it.  Over 
the  gate,  leading  to  it,  there  is  an  arch,  on  the  inside  of 
which  is  the  following  inscription  in  gold  letters,  the 
object  of  which  is  to  serve  as  a  perpetual  monitor  to  the 
boys  while  at  play :  "  In  all  your  actions  and  amuse- 
ments, avoid  profane  language  and  quarrels."  The 
principal  object  in  view  in  this  institution,  is  to  give  a 
good  and  practical  English,  Mathematical  and  Scien- 
tific education.  The  Latin  and  German  languages  are 
also  taught,  and  for  such  as  wish  to  learn  drawing  and 
draughting  on  mathematical  principles,  as  well  as  music,, 
it  offers  likewise  advantages.  The  quiet  village  is  very 
suitable  for  schools,  and  particularly  for  boys,  there  being 
no  kind  of  temptations  in  their  way;  the  great  difference 
between  Mr.  JJcck^s  method,  and  that  of  similar  schools, 
attempted  in  imitation  of  his,  has  always  been  his  socia- 
ble and  parental  intercourse  with  his  pupils,  by  which 
means  he  gains  their  esteem  and  affection,  and  checks 
the  slightest  irregularity;  the  enthuiasm  with  which  he 
lias  always  been  found  to  enter  on  his  arduous  duties, 
and  responsible  calling,  deserves  the  highest  commenda- 
tion. 

The  Brother  and  Sister  Houses. — We  have  had 
occasion  to  refer  to  these  institutions,  and  as  they  form  a 
a  very  conspicuous  part  in  the  beautiful  square  we  have 
endeavored  to  describe,  some  account  of  their  intent  and 
origin  may  1)0  interesting  lo  the  reader.  Tiiis  we  give 
also  with  a  viow  to  remove  erroneous  ideas,  v/hich  are 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  321 

lield  by  many  about  them,  namely,  that  they  arc  con- 
vents or  nunneries,  such  as  are  found  in  the   Roman 
church.     In  order  to  give  the  reader  their  origin,  we 
must  refer  him  back  as  early  as  1727,  and  in  the  last 
century.      It  was  at  that  period,  when  the  emigrants 
from  Bohemia  and  Moravia,  from  the  latter  of  whicli  the 
society  has  its  name,  settled  on  the  estate  of  Count  jZin- 
zendorf,  in  Saxony.     At  that  place,  they  built  their  first 
town  called  Herrnhut,  which  means  in  English,  "The 
Lord's    protection."      Ilavhig    united    with  the   great 
object  in  view,  to  be  a  congregation  of  the  Lord,  to  keep 
sacred,  in  holy  union,  those  doctrines,  contained  in  the 
Holy  Scriptures,  and  to  promote,  not  only  their  own  v>^el- 
farc,  but  also  that  of  their  fellow  men,  it  became  neces- 
sary to  adopt  some  method  or  system.     Among  others 
was  that  of    dividing  the   congregation  into   different 
classes,  namely:    the  class  of  the  married  persons,  the 
classes    of    single    brethren    and    sisters,  the  classes  of 
widowers  and  widows,  the  classes  of  boys  and  girls,  be- 
tween the  ages  of  twelve  and  eighteen,  and  the  classes 
of  children  of  both  sexes.     This  classification  they  con- 
sidered necessary  for  the  well-being  of  the  spiritual  and 
temporal  welfare  of  their  members,  but  always  subject 
to  such  alterations  and  improvements    as  they  should 
deem  proper  to  make  from  time  to  time,  or  even  to  dis- 
continue the  same  if  not  found  applicable.     After  some 
years  of  their  existence  in  Saxony,  it  occurred  that  a 
great  many  persons  applied  to  be  admitted  as  members  of 
the  comnnmity;  among  these  were  many  single  persons 
of  both  sexes,  for  whom  employment,  as  well  as  a  home 
had  to  be  provided,  which  in  then  peculiar  situation  was 
often  attended   with   difficulty.     The   plan   of  building 
houses  for  them,  was  then  adopted,  namely:  one  for  the 
single  men,  and  one  foi  the  single  women,  which  they 


322  HISTORY    OF 

called  Brother  and  Sister  Houses.  It  was  thought,  iii 
these  houses  the  men  could  follow  their  professions,  and 
the  women  sustain  themselves  with  knitting,  spinning,  &c. 
This  was  the  beginning  of  these  institutions,  and  to  this 
day,  they  are  found  in  various  parts  of  Germany,  Holland, 
France,  England,  Switzerland  and  Russia.  The  plan 
meeting  Avith  so  much  success  in  Europe,  they  were  also 
introduced  into  this  country,  and  accordingly,  when  Litiz 
was  laid  out,  the  places  for  their  location  were  laid  down 
in  the  original  plan. 

In  1759,  the  brethren's  house  at  Litiz  was  built — 
which,  however,  is  not  used  for  iis  original  intent  at 
present — it  is  built  of  limestone,  is  three  stories  high,  60 
feet  in  length  and  37  feet  in  depth.  The  basement  story 
was  occupied  as  a  ki!chen  and  dining  room ;  the  first 
story  was  divided  into  four  rooms,  in  each  of  which  nine 
or  ten  brethren  resided ;  part  of  the  second  story  con- 
sisted of  a  large  hall  or  chapel,  for  spiritual  purposes, 
which  was  provided  with  a  very  excellent  organ.  The 
remaining  part  was  divided  into  dwelling  rooms,  in  one 
of  which  resided  the  elder  and  steward  ;  the  duty  of  the 
former  was  to  care  for  the  spiritual  welfare  of  those  in 
the  house,  and  those  of  the  latter  for  the  temporal  con- 
cerns thereof.  One  of  the  rooms  in  the  second  story  was 
set  apart  for  the  boys  between  the  ages  of  twelve  and 
eighteen.  The  greater  part  of  the  third  story  was  occu- 
pied as  a  dormitory,  where  they  all  slept;  aside  of  it, 
Avas  a  room  set  apart  for  such  as  might  get  sick,  and  one 
of  the  brethren,  who  had  the  office  of  waiting  on  them, 
resided  in  this  room.  In  each  room,  wliere  the  brethren 
resided,  there  was  one  who  was  called  tlie  overseer, 
whose  duty  it  was  to  correct  any  disorders  which  might 
arise,  care  for  fuel,  repairs  and  cleanliness  in  the  room. — 
In  the  room  in   which  the  boys  resided,  tlicre  Avera 


* 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  33,3 

genei'ally  three  overseers,  whose  duty  it  was  to  guard 
over  their  morals,  and  to  guide   them   irx  the   path  of     ^ 
virtue  and  religion,  go  with  them  to  church,  and  during     '^ 
the    winter  season,  to   devote   three    evenings  in    the 
week   for   instructing  them  in  useful  se¥*4ees.     These 
hoys  were  partly  employed  in  the  town,  and  partly  in 
the  Brother  House,  in  learning  various  mechanical  trades. 
In  the  rear  of  the  building,  there  are  several  houses, 
which  were   formerly  occupied   as    shops  for   cabinet 
makers,  chair  makers,   weavers,  &c.     The  shoemakers 
and  tailors  had  their  shops   in  the   house.     There   also 
belonged  a  very  extensive  farm  to  it,  on  which  a  num- 
ber were  employed.     Much  attention  was  paid  to  fatten- 
ing cattle,  and  it  was  nothing  unusual  to  buy  whole  droves 
for  that  purpose,  which  when  fat  were  sold  to  the  Lan- 
caster and  Philadelphia  butchers.     In  the  year  1817  it 
was  found  proper  to  discontume  the  Brother  House  at 
Litiz,  and  after  that  period,  it  was  for  a  time  occupied  by 
several  families,  and  at  present  is  used  for  school  purposes. 
During  the  Revolutionary  war,  it  was  for  a  short  period 
used  as  a  hospital  for  invalid  soldiers,  a  number  of  whom 
died  there,  and  were  buried  a  short  distance  eastwardly 
from  the  village.     Although  this  system  did  not  suit  all 
who  resided  in  this  house,  yet  it  must  be  admitted,  that 
there  are  numbers,  who  will  ever  ascribe  their  welfare  to 
having  been  in  their  younger  years  an  inmate,  and  under 
the  care  and  admonition  of   such,  who  from  experience 
could  guide  and  instruct  them. 

The  Sister's  House. — This  was  built  A.  D.  1758. — 
It  is  likewise  built  of  limestone,  three  stories  high,  90  feet 
in  length,  and  37  feet  in  depth.  The  basement  story  is, 
like  that  formerly  in  the  Brother  House,  used  for  a  kitchen 
and  dining  room ;  the  first  as  well  as  part  of  the  second 
story  is  divided  into  dwelling  rooms ;   one  part  of  the 


324  bisToRr  of 

second  story,  is  a  hall  or  chapel  for  spiritual  purposes  aiid 
provided  with  an  organ  ;  the  greater  part  of  the  third 
story  is  a  dormitory,  aside  of  which  is  a  room  for  such  as 
may  be  indisposed.  The  arrangements  are  in  all  respects 
similar  to  those  we  have  described  in  the  Brother  House. 
A  small  farm,  together  with  a  very  large  vegetable 
garden,  from  which  the  kitchen  which  furnishes  the  table 
of  the  Ladies'  Seminary  is  provided,  are  attached  to  it. 
The  number  of  sisters,  who  reside  in  the  house  at  this 
present  time,  is  not  so  large  as  formerly,  yet  the  greater 
part  of  the  rooms  remain  occupied.  There  was  never 
any  kind  of  vow  of  celibacy  comiected  with  these  Insti- 
tutions ;  any  of  the  sisters  can  leave  the  house  if  she  has 
any  desire  to  change  her  situation. 

In  larger  Moravian  communities,  similar  houses  are 
established  for  such  widows  as  desire  to  live  retired,  and 
•are  called  widows'  houses.  The  individuals  residing  in 
these  establishments  pay  a  small  rent,  by  which,  and  by 
the  sums  paid  for  iheh-  board,  ilic  expenses  thereof  are 
defrayed,  assisted  occasionally  by  the  profits  on  the  sale 
of  ornamental  needlework,  confcctionarics,  &c.  on  which 
some  of  the  inmates  subsist.  We  hope  our  account  of 
tliese  Institutions  will  prove  satisfactory  to  our  readers, 
and  particularly  to  such  as  have  hhherto  entertained 
different  opinions.  Tliey  are  in  their  character  nothing 
more  than  the  different  asylums  for  widows  &c.  which 
are  found  in  Philadelphia  and  other  cities,  and  we  are 
inclined  to  think,  the  idea  for  establishing  those  in  the 
dtics,  has  been  borrowed  from  the  JMoravian  Institutions. 

The  Grave  Yard.* — This  bcautil'ul  spot  is  located 
on  a  rising  ground  to  the  south  of  the   village,  of  Avhich 

♦November  8,  175S,  a  lad  of  three  years,  named  John  Baum- 
gartner,  was  buried  in  this  Grave  Yard;  bc^ng  the  fir.st  inter- 
ment; the  occasion  was  improved  by  solemnly  consecrating 


'  LANCASTER    COUNTY.  325 

we  will  give  the  reader  some  account,  there  being  perhaps 
not  another  similar  arrangement  to  be  found  in  Lan- 
caster county.  It  is  enclosed  with  a  white  fence,  along 
which  there  is  an  avenue  of  trees;  there  are  three  gates 
leading  to  it,  one  large  one,  and  two  at  its  sides  of  smaller 
dimensions :  the  large  one  is  never  opened  except  on 
funeral  occasions.  Over  this  there  isj  an  arch,  on 
which  are  the  following  inscriptions,  in  golden  letters  : 
Firstly,  that  which  is  seen  by  the  visitor  as  he  approaches 
it,  through  a  thickly  planted  grove,  "  Blessed  are  the 
dead  which  die  in  the  Lord:" — Rev.  chap.  14-13  v:  Sec- 
ondly, that  on  the  interior  side,  "I  am  the  resurrection, 
and  the  life,  he  that  believeth  in  me,  though  he  were 
dead,  yet  shall  he  live:" — St.  John  chap.  11-'J5  v. 
After  entering  the  gate,  the  visitor  finds  himself  in  a 
beautiful  avenue  of  cedar  trees,  which  separates  the 
graves  of  the  males  from,  those  of  the  females,  the  former 
being  on  the  right  and  the  latter  on  the  left  as  he  passes 
on.  We  have  before  stated  that  the  congregation  is 
divided  into  classes ;  in  the  same  order  then  as  it  is 
divided,  so  they  are  laid  on  the  grave  yard ;  here  the 
visitors  find  the  rows  containing  nothing  but  the  married 
men  and  on  the  opposite  side  married  women  ;  as  he 
passes  onj,  those  of  the  single  classes,  and  further,  those 
of  little  boys  and  girls  under  the  age  of  twelve.  The 
graves  are  all  of  two  sizes,  being  without  distinction  of 

this  parcel  of  ground  as  a  resting  place  for  the  remains  of  the 
departed.  On  the  arrival  of  the  funeral  procession,  an  appro- 
priate address  was  delivered  by  the  Rev.  Mathew  Hehl,  then,  the 
usual  funeral  service  while  the  corpse  was  let  in  the  grave,  was 
read;  after  which.,  the  assembled  congregation  knelt  down, 
and  with  solemn  prayer  consecrated  the  spot,  for  all  who  in 
future  would  be  enterred  here,  to  rest  in  hope  till  that  import- 
ant moment  when  Christ  shall  call  those  who  died  in  the  Lord, 
iVom  their  graves  to  a  glorious  resurrection.  B. 

28 


326  HISTORY    of 

an  oblong  shape,  and  flats  on  the  top,  to  which  shape 
they  are  brought  by  two  moulds,  expressly  kept  for  that 
purpose,  one  for  adults  and  the  other  for  children.  The 
sides  are  planted  with  sod,  and  the  tops  are  overrun  Avith 
the  Virginia  mountain  pink,  which  in  the  month  of  May 
is  in  full  bloom,  and  renders  the  appearance  of  the  graves 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  imaginable.  On  each  grave 
there  is  a  marble  tombstone  which,  without  distinction, 
lays  flat  on  the  grave,  verifying  the  old  adage  "  Death 
levels  all,  both  great  and  small." 

The  epitaphs  contain  the  name,  birth  and  departure  ; 
to  some,  a  few  more  lines  have  been  added,  a  number  of 
which  are  truly  edifying,  and  very  striking.  Each  tomb- 
stone is  numbered  and  the  highest  number  in  May,  1843, 
is  527.     The  first  person  was  buried  there  in  1758. 

It  is  truly  remarkable,  that  out  of  the  several  thousand 
children,  who  have  been  sent  to  the  Litiz  Schools,  only 
one  died  while  at  school.  This  was  Miss  Sarah  Ann 
Cazy,  from  Kent  county,  Maryland,  and  who  we  are 
informed,  was  in  a  delicate  state  of  health  when  brought 
to  the  school;  her  grave  is  No.  379,  and  is  found  in  one 
of  the  rows  containing  young  girls  between  the  ages  of 
twelve  and  eighteen.  This  only  death,  certainly  speaks 
volumes  in  favor  of  the  healthy  location  of  the  village, 
as  well  as  of  the  care  and  attention  which  is  paid  to  the 
children  entrusted  to  these  schools. 

Having  given  the  reader  an  account  of  the  graveyard, 
it  may  also  be  agreeable  to  him  to  know  how  funerals 
are  conducted  among  these  Moravians,  who  live  in  a 
community  together.  When  a  member  dies  or  "  goes 
HOME,"  as  it  is  generally  termed  among  them,  the  depar- 
ture is  immediately  announced  with  solemn  music  from 
tlie  steeple  of  the  church.  It  is  customary  not  to  bury 
any  person  after  his  departure,  until  three  days  have 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  327 

elapsed,  and  in  order  to  accomplish  this,  particularly  in 
the  summer  season,  when  bodies  are  more  subject  to 
•corruption,  there  is  a  small  building  or  vault  behind  the 
church  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  the  departed  in  a  better 
state  of  preservation.  To  this  place  the  remains  are 
removed,  which  however,  is  optional  with  the  relatives 
of  the  departed ;  another  reason  why  they  have  this 
arrangement,  is,  in  case  a  person  dies  of  a  contagious 
disease,  that  it  may  be  prevented  from  spreading  further, 
by  removing  the  body  from  his  residence.  On  all  funeral. 
occasions,  there  is  first  an  address  to  the  congregation  in 
the  church,  which  is  closed  by  the  choir  singing  an  ap- 
propriate anthem.  The  congregation  then  assembles  in 
the  large  yard  behind  the  church,  in  the  middle  of  which 
is  placed  the  bier  with  the  coffin,  which  is  covered  with 
a  white  pall,  instead  of  black,  as  is  the  general  custom  ; 
on  the  pall  the  words  "  Jesus  my  Redeemer  liveth,"  are 
wrought  in  blue  silk.  After  the  singing  of  a  hymn  the 
procession  moves  in  the  following  order  :  First  the  chil- 
dren, two  by  two,  attended  by  their  teachers,  next  the 
music  and  clergy,  and  then  the  corpse  and  relatives  ;  if  it 
be  a  funeral  of  a  brother,  the  brethren  follow  next  to  the 
relations,  and  if  a  sister,  the  sisters ;  as  the  procession 
moves,  the  solemn  music  of  the  band  is  heard  playing 
tunes  of  well  known  hymns,  expressing  the  hopes  of 
eternal  life,  and  a  glorious  resurrection.  After  the  con- 
gregation is  arranged  on  the  graveyard,  the  corpse  is 
lowered  into  the  grave  during  the  singing  of  an  appro- 
priate hymn ;  after  which  the  funeral  service  customary 
at  burials  is  read,  and  the  singing  of  another  hymn  closes 
the  ceremony ;  the  procession  then  returns  in  the  same 
order  as  before  described.  We  have  been  thus  explicit 
on  this  subject  because  the  graveyard  and  funerals,  in 
nearly  every  respect  are  different  from  those  elsewhere 


S^  HISTORY    OF 

and  tliat  an  accurate  description  might  prove  interesting 
to  the  reader. 

The  Litiz  Spring. — This  spring,  wliich  is  visited  by 
so  many  persons,  is  situated  on  the  land  of  tlie  Society, 
about  one-half  mile  westwardly  from  the  village,  and  is 
probably  one  of  tlie  largest  springs  in  Pennsylvania. — 
There  is  only  one  fountain  from  which  all  the  water, 
which  forms  a  considerable  stream,  is  discharged,  and 
has  water  sufficient  for  some  of  the  largest  merchant 
mills  in  the  county.  From  its  head  to  the  Conestoga, 
into  which  the  stream,  denominated  on  the  map  of  Lan- 
caster county,  "  Carter's  Creek,"  empties,  it  is  six  miles, 
and  in  that  distance,  there  are  seven  mills.  The  water 
is  the  pure  limestone,  and  very  fresh.  In  former  times, 
it  formed  a  large  pond,  around  which  Indians  resided,  of 
which  the  number  of  Indian  arrorw  heads,  hatchets,  and 
stones  used  for  throwing  in  their  slings,  give  ample 
proof.  Could  these  Indians  return  and  see  the  great 
change  which  has  taken  place  at  their  spring,  they 
would  probably  not  believe  it  to  be  the  same,  from  which 
they  had  formerly  drunk.  About  the  year  17S0,  some  of 
the  inhabitants  of  Litiz  began  to  improve  it  by  enclosing 
it  with  a  circular  wall  and  filling  up  part  of  the  pond, 
and  in  later  years  the  remaining  part  was  filled  up,  and 
there,  where  there  was  formerly  a  considerable  body  of 
water,  there  is  at  this  time  a  beautiful  park  of  trees. — 
Various  improvements  were  undertaken  from  time  to 
time;  but  at  no  period  was  it  found  in  such  an  im- 
proved state  as  at  this  time.  Around  it  are  a  number  of 
seats,  and  on  the  hill,  from  under  which  it  has  its  source, 
there  arc  handsomely  laid  out  gardens,  arbors  and  orna- 
mental shrubbery.  From  the  spring  to  the  village  is  an 
aveimu  of  Linden  and  Maple  trees,  winding  along  the 
stream,  the  path  of  wliich  is  partly  covered  with  gravel. 


LANCASTER   COUNTY.  329 

and  partly  with  tan,  which  renders  access  to  it  easy  in 
wet,  as  well  as  dry  weather.  Along  this  avenue  there 
are  various  seats  under  shade  trees  for  thb  accommoda- 
tion of  visitors,  and  also  several  neat  bridges,  in  case 
they  wish  to  cross  the  stream.  Among  other  attractions, 
there  is  a  water  work  on  a  small  scale ;  this  consists  of  a 
forcing  pump,  the  wheel  of  which  is  set  in  motion  by  the 
stream,  and  forces  the  water  into  a  circular  basin, 
located  under  a  number  of  oaks,  which  have  grown 
there  in  a  circular  form,  as  if  nature  had  predestined  the 
spot  for  a  retreat  of  pleasure.  In  the  centre  of  the 
basin  there  is  a  jet,  through  which  the  water  is  forced  by 
the  pump  to  the;  height  of  fifteen  feet,  forining  thereby  a 
beautiful  fountain,  and  ■  rendering  the  sfxjt  still  more 
delightful. 

Fire  Engines. — The  village  is  provided  with  two 
excellent  Fire  Engines,  one  of  which  called  the  "  Friend- 
ship," was  built  in  Philadelphia,  by  Messrs.  Agnew  & 
Merrick,  and  the  other,  called  the  "  Assistance,"  by  Mr. 
Martin  Shreiner  of  Lancaster.  The  Friendship  is  kept 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  town,  and  the  Assistance  in  the 
lower,  in  buildings  expressly  put  up  for  that  purpose. — 
There  arc  two  well  organized  companies,  and  their 
apparatus,  consisting  of  hose,  ladders,  axes,  hooks,  &c., 
is  very  extensive.  Only  one  fire  occurred  in  Litiz  since 
its  establishment;  this  was  on  the  16th  of  July,  1S37, 
when  five  buildings  were  consumed,  and  among  them 
was  the  house  to  which  we  have  referred,  which 
formerly' was  the  so  called  Warwick  church. 
.  Population,  Mechanics,  &c. — The  population  of 
of.  Litiz  is  at  present  36G  ;  it  contains  fifty-five  dwelling 
houses,  and  the  following  number  of  meclianics :  two 
shoemakers,  three  tailors,  one  confectioner,  one  weaver, 
one  tanner,  one  brewer,  two  clock  and  watch-makers, 

28* 


wo  HisToar  or 

one  silver-smith,  one  potter,  one  smoke-pipe  manufac- 
turer, two  stores,  one  tavern,  two  coopers,  one  chair- 
maker,  two  cabinet  makers,  two  tin-smiths,  one  lock- 
smith, one  copper-smith,  two  saddlers,  one  blue  dyer, 
one  glue-boiler,  one  blacksmith,  one  wheel-wright,  one 
hatter,  three  tobacconists,  one  malt  manufacturer,  one 
post  office,  four  schools,  one  justice  of  the  peace,  and  one 
conveyancer. 

One  of  the  stores  and  the  tavern  belong  to  the  com- 
munity, to  which  also  belongs  the  land,  which  is  partly 
divided  into  farms,  and  partly  into  lots,  which  are  rented 
by  the  inhabitants,  and  the  profits  arismg  from  the  rents, 
are  applied  for  various  purposes. 

Formerly  there  was  an  extensive  chip  hat  and  bonnet 
manufactory  carried  on  by  Mr.  Mathias  Tschudy, 
which  gave  employment  to  many.  lie  was  the  only 
person  in  the  United  States  that  understood  the  art  of 
manufactining  them,  and  supplied  nearly  all  the  cities 
and  country  with  his  hats.  The  palm  leaf  and  straw 
hats,  coming  into  fashion,  they  were  preferred,  and  con- 
secpiently  tlic  factory  was  discontinued. 

Organs  were  also  built  in  Litiz  in  former  times,  which 
for  tone  and  excellent  workmanship,  are  very  celebrated, 
A  mimber  of  the  best  organs  in  Philadelphia,  Baltimore 
and  Lancaster,  are  specimens  thereof;  and  among 
others,  the  large  and  beautiful  organ  hi  the  Lutheran 
chnrcl),  at  Lancaster,  is  one  of  them. 

In  lornier  times,  tlic;  augers  which  were  sent  from 
England  bad  no  screw,  serving  as  a  point,  as  we  have 
them  in  our  day.  The  invention  of  this  screw  was  first 
made  at  Litiz,  by  Mr.  John  II.  Raucb,  Senior,  during  the 
last  ccnuny;  the  pattern  was  then  sent  to  England  by 
Judge  Iici;ry,  after  which  the  screw  pohit  was  generally 
iutrodu'ced. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  331 

The  first  plan  of  the  ten-plate  stoves  was  also  mvtnted 
at  Litiz,  Ly  Mr.  Godfrey  Albright,  who  made  a  pattern 
and  gave  it  to  Robert  Coleman,  Esq.,  and  who  then 
introduced  them. 

Note. — Members  of  the  Assembly  for  Lancaster  county. — 1749, 
James  Wright,  Arthur  Patterson,  Calvin  Cooper,  Peter  Worrall; 
1750,  Arthur  Patterson,  Calvin  Cooper,  James  Wright,  James 
Webb;  1751,  Peter  Worrall,  James  Wright,  Calvin  Cooper, 
Arthur  Patterson ;  those  of  1751,  were  all  re-elected  for  1752, 
1753  and  1754 ;  1755,  no  return  made,  but  James  Wright  and 
James  Webb,  appeared;  1756,  Emanuel  Carpenter,  James 
Wright,  James  Webb,  John  Douglass ;  1757,  Isaac  Saunders, 
Emanuel  Carpenter,  James  Webb,  James  Wright;  those  of 
1757,  were  re-elected  for  1758, 1759  and  1760. 


332  HISTORY    OF 


CHAPTER   VI. 


Hostilities  bctwi?cn  the  English  and  the  French  in  Anierit-a— Dela.wara 
and  Shawanese  Indians  commit  murders — General  Braddock's  arrival, 
&c.— Biaddock's  defeat — Dismay  caused  among  the  Ironticr  settlsrg — 
Paxton  and  Tulpehoi-ken  refugees  at  Ephrata — rMurdcrs  committed  by 
the  Indians — Block  House  erected  at  Lancaiiter — Iiihaliitants  of  Lap- 
caster  county  petition  the  Assembly  for  a  Militia  law — Scalping  pArties — 
War  suspended  against  the  Indians — Preparations  made  to  repel  Indian 
incursions — Coniad  Weiser  commands  nine  companies — French  hos-* 
tililics  continued — Alurders  committed  by  the  Indians  in  1757 — Indjan 
treaties,  at  Lancaster  and  at  Easton — Minutes,  extract  from,  of  Indian 
treaty,  at  Ijancaster — King  Beaver's  speech — Treaty  held  at  Easton; 
fifteen  tribes  of  Indians  represented — Murders  by  Indians  in  Tulpe- 
hockcn — Murders  committed  by  the  Indians  in  1758 — (Jumbcrland  over- 
run by  savages — Inhabitants  flee  to  Lancaster,  &c. — Barracks  erected  at 
Lancaster — ^Vork-IIouse  erected  at  Lancaster — The  Irish  sell  to  the 
German?,  and  seat  themselves  at  Uher.tnut  Glade — Baron  Stiegel  lays  out 
Manheim — Notice  of  the  Baron — Notes  of  variety  ;  Emanuel  Carpenter. 

Ardent  hostilities  between  the  English  and  French 
commenced  in  America,  in  1754.  The  events  of  that 
year  in  America,  had  determined  both  England  and 
France  to  send  re-info rcements  to  their  colonies.  The 
French  courted,  and  Avon  the  assistance  of  many  of  the 
Indians,  who  had  felt  themselves  aggrieved  by  the 
English;    especially  the    Delawares  and   Shawanese,* 

*The  Indians  felt  themselves  aggrieved.  At  a  treaty  held 
with  the  Indians,  at  Easton,  Pennsylvania,  in  November,  1756; 
upon  the  Governor  requesting  of  the  Indians  to  know  the 
cause  of  their  uneasiness,  and  hostile  conduct.  Tccdyuscung, 
chief  of  the  Delawares,  and  who  then  represented  several 
nations,  mentioned  several;  among  which  were  the  instiga- 
tions of  the  French,  and  the  ill  usage  or  grievance  they  had 
sufiered  both  in  Pennsylvania  and  Noav  Jersey.  When  the 
Governor  desired  to  be  informed  what  these  grievances  were, 
Tcedyuscung  replied,  "I  have  not  far  to  go  fur  an  instance: 


LANCASTER    COUNTT.  333 

whose  cruelty  was  stimulated  by  the  French  promising 
*'  to  restore  their  lands."  They  committed  gross  atroci- 
ties upon  the  provincialists — perpetrated  cruel  and  cold- 
blooded murders.  At  this  time  the  Six  Nations,  a 
numerous  people,  were  seated  on  the  western  waters — 
they  were  cold  towards  the  English  cause — "divided 
among  themselves,  and  barely  maintained  their  neutral hy. 
Some  of  them  had  moved  to  Canada — those  who  re- 
mained were  only  kept  pacific  by  the  liberality  of  the 
province.  The  French  were  making  preparations  to 
subdue  the  country,  and  while  thus  preparing,  England 
determined  to  oppose  '■^  their  groiving  power.^'  General 
Braddock,  Adjutant  General  St.  Clair,  and  the  regiments 
of  Dunbar  and  Halkett,  arrived  from  Europe,  in  March, 
1755,  at  Alexandria,  Virginia. 

To  oppose  a  formidable  obstacle  to  the  invasion  of  the 
French,  P'ranklin  was  commissioned  on  "  liberal  terms  to 
procure  one  hundred  fifty  wagons,  and  fifteen  hundred 
pack-horses.  In  a  few  weeks  all  the  wagons,  and  two 
hundred  and  fifty  pack-horses  were  obtained  in  Lan- 
caster, York,  and  Cmiiberland  county.  The  wagons  and 
pack-horses,  with  the  necessary  provisions,  met  General 
Braddock  on  Will's  creek.  Fort  Cumberland.  Braddock 
being  amply  furnished  with  all  the  necessaries,  and  re-in- 
forcea  by  a  numerous  body  of  Americans  and  Indians, 

this  very  ground,  that  is  under  me;"  striking  it  with  his  foot; 
"was  my  land  and  inheritance;  and  is  taken  from  me  by 
fraud:  when  I  say  this  ground,  I  mean  all  the  land  lying  be- 
tween Tohiccon  creek  and  Wyoming,  on  the  river  Susque- 
hanna. *  *  *  I  have  been  served  so  in  this  province." — 
Minutes  of  Conference  at  Easton. 

The  Delawares  and  Shawanese,  who  had  emigrated  from  the 
south,  and  by  mere  permission  to  settle  in  1698,  had  no  title  to 
land,  yet  they  claimed  some  by  the  permission  from  the 
proper  owners. 


334  HISTORY    OP 

broke  up  his  encampment,  Jmie  12th,  and  marched  his 
army  to  tlie  fatal  field,  where,  on  the  9th  of  July,  1755, 
he  met  with  an  unparalleled  discomfiture.  He  had  five 
horses  shot  under  him,  and  received  a  ball  through  the 
arms  and  lungs — he  expired  the  18th  of  July.  Sixty- 
four,  out  of  eighty-four  of  his  officers  and  one-half 
of  his  privates,  were  killed  or  wounded.  The  issue 
of  this  battle  inspirited  the  enemy,  and  dispirited  the 
provincialists.  Dismay  and  consternation  brooded  upon 
the  frontier  settlers.  "The  enemy  now  roamed  unmo- 
lestedly  and  fearlessly  along  the  western  lines  of  Vir- 
ginia, Maryland  and  Pennsylvania,  committing  the  most 
appalling  outrages,,  and  wanton  cruelties,  that  the  cu- 
pidity, and  the  ferocity  of  the  savage  could  dictate. — 
The  first  invasions  were  in  Cumberland  county,  whence 
they  soon  extended  to  the  Susquehanna.  The  inhabi- 
tants, dwelling  at  the  distance  of  from  one  to  three  miles 
apart,  fell  unresistingly,  were  captured, 'or  fled  in  terror 
to  the  interior  settlement.  The  main  body  of  the  enemy 
encamped  on  the  Susquehanna,  thirty  miles  above  Harris' 
Ferry,  whence  they  extended  themselves  on  both  sides 
the  river.  The  settlements  at  the  great  Cove  in  Cum- 
berland county,  were  destroyed,  and  many  of  the  inhabi- 
tants slaughtered  or  made  capfives,*  and  the  same  fate 
fell  upon  them  at  TulpehQcken."t 

*Onc  Johnson,  had  been  captured  in  Lancaster  county — 
Washington  while  being  on  a  scouting  party — 1758,  took  three 
prisoners  of  the  Indians  among  whom  was  Johnson. — Gor- 
don's Pa.  307. 

f  On  the  14th  of.  December  1755,  the  savages  attacked  the 
house  of  F.  Reichelsderfer,  in  Albany  township,  Berks  county. 
R.  was  in  the  field,  and  escaped.  The  Indians  murdered  his 
two  children,  set  his  buildings  on  fire,  destroyed  his  grain,  and 
killed  his  cattle.    At  Jacob  Gerhart's,  neighbor  of  Mr.  Reich- 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  335 

During  the  time  of  these  hostilities,  the  doors  of  the 
Sieben  Taeger  at  Ephrata  were  open  for  the  reception 
of  th«  inhabitants  of  Tulpehocken  and  Paxton  settle- 
ments. They  did  not  even  consider  their  cloisters, 
chapels  and  meeting  rooms  too  sacred  ;  these  they  gave 
for  the  accommodation  of  those  who  were  driven  from 
their  homes  by  the  incursions  of  the  hostile  Indians.  To 
give  both  the  inhabitants  and  those  who  fled  thither, 
protection  against  the  infuriated  savage,  a  company  of 
infantry  was  despatched  by  the  Government  from  Phila- 
delphia to  Ephrata,*  and  on  representation  of  the 
character  of  the  society,  by  the  commissioners  who  were 
sent  to  visit  the  place,  the  Government  made  them  offers 
of  large  presents,  which  they  respectfully  declined  to 
receive,  except  two  large  communion  goblets,  which  was 
the  only  recompence  they  would  receive.! 

elsderfer,  they  killed  on-e  man,  two  women.  Six  children, 
slipped  under  the  bed,  one  of  whom  was  burned,  the  other 
escaped. 

In  March,  1756,  they  burned  the  house  and  barn  of  Barnabas^ 
Seitle,  and  the  mill  of  Peter  Conrad,  in  Berks  county,  and 
killed  the  wife  of  Balser  Neytong,  and  made  captive  his  son,  a 
lad  of  eight  years  of  age:  they  fired  upon  David  Howel,  five 
times,  and  the  last  time  shot  him  through  the  arm. — Gordon. 

Peter  Miller,  in  his  Chronicon  Epliratense,  p.  203,  speak- 
ing of  this  period,  says : — Untcrdessen  kam  der  Fiend  alle 
Tage  dem  Lager  der  Einsamen  naeher,  und  war  nur  noch  13 
Meilen  davon  ab,  die  Fluectiingeliefen  Ephrata  zu  und  suchten 
shutz  by  denen,  die  des  shultzes  selbst  bedurften.  Alle  Tage 
brachten  die  Boten  neue  Nachtrichten  von  Mordthaten, 
welches  sie  ins  gemien  einem  ncucn  Zusatz  vermehrten. 

*Manche  zeiten  war  Ephrata  voUer  Roth-roecke. —  Chron. 
Ephra.  202. 

fW.  M.  Fahnestock,  M.  D. 


336  HISTORY    OP 

In  the  town  of  Lancaster,  preparations  were  made  in 
the  latter  part  of  November,  and  the  early  part  of 
December,  to  erect  a  block-house.  From  the  following 
letter,  dated  Lancaster,  December  1st,  1755,  addressed  to 
James  Hamilton,  Esq.,  we  may  learn  that  the  inhabitants 
of  the  county  feared  the  incursions  of  the  Indians : 

Honored  Sir: — I  received  the  favor  of  yours  of  the 
2.4th,  November,  and  we  are  all  much  pleased  by  your 
willingness  to  contribute  to  the  building  of  a  block-house. 
The  savages  who  committed  the  murders  in  Paxton  are 
now  believed  to  be  very  numerous,  perhaps,  one 
hundred.  A  mmiber  of  families,  but  thirty-five  miles 
from  us,  are  entirely  cut  off  Farmers  are  flying  from 
their  plantations  to  Reading.  An  alarm,  last  night, 
about  twelve  o'clock;  we  assembled  in  the  square,  say, 
three  hundred,  but  with  fifty  gUns  ;  it  was  shocking  to 
hear  at  such  a  moment,  when  in  expectation  of  the 
savages,  that  we  had  neither  a  sufficiency  of  guns,  nor 
ammunition.  Thanks  be  to  God,  the  alarm  was  false. — 
The  block-house  will  be  built  on  the  north  side  of  the 
north  end  of  Queen  street.  There  will  be  a  wide  ditch 
around  it,  a  small  drav/  bridge  ;  one  important  use  is  to 

Note.— A  petition  was  presented,  November  7,  1755,  to  the 
Assembly,  from  divers  inhabitants  of  Paxton  Narrows,  Lancas-- 
tercounly,  praying  furthe  enactmentof  a  militialaw,  orto  gran 
asuiTicicnt  sum  of  money  to  maintain  such  a  number  of  regular 
troops  as  may  be  thought  necessary  to  defend  their  frontiers, 
and  buil.l  fortifications  in  proper  places;  also,  that  Conrad 
Weiscr  might  be  sent  to  the  Indians,  at  or  about  Shamokin,  in 
order  to  sound  their  dispositions,  and  engage  them  to  come 
down  among  the  inhabitants  with  their  wives  and  children, 
where  they  might  be  plentifully  supplied  with  every  necessary, 
and  be  out  of  the  reach  of  the  intrigues  of  enemies.— V'ofes  of 
Assembly. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY*  337 

place  our  wives,  girls  and  and  children  within,  that 
they  may  be  in  safety.  *  *s  *  *  These  are  fearful 
times.     Ood  only  knows  how  they  will  end. 

I  am  yours, 

Edward  Shippen. 
Another,  dated  Lancaster,  December  5,  1755. 

Honored  SiR:-^The  fort  we  have  agreed  to  build,  is 
as  follows :  For  the  stockage,  the  logs  split  in  the  mid- 
dle, and  set  on  end,  three  feet  in  the  ground,  placed  on 
the  north  side  of  the  town,  between  Queen  and  Duke 
street;  with  curtains  100  feet.  The  planks  of  the 
bastions,  16  feet;  and  the  saws  of  said  bastions,  30  feet 
each.  Yours,  &c., 

Edward  Shippen. 

James  Hamilton.,  Esq.,  Bush  Hill. 

Marauding  parties  of  French  and  Indians  w^ere  still 
on  the  frontiers  in  January,  1756,  attacking  the  settle- 
ments on  the  Juniata  river,  murdering  and  scalping  such 
of  the  inhabitants  as  did  nor  escape,  or  were  not  pri- 
soners. To  guard  against  these  devastations,  a  chain  of 
forts  and  block-houses  were  built,  garrisoned  with  from 
twenty  to  seventy-five  provincials,  as  the  situation  and 
importance  of  the  places  required. 

"The  friendly  Indians  v/ere  gathered  in  from  the 
Susquehanna  to  Philadelphia,  lest  they  should  be  mis- 
taken for  enemies.  These  did  not  remain  long  at  Phila- 
delphia, headed  by  their  leaders.  Scarroyady  and  ]\Ion- 
tour — they  merited  praise  from  the  whites — at  the  risk  of 
their  lives  they  visited  the  several  tribes  of  Indians 
seated  along  the  Susquehanna,  to  dissuade  them  from, 
taking  up  arms. 

While  preparations  were  in  progress  to  wage  war  with 
certainty  against  the   Shawanese  and    Delawares,  in- 

29 


338  msToHY  OS" 

formation  was  received  by  the  Governor,*  "that   Sif 
WiUiani  Johnson,   through  the   mediation  of  tlie   Six 
Nations,  had  succeeded  in  disposing  the  ShaWanese  and 
Dclawares  to  an  accommodation,  and  that  these  tribes 
had  promised  to  refrain  from  hosiihties.     On  the  part  of 
the  province,  the  Governor  suspended  the  war  against 
the   Indians,   by   proclamation."       A   treaty   was   pro- 
posed, and  acceded  to.     It  was  held  at  Easton.     But 
scarce  had  the  Indians  returned  to  their  wigwams,  when 
new  scenes  of  cruel  murders  were  perpetrated  on  the 
southward  of  the  Blue  Mountains.!      The  frontier  set- 
tlers were   driven  into    the   interior.       "In    1755,   the 
country    west    of    the    Susquehanna,  possessed    three 
thousand  men  fit  to  bear  arms,  and  in  1756,  exclusive  of 
the  provincial  forces,  there  were  not  one  huhdred;  fear 
having  driven  the  greater  part  into  the  interior." 

Successfully  to  repel  the  insurgents,  the  Governor  and 
provincial  commissioners  raised  twenty-five  companies, 
amounting  to  fourteen  hundred  men. J     Nine  of  these 

♦Governor  Morris  of  Pennsylvania,  thought  proper  by  pro- 
clamation, to  declare  war  against  all  Indian  nations  who  should 
persist  in  so  doing ;  offering  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  for 
every  hostile  Delaware  Indian  taken  alive,  and  one  hundred 
and  thirty  dollars  for  every  scalp,  inviting  at  the  same  time, 
all  those  wlio  laid  down  the  hatchet,  to  meet  at  a  treaty  of 
peace. — IleckcweUer^s  Nar.  50. 

f  Heckewelder's  Narrative. 

|It  appears  the  government  was  somewhat  remiss  in  timely 
action.  Intelligence  arrived  at  Pliiladelphia,  Aj)ril  13,  1750, 
that  the  people  of  the  back  counties  were  about  to  meet  at 
Lancaster  to  march  to  Philadelphia,  and  make  some  demands 
of  the  legislature  in  session.  Tiie  15th  of  tlie  same  month  Mr. 
Chew  and  others  were  sent  by  the  governor  to  persuade  the 
people  to  desist.  April  21,  Mr.  Chew  and  others  returned  fiom 
Lancaster;  and  the  governor  summoned  the  Asscmblv  for  the 
10th  of  May.— i/az.  Pa.  Rrg.   Y.  287. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  339 

companies  were  commanded  by  Lieut.  Colonel  Conrad 
Weiser;  they  were  stationed  at  different  points,  to  meet 
the  exigencies  of  the  time  and  place,  one  at  Fort  Augusta; 
one  at  Hunter's  mill,  seven  miles  above  Harrisburg,  on 
the  Susquehanna;  one-half  company  on  the  Swatara,  at 
the  foot  of  the  North  Mountain;   one  company  and  a 
half  at  Fort  Henry,  close  to  the  gap  of  the  mountain, 
called  Tothea  Gap;  one  company  at  Fort  William,  near 
the  forks  of  the  Schuylkill  river,  six  miles  beyond  the 
mountain;  one  company  at  Fort  Allen,  at  Gnadenhutten, 
a  Moravian  settlement :  the  other  three  companies  were 
scattered  between  the  rivers  Lehigh  and  Delaware,  at 
the  disposition  of   the  captains,  some   at  farm-houses, 
others  at  mills,  from  three  to  twenty  in  a  place.     Major 
James  Burd  and  Colonel  Armstrong,  had  the  command 
of    the   other  companies;    these   were   principally   sta- 
tioned west  of  the  Susquehanna.*     "  The  Shawanese  and 
Delaware  Indians,  stimulated  and  abetted  by  the  French, 
kept  up  their  hostilities,  till  1757,  when  negotiations  for 
peace  commenced  with  Teedyuscung,  the  chief  of  the 
Delaware  and   Shawanese  tribes,  on  the  Susquehanna, 
their  fury  abated.     But  the  French  and  Western  Indians, 
still  roamed  in  small  parties  over  the  country,  committing 
murders.     The  counties  of  Cumberland,  Berks,  North- 
ampton and   Lancaster,   were,   during  the   spring  and 
summer  months,  of  1757,  kept  in  continual  alarm,t  and 

*Gordon's  Pa. 

fMarch  29,  1757,  the  Indians  made  a  breach  at  Rocky 
Springs,  where  one  man  was  killed  and  eleven  talcen  prisoners. 
April  2d,  1757,  William  McKinnie  and  his  son  were  killed  near 
Chambers's  fort.  April  17th,  Jeremiah  Jack,  near  Potomac, 
was  taken  captive,  and  two  of  his  sons  killed,  and  a  man  and 
woman  were  drowned  in  the  Potomac,  while  endeavoring  to 
escape.      April  23d,  John    Martin  and  William  Blair  were 


340  HISTORY    OP 

acme  of  the  savage  scalping  parties  were  pushed  on,  to 
within  tliirty  miles  of  Philadelphia." 

Several   Indian  treaties  were  held,  in  1757;    one  at 
Lancaster,*  in  May ;  another  at  Easton,  in  August.     At 

killed,  and  Patrick  McClelland  wounded  in  the  shoulder,  who 
afterwards  died  of  his  wound,  near  Maxwell's  fort,  on  Cono- 
cocheague  creek.  May  14th,  Major  Campbell  and  one  Tussey 
were  killed  or  taken  captive,  with  fourteen  others,  rear 
Potomac.  May  12,  John  Martin  and  Andrew  Paul,  both  old 
men,  were  taken  from  Conococheague.  May  13,  two  men 
killed,  near  McCormick's  fort,  Conodoguinet.  May  16,  eleven 
persons  killed  at  Paxton,  Lancaster  county.  June  9,  James 
Holiday,  and  fourteen  men  killed  and  taken  ;  James  Long's 
son  and  another  man,  killed  in  a  quarry  at  Fort  Frederick. — 
Nineteen  men  killed  in  a  mill  at  Quitipihilla,  Lanca&ter  county, 
and  four  were  killed  in  Shearman's  valley  ;  all  done  in  one 
week.  June  6,  two  men  were  killed,  and  five  taken  prisoners, 
near  Shippensburg.  July  18,  six  men  killed  or  taken  from  a 
field,  near  Shippensburg.  July  19,  nineteen  men  killed  and 
taken  wliile  reaping  in  a  field,  near  Shippensburg.  August 
17,  William  Waugh's  barn  was  burnt,  in  the  Tract,  York 
county,  by  Indians.  September  9,  one  boy  and  girl  taken 
from  Donegal,  Lancaster  county.  October  1  and  2,  a  very 
great  slaughter,  near  Opikcn,  in  Virginia,  where  more  than 
sixty  were  killed  and  taken.  November  9,  John.  Woods,  his 
wife  and  mother-in-law,  and  John  Archer's  wife  were  killed, 
four  children  taken,  and  nine  men  killed,  near  McDowell's 
fort. — Loudon''s  Narrative,  II.  200-208. 

♦At  the  tjeaty  held.  May  29,  1757,  between  Governor  Denny 
and  the  Indians  of  the  Six  Nations,  they  complained  of 
grievances,  and  assigned  a  few  causes  of  disaffection. 

"  Brothers,  some  years  ago,  in  the  Jer-cys,  one  of  the  head 
of  the  Delawares  had  been  out  hunting.  On  his  return,  ho 
called  to  see  a  gentleman,  a  friend  of  his,  one  of  your  people, 
whom  he  found  in  the  field:  when  the  gentlemen  saw  him,  he 
came  to  meet  him.  It  was  rainy  weather,  and  the  Delaware 
chief  had  his  gun  under  his  arm  ;  they  met  at  a  fence,  and  as  they 
reached  their  hands  to  each  other,  the  Delaware's  gun  went 


LANCASTER    C0UNT7.  341 

the  latter,  three  hundred  Indians,  representations  of  ten 
tribes,  chiefly  from  the  Susquehanna,  (those  on  the  Ohio 
were  not  included)  with  their  chief,  Teedyuscung,  at- 
tended.    Before  departing  from  the  treaty,  they  not  only 

off,  by  accident,,  and  shot  him  dead.  He  was  very  much 
grieved,  went  to  the  house,  and  told  the  gentlennan's  wife  what 
had  happened;  and  said,  he  was  willing  to  die,  and  did  not 
choose  to  live  after  his  friend.  She  immediately  sent  for  a 
number  of  the  inhabitants:  when  they  were  gathered,  some 
said  it  was  an  accident,  and  could  not  be  helped ;  but  the 
greatest  number  were  for  hanging  him;  and  he  was  taken 
by  the  sheriff,  and  carried  to  Amboy,  where  he  was  tried  and 
hanged. 

"  There  was  another  misfortune  happened  :  a  party  of  the 
Shav/anesc,  who  were  going  to  war  against  their  enemies,  in 
their  way  through  Carolina,  called  at  a  house,  not  suspecting 
any  harm,  as  they  were  among  their  friends  :  a  number  of  the 
inhabitants  rose  and  took  them  prisoners,  on  account  of  some 
mischief  which  was  done  them  about  that  time;  suspecting 
them  to  bo  the  people  who  had  done  the  mischief;  and  carried 
them  to  Charleston,  and  put  them  in  prison,  where  the  chief 
man,  called  "  The  Pride,"'  died. 

"  The  relations  of  thoi^e  people  were  much  exasperated 
against  you,  our  brothers,  the  English,  on  account  of  the  ill 
treatment  you  gave  their  friends;  and  have  been  continually 
spiriting  up  their  nations  to  take  revenge. 

"Brothers,  you  desired  us  to  open  our  hearts,  and  inform 
you  of  every  thing  we  knew  that  might  have  given  rise  to  the 
quarrel  between  you  and  our  nephews  and  brothers:  That,  in 
former  times,  our  fore-fathers  conquered  the  Dclawares,  and 
put  petticoats  on  them  ;  a  long  time  after  that,  they  lived 
among  you,  our  brothers;  but,  upon  some  difference  between 
you  and  them,  wc  thought  proper  to  remove  them,  giving  them 
lands  to  plant  and  hunt  on,  at  Wyoming  and  Juniata,  on  the 
Susquehanna:  but  you,  covetous  of  land,  made  plantations 
there,  and  spoiled  their  hunting  grounds ;  they  then  com- 
plained to  us,  and  we  looked  over  those  lands,  and  found  their 
complaints  to  be  true. 

"At  this  time  they  carried  on  a  correspondence  with  the 

2.9* 


342  HISTORY   OP 

agreed  to  a  cessation  of  hostilities  against  the  provin- 
cialists,  but  agreed  to  take  up  arms  against  the  French. 
A  definite  treaty,  however,  was  not  held  between  the 
English  and  Indians,  before  the  month  of  October,  1748, 
when  a  convention  was  held  at  Easton  with  the  Indians, 
which  lasted  from  the  17th  to  the  26th  of  tliat  month. — 
There  were  present,  on  the  part  of  the  English,  the  Go- 
vernors of  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  with  Sir  Wil- 
liam Johnson,  and  other  agents.  The  Indians  who 
assisted  at  this   treaty,  were   the    Mohawks,   Oneidas, 

French  ;  by  which  means  the  French  became  acquainted  with 
all  the  causes  of  complaint  they  had  against  you  ;  and  as  your 
people  were  daily  increasing  their  settlements,  and  by  these 
means  you  drove  them  back  into  the  arms  of  the  French;  and 
they  took  the  advantage  of  spiriting  them  up  against  you,  by 
telling  them,  '  Childnn,  you  see,  and  we  have  often  told  you, 
how  the  English,  your  brothers,  serve  you  ;  they  plant  all  the 
CO  imtry,  and  drive  you  back  ;  so  that,  in  a  little  time,  you  will 
have  no  land :  it  is  not  so  with  us;  though  we  build  trading 
houses  on  your  lands,  we  do  not  plant;  we  have  our  provisions 
frcm  over  the  great  water.' 

'We  have  opened  our  hearts,  and  told  you  what  complaints 
we  have  heard  that  they  had  against  you  ;  and  our  advice  to 
you  is,  that  you  send  for  the  Senecas  and  for  them  ;  treat  them 
kindly,  and  rather  give  them  part  of  their  fields  back  again 
than  differ  with  them.  It  is  in  ycur  power  to  settle  all  the 
ditferenccs  with  them,  if  you  please.' — Minnies  of  (he  Indian 
Treaties, 

"  King  I'  caver  was  also  present,  and  made  a  speech :  'When 
our  Great  Father  came  first,  we  stood  on  the  Indian's  path; 
we  looked  to  the  sun  as  he  rose  in  the  east;  we  gave  the 
English  venison;  the  English  gave  us  many,  many  good 
things;  but  the  English  trod  on  our  tees — we  turned  our  faces 
to  the  west — the  English  trod  on  our  heels — we  walked  on — 
the  English  followed— we  walked  on,  not  knowing  where  to 
rest — the  English  were  at  our  heels.  Father,  we  are  weary, 
we  wish  to  rest.'" 


LANCASTER    COUNTT.  343 

Onondagas,  Cayugas,  Senecas,  Tuscaroras,  Nanticokes, 
Conoys,  Tuteloes,  Clmgnuts,  Delawares,  Unamies,  Mini- 
sinks,  Mohicons,  and  Wappingers,  whose  deputies,  with 
their  women  and  children,  amounted  to  507.*  Peace 
and  friendship  had  now  been  established  between  the 
EngHsh  and  Indians;  all  fear  of  an  Indian  war  Xd^n- 
ished,  and  the  minds  of  the  people  had  been  at  rest  for 
some  time;  but  the  Frencii  war  still  continued,  and  occa- 
sional barbarities  were  committed  upon  the  frontier  set- 
tlers, by  the  Indians,  till  near  the  close  of  the  war  be- 
tween the  English  and  the  French,  in  1762  ;t  "for  there 
had  been  a  secret  confederacy  formed  among  the  Shawa- 
nese,  the  tribes  upon  the  Ohio  and  its  tributary  waters, 
and  about  Detroit,  to  attack,  simultaneously,  all  the 
English  posts  and  settlements  on  the  frontiers.  Their 
plan  was  deliberately  and  skilfully  projected.  The 
border  settlements  were  to  be  invaded  durhig  harvest,  the 
men,  corn,  and  cattle,  to  be  destroyed,  and  the  out-posts 
to  be  reduced  by  famine,  by  cutting  off  their  supplies.-r- 
Pursuant  to  this  plan,  the  Indians  fell  suddenly  upon  the 
traders,  whom  they  had  invited  among  them,  mur- 
dering many,  and  plundered  the  effects  of  all,  to 
an  immense  value. 

*Hoh-nes'  An.  II.  86. 

fJuly  1,  1757,  three  men  and  four  children,  were  murdered 
and  scalped  in  the  vicinity  of  Tulpehocken.  The  Rev.  John 
Nicholas  Kurtz,  pastor  of  the  Lutheran  congregation,  at  Tul- 
pehocken, in  writing  to  the  Rev.  Muhlenberg,  pastor  of  the 
Lutheran  congregation  at  New  Providence,  under  date  of 
July  5,  17.37,  says:  Diesen  Morgen,  wurden  sieben  ermordete 
und  gescalpte,  nemlich  drey  Maenner  and  vier  Kinder,  zur 
Bcerdigung  auf  unscrn  Kirchhof  gebracht,  so  gestern  bey 
Sonnen  Untergang,  fuenf  Meilcn  von  hier  von  den  Indianern 
umgebracht  worden,  und  alle  in  einem  Hause  ! 


344  HISTORY    OP 

"The  frontiers  of  Pennsylvania,  Maryland  and  Vir- 
ginia, were  overrun  by  scalping  parties,  marking  their 
way  with  blood  and  devastation."* 

"The  upper  part  of  Cumberland  was  overrun  by  the 
savages,  in  1763,  who  set  fire  to  houses,  barns,  corn,  hay 
andevery  thing  that  was  combustible;  the  inhabitants  were 
surprised  and  murdered  with  the  utmost  cruelty  and  bar- 
barity. Those  who  could,  escaped — some  to  Shippens- 
burg,  others  to  Carlisle,  where  houses  and  stables  were 
crov/ded  with  refugees.  INIany  of  Ihem  sought  shelter 
(in  Lancaster  county)  in  the  woods,  with  their  families, 
and  with  their  cattle.t     Some  staid  with  their  relatives, 

*April  2d,  1758,  two  men  were  killed  near  Shippensburg - 

Apsil  .5,  one  man  killed  and  ten  taken,  near  Black's  Gap,  on  the 
South  mountain.  April  13,  one  man  killed  and  nine  taken  near 
Archibald  Bard's  South  mountain.  May  21,  one  man  and  fiye 
women  taken  from  Yellow  Breeches  creek.  May  23,  Joseph 
Gallady  killed,  his  wife  and  one  cliild  taken  from  Conoco- 
cheague.  May  29, 1759,  one  Dunwiddie  and  Crawford  shot  by 
two  Indians,  in  Carrol's  tract,  York  county.  July  20,  a  boy  was 
plowing  at  Swatara,  was  shot  by  two  Indians,  one  horse  killed, 
and  the  other  wounded. — Loudon's  Narrative. 

Note. — It  was  apprehended  that  the  Indians  of  Conestoga 
were  becoming  restless.  In  May,  1758,  intelligence  was  re- 
ceived at  Philadelphia  that  the  Indians  at  Conestoga  designed 
to  move  off  to  the  woods — a  message  was  sent  them— May  3, 
some  of  the  Indians  arrived,  at  Philadelphia,  from  Conestoga 
— they  stated,  in  conference,  that  they  did  not  intend  leaving 
Conestoga,  though  some  had  gone  to  Susquehanna.  They 
had  thought  of  going  to  Susquehanna  to  hunt  and  tiade. — 
Will  Sock,  Chazrea  and  others  of  then),  gave  Conrad  Weiser 
the  news  of  Indian  incursions. — JIaz.  Reg.  V.  272. 

t"  In  July,  17G3,  the  reapers  of  Lancaster  county  took  their 
guns  and  ammunition  witii  thorn  into  the  harvest  fields  to  de- 
fend themselves  from  t.ie  Indians."— Lan.  Intell.  c^-  Jour. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  345 

and  never  returned  to  the  place  from  which  they  had 
fled.* 

"After  the  first  panic  had  passed  away,  the  refugee 
settlers  associated  themselves  together,  and  under  the 
care  of  divisions  of  the  regular  troops  and  miUtia, 
succeeded  in  collecting  and  saving  the  remnant  of  their 
crops." 

In  the  latter  end  of  August,  a  party  of  volunteers 
from  Lancaster  county,  one  hundred  and  ten  in  num]>er, 
intercepted  at  Muncy  hill,  a  number  of  Indians,  pro- 
ceeding from  Great  Island,  in  the  Suscpiehanna,  to  the 
frontier  settlements.  In  several  skirmishes  with  the 
Indians,  the  Lancasterians  killed  twelve  of  them — four 
of  their  own  men  v/ere  killed,  and  a  like  number 
wounded. 

After  General  Forbes  had  taken  possession  of  Fort 
Dti  Quesne,  November  25,  1758,  and  garrisoned  it  by 
men,  chiefly  provincial  troops,  from  Pennsylvania,  Mary- 

*The  following  we  copied  at  the  Donegal  church:  "In  mem- 
ory of  William  McDowell,  late  of  Conccaeheague,  who  was  a 
tender  parent  and  careful  instructor,  and  an  example  of  piety 
to  a  numerous  progeny.  When  the  settlement  was  obliged  to 
fly  by  the  barbarous  Indian  war,,  he  deceased  in  these  parts. — 
So  was  interred  here  September  12,  17.59,  aged  77," 

Note. — Extracts  from  letters  to  James  Hamilton,  Esq.  dated 
Carlisle,  July  3d  and  5th,  1763,  signed  Henry  Boquet : 

If  the  measures  I  had  the  honor  to  recommend  to  you  in  my 
letter  of  yesterday,  are  not  immediately  put  into  execution,  I 
foresee  the  rnin  of  the  posts  of  the  province  on  this  side  of  the 
Susquehanna;  and  as  York  county  would  be  covered  by 
Cumberland,  I  think  they  ought  to  assist  in  building  the  post, 
and  sowing  the  harvest.  It  would  not  be  the  less  necessary 
to  send  arms  and  ammunition  to  be  distributed  among  the  in- 
habitants for  the  protection  of  the  reapers. 

May,  5.  The  road  was  nearly  covered  with  women  and  chil- 
dren flying  to  Lancaster  and  Thiladeiphia. 


346 


HISTORY    OP 


land  and  Virginia,  under  the  command  of  Colonel 
Mercer,  many  of  the  other  soldiers  were  marched  into 
the  interior,  and  quartered  at  Lancaster,  Reading  and  Phi- 
ladelphia, the  soldiers  were  quartered  or  billetted  among 
the  inhabitants,  who  complained  grievously  of  the 
men,  and  the  caprice,  favor  and  oppression,  of  the 
olRcers.  The  assembly,  having  remonstrated  in  vain  on 
these  enormities,  directed  a  barracks  to  be  erected, 
1759,  in  the  town  of  Lancaster,  to  contain  500  men. — 
Mr.  ]jausman  was  appointed  Barrack  master.* 

The  influence  of  war  is  ever  pernicious  to  the  morals 
of  society — the  train  of  evils  consequent  upon  war  arc 
baleful.  Lancaster  county  felt  its  effects,  not  only  in  the 
shape  of  burdens  and  taxest  upon  the  industrious  por- 
tion of  its  inhabitants.  The  true  condition  of  the  state 
of  morals,  and  the  fruits  of  war,  may  be  learnt  from  a 
petition  presented  to  the  Assembly,  in  1763,  praying  the 
Legislature  for  the  passage  of  an  Act  for  erecting  a 
House  of  Correction.  The  preamble  to  the  Act,  recites 
part  of  the  petition  : 

Whereas,  It  hath  been  represented  to  tliis  House,  by 
petitioners  from  a  considerable  number  of  inhabitants  of 
the  borough  and  county  of  Lancaster,  that  they  now, 
and  for  a  long  time,  have  suffered  most  grievously,  as 
well  by  unruly,  disobedient  servants,  as  by  idle  strolling 
vagrants  from  divers  parts,  who  have  taken  shelter  in 
the  county  and  borough;  that  drunkenness,  profane 
swearing,  breach  of  the  Sabbath,  tuamlts,  and  other 
vices,  so  much  prevail,  that  it  is  not  m  the  power  of  the 

•Gordon;  Ilaz,  Reg. 

fTlic  tax  assessed  in  Lancaster  county  in  1760,  amounted  ta 
upwards  of  sixteen  thousand  dollars.  The  land  estimated  in  the 
county  to  bo  436,346  acres.  Taxables  5,635,  £l.  2s.  to  each 
taxable  ;  amounted  to  £6,178  IDs. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  347 

riiagistrates  to  suppress  them,  and  preserve  peace  and 
good  order,  liaving  no  house  of  correction  lor  the  punish- 
ment of  such  offenders.  A  law  was  passed — a  house  of 
correction,  or  work  house,  erected.  "  This  was  the 
work  house  in  which  the  Indians  were  '  despatched^  hj 
the  Paxton  Rangers,  Tuesday,  the  27th  of  December, 
1763. 

For  several  successive  winters,  and  especially  in  the 
year  1763,  the  frost  was  severe  upon  the  winter  and 
summer  grain,  in  the  low  lands  and  limestone  soil. — 
This  circumstance,  and  the  heavy  timber,  induced  many 
of  the  Irish  to  seat  themselves,  in  1763,  along  the 
northern  line  of  the  counties  of  Chester  and  Lancaster, 
well  known  at  an  early  period  by  the  name  of  Chestnut 
Glade.  The  Germans  purchased  their  little  improve- 
ments, and  were  not  intimidated  either  by  the  difficulty 
of  clearing  their  lands,  the  scarcity  of  water,  and  the 
liability  of  frost  which,  at  this  period,  was  experienced 
every  month  of  the  year.* 

AboiU  the  year  1760  or  61,  Mr.  Steigel,  who  managed 
the  Elizabeth  iron  Vv'orks  for  many  j^ears,  when  they 
were  owned  by  Benezet  &Co.  of  Philadelphia, commenced 
his  singular  career.  He  was  well  known  as  the  eccentric 
German  Baron,  or  Wilheim  Heinrich  Steigel,  proprietor 
of  Manheim.  Having  purchased  two  hundred  acres  of 
land  from  the  Messrs.  Stedmans  of  Philadelphia,  he 
■erected  a  grand  chateau,  (castle)  very  singular  in  its 
structure,!  and  afterwards  laid  out  a  town,  to  which  lie 

'Haz.  Reg.  V.  12. 

f  This  house  is  now  occupied  by  Mr.  John.  Arndt,  merchant 
who,  we  state  it  with  regret,  in  improving  the  house,  made  such 
alterations  that  the  original  of  the  internal  arrangement  is  so 
materially  altered  as  to  leave  neither  the  Baron's  pulpit,  from 
which,  in  a  large  upper  saloon,  he,  in  the  capacity  of  a  preacher, 


S48  HISTORY  or 

gave  the  name  o^  his  place  of  nativity — -Manheim.— ' 
This  town  was  laid  out  in  1761.  and  in  1762,  contained 
three  houses.  One  of  his  countrymen,  Mr.  Andrew 
Bartruff,  father  of  Colonel  John  Bartruff,  erected  the 
third  house  in  the  town — he  kept  the  first  grocery.* 

To  give  encouragement  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  place, 
and  to  advance  his  own  interest,  as  proprietor,  the  Baron 
erected  a  glass  house,  where  the  manufacture  of  the 
article  of  glass,  in  all  its  varieties,  was  successfully  carried 
on  for  some  years,  by  Steigel  himself,  and  afterwards  by 
a  Mr.  Jenkins.  Nothing  remains  of  the  glass  house. — 
The  place  where  it  stood  is  still  pointed  out,  to  the  enquir- 
ing visitants,  by  the  attentive  and  courteous  inhabitants 
of  Manheim. 

In  1761,  William  Adams  laid  out  Adamstown.  First 
holders  of  lots  were  Bicher,  Eichholtz,  Fansler,  Negle, 
Kearn,  Richards,  Brendle,  Steffs,  Flickinger,  Schlough, 
Reager  and  others. 

addressed  his  hands  employed  at  the  glass  factory ;  nor  are 
other  fixtures  any  longer  visible.  What  remains  of  the  inter- 
nal, has  not  its  like,  in  the  United  States.  Its  rich  scenery 
painting  of  falconry  on  the  sides  of  the  room  walls — the  tab- 
lets of  china,  curiously  painted  and  fastened  on  the  jambs,  at- 
tract and  excite  the  admiration  of  all  who  have  the  pleasure  of 
spending  a  few  moments  with  the  hospitable  andaflable  owner 
of  the  house. 

The  Baron  was,  as  well  as  his  fortune,  singular.  His 
vicissitudes  in  life  were  varied.  He  was  Baron  in  Europe — an 
iron  master,  glass  manufacturer,  a  preacher,  a  teacher — rich 
and  poor,  in  America.  He  died  a  schoolmaster.  At  liberty; 
and  imprisoned.  A  special  act  was  passed  for  his  relief,  De- 
cember 24,  1774.     So  gehts  dem  Mensch. 

»Among  the  first  settlers  uf  the  place  were,  besides  those 
already  nicntioned,  the  Naumans,  Minnichs,  Wherlys,  Kaisers, 
Longs,  Hentzelmans,  who  kept  the  first  tavern.  About  the 
town  were  the  Lightncrs,  Heists,  Hcrshys,  llostottcrs,  Lehmans, 
Longeneckers,  Brandts,  Witmcrs,  Ilellar.^  and  others. 


LANCASTER   COtNTT.  S49 

Notes.-— In  1757  Elizabeth  township  was  erected — then 
bounded:  beginning  at  the  land  of  Joseph  Cratser,  bounding 
upon  Heidieberg,  thence  by  the  same  to  Cocalico  township, 
thence  by  Cocalico  to  Warwick,  thence  by  the  same  to  the 
place  of  beginning. 

January  10th,  1759,  Christian  Frederick  Post  arrived  at  the 
town  of  Lancaster,  from  his  journey  to  the  Indians  on  Ohio,  to 
whom  he  had  gone  to  deliver  a  message  from  Governor  Denny. 
Post  had  started  from  Easton,  for  Ohio,  Oct.  25,  1758. 

July  13th,  1760,  Conrad  Wciser,  the  Indian  agent,  died  in 
Heidieberg  township,  Berks  county. 

1760,  Emauuel  Carpenter  was  appointed  Presiding  justice  of 
the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  of  Lancaster  county.  He  tilled 
this  office  until  1780,  the  time  of  his  death.  "  He  lived  beloved 
and  died  lamented  by  all.  He  was  in  every  sense  an  honest 
man;  always  just,  liberal  and  tolerant.  He  was  an  arbiter  in 
all  matters  of  dispute  among  his  neighbors ;  and  from  his  deci- 
sions they  never  appealed,  such  was  the  confidence  of  his 
integrity." 

He  left  a  numerous  connection  of  relatives  and  friends.  His 
remains  rest  in  Zimmerman's  grave  yard,  near  Earlville,  at 
whose  side  rest  those  of  his  consort,  Catharine  Line,  who  died 
1785.  Their  lineal  descendants  are  many,  and  are  to  be  found 
in  the  names  of  the  Carpenters,  Groff:>,  Ferrees,  Heigarts, 
M'Cleerys  and  others. 

"In  1761,  the  inhabitants  of  Tulpehocken  and  Heidieberg 
townships,  raistjd  150  men  as  rangers,  to  guard  the  county  lines 
of  Berks  and  Lancaster." 

1762,  Charles  Mason  and  Jeremiah  Dixon,  two  able  and  inge- 
nious mathematicians,  after  their  return  from  Good  Hope  Cape, 
were  employed  to  run  the  line  so  long  the  subject  of  angry  con- 
troversy. The  business  was  accordingly  performed  agreeably 
to  directions,  and  stone  pillars  erected  to  exhibit  clearly,  an.l 
fix  with  certainty  the  long  disputed  boundary. 

Maytown  was  laid  out  May  1st,  1762,  by  Mr.  Doner.  To  cele- 
brate the  day  of  laying  out  Maytown,  a  fair,  "a  gathering  of 
Zoose  feeeZs,"  was  held,  and  dancing  performed  in  its  best  style, 
in  the  middle  of  the  main  street  in  the  "  houseless  town."  It 
is  to  be  regretted  that  the  dance  could  not  have  been  perfor.med 

3Q 


350  HISTORY   OF 

in  the  absence  of  human  beings,  as  well  as  in  the  absence  of 
houses. 

"  An  Indian  conference  was  held,  August  9, 1762,  and  a  treaty 
made  at  Lancaster,  which  restored,  for  a  short  period,  the  tran- 
quility of  the  inhabitants." 

Members  of  AssemUy  from  Lancaster  county,  17G1  and  1762 — 
Emanuel  Carpenter,  James  Wright,  James  AVcbb,  John  Doug- 
lass. 1763,  Isaac  Saunders  and  those  before  named,  except 
James  Webb.  1764,  James  Webb,  and  those  of  1763  except 
John  Douglass. 


CHAPTER   VII. 


Tendency  of  war— Hostilities  continued — Lancaster  county  exposed  to 
Indian  incursions,  &c. — Treachery  of  the  (Jonestoga  Indians — Paxton 
and  Donegal  Rangers  watch  the  Indians  closely — The  Paxton  Boys 
surprize  the  Indians  at  Conestoga — Indian  villagers  massacred — Those 
abroad  taken  under  protection  by  the  magistrates  of  Lancaster — Governor 
Penn's  proclamation — The  Paxton  Boys  at  Lancaster;  massacre  the  In- 
dians— Governor  Penn  issues  another  jiroclamatlon — The  Paxton  Roys 
prow  desperate,  and  "  bhow  up  some  Indian'' — Resort  to  J'hiladelphia — > 
Their  jion-commendable  conduct  there — They  return  peaceably  to  their 
homes,  leaving  two  of  their  number  to  represent  their  grievances  to  the 
Assembly. 

In  war,  and  in  the  midst  of  the  calamities  of  war,  the 
ordinary  sympathies  of  our  nature  seem  to  forsake  man. 
In  the  savage,  war  whets  the  destructive  propensities, 
and  his  thirst  to  shed  !)Iood  increases  in  ardency  as  tlie 
numher  of  his  victims  swells.  Total  extirpation  only  cir- 
cumscrihcs  his  sphere  of  slaughter;  hence,  the  indis- 
criminate murders  of  the  innocent  and  the  guilty,  hy  the 
savage.  War  makes  demi-savagcs  of  the  civilized,  and 
the  dcmi-savage,  though  \\q  formerly  felt  his  whole  soul 
thrilled  at  hearing  of,  or  seeing,  the  nmrder  of  one  single 
individual,  in  turn,  when  inured  to  th.e  miseries  of  war, 
can  listen  to  the  report  of  countless  murders  as  an  anmsing 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  351 

tale,  and  be  prepared  to  resent  to  the  utmost  every 
wronsr :  avenore  himself  in  the  destruction  of  those  whom 
he  believes  to  be  aggressors,  or  mere  abettors.  Of  this, 
we  have  a  striking  case  in  the  "cruelties  reciprocally 
committed "  among  the  whites  and  Indians  upon  each 
other,  during  the  bloody  times  of  the  middle  of  the  last 
century.  Hostilities  were  kept  up  by  the  Indians,  and 
barbarities  committed,  calculated  to  excite  the  calmest 
to  revenge  the  wrongs  which  the  inhabitants  of  Lan- 
caster and  the  adjacent  counties,  suffered  at  the  hands  of 
hostile  Indians,  from  1754  to  1765.*  Those  whose  path 
was  marked,  wherever  they  went  among  the  whites, 
"  with  cruelty  and  murder,"  Vv^ere  called  hostile  Indians, 
to  distinguish  them  from  the  peaceable  ones,  residing  at 
Conestogj,  Nain  and  Wichetung. 

The  inhabitants  of  Lancaster  county,  (especially  those 
in  Paxton  and  Donegal  townships,  being  most  exposed  to 
the  merciless  Indians)  reflecting  upon  the  past,  and  the 
present  with  them ;  "that  the  bloody  barbarians  had 
exercised  on  their  fathers,  mothers,  brothers,  sisters,  wives 
and  children,  and  relatives,  the  most  unnatural  and 
leisurely  tortures  ;  butchered  others  in  their  beds,  at  their 
meals,  or  in  some  unguarded  hour.  Recalling  to  their 
minds,  sights  of  horror,  scenes  of  slaughter;  seeing 
scalps  clotted  with  gore !  mangled  limbs  !  women  ripped 

*"  1763.  Two  letters  were  received  from  Jonas  Seely,  Esq. 
from  Berks  county,  dated,  10th  and  llth  September,  1763. 

"  We  are  all  in  a  state  of  alarm.  Indians  have  destroyed 
dwellings,  and  murdered  with  savage  barbarity  their  helpless 
Inmates  ;  even  in  the  neighborhood  of  Reading.  Where  these 
Indians  come  from,  and  where  going  we  know  not.  These 
are  dangerous  times.  Send  us  an  armed  force  to  aid  our  Ran- 
gers of  Berks  and  Lancaster." 

"  Those  letters  were  laid  before  the  Assembly,  September 
16,  1763." — Lancaster  Intelligencer  &  Journal. 


352  HISTORY    OF 

up  !  the  heart  and  bowels  still  palpitating  with  life,  and 
smoking  on  the  ground !  See  savages  swilling  their 
blood,  and  imbibing  a  more  courageous  fuiy  with  the 
human  draught.  They  reasoned  thus :  These  are  not 
men ;  they  are  not  beasts  of  prey ;  the}^  are  something 
worse  ;  they  must  be  "  infernal  furies  in  human  a/iape." 
Are  we,  asked  they,  tamely  to  look  on  and  suffer  tliem 
to  exercise  these  hellish  barbarities  upon  our  children  and 
wives  !  our  brethren  and  fellow  citizens !  Shall  these 
savages — even  those  whom  we  suspect  as  accessories — 
sliall  they  escape  ? 

Who  could,  with  all  the  influences  of  a  continued  war 
upon  him,  and  under  such  circumstances,  let  escape  one 
Indian,  and  if  only  strongly  suspected  of  treachery, 
however  specious  his  conduct,  in  the  light  of  day? 
These,  we  conceive,  were  the  feelings  that  incited  the 
whites  to  acts  of  cruelty ;  as  ive  icouhl  view  them  now. 

That  some  of  the  Conestoga  Indians  were  treach- 
erous, appears  abundantly,  from  the  facts  set  forth  in  the 
following  afjidavifs: 

"Abraham  Newcomer,  a  JNIcnnonite  ;  by  trade  a  gun- 
smith, upon  his  affirmation,  declared  that  several  times, 
within  these  few  years,  Bill  Soc  and  Indian  John,  two  of 
of  the  Conestogoe  Indians,  threatened  to  scalp  him  for 
refusing  to  mend  their  tomaliawks,  and  swore  they 
would  as  soon  scalp  him,  as  they  would  a  dog.  A  few 
days  before  Bill  Soc  was  killed,  he  brought  a  tomahawk 
to  be  steeled.  Bill  said,  "if  you  Avill  not,  I'll  have  it 
mended  to  your  sorrow,"  from  which  expression,  "I 
apprehended  danger." 

"  Mrs.  Thompson,  of  the  borough  of  Lancaster,  per- 
sonally appeared  before  the  Chief  Justice  Burgess,  and 
upon  his  solemn  oath,  on  the  Holy  Evangelists,  said  that 
in  the  sunnncr  of  17G1,  Bill  Soc  come  to  her  apartment, 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  353 

and  threatened  her  life,  saying, '  I  kill  you,  all  Lancaster 
can't  catch  me,'  which  filled  me  with  terror :'  and  this 
lady  further  said,  'Bill  Soc  added,  'Lancaster  is  mine, 
and  I  will  have  it  yet.' " 

"Colonel    John   Hambright,  gentleman,    an  eminent 
brewer  of  the  borough  of  Lancaster,  personally  appeared 
before  Robert  Thompson,  Esq.,  a  justice  for  the  coimty 
of  Lancaster,  and  made  oath  on  the  Holy  Evangelists, 
that  in  August,  1757,  he,  an  officer,  was  sent  for  provi- 
sion from  Fort  Augusta  to  Fort  Hunter,  that  on  his  way 
he  rested  at  McKee's  old  place  ;    a  sentinel  was  sta- 
tioned behind  a  tree  to  prevent  surprise.     The  sentry 
gave  notice,  Indians  were  near ;    the  deponent  crawled 
up  the  bank  and  discovered  two  Indians,  one  was  Bill 
Soc,  lately  killed  at  Lancaster.     He  called  Bill  Soc  to 
come  to  him,  but  the  Indians  ran  off.     When  the  depo- 
nent came  to  Fort  Hunter,  he  learnt  that  an  old  man  had 
been  killed  before  ;  Bill  Soc  and  his  companions  were 
believed  to  be  the  perpetrators  of  the  murder.     He,  the 
deponent,  had  frequently  seen  Bill  Soc  and  some  of  the 
Conestogoc  Indians  at  Fort  Augusta,  trading  with  the 
Indians,  but,  after  the  murder  of  the  old  man.  Bill  Soc 

did  not  appear  at  that  garrison." 

John  Hambright. 

Sworn  and  subscribed  the  28th  of  February,  1764,. 
before  me,  Robert  Thompson,  Justice. 

"Alexander  Stephen,  of  the  county  of  Lancaster,  per- 
sonally appeared  before  Thomas  Foster,  Esq.,  one  of  the 
magistrates,  and  being  duly  qualified  according  to  law, 
doth  say,  that  Cannayak  Sally,  an  Indian  woman,  told  him 
that  the  Conestogoe  Indians  had  killed  Jegrea,  an  Indian, 
because  he  would  not  join  the  Conestogoe  Indians  in 
destroying  dio  English.  James  Cotter  told  the  deponent 
that    he    was    one    of   the   three  that  killed  William 

30* 


354  HISTORY    OP 

Hamilton,  on  Sherman's  creek,  and  also  another  man, 
w-ith  seven  of  his  family.  James  Cotter  demanded  of 
the  deponent  a  canoe  which  tlie  murderers  had  left,  as 
Cotter  told  him  when  the  murder  was  committed. 

Alexander  Stephen." 
Thomas  Foster,  Justice. 

"  Anne  Mary  Le  Roy,  of  Lancaster,  appeared  hefore 
the  Chief  Burgess,  and  being  sworn  on  the  Holy  Evan- 
gelists of  Almighty  God,  did  depose  and  say,  that  in  the 
year  1755,  when  her  father  John  Jacob  Le  Roy,  and 
many  others,  were  murdered  by  the  Lidians,  at  JNIa- 
honey,  she,  her  brother,  and  some  others,  were  made 
prisoners,  and  taken  to  Kittaning;  that  strange  Indians 
yisited  them;  the  French  told  them  they  were  Cones- 
togoe  Indians,  and  that  Isaac  was  the  only  Indian  true  to 
their  interest ;  and  that  the  Conestogoc  Indians,  with  the 
exception  of  Isaac,  were  ready  to  lift  the  hatchet  when 
ordered  by  the  French.  She  asked  Bill  Soc's  mother 
v/hetlicr  she  had  ever  been  at  Kittanir)g  ?  She  said  '  no, 
but  her  son  Bill  Soc  had  been  there  often ;  that  he  was 
good  for  nothing.  '*"  Mary  Le  Roy." 

From  these  depositions,  the  reader  may  decide  whether 
.suspicion  was  well  founded  or  not.  "  Bill  Soc's  own 
motlicr  declared  he  was  good  for  nothina:." 

The  friendly  Indians,  it  was  fully  believed  by  the 
Paxtonians,  connived  at,  if  not  indirectly  stimulated  the 
liostilc  ones,  in  their  relentless  attacks  upon  the  frontier 
settlers  in  17G3.  The  grounds  for  this  suspicion  were 
sufliciently  founded,  in  tlie  opinion  of  the  eagle-eyed 
Paxton  and  Donegal  Rangers,  to  watch  with  a  "  keen 
eye "  the  movements  of  both  parties,  friendly  and 
liostilc  Indians.  In  September,  the  Indians  eluded  their 
close,  searching  pursuit.     The  Paxton  Boys,  and  their 

"Lancaster  Intelligencer  &  Journal. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  355 

neighbors,  havin<^  asked  in  vain*  for  protection  from 
Government,  were  bent  upon  making  an  assault  that 
woukl  infuse  terror  into  all  called  Indian ;  if  not  put  a 
stop  to  Bill  and  George  Soc's  going  abroad,  and  their 
dances  at  Conestoga.t 

And  the  conviction  having  become  general,  aroused 
feelings,  which  war  naturally  engenders,  in  the  bosoms 
of  the  citizens,  in  the  Paxton  and  Donegal  inhabitants,  to 
extirpate  the  Conestogoes,  the  remains  of  a  tribe  of  the 

*Indian.s  had  been  traced  by  scouts  to  the  wigwams  at  Con- 
estoga.  Suspicion  was  awakened,  the  questions,  "  Are  these 
christian  Indians  treacherous!  Are  ihcir  wigwams  the  harbors 
of  our  deadly  foe!  Do  they  conceal  tlic  nightly  prowling 
as-vassin  of  the  furestl  These  and  the  like  surmises  were  en- 
tertained by  the  people.  Tlie  rangers  were  active  in  endeav- 
oring to  discover  the  perpetrators  of  those  acts  of  violence. — 
The  people  declared  openly  they  no  longer  confided  in  the 
professions  of  the  governor;  numbers  of  volunteers  joined  the 
rangers  of  Northampton,  B  Mks,  Lancaster,  and  Cumberland, 
who  were  engaged  in  tracing  the  midnight  assassins.  Such 
vras  the  state  of  irritable  feeling  of  these  frontier  counties,  yet 
government  was  supine." 

■\Jacob  Bachman,  Esq.  of  West  Strasburg,  says,  he  ''reqiiently 
heard  his  mother  relate,  that  when  she  was  a  girl  of  sixteen 
Soc  frequented  their  house  ;  but  she  never  liked  his  counte- 
nance— guilt  played  upon  it.  She  also  related,  that  a  few  days 
previous  to  the  fatal  day  of  the  Conestogoes,  one  of  their  old 
women  came  to  their  house,  and  enquired,  "  Have  you  heard 
the  bad  news  ;"  when  interrogated  what  bad  news,  she  evasive- 
ly replied  "  the  snow,  the  snow."  It  was  then  remarked  by 
Mr.  Rohrer,  the  father  of  Mrs.  Bachman,  "I  guess.  Bill  and 
George  have  been  again  doing  mischief;  they  will  be  caught 
sometime  or  other." 

In  company  with  Dr.  J.  K.  Netf,  wc  called  on  Mr.  John 
Newcomer,  August  10th,  1343,  who  told  us,  he  distinctly  remem- 
bers Bill  Soc,  coming  to  his  father's  house  selling  baskets, 
brooms  and  wooden  ladles. 


356 


HISTORY    OF 


Six  Nations,*  who  occupied  a  spot  of  land  in  Manor 
township. 

On  Wednesday,  the  14th  of  December,  1763,  at  day 
break,  "  a  number  of  armed  mounted  men,  principally 
from    Donegal    and    Paxton    townships,    attacked    the 
Indian  village,  and  barbarously  massacred  some  women 
and  children,  and  a  few  old  men  ;  amongst  the  latter,  the 
chief,  Shaheas,  who  had  always  been  distinguished  for 
his  friendship  towards  the  whites.     The  majority  of  the 
Indian  villagers  were  abroad  at  the  lime  of  the  attack."! 
After  slaying  those  at  home,  their  buts  were  set  on  fire, 
and  most  of  them  burned  down.|     "  The  magistrates  of 
Lancaster  sent  out  to  collect  the  surviving  ones,  brought 
them  into  town,  for   their  better  security  against  any 
further  attempt ;  and  it  is  said  condoled  with  them  on  the 
misfortune  that  had  happened,  took  them  by  the  hand, 
and  promised  them  protection.     They  were  put  in  the 

*Il.  C.  a  writer  in  the  Intelligencer  &  Journal  says  :  "The 
Indians  at  Conestogo,  at  the  time  of  its  destruction  consisted 
of  Senccas,  Mingoes,  Pequeas,  &c.  The  Mmgoes  were  not 
of  the  five  nations  ;  they  belonged  to  a  distant  tribe  of  that 
name." 

f  Gordon's  Ta.  405. 

JOne  of  these  huts  or  cabins  still  exists.  It  is  occupied  as  a 
kitchen  by  Isaac  Kuhn — it  is  built  of  round  logs.  The  writer 
had  been  in  this  cabin,  December  7,  1842. 

Note. — In  a  pamphlet  ascribed  to  B.  Franklin,  written  in 
1764,  we  find  the  following  names  of  Indians,  who  resided  at 
Conestoga:  Shehaes,  a  very  old  man ;  Peggy,  his  dauglitcr;. 
John,  an  old  man  ;  Harry  ;  George  and  Bill  Soc,  brothers, 
both  young  men  ;  Betty  a  harmless  old  woman,  and  her  son 
Peter,  a  likely  yoJ.ing  lad ;  John  Smith,  who  liad  married  Sally, 
\vhoso  Indian  name  was  Wyanjoy, — /S/;ari's  FranUiiiy  IF, 
54-57. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  357 

recently  erected  workhouse,  a  strong  building,  as  the  place 
of  greatest  safety." 

When  the  news  of  this  unkind  treatment  of  the  Indians 
by  the  Paxtonians  reached  Philadelphia,  the  Governor 
issued  the  following  proclamation  : 

Whereas,  I  have  received  information,  that  on  Wed- 
nesday the  14th  of  this  month,  a  number  of  people  well 
armed  and  mounted  on  horseback,  unlawfully  assembled 
together,  and  went  to  the  Indiantown  in  the  Conestoga 
manor,  in  Lancaster  county,  and  without  the  least  reason 
of  provocation,  in  cold  blood,  barbarously  killed  six  of  the 
Indians  settled  there,  and  burnt  and  destroyed  all  their 
houses  and  effects  ;  and  whereas  so  cruel  and  inhuman 
an  act,  commuted  in  the  heart  of  this  province  on  the  said 
Indians,  who  have  lived  peaceably  and  inoffensively 
among  us  during  all  our  late  troubles,  and  for  many  years 
before,  and  were  justly  considered  as  under  the  protection 
of  this  government  and  its  laws,  calls  loudly  for  the  vigor- 
ous exertion  of  the  civil  authority,  to  detect  the  offenders 
and  bring  them  to  condign  punishment ;  I  have,  therefore, 
by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council,  thought 
fit  to  issue  this  proclamation,  and  do  hereby  strictly  charge 
and  enjoin  all  judges,  justices,  sheriffs,  constables,  officers, 
civil  and  military,  aiid  all  other  his  Majesty's  liege  subjects 
within  this  province,  to  make  diligent  search  and  inquiry 
after  the  authors  and  perpetrators  of  the  said  crime,  their 
abettors  and  accomplices,  and  use  all  possible  means  to 
apprehend  and  to  secure  them  in  some  of  the  public  jails 
of  this  province,  that  they  may  be  brought  to  their  trials, 
and  be  proceeded  against  according  to  law. 

And  whereas  a  number  of  other  Indians,  who  lately 
lived  on  or  near  the  frontiers  of  this  province,  being 
willing  and  desirous  to  preserve  and  continue  tlie  ancient 
friendship  which  heretofore  subsisted  between  them  and 


35S  HISTORY    OP 

the  good  people  of  this  province,  have,  at  their  own 
earnest  request,  been  removed  from  their  habitations  and 
brought  into  the  county  of  Philadelphia,  where  provision 
is  made  for  them  at  the  public  expense ;  I  do,  therefore, 
hereby  strictly  forbid  all  persons  whatsoever,  to  molest  or 
injure  any  of  the  said  Indians,  as  they  will  answer  the 
contrary  at  their  peril. 

Given  under  my  hand  and  the  great  seal  of  the  said 
province,  at  Philadelphia,  A.  D.  1763,  Dec.  22d,  and  in 
the  4th  year  of  his  Majesty's  reign. 

By  his  honor's  command.  John  Penn. 

Joseph  Shippen,  Jr.,  Sec'y. 

"  God  save  the  Kiiig:" 

Notwithstanding  the  governor's  interposition,  the 
people  were  too  much  exasperated  to  have  their  fury 
allayed  by  a  proclamation  from  a  supine  governor. 
"  They  assembled,*  says  Gordon,  in  great  numbers,  forced 
the  prison,  and  butchered  all  the  miserable  wretches  they 
found  within  the  walls.  Unarmed  and  unprotected,  the 
Indians  prostrated  themselves  with  their  children  before 
their  murderers,  protesting  their  innocence  and  their  love 
to  the  English,  and  in  this  posture  they  all  received  the 
hatchet." 

The  following  letter  by  William  Henry,  Esq.  of  Lan- 
caster, to  a  gentleman  of  Philadelphia,  may  enable  the 
reader  to  form  some  idea  of  the  treatment  the  Indians 
received  at  the  hands  of  the  "  Puxton  Boys.'' 

"There  are  few,  if  any  murders  to  be  compared  with 
the  cruel  nuirder  committed  on  the  Conestogo  Indians  in 
the  jail  of  Lancaster,  in  1763,  by  the  Paxton  boys,  as 
they  were  then  called.  From  fifteen  to  twenty  Indians, 
as  report  stated,  were  placed  there   for  protection.     A 

♦Tuesday,  the  27th  Dec.  1763. 


LANCASTER   COlTNTr.  359 

regiment  of  Highlanders*  were  at  that  thiie  quartered  at 
the  barracks  in  the  town,  and  yet  these  murderers  were 
permitted  to  break  open  the  doors  of  the  city  jail  and 
committed  the  horrid  deed.  The  first  notice  I  had  of 
this  affair  was,  that  while  at  my  father's  store,  near  the 
court  house,  I  saw  a  number  of  people  running  down 
street  towards  the  jail,  which  enticed  me  and  other  lads 
to  follow!  them.  At  about  six  or  eight  yards  from  the 
jail,  we  met  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  men,  well  mounted 
on  horses,  and  vv^ith  rifles,  tomahawks,  and  scalping 
knives,  equipped  for  murder.  I  ran  into  the  prison  yard, 
and  there,  oh  what  a  horrid  sight  presented  itself  to  my 
view  !  Near  the  back  door  of  the  prison  lay  an  old 
Indian  and  his  squaw,  particularly  well  known  and 
esteemed  by  the  people  of  the  town  on  account  of  his 
placid  and  friendly  conduct.  His  name  was  Will  Soc; 
across  him  and  squaw  lay  two  children,  of  about  the  age 
of  three  years,  whose  heads  were  split  with  the  toma- 
hawk, and  their  scalps  taken  off.  Towards  the  middle 
of  the  jail  yard,  along  the  west  side  of  the  wall,  lay  a 
stout  Indian,  whom  I  particularly  noticed  to  have  been 
shot  in  his  breast ;  his  legs  were  chopped  with  the  toma- 
hawk, his  hands  cut  off,  and  finally  a  rifle  ball  discharged 
in  his  mouth,  so  that  his  head  was  blown  to  atoms,  and 
the  brains  were  splashed  against  and  yet  hanging  to  the 
wall,  for  three  or  four  feet  around.  This  man's  hands 
and  feet  had  also  been  chopped  off  with  a  tomahawk. — 

*Captain  Robinson's  company,  on  their  way  from  Pittsburg. 

f  Of  the  lads  present  then  ;  a  few  as  old  men  are  still  living. 
We  spent  a  i'ew  pleasant  hours  with  each,  lately.  They 
are  Mr.  David  Dieffendeefer,  at  New  Holland,  and  Mr.  Peter 
Maurer,  near  the  city  of  Lancaster,  now  in  his  eighty -seventh 
year.  Both  enjoy  remarkable  health — both  had  been  in  the 
service  of  their  country,  during  the  war  '76. 


360  HISTORY    OF 

111  this  manner  lay  the  whole  of  them,  men,  women  and 
children,  spread  about  the  prison  yard  ;  shot^-scalped — 
hacked  and  cut  to  pieces." 

The  bodies  of  slain  were  then  buried  in  the  borough 
of  Lancaster,  where  the  bones  of  the  Indians  rested 
undisturbed  till  the  month  of  May,  1S33,  when  the 
workmen  employed  in  excavating  for  the  rail  road,  dug 
up  the  bones, '^^ 

The  Governor  issued  a  second  proclamation,  and  offered 
a  reward  for  the    discovery  of   the  perpetrators,  but 

without  effect. 

Proclamation. 
"  Wherees,  on  the  22d  Dec.  last,  I  issued  a  proclama- 
tion for  the  apprehending  and  bringing  to  justice  a 
number  of  persons,  who,  in  violation  of  the  public  faith, 
and  in  defiance  of  all  law,  had  inhumanly  killed  6  Indians, 
who  had  lived  in  Conestoga  manor,  for  the  course  of 
many  years,  peaceably  and  inoffensively,  under  the  pro- 
tection of  this  government,  on  lands  assigned  them  for 

»Pctcr  Maurer  informed  us  that  ho  saw  the  bodies  of  the 
Indians  buried  ii)  one  hole,  at  the  place  where  the  bones  in 
1833,  were  dug  up,  at  the  corner  of  Chesnut  and  Duke  streets. 

Note.— From  a  letter  of  the  Rev.  Elder  to  Col.  Burd,  it 
appears,  if  the  statement  be  correct,  that  the  Paxton  boys  did 
not  cut  the  bodies  of  the  Indians  to  pieces;  but  it  was  done  by- 
others.  Elder  says,  "The  inference  is  plain,  that  the  bodies 
were  thus  mangled  after  death  by  certain  persons,  to  excite  a 
feeling  against  the  Paxton  boys.  This  fiict,  Stewart  says  he 
can  and  will  establish  in  a  fair  trial  at  Lancaster  York,  and 
Carlisle." 

Note.— Felix  Donnelly  was  keeper  of  the  n-ork  house  at  the 
time  I'le  Paxton  boys  forced  in  the  door,  &:c.  Donnally  was 
appointed  keeper,  at  the  November  session  1703;  in  May  1765, 
Mathias  Booch  of  the  borougli  ot  Lancaster,  was  appointed,  in 
his  place. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  S61 

their  IiaLitation;  notwithstanding  which,  I  have  received 
information,  that  on  the  27th  of  the  same  month,  a  large 
party  of  armed  men  again  assembled  and  met  together  in 
a  riotous  and  tumultuous  manner,  in  the  county  of  Lan- 
caster, where  they  violently  broke  open  the  workhouse, 
and  butchered  and  put  to  death  14  of  the  said  Conestoga 
Indians,  men,  women  and  children,  who  had  been  taken 
under  the   immediate   care   of  the  magistrates  of  said 
county,  and  lodged  for  their  better  security  in  the  said 
"workhouse,  till  they  should  be  more  effectually  provided 
for  by  order  of  the  government ;   and  whom  common 
justice  loudly  demands,  and  the  laws  of  the  land  (upon 
the  prosecution  of  which  not  only  the  liberty  and  security 
of  every  individual,  but  the  being  of  government  itself 
depends,)  require,  that  the  above  offenders  should  be 
brought  to  condign  punishment ;  I  have,  therefore,  by 
and  with  the  aclvice  of  the  council,  published  this  procla- 
mation, and  do  hereby  strictly  charge  and  command  all 
judges,  justices,  sheriffs,  constables,  officers  civil  and  mili- 
tary, and  all  others  his  Majesty's  faithful  liege  subjects 
within  this  province,  to  make  diligent  search  and  inquiry 
after  the  authors  and  perpetrators  of  the  said  last  men- 
tioned offenders,  their  abettors  and  accomplices,  and  that 
they  use  all  possible  means  to  apprehend  and  secure  them 
in  some  of  the  public  jails  of  this  province,  to  be  dealt 
with  according  to  law. 

And  I  do  hereby  further  promise  and  engage,  that  any 
person  or  persons,  who  shall  apprehend  and  secure,  or 
or  cause  to  be  apprehended  or  secured,  any  three  of  tlie 
ringleaders  of  the  said  party,  and  prosecute  them  to  con- 
viction, shall  have  and  receive  for  each  the  pubhc  reward 
of  ^200 ;  and  any  accomplice,  not  concerned  in  the  imme- 
diate shedding  the  blood  of  said  Indians,  who  shall  make 
discovery  of  any  or  either  of  the  said  ringleaders,  and 

31 


362  HISTORY    OF 

apprehend  and  prosecute  them  to  conviction,  shall  over 
and  above  the  said  reward,  have  all  the  weight  and  influ- 
ence of  the  government,  for  obtaining  his  Majesty's 
pardon  for  his  offence. 

Given  under  my  hand  and  the  great  seal  of  the  pro- 
vince, at  Philadelphia,  January  2,  in  the  4th  year  of  his 
Majesty's  reign,  A.  D.  1764. 

By  his  command.  John  Penn. 

Joseph  Shippen,  Jr.,  Sec'y. 

"  God  save  the  Ki?2g.'^ 

The  Paxton  Boys  had  become  desperate,  and  in  turn 
''  showed  up  some  Indian^^*'  as  is  manifest  from  thek 
conduct  in  destroying  the  Indians  at  Lancaster. 

*David  Rittenhouse,  in  a  letter  to  a  friend,  speaking  of  the 
Paxton  Boys  in  Philadelphia,  on  this  occason,  says  :  "  About 
fifty  of  the  scoundrels  marched  by  my  work-shop.  I  have 
seen  hundreds  of  Indians  travelling  the  country,  and  can  with 
truth  affirm,  that  the  behavior  of  these  fellows  was  ten  times 
more  savage  and  brutal  than  theirs.  Frightening  women,  by 
running  the  muzzles  of  their  guns  through  windows,  swearing 
and  hallooing  ;  attacking  men  without  the  least  provocation  ; 
dragging  them  by  the  hair  to  the  ground,  and  pretending  to 
scalp  them  ;  shooting  a  number  of  dogs  and  fowls  ;  these  are 
some  of  their  exploits." — Rittenhouse's  Mem.  j).  148. 

In  another  letter,  Mr.  Barton  says :  "  I  received  a  letter  from 
sister  E.  soon  after  the  alaim  at  Philadelphia  was  over,  and 
will  give,  &c.  &:c. 

"  On  Monday  morning,  between  one  and  two  o'clock,  an 
express  came  to  the  Governor,  informing  that  the  rebels  were 
on  their  way,  and  that  a  great  number  of  them  were  on  this 
side  the  White  Horse.  There  was  one  express  after  another, 
till  there  was  certain  intelligence  that  some  of  tliem  were  at 
Gcrmantown.  When  the  first  express  came,  the  bells  were 
rung,  tlic  drums  beat,  luul  tlie  constables  were  ordered  to  go 
from  house  to  house,  to  knock  up  the  inhabitants,  and  bid  them 
put  candles  at  their  doors:  it  i)ad  the  a])pearance  of  all  the 
houses   being    illuminated.    Before    day,    there    was    about 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  363 

The  Moravian  Indians  were  placed  for  safety  in  the 
barracks  at  Pliiladelphia,  and  no  sooner  had  this  intelli- 
gence been  received  in  Lancaster,  than  a  large  number 
assembled  and  marched  to  Philadelphia.  They  produced 
considerable  alarm  in  the  city.  "  The  Governor  fled 
to  the  house  of  Dr.  Franklin  for  safety  ;  and  nothing  but 

twenty  men  met  at  T.  T's,  and  chose  their  officers.  Before 
night  they  were  increased  to  nearly  an  hundred  ;  as  were  like- 
wise most  of  the  other  companies.     E and  all  our  men 

were  in  captain  Wood's  company.  They  all  appeared  to  be 
in  high  spirits,  and  desirous  to  meet  the  rebels.  On  Tuesday, 
when  the  Mayor  and  other  gentlemen  set  off  for  Germantown, 
the  heads  of  companies  begged  of  them  not  to  comply  with 
any  dishonorable  terms,  and  told  them  :  "  Gentlemen,  we  are 
ready  to  go  wherever  you  may  command  us  ;  and  we  had  much 
rather  you  would  let  us  treat  with  them,  with  our  guns."  On 
their  return,  there  was  a  general  murmur  among  the  compa- 
nies against  the  proceedmgs  of  our  great  men  ;  they  knew  it, 
and  there  was  a  long  harangue  made  by  Mr.  Chew  ;  but  it  did 

not  answer  the  end.     On  Wednesday  morning  I  went  to , 

as  usucil,  and  on  my  return  home,  I  stopped  at  our  friend  H. 
T's,  when,  on  a  sudden  an  alarm  gun  was  fired,  the  bells  began 
to  ring,  and  the  men  called  "  to  arms,"  as  loud  as  possible.  I 
cannot  describe,  my  dear  brother,  how  I  felt  :  we  ran  to  the 

door,  when,  to  add  to   my  fright  I  saw  E ,  amidst  hundreds 

of  others,  run  by  with  his  gun.  They  met  at  the  court  house, 
formed  themselves  into  regular  companies,  and  marched  up 
Second  street  as  far  as  the  barracks  ;  where  they  found  it  was 
a  false  alarm, 

"It  was  a  pleasing,  though  melancholy  sight,  to  view  the 
activity  of  our  men.  In  less  than  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  they 
were  all  on  their  march — it  is  supposed  above  a  thousand  of 
them;  and  by  all  accounts,  there  were  not  ten  — ^-  among 
them.    It  was  the  very  conamon  cry,  while  our  men  were 

parading— "What!    not    one  among  us^!     Instead  of 

joining  with  others,  they  would  sneak  into  corners  and  applaud 
the  "  Paxton  Boys."  Their  behavior  on  th.is  occasion  has 
made  them  blacker  than  ever," 


364  HISTORY    OF 

the  spirited  measures  of  tlie  inliabitants  of  the  city,  saveS 
it  from  the  fury  of  an  exasperated  multitude,  who  would 
not  have  hesitated  to  extend  vengeance  from  the  Indians 
to  their  ])rotectors." 

After  some  consultation  among  themselves,  on  salu- 
tary advice  given,  they  concluded  to  peaceably  return  to 
tlicir  liomes,  leaving  Matthew  Smith  and  James  Gibson, 
two  of  their  number,  to  represent  their  views  to  govern- 
ment." They  laid  their  grievances  before  the  Governor 
and  the  Assembly,  by  a  memorial  in  behalf  of  Lancaster, 
York,  Cumberland,  Berks,  and  Northampton,  complain- 
ing that  these  counties  were  irregu^arly  represented  in  the 
Assembly,  sending  collectively  ten  members  only,  whilst: 
tlie  three  counties  of  Philadelphia,  Chester,  and  Bucks, 
sent  twenty-six ;  that  a  bill  had  passed  the  Assembly, 
directing  the  trial  of  persons  charged  with  the  murder  of 
an  Indian  in  Lancaster  county,  to  be  had  in  some  of  the 
latter  counties ;  that  whilst  more  than  a  thousand 
families,  reduced  to  extreme  distress,  during  the  past  and 
present  war,  by  the  attacks  of  skulking  parties  of 
Indians  upon  the  frontiers,  were  destitute,  and  were  suf- 
fered by  the  public  to  depend  on  private  charity,  one 
hundred  and  iivcnty  of  the  pcjyeirators  of  the  most 
horrid  barbarities  were  supported  by  the  province, 
and  protected  from  the  fury  of  the  brave  relatives  of  the 
murdered ;  that  the  cruelties  of  the  Indians  were  exten- 
uated, and  efforts  improperly  made  to  excite  commis- 
eration for  them,  on  the  plea  that  they  were  not  parties 
to  the  war  ;  "  But,  in  what  nation,"  said  the  memorial- 
ists, "was  it  ever  the  custom  that,  when  a  neighboring 
nati(jii  took  up  arms,  not  an  individual  of  that  nation 
should  be  touched,  but  only  the  persons  that  offered 
hostilities  ?  Wiioever  proclaimed  war  with  part  of  a 
nation,  and  not  with  the  whole?     Had  these   Indians 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  3G5 


disapproved  the  perfidy  of  their  tribe,  and  been  willing 
to  cultivate  and,  preserve  friendship  with  us,  why  did 
they  not  give  notice  of  the  war  before  it  happened,  as  it 
is  known  to  be  the  result  of  long  deliberation  and  precon- 
certed combination  ?  ^Vhy  did  they  not  leave  their  tribe 
immediately,  and  come  amongst  us,  before  there  was 
cause  to  suspect  them,  or  war  was  actually  waged  ? — 
No,  tliey  staid  amongst  them,  were  privy  to  their  murders 
and  ravages,  until  we  had  destroyed  their  provisions,  and 
when  they  could  no  longer  subsist  at  home,  they  came — 
not  as  deserters,  but — as  friends,  to  be  maintained  through 
the  winter,  that  they  might  scalp  and  butcher  us  in  the 
spring."* 

"  The  memorialists  further  remonstrated  against  the 
policy  of  suffering  any  Indians  whatever,  to  live  within 
the  inhabited  parts  of  the  province,  whilst  it  was  engaged 
in  an  Indian  war ;  experience  having  taught  that  they 
were  all  perfidious,  and  that  their  claim  to  freedom  and 
independence  enabled  them  to  act  as  spies,  to  entertain 
and  give  intelligence  to  our  enemies,  and  to  furnish  them 
with  provisions  and  warlike  stores.  To  this  fatal  inter- 
course, between  pretended  friends  and  open  enemies,  they 
ascribed  the  greater,  part  of  the  ravages  and  murders  that 
had  been  committed  during  the  last  and  present  wars. — 
This  grievance  they  prayed  might  be  considered  and  re- 
medied. They  remonstrated  against  the  neglect,  by  the 
province,  of  the  frontier  inhabitants,  who  had  been 
wounded  in  its  defence,  and  required  that  they  should  be 
relieved  at  the  public  cost.  They  expostulated  against 
the  policy  of  the  government,  in  refraining  to  grant. 
rewards  for  Indian  scalps,  "  which  damped  the  spirits  of 
brave  men,  who  were  willing  to  venture  their  lives 
against  the   enemy ;"    and  they  proposed  that  public 

*yotes  of  Assembly,  and  Gordon's  Pa. 

31* 


366  HISTORY    OF 

rewards  might  be  granted  for  their  trophies,  adequate  to 
the  danger  of  procuring  them.  They  lamented  that 
numbers  of  their  nearest  and  dearest  relatives  were 
retained  in  captivity  among  the  savage  heathen,  to  be 
trained  up  in  ignorance  and  barbarhy,  or  be  cruelly  tor- 
mented to  death  for  attempting  their  escape :  and  they 
prayed  that  no  trade  might  be  permitted  with  the  Indians 
until  their  prisoners  were  returned." 

The  year  1765  is  remarkable  for  the  birth  of  Robert 
Fulton,  who  was  born  in  Little  Britain.  He  early  showed 
peculiar  talents,  and  cultivated  them  abroad,  as  well  as  in 
his  own  country.  He  is  distinguished  as  an  inventor  of 
steamboats.  In  1803,  at  the  joint  expense  of  himself  and 
Robert  R.  Livingston,  chancellor  of  New  York,  and 
minister  of  the  United  States  to  the  French  court,  he  con- 
st] ucted  a  boat  on  the  River  Seine,  by  which  he  fully 
evinced  the  practicability  of  propelling  boats  by  steam. — 
On  returning  to  America  in  1806,  he  commenced,  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  Livingston,  the  construction  of  the 
first  Fulton  boat,  which  was  launched  in  the  spring  of 
1807  from  a  ship  yard  at  New  York.  There  was  great 
incredulity  among  the  people  on  the  subject ;  but  this 
boat  demonstrated,  on  the  first  experiment,  to  a  numerous 
assemblage  of  astonished  spectators,  the  correctness  of 
his  expectations,  and  the  value  of  his  invention.  The 
same  year,  he  suggested  the  first  idea  of  joining  the 
western  lakes  and  the  Atlantic  ocean  by  canal. 

In  1810,  the  legislature  of  New  York  appointed  com- 
missioners, with  whom  Mr.  Fulton  was  joined  the  next 
session,  to  explore  the  route  of  inland  navigation  from 
the  Hudson  river  to  the  lake  Ontario  and  Erie.  The 
commissioners  reported  in  181 1,  12, 14.  Mr.  ¥n\ton  was 
very  estimable  in  his  domestic  and  social  relations  ;  "but 
what  was  most  conspicuotis  in  his  ciiaracter,  was  his  calm 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  SG7 

constancy,  his  industry^  and  that  indefatigable  patienc3 
and  perseverance,  which  always  enabled  him  to  over- 
come difficulties."  A  distinguished  foreigner,  the  chevalier 
de  Gessicourt  observes,  "  Steamboats  offer  such  advan- 
tages to  commerce,  that  England,  France  and  America, 
with  one  accord,  proclaim  the  glory  of  Fulton."— rZ^e- 
laplaine^s  Repository,  I.  p,  201,  223. 

In  1766,  Benjamin  S.  Barton,  professor  in  ths 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  was  born  at  Lancaster,  Pa. 
His  mother  was  the  sister  of  the  celebrated  David  Ritten- 
house.  In  1786,  he  went  to  Great  Britain  and  pursued 
his  medical  studies  at  Edinburg  and  London.  He  after- 
wards visited  Gottingen,  and  there  obtained  the  degree  of 
Doctor  in  Medicine.  On  his  return  from  Europe  in  1789, 
he  established  himself  as  a  physician  in  Philadelphia, 
and  soon  obtained  an  extensive  practice.  In  the  same 
year  he  was  appointed  professor  of  natural  history  and 
botany  in  the  college  of  Philadelphia. 

On  the  resignation  of  Doctor  Griffiths,  he  was  appoml- 
ed  professor  of  Materia  Medica ;  and  succeedcLi  Doctor 
Rush  in  the  department  of  the  theory  and  practice  of 
medicine.  He  died  in  1815.  His  chief  publication  is 
"  Elements  of  Zoology  and  Botany." 

1769.  This  year  the  Rev.  John  Woodhull  came  io 
Lancaster  Borough,  as  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  church. 
He  was  their  first  pastor.  They  preached  occasionally 
in  the  court  house,  before  Woodhull  came.  In  1770  or 
71,  a  meeting  house  was  finished.  The  leading  men 
among  the  Presbyterians  at  that  time  were  E.  Shippen, 
Esq.,  Dr.  R.  Boyd,  W.  White,  H.  Halen,  C.  Plail,  S. 
Boyd,  W.  Montgomery,  W.  Ross,  Judge  Yeates,  r.I,  San- 
derson, in  the  town ;  W.  Davis,  T,  Davis  and  John  Jacks, 
in  the  country. 


J 


368  HISTORY    OP 

From  1769  to  1775,  a  score  and  two  of  lawyers  Avere 
admitted  at  the  Lancaster  Bar. 

In  1769  Thomas  Hood,  Jacob  Moore,  Casper  Wcitzel, 
Jacob  Rush,  Clmstian  Hook  and  Thomas  Hartly.  1770, 
John  Hubley,  Abel  Evans  and  Andrew  Ross.  1771, 
James  Lukens,  David  Grear,  Asliton  Humphries,  George 
Noarth  and  Nathaniel  Ramsey.  1772,  Edward  Eurd, 
Francis  Johnson,  Peter  Zachary  Lloyd,  Charles  Stedman 
and  Mr.  CoUinson.  1773,  John  Stedman  and  George 
Ross,  Jr.     1775,  William  Barton. 

Members  of  Assembly  from  Lancaster  county  for  1765, 
Emanuel  Carpenter,  James  Wright,  James  Webb,  Jacob 
Carpenter;  those  of  1765  were  re-elected,,  for  1766  and 
1767.  1768,  Emanuel  Carpenter,  James  Wright,  James 
Webb,  George  Ross.  1769,  Emanuel  Carpenter,  Jacob 
Carpenter,  James  Webb,  George  Ross.  1770,  Emanuel 
Carpenter,  James  Wright,  Joseph  Ferree,  George  Ross. 
1771,  Emanuel  Carpenter,  George  Ross,  Joseph  Ferree, 
William  Downing.  1772,  Joseph  Ferree,  Jacob  Carpen- 
ter, Isaac  Whitelock,  James  Webb.  1773  and  1774,  Jo- 
seph Ferree,  James  Webb,  George  Ross,  Matthias  Slough. 

Notes. — In  the  year  1765,  the  following  named  gentlemen 
were  admitted,  at  Lancaster,  to  practice  law :  Alexander  Wil- 
cocks.  Jasper  Yeates,  Richard  Peters,  Jr.,  Andrew  Allen, 
James  Allen,  James  Sayre  and  Henry  Ewes.  la  1766,  Elisha 
Price,  George  Campbell,  practising  attorneys  from  Ireland, 
and  William  Swainey. 


LANCASTEK    COUNTY.  369 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

Hail  storm — ProcccJings,  &c.  by  the  citizens  of  Lancaster  county  tauching 
the  usurpation  of  Parliament,  in  Great  liritain — Letter  Srom  the  coinmit- 
tee  of  correspondence  at  Pliilatlelphia — Meeting  at  the  court  housa  in 
Lancaster — Copy  of  a  circular  letter  from  Philadelphia — Meeting  called 
at  Lancaster — Subscriptions  opened  for  the  relief  of  the  suffering  Bosto- 
nians — Letters  from  Philadelphia — Meeting  called  to  be  held  at  Lancas- 
ter— Committees  appointed.— Meeting  held — Letter  from  Reading — 
Meeting  of  the  committee  of  inspection,  &c. — Committeemen  from  dilFep- 
ent  townships  meet  at  Lancaster — Their  proceedings,  &c.  &c. 

Nothing  of  thrilling  interest  appears  in  the-  annals  of 
this  county  from  the  close  of  Indian  incursions,  to  the 
time  when  the  indignation  of  the  colonists  was  generally 
excited  by  the  attempted  oppressions  on  the  part  of  the 
mother  country.  There  are,  nevertheless,  a  few  things 
we  deem  worthy  of  notice. 

In  1768,  in  the  month  of  June,  Lancaster  county  was 
visited  by  a  dreadful  hail-storm.  A  writer  in  the  Pen)i- 
sylvania  Chronicle,  of  June,  1768,  says,  "I  now  sit 
down,"  in  writing  to  the  Editor,  "under  the  shade  of  a 
friendly  oak  in  the  country,  in  order  to  give  you  some 
account  of  the  late  dreadful  storm  here,  the  effects  of 
which,  I  have  taken  pains  to  examine,  having  rid  several 
miles  for  that  purpose. 

"  On  Friday,  the  17th  inst.  about  2  o'clock  P.  M.  the 
sky  was  overspread  with  flying  clouds,  apparently 
charged  with  heavy  rain.  The  wind  blew  pretty  fresh 
from  the  south-east,  and  thickened  the  clouds  in  the  op- 
posite quarter  ;  so  that  about  4  o'clock  there  was  dark- 
ness visible  in  the  north-west  attended  with  distant  rum- 
bling thunder,  and  now  and  then  with  a  small  gleam  of 
lightning,  without  any  explosions.     The  clouds  deepened 


370  ,  HISTORY    OF 

more  and  more  in  the  north-west,  and  thus  seemed  to 
make  a  stand,  being  opposed  by  the  wind  from  the 
opposite  points.  At  half-after  four,  they  assumed  a 
frightful  appearance,  and  at  last  a  large  crescent,  with  its 
concave  sides  to  the  wind,  and  its  inner  edges  tinged 
with  a  dusky  violet  color.  About  five  the  wind  veered 
about  to  the  north-west,  which  immediately  gave  motion 
to  the  clouds,  and  discharged  a  most  dreadful  and  destruc- 
tive volley  of  hail.  The  storm  then  proceeded  in  a  south- 
east direction,  at  the  rate  of  twelve  miles  an  hour,, 
attended  with  a  most  dreadful  noise,  something  like  the 
sounds  of  cannon,  drums  and  bells  mingled  together. — 
The  hail  stones  were  of  various  dimensions,  shapes  and 
forms.  Some  measured  nine  inches  in  circumfer- 
ence, some  seven,  whilst  others  were  not  larger  than, 
peas.  As  to  their  forms,  some  were  of  globular,  some 
spheroidical,  surrounded  with  small  excresences  or  knobs,, 
some  eliptical,  and  some  irregular  and  smooth,  like  pieces 
of  ice.  Such  as  were  globular,  were  endued  with  so 
much  elasticity,  that  they  rebounded  from  the  ground 
like  a  tennis  ball.  This  storm  divided  into  several, 
branches,  or  veins,  if  I  may  use  such  terms,  all  which 
kept  the  same  course,  but  bent  their  fury  mostly  towards 
the  mountains  hills  and  highlands. 

"  At  Susquehannah  the  hail  was  as  large  as  pigeon's 
eggs ;  at  Lancaster  about  the  size  of  peas ;  at  Dunker- 
town,  and  in  the  valley,  between  the  Welsh  and  Reading 
hills,  they  were  as  large  as  turkey's  eggs  ;  in  some  other 
places,  still  larger ;  and  at  Reading  no  hail  appeared. — 
The  damage  done  by  this  storm  is  very  great;  the  county 
of  Lancaster  alone,  it  is  thought,  has  suffered  several 
thousand  pounds.  In  many  places  there  is  not  a  single 
ear  of  wheat,  rye,  barley,  &c.  but  what  is  cutoff;  and 
nothing  left  but  the  green  straw,  bruised  and  beat  to 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  371 

pieces.  It  is  melancholy  to  see  fine  plantations,  and 
extensive  fields,  which  a  few  days  ago  waved  with  luxu- 
riant crops,  now  lying  waste.  Many  able  farmers  who 
expected  to  carry  several  hundred  bushels  of  grain  to 
market,  will  be  obliged  to  buy  bread  for  their  families  ; 
and  many  of  the  poorer  kind  will  be  ruined,  and  reduced 
to  beggary.  All  these  people  are  mowing  their  late 
promising  and  rich  crops,  as  fodder  for  their  cattle. — 
Their  distress  is  moving  and  alarming.  At  Dunkertown 
it  is  said,  with  what  truth  I  cannot  say,  that  cattle  were 
killed  by  the  hail ;  but  certain  it  is,  that  about  IMuddy 
creek,  in  this  county,  calves,  pigs,  fowls,  &c,  were  killed 
in  that  settlement ;  the  ground  in  the  woods  is  as  thick 
covered  with  green  foliage,  beaten  from  the  trees,  as  it  is 
with  the  fallen  leaves  in  the  month  of  October ;  and  in 
many  places  the  birds  are  found  dead  in  woods  and 
orchards.  The  north-west  side  of  the  fruit  trees  are 
barked,  and  all  the  glass  windows  on  that  side,  that  were 
not  secured  by  shutters,  are  demolished  ;  and  even  the 
rails  of  the  fences,  visibly  show  the  impression  of  hail 
upon  them.  In  short,  this  storm  threw  every  person 
who  saw  it,  into  the  most  dreadful  consternation;  for  the 
oldest  man  here  never  saw  or  heard  any  thing  like  it." 

As  early  as  1765,  the  British  Parliament  passed  an  act 
that  all  instruments  of  writing,  such  as  promissory  notes, 
bonds,  indentures,  &c.  were  to  be  null  and  void,  unless 
Avritten  on  paper  or  parchment  stamped  with  specific 
duty.  This  measure  was  opposed  in  England  and  in  this 
country  ;  and  being  found  unpopular,  the  act  was  repeal- 
ed in  1766  ;  but  another  act  was  passed  by  Parliament, 
declaring  that  the  British  Parliament  had  a  right  to  make 
laws  binding  the  colonies  in  all  cases  whatever  ;  this  act 
was  soon  followed  by  another,  imposing,  in  the  colonies, 
duties  (5n  glass,  paper,  painters  colors,  and  tea.     These 


378  HISTORV    OF 

several  acts  kindled  in  every  patriotic  bosom,  a  strong 
opposition  to  the  measures  of  the  mother  country,  and 
one  circumstance  after  another  led  to  an  open  rupture 
between  the  colonies  and  the  parent  country,  which  hap- 
pened about  the  year  1773,  when  the  Bostonians  threio 
the  tea  overboard.  From  that  time  on,  a  flame  was 
kindled  in  every  breast.  Gen.  Gage,  from  Britain,  arrived 
at  Boston  in  1774,  with  more  troops,  some  having  arrived 
before,  "  to  dragoon  the  Bostonians  into  compliance." — 
The  Bostonians  had  to  suffer  much;  but  their  sufferings 
excited  the  sympathy  of  others.  Associations  for  their 
relief  were  formed  in  nearly  all  the  colonies ;  even  this 
county  was  not  the  last  nor  least  to  aid  in  relieving  their 
suffering  brethren,  as  will  fully  appear  from  the  following 
precious  relic,  which  is  deposited  in  the  Prothonotary's 
office  of  ].ancaster  county  :* 

Copy  of  a  letter  from  the  committee  of  correspondence 
for  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  directed  to  the  freeholders 
and  other  inhabitants  of  this  place,  dated  about  the  I'Jth 
of  June,  1774.     Runs  in  the  words  following  to  wit: 

Philadelphia. 
Gentlemen: — We  beg  leave  to  refer  you  to  the  enclosed 
paper  for  the  steps  we  have  taken  on  the  present  alarm- 
ing occasion.  The  Governor  declining  to  call  the  As- 
sembly, renders  it  necessary  to  take  the  sentiments  of 
tlie  Inhabitants ;  and  for  that  purpose  it  is  agreed  to  call 
a  Meeting  of  the  Inhabitants  of  tiiis  city  and  the  county 
at  the  State  House,  on  Wednesday,  the  15tli  instant.-^ 
And  as  we  would  wish  to  have  the  sentiments  and  con- 
currence of  our  brethren  in  the  several  counties,  who 
are  equally  interested  with  us  in  the  General  Cause,  we 
earnestly  desire  you  to  call  together  the  principal  Inhab- 

*An  abridgement  of  this  relic  would  have  destroyed  the  in- 
terest of  the  whole. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  373 

itants  of  your  county  and  take  their  sentiments.  We 
shall  forward  to  you  by  every  occasion,  any  matters  of 
consequence  that  come  to  our  knowledge,  and  we  should 
be  glad  you  would  choose  and  appoint  a  Committee  to 
Correspond  with  us. 

Signed  by  order  of  the  committee  of  Corres- 
pondence,for  the  city  of  Philadelphia. 
Charles  Thompson,  Clerk. 

In  pursuance  of  which,  and  also  of  another  large  letter 
wrote  by  Mr.  Charles  Thompson,  and  sent  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  this  borough,  directed  to  the  care  of  Mr.  Wil- 
ham  Atlee,  a  meeting  was  held  on  the  15th  day  of  June, 
1774.  And  the  following  Resolves  were  agreed  on,  viz: 
At  a  meeting  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  borough  of  Lan- 
caster, at  the  court  house  in  the  said  borough,  on  Wednes- 
day, the  15th  day  of  June,  1774  :  Agreed — that  to  pre- 
serve the  Constitutional  rights  of  the  inhabitants  of 
America,  it  is  incumbent  on  every  colony,  to  unite  and 
use  die  most  effectual  means  to  procure  a  repeal  of  the 
late  act  of  Parliament  against  the  town  of  Boston. 

That  the  act  of  Parliament  for  blocking  up  the  port 
and  harbor  of  Boston,  is  an  invasion  of  the  rights  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  said  town,  as  subjects  of  the  crown  of 
Great  Britain.  That  it  is  the  opinion  of  the  inhabitants 
at  this  meeting  that  the  proper  and  effectual  means  to 
be  used  to  obtain  a  repeal  of  the  said  act,  will  be  to  put 
an  immediate  stop  to  all  imports,  and  exports,  to  and 
from  Great  Britain,  until  the  same  act  be  repealed. 

Tiiat  the  traders  and  inhabitants  of  this  town  will  join 
and  concur  with  the  patriotic  merchants,  manufacturers, 
tradesmen,  and  freeholders,  of  the  city  and  county  of 
Philadelphia,  and  other  parts  of  this  province,  in  an 
association  or  solemn  agreement  to  this  purpose,  if  the 
same  shall  be  by  them  thought  necessary i. 

32 


374  HISTORY    OP 

That  Edward  Shippcn,  Esq.,  George  Ross,  Esq.,  Jasper 
Yeates,  Esq.,  Mathias  Slough,  Esq.,  James  Wehb,  Esq., 
WiUiam  Atlee,  Esq.,  WiUiam  Henry,  Esq.,  Mr.  Liidwig 
Lauman,  Mr.  WiUiam  Bailsman  and  Mr.  Charles  Hall, 
be  a  committee  to  correspond  with  the  general  committee 
of  Philadelphia ;  that  these  sentiments  be  immediately- 
forwarded  to  the  committee  of  correspondence  at 
Philadelphia. 

The  gentlemen  above  named,  after  being  chosen  and 
appointed  a  committee  of  correspondence,  resolved  upon 
the  following  letter  to  be  transmitted  to  the  committee  of 
Philadelphia,  directed  to  Mr.  Charles  Thompson,  and  is  as 
follows,  viz : 

Lancaster,  the  15th  June,  1774. 

Sir  : — Agreeable  to  the  request  of  the  Committee  of 
Correspondence  for  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  signified  to 
some  of  the  Inhabitants  here,  by  your  letter.  We  have 
this  evening  had  a  Meeting  of  the  Inhabitants  of  this 
Town,  (at  which  a  very  great  number  attended)  at  the 
Court  House,  and  unanimously  gave  their  assent  to  the 
Resolves  or  Agreement  inclosed.  As  taking  the  senti- 
ments of  the  county  could  not  be  so  expeditiously  done 
by  having  a  general  Meeting  of  the  Inhabitants,  we 
thought  best  to  give  you  those  of  the  Town,  and  have 
the  pleasure  now  to  assure  you  that  the  Inhabitants  of 
the  county  in  general  begin  to  entertahi  similar  opinions 
within,  as  to  this  matter — and  no  doubt,  heartily  concur 
in  them  at  a  Meeting  which  we  shall  endeavor  as  soon  as 
possible  to  have  with  them.  We  hope  you  will  give  us 
intelligence  of  any  matters  worthy  of  notice,  and  be 
assured  we  shall  do  everything  in  our  power  to  promote 
the  General  Interest. 

We  are,  &c.  Signed  by 

Edward   Shippen,  James    Webb,   Matthias    Slough, 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  375 

William  Atlee,  William  Henry,  Esqrs.,  Messrs.  Ludwig 
Lauman,  William  Bailsman,  Charles  Hall. 

Ordered  that  Eberhurt  Michael  the  clerk  of  this  com- 
mittee do  forward  a  copy  of  this  day's  resolves  to  Mr. 
Charles  Thompson,  the  clerk  of  the  committee  at  Philadel- 
phia, whh  a  copy  of  this  letter,  signed  by  him. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  committee  of  correspondence,  ap- 
pointed for  the  borough  of  Lancaster,  the  2d  of  July, 
1774,  Edward  Shippen,  Esq.  being  chosen  chairman: 
The  committee  taking  into  consideration  the-  resolves  of 
the  respectable  inhabitants  of  the  city  and  county  of  Phil- 
adelphia, on  the  18th  of  June  last;  as  also,  the  circular 
letters  signed  by  the  chairman  of  their  said  committee, 
the  honorable  Thomas  Willig,  Esq. 

Resolved,  That  they  do  most  heartily  concur  with  their 
brethren  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  mode  proposed  for  taking 
the  sentiments  of  the  good  people  of  this  province,  on  the 
present  alarming  and  critical  situation  of  the  American 
colonies,  therefore, 

Resolved,  That  notice  be  given  to  the  freemen  and 
inhabitants  of  this  county  with  the  utmost  expedition,  to 
choose  a  committee  to  join  with  the  committees  of  the 
other  counties  of  this  province  to  meet  at  Philadelphia, 
for  the  very  great  and  useful  purposes  mentioned  in  the 
said  resolves  and  circular  letters:  and  therefore. 

Resolved,  That  the  freemen  and  inhabitants  of  this 
county  be  requested  to  meet  on  Saturday,  the  ninth  day 
of  this  instant,  at  2  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  at  the  court 
house,  in  Lancaster,  for  the  purpose  aforesaid. 

N,  13.  The  said  resolves  of  the  committee  at  this 
meeting,  being  ordered  to  be  printed,  and  the  same  after 
they  were  printed,  signed  by  Edward  Shippen,  Esq.,  the 
chairman.  Sent  and  put  up  at  all  public  places  in  the 
county. 


376  HISTORY    OF 

Now  following  the  copy  of  the  circular  letter  mention- 
ed in  the  last  foregoing  resolves,  and  is  from  word  to 
word,  as  followeth,  to  wit : 

Philadelphia,  Jmie  28th,  1774. 

Gentlemen:— The  committee  of  correspondence  for  this 
city  and  comity  beg  leave  to  enclose  you  printed  copies 
of  the  resolves  passed  at  a  very  large  and  respectable 
meeting  of  the  freeholders  and  freemen,  in  the  State 
House  square,  on  Saturday,  the  ISth  instant.  By  the  4th 
of  those  resolves,  you  will  observe  that  it  was  left  for  the 
committee  "  To  determine  on  the  most  proper  mode  of 
collecting  the  sense  of  this  province  in  the  present  critical 
situation  of  our  affairs,  and  appointing  deputies  to  attend 
the  proposed  Congress.  In  pursuance  of  this  trust,  we 
have,  upon  the  maturest  deliberation,  determined  upon  a 
mode  contained  in  the  two  following  propositions,  which, 
we  hope,  may  meet  with  the  approbation  and  concur- 
rence of  your  respectable  county,  viz : 

First :  "  That  the  Speaker  of  the  honorable  House  of 
Representatives  be  desired  to  write  to  the  several  mem- 
bers of  Assembly  in  this  province,  requesting  them  to 
meet  in  this  city  as  soon  as  possible,  but  no  later  than  the 
1st  of  August  next,  to  take  into  their  consideration  our 
Tery  alarming  situation. 

Second  :  '  That  letters  be  written  to  proper  persons  in 
each  county,  recommending  it  to  them,  to  get  committees 
appointed  to  their  respective  counties,  aud  that  the  said 
committees  or  such  a  number  of  them  as  may  be  thought 
proper,  may  meet  at  Philadelphia,  at  the  time  the  repre- 
sentatives are  convened,  in  order  to  consult  and  advise 
on  the  most  expedient  mode  of  appointing  deputies  for 
the  general  Congress,  and  to  give  their  weight  to  such  as 
may  be  appointed.' 

The  Speaker  of  the  Assembly,  in  a  very  obliging  and 


LANCASTER    COUNTr.  377 

ready  manner,  had  agreed  to  comply  with  the  request  in 
the  former  of  those  propositions  ;  but  we  are  now  inform- 
ed that,  on  account  of  tlie  Indian  disturbances,  the  Gov- 
ernor has  found  it  necessary  to  call  the  Assembly  to  meet 
in  their  legislative  capacity,  on  Monday,  the  18th  of  July, 
being  about  the  same  time  the  Speaker  would  probably 
have  invited  them  to  a  conference  or  convention  in  their 
private  capacity. 

What  we  have  therefore  to  request  is,  that  if  you 
approve  of  the  mode  expressed  in  the  second  proposition, 
the  whole  or  part  of  the  committee  appointed,  or  to  be 
appointed  for  your  county,  will  meet  the  committees  from 
the  other  counties,  at  Philadelphia,  on  Friday  the  fifteenth 
of  July,  in  order  to  assist  in  framing  instructions,  and 
preparing  such  matter  as  may  be  proper  to  recommend 
to  our  representatives,  at  their  meeting  the  INIonday 
following. 

We  trust,  no  apology  is  necessary  for  the  trouble  we 
propose  giving  your  committee  of  attending  at  Philadel- 
phia, as  W3  are  persuaded  you  are  fully  convinced  of  the 
necessity  of  the  closest  Union  among  ourselves,  both  in 
sentiment  and  action  ;  nor  can  such  union  be  obtained  so 
well  by  any  other  method,  as  by  a  meeting  of  the  county 
committees  of  each  particular  province  in  one  place, 
preparatory  to  the  general  Congress, 

We  would  not  offer  such  an  affront  to  the  well  known 
public  spirit  of  Pennsylvania,  as  to  question  your  zeal  on 
the  present  occasion.  Our  very  existence  in  the  ranks  of 
freemen,  and  the  security  of  all  that  ought  to  be  dear  to 
us,  evidently  depend  upon  our  conducting  this  great  cause 
to  its  proper  issue  by  firmness,  wisdom  and  unanimity. 
We  cannot  therefore  doubt  your  ready  concurrence  in 
every  measure  that  may  be  conducive  to  the  public  good; 
and  it  is  with  pleasure  we  can  assure  you,  that  all  the 

32* 


378  HISTORY    OP 

colonies,  from  South  Carolina  to  New  Hampshire,  seem: 
animated  with  one  spirit  in  the  common  cause,  and  con- 
sider this  as  the  proper  crisis  for  having  our  differences 
with  the  mother  country  bi:ought  to  some  certain  issue, 
and  our  liberty  fixt  upon  a  permanent  foundation.  This 
desirable  end  can  only  be  accomplished  by  a  free  com- 
munion of  sentiments,  and  a  sincere  fervent  regard  to  the 
interests  of  our  com.mon  country.  We  beg  to  be  favored 
with  an,  answer  to  this,  and  whether  the  committee  for 
your  county  can  attend  at  Philadelphia,  at  the  time  pro- 
posed. Signed  by  order  of  the  committee. 

Thomas  Willig,  Chairman, 
To  the  committee  for  Lancaster  county. 

Pursuant  to  the  publication  of  the  resolves  of  the  com- 
mittee before  mentioned :  A  general  meeting  of  the 
freemen  and  inhabitants  of  this  county,  (of  Lancaster,) 
was  held  on  Saturday,  the  9th  of  July,  1774. 

George  Ross,  Esq.,  being  chosen  chairman.  This 
assembly  taking  into  serious  consideration  the  severallate 
acts  of  the  British  Parhrnient,  relative  to  America ;  came 
unanimously  to  the  following  declarations  and  resolvesj^ 
viz : 

1.  We  do  sincerely  profess  and  declare,  that  his  most 
gracious  majesty  King  George  the  third,  is  our  rightful 
and  lawful  sovereign ;  and  that  we  will  support  and 
defend  him  to  the  utmost  of  our  power  with  our  lives 
and  fortunes  against  hi$  enemies. 

2.  We  do  further  declare  that  no  power  is  constitu- 
tionally lodged  in  the  hands  of  any  hotly  of  men,  to  give 
and  grant  our  money,  save  only  our  representatives  in 
Assembly,  who  have  at  all  times  cheerfully  granted  aid 
to  his  majesty  whenever  he  has  made  requisition  frona 
them. 

3.  Tliat  the  acts  of  the  British  Parliament  for  divest 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  379 

ing  us  of  such  right,  and  assuming  such  power  them- 
selves, are  unconstitutional,  unjust  and  oppressive. 

4.  That  it  is  an  indispensible  duty  we  owe  to  ourselves 
and  posterity,  to  oppose  with  decency  and  firmness,  every 
measure  tending  to  deprive  us  of  our  just  rights  and 
privileges. 

5.  That  a  close  union  of  the  colonies,  and  their  faith- 
fully adhering  to  such  measures  as  a  general  Congress 
shall  judge  proper,  are  the  most  likely  means  to  procure 
redress  of  American  grievances,  and  settle  the  rights  of 
the  colonies  on  a  permanent  basis. 

6.  That  it  is  highly  expedient  to  appoint  a  committee 
to  meet  the  committees  of  the  other  counties  of  this  prov- 
ince, at  Philadelphia,  on  the  15th  instant,  to  confer 
with  them  on  the  important  matters,  mentioned  in  the 
letter  from  the  chairman  of  the  committe  of  Philadelphia. 

7.  That  we  will  sincerely  and  heartily,  agree  to  and 
abide  by  the  measures  which  shall  be  adopted  by  the 
members  of  the  general  Congress  of  the  colonies. 

8.  That  we  tenderly  sympathize  with  our  brethren  of 
Boston,  who  are  suffering  in  the  American  cause,  by  an 
unconstitutional  and  oppressive  act  of  the  British  Parlia- 
ment, called  the  Boston  Port  bill 

9.  That  a  subscription  be  opened  for  the  relief  of  our 
suffering  brethren  there. 

10.  That  the  subscription  be  put  into  the  hands  of  the 
commhtee  of  this  county,  to  be  by  them  laid  out  in  the  pur- 
chase of  provisions  and  sent  to  Boston  towards  the  relief 
of  their  distresses. 

11.  That  the  committee  for  the  borough  of  Lancaster 
already  appointed,  be  a  committee  of  correspondence, 
and  that  George  Ross,  James  Webb,  Mathias  Slough, 
Joseph  Ferree,  Emanuel  Carpenter  and  William  Atlee, 
Esqrs.,  Mr.  Alexander  Lowry,  Mr.  Moses  Irwin,  be   a 


3S0  HISTORY    OF 

committee  to  meet  and  consult  with  the  committees  of  the 
other  counties  of  this  province  at  Pliiladelphia  the  15th 
inst.,  and  also  to  join  with  the  committee  of  correspond- 
ence in  receiving  subscriptions  for  the  relief  our  Boston 
"brethren. 

It  was  then  moved,  tliat  the  thanks  of  the  freemen  and 
inhabitants  present,  should  be  rendered  to  the  worthy 
Chairman  for  the  very  proper  and  spirited  address  made 
by  him  to  this  Assembly,  replete  with  the  warmest 
expressions  of  loyalty  to  his  Majesty,  and  fervent  zeal 
for  the  common  interest  of  America — which  motion  was 
agreed  to  by  a  general  holding  up  of  hands,  and  the 
thanks  of  the  Assembly  were  then  presented  to  Mr,  Ross 
for  his  patriotic  conduct  upon  this  occasion. 

Eberhart  Michael,  Clk. 

A  subscription  was  then  immediately  opened  by  the 
committee  for  the  benefit  of  our  suffering  brethren  of  the 
town  of  Boston,  and  very  handsome  sums  subscribed  by 
several  of  the  persons  present,  and  at  the  request  of 
numbers  of  the  reputable  inhabitants,  papers  are  printing 
and  sending  to  the  different  townships,  to  receive  the 
subscriptions  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  county,  which, 
it  is  expected,  will  amount  to  a  considerable  sum,  and 
will  be  collected  as  expeditiously  as  possible  by  the  com- 
mittee and  laid  out  as  shall  be  thought  to  answer  the  good 
purpose  intended. 

A  paper  was  delivered  by  Mr.  Elijah  Weikersham,  to 
the  Chairman  at  this  meeting,  and  read  by  him,  contain- 
ing similar  resolves  (with  the  above)  of  the  freemen  of 
the  townships  of  Paxton  and  Derry,  at  their  meeting  at 
the  town  of  Middletown  on  the  Sth  last  past,  and  signed 
by  James  Bird,  Esq.,  chairman. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  committee  of  the  county  of  Lan- 


LANCASTER    COUNTT.  3S1 

caster,  at  Lancaster,  on  the  9th  September,  1774,  Edward 
Shippen,  Esq.  in  the  chair. 

The  subscription  received  for  the  reUef  of  the  distresses 
of  the  poor  inhabitants  of  tlie  town  of  Boston,  were  laid 
before  the  committee,  and  it  appeareth  that  the  smn  of 
one  hundred  and  fifty  three  pounds,  fifteen  shillings  and 
two  pence,  has  been  collected  in  the  Borough  of  Lancas- 
ter for  the  purposes  aforesaid,  and  it  being  put  to  the  vote 
whether  the  said  sum  should  not  be  immediately  remitted 
to  Philadelphia  to  Mr.  John  Nixon  the  Treasurer  of  the 
city  and  county  of  Philadelphia,  to  be  laid  out  in  such 
manner  as  the  committee  for  the  •  said  city  and  county 
should  think  proper  for  the  relief  of  our  distressed  poor 
brethren  of  the  town  of  Boston,  the  same  was  carried  in 
the  affirmative,  and  Edward  Shippen,  Esq.,  the  chairman^ 
is  requested  to  forward  the  said  sum  of  money  forthwith 
to  Philadelphia  for  the  purpose  aforesaid. 

At  this  time  no  proper  account  could  possibly  be  had 
of  the  subscription  papers  of  the  several  townships  in 
this  county. 

The  following  letter  was  omitted  entering  in  its  proper 
place,  and  is  as  follows,  to  wit : — 

Gentlemen  : — Enclosed  you  will  receive  a  printed  cir- 
cular letter  signed  by  the  chairman  of  our  committee,  and 
the  resolves  therein  referred  to,  with  some  other  printed 
papers.  The  use  to  be  made  of  them,  your  own  prudence 
and  good  judgment  will  suggest ;  we  would  be  glad  to 
hear  as  soon  as  possible  from  the  committee  for  your 
county,  and  are  Your  most  humble  servant, 

William  Smith. 
Your  assured  friend, 

Isaac  Howell. 

Philadelphia,  June  29,  1774. 

To  Edward  Shippen  and  George  Ross,  Esq'rs.,  who 


382  HISTORY    OF 

are  requested  to  communicate  the  enclosed  papers  to  the 
other  gentlemen  of  the  committee. 

Those  gentlemen  named  and  appointed  at  the  meeting 
of  the  9th  July  last,  did  attend  the  provincial  convention 
at  Philadelphia,  on  Monday  the  15th  then  next.  And 
the  proceedings  together  with  the  resolves  of  that  provin- 
cial committee,  hath  been  inserted  in  the  public  papers. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  committee  August  Uth,  they  were 
informed  that  Joshua  and  Robert  Lockharts,  of  this 
borough,  shopkeepers,  had  brought  to  this  town  a 
quantity  of  tea,  that  hath  paid  duty  under  the  late  act  of 
parliament.  A  note  was  therefore  sent  to  them  by.  the 
committee  requiring  their  inmiediate  attendance.  In 
consequence  thereof  one  of  the  partners  called  on  the 
committee,  but  denied  their  having  received  any  tea,  but 
as  this  account  by  no  means  appeared  satisfactory  from 
several  matters  which  escaped  the  partner  attending,  the 
committee  did  inspect  their  shop,  and  witli  some  diffi- 
culty learned  of  a  chest  of  Bohea  tea,  weight  349 
neat  Avcight  which  they  had  bought  from  a  certain 
merchant  in  Philadelphia.  The  committee  taking  an 
account  of  all  the  marks  of  the  case  in  whicli  it  was 
packed,  removed  the  tea,  and  wrote  to  the  committee  of 
Philadelphia,  who  examined  the  matter,  and  it  appeareth 
that  this  tea  never  had  paid  any  duty,  but  was  part  of  a 
seizure  made  by  the  Custom  house  and  was  afterwads 
purchased  at  public  sale  by  the  original  owner  of  it,  as  by 
a  letter  from  the  committee  of  Philadelphia,  dated 
August  25th,  wrote  and  signed  by  the  Honorable 
Thomas  Willing,  the  chairman,  directed  to  this  connnittee, 
appears ;  upon  whicli,  the  said  teas  were  returned  again, 
and  the  said  Lockharts  were  acquitted. 

The  Continenial  Congress  held  at  Philadelphia,  the  5th 
of  September,  1774,  continued  to   the  25th  of  October 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  3S3 

Tlie  votes  and  proceedings  of  which,  have  since  been  pub- 
Ushed  in  the  public  papers,  and  printed  also  by  a  pam- 
phlet containing  the  bill  of  rights,  list  of  grievances, 
occasional  resolves,  the  association,  an  address  to  the 
people  of  Great  Britain,  a  memorial  to  the  inhabitants 
of  the  British  American  Colonies,  and  petition  to  the 
King. 

November  22nd,  1774.  The  committee  of  this  bor- 
ough met  and  the  following  hand  bill  by  them  ordered  to 
be  printed,  and  sent  to,  and  put  up  at  all  the  public  places 
in  this  county  viz  : 

To  the  freeholders  and  electors  of  the  county  ol' 
Lancaster' 

The  committee  for  the  borough  of  Lancaster,  taking  in 
their  consideration  the  resolves  and  recommendations  of 
the  American  continental  Congress,  request  that  the  free- 
holders and  others  qualified  to  vote  for  Representatives  in 
Assembly  for  the  county  of  Lancaster,  would  meet  at  the 
Court  house,  in  Lancaster,  on  Thursday  the  fifteenth  day 
of  December  next,  to  choose  by  ballot  sixty  proper 
persons  for  a  committee,  to  observe  the  conduct  of  all 
persons  touching  the  general  Association  of  the  general 
Congress ;  which  committee,  it  is  proposed,  when  elected, 
shall  divide  the  county  into  different  districts,  and  appoint 
members  of  the  committee  to  superintend  each  district, 
and  any  six  of  the  members  so  appointed  for  a  district  to 
be  a  quorum  for  transacting  business. 

It  will  be  necessary,  previous  to  the  general  election, 
that  each  township  shall  elect  a  proper  person  to  act  as 
inspector,  and  receive  the  tickets  of  the  electors  on  that 
day. 

On  the  said  15th  day  of  December,  in  pursuance  to  the 
notice  above  mentioned,  a  general  election  was  held  at 
the  borough  of  Lancaster,  for  this  county,  and  the  fol- 


3S4  HISTORY    OP 

lowing  persons  were  chosen  as,  and  for,  a  committee.  Viz: 
Lancaster  borough — Edward  Shippen,  George  Ross, 
James  Webb,  Adam  Sim.  Kuhn,  Jasper  Yeates,  William 
Atlee,  Adam  Reigart,  Wm.  Bailsman,  Christian  Voght, 
Eberhart  Michael,  Charles  Hall,  Casper  Shaffner. 
Concstoga — Martin  Bare.    Manor— John  Killhafer,  Jacob 
Wistler,  ^James  Jacks.     Hempfield — Val.  Breneman. — 
Manhcim — Samuel  Bear,  Sebastian  Graff.     (As  the  first 
district.)     Upper  Paxton,  Londonderry,  Deny,  Hanover 
and  Paxton,  (the  second  district,) — Paxton — James  Burd, 
do.  Joseph   Sherer — Hanover,   Timothy   Green — Derry, 
Castle  Bycrs,  do.  *William  Laird,  do,  ^Robert  McKee — 
Londonderry,  John    Campbell, — Paxton,  John   Bakes- 
tose — Upper     Paxton,    William     Patterson — Hanover, 
William  Brown,  do.  James  Crawford,  Warwick,  Rapho, 
Mountjoy   and    Donegal,   (the   3rd  district,)  Mountjoy, 
*Jamcs  Cunningham,  do.  Abrm,  Frederick — RaphOj  Ja- 
cob Erisman,  do.  Patrick  Hay — Donegal,  *Bartram  Gal- 
braith,  do.   Alexander  Lowrey,  do.  Fred'k  Mumma — 
Warwick,  Jacob  Erb,  do.  Peter  Grubb.     Bethel,  Heidel- 
berg, Elizabeth  and  Lebanon,  (the  4th  District, — Leba- 
non, Thomas  Clark,  do.  Curtis  Grubb,  do.  Henry  Light — 
Bethel,  *Ludwig  Shuy,  do.  *Casper  Corr,  do.  *John  Bi- 
shon — Heidleburg,  John  Weiser — Bethel,  *Killian  Long, 
do.  *Sam'l  Jones — Elizabeth,    Hans   Frantz,  Lebanon, 
Henry   Bealor,      Brecknock,   Carnarvon,  Cocalico  and 
Earl,  (the   5th    District,)— Earl,    *Alex'r    Martin,    do. 
*Emanuel  Carpenter,  do.  ^Anthony  Ellmaker,  do.  Wm. 
Smith,  do,  *Zacheus  Davis,  do.  Geo.  Rein,  do.  Jno.  Bru- 
baker — Cocalico,  John  Jones — Brecknock,  Benj.  Lessley— 
Carnarvon,  David  Jenkins.     Lampeter,  Strasburg,  Lea- 
cock  iiiid  Salisbury,  (the  6th  District,) — Salisbury  ■* James 
Clemson,  do.  Mno.  Whitehill — I^eacock,  David  AVatson, 
do,   Nath'l   Lightner — Strasburg,   Eberhart   Grube,  do. 


LANCASTER    COtTNTY.  385 

Mich'l  Witter— Lampeter,  Jno.  Witmer,  Jr.  Martick, 
Bart,  Sadsbury,  Colerain,  Little  Britain  and  Drumore, 
(the  7tli  district,)— Sadsbury,  Robert  Baiiy— Little  Brit- 
ain, John  Allton— Druniore,  *Thos.  Porter— Bart,  Jacob 
Bare— Colerain,  Joshua  Anderson — Martick,  Jno.  Snod- 
grass— Drumore,  *WilUam  McEntire— Little  Britain, 
Thomas  Whitesides— Bart,  Hieronimus  Hickman. 

N.  B.  Tlie  names  with  Astericks  (*)  before  them,  were, 
■elected  in  their  respective  townships,  and  upon  proper 
certificates  by  them  produced  of  their  being  duly  elected, 
their  names  being  added  to  committee. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  committee  of  the  borough  of  Lan- 
caster. Present,  Edward  Shippen,  Esq.  Wm.  Bausman, 
Charles  Hall,  Christian  Voght,  Sebastian  Graff,  Adam 
Reigart,  Casper  Shaffner,  William  Atlee,  Peter  Grubb, 
and  Eberhart  Michael,  Edward  Shippen,  Esq.  in  the  chair. 

Several  of  the  reputable  inhabitants  of  this  borough  of 
Lancaster,  having  mentioned  their  dislike  to  Mr.  Francis 

,  having  opened  a  dancing  school  in  this  borough,  (at 

the  present  time)  and  that  in  their  opinion  the  same  was 
contrary  to  the  eighth  article  of  the  association  of  the 
continental  Congress,  and  rec[U'jsting  a  meeting  of  this 
committee  and  their  sentiments  on  the  occasion.  Upon 
consideration  of  the  matter,  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  com- 
mittee,  that  the  said   Mr.  Francis  ,   opening   and 

keeping  a  dancing  school  in  the  said  borough,  comes 
within  the  meaning  of  the  eighth  article  ot  the  association 
■  of  the  continental  Congress,  and  that  the  same  ought,  at 
the  present  time,  during  the  unhappy  dispute  with  the 
mother  country,  to  be  discontinued.     And  Mr.  Francis 

being  sent  for,  waited  Uj)on  the  committee,  and 

being  informed  of  the  sentiments  of  this  committee,  agreed 
and  promised  to  break  up  and  discontinue  his  said  school. 

Signed  by  the  members  above  named. 

33 


38S  HISTORY    OF 

A  letter  received  from  the  committee  of  correspondence 
of  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  dated  the  22d  December, 
1774,  directed  to  the  committee  of  this  place,  of  which 
the  following  is  a  copy,  viz  : 

Gentlemen:  By  order  of  the  committee  of  the  City  and 
Liberties  of  Philadelphia,  we  have  the  pleasure  to  trans- 
mit you  the  following  resolves,  passed  this  day  with  great 
mianimity,  viz  : 

"That  this  committee  think  it  absolutely  necessary  that 
the  committees  of  the  counties  of  this  province,  or  such 
deputies  as  they  may  appoint  for  this  purpose,  be  request- 
ed to  meet  together  in  provincial  convention  as  soon  as 
convenient. 

"  That  it  be  recommended  to  the  county  committees  to 
meet  in  said  convention,  on  Monday,  the  23d  day  of  Jan- 
uary next,  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia." 

From  a  view  of  the  present  situation  of  public  affairs, 
the  committee  have  been  induced  to  propose  this  conven- 
tion, that  the  sense  of  the  province  may  be  obtained ;  and 
that  the  measures  to  be  taken  thereupon,  may  be  the 
result  of  the  united  wisdom  of  the  colony. 

The  obvious  necessity  of  giving  an  immediate  conside- 
ration to  many  matters  of  the  greatest  importance  to  the 
general  welfare,  will,  we  hope,  sufficiently  apologize  to 
you  for  naming  so  early  a  day  as  the  23d  of  January. 
We  are,  gentlemen,  respectfully. 
Your  humble  servants, 

Jos.  Reed,  Charles  Thompson,  Geo.  Clymer,  John  Nix- 
on, John  Benezet,  Sam'l  Meredith,  Thos.  Mifflin,  Jona. 
B.  Smith,  Committee  of  correspondence. 

Tlie  following  letter  from  the  conmiittee  of  correspond- 
ence for  the  county  of  Berks,  was  sent  to  the  committee 
of  this  place,  viz ; 


LANCASTER   COUNTY.  387 

Reading,  2d  January,  1775. 

This  day  the  committee  of  this  county  met  here.  A 
letter  from  the  committee  of  correspondence  of  the  City 
and  Liberties  of  Philadelphia,  (meaning  the  same  above,) 
was  laid  before  them  proposing  a  provincial  convention, 
to  be  held  at  Philadelphia,  the  22d  instant.  The  letter 
being  duly  considered,  the  committee  unanimously  agreed 
to  the  proposed  convention,  and  appointed  Edward  Bid- 
die,  Jonathan  Potts,  Mark  Bird,  Christopher  Shultz,  John 
Patton,  Sebastian  Levan,  and  Balzer  Gehr,  a  committee 
to  attend  to  said  convention,  in  behalf  of  this  county. — 
The  committee  then  proceeded  to  choose  a  conmiittee  of 
correspondence,  and  Edward  Biddle,  William  Reerer, 
Mark  Bird,  Jonathan  Potts,  and  Christopher  Wittman, 
were  duly  elected  a  committee  of  correspondence  for  this 
county.     Extract  from  the  proceedings  of  the  committee. 

Jonathan  Potts,  Clerk. 

Another  letter  from  the  same  committee  of  correspond- 
ence of  the  county  of  Berks,  to  the  committee  of  this 
place,  viz  : 

Gentlemen :     Enclosed  is  an  extract  from  the  proceed 
ings  of  the  committee  of  this  county,  by  which  you  will 
see  that  deputies  are  appointed  to  attend  the  proposed 
provincial  convention. 

When  we  consider  that  our  disputes  are  drawing  fast  to 
a  crisis,  and  that  the  most  cordial  unanimity  is  absolutely 
necessary  for  our  preservation  ;  we  cannot  doubt  but  that 
your  respectable  committee  will  without  hesitation  appoint 
deputies  to  attend  the  provincial  Congress.  The  neglect 
of  any  one  comity  may  have  the  most  fatal  consequences. 
And  we  well  know  the  pleasure  it  would  give  our  ene- 
mies to  see  even  the  appearance  of  a  disunion  at  this 
very  important  time. 


388  HISTORY    01 

The  great  consequence  of  tliis  subject  will,  we  hope;^ 
apo]o2:ize  for  this  freedom. 

We  are,  gentlemen,  with  the  greatest  respect, 
Your  most  obedient  humble  servants, 

Edward  Biddle,  Jonathan  Potts,  William  Rccrer^. 
Cliristopher  Witman,  Mark'  Bird, 

Commillee  of  correspondence. 
Reading,  5th  January,  1775. 

N.  B.  The  above  mentioned  extracts,  &c.  arc  put 
among  the  files  of  other  papers  relative  to  the  committee. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  committee  of  inspection  of  the 
county  of  Lancaster,  at  the  Court  house,  in  Lancaster,  on 
Saturday,  the  14th  day  of  January,  1775,  Edward  Ship- 
pen,  Esq.  was  chosen  chairman. 

It  was  unanimously  agreed  that  in  case  of  any  differ- 
ence in  sentiments,  the  question  proposed  be  determined 
by  the  members  of  committee,  voting  by  townsliips. 

A  letter  from  the  connnittee  of  correspondence  of  ih^ 
City  and  Liberties  of  Philadelphia,  and  another  letter  from 
the  committee  of  correspondence  of  Berks  county,  were 
then  read;  audit  being  put  to  vote,  whether  this  com- 
mittee would  appoint  deputies  to  meet  the  other  counties: 
of  this  province  in  provincial  convention,  on  Monday,  the 
23d  Jxmuary  instant,  the  same  was  carried  in  the  affir- 
mative : 

Yeas;  Borough  of  Lancaster,  Hempfickl  township, 
Manliemi  township,  Paxton  township,  Hanover  to wnship^ 
Londonderry  township,  Mountjoy  township,  Rapho  town- 
ship, Donegal  townsliij),  Warwick  township,  l^ebanorx 
township,  Bethel  township,  P^lizabeth  township.  Earl 
townsiiip,  Brecknock  township,  Caernarvon  township^ 
Salisbury  township,  Leacock  townsiiip,  Lampeter  town- 
siiip, Sadsbury  township,  Little  Britain  township,  Dru;^ 
mere  township,  Colcrain  township. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  389 

Nays  ;  Lancaster  township,  Derry  township,  Strasburg 
township,  Bart  township. 

Absent ;  Conestoga  township.  Upper  Paxton  township, 
Heidleberg  township,  Cocalico  township,  Martick  town- 
ship. Manor  township. 

The  committee  then  proceeded  to  appoint  deputies,  and 
the  following  gentlemen,  to  wit: — Adam  Simon  Kuhn, 
James  Biird,  James  Clemson,  Esq.,  Peter  Grubb,  Sebas- 
tian Graff,  David  Jenkins  and  Bartram  Galbraith,  or  any 
five  of  them,  were  nominated  to  attend  the  said  provin- 
cial convention,  in  behalf  of  the  county  of  Lancaster. 

Edward  Shippen,  Chairman. 

The  preceding  proceedings  of  the  committees  and 
occurrences,  being  recorded  by  E.  M.  (June  3d,  1775.) 

At  a  meeting  of  the  committee  of  inspection  and  obser- 
vation, of  the  borough  of  Lancaster,  the  27th  of  April,, 
1775,  at  the  house  of  Adam  Reigart. 

Present;  Edward  Shippen,  Esq.,  William  Atlee,  Wm. 
Bausman,  Charles  Hall,  William  Patterson,  Casper  Shaff- 
ner,  Eberhart  Michael,  Adam  Reigart. 

Edward  Shippen,  Esq.  was  chosen  president. 

It  appearing  by  intelligence  from  divers  places  and  by 
the  papers,  that  General  Gage,  hatli  at  length  atta.cked 
the  inhabitants  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  and  killed  and 
wounded  many  of  them,  and  the  latest  accounts  from 
England  confirming  the  accounts  that  the  Parliament  of 
Great  Britain  are  determined  by  force  of  arms  to  compel 
the  colonies  to  an  abject  submission  to  the  late  acts  of  the 
British  Parliament,  calculated  to  deprive  tlie  inhabitants 
of  the  colonies  of  their  inestimable  rights  and  privileges  ; 
and  that  a  formidable  fleet  and  army  are  preparing  to 
invade  the  colonies  or  some  of  them;  it  is  therefore 
thought  proper  to  request  a  general  meeting  of  the  com- 
mittee for  tills  comity,  to  consult  and  determine  upon  such 

331* 


380  HISTORY    OF 

measures  as  may  be  necessary  to  be  pursued  at  this 
alarming  crisis ;  and  it  is  unanimously  agreed  that  hand- 
bills 1)0  immediately  printed  and  distributed  throughout 
the  county,  requesting  the  members  of  the  committee  to 
meet  at  the  house  of  Adam  Reigart,  in  the  borough  of 
Lancaster,  on  Monday,  the  first  day  of  May  next,  at  two 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon  for  those  purposes  ;  and  Mr.  Bai- 
ley is  requested  to  print  a  sulhcient  number  of  hand-bills 
for  this  purpose,  in  the  following  words,  to  wit : 

The  members  of  the  committee  of  observation  for  the 
respective  districts  and  townships,  are  desired  to  meet  at 
the  boroudi  of  Lancaster,  at  the  house  of  Adam  Reieart. 
in  the  said  borough,  on  Monday,  the  first  day  of  May 
next,  at  two  o'clock  in  tlie  afternoon,  to  consult  and 
determine  upon  proper  and  necessary  measures  to  be 
taken  for  the  general  good  in  the  present  alarming  situa- 
tion of  affairs. 

At  the  request  of  the  committee  of  observation,  in  the 
borough  of  Lancaster.  (Signed.) 

Edward  Shippen,  Chairman. 
Lancaster,  the  27th  April,  1775. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  committee  of  observation,  at  the 
house  of  Adam  Reigart,  the  thirtieth  day  of  March,  in 
the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and 
seventy-five. 

Present,  George  Ross,  Esq.,  Jasper  Yeates,  Esq.,  Wm. 
Atlee,  Esq.,  Adam  Reigart,  William  Bausman,  Esq., 
Charles  Hall,  Casper  Shafliier,  Samuel  Bare,  Eberhart 
Michael,  James  Cunningham,  Alexander  Martin,  Wm. 
Smith: — George  Ross,  Esq.,  chosen  chairman;  George 
Ross,  jun.,  chosen  clerk. 

A  complaint  being  made  to  the  committee,  that  Charles 
Hamilton  had  sold  tea  contrary  to  the  association  of  the 
contiueutul  Congress.     Ordered  that  notice  be  given  to 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  391 

said  Charles  Hamilton.     Thereupon  a  copy  of  the  follow- 
ing notice  was  sent  to  Mr.  Charles  Hamilton. 

u  Sir — You  are  charged  before  the  committee  for  this 
county  of  having  vended  a  quantity  of  tea  since  the  first 
instant,  contrary  to  the  association  of  the  continental 
Congress.  The  committee  are  now  sitting  at  Mr.  Adam 
Reigart's,  and  desn'e  your  attendance  to  answer  to  the 
charge."  (Signed) 

Geo.  Ross,  jun.,  Clerk. 

To  Mr.  Charles  Hamilton,  shopkeeper. 

March  30,  1775. 

Mr.  Hamilton  having  attended,  and  it  appearing  by  the 
oath  of  John  Taylor,  the  clerk,  that  the  tea  was  sold  in 
Mr.  Hamilton's  absence  at  Philadelphia,  contrary  to  the 
express  orders  given  by  him  in  his  store  since  the  first  of 
March  instant ;  and  Mr.  Hamilton,  upon  knowing  of  the 
said  tea  being  sold,  immediately  disapproved  of  the  sale 
thereof.  And  Mr.  Hamilton  himself,  upon  oath,  declar- 
ing that  ever  since  the  first  of  March  instant,  his  orders 
in  the  store  have  been  to  his  clerk,  that  they  should  sell 
no  tea  whatsoever,  and  that  the  said  sale  was  in  his 
absence,  and  that  he  disapproves  thereof.  Upon  conside- 
ration of  the  premises  by  the  committee,  it  is  their  unani- 
mous opinion,  that  Mr.  Hamilton  stands  acquitted  of  the 
charge  against  him,  and  that  he  hath  not  counteracted  the 
p^sociation  of  the  continental  Congress. 

"  I,  Charles  Hamilton,  of  the  borough  of  Lancaster, 
shopkeeper,  do  hereby  declare  and  assert,  that  I  utterly 
disapprove  of  the  sales  of  any  tea  in  my  store  since  the 
first  day  of  March,  instant,  and  it  is  and  always  hath  been 
my  fixed  intention  and  determination  to  adhere  inviola- 
bly to  the  association  of  the  American  continental  Con- 
gress, being  fully  convinced  that  the  measures  proposed 
thereby  are  the  only  probable  modes  of  rescuing  America 


392  HISTORY    OF 

from  British  Parliamentary  despotism.  Witness  my 
hand,  the  thirtieth  day  of  March,  A.  D.,  one  thousand 
seven  hundred  and  seventy-five.  (Signed) 

"Charles  Hamilton." 

Edward  Shippen,  Esq.,  George  Ross,  Esq.,  Jasper 
Yeates,  Esq.,  William  Atlee,  Esq.,  Adam  Simon  Kuhn^ 
Esq.,  and  William  Bausman,  Esq.,  or  any  four  of  them, 
are  appointed  a  standing  committee  of  correspondence  for 
the  county  of  Lancaster. 

The  members  of  the  committee  for  the  county  of  Lan- 
caster, now  present,  taking  into  consideration  the  conduct 
of  George  Ross,  Esq.,  in  the  late  interesting  dispute  in 
the  House  of  Assembly  of  this  province,  respecting  the 
answer  given  to  his  honor,  the  Governor's  message,  re- 
commending a  separate  petition  to  his  Majesty  from  the 
the  said  House  of  Assembly,  do  unanimously  approve  of 
the  active  part  taken  by  the  said  Mr.  Ross  in  opposition 
to  that  measure,  as  the  same  would  tend  to  introduce  dis- 
union amongst  the  colonies ;  and  do  return  the  thanks  of 
the  committee  to  Mr.  Ross,  and  the  other  worthy. members 
of  the  honorable  house,  who  have  so  steadily  adhered  to 
the  true  welfare  of  their  constituents  in  opposing  a  deep- 
laid  plan  to  disunite  us. 

May  1st: — The  association  of  the  freemen  and  inhabi- 
tants of  the  county  of  Lancaster,  the  1st  May,  1775. 

Whereas,  the  enemies  of  Great  Britain  and  America 
have  resolved  by  force  of  arms  to  carry  into  execution  the 
most  unjust,  tyrannical,  and  cruel  edicts  of  the  British 
Parliament,  and  reduce  the  freeborn  sons  of  America  to  a 
state  of  vassalage,  and  have  flattered  themselves,  from 
our  unacquaintance  with  military  discipline,  that  we 
should  become  an  easy  prey  to  them,  or  tamely  submit 
and  bend  our  necks  to  the  yoke  prepared  for  us :  We  do 
most  solemnly  agree  and  associate  imder  the  deepest  sense 


LANCASTER    COUNTf.  393 

&f  our  duty  to  God,  our  country,  ourselves  and  posterity, 
to  defend  and  protect  the  religious  and  civil  rights  of  this 
and  our  sister  colonies,  with  our  lives  and  fortunes,  to  the 
utmost  of  our  abilities,  against  any  power  whatsoever 
that  shall  attempt  to  deprive  us  of  them. 

And  the  better  to  enable  us  so  to  do,  we  will  use  our 
utmost  diligence  to  acquaint  our  ourselves  with  military 
discipline  and  the  art  of  war. 

We  do  further  agree  to  divide  ourselves  into  companies 
not  exceeding  one  hundred  men,  each,  so  as  to  make  it 
most  -convenient  to  our  situation  and  settlement,  and  to. 
elect  and  choose  such  persons  as  the  majority  of  each 
company  shall  think  proper  for  officers,  viz  :  for  each 
company  a  captain,  two  lieutenants  and  one  ensign,  who 
shall  have  the  power  of  appointing  the  other  officers 
under  them,  necessary  for  the  companies. 

That  when  the  companies  are  formed  and  the  officers 
chosen  and  appointed,  an  association  shall  be  signed  by 
the  officers  and  soldiers  of  each  company,  for  the  good 
order  and  government  of  the  officers  and  soldiers. 

May  3d :  Resolved,  That  the  members  of  the  commit-- 
tee  of  the  county  of  Lancaster,  do,  with  the  utmost  expe- 
dition, take  an  account  of  the  number  of  whites — men, 
•vyomen  and  children— :to  the  respective  townships  of  this 
county,  and  transmit  the  same  to  the  members  of  the 
committee,  residing  in  Lancaster,  to  be  forwarded  to  the 
members  of  the  general  Congress  for  the  province  of 
Pennsylvania. 

Resolved,  That  the  members  of  the  committee  do 
examine  the  quantity  of  powder  and  lead  the  store-keepers 
have  in  their  hands,  in  the  respective  townships,  and  that 
the  store-keepers  be  required,  that  they  sell  no  powder  or 
lead  before  the  first  of  June  next,  as  they  tender  the  trade 
SJjd  custom  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  respective  townships, 


394  HISTORY    OF 

provided  that  it  be  sold  only  by  such  store-keepers  having 
a  license  from  two  members  of  the  committee. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  committee  of  observation,  on  the 
4th  day  of  May,  1775,  the  Commissioners  of  the  comity 
being  also  present,  Mr.  Charles  Hamilton  agrees,  that  the 
county  shall  have  his  powder,  being  26  casks,  at  the  rate 
of  £14  per  cwt.  and  they  paying  the  carriage  ;  and  that 
the  county  shall  have  his  lead,  being  about  eight  hundred 
weight,  at  45  pence  per  cwt.* 

Messrs.  Josiah  &  Robert  Lockhart  agree  that  the  county 
shall  have  their  powder,  being  five  quarter  casks,  at  £15 
per  cwt.,  they  paying  the  carriage  ;  and  their  lead  at  45. 
pence  per  cwt. 

Mr.  Matthias  Slough  agrees  that  the  county  shall  have 
his  powder,  being  four  quarter  casks,  at  £15  per  cwt., 
they  paying  the  carriage  ;  and  his  lead  at  45  pence  per 
cwt. 

Mr.  Simons  by  Mr.  Levy,  Andrew  Levy,  agrees  that 
the  counties  shall  have  his  powder,  being  3  quarter  casks, 
at  the  rate  of  £15  per  cwt.,  they  paying  the  carriage ;  and 
his  lead,  being  about  200  pounds,  at  45  per  cwt. 

Mr.  Christian  Wirtz  agrees  that  the  county  shall  have 
his  powder,  being  5  quarter  casks  and  some  pounds  loose, 
at  the  rate  of  £15  per  cwt.,  they  paying  the  carriage ; 
and  his  lead,  being  about  150  pounds,  at  45»per  cwt. 

Mr  John  Hopson  agrees  that  the  county  shall  have  his 

powder,  being  2  quarter  casks,  at  the  rate  of  £15  per  cwt., 

they  paying  the  carriage. 

*January  22,  1774,  an  act  was  passed  by  the  General  Assem- 
bly, that  no  person  or  persons  within  the  limits  of  Lancaster 
borough,  shall  keep  in  any  house  or  shop,  cellar,  store,  or  other 
place  more  than  twenty-five  pouuds  weight  of  gunpowder,  and 
that  was  to  be  kept  in  the  highest  story  of  the  house,  at  any 
one  time,  unless  it  had  been  fifty  yards  distant  from  any  dwell* 
ing  house,  under  the  penalty  of  five  pounds. 


lAJfCASTER   COUNTY.  395 

Mr.  Crawford  agrees  that  the  county  shall  have  his 
powder,  bemg  10  or  12  pounds,  at  the  rate  of  £15  per 
cwt.  and  carriage. 

Mr.  Bickham  agrees  that  the  county  shall  have  his 
powder,  being  1  quarter  cask  and  some  loose  powder,  at 
the  rate  of  £15  per  cwt.  and  carriage  ;  and  his  lead  at 
45  per  cwt. 

Mr.  Graff  agrees  that  the  county  shall  have  his  powder, 
being  about  a  quarter  cask,  at  the  rate  of  £15  per  cwt. 
paying  carriage. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  committee  of  observation  for  the 
borough  and  county  of  Lancaster,  at  the  house  of  Adam 
Reigart,  the  15th  May,  1775. 

Present ;  George  Ross,  Esq.,  chairman,  Jasper  Yeates-, 
Esq.,  William  Atlee,  Esq.,  Charles  Hall,  Eberhart  Mi- 
chael, Casper  Shaffner,  Adam  Reigart,  Sebastian  Graff, 
Esq.,  Emanuel  Carpenter,  Esq.,  James  Clemson,  Esq., 
Alexander  Lowry,  James  Cunningham,  Samuel  Bare, 
James  Burd,  Esq.,  Christian  Voght  and  Jacob  Erb. 

The  question  being  put  whether  the  powder,  lead,  and 
other   mihtary   stores,  which  can  be  collected  in    the 
county.         ******* 
[Here  the  connection  is  broken.] 

Wednesday,  November  8th,  1775. 

A  number  of  the  members  of  committee,  chosen  and 
appointed  by  the  several  townships  in  Lancaster  county, 
to  serve  as  committee  men  for  the  ensuing  year,  assem- 
bled at  the  Court  house,  in  Lancaster, 

Present. 
For  the  borough  of  Lancaster — William  Bausman,  Ja- 
cob Clatz,  Casper  Shaffner,  Christian  Voght,  Abraham 
Dehuff,  Michael  Musser.  For  Lancaster— Andrew  Graff, 
Michael  Shank.  For  Manheim — Peter  Bachman,  Se- 
bastian Graff,  Jasper  Yeates.    For  Manor — Leonard  Rod*^ 


We 


HISTORr   OF 


funk-.  For  Conestoga — William  Atlee,  Michael  Halber- 
stick-,  Abraham  Newcomer.  For  Strasburg — Everhard 
Gruber,  John  Breckbill.  For  Warwick — John  Erb,  Pe- 
ter Kratser.  For  Cocalico — Michael  Witmer.  For  Lam- 
peter— John  Whitman,  jr.,  Henry  Kendig.  For  Caer- 
narvon— David  Jenkins,  Joshua  Evans,  Henry  Weaver. 
For  Lebanon — John  Piiilip  de  Haas,  Philip  Greenwalt. 
For  Bethel — Casper  Kohr,  John  Beshore,  Killian  Long. 
For  Hanover — John  Rogers,  John  McKewn.  For  Lon- 
donderry— William  Hays.  For  Donegal  —  Alexander 
Lowry,  Robert  Craig.  For  Mountjoy — James  Cunning- 
ham, John  Jamison,  Abraham  Scott.  For  Upper  Pax- 
tang — Samuel  Taylor,  James  Morrow.  For  Brecknock- 
Benjamin  Leslie. 

The  members  present  proceeded  to  the  choice  of  a 
chairman,  when  Jasper  Yeates,  Esq.  was  elected,  and 
took  his  scat  accordingly. 

George   Ross,  junior,  Esq.  was  chosen  Secretary. 

Peter  Riblet  was  appointed  door-keeper  and  messenger 
to  this  committee. 

The  returns  of  the  elections  in  the  several  townships 
were  produced,  and  read,  and  approved  of  by  this  com- 
mittee ;  the  following  gentlemen  thereby  appearing  to 
have  been  duly  chosen  in  the  respective  townships  as 
members  of  committee  in  the  county  of  Lancaster,  viz  : 

In  the  borough  of  Lancaster — Edward  Shippen,  Geo. 
Ross,  William  Bausman,  Jacob  Clatz,  Casper  Shaffner, 
George  Moore,  Christian  Voght,  Abraham  Dehuff,  Jacob 
Krug,  Michael  Musser,  Adam  Reigart.  In  Lancaster 
township — Matthias  Slough,  Andrew  Graff,  JNlichael 
Shank.  In  Herapiield — Peter  Brubaker,  Robert  Spear, 
John  Hoover.  In  Manheim — Peter  Bachman,  Sebastian 
Graff,  Jasper  Yeates.  In  Manor — Leonard  Rodfunk, 
Jacob  Rupley,  Henry   Fup.k.     In   Conestogo — William 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  397 

Atlce,  Michael  Haberstick,  Abraham  Newcomer.  In 
Drumore — John  Long,  William  McEntire,  John  Smiley. 
In  Strasburg — Samuel  Lefevre,  Everhard  Gruber,  John 
Breckbill,  In  Lampeter — John  Whitman,  jiin.,  Henry 
Kendig,  John  Kirk.  In  Warwick — Valentine  Griner, 
Jacob  Erb,  Peter  Cratzer.  In  Elizabeth — George  Hoyle, 
Christian  Staley,  Christian  Rojrer.  In  Cocalico — Michael 
Witman,  Adam  Grill,  George  Elick.  In  Earl — Gabriel 
Davis,  George  Rhine,  Jonathan  Roland.  In  Caernarvon- 
David  Jenkins,  Joshua  Evans,  Henry  Weaver.  In  Breck- 
nock— Benjamin  Leslie,  Peter  Good,  Conrad  Popp.  In 
Heidleberg — Henry  Eckart,  George  Hudson,  Michael 
Ley  In  Lebanon — John  Philip  de  Haas,  Philip  Green- 
wait,  John  Light.  In  Bethel — Casper  Kohr,  John  Be- 
shore,  Killian  Long.  In  Hanover — John  McKo wn,  JolirT 
Rogers,  William  Cathcart.  In  Londonderry — William. 
Hays,  Robert  Clark,  Jacob  Cook.  In  Donegal — Bartram 
Galbraith,  Alexander  Lowry,  Robert  Craig.  In  Mount- 
joy — James  Cunningham,  Abraham  Scott,  John  Jami- 
son. In  Rapho — James  Patterson,  Jacob  Haldeman,  Jo- 
seph Litle.  In  Upper  Paxtang — Adam  Warts,  James 
Murray,  Samuel  Taylor. 

The  return  from  the  township  of  Paxtang  being  pro- 
duced in  these  words,  to  wit  : 

"  At  an  election  held  at  Mr.  William  Dickey's,  in  Pax- 
ton  township,  the  ITtii  October,  1775,  the  following  six 
persons  were  elected  as  members  of  the  county  commit- 
tee for  the  county  of  Lancaster,  to  wit :  James  Burd,  Jo- 
seph Sherer,  William  Brown,  John  Harris,  James  Crouch, 
and  Jacob  Awl,  or  any  three  of  these  men  to  be  admitted 
in  the  committee  from  time  to  time." 

Certified  by  James  Bnnl  and  Joseph  Sherer.  Th« 
same  was  objected  to,  and  it  bv.^ing  put  to  vote  whether 
the  same  return  should  be  received,  as  it  confahted  a 

34 


398  HISTORY   OF 

return  of  six  persons  instead  of  three,  it  passed  in  the 
negative  unanimously. 

Resolved,  That  in  determining  a  question  in  this  com- 
mittee, the  borough  of  Lancaster  and  the  several  town- 
ships in  this  county  shall  have  each  one  vote,  and  the 
majority  of  the  townships  or  borough  and  townships  so 
Voting  shall  determine  the  question. 

Resolved,  That  no  person  shall  speak  more  than  twice 
on  the  same  point,  without  leave  of  the  committee. 

The  letters  of  the  committee  of  safety  of  this  province, 
to  the  committee  of  this  county,  respecting  J,  Brooks  and 
Doctor  John  Kearsley,  (which  were  received  at  Lancas- 
ter, between  the  time  of  the  election  of  this  committee, 
and  this  meeting,)  were  read  ;  and  the  proceedings  of  the 
gentlemen  of  the  committee  who  negociated  that  busi- 
ness, and  escorted  Doctor  Kearsley  to  York,  being  taken 
into  consideration,  their  conduct  is  approved  of  by  this 
committee.  And  the  following  persons,  to  wit:  George 
Ross,  Jasper  Yeates,  William  Atlee,  William  Bausman, 
Matthias  Slough,  Christian  Voght,  Jacob  Glatz,  Abraham 
Dehuff,  Sebastian  Graff,  Andrew  Graff,  John  Whitmer, 
jun.,  and  Jacob  Krug  are  appointed  by  the  members  of 
the  committee  now  present,  a  sub-committee  to  see  the 
sentence  and  resolves  of  the  committee  of  safety  respect- 
ing J.  Brooks,  a  prisoner  in  goal  of  this  county,  strictly 
carried  into  execution.  And  it  is  ordered  that  no  person 
be  admitted  into  the  company  of  the  said  J.  Brooks,  but 
in  the  presence  of  one  or  more  of  the  sub-committee 
aforesaid,  of  which  the  goaler  is  to  have  notice. 

Adjourned  until  to-morrow  morning,  eleven  o'clock. 

Thursday,  November  9th,  1775. 

The  committee  met  according  to  adjournment. 

Fresent, 

The  same  members  who   attended    yesterday,    and 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  399 

moreover  George  Ross,  Jacob  Kriig,  George  Moon  and 
Adam  Reigart,  for  the  borough  of  Lancaster:  Henry 
Eckert  and  Michael  Ley  for  Heidleberg  township;  and 
Gabriel  Davis  for  Bart  township. 

A  new  return  of  members  elected  for  Paxtang  town- 
ship being  produced  to  the  committee,  certifying  that  Jo- 
seph Sherer,  William  Brown  and  John  Harris  were  duly 
chosen  to  serve  as  members  of  the  committee  for  the  said 
townships,  the  said  return  is  approved  of,  and  they  took 
their  seats  accordingly. 

A  letter  from  the  committee  of  safety  to  the  late  com- 
mittee of  this  county,  dated  October  7th,  1775,  respecting 
some  provincial  muskets  supposed  to  be  in  the  hands  of 
the  military  associators  and  others  in  this  county,  beino- 
produced  and  read  : 

Resolved,  That  William  Atlee,  Alexander  Lowry  and 
Sebastian  Graff  be  a  committee  for  preparing  the  draft  of 
an  answer  to  the  said  letter,  and  that  they  report  the  same 
to  this  committee  in  the  afternoon. 

Resolved,  Unanimously,  that  this  committee  will  use 
their  endeavors  to  carry  into  immediate  execution  the 
resolves  of  the  honorable  House  of  Assembly  respecting 
the  six  hundred  stand  of  arms  and  other  military  accou-. 
trements  to  be  furnished  by  the  county  of  Lancaster. 

The  question  being  put  whether  the  gun-smiths  residing 
in  the  borough  of  Lancaster  should  not  be  immediately 
sent  for  to  give  their  reasons  to  this  committee,  why  they 
have  not  set  about  making  the  arms  directed  by  the  hon- 
orable House  of  Assembly  to  be  made  in  the  county  of 
Lancaster,  agreeable  to  the  application  of  the  commis- 
sioners and  assessors  of  the  said  county.  The  same  was 
unanimously  carried  in  the  affirmative,  and  the  gim- 
smiths  were  sent  for  accordingly. 

A  petition  signed  by  Henry  Zericher  being  presented 


400  HISTORY    OP 

to  the  committee,  upon  inquiry  into  the  facts  therein 
contained,  it  is  ordered  by  this  committee  (three  town- 
ships dissenting)  that  the  said  Henry  Zericher  be  allowed 
five  pounds  of  powder,  and  no  more,  out  of  the  public 
magazine,  for  the  purposes  expressed  in  the  petition,  he 
paying  for  the  same  into  the  county  treasury  at  the  rate 
four  shillings  per  pomid. 

The  sub-committee  appointed  to  essay  the  draft  of  an 
answer  to  ilie  letter  of  the  committee  of  safety  respecting 
the  provincial  muslcets,  do  now  report  to  this  committee, 
the  draft  of  the  answer  winch  they  had  prepared,  in  these 
words,  to  wit  : 

Lancaster,  November  9th,  1775. 

Gentlemen : — Your  leiter  of  the  7th  day  of  October 
last,  directed  to  the  committee  of  Lancaster  county 
respecting  the  provincial  muskets,  in  the  hands  of  the 
military  associators  and  others  in  this  county,  has  been 
laid  before  this  committee  and  taken  into  consideration. 

We  find  that  the  gentlemen  who  were  the  committee 
of  correspondence,  apj-ointed  by  the  late  county  commit- 
tee, had  upon  \he  receipt  of  your  letter,  published  and 
dispersed  hand-bills  Throughout  the  county  requiring  the 
persons  possessed  of  such  nmskets  to  bring  them  in  at 
this  time.  As  none  are  brought  in,  we  beg  leave  to 
suggest  to  3'^ou  some  facts,  relative  to  those  arms,  and 
wait  your  further  directions. 

After  the  troops  raised  by  the  province  in  the  late  war 
were  disbanded,  a  number  of  muskets  and  military  accou- 
trements were  lodged  at  a  Mr.  Carson's  in  Paxtang, 
where  they  remained  Avitliout  any  notice  or  care  being 
taken  of  them,  until  the  unhappy  disputes  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  Colonies  rendered  it  indispensably  neces- 
sary for  our  safety  to  associate  and  arm  in  defence  of  our 
rights.     The  then  committee  of  this  county  upon  hearing 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  401 

of  those  arms,  requested  some  of  their  members  to  exam- 
ine and  send  them  down,  intending  an  application  to  the 
Assembly  to  have  them  repaired  at  the  public  expense, 
and  put  into  the  hands  of  such  associators  as  were  unable 
to  furnish  themselves,  and  who  were  to  give  receipts  for 
them  to  be  returned,  if  not  lost  in  actual  service.  At 
this  time  arms  Avere  sought  for  with  great  assiduity  by 
every  one,  who  wished  to  be  instructed  in  the  military 
discipline.  The  inhabitants  of  Cumberland  county, 
knowing  also  of  the  provincial  muskets,  v/ere  beforehand 
with  us,  and  having  the  first  choice,  took  between  sixty 
and  seventy  of  the  best  of  them  (for  which  Mr.  Carson 
has  a  receipt)  leaving  a  parcel  of  rubbish  which  were  sent 
to  this  town,  consisting  of  barrels  mostly  without  locks 
and  stocks,  and  all  of  them  so  covered  with  rust  that  they 
were  thought  almost  unfit  for  use,  and  scarcely  worth 
repairing.  Many  of  them  were  loaded  and  had  probably 
been  so  for  many  years.  Some  of  the  poor  associators 
here  took  the  barrels,  and  with  much  labor  had  them 
cleaned.  By  the  help  of  some  old  locks  which  about  this 
time  were  found  in,  a  garret  in  this  town  (without  an 
owner)  and  were  distributed  amongst  them,  they  had 
them  put  into  such  repair,  as  to  serve  them  to  exercise 
with.  These  persons  have  been  at  a  considerable  expense 
in  putting  them  in  the  order  they  now  are ;  and  if  they 
are  deprived  of  them,  are  not  able  to  purchase  others. — 
There  are  a  few  indeed  of  the  best  of  the  firelocks  which 
we  think  could  safely  be  trusted  to  for  real  service.  To 
take  the  arms  from  the  poor  people  under  such  circum- 
stances would  greatly  damp  their  martial  spirit. 

We  conceive  it  our  duty  to  mention  these  things  to  the 
committee  of  safety.  If  that  honorable  Board,  neverthe- 
less, shall  be  of  opinion  that  such  firelocks  will  be  of  use 
and  will  direct  in  what  manner  the  people  who  hare 

34* 


402  HISTOIIY    OF 

been  at  expense  in  repairing  them  are  to  be  reimbursed, 
we  shall  cheerfully  exert  ourselves  to  the  utmost  of  our 
power  in  calling  them  in,  and  forwarding  them  to  Phila- 
delphia. 

This,  gentlemen,  is  the  first  opportunity  we  have  had 
of  answering  your  letter  relative  to  the  arms.  Give  us 
leave  to  assure  you,  it  will  afford  us  great  pleasure  to  be 
instrumental  in  any  degree  to  the  safety  of  the  city  of 
Pliiladelphia.  We  feel  very  sensibly  the  situation  of  your 
citizens ;  we  deem  ourselves  most  strongly  bound  to  give 
every  assistance  in  our  power  to  repel  any  attaclv  which 
may  be  attempted  against  you,  and  humbly  trust  we  shall 
not  be  deficient  in  the  day  of  danger. 

Your  letter  of  the  19th  October,  came  to  our  liands. — 
According  to  your  desire  a  proper  guard  from  hence  con- 
ducted Dr.  Kearsley  to  York,  and  took  a  receipt  for  his 
safe  delivery  to  the  committee  there.  S.  Brooks  remains 
coi;fnied  in  our  gaol.  A  sub-committcc  of  twelve  gen- 
tlemen residing  in  and  near  this  town,  has  been  appoint- 
ed to  see  that  your  sentence  and  resolves  respecting 
Brooks,  be  carried  into  executi-m,  and  no  person  is  per- 
mitted to  visit  him  but  in  the  presence  of  one  or  more  of 
those  gentlemen. 

By  order  of  the  committee  of  Lancaster  county. 

The  foregoing  answer  .being  read  at  tlie  table,  was 
unanimously  approved  of,  and  it  is  ordered  that  the  same 
be  transmitted  to  the  committee  of  safety  l)y  the  first 
conveyance. 

Adjourned  until  to-morrow,  eight  o'clock 

Friday,  November  10th,  1775, 

The  committee  met  according  to  adjournment. 

F  resent. 

The  same  members  who  attended  yesterday,  and 
moreover  Josepii  Litlc  for  Kapho  townf.;hip. 


LANCASTER    COUNTr.  403 

Upon  motion,  Resolved,  That  in  case  any  of  the  gun- 
smiths, in  the  county  of  Lancaster,  upon  application  made 
to  them  by  the  members  of  the  committees  of  the  respec- 
tive townships  to  which  they  belong, shall  refuse  to  go  to 
work  and  make  their  proportion  of  the  firelocks  and 
bayonets  required  by  this  county,  by  the  honorable  House 
of  Assembly,  within  two  weeks  from  such  application 
agreeble  to  the  patterns,  at  the  Philadelphia  prices; — 
such  gun-smiths  shall  have  their  names  inserted  in  the 
minutes  of  this  committee  as  enemies  to  their  country, 
and  published  as  such,  and  the  tools  of  the  said  gun- 
smiths so  refusing  shall  be  taken  from  them,  and  more- 
over the  said  gun-smiths  shall  not  be  permitted  to  carry 
on  their  trades,  until  they  shall  engage  to  go  to  work  as 
aforesaid,  nor  shall  leave  their  respective  places  of  resi- 
dence, until  the  arms  are  completed.     And  it  is  further 

Resolved,  That  the  committee  of  correspondence  and 
observation,  do  take  especial  care  that  their  resolves  be 
carried  into  execution. 

Christiain  Isch  and  Peter  Reigart  appeared  in  commit- 
tee, and  agreed  to  set  to  work  on  Monday,  the  twentieth 
day  of  November  instant,  and  make  muskets  and  bayo- 
nets for  this  county,  (part  of  the  number  required  from 
this  county,  by  the  honorable  House  of  Assembly,)  at 
the  Philadelphia  prices ;  and  that  they  will  confine  them- 
selves to  that  work  entirely  from  tliat  time  to  tiie  first  day 
of  ]^.Iarch  next,  and  furnish  as  many  as  they  can  possibly 
complete  in  the  time,  and  deliver  the  same  to  the  Com- 
missioners of  the  county  or  this  committee. 

Michael  Withers  appeared  in  conunittee,  and  agreed 
to  set  to  work  as  soon  as  he  hath  completed  a  few  guns 
which  he  hatli  now  in  hand,  and  make  muskets  and 
bayonets  for  this  county  (part  of  the  number  from  this 
county  by  the  honorable  House  of  Assembly,)  at  the 


40,4  HISTORY    OF 

Philadelphia  prices  ;  that  he  will  confine  himself,  and  his 
workmen  to  that  work  and  carry  on  the  same  as  expedi- 
tiously as  he  can,  and  that  he  will  deliver  in  to  the  com- 
missioners and  assessors  of  this  county  or  to  this  com- 
mittee as  many  muskets.  (If  further  proceedings  were 
had,  they  cannot  be  found. 

Note. — Members  of  Assembly  from  Lancaster  county  for 
1775;  Curtis  Grubb,  Matthias  Slough,  George  Ross,  James 
Webb,  Thomas  Porter,  Bartram  Galbraith.  1776:  William 
Brown,  John  M'Millan,  Philip  Mar.steller,  James  Anderson, 
Alexander  Louicy,  Ludwig  Loumau. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

Course  of  the  niotlicr  country  objectioiiablc — Tdilitarj  convfritioii  at  Lan- 
rastor — Daniel  Kobertleau  t>nJ  James  Ewing  elected  Brigadier  Generals — 
Resolutions  passed  and  adojUed — Committee  of  safety  ;  Convention  to- 
form  the  first  State  constitution,  Pennsylvania  and  Lancaster  county 
active — Numerous  inciuesits,  &c.  in  Lancaster  county  during  the  RevolU'- 
tion — General  Wayne's  head  quarters  and  correspondence  with  his 
excellency,  Thomas  Wharton,  president  of  t'.ie  executive  council  of  Penn- 
gylvania — Congress  repairs  from  Philadelphia  to  Lancaster,  thence  to 
York — Military  meeting  at  .Manhciiu — Survi\ingP.evoIulionary  soldicrs^- 
Notes,  &c. 

The  course  pursued  hy  the  mother  country,  incensed 
the  people  of  the  several  colonies — a  continental  Congress 
assembled  at  Philadelphia,  Sept.  4,  1774 — resolutions 
were  passed  approving  the  course  of  the  people  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, in  opposition  to  Gen.  Gage — the  open  and 
decided  hostilities  eventuated  in  bloodshed  at  tlie  battle 
of  Lexington,  April  19,  1775  ;  which  was  soon  followed 
by  another,  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  Juno  17tli.  To 
meet  the  emergency,  the  colonists  held  conventions,  mili- 
tary and  other  meetings.     In  this  great  conflict  between 


LANCASTER    COVSTY.  405 

the  mother  country  and  the  colonists,  the  inhabitants  of 
Lancaster  and  adjacent  counties,  met  at  Lancaster 
borough,  July  4th,  1776.  The  meeting  consisted  of  the 
officers  and  privates  of  the  fifty-three  battalions  of  the 
Associators  of  the  colony  of  Pennsylvania,  to  choose  two 
Brigadier  Generals,  to  command  the  battalions  and  forces 
of  Pennsylvania.  Col.  George  Ross,  was  president  of 
the  meeting,  and  Col.  David  Clymer,  secretary. 

The  following  officers  and  privates  attended,  as  dele- 
gates to  the  convention,  from  Philadelphia  city  and  Lib- 
erties: Colonels,  Chevalier,  Roberdeau,  Clymer  and 
Major  Knox.  Captains,  Copenwhait,  Bradford,  Du- 
lancy,  Brewster,  and  Bitting.  Privates,  jMessrs.  Nevil, 
Nelson,  Montgomery,  Pool,  Cox,  Prior,  Brower,  Keck, 
Craig  and  Kitter.  From  Philadelphia  county :  jNIajor 
Hughs,  and  George  Grey  standard  bearer;  Captahis 
Hart  and  Edwards ;  Privates;  Roberts,  Smith,  Whitten, 
Simpson,  Hazelett  and  Hicks. 

From  Bucks  county  :  Colonels  Hecklinc,  and  Erwin  ; 
Lieutenant  colonels  Bryan  and  Robinson;  Captains 
Jarvis,  Falwell,  Jameson,  and  Adjutant  Thompson ;  pri- 
vates, Watts,  Fenton,  Hollis,  Herr,  Patterson,  Stoneback, 
Middleswarth,  and  Titus. 

From  Chester  county:  Major  Culbertson ;  Colonel 
Montgomery  ;  Lieutenant  colonel  Gibson  ;  Captains  W  al- 
lace,  Scott,  Gardiner;  privates,  Cunningham,  Boyd, 
Denny,  Culbertson  Mackey,  and  Fulton. 

From  Lancaster  county  :  Colonels,  George  Ross,  Curtis 
Grubb,  James  Crawibrd,  M.  Slough,  John  Ferre,  Peter 
Grubb,  Timothy  Green;  Lieutenant  colonels,  Adam  Rei- 
gart,  R.  Thompson,  Lowry,  Leonard  Rautfaung,  Peter 
Hendricks,  Christian  Weyman,  Andrew  Little ;  Majors, 
Philip  Marstaler,  Thomas  Smith,  James  Cunningham, 
Michael  Fire  ;  Captains,  Joseph  Sherrer,  James  Murray, 


406  HISTORY    OF 

James  Miriir,  Henry  Weaver;  privates,  Christian  Werts^ 
Francis  liaily,  James  Sullivan,  Ludwick  Ziering,  John 
Smiley,  Isaac  Krwin,  Abraham  Darr,  William  Leard, 
Henry  Slaymakcr,  John  Whitehill,  George  Bealy,  John 
Jameson,  Christian  Bough,  Simon  Snider,  George  Line, 
Joseph  Whitehill,  William  Smith,  George  Wry,  William 
Barnet,  George  Little,  Michael  Diffebaugh,  and  Anthony 
Debler. 

From  York  county  :  Colonels  Smith,  Diel,  and  Lieiv- 
tenant  colonel  Donaldson  ;  Majors  Donwiddie,  Jefferies, 
Andrew,  Finley  and  Craft ;  Captains  Smiser  and  Camp- 
ble ;  privates,  W.  Scott,  Ewing,  Clinghan,  Hamilton, 
Little,  Shiey,  J.  Scott,  Nealor,  Messerty. 

From  Cumberland  county :  Colonel  J.  Armstrong,  and 
Lieutenant  colonels  Blair,  Clark,  Watts;  Captains  J. 
Steel,  M'Clelland,  Davison,  M'Farland,  Robhison  ;  Ma- 
jor J.  M'Calmont;  privates  Hogge,  E.  Steel,  Smith,  Paw- 
ling, 15rown,  Sterrett,  Hamilton,  Read,  Finley,  Vance. 

From  Berks  county  :  Colonels  Bird,  Patton,  Levan  ; 
Majors,  G.  Hiester,  Jones,  Lindimuth,  Loeffler;  Lieuten- 
ants, Cremer,  Lutz,  Rice,  Miller;  Adjutant,  S.  Eby ; 
Captains,  Keim,  May  ;  privates,  Hartman,  Filbert,  INIor- 
gan,  Tolbut,  Spoon,  Winrich,  Moser,  Seltzer,  Winter, 
Hill,  Larke,  Wister,  Smack. 

From  Northampton  county  :  Colonels,  Guigar,  Stroud: 
Majors,  Lebar,  Sicgtried  ;  Captains,  Orndt,  Snider,  Kearn, 
Jayne ;  privates,  M'Farren,  Upp,  liarkhaus,  Haas, 
Brown,  licst,  J.  M'Dawd,jr.,  D.  Von  Flick. 

From  Northumberland  county :  Colonel  B.  Weiser, 
and  Lieutenants  Calhoun,  M'Kinzie ;  Lieutenant  colo- 
nels, M'Clay,  Moodic-,  Captains,  Gillespie  and  Gray; 
Major,  lirady  ;  privates,  Stone,  M'Cartney,  Gattes,  Cul- 
bertson,  Matlock,  Yokan,  Starret,  M'Clanahan. 

From  Westmoreland  county :    Colonel,  P.   ISIornly ; 


LANCASTER    COUXTT.  407 

Captains,  V.  Orey,  Thompson ;  Major,  .J'ames  ^mith ; 
privates,  William  Guthrey,  W.  Perry,  Carmicliael  and 
George  Gray. 

A  question  was  put,  whether  the  officers  and  privates 
shall  vote  by  ballot,  singly ;  and  it  was  agreed  they 
should.  It  was  also  further  resolved  that  both  Brigadier 
generals  be  voted  for  at  the  same  time,  and  the  highest 
in  votes  to  be  the  commanding  officer.  After  colonel 
Mark  Bird  and  captain  Sharp  Dulancy,  with  colonel 
George  Ross,  president  of  the  convention,  were  appointed 
judges  of  the  election  of  Brigadier  generals,  an  election 
was  held,  and  after  casting  at  the  poll,  the  votes  stood 
thus  for  Brigadier  general:  Daniel  Roberdeau  160; 
James  Ewing  85  ;  Samuel  Miles  82  ;  James  Potter  24  ; 
Curtis  Grubb  9 ;  George  Ross  9  ;  Thomas  McKean  8  ; 
Mark  Bird  7.  Robertdeau  was  elected  first  Brigadier 
general,  Ewing  second  Brigadier  general. 

Resolutions  were  then  adopted,  that  the  Brigadier  gen- 
erals shall  have  full  power  and  authority  to  call  out  any 
number  of  the  associators  of  this  province  into  action, 
and  that  power  be  continued  until  superceded  by  the 
convention,  or  by  any  authority  under  the  appointment. 
That  the  president  of  the  board  shall  have  full  power  and 
authority  to  grant  commissions  to  the  two  Brigadier  gen- 
erals until  commissions  issue  from  the  convention ;  or  any 
authority  they  shall  appoint  to  succeed  them.     That  we 
will  march  under  the  direction  and  command  of  our  Brig- 
adier general,  to  the  assistance  of  all  or  any  of  the  Free 
and  Independent  states  of  America.     That  associators  to 
be  drafted  out  of  each  county,  by  the  Brigadier  generals, 
shall  be  in  the  same  proportion  as  that  directed  by  the 
late  provincial  conference   held  in   Philadelphia.     This 
conference  met  June  18,  and  adjourned  the  25th.     Dele- 
gates to  this  conference  were  William  Atlee,  Esq.,  Mr. 


408  HISTORY   OP 

Lodowick  Lowmon,  colonel  Bartram  Galbraith,  colonel 
Alexander  Lowrey,  captain  Andrew  Graaf,  Mr.  William 
Brown,  Mr.  John  Smiley,  major  James  Cunningham, 
major  David  Jenkins. 

While  the  convention  was  holding  in  Lancaster,  the 
friends  of  American  Independence,  having  met  in  con- 
vention at  Piiiladelphia,  and  discussed  the  suject  fully 
and  dispassionately,  passed  a  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, on  the  same  day  the  convention  was  held  in  Lan- 
caster. Now  the  contest  was  fairly  begun.  The  diffi- 
culties, on  the  part  of  the  Americans,  in  supporting  their 
pretensions,  as  a  declared  free  and  independent  people, 
were  of  the  most  appalling  character. 

After  the  Declaration,  the  magistrates  who  liekT 
appointments  under  the  royal  authority  declined  serving 
longer  ;  the  business  of  the  courts  was  suspended.  Our 
citizens  were  left  for  a  while  without  any  constitutional 
government.  In  this  state  of  things  a  committee  of 
safety  in  Piiiladelphia  undertook  the  management  of 
affairs,  under  the  unassuming  name  of  recommendations, 
prescribed  to  the  people  of  the  state. 

"  Ou  Monday  the  15th  of  July,  1776,  a  convention  for 
forming  the  constitution  of  Pennsylvania,  met  at  Phila- 
delphia, and  elected  Benjamin  Franklin,  president ;  col- 
onel George  Ross,  vice  president;  John  Morris,  secre- 
tary, and  Jacob  Garrigues,  assistant  secretary.  The  dele- 
gates from  Lancaster  county,  were  George  Ross,  Philip, 
Marsteller,  Thomas  Porter,  Bartram  Galbraith,  Joseph 
Sherer,  John  Ilubley,  Henry  Slaymaker  and  Alexander 
Lowrey.  Tiie  convention,  after  framing  the  first  consti- 
tution of  tlie  State  of  Pennsylvania,  adjourned  the  28th 
September.'* 

•Several  of  the  provinces  had  adopted  state  constitutions 
before  and  after  Pennsylvania.     JSicw  Hampsliire  adopted  the 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  409 

As  soon  as  this  convention  was  organized,  it  assumed 
the  powers  of  tlie  committee  of  safety — the  political 
power  of  the  state.  One  of  its  first  acts  was  the  appoint- 
ment of  delegates  to  Congress.  The  delegates  were, 
Messrs.  Franklin,  Morton,  Morris,  Wilson,  George  Ross, 
James  Smith,  Benjamin  Rush,  George  Clymer  and  Geo. 
Taylor. 

Pennsylvania  made  prodigious  exertions,  in  co-opera- 
ting with  the  allied  colonies,  fully  to  meet  the  hostilities. 
Several  regiments  were  raised  and  equipped  in  Lancaster 
county.  "  It  is  believed,  had  all  the  other  provinces  done 
as  much  in  proportion  to  their  ability,*  and  the  men  been 

first  state  constitution,  January  5,  1776  ;  Soutli  Carolina,  March 
24,  1776;  Virginia,  June  29,  1776;  New  Jersey,  July  2,  1776; 
Maryland,  August  14,1776;  Pennsylvania,  September,  1776; 
Delaware,  September,  1776  ;  North  Carolina,  December,  1776  ; 
New  York,  April,  1777  ;  Massachusetts,  March,  1770 ;  Vermont, 
July  4,  1788;  Georgia,  May,  1789. 

The  first  constitution  of  Pennsylvania  of  1776,  was  altered 
and  amended  by  a  convcsition,  held  at  Philadeiphia  in  Novem- 
ber, 1789.  Delegates  from  Lancaster  county  were  Edward 
Hand,  Robert  Coleman,  Sebastian  Graff,  William  Atlee,  John 
Hubiey,  and  John  Breckbill.  This  convention  framed  the 
second  constitution.  Another  convention  was  held  at  Harris- 
burg,  in  the  spring  and  summer  of  1837.  Met  May  2— after 
two  month's  session,  it  afterwards  met  at  Philadelphia.  The 
present  or  third  constitution  of  Pennsylvania,  was  framed  by 
this  convention.  Delegates  from  Lancaster  county  were  Vvll- 
liam  Hiesler,  James  Porter,  Jeremiah  Brown,  Lindley  Coatcs, 
E..  E.  Cochran,  Joseph  Konighniacher,  Henry  G.  Long, 
Emanuel  C.  Reigart. 

A  convention  commenced  at  Philadelphia,  November  20, 
1787,  for  the  pui pose  of  taking  into  consideration  the  consti- 
tution framed  by  the  federal  convention  for  the  United  States. 
The  delegates  from  Lancaster  county  were  Stephen  Chambers, 
Robert  Coleman,  Sebastian  Gratf,  John  Hubiey,  Jasper  Yeates, 
and  John  Whitehill. 

'^'Graydoa's  Mem.  116. 

35 


410  HISTORY  or 

enlisted  in  war,  the  Americans  might  have  avoided  the! 
hair-breadth  escapes  which  ensued,"*  as  well  as  the  long 
continued,  arduous  conflict  of  eight  years,  and  an  enor- 
mous sum  of  expense,  besides  saving  many  valuable 
lives,  in  delivering  themselves  from  a  foreign  dominion, 
and  gaining,  as  they  did,  a  rank  among  the  nations  of  the 
earth.  Much  treasure,  and  many  lives  might  have  been 
saved.  Great  Britain  expended  more  than  one  hundred 
millions  of  dollars,  with  a  hundred  thousand  lives,  and 
won  nothing.  America  expended  rising  of  ninety  millions 
of  dollars,  and  lost  many  lives,  and  endured  cruelty  and 
distress. 

Lancaster  county  furnished  its  full  quota  of  militia  and 
continentals,  during  the  Revolution.  Her  citizens  acted 
early  and  efficiently.  "  Prior  to  the  four  regiments  of  St. 
Clair,  Shee,  Wayne  and  Magaw,  that  of  De  Haas,  and 
Hand's  rifle  company,  were  already  raised  and  equipped, 
respectively  commanded  by  Miles  and  Atlee,  in  the 
whole,  nine  regiments  complete  and  very  reputably 
officered." 

Numerous  are  the  incidents,  and  some  full  of  adven- 
ture, which  happened  in  this  county  during  the  Revolu- 
tion. Gen.  Washington,  and  other  distinguished  Ameri- 
can and  British  officers  were  in  the  borough  of  Lancaster 
at  the  period  referred  to.  Though  neither  battles,  nor 
skirmishes  took  place  within  the  limits  of  the  county,  the 
wounded  and  prisoners  here  were  many.  At  the  battle 
and  cannonading  of  Trenton,  December  26, 1776,  many  of 

*The  quota  furnished  by  Pennsylvania  from  1775  to  1783, 
consisted  of  7357  militia  and  22,198  continentals.  The  aggre- 
gate quota  by  all  the  states  was  234,971  continentals  and  56,- 
163  niililia— total  279,134.  In  the  year  1776,  rcnnsylvania  fur- 
nished 5,519  continentals  and  4,B76  militia— total  10,395. 


LANCASTER    COUNTT.  411 

the  Hessians,*  prisoners  taken  there,  were  conveyed  tt) 
Lancaster  borough. 

American  soldiers  were  quartered  at  the  barracks  and 
other  parts  of  the  county  during  the  winter  of  '77  and 
'78.  Both  the  Lutheran  and  Reformed  church  at  oSIan- 
heim  were  quartered  with  soldiers.  Wlien  the  battle  of 
Brar.dywine  was  fought,  September  11th,  1777,  many  of 
tlie  wounded  soldiers  were  conveyed  to  Ephrata,  where 
about  one  hundred  and  fifty  of  their  number,  which  was 
rising  of  five  hundred,  died. 

While  General  Washington  took  winter  quarters,  Gen- 
eral Wayne  encamped  in  this  county,  in  Mountjoy  town- 
ship, where  his  men  endured  no  small  degree  of  suffering, 
as  appears  from  the  following  letters,  from  the  General 
to  his  excellency,  Thomas  Wharton,  Esq.,  at  Lancaster : 

*In  1775,  the  British  King  entered  into  treaties  with  some  of 
the  German  princes  for  about  seventeen  thousand  men,  who 
were  sent  to  America  early  in  1776,  to  assist  in  subduing  the 
colonies.  Among  these  were  the  Hessians,  who  had  been 
taken  at  Trenton  and  conveyed  as  prisoners  to  Lancaster.  At 
the  close  of  the  Revolution  many  of  them  remained  and  in- 
termarried with  German  and  English  families,  whose  descend- 
ants are  respectable,  and  some  of  the  best  citizens. 

In  September,  1843,  we  visited  one  of  the  German  mercene- 
ries,  living  at  Millport,  Warwick  township;  a  Mr.  Jacob  Ha- 
genberger,  who  according  to  his  own  statement,  wasborn  March 
3d,  1750,  arrived  at  Quebeck,  March  5,  1775.  He  belonged  to 
Captain  Schachter's  company  ;  he  was  taken  prisoner  at  the 
surrender  of  General  Burgoyne,  October  17,  1777;  taken  to 
the  barracks  near  Boston,  thence  to  Winchester,  Virginia, 
thence  to  Reading,  and  lastly  to  Lancaster,  where,  on  the 
close  of  the  war,  he  was  sold  for  eighty  dollars,  for  the  term  of 
nearly  three  years  to  Captain  Jacob  Zimmerman,  of  Earl 
township.  Hagenberger  is  now  in  his  94th  year.  His  health 
is  good  and  memory  remarkable. 


412  HISTORY    OP 

To  his  excellency,  Thomas  Wharton,  Esq. 

Mountjoy,  28th  Dec,  1777.* 

Dear  sir: — I  was  favored  with  yours  of  the  12th 
instant,  but  the  enemy  being  then  out,  prevented  me  from 
acknowledging  it  sooner. 

I  can't  help  expressing  both  surprise  and  concern,  at 
the  councils  directing  the  clothing  collected  in  this  state 
into  the  hands  of  the  Clothier  general — especially  after 
being  informed  that  the  other  states  were  collecting 
clothing  for  the  use  of  their  troops ;  clothing  for  the 
Eastern  troops  has  actually  arrived — they  are  now  com- 
fortable, whilst  ours  are  perishing. 

His  excellency  is  also  informed  that  Governor  Henry 
of  Virginia,  has  ordered  on  clothing  for  the  troops  of  that 
state,  which  he  expects  every  hour. 

Thus  sir,  whilst  other  states  are  exerting  every  power 
(under  a  resolve  of  Congress)  to  provide  for  their  own 
troops  only — you  are  following  the  generous  course  of 
providing  for  the  whole-r-this  sir,  is  being  generous  out 
of  time — it  is  an  old  adage,  that  a  man  ought  to  be  just, 
before  he  can  be  permitted  to  be  generous — the  case 
applies  in  full  force  here.  Supply  the  immediate  wants 
of  your  own  troops  first — then  give  scope  to  your 
generosity. 

Enclosed  is  an  estimate  of  the  cost  of  650  suits  of 
uniform,  which  Mr.  Zantzinger  has  provided  for  the 
troops  of  that  state.     He  is  in  great  want  of  money.     I 

*  Secretary's  Office,  Harrisburg,  Oct.  11,  1843. 

Mr.  T,  D.  Rupp— Sir:  Your  letter  of  the  9th  instant  was  re- 
ceived, and  in  reply  I  would  inform  you  that  it  appears  from 
the  letters  you  mentioned,  that  General  Wayne  had  his  camp 
at  Mountjoy,  in  Lancaster  county,  during  the  winter  of  1777 
and  1778.  Very  respectfully,  yours, 

Chas.  M'Clttre, 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  413 

wish  you  would  assist  him  to  the  cash  he  wants,  and  to 
take  some  effectual  method  to  clothe  the  troops  in  the  best, 
speediest,  and  neatest  manner  possible.  Lest  you  should 
be  under  a  deception  with  regard  to  the  mode  in  which 
the  clothing  in  the  hands  of  the  Clothier  general  is  dis- 
tributed, I  am  to  inform  you  that  they  are  delivered  in 
proportion  to  their  wants  (or  in  plain  English)  to  the 
number  of  men  in  each  regiment  throughout  the  army. 

Judge  how  far  inadequate  our  proportion  must  be  to 
our  wants,  whilst  the  troops  from  other  states  have  an 
equal  dividend  in  addition  to  their  other  supplies. 

At  this  inclement  season,  one  third  of  our  troops  are 
totally  destitute  of  either  shoes,  stockings,  shirts  or 
blankets,*  so  that  unless  they  receive  an  immediate 
supply  of  those  necessary  articles,  sickness,  death  and 
desertion  will  be  the  inevitable  consequence. 

I  am  your  excellency's  most  ob't  humble  serv't, 

Ant'y  Wayne,  B.  G. 

I  have  directed  Mr.  Zantzinger  to  call  on  you  for 
money.  I  wish  you  to  order  the  clothier  general  to  esti- 
mate the  price  of  the  clothing,  which,  agreeable  to  a 
resolve  of  Congress  is  to  be  in  proportion  to  the  pay  of 
the  officers  and  men — the  states  to  bo  at  the  loss  of  the 
surplus.  A.  W.    . 

To  his  excellency ,   Thomas    Wharton,  Esq.,  President 
of  Pennsylvania,  Lancaster. 

Camp  Mountjoy,  February,  1778. 
Dear  sir  : — Enclosed  is  a  list  of  the  officers  sent  on  the 

'  *1777,  2d  May,  Bartram  Galbraith,  James  Crawford,  Adam 
Ordt,  Robert  Thompson,  Joshua  Elder,  Christopher  Crawford, 
William  Atlee,  John  Hubley,  Alexander  Lowry,  Curtis  Grubb, 
Philip  Marstcller,  Matthias  Slough  and  Adam  Reigart,  were 
appointed  by  the  war-office,  to  supply  the  army  with  blankets, 
ice.  for  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 

35» 


"414  HISTORY    OF 

recruiting  service  from  my  division  who,  you  will  see  by 
the  within  instructions,  ara  directed  to  wait  on  your  ex- 
cellency for  recruiting  orders.  I  wish  they  may  meet 
with  that  success  that  the  exigence  of  the  case 
requires,  but  I  fear  that  nothing  short  of  a  draft  will  save 
America;  however  the  effect  of  a  total  prohibition  of  the 
substitute  business  ought  first  to  be  tried.  I  flatter 
myself  that  when  the  people  (who  used  to  hire  themselves 
as  substitutes)  once  find  that  no  more  luuidred  dollars 
can  be  had  in  that  way,  that  they  wiil  enlist  in  the  line 
of  the  continent. 

But  I  am  confident  that  they  never  will  whilst  any 
idea  is  held  up  of  a  family  substitute,  for  it  is  only 
hiring  a  man  to-day,  and  he  may  be  sent  to-morrow  as 
substitute  belonging  to  my  family. 

Will  you,  and  the  honorable  Council,  use  your  ii  fiuence 
with  the  House  of  Assen;bly  to  f  ut  this  sul^titute  busi- 
ness totally  out  of  \hv  question,  for  believe  mjc  that  the 
salvation  oi  this  State  dtpends  upon  the  exertions  that 
may  be  made  during  the  winter  towards  filling  the  con- 
tinental regiment. 

I  wish  you  to  or  er  all  such  recruits  as  may  l>e  enlisted,. 
to  be  completely  uni,fornrcd  before  they  leave  Lancaster. 
I  also  wish  that  no  more  cloth  be  m.ade  up  in  coats  unless 
it  be  blue ;  but  that  all  the  rest  be  made  into  over-alls 
and  vests,  except  such  colors  as  will  admit  of  being  dyed 
blue.  The  Virghiians  have  received  blue  cloth  sulficient 
for  to  uniform  the  whole  of  their  troops,  so  that  I  fear 
we  shall  be  eclipsed  by  all  the  other  states,  unless  we 
take  some  pains  to  give  our  soldiers  an  elegant  uniform  ; 
for  I  do  lay  it  down  as  a  position  that  the  best  dressed 
troops  will  (  ver  be  both  the  healthiest  and  bravest  with 
CQual  discipline  and  regimen. 

Tlie  Clothier  general  informed  me  when  I  was  at  Lan- 


LANCASTER   COUNTY.  415 

-caster,  that  there  were  shirts  plenty  at  camp ;  I  find  he 
was  mistaken,  for  although  some  hundreds  of  our  poor 
worthy  fellows  have  not  a  single  rag  of  a  shirt,  (but  are 
.obhged  to  wear  their  waistcoats  next  their  skins,  and  to 
sleep  in  them  at  night,)  I  have  not  been  able  to  draw  a 
single  shirt  from  the  store;  for  the  Avant  of  which  our 
men  are  falling  sick  in  numbers  every  day — contracting 
uermin,  and  dying  in  hospitals,  in  a  condition  shocking 
to  humanity,  and  horrid  in  idea  ;  for  God's  sake  procure 
a  quantity  for  me,  if  you  strip  the  Dutchmen  for  them — 
which  I  beg  your  order  to  camp,  together  with  such  other 
clothing  as  may  be  ready,  with  all  possible  despatch. 
Interim,  I  am  your  excellency's  most  obedient 

And  very  humble  servant, 

Ant'v  Wayne. 
To  his  excellency   Thomas   Wharton.,  Esq.,  Lanca^ster : 

Mountjoy,  27th  March,  1776. 
Dear  sir : — It's  at  last  concluded  to  throw  the  Pennsyl- 
Tania  troops  into  one  division,  after  reducing  them  to  ten 
regiments,  which  I  believe  v/ill  be  as  many  as  we  can 
fill.  I  have  but  little  hopes  of  being  supplied  with  many 
recruits,  unless  the  officers  in  the  back  counties  meet  with 
more  success  than  those  in  Philadelphia  and  Chester ;  an 
officer  from  the  latter  came  in  yesterday,  after  being  out 
five  weeks,  without  a  single  recruit. 

J  would  beg  leave  to  suggest  the  expediency  of  em- 
ploying a  greater  number  of  officers  on  that  business  in 
Berks,  Lancaster,  York  and  Cumberland  counties,  as  the 
most  likely  places  to  meet  with  success.  I  fear  all  our 
exertions  in  this  way  will  fall  far  short  of  our  wishes,  and 
.that  nothing  but  a  draft  will  be  adequate  to  the  business. 
It's  rumored  that  the  enemy  have  evacuated  Rhode 
Island,  and  are  drawing  all  their  force  to  one  focus.  If 
this  should  be  the  case,  as  we  have  grounds  to  think  it  is, 


416  HISTORY     OP 

they  will  be  too  powerful  for  us  in  the  field,  unless  great 
and  speedy  supplies  be  thrown  in.  It  therefore  becomes 
the  duty  of  the  state  to  make  an  immediate  and  effectual 
exertion  to  complete  her  quota  of  men ;  but  whilst  this  is 
doing,  let  me  entreat  you,  sir,  not  to  neglect  providing 
the  linen  over-alls  and  other  clothing,  to  enable  us  to  take 
the  field  with  some  eclat,  which  will  add  both  spirit  and 
health  to  your  troops  ;  for  you  may  rest  assured  nine  out 
of  ten  deaths  and  desertions,  in  this  army,  are  owing  to 
dirt  and  nakedness. 

I  have  the  happiness  to  inform  your  excellency  that 
the  troops  of  this  state  enjoy  a  much  greater  share  of 
health  than  any  other  post  of  the  army,  and  I  pledge  my 
reputation  to  keep  them  so,  on  condition  that  I  can  be 
provided  with  linen  and  other  clothing. 

It's  to  you,  sir,  that  we  look  up  to  for  those  matters — 
and  in  this  case  we  consider  you  as  our  conmion  father. 
Adieu,  my  dear  sir,  and  believe  me 

Yours,  most  sincerely, 

Ant'y  Wayne. 
To  his  excellency,  Governor  Thomas  Wharton,  Esq., 

Lancaster : 

Mountjoy,  April  lOlh,  177S. 

Dear  sir : — Agreeable  to  your  desire,  I  have  ordered 
up  an  additional  number  of  recruiting  oliicers,  who  are 
well  rcconnncnded  for  their  industry  and  sobriety,  and 
who  I  wish  were  tolerated  to  enlist  in  any  quarter  where 
it  is  most  probable  they  may  meet  with  success ;  as  con- 
fining them  to  particular  counties  will  rather  retard  than 
expedite  the  recruiting  service.  I  communicated  your 
idea  to  his  excellency,  of  constantly  employing  some 
officers  in  (liat  business,  in  order  to  keep  the  regiment 
and  corps  c()m])!ete,  which  meet  his  warmest  a])proba- 
tion,  an(,l  he  requests,  through  me,  that  your  excellency 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  417 

would  adopt  so  salutary  a  measure,  as  it  is  of  the  first 
consequence  to  have  veterans,  in  place  of  raw  raised 
troops,  which   will  always  be  the  case  if  the  recruiting 
business  is  put  off  till  the  spring  of  the  year ;  and  then 
the  time  is  so  short  ihat  we  can't  hope  either  to  complete 
or  raaneuvre  our  corps  before  they  take    the  field.     I 
wish  your  excellency  to  order  the  recruits  to  be  clothed 
and  appointed  before  they  leave  Lancaster,  as  they  can't 
be  supplied  here,  the   sixteen  additional  regiments,  and 
the  Carolina  troops  being  ordered  to  be  supplied  previous 
to  any  others,  so  that  we  have  little  prospect  of  receiving 
any   benefit  from  the   Clothier  general's  store   in  this 
quarter;  and  although  tolerable  with  regard  to  shoes, 
stockings  and  hats,  we  an;  but  wretchedly  provided  iu 
other  respects,  particularly  as  to  shirls,     I  do  assure  your 
excellency  that  there  are  near  one-third  of  my  men  that 
have  no  kind  of   shirts  under  heaven  ;    and  scarcely  a 
man  in  the  division  with  more  than  one,  nor  have  I  been 
able  to  draw  any  during  this  whole  winter.     For  God's 
sake  endeavor  to  do  something  for  us;  die  season  has 
now  arriv(d  tliat  requires  every  attention  to  keep  the 
troops  healthy,  and  nothing  will  be  more  conducive  to  it 
than  clean  linen  ;    in  this  article  we  are  in  a  worse  con- 
dition than  any  troops  on  the  ground ;  now  worse  than 
Falstaff's  recruits — they  had  a  shirt  and  a  half  to  a  com- 
pany.    You  will  pardon  me  for  dwelling  so  long  on  this 
subject,  but  upon  my  soul  I  cannot  help  it;  my  feelings 
as  a  man  arc  so  much  hurt  by  the  complainings  and 
misery  ct  the  poor  fellows,  ivho  have  no  shirls  at  all, 
that  I  can  have  no  peace  of  mind  until  they  are  provided., 
A  quantity  of  superfine  cloth,  and  about  12  or  1500 
yards  of  linens  and  cloths  were  purchased  by  Colonel 
Miller,  and  left  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Jacob  Eichelberger 
at  York,  for  the  use  of  our  troops ;  will  you  be  kind, 


418  HISTORY    OF 

enough  to  order  IVIr.  Howell  to  send  for  it,  lest  other 
troops  should  receive  the  benefit  of  that  which  we  are  so 
much  in  want  of. 

A  woman  who  has  been  in  Pliiladelaphia  for  three  or 
four  days,  and  this  moment  returned,  says  that  the  gen- 
eral re])ort  there  is,  that  in  the  course  of  two  weeks  the 
enemy  intend  to  take  the  field ;  but  at  the  quarters  of 
some  principal  olliccrs  they  have-  frequently  been  over- 
heard talking  in  a  desponding  style,  and  that  they  can't 
move  until  they  receive  reinforcements,  with  severe 
sarcasms  against  their  generals.  Who  they  wish  to'  be 
recalled,  and  who  I  hope  will  not,  until  \vc  have  an 
opportunity  to  Burgoyne  him  ;  but  this  will  depend  upon 
the  exertion  of  the  states;  at  present  he  out  numbers  us, 
and  by  the  last  accounts  New  England  is  so  absorbed  in 
accumulating  wealth,  that  they  have  become  totally 
insensible  to  our  sufferings  and  danger,  and  sunk  into  a 
torpid  supineness,  from  which  it  is  dillicult  to  rouse  them. 
I  am  your  excellency's  most  obedient 

And  very  humble  servant, 
By  order  of  General  Wayne. 

Bex.  Fishburn,  A.  D.  C. 
To  his  excellency  Thomas   IVharton,  Esq.,  Lancaster  : 

Mounljoy,  16th  April,  1778. 
Dear  sir: — ^Nlr.  Donaldson  of  "N'ork,  who  will  deliver 
you  this  letter,  has  been  kind  enough  to  offer  his  services 
in  procuring  shirts  for  our  troops.  He  thinks  that  he 
could  snp))ly  us  with  three  or  four  liundred  in  a  wc^ek, 
and  that  he  has  linnen  now  on  hand  sullicient  to  make 
six  hundred,  and  that  he  can  i)rucure  a  large  (quantity  if 
properly  empowered  and  supplied  with  cash. 

The  necessitous  situation  of  our  troops,  for  want  of 
shirts,  justify  any  manner,  and  requires  every  exertion  to 
procure  our  inmiediate  supply. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  419 

I  therefore  wish  your  excellency  to  give  Mr.  Donald- 
son power  for  that  purpose.  We  shall  certainly  want  in 
tlie  whole  0000  shirts,  and  9000  pair  of  overalls. 

I  herewith  transmit  you  the  returns  of  the  two  Brigades 
of  Pennsylvania  troops,  under  my  command — the  sick 
now  in  company  contained  in  the  returns,  have  been  laid 
up  for  want  of  clothing,  except  in  a  few  instances  ;  there 
is  scarcely  one  of  them  that  has  a  shirt,     I  shall  order  a 
general  return  of  the  whole  Pennsylvania  line  to  be  made 
out,  which  I  shall  transmit  next  week. 
Interim  I  am  with  every  esteem, 
Your  excellency's  most  obedient 
And  very  humble  servant, 

Ant'y  Wayne. 
To  his  excellency  Thomas  Wharton,  Esq.,  Lancaster : 

Mountjoy,  ISth  April,  177S. 
Dear  sir : — Colonel  Butler  of  the  9th  Pennsylvania  regi- 
ment, among  other  business,  wants  clothing  for  his  regi- 
ment.  I  wish  him  to  be  indulged  if  it  can  be  done  without 
prejudice  to  the  other  part  of  the  line. 

I  have  procured  from  Mr.  Zantzinger,  since  November 
last,  about  five  hundred  and  fifty  coats,  two  hundred 
waistcoats,  three  hundred  and  eighty  pair  of  breeches, 
and  an  equal  number  of  stockings,  about  one  hundred 
pair  of  shoes,  and  several  hundred  hats ;  these  have  been 
distributed  among  nine  regiments,  and  has  only  in  part 
clothed  about  one  fourth  of  them.  All  the  clothinar  as 
yet  furnished  by  this  state,  has  been  distributed  between 
the  3d,  6th,  9th,  12th  and  13th,  which  I  believe  is  rather 
more  than  came  to  the  share  of  the  other  nine.  I  there- 
fore wish  all  such  clothing  as  may  be  ready  to  be  sent 
together,  and  I  will  undertake  to  see  impartial  justice 
done  to  the  whole,  for  I  believe  no  one  at  present  is 
better  off  for  them  than  another,  except  Colonel  Stewart 


420  Bistort  oi" 

and  Colonel  Hartly,  whicli  are  well  clothed :  most  of  t\l^ 
others  are  in  a  Avretched  condition. 

I  am  yom*  excellency's  Immble  servant, 

Ant'f  Wayne. 

Fearful  their  deliberations  might  be  interrupted,  whiles 
in  session  at  Piiiladelphia,  Congress  resolved  to  remove 
from  Philadelphia.  "On  the  ISth  of  September,  1777, 
Congress  sat  as  usual,  and  after  having  fulfilled  the  regu- 
lar hours  of  daily  service,  adjourned  to  10  o'clock  the 
next  morning,  but  during  the  adjournment  the  president 
received  a  letter  from  Colonel  Hamilton,  one  of  General 
Washington's  aids,  which  intimated  the  necessity  of  Con- 
gress leaving  their  place  of  deliberation.  The  members 
resolved  at  once  to  repair  to  Lancaster,  where  they 
arrived  on  the  27th  of  September,  the  very  day  when 
Sir  William  Howe  entered  Philadelphia,  and  took  peace- 
able possession  of  it. 

The  treasury  books,  papers,  money,  &c.  were  carried 
from  Philadelphia  to  Bristol,  thence  by  Reading  to  Lan- 
caster. This  circuitous  route  was  to  avoid  falling  into 
the  hands  of  the  enemy,  who  were  at  that  time  still  in 
'Chester  county,  where,  a  few  days  previous,  the  battle  of 
Brandy  wine  had  been  fought. 

Congress  met,  but  fearful  that  Lancaster  was  too  easily 
accessible  to  the  enemy,  they  determined  the  broad  Sus- 
quehanna should  flow  between  them  and  the  enemy. — 
They  adjourned  the  same  day  of  their  first  meeting  to 
York.  The  first  day  of  their  session  at  York  was  the 
30th  September,  1777  ;  here  Congress  remained  till  June 
27,  1778,  when  they  adjourned  to  meet  at  the  State  House 
in  Philadelphia.* 

Ttjough  the  conflict  continued  long,  the  ardor  of  the 
citizens  of  Lancaster  coun'y  did  not  abate  in  opposing 

*His.  York  county. 


LANCASTER   COUNTY.  421 

encroachments  upon  their  rights,  no  matter  from  what 
source  they  anticipated  them.  Action,  vigilance  and 
union  of  efforts,  seemed  to  have  been  their  motto  on  all 
occasions  of  apprehended  or  real  danger. 

A  circular  was  issued  at  Hanover,  now  Dauphin 
county,  November  28,  1782,  calling  a  meeting  at  ]\Ian- 
heim,  to  take  into  consideration  measures  touching  their 
jeoparded  liberties,  as  it  was  then  thought.  W^  give  the 
circular  and  proceedings  : 

Dear  sir: — The  officers  and  representatives  of  the  ninth 
battalion  of  Lancaster  county  militia,  upon  consultation, 
have  concluded  from  the  present  complexion  of  the 
present  House  of  Assembly,  tliat  the  constitution  and 
liberty  of  the  State  are  at  stake  in  some  measure;  and 
sensible  of  the  importance  of  what  has  caused  us  so  much 
blood  and  treasure,  we  have  thought  it  incumbent  upon 
us  to  exert  ourselves  for  their  preservation,  as  far  as  our 
influence  extends,  and  to  warn  all  who  would  wish  to  be 
free  Irom  the  dangers  that  seem  to  impend,  not  doubting 
at  the  same  time  but  you  are  ready  to  take  the  alarm,  as 
you  must  be  sensible  of  the  same  danger. 

We  do  not  think  it  necessary  to  multiply  words,  tending 
to  inspire  your  spirit,  for  we  are  of  opinion  you  possess 
the  same,  and  have  been  only  waiting  to  know  the  senti- 
ments of  your  fellow  friends  of  Liberty.  Let  us  not 
then  coolly  and  simply  suffer  any  of  our  rights  to  be 
taken  from  us  by  any  men,  especially  as  our  constitution 
invests  us  with  full  power  to  oppose  any  such  attempt. — 
Perhaps  our  fears  are  groundless  ;  but  in  case  of  appar- 
ent danger,  which  undoubtedly  is  our  present  rase,  a  wise 
man  will  be  qx\.  his  guard ;  and  therefore  let  us  meet  at 
Manheim,  on  the  15th  day  of  January  next,  in  order  that 
we  may  mutually  contrive  such  measures  as  may  have  a 

3fi 


422  HISTORY    OF 

tendency  to  preserve  our  good  and  inestimable  constittl- 
tion,  and  our  dear  Independence  and  sweet  Liberty. 
Be  active  and  do  not  fail  to  fulfil  our  request. 

John  Rogers,  Colonel. 
To  the  Colo7iels  of  Lancaster  county  militia. 
Hanover,  November  28th,  1782. 

Militia  Meeting. 

Present :  Colonel  Thomas  Edwards,  colonel  Ziegler, 
colonel  Lowry,  majors  Cook,  Kelly,  Hays  and  Hare^ 
colonel  Ross,  Mr.  Chambers,  captain  Ewing,  captain  J. 
Hubley,  colonel  Rogers,  Mr.  Clark,  captain  Laird,  colo- 
nel Elder. 

On  motion,  colonel  Rogers  was  unanimously  chosen, 
chairman,  and  captain  Joseph  Hubley,  secretary. 

Colonel  Rogers  made  a  neat  and  appropriate  speech, 
explaining  the  objects  of  the  meeting,  that  a  rumor  was 
in  circulation  calculated  to  do  nmch  injury:  "  That  the 
President''  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  was  hostile 
io  the  independence  of  Jlmerica.''^ 

On  motion,  this  question  was  put  to  each  battalion  :  Is 
it  the  opinion  of  the  members  present,  that  they  approve 
of  the  appointment  of  John  Dickinson,  Esq.  as  President 
of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  or  not  ?  Answer :  The 
members  of  the  second  battalion  arc  of  opinion  that  a 
better  choice  of  a  President  could  not  be  made. 

Colonel  Ziegler,  same  opinion;  seventh  battalion, same; 
eighth  battalion,  same ;  ninth   battalion :    we  hope   the 

*Thc  persons  who  presided  over  the  Executive  council  of 
Pcnnisylvania,  from  1779  to  1790,  were  styled  Trcsidents.  The 
llrst  under  the  constitution  of  1779,  was  Thomas  Wharton  ; 
second,  Joseph  Read;  third,  John  Dickinson;  fourtli,  Benja- 
min Franlvlin  ;  (ifth,  Thomas  Mifllin.  In  1790,  a  new  constitu- 
tion was  adopted.  Thomas  Miilliii  was  elected  governor,  Octo- 
ber 12tli  1790. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  423 

Assembly  have  made  a  good  choice,  and  if  they  have  we 
thank  them.  Colonel  Elder  agrees  in  opinion  with  the 
ninth. 

Resolved,  unanimously.  That  the  people  have  a  right 
to  assemble  together  for  their  common  good,  to  instruct 
our  Representatives,  and  to  apply  to  the  Legislature  for 
redress  of  grievances,  by  address,  petition,  or  remon- 
strance. 

Resolved,  unanimously.  That  in  opinion  of  the  deputies 
from  the  different  battalions  now  met,  that  the  complex- 
ion of  the  present  House  of  Assembly  is  such  that  we 
have  no  reason  to  doubt  that  the  independence  and  con- 
stitution of  this  state  are  safe,  and  that  we  highly  approve 
of  his  excellency,  John  Dickinson,  Esq.  as  President. 

Resolved,  unanimously,  That  we  approve  of  colonel 
Rogers  calling  this  meeting,  as  it  has  tended  to  remove 
doubts  and  unjust  charges  that  were  in  circulation  to  the 
disadvantage  of  his  excellency,  the  President  of  this  state, 
and  two  of  our  members  of  Congress,  James  Wilson  and 
John  Montgomery,  Esquires ;  and  we  conceive  such 
meetings  have  a  tendency  to  suppress  false  and  malicious 
reports,  and  that  thereby  virtue  may  meet  with  its  just 
reward,  and  vice  be  depicted  in  its  true  deformity. 

Signed,  John  Rogers,  chairman. 

J.  HuBLEY,  secretary, 

]\Ianheim,  June  15th,  1783. 

For  the  want  of  space,  we  are  obliged  to  close,  imper- 
fect as  it  is,  the  sketch  of  some  of  those  incidents  which 
occurred  in  this  county  during  the  Revolution,  by  noti- 
cing some  of  the  surviving  Revolutionary  soldiers,  natives 
of  this  county. 

Still  a  few  of  the  patriotic  Revolutionary  veterans  are 
living.  Of  this  number  is  Mr.  Philip  Meek,  of  West 
Lampeter  township,  now  in  his  87th  year.     At  the  ago 


424  HISTORY    OF 

of  nineteen,  he  entered  under  Captain  George  Grove,  the 
service  of  his  country.  He  belonged  to  the  "  Flying 
Camp,"  estabhshed  on  a  resolution  of  Congress,  passed 
June  3,  1776,  and  consisted  of  ten  thousand  militia, 
whereof  Pennsylvania  furnished  6,000,  Maryland  3,400, 
and  Delaware  600,  JNIcck  was  in  several  engage- 
ments. He  was  in  the  bloody  engagement  on  Long 
Island,  August  27,  1776,  where  Lord  Percy  and  Grant 
commanded  the  British  and  Hessians,  and  a  division  of 
tlie  American  army  was  commanded  by  General  Putnam. 
At  the  White  Plains,  October  28,  1776,  and  at  Fort  Wash- 
ington, November  1776.  It  was  here  Hezekiah  Davis, 
one  of  the  lieutenants  in  the  Flying  camp  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, was  made  prisoner,  and  held  in  captivity  till  Decem- 
ber, 1780.  After  this  engagement,  M.  went  to  New 
Brunswick,  and  at  the  expiration  of  his  tour  of  six 
months,  was  dismissed.  The  sufferings  he  endured  were 
many  ;  and  it  is  remarkable  to  see  him  now,  far  advan- 
ced in  life,  to  enjoy  unusual  health,  and  the  full  possession 
of  all  his  mental  faculties,  Mr,  Meek  was  born  in  Lan- 
caster county, 

John  Gantner,  born  in  Lancaster,  July  4th,  1761.  At 
the  age  of  17  enlisted  in  the  service  of  the  state  of  Penn- 
sylvania, under  the  command  of  Captain  John  Ilubley; 
under  whose  command  he  marched  to  Shamokin,  and 
several  other  places.  After  sustaining  the  hardships  of  a 
winter  campaign,  he  returned  to  Lancaster  and  was  dis- 
charged. He  afterward  joined  Colonel  Armand's  corps; 
was  two  years  in  the  service  of  his  country  as  a  United 
States  regular,  and  after  many  skirmishes,  fatiguing 
marches,  &.c.  he  was  honorably  discharged,  Mr,  Gant- 
ner was  a  private  in  Captain  Sliarp's  company  of 
dragoons,  and  was  on  his  march  to  Yorktown,  whea 
intelligence  was  received  of  the  capture  of  Lord  Corn- 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  425 

wallis  ;  they  did  not  proceed  to  the  place  of  destination. 

George  Leonard,  also  a  native  of  this  county,  born 
September  13,  1758,  enlisted  in  1776  under  Captain  Mat- 
thew M'Donald  in  Philadelphia,  having,  however,  served 
nearly  two  months  before  as  a  militia  man.  He  was 
nearly  three  years  in  the  service,  and  in  several  battles, 
viz  :   at  Trenton,  Germantown,  Princeton. 

Peter  Mauerer,  born  June  13.  1757,  volunteered  in 
1776,  under  Captain  John  Henry,  went  to  Philadelphia, 
Trenton,  and  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.  After  a  tour  of  two 
months,  he  returned  to  Lancaster,  and  late  in  the  fall, 
under  his  former  captain,  v/ent  to  Pliiladelphia,  thence  to 
Burlington,  Trenton  and  Elizabethtown,  where  they 
united  with  the  main  army  in  winter  quarters — helped  to 
build  a  fort.  After  serving  a  second  tour,  returned  to 
Lancaster,  and  aided  in  guarding  Hessian  and  otiier  pris- 
oners, where  rising  of  two  thousand  were  kept.  When 
the  Hessian  prisoners  v/ere  taken  to  New  York  to  bo 
exchanged  for  American  prisoners,  Peter  Mauerer  was 
one  of  those  who  accompanied  them.  He  saw  Washing- 
ton and  La  Fayette  frequently  during  the  war ;  and  in 
1824  dined  with  La  Fayette  at  Lancaster. 

Pdter  Shindlc,  born  April  29th,  1760,  was  also  in  the 
Revolutionary  service.  He  went  in  the  capacity  of  a 
fifer,  in  Ju!y  1776,  under  Captain  Andrew  Graaf,  of  Colo- 
nel George  Ross'  regiment;  and  in  September,  1777, 
under  Captain  Stoever,  of  Greenawalt's  regiment.  He 
was  promoted  to  brigade  fife  major.  He  was  present  at 
the  battle  of  Brandywine  and  Germantov/n.  He  went 
out  a  third  time  uader  Captain  William  Wertz ;  and  in 
1778,  he  voluntacred  to  aid  taking  the  Hessian  prisoners 
of  Lancaster  to  Piiiladelphia,  in  Captain  App's  company. 

Jacob  Hoover,  of  the  city  of  Lancaster,  enlisted  in  the 
war  of  the  Revolution  in  the  year  1776,  under  captain 

3G* 


426  HISTORY    OF 

Bull  of  Carlisle  ;  and  was  in  the  battle  of  Long  Island, 
August,  1776;  battle  of  Brandywine,  Germantown, 
Trenton  and  Monmouth,  and  several  small  skirmishes, 
and  was  regularly  discharged  in  the  year  1779,  hi  Phila- 
delphia. 

In  a  preceding  part  of  our  book,  we  noticed  David 
Dieffenderfer  and  others.     See  page  207. 

Notes. — The  winter  of  1780,  is  denominated  the  "  Tlie  Hard 
Winter.^''  Ice  was  from  10  to  19  inches  thick — frost  penetrated 
the  ground  from  4  to  5  feet.  During  this  winter  the  ears  of  the 
horned  cattle,  and  the  feet  of  hogs  exposed  to  the  air,  were 
frostbitten.  Squirrels  perished  in  their  holes,  and  partriges 
were  often  found  dead. — Haz.  2;  379. 

In  1781,  Methodist  ministers  first  visited  Lancaster  county ; 
and  in  17S2,  what  was  then  called  "Lancaster  circuit,"  was 
formed,  and  the  Rev.  William  Partridge  appointed  to  it  as 
minister.  It  then  contained  seventy  members  of  society  ;  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  not  yet  having  been  organized.-— 
Among  the  early  ministers  who  preached  in  the  count}-,  may 
be  named  :  Reverends  William  Glendening,  W.  Jesup,  Isaac 
Robertson,  W.  Hunter,  J.  P.  Chandler  and  Simon  Miller,  a 
native  of  the  county. — Goheen. 

In  17S2,  John  F.  MifRin,  John  Wilks  Kittera  and  George 
Thompson,  were  admitted  at  the  bar  of  Lancaster,  to  practice 
Jaw. 

Ml  nibcrs  of  Assembly  for  Lancaster  county  for  1777 : — Cur- 
tis Grubb,  Matthias  Slough,  George  Ross  and  James  Webb. 
1778,  John  Gillchrist,  Curtis  Grubb,  Alexander  Lowrey,  John 
Smiley,  James  Anderson,  William  Brown.  1779,  James  An- 
derson, John  Smiley,  John  Gillchiist,  Christopher  Kuchcr, 
James  Cunningham,  William  Brown,  sen.,  Emanuel  Carpen- 
ter, Jr.,  William  Porter.  1780.  John  Whilehill,  Emanuel  Car- 
penter, Jacob  Cook,  Christopher  Kuchcr,  James  Anderson, 
Adam  Rcigart,  James  Cowden,  Alexander  Lowrey,  Matthias 
Slough,  James  Jacks.  1781,  John  Whilehill,  Christopher 
Kuclier,  Jacob  Cook,  Jacob  Carpenter,  Abraham  Scott,  James 
Jackp,  Blatlhias  Slough,  William  Brown,  Jacob  Krug,  James 
Mercer,  James  Porter,     1782,  Joseph  Montgomery,  Christo- 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  427 

pher  Kucher,  John  Whitehill,  Samuel  John  Atlee,  Abraham 
Scott,  James  Jacks,  John  Craig,  Matthias  Slough,  Curtis  Grubb, 
"William  Brown,  James  Mercer.  1783,  Abraham  Scott,  William 
Brown,  James  Mercer,  John  Craig,  Matthias  Slough,  Joseph 
Work,  Adam  Orth,  Adam  Hubley,  Jacob  Cook,  William  Parr, 
Robert  Coleman. 


CHAPTER  X. 

Lancaster  county  after  the  Revolution — Germans,  and.  those  of  Gei'man 
extraction;  views  on  education — Franklin  College  established — First 
board  of  Trustees — Rcichenbach  ;  New  Jerusalem  Church  ;  the  twelve 
articles  received  by  that  church — Improvements  great  in  the  county — 
Columbia  laid  out — Lancaster  city,  scat  of  government — Late  war; 
means  of  Lancaster  county — Notes  of  variety. 

Lancaster  comity,  in  common  with  other  comities  of 
this  state,  and  the  United  States  in  general,  during  the 
struggle  of  the  Revolution,  paid  but  little  attention  to 
endowing  and  sustaining  schools  of  advanced  standing. 
In  this  county,  education  for  many  years  fell  far  short  of 
the  wealth  and  leisure  the  citizens  had  to  bestow  upon 
the  education  of  their  sons  and  daughters,  beyond  that  of 
a  common  school  education.  The  citizens  of  this  county, 
principally  Germans,  have  always  entertained  peculiar 
views  touching  "college  learning;"  they  ever  preferred 
being  taxed  to  make  ample  provision  for  the  erection  of 
poorhouses  and  hospitals,  and  the  maintenance  of  the 
unfortunate  and  poor,  and  cheerfully  to  pay  towards 
educating  the  children  of  the  indigent,  than  to  aid  in 
building  college  edifices,  and  endowing  professorships. — 
Shortly  after  the  close  of  the  Revolution,  the  subject  of 
education  in  this  county  received  a  new  impulse. 

In  the  year  1787,  a  number  of  citizens  of  this  state,  of 
German  birth  and  extraction,  in  conjunction  with  others, 


428  nisTORY  OF 

from  a  desire  to  increase  and  perpetuate  the  blessings 
derived  to  them  from  the  possession  of  property  and  a 
free  government,  apphed  to  the  Legislature  for  a  charter 
of  incorporation  and  a  donation  of  lands,  for  the  purpose 
of  establishing  and  endowing  a  college  and  charity  school 
in  the  borough  of  Lancaster.  Their  petition  was  granted ; 
a  board  of  trustees,  as  a  corporate  body,  was  established, 
styled,  in  honor  of  his  excellency,  Benjamin  Franklin, 
Esq.,  "  The  trustees  of  Franklin  college,  in  the  borough 
and  county  of  Lancaster^ 

The  first  board  of  trustees  were :  the  honorable  Thomas 
Mifflin,  Hon.  Thomas  M'Kean,  Rev.  John  H.  C.  Hel- 
muth.  Rev.  Casper  Weiburg,  Rev.  Henry  Muhlenberg, 
Rev.  William  Hendell,  Rev.  Nicholas  Kurz,  Rev.  George 
Troldiener,  Rev.  John  Herbst,  Rev.  Joseph  Hutchins, 
Rev.  Fred.  Weyland,  Rev.  Albertus  Helfcnstein,  Rev.  W. 
Ingold,  Rev.  Jacob  Van  Buskirk,  Rev.  Abraham  Blumer, 
Rev.  Fred.  Dalecker,  Rev.  C.  E.  Schultz,  Rev.  F.  V. 
Meltzheimer,  Messrs.  John  Hubley,  Joseph  Hiester,  Cas- 
per Schaffuer,  Peter  Hooffnagle,  Christopher  Crawford, 
Paul  Zantzinger,  Adam  Hubley,  Adam  Reigart,  Jasper 
Yeates,  Stephen  Chambers,  Robert  Morris,  George  Cly- 
mer,  Philip  Wagner,  William  Bingham,  William  Hamil- 
ton, William  Ravv'le,  Lewis  Farmer,  Christopher  Kucher, 
Philip  Groenwaldt,  Michael  Hahn,  George  Stake,  sen., 
John  Musser. 

Franklin  college  was  located  in  North  Queen  street, 
known  for  many  years  as  "The  old  storehouse,"  now 
as  "Franklin  row,*  The  college  was  opened  for  the 
instruction  of  youth,  in  the  German,  English,  Latin, 
Greek  ;uid  other  learned  languages;  in  Theology,  and  in 
the  usclul  arts,  sciences  and  literature.     It  remained  in  a 

*The  compiler  occupies  (1843)  one  of  the  apartments  of 
*' Franklin  row." 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  429 

flourishing  condition  for  several  years ;  owing,  however, 
to  some  defect  in  the  charter,  and  the  pecuniary  resources 
of  the  trustees  faiUng,it  was  suspended.* 

Amon?  the  first  teachers  of  this  institution  was  WilUam 
Reichenbach,  a  native  of  Saxony,  a  man  of  classical 
attainments.  In  1785,  he  left  Germany;  immediately  on 
his  arrival  at  Lancaster,  was  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics  and  German  literature.  About  the  same 
time  Henry  Von  Buelow,  a  native  of  Prussia,  a  German 
nobleman,  who  had  in  his  juvenile  years  adopted  the 
military  profession,  visited  America  and  spent  some  time 
in  Lancaster.  Buelow  had  embraced  the  peculiar  views 
of  Em.  Swedenborg,t  and  with  a  view  to  disseminate- 

'See  chapter  XI  on  education. 

f These  views  being  so  peculiar  and  not  generally  known^ 
we  here  devote  a  small  space  to  presenting  the  leading  doc- 
trines of  the  New  Jerusalem  Cliurch.  The  founder  of  this 
church  was  Emanuel  Swedenborg,  son  of  a  bishop  of  Skara.. 
Emanuel  was  born  1689,  at  Stockholm.  He  was,  it  is  admitted 
by  all,  a  learned  and  pious  man.     He  died  in  1772. 

The  following  twelve  articles  are  received  by  the  New  Jeru- 
salem church  : 

I.  That  Jehovah  God,  the  Creator  and  Preserver  of  heaven 
and  earth,  is  Love  Itself  and  Wisdom  Itself,  or  Good  Itself  and 
Truth  Itself:  That  he  is  One  both  in  Essence  and  in  Person, 
in  whom,  nevertheless,  is  the  Divine  Trinity  of  Father,  Son, 
and  Holy  Spirit,  wliich  are  the  Essential  Divinity,  the  Divine 
Humanity,  and  the  Divine  Proceeding,  answering  to  the  soul, 
the  body,  and  the  operative  energy  in  man:  And  that  the 
Lord  and  Savior  Jesus  Christ  is  that  God. 

II.  That  Jehovah  God  himself  descended  from  heaven,  as 
Divine  Truth,  which  is  the  Word,  and  took  upon  him  Human 
Nature  for  the  purpose  of  removing  from  man  the  power  of 
hell,  and  restoring  to  order  all  things  in  the  spiritual  world,  and 
all  things  in  the  church:  That  ho  removed  from  man  the 
powers  of  hell,  by  combats  against  and  victories  over  them  ; 
in  which  consisted  the  great  work  of  Redemption:    That  by 


430  HISTORY    OP 

them,  he  brought  witli  him,  from  Europe,  a  number  of 
New  Cliurch  works,  for  gratuitous  distribution,  and  f  jv 
sale.  Ueichenbach,  on  examining  the  doctrines,  embra- 
ced and  avowed  them  openly.  He  afterwards  published 
several  works  on  the  doctrines  of  the  New  Church.  One 
entitled  *,'lgathon,  published  in  English  and  German, 
which  was  favorably  received. 

From  the  efforts  of  Von  Buelow,  who  afterwards  re- 

the  same  acts,  which  were  his  temptations,  the  last  of  which 
was  the  passion  of  the  cro-s,  he  united,  in  his  Humanity,  Divine 
Truth  to  Divine  Good,  or  Divine  Wisdom  to  Divine  Love,  and 
so  returned  into  hi:?  Divinity  in  which  he  was  from  eternity, 
together  with,  and  in,  his  Gloritied  humanity  ;  whence  he  for- 
ever keeps  the  infernal  powers  in  subjection  to  himself;  And 
that  all  who  believe  in  iiiin,  with  the  understanding,  from  the 
heart,  and  live  acccu'dingly,  will  be  saved. 

III.  That  the  Sacred  Scripture,  or  Word  of  God,  is  Divine 
Truth  Itself;  containing  a  Spiritual  Sense  heretofore  un- 
known, whence  it  is  divinely  Inspired  and  lioly  in  every  syl- 
lable; as  well  as  a  Literal  Sense,  which  is  the  basis  of  its 
Spiritual  Sense,  and  in  which  Divine  Truth  is  in  its  fulness,  its 
sanctity,  and  its  power:  thus  that  it  is  accommodated  to  the 
apprehension  both  of  angels  and  men:  Tliat  the  spiritual  and 
natural  senses  ar.-  united,  by  correspondences,  like  soul  and 
body,  every  natural  expression  and  image  answering  to,  and 
including,  a  spiritual  and  divine  idea:  And  thus  that  the 
W(n'd  is  the  medium  of  communication  with  heaven,  and  of 
conjunction  with  the  Lord. 

IV.  'J'lial  ihe  government  of  the  Lord's  Divine  Love  and 
Wisdom  is  the  Divine  Providence;  whicli  is  universal,  exer- 
cised according  to  certain  fixed  laws  of  Order,  and  extending 
to  the  minutest  particulars  of  the  lif(!  of  all  men,  hotii  ol' the 
good  and  of  the  evil:  That  in  all  its  operations  it  lias  respect 
to  what  is  iufniite  and  eternal,  and  makes  no  account  of  things 
transitury  but  as  they  are  subservient  to  eternal  ends;  thus,  that 
it  mainly  consists,  with  man,  in  the  connection  of  things  tem- 
poral with  things  eternal;  fur  lliat  the  continual  aim  of  the 
Lord,  by  his  J)ivinc  Pruvidence,  is  to  join  man  to  himself  and 


LANCASTER    COtJNTY.  431 

turned  to  Europe,  there  arose  a  small  band  of  brothers 
about  the  year  1788,  who  hold  the  peculiar  views  of 
baron  Swt-denborg;  among  the  first,  besides  count  Buelow 
and  Reichenbach,  in  this  county,  who  were  receivers  of 
the  doctrines  of  the  New  Jerusalem  Church,  were  Fran- 
cis Bailey  and  family,  Mr.  Eckstein,  Jacob  Carpenter,  the 
intimate  friend  of  Buelow,  Frederick  Damish,  a  Saxon,  a 
teacher  of  music.  There  still  exists  in  this  county,  a  respect- 

himself  to  man,  that  he  may  be  able  to  give  him  the  felicities 
of  eternal  life:  And  that  the  laws  of  permission  are  also  laws 
of  the  Divine  Providence;  since  evil  cannot  be  prevented 
without  destroying  the  nature  of  man  as  an  accountable  agent; 
and  because,  also,  it  cannot  be  removed  unless  it  be  known, 
and  cannot  be  known  unless  it  appear:  Thus,  that  no  evil  is 
permitted  but  to  prevent  a  greater:  and  all  is  overruled,  by 
the  Lord's  Divine  Providence,  for  the  greatest  possible  good. 

V.  That  man  is  not  life,  but  is  only  a  recipient  of  life  from 
the  Lord,  who,  as  he  is  Love  Itself  and  Wisdom  Itself,  is  also 
Life  Itself;  which  life  is  communicated  by  influx  to  all  in  the 
spiritual  world,  whether  belonging  to  heaven  or  to  hell,  and  to 
all  in  the  natural  world;  but  is  received  differently  by  every 
one,  according  to  his  quality  and  consequent  state  of  re- 
ception. 

VI.  That  man,  during  his  abode  in  the  world,  is,  as  to  his 
spirit,  in  the  midst  between  heaven  and  hell,  acted  upon  by 
influences  from  both,  and  thus  is  kept  in  a  state  of  spiritual 
equilibiium  between  good  and  evil ;  in  consequence  of  which 
he  enjoys  free-will,  or  freedom  of  choice,  in  spiritual  things 
as  well  as  in  natural,  and  possesses  the  capacity  of  either 
turning  himself  to  the  Lord  and  his  kingdom,  or  turning  him- 
self away  from  the  Lord,  and  connecting  himsjif  with  the 
kingdom  of  darkness:  And  that,  unless  man  had  such  free- 
dom of  choice,  the  Word  would  be  of  no  use,  the  Church 
would  be  a  mere  name,  man  would  possess  nothing  by  virtue 
of  wliich  he  could  be  conjoined  to  the  Lord,  and  the  cause  of 
evil  nould  be  chargeable  on  God  himself. 

Vil.  That  man  at  this  day  is  born   into  evil  of  all  kinds,  or 
with  tendencies  towards  it:     That,   therefore,  in   order  to  his 


4'Sii  "HISTORY  or 

able  number  of  receivers  and  embracers  of  the  New  Church 
doctrines.  In  point  of  intellect  and  activity,  unsurpassed 
by  the  same  number,  who,  though  few,  did,  unaided  by 
other  religious  denominations,  purchase  a  lot  of  ground 
in  Lancaster  city,  and  erected  a  neat  New  Jerusalem 
temple,  in  1837,  in  wliich  stated  meetings  for  religious 
exercises  are  held.  The  exercises  are  conducted  by  a  lay 
member  elected  for  that  purpose.     Th€  sacraments  are 

entering  the  kingdom  of  heaven,  he  must  be  regenerated'  or 
Created  anew  ;  which  great  work  is  effected  in  a  progressive 
manner,  by  the  Lord  alone,  by  charity  and  faith  as  mediums, 
during  man's  co-operation  :  That  as  all  men  are  redeemed, 
all  are  capable  of  being  regenerated, ^and  consequently  saved, 
every  one  according  to  his  state:  And  that  the  regenerate 
man  is  in  communion  with  the  angels  of  heaven,  and  the  un- 
regeneratc  with  the  spirits  of  hell :  But  that  no  one  is  con- 
demned for  hereditary  evil,  any  further  than  as  he  makes  it 
his  own  by  actual  life;  whence  all  who  die  in  infancy  arc 
saved,  special  means  being  provided  by  the  Lord  in  the  other 
life  for  that  purpose. 

VIIL  That  Repentance  is  the  first  beginning  of  the  Church^ 
in  man  ;  and  that  it  consists  in  a  man's  examining  himself, 
both  in  r(>gard  to  his  deeds  and  his  intentions,  in  knowing  and' 
acknowledging  his  sins,  confessing  tliem  before  the  Lord,  sup- 
plicating liim  for  aid,  and  beginning  a  new  life:  That  to  this 
end,  all  evils,  whether  of  affection,  of  thought,  or  of  life,  are 
to  be  abhorred  and  shunned  as  sins  against  God,  and  because 
they  proceed  from  infernal  spirits,  who  in  the  aggregate  arc 
called  the  Devil  and  Satan  ;  and  that  good  affections,  good 
thoughts,  and  good  actions,  are  to  be  cherished  and  p(>rformed, 
because  they  are  of  God  and  from  God  :  That  these  things  are 
to  be  done  by  man  as  of  himself;  nevertheless,  under  the  ac- 
knowledgment and  belief,  that  it  is  from  the  Lord,  operating  in 
him  and  by  him:  That  so  far  as  man  shuns  evils  as  sins,  so 
far  they  are  removed,  remitted,  or  forgiven  ;  so  far  also  he  does 
good,  not  from  himself,  but  from  the  Lord;  and  in  the  same 
degree  he  loves  truth,  has  faith,  and  is  a  spiritual  man:  And 
that  the  Dc.'calogue  teaches  what  evils  arc  sins. 


m 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  433 

■administered  by  a  regularly  ordained  minister,  who  visits 
the  congregation  as  often  as  the  wants  of  the  chm-ch 
demand. 

From  and  after  the  year  1785,  Lancaster  county  began 
to  improve  rapidly;  towns  in  various  parts  of  the  county 
were  laid  out.  Samuel  Wright  laid  out  the  town  of  Co- 
lumbia in  1787,  and  in  a  few  years  afterwards  others 
were  laid  out.     Agriculture  and  commerce  prospered. — 

IX.  That  Charity,  Faith,  and  Good  Works,  are  unitedly  ne- 
cessary to  man's  salvation  ;  since  charity,  without  faith,  is  not 
spiritual,  but  natural;  and  faith,  without  charity,  is  not  living, 
but  dead  ;  and  both  charity  and  faith,  v»ithout  good  works,  are 
merely  mental  and  perishable  things,  because  without  use  or 
fixedness:  And  that  nothing  of  faith,  of  charity,  or  of  good 
works,  is  of  man  ;  but  that  pU  is  of  the  Lord,  and  all  the  merit 
is  his  alone. 

X.  That  Baptism  and  the  Holy  Supper  are  sacraments  of 
divine  institution,  and  are  to  be  permanently  observed  ;  Bap- 
tism being  an  e.vternal  medium  of  introduction  into  the  Church, 
and  a  sign  representative  of  man's  purification  and  regenera- 
tion ;  and  the  Holy  Supper  being  an  external  medium,  to  those 
who  receive  it  worthily,  of  introduction,  as  to  spirit,  into 
heaven,  and  of  conjunction  with  the  Lord  ;  of  which  also  it  is 
a  sign  and  seal. 

XL  That  immediately  after  death,  which  is  only  a  putting  off 
of  the  material  body,  never  to  be  resumed,  man  rises  again  in 
a  spiriiUaJ  or  substantial  body,  in  which  he  continues  to  live  to 
eternity  ;  in  heaven,  if  his  ruling  affections,  and  thence  his 
life,  have  been  good  ;  and  in  hell,  if  his  ruling  affections,  and 
thence  his  life,  have  been  evil. 

XIL  That  Now  is  the  time  of  the  Second  Advent  of  the 
Lord,  which  is  a  Coming,  not  in  Person,  but  in  the  power  and 
glory  of  his  Holy  Word :  That  it  is  attended,  like  his  first 
Coming,  vviih  the  restoration  to  order  of  all  things  in  the  spiri- 
tual world,  v/here  the  wonderful  divine  operation,  commonly 
expected  under  the  name  of  the  Last  Judgment,  has  in  conse- 
quence been  performed ;  and  with  the  preparing  of  tlie  way 
for  a  New  Church  on  the  earth, — the  first  Christian  Church 

37 


434  HISTORY    OP 

All  was  tranquility  till  1 794,  when  the  Whiskey  insun-ec- 
tion  took  place  iu  the  western  part  of  Pennsylvania; 
many  in  this  county  began  to  fear  that  the  stability  of  our 
government  was  not  immovable,  but  their  apprehensions 
were  removed  before  the  expiration  of  that  year.  From 
that  period  down  to  the  present,  there  is  little  of  special 
interest  in  the  history  of  the  county  that  is  not  common 
to  the  adjacent  and  even  more  distant  counties  of  the 
state,  except  that  Lancaster  city  was  the  capital  of  the 
state  from  December  1799,  till  1812,  when  the  seat  of 
government  was  removed  to  Ilarrisburg.  The  law  for 
locating  the  seat  of  government  at  the  latter  place,  was 
approved  21st  February,  ISIO  ;  and  the  offices  were  re- 
moved from  Lancaster  12th  October,  1S12.  The  com- 
missioners for  that  purpose  were  Robert  Harris,  George 
Hoyer,  George  Ziegler, 

During  the  late  war  of  1812,  '13,  '14,  no  county  in  the 
state  was  more  ready  to  meet  the  exigencies  of  the  times 
than  the  militia  and  volunteers  of  Lancaster  county. — 
Companies  were  raised,  and  prepared  to  confront  the 
hauglity  invaders  of  our  country,  and  effectually  to  curb 
the  proud  Dritons  in  their  headlong  course  against  our 
eommon  country. 

Lancaster  county,  though  of  limited  territory,  has  all 

having  sphitually  come  to  its  end  or  consmmnation,  thrcugh 
evils  of  hfe  and  errors  of  doctrine,  as  foretold  by  the  Lprd  in 
the  Gospels:  And  that  this  New  or  Second  Christian  Church, 
which  vill  be  the  Crown  of  all  Cliurchcs,  and  will  stand  for 
ever,  is  what  was  representatively  seen  by  John,  when  he 
beheld  llic  holy  city.  New  Jerusalem,  descending  from  God  out 
of  heaven,  prepared  as  a  bride  adorned  for  her  hiishand. 

The  writings  of  Swedcnborg,  in  German,  English  and 
French,  and  oilier  New  Church  pul)Iicat.ions,  can  bo  had  at 
their  Book  Depository,  kept  by  F.  J.  KuAMru,  merchant  tailor, 
Lancaster,  Pa. 


LANCASTER    COUNTT.  435 

the  elements,  natural,  physical,  moral  and  intellectual,  if 
these  are  properly  cultivated,  to  secure  to  itself  a  niche  of 
distinction  in  the  Keystone  State. 

Notes. — The  winter  of  1784,  was  considered  one  of  the 
hardest  winters  for  forty  years.  The  same  year  there  was  a 
high  flood  of  the  Susquehanna. 

Travelling  in  1784.  This  year  Frederick  Schaeffer  establish- 
ed a  travelling  accommodation  stage,  which  occupied  three 
days  in  returning  to  and  from  Philadelphia. 

In  1792  the  turnpike  from  Lancaster  to  Philadelphia,  62  miles 
in  length,  was  commenced,  and  finished  in  1794 — cost  $465,000; 
at  about  $7,516  per  mile. 

Population  of  Lancaster  county  in  1790.  Free  white  male 
persons  of  16  years  and  upwards,  including  heads  of  families, 
9,713;  free  white  males  under  16  years,  8,070;  free  white 
females,  including  heads  of  families,  17,471;  all  other  free 
pei'sons,  545;  slaves,  348 — total  30.179. 

Members  of  Assembly  from  Lancaster  county : — 1789,  James 
Clemson,  John  Hopkins,  Henry  Dering,  James  Cunningham, 
Jacob  Erb,  John  Miller.  1790,  James  Cunningham,  Williaai 
Webb,  Abraham  Carpenter,  Jacob  Erb,  John  Breckbill, 


436  HISTORY    OF 


CHAPTER   XI. 


EiivrATK.N: — Preliminary  remarks;  Importance  of  general  cilupalion— 
Vicr.s  cf  tlio  coIoiiiKls — Mcnnonilrs'  views  of  education — Scotrli-Irish 
settlers,  made  at  first  liltic  preiaraiion,  &c.  till  179S — First  schools  in  the 
town  of  Lancaster — Lutheran  and  Germnn  Kcformed  churches  have 
schools  under  their  ausjjiccs — Rev.  M.  Schlatter  indefatigahle  in  his  efforts  to 
establish  schools — Extract  from  Coctuale  proceedings  of  1760 — Tnibtees 
and  managers  of  public  sc'.ioois — Germans  patriotic,  modest  and  unas- 
suming, &c. — Ludwig  Hacker  establishes  a  Sabbath  school  at  Ephrata— 
German  ela.'.-sical  school  at  Ephrata — Academy  at  Ephrata — A«ideniy  at 
Liti:; — Select  Academy  at  J.ancaster — Franklin  college,  &c. — Private 
schools  and  aradamies  in  various  reclics^.s  of  tlic  counly — A.n  act  for  tbo 
education  of  children  in  the  borough  of  Lancaster^-The  Mechanics'  So- 
ciety— Classical  Academy  ;  Lancaster  (Jounty  Aradcmy  ;  Classical  Acad- 
emics in  the  counly — Seminaries;  Common  Schools;  Sabbath  Schools, 
Lyceums,  &c. 

The  permanency  of  all  Rcprvblics,  depends  upon  the  en- 
lightenment of  the  people.  As  education  is  therefore  encour- 
aged or  neglected,  so  will  their  foundations  be  sure  and  stable, 
or  loose  and  unsettled  ;  and  it  is  diiricult  to  say,  ■whether  in 
Uieir  moral  relations  or  political  privileges,  this  truth  is  most 
self-evident.  The  certainty,  stability  and  perpetuity  of  a  re- 
publican government,  with  all  its  vast  machinery  of  offices  and 
officers,  such  as  the  efficient  administration  of  the  government 
by  the  Executive,  the  judicious  and  wholesome  e.\ercise  of  its 
powers  by  the  Legislature,  the  j)ron)pt  and  energetic  adminis- 
tration of  justice  by  faitiiful  Judges,  and  above  all,  the  just  de- 
termination of  the  rights  of  parties  by  impartial  Jurors,  must 
depend  alone  upon  tiic  people.  There  is  no  otlicr  foundation 
upon  wliich  the  structure  can  rest.  Tiiis  constitutes  its  chief 
excellence,  its  greatest  strcngih. 

In  a  government  then  such  as  ours,  based  as  it  is  upon  ac- 
knowledged democratic  principles,  in  the  theory  and  practice 
of  which,  it  is  admitted  that  the  peoj)le  arc  the  source  of  all 
power,  making  and  unmaking  at  stated  intervals  all  their  func- 
tionaries, from  the  Chief  magistrate  of  the  nation,  down  to  tho 


LANCASTER    GOUNTY.  437 

humblest  officer  created  by  a  Borough  charter,  the  necessity  of 
having  that  same  people  educated,  will  not  for  a  moment  be 
questioned.     For,  as  they  are  enlightened  or  unenlightened,  so 
will  their  government  be  elevated  in  character,  or  depressed 
in  a  corresponding  degree.     Called  upon  as  they  are,  to  the 
frequent  exercise  of  the  elective  franchise,  and  thus  necessarily 
to  judge  of  men  and  measures,  their  course  of  action  must  be 
determined,  either  by  each  man's  own  personal  examination 
iflto  the  character  of  the  one,  and  a  careful  investigation  into 
the  propriety  or  expediency  of  the  other,  or  else  it  must  be 
suggested  and  fixed  by  the  advice  and  opinions  of  others.    And 
what  a  prolific  source  of  abuse  is  this.     It  is  seldom  indeed 
that  such  advice  is  honest,  for  the  most  part  it  is  the  gratuitous 
oflFering  of  interested  men.     How  shall  those  whose  minds  are 
obscured  by  the  clouds  of  ignorance,  be  capable  of  discrimina- 
ting between  the  correctness  and  incorrectness  of  questions 
of  public  policy  ]    How  shall  they  judge  between  the  patriot 
and  the   ambitous,  self-aggrandizing  demagogue  1    Are   they 
competent  to  arrive  at  a  proper  decision  of  the  various  compli- 
cated questions,  necessarily  arising  for  their  determination,  and 
by  a  reference  to  which,  their  choice  is  to  be  regulated  in  ths. 
selection  of  officers  and  representatives'?     Let  the  people  be 
educated,  and  thus  each  individual  will  be  rightly  impressed 
with  the  important  truth,  that  his  own  interests  are  identified 
with  those  of  the  State.     For  no  government  is  so  free  as  that 
which  is  upheld  by  the  affections  of  the  people,  and  no  com- 
munity so  happy  as  that  in  which  the  youth,  by  proper  educa- 
tion, are  disciplined  to  the  exercise  of  all  those  moral  virtues 
that  ennoble  human  nature. 

So  thought  and  so  acted,  almost  all  of  the  early  settlers  of 
nearly  every  state  in  the  Union.  Although  Colonists  it  is  true, 
and  perhaps  entertaining  not  even  the  most  remote  idra  of  a 
separate  existence,  at  any  period  of  time,  as  a  nation,  they 
were  in  their  Colonial  government,  if  not  essentially,  at  least 
partially  Democratic.  Returning  by  a  popular  vote,  their  own 
Representatives,  and — with  the  exception  of  their  Governors—, 
the  greater  part  of  all  their  prominent  oflicers,  they  felt  the 
necessity  of  so  enlightening  this  first  great  power,  that  at  a 
very  early  day,  schools  and  institutions  of  learning  were  estab- 
lished and  founded  by  voluntary  contribution?  among  them. — 

37* 


438  HISTORY    OF 

Such  is  tlic  history  of  the  Turitans  of  New  England,  the  Roman 
Catholics  of  Maryland,  the  Quakers  of  P  ennsylvai:ia  and  the 
Huguenots  of  the  Carolinas,  True,  their  first  efforts  in  this 
respect  were  feeble.  The  country  was  new,  and  surrounded 
as  the  inhabitants  were  by  savage  foes,  the  first  elements  of 
education  wliich  the  children  obtained,  were  communicated  by 
the  parents  themselves,  in  the  midst  of  dangers  and  unexam- 
pled hardships.  Ey  degrees  however,  as  the  difierent  settle- 
ments increased  in  number  and  strength,  schoolswcre  establish- 
ed fur  the  instruction  of  the  children,  in  the  ordinary  branch- 
es of  the  education  of  tlic  country  from  whence  the  parents 
had  emigrated;  and  as  in  time,  wealth  began  to  flow  in  upon  the 
Colonists,  schools,  academies  and  cullcges  came  to  Le  endow- 
ed either  by  individual  liberality  or  Logisldtivo  munificence. — 
Truly  the  good  seed  sown  thus  early  by  the  settlers,  has  yielded 
abundantly,  "some  thirty,  some  sixty  and  some  an  hundred 
fold." 

In  general  terms  and  fewer  words,  we  have  thus  described 
the  progressive  history  of  the  educatiun  of  almost  every  com- 
munity in  the  United  States.  In  some  parts  we  admit,  the  ad- 
vance has  been  accelerated  more  perhaps  by  the  comparative 
extent  of  t!io  information  of  tlio  first  emigrants  an  1  the  dimin- 
ished number  of  obstacles  encountered  by  them  in  subduing 
the  country,  than  from  any  other  cause.  Under  ordinary  cir- 
cumstances, this  might  therefore  suffice  for  the  object  to  which 
the  present  chapter  is  devoted;  but  as  it  is  intended  to  pre- 
sent to  t!:c  reader,  a  detailed  account  (fall  matters  of  sufficient 
importance  and  worthy  of  being  embodied  in  a  woik  of  this 
kind,  it  is  uiir  duty  as  a  faithful  historian,  to  enter  into  details. 

As  has  been  already  shewn  in  a  former  part  of  this  work,* 
the  first  settlement  of  any  extent  in  Lancaster  county,  was 
made  by  tlie  German  Slcnnoniles  in  I'^OO  and  "10  in  tlic  neigh- 
borhood of  Willow-street,  in  Lampeter  and  Conestoga  town- 
.ships.  Tiicy  v.ere — as  their  descendants  still  are — a  highly 
moral  and  religious  people.  Holding  rcace-princijilcs,  and 
taking  very  little  if  any  jjart  in  the  alVairs  of  government,  they 
taught  tlieir  young  men,  that  the  first  great  duty  of  life,  was 
for  var\i  iwjw  If)  mind  his  own  husinei:s.  Practising  upon  this 
maxim,  they  encouraged  indu>jtry  by  their  own  examples,  and 

•J'age  71  aiitca. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  439 

discouraged  ambition  by  a  representation  of  the  evils  neces- 
sarily following  in  its  train.  Devoting  themselves  and  their 
families  to  religion,  they  labored  and  were  happy.  Spurning 
alike  the  honors  and  emoluments  of  office,  they  kept  on  in  the 
even  tenor  of  their  way,  rejoicing.  Why  then  should  they 
spend  much  time  in  Literary  pursuits'!  They  were  farmers, 
why  waste  time  precious  to  them,  in  the  acquisition  of 
that  which  when  obtained,  to  a  people  of  such  simple  habits 
of  life  and  so  unassuming,  could  be  of  no  present  or  conceiv- 
able advantaged  Thus  reasoned  the  father,  so  argued  the  sons, 
and  as  a  consequence,  learning  was — with  the  exception  of  so 
much  as  barely  enabled  them  to  read  the  Bible  and  the  Psalm- 
book,  to  v/rite  a  little  in  the  German  and  master  the  three  first 
rules  in  Arithmetic — not  only  neglected  but  absolutely  dis- 
couraged by  them.  Although  there  has  been  a  vast  improve- 
ment in  the  Society  for  the  better  in  this  respect;  and  notwith- 
standing; many  of  its  members  possess  superior  abilities  and 
attainments,  still  the  same  opinions  are  entertained  by  the 
Society  at  large  ;  and  while  almost  every  other  sect  has  made 
its  efforts  towards  the  establishment  of  Academies,  Colleges, 
and  Theological  Seminaries,  they  have  been  content  to  walk 
in  the  ways  of  their  fathers,  and  to  hear  "the  word  of  life" 
expounded,  by  men  of  as  simple  tastes  and  habits  as  them- 
selves. Let  no  man  here  reproach  them  with  hostility  to 
learning  for  learning's  sake,  for  such  a  reproach  will  be  as 
unjust  as  it  is  undeserved.  They  oppose  its  extension  among 
their  youth,  beyond  what  we  have  already  stated,  .simply 
because  in  their  estimation,  it  begets  a  state  of  life  inconsist- 
ent with  their  profession  of  religion.  Of  them  it  may  be  truly 
said,  they  worship  God,  not  only  in  the  "beauty  "  but  also  in 
the  simplicity  of  "  of  holiness." 

In  the  year  1717*  a  settlement  was  commenced  on  the  banks 
of  the  Octorara  Creek,  by  a  party  of  uhat  are  now  known  as 
"the  Scotch-Irish."  They  had  many  difficulties  to  encounter, 
for  besides  being  destitute  of  any  large  amount  of  this  world's 
goods,  they  had  the  misfortune  of  settling  upon  a  soil  by  no 
means  so  fertile  or  so  kind  as  that  secured  by  their  more  for- 
tunate fellow  emigrants — the  German  Mcnnonites.  From  ne- 
-cessity  and  poverty,  they  made  but  little  progress  in  the  estab- 

•Page  117  antea. 


440  HISTORY    OP 

lishnieiit  of  schools  for  the  education  of  their  3'outh  ;  and  at 
no  time  until  about  the  year  1798,  was  there  any  effort  made  to 
support  a  classical  and  mathematical  school  among  tli(;in. — 
Their  progress  however  in  this  respect,  on  a  comparison,  will 
be  found  to  bo  but  little  behind  even  the  boasted  elTorts  of  the 
colony  at  Plymouth,  They  and  tlieir  descendants  have  always 
been  justly  regarded  as  among  the  most  intelligent  people  of 
Lancaster  county. 

The  Borough,  now  the  city  of  Lancaster,  as  we  have  seenf 
^as  originally  founded  in  1730.  The  first  lot  holders  were 
Quakers  and  English  Protestants  ;  but  before  any  settled  plan, 
other  than  the  ordinary  schools  supported  by  voluntary  sub- 
scription could  be  adopted  by  them  for  the  education  of  youth^ 
German  Protestants  from  the  upper  and  lower  Pahitinates, 
holding  the  doctrines  of  the  Lutheran  and  German  Reformed 
Churches,  with  all  their  attachments — strong  and  powerful  a,s 
they  arc — emigrated  to  this  flourishing  and  prosperous  town. 
Entering  at  once  upon  the  business  of  life  as  Tradesmen  and, 
Mechanics  they  labored  with  all  the  indomitable  perseverance 
of  the  Saxon  character,  until  by  an  increase  of  numbers  from 
additional  emigrations  and  the  accumulation  of  a  little  wealth, 
they  weie  enabled  to  build  a  Lutheran  and  also  a  German 
Reformed  church  fur  the  accommodation  of  themselves  ^nd 
tliose  holding  the  doctrines  of  these  respective  churches.  The 
first  great  duty  with  these  people,  was  the  erection  and  dcdi-: 
cation  of  Houses  of  Worship  to  Almighty  God.  The  next,  was 
to  supply  them  with  those  who  should  minister  to  their  sj)iritual 
wants  in  holy  things;  and  the  third  but  co-equal  duty  with  the 
latter,  was  to  secure  the  services  ot  a  competent  School-mas- 
ter, to  instruct  their  children  in  the  elements  of  a  good  German 
education. 

At  no  part  of  this  History  better  than  the  present,  can  it 
with  greater  propriety  be  observed,  that  almost  co-cxistcnt 
with  tile  establishment  of  the  first  Lutheran  churches  in  Ger- 
many and  of  the  Reformed  churches  in  Switzerland  and  Hol- 
land, tli'-re  sprang  up  a  custom  among  their  members  peculiar 
to  themselves.  Each  congregation  was  regarded  as  a  spiritual 
municipal  corporation,  and  among  other  duties  performed  by 
those  living  its  controul  or  government,  in   order  that  "the 

■|-Pugo312  aiitca. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  441 

word  might  not  perish  for  lack  of  knowledge  among  the 
people,"  they  employed  a  competent  teacher,  to  instruct  the 
youth  of  both  sexes,  without  any  regard  whatever  to  the  wealth 
or  standing  of  the  parents  in  society.  Generally  each  church 
was  supplied  with  an  organ — indeed  this  instrnment  was  re- 
garded as  indispensable  to  the  proper  worship  of  the  Almighty, 
and  tlie  person  employed  to  perform  upon  it  during  divine 
service,  was  required  to  unite  with  his  skill  and  knowledge  as 
a  mu.-ician,  the  profession  of  a  School-teacher.  He  usually 
received  a  stated  salary,  and  was  furnished  with  proper  accom- 
dations  for  his  school,  himself  and  family  at  the  common  cost 
of  the  congregation.  In  return  for  this,  and  in  addition  to  his 
duty  as  an  organist — as  has  been  shewn — he  was  required  to 
teach  the  children  of  the  congregation  upon  such  terms  as  the 
vestry  might  from  time  to  time  determine.  The  sum  thus  fixed, 
was  paid  to  him  by  the  parents  of  such  of  the  children,  as 
were  able  to  afford  it,  while  the  children  of  those  who  were 
in  indigent  circumstances,  were  taught  the  same  branches 
without  charge  and  in  consideration  of  the  salary  paid  by  the 
congregation.  This  mode  of  educating  their  own  poor,  by  a 
system  so  simple,  was  regarded  as  a  religious  duty.  It  was  so 
taughtfrom  generation  to  generation,  through  successive  years  ; 
and  when  the  two  churches  we  have  referred  to,  were  founded 
in  Lancaster,  the  Lutheran  A.  D.  1734  and  the  German  Re- 
formed A.  D.  1736,  it  was  not  forgotten. 

As  may  well  be  supposed,  the  schools  thus  established  were 
not  at  first  very  far  advanced,  beyond  the  ability  to  impart  a 
knowledge  of  what  are  now  known  as  the  first  rudiments  of  a 
common  education,  but  in  a  few  years,  they  attained  to  some 
eminence,  and  from  being  originally  intended  only  for  the 
benefit  of  the  children  of  their  particular  churches,  they  came 
to  be  multiplied  and  extended,  for  the  benefit  of  all  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  Borough  and  adjacent  country.  So  rapidly  indeed 
had  the  scholars  increased,  and  with  so  much  success  were  the 
schools  conducted,  under  the  united  efiorts  and  persevering 
industry  of  the  Pastors  of  the  Lutheran  and  German  Reformed 
congregations,  that  from  about  the  year  174.5  to  1784,  they  were 
almost  the  onlyschoolsof  characteria  the  county — except  those 
at  Ephrata  and  Litiz,  of  which  we  shall  speak  hereafter.  During 
the  earlier  part  of  this  time,  great  interest  was  taken  in  the  es- 


443  HISTOKY    OP 

tablishmcut  of  Schools  in  America,  by  the  Highest  Ecclesias- 
tical bodies  of  these  two  Churches  in  Europe.  By  the  Reform- 
ed Synod  of  Amsterdam,  Sclioolmastcrs  were  sent  out  for  the 
instruction — and  German  Bibles  and  otlier  religious  books  for- 
warded to  meet  the  wants  of  the  community  not  only  at  Lan- 
caster but  throughout  Pennsylvania,  Maryland  and  New  York. 

In  the  Ca3tuale  proceedings  of  the  Reformed  church  in  Hol- 
land, for  the  year  1700,  we  iind  a  Report  dated  May  20,  A.  D* 
1760,  in   which,  among  other  things,  it  is  stated  as   follows:    ^ 
"We  begin  with  Lancaster.     After  Mr.  Stoy  came  here,  A.  D.  ,^. 
1758,  in  the  month  of  October,  he  found  about  one  hundred  ^ 
families  that  belonged  to  the  church.     He  has  baptized  since   ^o 
that  time  to  the  month  of  May,  17C0,  one  hundredy^lnstruc!M- 
forty  young  persons  in  llic  confession  of  faith,  and  received 
them  as  communicants.     At  present  sixty  children  attend  the 
school."* 

For  years  anterior  to  the  time  wc  arc  writing  of,  the  minis- 
ters of  the  German  Reformed  church  in  America  as  well  as  in 
Europe,  were  among  the  most  learned  of  all  Divines.  Essen- 
tially Calvinislic  in  their  doctrines,  they  were  necessarily  able 
and  astute  polemics.  Called  upon  as  they  were  dail)^  to  combat 
the  errors  of  the  Romish,  and  to  explain  the  difference  and 
defend  their  doctrines  from  those  of  the  Lutheran  church — 
which  also  ranked  among  its  ministers  men  of  great  learning 
and  erudition — f  they  were  constrained  to  search  the  Scrip- 

*It  is  worlliy  of  remark  licro.  that  all  the  proceedings,  reports,  &c.,  of  the 
Synoils  of  tliis  ( 'liDrcli  wore,  until  toward  the  close  of  tiic  ]  8lh  Century,  con- 
(lucteil  in  llie  Latin  or  Dutch  languages:  'J'hc  report  spoken  of  in  the  text, 
is  in  tli<>  Dutch  iJniJ  as  follows,  viz: 

"  Wy  niaken  den  et  liecin  met  Lancaster.  Nadien  Domine  Stoy.  A.  D. 
1758  in  dc  Maand  Octuli:  daar  hen  (luani,  zoo  vond  liy  onitrent  een  hundred 
IIuislioudiiiKcn,  die  tol  die  Kerkc  Ix  luioren.  Ily  lieclft  /int  die  1yd  tot  de 
Maand  Mey  17G0daar  gedoopt  116  Kinderen  ;  40  jongs  personcn  in  die 
Ocloofe  Uelydenisse  ondcrweeren,  en  tot  Ledeniaten  aangcnomen.  In  die 
School  gan  legenwoordig  GO  Kindcre: 

■jTlie  Kev.  Henry  M.  Mulilenlierg,  for  a  long  time  the  pastor  of  the  Lu- 
theran Congregation  at  I'liiladelphia,  spoke  the  Latin  with  great  fluency. 
He  also  preached  in  tiie  Sweedish,  Dutch,  German,  French  and  English 
languages.  He  wan  a  profound  linguist,  and  was  familiar  with  the  Greek 
und  Hebrew. 


LANCASTER    COUNTT.  443 

tUres  and  to  read  the  Fathers  in  the  original.*  To  do  so  effectu- 
ally, they  devoted  themselves  to  the  study  not  only  of  the  dead 
but  also  of  the  living  languages;  so  necessary  was  this  know- 
ledge considered,  that  with  but  few  exceptions,  none  but  rare 
and  ripe  scholars  were  found  in  her  pulpits.  Hence,  the  deep 
and  intense  interest  manifested  for  the  education  of  the  youth, 
in  such  of  the  Lord's  vineyards  as  were  planted  by  their  hands. 

We  have  already  shewnf  that  about  the  year  1752,  the  Gov- 
ernor of  Pennsylvania,  Chief  Justice  Allen,  Mr.  Peters,  Secre- 
tary of  the  Land  Office,  Messrs.  Turner,  Benjamin  Franklin 
and  Conrad  Wuiser,  were  appointed  trustees  and  managers  of 
the  public  schools,  which  it  was  intended  to  establish  in  the 
province.  Previous  to  tliis  time  however,  a  large  number  of 
schools  were  in  successlul  operation  in  several  counties,  and  in 
the  town  of  Lancaster  particularly,  through  the  active  exer- 
tions of  the  Rev.  Michael  Schlatter.  He  was  a  German  Re- 
formed minister,  and  cams  out  at  the  expense  of  the  Reformed 
Synod  of  Amsterdam,  A.  D.  1746,  for  this  single  purpose.  It 
is  more  than  probable,  that  the  schools  which  it  is  alleged  these 
trustees  established  at  Lancaster  and  elsewhere,  were  only 
branches  of  those  already  in  operation  under  his  auspices,  and 
the  enterprise  of  the  Lutheran  and  German  Reformed  con- 
gregations, for  it  is  a  well  known  fact,  that  the  plan  of  the  trus- 
tees named,  did  not  succeed,  and  the  schools  soon  fell  back 
under  their  original  charge. 

"The  Germans  are  a  patient,  modest  and  unassumirlg  peo- 
ple. Their  character  is  either  imperfectly  understood  or  wil- 
fully misrepresented.  For  their  attachment  to  learning  and 
their  untiring  efforts  in  the  cause  of  education,  they  receive  but 
httle  credit,  even  from  those  whose  acquaintance  wit!i  the 
facts — independent  of  their  German  origin — should  prompt 
them  upon  all  occasions,  to  become  tlicir  readiest  defenders. — 
How  many  valuable  hints  have  we — whose  mother  tongue  is 
the  English — not  received  "from  this  loo-lightly  estimated  peo- 
ple 1  How  many  schemes  for  the  dissemination  of  knowledge 
among  men,"  have  they  not  successfully  devised,  and  other 
iiations  as  well  as  ourselves,  as  successfully  put  into  operation, 

*l'iipy  not  unfrcquent!}'  conversed  in  Latin  and  all  their  correspondence 
was  conJuctoJ  clilcfly  in  tli.it  tongue.     Vide  also  page  225  antea. 
^Page  259  antea. 


444  nisTony  df 

without  so  much  as  crcdiling  the  source  from  whence  derived? 
Nay  more,  how  often  is  it  that  they  and  we  have  seized  upon 
a  plan  devised  by  them  for  the  education  of  youth — crude, 
and  it  may  be  ill-digested,  because  of  its  novelty — and  im- 
proving upon  it,  liave  as  unceremoniously  and  unblusliiugly 
claimed  for  ourselves,  tiie  credit  of  the  discovery  !  Witii  no 
other  people  would  it  have  been  attempted ;  and  they 
have  submitted  to  the  moral  wrong,  only  because  they  re- 
joiced more  in  the  good  that  followed  to  others,  than  in  the  en- 
joyment of  the  honor  that  was  due  to  the  discovery,  for  them- 
selves."* 

We  are  led  to  introduce  these  remarks,  in  consequence  of 
our  now  approaching  a  period  in  the  history  of  education  in 
Lancaster  county,  where  we  are,  as  a  faithful  historian,  to  claim 
for — comparatively  speaking — an  obscure  German,  the  honor 
not  only  of  suggesting,  but  also  of  successfully  carrying  into 
practical  operation,  the  never-to-be-too-much-encouraged  Sab- 
bath Schools  of  the  present  day.  About  the  year  1740,  af 
German  by  the  name  of  Ludwig  Hacker,  a  man  of  much 
learning  and  great  piety,  the  teacher  of  the  school  which  had 
been  previously  established  by  tlie  society  of  Seventh-day 
Baptists  at  Eph rata,  proposed  the  plan  of  holding  a  school  in 
the  afternoon  of  their  Sabbath,  which  was  and  is,  the  seventh 
instead  of  the  lirstday  of  the  week.  It  was  at  once  carried  out 
by  the  brethren  into  practical  operation,  and  continued  to  dis- 
pense its  blessings  among  the  children  of  the  neighborhood, 
until  September  1777,  when — alter  the  batth;  of  Brandywine — 
the  room  used  for  the  school,  was  w  ith  the  whole  building,  con- 
verted into  a  military  hospital  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
American  soldiers  wounded  upon  that  sanguinary  field.  After 
this  event,  the  school  was  never  again  opened;  but  the  plan 
years  afterwards,  was  revived  in  England  ;  and  the  poor  Ger- 
man scholar,  Ludwig  Hacker  who  sleeps  in  the  bosom  of  his 
mother  earth,  without  a  stone  to  mark  his  resting  place,  is  for- 
gotten in  the  praises  and  blessings  which  are  lavished  upon 
the  memory  of  him|  who  but  resuscitated  and  improved  upon 
his  plan. 

•MSS.  by  Geuhge  Fjul,  Esq. 
jRobcrt  Kiiikcs. 
^Page  2;M  anlca, 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  445 

In  a  former  part  of  this  work*  the  efforts  of  this  society  in 
the  extension  of  knowledge,  have  been  already  shewn.  Co- 
existent with  their  change  of  life  from  a  conventicle  to  a  mon- 
astic one,  A.  D.  1733  a  school  for  the  education  of  themselves 
and  their  youth  in  German  and  Classic  Literature,  was  estab- 
lished. It  was  of  course  local  in  its  operations,  and  its  advanta- 
ges never  became  to  any  extent  known  to  the  public  ;  but  its 
reputation  and  the  ability  of  its  teachers,  are  attested  by  the 
many  evidences  of  their  skill  and  proficiency,  remaining 
among  the  archives  of  the  society.  The  school  thus  estab- 
lished, continued  its  beneficial  operations  until  with  the  grad- 
ual decay  of  the  society,  it  was  finally  suspended.  Thus  it 
remained  until  after  the  passage  of  an  Act  by  the  Legislature 
of  the  State,  February  21,  1814,  iacorjjorating  the  few  members 
which  yet  remained  of  the  society.  With  a  pious  reverence 
for  the  memories  and  virtues  of  their  fathers,  and  desirous  of 
emulating,  as  far  as  practicaWe,  the  efforts  made  by  them  in 
their  day  and  generation,  these  survivors,  chiefly  through  the 
active  exertions  of  Mr.  William  Konigmacher,  by  virtue  of  the 
provisions  of  tiie  act  referred  to,  and  also  of  others  subse- 
quently passed  for  the  purpose,  started  an  acadamy  where  the 
English  and  German  languages,  mathematics  and  other 
branches  are  successfully  taught. 

Like  tlieir  German  brethren  at  Ephrata,  the  Moravians  at 
Litiz,  vi-ere  and  still  arc  the  devoted  friends  of  Education. — 
Their  first  settlement  at  Warwick,  A.  D.  1743,  was  marked  by 
the  establishment  of  a  school  under  the  charge  of  their  min- 
ister, the  Rev.  Leonard  Schnell,f  a  German  of  considerable 
literary  attainments  ;  and  when  at  length  in  1754,  a  monastic 
life  was  determined  on,  and  the  village  of  Litizin  consequence 
thereof  founded,  their  school  had  attained  to  some  local  emin- 
ence. In  the  year  1762,  it  was  removed  to  the  latter  place, 
and  there  continued  until  A.  D.  1794,|;  when  it  was  divided 
into  two  departments,  one  for  each  sex.  Out  of  the  Female 
department,  the  now  justly  celebrated  Young  Ladies  Semi- 
nary, sprung  into  existence  as  a  Boarding  school,  v/ith  what 

■*Page  216  antea. 
f  Page  310  antea. 
iP^gs  316  antea. 

38 


446  HISTORY   OF 

success  and  how  much  benefit  to  the  community,  its  present 
widely  extended  reputation  will  best  attest. 

The  school  for  the  education  of  the  male  youth  of  the  soci-' 
ety  and  adjacent  country,  continued  its  operations  until  in  the 
year  1815,*  when  it  was  assigned  to  Mr.  John  Beck,  the  pre- 
sent able  and  indefatigable  principal — a  gentleman  of  ac- 
knowledged ability,  of  great  goodness  of  heart,  enthusiastical- 
ly devoted  to  his  profession,  and  remarkable  for  the  fatherly 
care  and  affection  which  he  has  always  evinced  for  his  pupils, 
the  school  grew  rapidly  into  public  favor  under  his  superin- 
tendence ;  and  at  this  day,  its  reputation  is  deservedly  high  as 
an  academy  where  the  English  and  German  languages.  Mathe- 
matics, Chemistry,  Astronomy  and  all  the  sciences  are  taught 
with  unsurpassed  skill,  to  young  men  from  almost  every  State 
in  the  Union. 

We  now  return  once  more  to  the  movements  of  the  friends 
of  educatiun,  in  the  borough  of  Lancaster.  Being  the  metrop- 
olis of  the  county,  we  must  judg«  of  the  progress  of  know- 
ledge in  the  rural  districts  by  the  encouragement  given  to 
learning  in  this  local  Capital.  About  the  year  1780,  Jasper 
Ycates,  Esq.,  Casper  Shaflner,  Esq.,  Col.  George  Ross,  Charles 
Hall,  Esq.,  and  other  gentlemen  of  the  place,  finding  that  the 
existing  Schools  under  the  charge  of  the  Lutheran  and  German 
Reformed  Congregations,  as  also  the  one  established  a  number 
of  years  previous  by  the  Moravians,  and  conducted  upon  the 
same  plan,  were  inadequate  to  the  growing  wants  of  the  people, 
and  incapable  of  teaching  the  higher  branches,  engaged  the 
services  of  a  teacher  of  recommended  abilities,  to  conduct  a 
select  academy  for  the  education  of  their  male  children.  This 
Academy  continued  in  existence  for  several  years,  as  the  High 
School  of  the  place,  until,  owing  to  the  violent  temper  of  the 
teacher  and  the  many  indignities  which  he  oifered  to  the  pupils 
under  his  charge,  it  was  finally  suspended.  This  school  sugges- 
ted the  idea  of  establishing  another;  but  upon  a  surer  basis, 
under  tlie  control  ui'  Trustees  by  an  act  of  incorporation,  and 
ultimately  begat  the  application  to  the  Legislature  for  the  incor- 
poration of"  Franklin  College." 

On  the  10th  of  March,  A.  0^-1787,*  the  General  Assembly  of 

•Page  318  autea. 

■j-2  Sm.  laws,  page  398. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  447 

the  State,  granted  the  prayer  of  the  petitioners,  and  passed  an 
act  with  the  following  title  :  "  An  act  to  incorporate  and  endow 
the  German  College  and  Charity  School  in  the  borough  of 
Lancaster,  in  this  State."  The  Preamble  of  the  act  explains 
the  object  which  it  was  intended  to  effect,  and  is  in  the  follow- 
ing words,  viz  :  "  Whereas,  the  citizens  of  this  State  of  German 
birth  or  extraction,  have  eminently  contributed,  by  their  indus- 
try, economy  and  public  virtues,  to  raise  the  State  to  its  present 
happiness  and  prosperity:  And,  whereas,  a  number  of  citizens 
of  the  above  description,  in  conjunction  with  others,  from  a 
desire  to  increase  and  perpetuate  the  blessings  desired  to  them 
from  the  possession  of  property  and  a  free  government,  have 
applied  to  this  House  for  a  charter  of  Incorporation,  and  a  do- 
nation of  lands,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  and  endowing 
a  College  and  Charity  School,  in  the  borough  of  Lancaster. 
And,  whereas,  the  preservation  of  the  principles  of  the  Chris- 
tian Religion,  and  of  our  Republican  form  of  Government  in 
their  purity,  depend,  under  God,  in  a  great  measure,  on  the 
establishment  and  support  of  suitable  places  of  education,  for 
the  purpose  of  training  up  a  succession  of  youth,  who  by  being 
enabled  fully  to  understand  the  grounds  of  both,  may  be  led 
the  more  zealously,  to  practice  the  one,  and  the  more  strenu- 
ously to  defend  the  other.  Therefore,  &c."  Here  then  follow 
the  different  sections  of  the  act,  the  prominent  features  of 
which  are  these :  §2.  That  the  youth  shall  be  taught  in  the 
German,  English,  Latin,  Greek  and  other  learned  languages, 
in  Theology,  in  the  usL'ful  arts,  sciences  and  Literature.  The 
corporate  title  shall  be  "Franklin  College,"  in  honor  of  His 
Excellency  Benjamin  Franklin,  Esquire,  President  of  the  Su- 
preme Executive  Council,  &c.  The  first  Trustees  are  named 
and  incorporated  with  the  usual  powers.  Yearly  income  not 
to  exceed  £10,000.  The  annual  meeting  of  the  trustees  to  be 
at  Lancaster,  nine  of  them  to  be  a  quorum  and  to  appoint  thefr 
own  officers.  The  Principal,  vice  Principal  or  Professors 
while  they  remain  such,  are  not  to  hold  the  office  of  trustee. 
The  style  and  powers  of  the  faculty  are  prescribed.  Proper^ 
tion  of  Trustees  how  to  be  chosen,  and  Principal  to  be  chosen 
alternately  from  the  Lutheran  or  Calvinist  Churches.  Seat  of 
Trustee  being  a  Clergyman,  to  be  filled  with  another  Clergy-, 
man,  but  the  proportion  of  Lutheran  and  Calvinist  trustees  to 


448  HISTORY    OP 

be  invariably  preserved.  Trustees  empowered  to  appoint 
other  officers  not  named  in  the  charter,  to  fix  salaries,  &c. 
Misnomer  not  to  defeat  any  gift  &c.,  nor  non-user  to  create  a 
forfeiture,  fee.  ^3.  The  Constitution  not  to  be  altered  but  by 
the  Legislature.  ^4.  The  College  endowed  with  10,000  acres 
of  land,  &c. 

Under  this  charter  and  a  donation  subsequently  granted  by 
an  act  of  Assembly,  consisting  of  an  old  military  store-house 
and  two  lots  of  ground  in  the  borough  of  Lancaster,  worth 
about  >5;2GOO,  the  College  went  into  operation,  A.  D.  1786,  as 
a  Grammar  School,  with  a  Professor  of  the  Latin  and  Greek  lan- 
guages, and  also  a  Professor  of  Mathematics.  The  first  pro- 
fessor was  a  German  by  the  name  of  Melsheimer.  Ardently 
attached  to  literary  pursuits,  he  strove  long  and  earnestly  to 
create  a  proper  taste  for  them,  among  the  Germans  and  tlieir 
descendants.  To  some  extent  he  succeeded,  for  under  his 
management  the  Hohe  Schule*  prospered  fur  a  little  while ; 
but  continually  owing  to  the  want  of  a  proper  management  of 
its  finances,  it  afterwards  gradually  declined,  until^about  the 
year  1821,  when  it  ceased  all  further  practical  operations: 
But  it  was  not  doomed  to  sleep  in  inglorious  inactivity,  like 
the  Phoenix  from  her  ashes,  it  was  destined  to  rise  again  with 
renewed  usefulness,  as  we  shall  hereafter  shew,  when  through 
the  prudence  of  its  Trustees,  its  funds  should  be  carefully  hus- 
banded, and  their  ability  to  support  its  existence  from  the 
income,  would  be  undoubted. 

In  the  meanwhile,  private  schools  and  academies  were  estab- 
lished and  supported  in  the  Borough  and  various  sections  of 
the  county,  but  no  organized  or  settled  system  being  adopted 
for  their  government,  none  of  them  attained  to  any  eminence. 
It  is  true,  large  numbers  of  poor  children  in  the  county,  as 
well  as  the  city,  were  educated  free  of  expense,  pursuant  to 
the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Assembly  of  April  4,  A.  D.  1809,t 
entitled  "An  act  for  the  education  of  the  poor  gratis;"  but 
such  education,  owing  to  the  general  incompetency  of  the 
teachers,  was  exceedingly  limited.  The  system  established  by 
this  act,  having  been  found  in  its  pracficaloperation,  tobe  both 
expensive  and  inadequate  to  the  wants  of  the  people  in  the 

*Anglice-I!igh  School. 

j5  Sm.  laws,  pages  73  and  74. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  449 

city  of  Lancaster,  another  act  was  passed  by  the  Legislature 
on  the  1st  day  of  April,  A.  D.  1822,'  entitled  "An  act  to 
provide  for  the  education  of  children  at  the  public  expense, 
within  the  city  and  incorporated  Boroughs  of  the  County  of 
Lancaster."  By  the  provisions  of  this  act,  the  city  and  incor- 
porated boroughs  of  the  county,  were  erected  into  a  school 
district,  by  the  name,  style  and  title  of  the  "  Second  School 
District  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania."  Twelve  Directors  were 
to  be  annually  appointed  by  the  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions  of 
the  County — their  duties  and  powers  were  prescribed — the  ad- 
mission of  children  regulated — the  Lancasterian  system  ordered 
to  be  adopted — the  expenses  provided  foi — the  duty  of  the 
County  Commissioners  set  forth,  and  the  division  of  the 
district  into  sections  whenever  required — how  to  be  done. — 
Under  this  act,  the  first  and  only  section  of  the  district  was  com 
posed  of  the  city  of  Lancaster. 

The  Directors  appointed  by  the  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions, 
proceeded  at  once,  to  purchase  a  lot  of  ground,  erect  a  large 
and  commodious  school  house,  employ  male  and  female  teach- 
ers, admit  scholars,  and  in  pursuance  of  the  law,  adopting  the 
Lancasterian  system  of  education,  opened  their  schools  with 
thehighesthopes  of  success.  In  this  they  were  not  disappointed. 
The  plan  worked  so  well,  that  the  city  of  Lancaster  until  lately 
did  not  become  an  accepting  school  district  under  the  provisions 
of  the  general  school  law  of  June  13,  A.  D.  1830.f  But  the 
expense  of  erecting  a  school-house,  and  of  continuing  the 
schools,  being  borne  out  of  the  County  treasury,  it  never 
ceased,  because  of  its  partiality,  to  be  a  source  of  complaint 
on  the  part  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  county.  JN'evertheless, 
the  schools — maie  and  female  departments — continued  in  ope- 
ration under  this  special  law — with  all  their  objectionable 
features  as  pauper  schools — until  in  the  month  of  May,  A.  D, 
1838,  when,  in  pursuance  of  the  provisions  of  certain  Resolu- 
tions, passed  by  the  Legislature  on  the  14th  day  of  April,  A.  D. 
1838,1  the  inhabitants,  by  a  popular  vote,  determined  upon  an 
acceptance  of  the  Common  School  System,  modified  and  adopt- 
ed to  their  circumstances  by  the  Hesolulions  already  referred  to. 

«7  Sm.  laws,  538.. 

tPam,  laws  1835-36,  page  525. 

4Pam.  laws  1837-8,  page  686. 

38* 


450  HISTORY    OP 

Upon  the  result  of  this  vote  being  made  known,  the  Board  of 
Directors  was  organized,  and  through  their  indefatigable  exer- 
tions, schools  have  been  established  so  nunncrous  and  so  well 
graded,  that  every  child  in  the  city  can  be  educated  "  without 
money  and  without  price,"  to  an  extent  which  but  fifty  years 
ago  was  seldom  attained  even  by  the  children  of  wealthy 
parents. 

While  upon  this  subject,  it  may  as  well  be  observed,  that  a 
deep  and  growing  interest  in  the  cause  of  education  is  mani- 
festing itself  daily,  in  the  rural  districts,  for  out  of  thirty-three 
school  districts  in  the  county,  eighteen  in  1842,  had  accepted 
the  provisions  of  the  Common  School  law.* 

It  must  not  be  supposed  while  these  efforts  were  making  to 
instruct  the  great  mass  of  the  children  of  Lancaster  county  in 
the  elementary  branches  of  an  English  education,  the  inhab- 
itants were  unmindllil  of  the  higher  and  more  difficult  ones. — 
We  shall  speak  of  these  hereafter.  Thus  have  the  exertions  of 
the  friends  ot  education  been  crowned  with  eminent  success, 
in  the  establishment  and  support  of  Common  Schools,  as  well 
in  many  parts  of  the  county  as  in  the  city  of  Lancaster. 

While  these  movf;mcnts  were  making  for  tlie  extension  of 
learning  to  and  among  the  children  of  the  town  and  county,  a 
number  ot  Master  Mechanics  of  the  city,  perceiving  that  their 
apprentices  were  destitute  of  the  means  of  mental  improve- 
ment, and  taught  by  their  own  <:xpericnce,  that  idleness  is  the 
prolific  source  of  vice— a  rock  upon  which  has  stranded  the 
highest  hopes  and  fondest  expectations  of  parents  and  friends — 
with  a  commendable  determination  to  project  some  plan,  by 
which  the  leisure  hours  of  their  apprentices  might  be  rationally 
employed,  convened  a  public  meeting  for  consultation  and 
advice  upon  this  subject,  on  the  evening  of  July  8,  A.  D.  1829. 
At  this  meeting  Hugh  Maxwell,  Esq.  presided;  and  out  of  it 
soon  grew  "The  Mechanics  Society."  A  constilution  was 
soon  alter  formed,  agreed  upon  and  submitted  to  t?ic  Supreme 
Court,  by  which  a  charter  was  decreed.  May  26,  A.  D.  1831. — 
Having  thus  procured  a  legal  existence,  the  society  soon  went 
into  active  operation.  By  voluntary  contributions,  a  Library 
was  conunenced  and  has  gone  on  increasing  in  sizeaud  valuc» 

•9lli  annual  Roport  of  the  SuiH'iintcndcnt  of  Coninir  n  School?. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  451 

until  it  now  numbers  near  2,000  volumes,  besides  a  valuable 
collection  of  maps,  globes,  philosophical  apparatus,  &c.  &c. 

The  Library  soon  became  the  centre  of  attraction  to  the 
apprentices,  and  an  improvement  morally  as  well  as  mentally, 
became  apparent  in  their  habits  and  condition.  Increasing  in 
strength  and  character,  the  society  found  it  necessary  to 
procure  a  Hall  for  their  accommodation,  in  which  a  system  of 
"popular  instruction,  by  familiar  lectures,"  was  soon  after 
(A.  D.  1836)  carried  into  operation  under  the  management  of 
a  committee  appointed  for  that  purpose.  These  lectures,  at 
first  confined  to  Chemistry,  Natural  Philosophy,  Astronomy, 
&c.  soon  became  popular,  and  in  a  short  time  after,  were  ex- 
tended and  enlarged  so  as  to  embrace  almost  every  science 
and  every  subject,  except  that  of  Religion.  In  1838,  a  new 
and  capacious  Hall  was  erected  in  South  Queen  street,  for  the 
better  ficcommodation  of  the  crowds  which  gather  from  time 
to  time  listen  to  the  words  of  instruction  and  of  interest,  as  they 
fall  from  the  lips  of  the  LectOrers,  engaged  through  the  enter- 
prize  and  liberality  of  the  Society.  Of  it,  all  that  we  have  to 
say  is,  that  it  has  done  much  and  great  good,  and  to  it,  we  have 
only  to  add  our  prayer — Esxo  perpetua  ! 

We  now  return  to  consider  the  efforts  made  for  the  endow- 
ment and  support  of  schools  of  a  higher  order  than  those  here- 
tofore treated  of — classical  and  mathematical  acadamies,  where 
inquiring  youlh  might  attain  a  knowledge  of  the  languages 
of  Homer  and  Demosthenes,  of  Cicero  and  Virgil — where  they 
might  be  taught  to  solve  the  problems  of  Euclid — to  study  the 
works  of  Gallileo — explore  the  vast  fields  of  Natural  Philoso- 
phy, Astronomy  and  Chemistry,  with  all  the  various  sciences, 
necessary  to  the  constitution  of  a  finished  scholar. 

Immediately  after  the  suspension  of  the  Grammar  or  High 
School  of  the  "Franklin  College,"  as  already  shewn,  but  one 
private  classical  academy  existed  in  Lancaster.  This  school 
•was  at  host  but  feebly  supported,  and  was  at  length  discon- 
tinued. A  taste  for  classic  literature  however,  having  been 
created  to  some  extent,  among  the  people,  application  was 
made  to  the  Legislature  during  the  session  of  1826-7,  for  the 
incorporation  of  an  academy  at  Lancaster,  and  on  the  14th 
day  of  April,  A.  D.  1827,*  an  act  was  passed  entitled  "  An  act 

*Pam.  laws,  page  357. 


452  HISTORY    OF 

incorporating  the  Lancaster  County  Academy."  In  this  act 
certain  gentlemen  were  named  as  Trustees — the  corporation 
was  established  with  the  usual  powers — the  powers,  privileges, 
meetings  and  duties  of  the  trustees  were  prescribed — a  dona- 
tion of  83,000  was  granted  by  the  state,  and  poor  children,  not 
axceeding  at  any  one  time,  four  in  number,  to  be  educated  in 
consideration  thereof:  The  Trustees  thus  appointed  by  the 
act,  organized,  received  subscriptions,  purchased  a  lot  of 
ground  in  the  city  of  Lancaster,  and  in  the  year  1828,  erected 
a  large  and  commodious  house  for  their  schools.  They  em- 
ployed a  competent  Teacher,  and  the  academy  was  opened 
under  very  flattering  auspices.  With  varied,  and  at  best,  but 
indifferent  success,  it  continued  in  operation,  until  in  the 
Summer  of  1939,  when,  in  pursuance  of  an  act  of  Assembly, 
passed  on  the  15th  of  May,  A.  D.  1839,  authorizing  the  arrange- 
ment, the  buildings  of  the  Academy  were  conveyed  to  the 
Trustees  of  Franklin  College,  and  after  being  considerably 
enlarged  by  the  latter  corporation,  the  "Hohe  Schule"  again 
went  into  operation  upon  an  entirely  new  plan,  and  under  such 
an  arrangement,  as  to  secure  its  permanent  existence  and  use- 
fulness. So  far  indeed  has  it  succeeded,  that  it  now  supports  a 
professor  of  the  Greek  and  Latin,  and  also  one  of  the  German, 
French,  Spanish  and  Italian  languages.  The  English  and 
Mathematical  department  is  also  under  the  charge  of  a  gentle- 
man of  superior  ability.  Thus  has  the  intention  of  those  who 
originally  projected  the  plan  and  procured  the  incorporation 
of  the  "Ilohc  Schule"  or  Franklin  College,  at  Lancaster,  been 
practically  carried  out.  Long  may  it  continue  to  flourish,  and 
be  what  it  now  is. — an  honor  to  the  county,  and  the  dispenser  of 
riches  more  "  precious  than  rubies  or  fine  gold  !" 

Simultaneous  with  this  movement,  in  the  ci.'y,  eff'orts  were 
made  with  great  success  in  various  parts  of  the  county,  for  the 
establishment  of  Classical  and  Mathematical  academies,  inde- 
pendently of  those  already  existing  at  Liuz  and  Ephrata.  Of 
these  there  are  at  this  day,  some  of  very  high  character  and 
extensive  reputation  as  Boarding  schools.  Among  the  most 
prominent,  is  "The  Mountjoy  Institute,"  at  the  villags  of 
Mountjoy,  under  the  charge  of  J.  H.  Erown,  Esq.— "  The 
Strasburg  Academy,"  at  the  village  of  Strasburg,  under  the 
dicqctionof  the  Rev.  Dr.  McCartcr— "The  Paradise  Academy," 


LANCASTER  couxTr.  453: 

"Sander  the  care  of  Mr.  Enos  Stevens,  and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Timlow's 
Academy,  at  Bellevue.  The  Columbia  Academy  is  also  re- 
spectable in  character,  but  only  as  a  Day  School,  where  boys 
are  taught  the  Latin  and  Greek  languages — Matiiematics,  kc. 

In  this  honorable  provision  for  the  mental  improvement  of 
the  youth  of  the  sterner — it  must  not  be  supposed  that  those 
of  the  softer — sex,  have  been  ungenerously  forgotten  :  Impress- 
ed with  the  importance  of  this  great  truth — that  good  mothers 
train  up  good  sons,  and  that  they — more  than  the  fathers — form 
the  characters  of  their  children — the  citizens  of  the  city  and 
county  alike,  have  sought  with  commendable  zeal,  to  secure 
the  services  of  able  and  competent  teachers,  whose  attention, 
should  be  devoted  exclusively  to  the  proper  education  of  fe- 
males. As  a  result  of  these  etforts — a  Seminary  has  been 
established  and  is  in  successful  operation  in  the  city  under  the 
control  of  James  Damant,  Esq.  which  in  point  of  standing  and 
character  is  equal  to  any  other  in  Pennsylvania.  As  a  Board- 
ing School,  the  Young  Ladies  Seminary  at  Litiz  has  been 
already  spoken  of;  and  in  addition  to  it,  "The  Young  Ladies 
Lyceum  Institute" — Rev.  N.  Dodge,  A.  M.  Principal — located 
on  the  banks  of  the  Chicquesalunga  creek  near  the  village  of 
Mountjoy — is  perhaps,  as  regards  accommodations — kind, 
attention  to  the  wants  of  the  pupils — facility  for  acquiring  a 
competent  anrl  thorough  knowledgeof  all  the  various  branches 
and  accomplishments  taught  at  similar  institutions,  if  not 
superior  to,  at  least  surpassed  by  none  other  in  the  country. 

The  civdization  of  any  people  is  progressive,  so  also  is  their 
education.  Habits  inconsistent  with  the  growth  of  the  former,, 
and  tastes  incompatible  with  the  advance  of  the  latter,  are  to 
be  changed  and  overcome.  Hence  the  transition  is  not  nor 
can  it  ever  be,  either  immediate  or  instantaneous.  The  move- 
ments are  at  first  slow,  gradual  and  confined  to  the  tew  ;  but 
as  their  benetits  are  extended,  they  become  accelerated  and 
penetrate  into  all  the  various  strata  of  society.  With  regard 
to  Lancaster  county,  this  has  been  particularly  so.  At  first, 
the  inhabitants  were  content  with  schools  conducted  by  teach- 
ers who  would  scarcely  be  tolerated  by  any  community  at 
the  present  day.  But  as  we  have  already  stated  generally,  in 
the  commencement  of  this  chapter,  as  they  increased  in  pop- 
ulation and  wealth,  their  tastes  improved  with  their  pccu- 


454  HISTORY  or 

niary  abilities  and  as  a  consequence,  their  schools  advanced  in 
character  in  an  equal  degree,  so  that  they  ^\•ill  now  bear  com- 
parison with  those  of  any  other  community  in  the  Union. — 
Born  and  bred  as  we  were  upon  her  soil,  when  we  contem- 
plate the  efforts  of  her  citizens  in  the  cause  of  Education,  as 
they  have  been  practically  carried  out  in  the  establislmient 
and  liberal  support  of  our  Common  and  Sabbath  schools, 
Lyceums — and  Academies  and  Female  Seminaiies,  we  have 
abundant  cause  for  gratulation,  that  our  lot  has  been  cast 
in  such  a  land. 

It  has  been  said  somewhere,  by  some  one,  that  Pericles,  who 
succeeded  Aristides,  found  the  city  of  Atliens  of  brick  and 
left  it  of  marble.  Truly  the  Germans  who  first  penetrated  into 
and  settled  Lancaster  county,  have  done  more  than  this.  They 
found  it  in  its  physical  aspect,  a  wilderness — they  left  it  to  their 
children  blooming  as  the  rose,  and  they  in  turn  with  their 
descendants,  have  so  improved  the  mental  character  of  its 
people,  that  their  light  is  seen  and  felt  from  afar  off.  Be  the 
endeavor  of  this  and  succeeding  generations,  not  only  to 
maintain  their  present  character,  but  to  improve  it  still  more  ; 
and  as  they  gather  beneath  the  banner  whereon  is  inscribed 
"the  Education  of  all" — let  there  be  one  universal  shout— 
Excelsior! 


tANd'AST^R    COtTNTT.  455 


CHAPTER  XIl. 


Heligious  Deno3iinations — Early  missionaries  among  the  Conestoga  and 
other  Indians — The  Mennonites — The  Friends  or  Quakers — The  Ornish 
or  Amish — The  Episcopalians — The  Presbyterians — Tiie  German  Bap- 
tists— Tlie  German  Seventh  Day  Baptists — The  Lutherans — The  German 
Reformed — The  United  Brethren  or  Moravians — The  Roman  Catholics — 
The  Metliodist  Episcopal — The  New  Jerusalem  (church — The  Evangeli- 
cal Association  or  "  Abrecht's  Leute  " — The  Reformed  Mennonites — The 
Universalists — The  Seceders— The  United  Brethren  or  "Allgemeine 
Brueder"— The  Church  of  God — The  Calvanistic  Baptists— The  Mor- 
mons, &c. 

If  diversity  of  creeds,  or  multiplicity  of  religious  sects  serve 
as  a  standard  of  deep  toned  piety  and  christian  benevolerce, 
then  may  the  people  of  Lancaster  county  lay  claim  to  a  goodly 
share  ;  for  there  is  no  spot  upon  earth,  with  so  limited  a  popu- 
lation and  the  same  confined  territory,  that  counts  more  de- 
nominations, than  Lancaster.  But  with  all  this  diversity,  there 
are  few,  if  any,  irreligious  controversies,  that  usually  charac- 
terize bigots,  among  the  inhabitants.  Each  seems  to  promote 
his  own  and  his  neighbor's  welfare,  and  therewith  appears 
content. 

In  this  chapter  we  shall  attempt  a  succinct  sketch  of  the  seve- 
ral religious  denominations  found  in  this  county.  We  regret 
it,  that  only  a  few  of  the  score  of  ministers  whom  we  addressed 
to  furnish  religious  statistics,  have  seen  proper  to  comply.* 

At  an  early  period  missionaries  of  the  Swedish  church  visited 
the  Indians,  within  the  present  limits  of  Lancaster  county. — 
The  Friends  also  paid  some  attention  to  the  Indians.     As  early 

*For  an  accurate  and  impartial  account  of  the  /listori/  and  doctrines  of 
aJl  the  religious  denominations  in  the  United  States,  the  reader  is  referred  to 
a  work  entitled  He  Pasa  Ecdesia,orthe  Whole  Church  in  the  United  States^ 
every  article  of  the  work  quoted  has  been  expressly  written  for  it  by  eminent 
theological  professors,  ministers  or  distinguished  lay  members  of  each  re- 
spective denomination.  It  is  the  only  work  extant  that  can  be  relied  on  as 
being  impartial  and  authentic.  Rupp,  ('lyde,  Williams  &  Co.,  of  Harris- 
burj,  Pa.,  are  the  publishers.    The  wotk  is  in  press. 


456  HISTORY    OF 

as  1705,  Thomas  Chalklcy,  an  eminent  preacher  among  the 
Quakers,  visited  the  Indians  living  near  Susquehanna,  at  Con- 
estoga,  and  preached  to  them.  In  1708  or  1709,  a  Swedish  Lu- 
theran, in  the  capacity  of  a  missionary,  resided  among  the 
Conestoga  Indians,  to  instruct  them  in  the  christian  religion. 

The  Mennonites. — In  1709,  several  families  from  the  Pala- 
tinate,  descendants  of  the  distressed  Swiss  Mennonites  settled 
on  Pequea  creek.  With  this  colony  came  Hans  Herr,  a  Men- 
nonite  minister,  who  dispensed  to  them  the  word  of  life.  The 
Mennonites  were  of  course  the  lirst  regularly  organized  de- 
nomination in  the  county.  Among  their  first  ministers  in  this 
county,  before  1725,  were  Hans  Hcrr,  Ulrich  Breckbill,  Hans 
Tschantz.  Hans  Burkholter,  Christian  Herr,  Benedict  Hirschi, 
Martin  Bear,  Johannes  Bauman.  They  had  been  very  numer- 
ous till  about  the  year  1791,  or  '92,  when  a  certain  Martin 
Boehm  and  others  made  inroads  upon  them,  and  a  considera- 
ble number  seceded  and  united  themselves  with  the  United 
Brethren  or  Vereinigte  Brueder,  nevertheless,  they  are  still  the 
prevalent  denomination  in  this  county.  They  have  about 
forty-five  ministers  in  the  county.  These  are  divided  into 
bishops  and  ordinary  ministers.  The  bishops  at  present  are 
tiie  Revds.  Jacob  Hostater,  Jacob  Zimmerman,  Christian  Herr, 
Henry  Schenk,  and  Mr.  Bomberger;  among  tbeir  ordinary 
teachers  are  the  Revds.  Daniel  Gehman,  Mr.  Guth,  Mr. 
Gehman,  Tobias  Warner,  Mr.  Sherick,  Joseph  Wcnger, 
Jacob  Weaver,  Jacob  Stauifer,  Joseph  Hershy,  Joseph  Ilorst, 
Jacob  Hershy,  Henry  Breneman,  Benjamin  Herr,  John  Kreider, 
David  Witmer,  Mr.  Staufer,  Benjamin  Eby,  A.  Brubaker,  John 
Shenk,  Andrew  Kauffman,  Christian  Herr,  Martin  Mayer, 
Daniel  Sterrieman,  John  Hoover,  Christian  Kaufman,  John 
Kindig,  Jolin  Nissly,  Christian  JNissly,  John  Schlott,  David 
Ebersole,  Peter  Ebersole,  Mr.  Brubecker  and  others  whose 
names  we  have  not  learned. 

These  all  preach  in  German.  They  have  upwards  of  thirty- 
five  meeting  bouses.  Smiic  of  t!ie  congregations  are  large, 
numbering  rising  of  two  hundred  members.  The  probable 
number  of  Mennonitc  church  members,  we  think  cannot 
be  less  tlian  si\  thousand.  As  they  keep  no  records  of  names, 
it  is  somewhat  diiiicult  to  ascertain  the  exact  number.  Their 
forefathers  all  brought  Bibles  with  them.    We  have  seen  within 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  457 

the  last  year,  several  of  Froschauer's  edition  of  the  Swiss 
Bible,  printed  at  Zurich,  1540,  and  still  in  a  good  state  of  pre- 
servation, with  the  Mennonites. 

Thk  Friends  or  Quakers.— These  are  next  in  order  to  the 
Mennonites.  They  were  very  numerous  about  the  years  1725 
and  1730.  Their  meetings  were  well  attended  for  a  long  time. 
In  1729,  there  were  at  least  1000  families  of  Friends  in  the 
county.  They  have  since  greatly  diminished;  at  present  they 
have  only  9  or  10  places  of  worship.  There  are  two  denomi- 
nations of  them  in  the  county — Orthodox  and  other  Friends. 

The  Omish. — This  society  are  Rigid  Mennonites,  not  differing 
essentially  from  the  Mennonites.  At  present,  the  chief  differ- 
ence between  the  Omish  and  Mennonites,  consists  in  the 
former  being  more  simple  in  their  dress,  and  more  strict  in 
their  discipline.  They  settled  in  this  county  at  an  early  date. 
They  were  numerous  in  17S5.  Their  number  is  comparatively 
small,  having  5  or  6  ministers.  They  hold  their  religious 
meetings  in  private  houses,  founding  this  practice  upon 
Acts  I.  40. 

I  The  Episcopalians. — Their  ministers  visited  this  county  as 
early  as  1717  or  1719.  They  were  the  first  after  the  Mennon- 
ites and  Quakers,  to  erect  houses  for  religious  worship.  We 
could  not  obtain  the  names  of  their  first  ministers,  except  those 
who  labored  principally  in  the  city  of  Lancaster.  In  1744,  the 
Episcopalians  held  a  meeting  at  Lancaster,  for  the  organiza- 
tion of  a  parish.  The  Rev.  Richard  Locke,  an  itinerant  mis- 
sionary, was  the  first  officiating  minister.  The  following  is  the 
order  in  which  others  succeeded  him  :  1751,  Rev.  Geo.  Craig  ; 
1759,  Rev.  Thomas  Barton;  1783,  Rev.  Joseph  Hutchins;  1791, 
Rev.  Elisha  Rigg ;  1799,  Rev.  Joseph  Clarkson  ;  1820,  Rev. 
W.  A.  Muhlenberg  became  associated  with  the  Rev.  Clarkson; 
1828,  Rev.  L.  S.  Ives  ;  1827,  Rev.  Samuel  Bowman,  the  present 
Rector;  besides  him,  two  others  officiate  ia  the  county:  the 
Rev'ds  Levi  Bull  and  E.  Y.  Buchanan.  They  have  4  places  of 
public  worship  in  the  county. 

The  Presbyterians. — About  the  year  1717  a  number  of 
Scotch  and  Irish  Presbyterians,  settled  in  the  Octorara  region. 
Among  their  first  ministers  was  the  Rev.  Adam  Boyd,  who 
preached  in  Octorara  in  1724.  In  1726,  Rev.  Anderson  received 
a  call  from  the  Donegal  church.    Rev.  Alexander  Crai^'liead 

39 


458  HISTORY    OP 

preached  in  Pequeainl736.  Rev.  John  Elder  of  Paxlon,  was  or* 
dained  in  1738;  Rev.  Dan'l  Alexander  was  in  Pequeal739.  The 
city  was  occasionally  visited  between  the  years  1745  and  1760. 
In  1769,  the  Rev.  John  WoodhuU'*'  became  their  regular  min- 
ister in  the  borough  of  Lancaster.  In  1779,  the  Rev.  Nathaniel 
"W.  Semple  was  called,  and  was  their  pastor  for  40  years ;  in 
1821,  Rev.  AVilliam  Ashmcad  succeeded.  These  are  in  their 
order.  In  1829,  Rev.  Richard  Dickinson;  1884,  Rev.  J.  T. 
Marshall  Davie;  1840.  Rev.  John  M'Nair.  There  are  nine 
Presbyterian  ministers  residing  in  the  county  :  Rev'ds  M'Nair, 
Joseph  Barr,  Lindley  C.  Rutter,  David  M'Carter,  T.  Marshall 
Boggs,  Philip  J.  Timlow,  Alfred  Nevin,  Robert  W.  Dunlap, 
John  Wallace  and  Samuel  Dickey.     They  have  15  churches. 

The  German  Baptists. — A  number  of  these  settled  in  this 
county  prior  to  1721.  They  constituted  a  church  in  1T23,  under 
the  charge  of  Rev.  Peter  Becker.  At  first  they  increased  rap- 
idly, but  at  present  their  number  is  small.  They,  like  the 
Ornish,  meet  in  private  houses  to  hold  their  religious  meetings. 
They  hold  their  meetings  at  some  12  or  15  different  houses  in 
the  county,  and  in  a  few  instances  at  school  houses. 

The  German  Seventh-day  Baptists,  or  Siebcn  Taeger. — 
This  society  took  its  rise  about  the  year  1724  or  1725.  The 
founder  was  Conrad  Beisel,  who  seceded  from  the  German 
Baptists.  This  society  flourished  for  many  years  at  Ephrata, 
where  is  their  only  place  of  holding  meetings  in  the  county.— 
See  pages  211,  233. 

The  Lutherans. — Many  of  this  denomination  emigrated  to 
Lancaster  county  before  1730.  Missionaries  visited  the  scat- 
tered brethren.  Among  these  were,  in  1731,  1732,  &c.  the 
Rev'ds  C.  J.  Shultz,  Casper  Stocver,  who  also  ministered  as 
the  first  pastors  of  the  Lutheran  church  in  the  city.  The  fol- 
lowing succeeded  them  :  In  1740,  Rev.  T.  Dylander,  Swedish 
Rector  of  Philadelphia ;  1741,  Rev.  Valentine  Kraft;  1743, 
Rev.  L.  Nyberg;  Rev.  G.  Nauman,  Swedish  Rector  of  Phila- 
delphia, preached  occasionally  in  Lancaster,  from  1746  to 
1748;  this  year  Rev.  T.  F.  Iiandschuh  preached  till  1751. 
From  1751  to  1753,  the  congregation  was  successively  served 
by  the  Uev'ds  Tobias  Wagner,  England,  H.  B.  G.  Wurtman. 
From  1753  to  1709,  the  Rev.  Siegfried  Gerock  ;  from  the  latter 

•Sec  page  367. 


LANCASTER   COTTNTT.  459 

•period,  the  congregation  was  visited  by  the  Rev'ds  Dr.  Heniy 
Melchoir  Muhlenberg,  E.  Shultz,  N.  Kurtz  and  others,  for  a 
short  time  ;  when  the  Rev.  J.  C.  Helmuth,  late  from  Europe, 
was  called  and  continued  till  1779 ;  in  1780,  Rev.  H.  Muhlen- 
berg, son  of  Dr.  H.  M.  Muhlenberg,  took  charge  of  the  con- 
gregation, and  was  their  pastor  till  1815,  when  Rev.  Dr.  C.  En- 
dress  succeeded  him  and  continued  till  1827.  The  present 
pastor,  the  Rev.  Dr.  J.  C.  Baker,  took  charge  of  the  congrega- 
tion in  1828.  Besides  Dr.  Baker's  church,  there  is  another  in  the 
city,  exclusively  German,  under  the  pastoral  care  of  the  Rev. 
W.  Beates. 

There  are  at  present  seven  Lutheran  ministers  residing  in 
the  county:  Dr.  John  C.Baker,  Rev'dsW.  Beates,  J.  J.  Strein, 
S.  Trumbauer,  C.  G.  Frederick,  C.  Barnitz  and  L.  G-erhart. — 
They  have  27  places  of  public  worship.  Here  we  v/ould  add 
the  names  of  the  Rev'ds  A.  C.  Muhlenberg,  Schroeter,  Yung, 
Ernst,  Scriba,  Riemenschneider,  Rothraufi,  Bevnheim,  Sahm 
and  Mueller,  all  of  whom  had  charge  of  congregations  at  dif- 
ferent times. 

The  German  Reformed. — In  the  beginning  of  1700,  a 
number  of  Reformed  came  to  the  province  of  Pennsylvania. 
The  Ferrees,  members  of  the  Reformed  Walloon  church  of 
Pelican,  in  the  Lower  Palatinate,  left  Europe  for  America,  and 
settled  in  this  county  about  the  year  1712.*  With  the  Ferrees, 
Isaac  Le  Lever  came  to  this  county  and  brought  with  him  his 
French  Bible,  which  is  still  preserved  by  his  descendants  as  a 
precious  relic. 

As  early  as  1717  or  1718,  the  Rev.  P.  Boehm  of  Witpen,  one 
of  the  oldest  German  Reformed  preachers,  had  charge  of  a 
German  Reformed  church.  Rev.  Boehm,  the  Rev.  G.  M. 
Weiss,  v/ho  had  charge  of  a  congregation  in  Philadelphia,, 
about  the  year  1724,  and  the  Rev.H.  Dorstius  of  Bucks  county, 
occasionally  visited  the  pastorless  German  Reformed  who  had 
settled  in  this  coUnty  prior  to  1729. 

In  1727,  a  large  number  of  Germans,  among  whom  were 
many  German  Reformed,  came  into  this  county:  these  were 
the  Dieffenderfer's  and  others,  whose  number  was  augmented 
in  1731  by  the  arrival  of   the  Bushongs,f    Nehs,  Schwartz^ 

*3ce  pages  308  and  20. 
f  See  page  271, 


■460  HISTORY    OF 

Mentz,  and  the  Rev.  J.  B.  Rieger,*  who  had  charge  for  many 
years  of  German    Reformed  congregations    in    this    county, 
among  others  was  "  Seltenreich's  Kirche,"  near  New  Holland. 
In  1730  or  1731,  the  Rev.  John  Peter  Miller,  ordained  by  the 
Scotch  Presbyterian  Synod,  in  1730,  visited  German  Reformed 
congregations  at  Cocalico  and  Tulpehocken.     About  this  time 
several  congregations  were  organized,  one  at  Lancaster,  and 
in  other  parts  of  the  county.     In  1743,  there  was  one  formed  at 
"Modecrick,"  near  Adamstown.     However,  there  was  a  great 
and  general  destitution  of  pious  and  qualified  pastors  in  this 
branch  of  the  church  till  the  middle  of  the  last  century.     In 
1746,  the  Kev.  Michael  Schlatter,  of  St.  Gall,  in  Switzerland, 
in  consequence  of  information  he  had  received  of  the  destitute 
condition  of  the  German  Reformed  churches,  left  his  pastoral 
charge,  and  having  received  a  regular  appomtment  and  re- 
commendation, visited    the    churches  in   Pennsylvania,  and 
while  in  the  discharge  of  this  duty,  visited  those  in  Lancaster 
county.     Besides  the  visits  paid  them  by  the  Kev.  Schlatter, 
the  Rev'ds  Folk,  Loescher,  Waldsmith,  Deckert,   Fuetzmiller, 
Wittner,   Templeman  and  others  ministered  occasionally  in 
spiritual  things  among  the   German  Reformed.     The    IJev'ds 
J.  C.  Bucher,  W.  Runkel,  W.  Stoy  and  others  labored  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  county  prior  to  the  Revolution.     In  the  Co- 
calico  charge,  now  principally  under  the  pastoral  care  of  the 
Rev.   Daniel  Hertz,   the  Rev'ds  Gobrecht,    Hautz,   Wilhelms, 
Charles  HcllTenstein,  Faber,  A.  Herman  ;  and  since  1819,  the 
Rev.  Hertz,   labored  from   time   to  time.     The   Rev.   Henry 
Schaftner  of  Marietta,  had,  for  rising  of  thirty  years,  a  number 
of  congregations  in  charge.     The  Rev.  Hiester  also  had  charge 
of  several  congregations. 

The  congregation  in  the  city,  at  an  early  period,  was  occa- 
sionally served  by  the  Rev'ds  Hoch,  Rieger,  Hochreutneri 
Stcincr,  Schlatter  and  others.  In  1752,  the  Rev.  W,  Otterbein 
took  charge  of  it.  The  Rev.  Stoy  was  a  supply  for  a  short 
time,  and  so  was  the  Rev.  L,  C.  Boehm.  In  1770  the  Rev.  A. 
Helffen.stein  was  called ;  in  1782  the  Rev.  W.  Hendel;  in  1795 
the  Rev.  Becker;  in  1806  the  Rev.  Hoffmeier;  in  1832  the 
Rev.  Brunner;  in  1840  the  present  pastor,  the  Rev.  G.  W. 
Glessncr,  was  called.    The  Rev'ds  Wcilcr  and  Hoflheins  have 

»Scc  page  226. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  46   I 

charge  of  congregations.  The  German  Reformed  have 
twenty  places  of  public  worship,  and  if  they  had  a  competent 
number  of  efficient  ministers,  might  easily  organize  ten  or 
fifteen  congregations  in  a  few  years.  Here  is  a  large  field  for 
home  missionary  enterprize. 

The  United  Brethren  or  Moravians. — This  denomination, 
is  essentially  missionary  in  their  operations;  and  as  early  as 
1742,  several  congregations  were  organized  in  this  county.    In 
1742,  count  Zinzendorif,  the  apostle  of  the  American  Mora- 
vians, visited  Lancaster.  In  1746  they  held  a  provincial  council 
in  the  town  of  Lancaster.     At  Litiz  they  have  a  large  commu- 
nity.*   The  following  ministers  have  presided  over  the  congre- 
gation at  Lancaster :    1746,  Rev.  L.  T.  Nyberg ;  1748,  Rev'ds 
L.  Schnell  and  R.  Ultey ;  1749,  Rev.  A.  Reinke,   sen.;  17.51, 
Rev.   G.  Weiser;    17.53,  Rev'ds   C.   Rauch    and    A.  Wagner; 
17.54,  Rev.  0.  Krogstrup;   1755,   Rev'ds  C.   Bader  and   C.  F. 
Oerter;  17.56,  Rev.  A.  L.  Rusmyer;  17-57,  Rev.  C.  G.  Rundt; 
17.58,  Rev'ds  Rundt,  Rusmyer  and  Bader;  1753,  Rev.  C.  Bader; 
1762,  Rev.  A.  L.  Rusmyer;  1766,  Rev.  A.  Langgaard;  1773, 
Rev.  0.  Krogstrup;  1785,  Rev.  L.  F.  Boehler;  1786,  Rev.  J. 
Herbst;  1791,   Rev.  A.  Reinke,  jr. ;   179-5,  Rev.  L.  Huebner; 
1800,  Rev.  J.  M.  Beck;  1803,  Rev.  A.  Reinke,  jr. ;  1806,  Rev.  J. 
M.  Beck;  1310,  Rev.  C.  Mueller;  1819,  Rev.  S.  Reinke;  1823, 
Rev.  Peter  WoUe ;  1826,  Rev.  J.  G.  Herman  ;  1829,  Rev.  C.  F. 
Reinhel;  1834,  Rev.  C,  A.  Vanvleck  ;  1835,  Rev.  S.  Reinke; 
1839,  Rev.  George  F.  Bahnson,  present  pastor. 

The  Roman  Catholics.— A  church,  by  this  denomination 
was  organized  about  the  year  1740.  The  members  were  regu- 
larly visited  by  pastors  from  Philadelphia.  It  appears  they 
had  no  regular  settled  pastor  among  them  before  1800.  The:r 
number  has  steadily  increased,  principally  however  from 
foreign  emigrations  of  German  and  Irish  Catholics.  Their 
present  pastor  is  the  indefatigable  Rev.  B.  Keenan.  They  have 
3  or  4  places  of  public  worship  in  the  county. 

The  Methodist  Episcopal.— In  1781,  Methodist  ministers 
first  visited  this  county  ;  and  in  1782  the  Lancaster  Circuit  was 
formed,  and  the  Rev.  William  Partridge  appointed  as  minister, 
Among  the  early  ministers  v/ho  preached  in  difrerent:parts  of 

-i-?ce  pages  308  and  20. 

39* 


462  HISTORY    OF 

this  county,  were  the  Rev'ds  William  Glendening,  W.  Jesup, 
Isaac  Robertson,  W.  Hunter,  T.  P.  Chandler  and  Simon  Miller 
a  native  of  the  county. 

In  the  city  of  Lancaster,  the  Rev.  Jacob  Gruber  preached 
occasionally  about  the  year  1705  and  1706.  The  first  regular 
service  held  in  town,  was  in  the  house  of  Philip  Benedict,  by 
Rev.  Henry  Boehm  in  1807.  In  1808  the  Rev'ds  Thomas  Birch 
and  James  succeeded  Boehm.  Their  successors  were  the 
Rev'ds  Joseph  Samson,  Thomas  Ware,  John  Walter,  John 
Tally,  George  Cookman,  Jacob  Gruber,  John  Leonard,  John 
Woolson,  Wesley  Wallace,  W.  Torbcrt,  Thomas  Neal,  John 
Ogden,  James  Moore,  as  circuit  preachers.  In  1829,  Lancas- 
ter was  made  a  regular  charge,  where  stationed  ministers  have 
since  been  located  :  these  were  Rev'ds  Joseph  M'Cool,  Thomas 
Miller,  John  Nicholson,  Thomas  Sovereign,  James  Houston, 
James  Neil,  D.  D.  Lore,  S.  H.  Higgins,  and  the  present  pastor, 
the  Rev.  Robert  Gerry.  The  following  named  preachers  are 
stationed  in  various  parts  of  the  county:  Rev'ds  T.  Sumtion, 
T.  C.  Murphy,  J.  W.  Arthur,  E.  Reed,  A.  W.  Milby,  Mr.  Hum- 
phries. The  Methodists  have  rising  of  twenty  places  of  public 
worship  in  the  county. 

The  Nev\^  Jerusalem  Church.— For  an  account  of  this  de- 
nomination, see  page  431. 

The  Evangelical  Association. — This  sect,  sometimes  called 
"  Die  Albrechts  Leute,"  is  of  comparative  recent  origin.     It 
took  it:!>  rise  in  this  county  about  the   year  1800,   througli  the 
indefatigable  etforts  ot  Jacob  Albrccht,  a  native  of  Berks  coun- 
ty ;  but  he  had  settled  previous  to   1800  in   Earl  township. — 
They  have  8  or  9  places  of  worship,  besides  several  churches. 
The  Reformed  Mennonitks. — It  appears  that  prior  to  1810, 
some  conceived  t!iat  there  was  spiritual  declension  among  those 
who  had  embraced  the  doctrines  of  Menno  Simon,  and  in  order 
to  renew  tliesc  doctrines  and  re-establish  that  church,  a  few  of 
them,  amuMg  whom  was  their  persevering  tYiend  and  minister, 
John  Herr,  of  Strasburg  township,  united  tor  that  purpose,  and 
in  1811,  organized  an  assijcialion,  now  generally  known  by  the 
name  of  the  Reformed  Mennonites.     Their  number  of  minis- 
ters is  small,  and  their  members,  though  active,  is  stiU'compar- 
atively  not  large.     Tiicy  have  two  orders  of  ministers,  bishops 
and  ordinary  ministers.      Their  bishops  at  present,  in    the 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  463 

county,  are  the  Rev'ds.  John  Herr,  John  Keeport,  and  Henry 

.Bowman.     Among  their  ordinary   ministers  are  the   Rev'ds. 

Abraham    Landis,    John    Landis,  Joseph   Weaver,  Abraham 

.Snevely,  Christian  Resh,  and  Samuel  Hershy.     They  preach 

English  occasionally.     They  have  three  meeting  houses;  and 

hold  meetings  at  eight  or  ten  other  stated  places  in  the  county. 

The  UxivEKSALisTS. — There  are  comparatively  few  of  thern 

in  this  county  ;  th(;y  have  three  places  of  public  worship  ;  but 

at  present  they  have  no  one  that  officiates  in   spiritual  things. 

The  Seceders. — The  number  known  by  this  name   is  small 

in  this  county.     They  have  one  minister,  the  Rev.  Easton,  and 

two  places  of  public  worship. 

The  United  Brethren,  or  Vereinigte  Brueder. — There  are 
some  of  this  respectable  body  in  the  county.  We  know  neither 
-the  probable  number  of  their  ministers  nor  places  of  worship. 
The  Church  of  God. — This  denomination  is  of  compara- 
tively recent  origin.     The  name  of  "  Church  of  God,''''  was  as- 
sumed by  them  about  the  year  1827  or  '28.     The  church  in  the 
city  was  first  gathered  about  the  year  1820,  under  the  ministry 
of  the  late  Rev.  John  Elliott,  who  preached  the  gospel  many 
years  faithfully  and  with  success,  to  an  independent  congrega- 
tion in  the  city.     After  he  left,  the  church  declined,  till  about 
the  year  1841,  when  the  Rev.  John  Winebrenner,  V.  D.  M.  of 
Harrisburg,  Rev'ds  Jacob  Flake  and  Joseph  Ross  and  others  of 
the  Eldership  of  the  Church  of  God,  held  protracted  meetings, 
when  a  number  were  revived  and  others  awakened,  and  a  deep 
interest  manifested,  and  soon  a  congregation  of  one  or  two 
hundred  was  organized.     The  Rev.  Winebrenner,  and  their 
present  pastor,  the  Rev.  Jacob  Flake,  labored  jointly  in  the 
city  till  lately. 

The  number  of  ministers  at  present  in  the  county,  is  five, 
viz:  the  Rev'ds  J.  Flake,  J.  H.  Bomberger,  J.  Tucker,  I.  Bra- 
dy, J.  Stamm.  Their  places  of  public  worship,  may  range 
from  twelve  to  fifteen  in  the  county.  Within  the  last  few 
years  they  have  erected  several  houses  for  public  worship. 

The  Calvanistic  Baptists. — This  denomination  although 
characterized  for  their  missionary  enterprises,  made  no  effort 
in  this  county  to  promulgate  their  views,  and  organize  congre- 
gations, until  within  a  few  year;-,  except  in  the  southern  part 
^f  the  county,  where  a  church  has  been  built  rising  of  twenty. 


464  HISTORY   OP 

five  years  since.  In  the  year  1835,  the  Rev.  Leonard  Fletcher,, 
then  stationed  in  Chester  county,  preached  occasionally  at 
Churchtown,  and  baptized  a  number  of  persons.  Sometime 
about  1839,  a  member  of  that  denomination,  Gilbert  Hills,  late 
from  Connecticut  located  in  the  city  of  Lancaster,  at  whose 
instance  baptist  ministers  were  invited  to  visit  the  place.  The 
same  year  the  Rev.  Kingsford  preached  occasionally,  and  he 
was  soon  followed  by  others,  among  those  were  the  the  Rev'ds. 
Gillette,  Kennard,  Babcock,  Dodge,  Keys,  Woolsy,  Fletcher, 
Dickinson,  Dean,  Brettell,  Higgins,  who  organized  a  church  in 
February,  1811  ;  after  which  missionaries  and  visiting  minis- 
ters preached — these  were  Rev.  Shadrac,  Miller,  Burbank, 
Keys,  Smith  and  Ilendrickson. 

Ill  the  spring  of  1843,  the  Baptists  purchased  a  house  for 
public  worship  in  Lancaster,  on  Chestnut,  near  Duke  street. — 
Their  present  pastor,  October,  1843,  is  the  Rev.  Leonard 
Fletcher,  of  the  American  Baptist  Missionary  Society.  He 
and  the  Rev.  Enos  M.  Philips  of  Colerain,  are  the  only  Baptist 
ministers  in  Lancaster  county.  They  h:ivc  three  places  of 
public  worship. 

The  Mormoas. — A  few  are  found  in  the  county  who  hold 
the  views  of  this  sect;  and  also  some  theoretical  Mz7Zeri7es, 
who  are  ready  to  ride  into  notice  on  every  "cloud  of  novelty." 
These  are  hahes  in  knowledge  and  piety,  amifuU-grojcn  in  the 
love  of  the  world — ceaseless  in  schemes  "to  raise  the  wind." 
Besides  these,  there  are  also  several  African  churches  in  the 
county. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  465 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


GEOLOGY  OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 

"For  an  extended  view  of  the  Geology  of  the  county,  we 
^lust  refer  to  the  final  report  of  the  general  survey  authorize(J. 
ty  the  State  government. 

In  glancing  over  Mr.  Scott's  very  beautiful  and  accurate  map 
of  Lancaster  county,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  surface  is  broken 
by  irregular  east  and  west  ranges  of  hills,  no  one  of  which  can 
be  properly  styled  a  mountain.  Commencing  at  the  south, 
we  find  an  extensive  formation  of  primary  stratified,  or  meta- 
morphic  rocks,  such  as  mica  slate  and  talcose  slate,  the  latter 
having  garnets  imbedded  in  it.  These  are  quite  abundant  on 
the  Susquehanna,  below  Pequea  creek.  Occasional  patches 
of  limestone*  and  clay  slate  occur,  and  the  latter  is  extensively 
worked  for  roofing  purposes,  at  a  place  called  Slate-hill. — 
Ascending  the  river,  we  find  the  same  formation  extending  to 
Turkey-hill,  where  it  terminates,  about  two  miles  below  the 
village  of  Washington,  or  about  the  fortieth  parallel  of  latitude. 

The  next  rock  in  ascending  order,  is  a  close  grained,  very 
hard,  siliceous  sandstone,  best  seen  at  the  mouth  of  the  Chic- 
quesalunga,  between  Columbia  and  Marietta,  where  it  strikes 
the  Susquehanna  in  a  bold  blulT  upwards  of  three  hundred  feet 
in  height.  It  is  found  at  the  opposite  boundary  of  the  county, 
and  extending  into  Berks,  forms  the  hill  on  the  south  side  of 
Reading.  A  great  deal  of  iron  ore  (argillaceous  oxid  and 
hematite)  has  been  taken  from  the  clay  overlying  this  forma- 
tion, which  although  possessing  some  of  the  characters  of  the 
preceding,  such  as  large  veins  of  quartz,  and  traces  of  fel- 
spar and  tourmalin,  may  probably  be  looked  upon  as  the 
lowest  of  the  transition,  rather  than  the  uppermost  of  the  pri- 
mary stratified.  This  conclusion,  however,  could  scarcely  be 
attained  from  an  examination  of  the  rock,  limited  to  our  own 
localities.  To  understand  it  fully,  it  must  be  studied  in  tho 
atate  of  New  York. 

*Two  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Concstoga,  for  example. 


466  HISTORT    OF 

Next  above  this  lies  "  formation  number  11"  of  the  state- 
survey,  including  the  tracts  of  limestone  found  in  our  valleys 
and  level  districts,  and  approaching  the  base  of  most  of  the 
larger  hills,  but  seldom  itself  rising  into  ridges  much  above  the 
general  undulations  of  the  surface. 

The  northern  border  of  the  county  is  made  up  of  a  formation 
of  red  and  grey  shales,  or  soft  slates,  grits,  and  pudding  stones, 
furiiisliing  in  some  places  a  material  sufliciently  hard  and 
compact  to  afford  an  excellent  material  for  mill  stones.  These 
are  accordingly  wrought  out  of  the  large  detached  fragments 
found  upon  the  surface  in  Cocalico  township.  In  several  loca- 
lities the  same  formation  has  alforded  indications  of  coal,  but 
as  it  is  entirely  distinct  from  the  great  coal  formation  of  the 
commonwealth,  it  is  very  ])robable  that  veins  which  can  be 
advantageously  worked,  will  never  be  discovered.  Iron  ore  is 
of  rather  frequent  occurrence,  and  we  have  met  with  indica- 
tions of  copper.  In  several  localities  on  the  southern  border 
of  this  series,  the  curious  calcareous  rock  called  Potomac 
marble  occurs;  namely,  cast  of  Bainbridge,  and  north  of  Man- 
heim. 

But  the  most  interesting  feature  in  the  Conewago  hills, 
is  the  large  amount  of  weathered  blocks  upon  the  surface,  of  a 
hard  grey  stone  made  up  of  white  vmd  black  particles.  This  is  a 
trap  rock  of  the  variety  called  greenstone,  and  identical  in 
composition  with  the  smaller  ridges  which  traverse  ditferent 
parts  of  the  country,  under  the  name  of  ironstone,  a  mineral 
remarkable  for  the  sonorous  ring  produced  when  struck.  The 
finer  texture  of  the  latter  is  produced  by  the  rapid  cooling  of 
the  material,  consequent  upon  the  comparatively  small  quan- 
tity of  matter;  this  rock  being  of  igneous  origin,  and  injected 
from  below  in  a  melted  condition.  In  the  Conewago  rock 
the  quantity  of  material  is  so  great,  that  in  the  length  of  time 
required  to  solidify,  the  constituents  were  able  to  enter  into 
combinations;  or  crystallize,  in  a  manner;  whence  the  felspar 
and  hornblend  appear  in  distinct  particles. 

A  flood  sweeping  across  these  hills,  has  carried  large  blocks 
of  the  rock  for  miles  southward,  and  beyond  the  reach  of  the 
highest  floods  of  the  Susquehanna.  That  a  powerful  current 
swept  over  the  country  from  the  north-west,  is  proved  by  the 
additional  fact  that  primary  sienitic  pebbles  arc  found  among 


LANCASTER    COUNTr.  467 

the  accumulations  of  gravel  which  must  have  been  derived 
from  the  regions  of  the  great  lakes. 

Besides  the  ores  of  iron  mentioned,  the  sulphuret  occurs  ia 
detached  cubic  crystals,  over  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
surface  ;  galena,  or  sulphuret  of  lead,  and  plumbago,  have 
been  found  in  small  quantities  ;  and  chromate  of  iron  and  sul- 
phate of  magnesia  have  been  mined  in  the  southern  section  of 
the  county,  for  economical  purposes ;  but  as  we  possess  no 
granitic  rocks,  our  list  of  mineral  species  is  much  more  meagre 
than  those  ol  the  counties  lying  more  to  the  east. 


NATURAL  HISTORY  OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 

In  giving  a  sketch  of  the  Natural  History  of  a  single  county, 
in  a  work  of  this  character,  it  is  of  course  necessary  to  com- 
press the  matteras  much  as  possible,  as  the  zoology  and  botany 
would  separately  require  volumes  equal  to  the  present  one  in 
size,  were  they  to  be  discussed  ai  some  length.  Our  collections 
have  been  made  more  with  a  view  to  the  Natural  History  of  the 
commonwealth  at  large,  than  to  any  particular  county  ;  so 
that  no  care  has  been  taken  to  prevent  objects  collected  in 
other  part>  of  the  state  from  being  intermixed  with  those  now 
under  consideration  ;  whence  it  has  been  necessary  to  omit  the 
mention  of  some  which  may  have  been  collected  within  our 
borders. 

A  note  of  interrogation  has  been  added  to  some  species  to 
indicate  that  the  species  may  not  be  properly  named,  or  may 
not  occur  within  the  boundary  of  the  county.  Thus  among 
the  fishes,  not  having  been  able  to  examine  the  trout  found  in 
our  streams,  we  quote  the  name  Salmo  fontinalis  with  doubt; 
and  Menopoma  Alleghaniensis  has  been  cited  with  a  question, 
because  this  reptile  has  been  caught  in  the  Susquehanna  some 
miles  above  the  boundary  line  of  the  county.  We  have  in- 
serted both  species  of  "black-snake,"  not  being  certain  which 
of  the  two  occurs  with  us;  but  it  is  not  improbable  that  we 
have  them  both.  We  have  seen  a  green  snake  in  the  south-west* 


468 


HISTORY    OF 


em  part  of  the  county,  but  not  having  a  specimen,  are  unable  tcr 
name  it  with  certainty. 

English  names  are  given  to  such  animals  as  have  received 
them,  and  short  notes  have  been  added  to  some  of  the  species 
to  enable  the  reader  to  recognize  them  ;  but  it  would  have 
extended  this  article  to  too  great  a  length  to  follow  out  this  plan 
to  any  considerable  extent.  The  objects  are  so  numerous, 
that  in  must  cases,  a  dry  list  uf  names  must  sullice  ;  as  the 
reader  who  wishes  to  know  more  about  the  object  themselves, 
must  refer  to  works  expressly  devoted  to  their  history.  Some 
of  these  arc  noted  at  the  foot  of  the  pages  ;  but  unfortunately 
several  of  the  more  important  branches  are  still  unillustrated, 
as  the  fishes  and  insects  ;  and  much  as  works  devoted  to  these 
branches  are  wanted,  it  is  probable  that  little  will  be  done  until 
the  necessity  calls  forth  the  patronage  of  legislative  enact- 
ment, as  in  Massachusetts  and  New  York. 

Our  vertebrate  animals,  except  tiie  fishes,  are  pretty  well 
know  n  to  naturalists,  and  the  number  of  species  found  within  the 
borders  of  the  county,  may  be  stated  approximately  as  follows  : 
Beasts,  30;  Birds,  ISO;  Reptiles,  40  ;  Fishes,  50. 

Among  the  Mammalia,  the  Cervus  Virginianus  (deer)  might 
have  been  included,  as  it  sometimes  crosses  the  Susquehanna 
from  York  county.  The  Lutra  Canadensis  (otter)  is  said  to 
have  inhabited  liie  islands  of  the  Susquehanna  at  an  early 
day;  and  within  ten  years,  a  species  of  wolf  has  crossed  the 
same  river  from  the  western  side. 

But  the  greater  part  of  the  zoology  of  most  countries,  is  that 
which  takes  cognizance  of  the  Annulosa,  including  the  exten- 
sive class  of  Ptilota  or  winged  insects;  the  Akachnida,  or 
spiders;  the  Crustacea,  of  which  the  crab  and  lobster  are 
familiar  examples,  and  of  which  class  all  our  springs  and 
streams  contain  species,  some  of  them  so  minute,  as  to  be  re- 
cognized with  dilliculty  by  the  naked  eye  ;  and  the  class  Ame- 
TOBOLA,  represented  by  the  cenlipedcs  found  under  stones  and 
logs. 

Taking  all  these  together,  the  number  to  be  found  in  Lan- 
caster county,  cannot  fall  short  of  six  thousand  species;  the 
Ptilota  or  \.  inged  insects  being  the  most  numerous,  and  of 
these,  the  order  Colcoptcra  (distinguished  by  having  the  wing*- 
folded  under  a  pair  of  bard  elytra)  is  the  most  extensive  ;  and 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  469 

although  they  do  not  possess  the  brilliant  beauty  of  the  Lepi- 
doptera,  or  butterfly  order,  they  have  hitherto  secured  the  prin- 
cipal attention  of  entomologists  ;  whence  it  happens  that  they 
are  best  known,  and  we  have  devoted  more  space  to  them  than 
to  the  remaining  orders. 

The  Coleoptera  deserve  a  careful  study,  as  a  knowledge  of 
their  habits  will  enable  us  to  turn  them  to  account  in  the  de- 
struc'.ion  of  noxious  species.  Thus  the  genus  Coccinella  (la- 
dybug)  feeds  upon  the  Aphides  or  plant  lice,  so  destructive  to 
roses  and  other  plants;  and  in  tiieir  larva  state  they  maybe 
found  upon  the  leaves  of  useful  vegetables,  devouring  small 
insects  or  grubs  which,  when  numerous,  destroy  the  plants  by 
eating  tlie  leaves.  The  Cccidomyia  destructor  (wheat  fly)  is 
extensively  destroyed  in  the  grub  state,  by  the  young  of 
another  minute  insect.  The  carnivorous  tribes  are  readily 
distinguishable  from  those  which  feed  upon  vegetable  food  ; 
and  the  greater  number  and  variety  of  the  former  to  be  found 
in  gardens  and  fields,  the  more  likely  will  they  be'to  destroy 
the  noxious  kinds,  or  to  prevent  their  increase  by  the  destruc- 
tion of  their  eggs. 

There  can  be  no  necessity  in  giving  common  names  to  ani- 
mals which  have  not  already  received  them,  as  they  can  be  just 
as  well  recognized  by  the  scientific  name.  Commrm  names  are 
frequently  local,  and  the  same  name  is  applied  to  different  an- 
imals in  difterent  parts  of  the  country  ;  whilst  the  scientific 
name,  being  that  under  Vvhich  animals  are  described,  are 
known  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  whatever  may  be  the  language 
spoken.  The  English  apply  the  name  ground-hog  to  an  Afri- 
can animal  not  at  all  like  our  ground-hog,  which  some  authors 
call  by  a  name  under  which  most  people  would  not  recognize 
it.  Ont^  of  our  hauks  is  called  a  buzzard  in  England,  and  our 
buzzard  a  vulture.  A  mammal  is  called  gopher  in  the  west, 
and  the  same  vulgar  name  is  applied  to  a  tortoise  in  the  south. 
In  a  work  upon  North  American  birds,  one  author  has  called 
our  Hirundo'rufa  (barn  swallow)  chimney  swallow!  doubtless 
because  it  is  like  t'le  chimney  swallow  of  England  ;  instead  of 
preserving  this  name  for  the  Chsetura  pelasgia,  which  actually 
frequents  chimneys.  Bald  eagle  is  the  common  name  for  Ha- 
Hatrous  leucocephalus  throughout  the  United  States,  yet  some 
peeple  affectedly  call  it  the  whitehcadcd  cogle  !   Thus  it  suine- 

40 


470  HISTORY    OF 

times  happens  that  authors  use  neither  the  proper  nor  tlis 
common  name  of  an  animal,  but  adopt  one,  perhaps  entirely 
unknown  to  those  best  acquainted  with  it. 

The  scientific  appellation  is  the  only  true  name  of  a  plant  or 
an  animal,  as  no  other  will  answer  our  principal  purpose,  that 
of  giving  a  distinct  name  to  every  organized  object.  Nothing 
is  gained  by  naming  certain  insects  weavil,  hammerbug  or 
schnellkaefer,  when  there  are  more  than  a  hundred  ditferent 
kinds  of  each  in  Pennsylvania,  each  of  which  has  its  proper 
name.  "We  call  an  insect  the  rose  bug,  but  this  name  will  not 
enable  us  to  discover  the  true  appellation  under  which  it  may 
be  found  in  European  books,  whether  English,  French  or  Ger- 
man. A  little  consideration  upon  this  subject  will  convince 
any  one  that  an  animal  or  plant  is  not  properly  known  until 
we  are  acquainted  with  its  name,  and  every  one  interested  in 
the  study  of  zoology  or  botany,  should  endeavor  to  become 
familiar  with  the  proper  names.  Naturalists  themselves  are 
often  to  blame  in  this  matter,  from  a  jealousy  that  the  public 
at  large  will  linally  become  as  wise  as  themselves;  and  they 
accordingly  invent  English  names  which  they  set  forth  in  largo 
capitals,  so  that  tire  proper  names  will  be  less  likely  to  attract 
attention. 


MAMMA]  JA'— Beasts. 

Four  species  of  bat  occur  in  Lancaster  county,  viz : 
Vespcrtilio  Carolinensis;  chesnui  brown  above,  yellowish 
beneath:  V.  Noveboraccnsis;  rcddisii  brown :  V.  pruinosus; 
fur  dark,  tipped  with  white:  V.  subulatus"?  Scalops  Cana- 
densis; mole.  Condylura  macroura;  star-nose  mole.  Sorex 
brevicaudus;  found  along  water  courses,  where  it  constructs 
burrows  in  the  grass.  Procyon  lotor;  the  raccoon  is  not  un- 
common in  some  parts  of  the  county,  Mustela  erminca;  de- 
scribed under  this  name  by  Godman,  and  usually  called  weasel. 
Mustela  lutreola ;  mink.  Mephitis  Americana;  the  skunk  or 
polecat.  Vulpes  fulvus;  red  fox:  V.  cinereo-argentatus;  grey 
fox.     Dideljihis  Virginiana  ;  possum,  incorrectly  named  o'pos- 

•Aiiicricau  IN'atural  History,  t>y  Jo'.ui  D.  Godman,  3  vols.  8  vo.  plates. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  471 

sum  in  modern  books.  Fiber  zibethicus;  muskrat.  Arvicola 
xanlhognatus  ;  meadow  mouse  :  A.  viparius;  tail  short,  inhab- 
its marshes.  Mus  agrariusi  Gerbilliis  Canadensis;  kanga- 
roo, jumping  mouse.  Arctomys  monax ;  ground-hog.  Sciu- 
ruscinereus;  cat  squirrel :  S.  Hudsonius;  red  squirrel:  S.  ni- 
ger?  black  squirrel.  Tarn ias  striata  ;  ground  squirrel.  Pter- 
omys  volucella  ;  flying  squirrel.     Lepus  sylvaticus  ;  rabbit. 


REPTILIA*— Reptiles. 

Testudinata. 

Cistuda  Carolina;  the  color  of  the  common  land  tortoise  is 
yellow,  mottled  with  dark  brown  or  black.  Emys  geographica; 
shsU  8  inches  long,  with  a  ridge  along  the  back  ;  dark  brown, 
with  lighter,  indistinct,  irregular  lines  ;  used  as  food,  and  usu- 
ally called  terrapin.  Emys  Muhlenbergiil  4  inches  long,  a 
large  orange  spot  upon  each  side  of  the  neck;  doubtful  as  a 
native  of  this  county.  Emyspicta;  5  inches  long,  margin  of 
the  shell  marked  with  red  stripes,  common  in  ponds  and  small 
streams,  fond  of  reposing  in  the  sun.  Emys  guttala;  black, 
with  small  yellow  spots,  less  than  the  preceding,  with  which  it 
is  frequently  found.  Emys  insculpta  ;  yellow  and  black,  each 
plate  comprising  the  carapax  or  upper  shell  is  roughened  by 
concentric  and  radiating  furrows,  a  b'ack  spot  upon  each  plate 
of  the  sternum.  E.  rubriventrisl  sternum  marked  with  red ;  it 
may  be  found  in  the  lower  parts  of  the  Susquehanna.  Sterno- 
thorus  odoratus;  length  about  4  inches,  dark  brown,  sternum 
very  narrow,  carapax  oval,  convex  and  smooth,  chin  with 
several  small  warts.  Kinostcrnon  Pennsylvanicum  ]  nearly 
resembles  the  preceding,  but  the  sternum  is  wider,  and  separ- 
ated into  three  parts,  not  hitherto  observed  within  the  county. 
Emysaura  serpentina;  (snapper)  head  large,  tail  long  and 
strongly  serrated  above;  highly  prized  for  "terrapin  soup." 

Ophidia — Serpents. 

Coluber  constrictor  ;  blacksnake  :  C.  sipedon  ;  watersnake  : 
C.  sirtalis;  gartersnake:  C.  saurita;  gartersnake:  C.  septem- 

•Holbrook's  North  American  Herpetology.    5.  vols,  quarto. 


472  HISTORY    OF 

vittatus 'J^gartersnake :  C.  punctatus;  greenish  orange  below, 
a  light  ring  around  the  neck:  C,  amoeniis;  light  brown  with: 
violet  rellexions,  head  very  small:  C.  eximins;  house-snake, 
Tlie  above  species  arc  at  present  included  in  several  "-enera, 
Heterodon  platirhinus ;  viper,  harmless.  Trigonoccphalus 
contortrix  ;  copperhead. 

Sauria  — Lizards. 
Tropidolepis  undulatus;    inhabits  woods,  brown,   mottled, 
scales  very  rough,  tail  long,  active,  innoxious.    Scincus  fascia- 
tus  ;  back  with  5  yellow  stripes,  tail  blue. 


AMPHIBIA. 

Ranapipiens;  bullfrog:  R,  halccina  ;  shadfrog,  green  with 
black  spots  :  R.  sylvatica;  woodfrog,  reddish  brown,  2  inches: 
R,  palustris;  brown,  with  rows  of  square  dark  brown  spots,  3 
inches:  R.  gryllus;  1  incli  long.  Jlyla  versicolor;  treefrog, 
treetoad.  Bufo  Americanus  ;  toad.  Salaniandra  erytlironota; 
S.  cinereain:  woods,  under  logs  and  stoiics:  S.  longicauda  : 
S.  maculalal  S.  fasciata]  S.  venenosal 


PISCES— Fishes. 

Of  the  fifty  species  of  this  class  which  are  probably  found 
in  our  waters,  we  arc  not  prepared  to  give  a  complete  list,  as 
we  iiave  not  yet  compared  the  greater  part  of  our  specimens 
with  authentic  individuals  from  other  states  ;  and  we  are  there- 
fore in  doubt  as  to  the  names  they  ouglitto  bear.  This  remark 
applies  particularly  to  tiie  species  first  made  known  by  Dr. 
Mitchill,  and  which  were  found  in  iho  waters  of  New  York. 

The  several  diims  in  tlie  Susquehanna,  have  nearly  cut  off 
the  supply  of  the  .shad,  so  important  an  article  in  domestic 
economy,  until  a  recent  period,  tliat  families  witliin  twenty 
miles  of  the  fisheries,  thought  it  impossible  to  pass  through  a 
season  unsupplicd  willi  a  barrel  of  salted  shad. 

Fishing  is  not  conducted  upon  an  extensive  scale  at  present, 
the  bcinc  being  employed  for  tiie  shad  and  herring  alone.     The 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  473 

former  is  sometimes  caught  by  means  of  a  large  scoopnet,  in 
such  places  where  it  is  necessary  for  the  fish  to  approach  near 
the  shore  or  a  rock,  to  pass  upwards. 

Angling  is  in  considerable  repute,  and  the  out-line  is  fre- 
quently employed.  This  consists  of  a  stout  cord  about  a  hun- 
dred yards  long,  to  which  the  hooks  are  attached  at  intervals, 
by  lines  (or  links)  a  yard  long;  the  whole  being  stretched  and 
anchored  in  a  suitable  place  during  the  night.  Live  bait  is  em- 
ployed, and  should  be  supplied  from  time  to  time  to  the  hooks 
which  have  been  stripped. 

Various  species  are  abundantly  caught  in  the  fall  of  the  year 
in  fish-baskets,  made  of  lathwork,  with  diverging  v.  alls  of 
stones,  leading  from  the  entrance  up  the  stream  for  one 
hundred  or  two  hundred  yards.  In  the  shallow  v.aters,  fishes 
are  speared  or  gigged  by  torch  light ;  the  smaller  streams  are 
fished  Vvith  a  bow-net,  into  the  mouth  of  which  the  fishes  are 
driven  by  beating  the  water;  and  set-nets  of  a  cylindrical 
shape,  kept  open  by  hoops,  v>ith  an  expanded  mouth,  and  pro- 
vided v.ith  funcels  to  prevent  the  return  of  the  prisoners  once 
entered.  These  are  set  in  dams,  at  the  mouths  of  creeks  in 
deep  water,  when  suckers  are  principally  caught ;  but  when 
set  in  the  Susquehanna,  catfishes  and  sunfishes  are  usually 
taken. 

The  published  materials  on  the  history  of  our  fishes  are  scat- 
tered through  many  different  works,  and  arc  inaccessible 
except  to  the  professed  naturalist. 

Perca  lutea,  Rafincsque  ;  (flavescens,  Cuvier.)  the  yellow 
perch  is  common  in  the  Susquehanna.  Labrax  lineatus,  Lin  ; 
reck  fish  :  L.  albus;  Raf.  (mucronatus,  Cuv.)  white  perch. — 
Percina  ncbulosa;  Hald :  P.  minima,  (Etheostoma  Olmstedi, 
Storer.)  Pcmotis  appendix,  Mitchill ;  black-cared  sunfish:* 
P.  aurilus,  Lin;  (moccasinus,  Raf.)  ycUovz-cared  sunfish. — 
Lucioperca  Americana'?  Cuv.;  salmon.  Cottus  viscosus,  Hald.- 
(cognatus !  llich.)  resembles  a  small  Pimelodus  or  catfish. — 
These  nine  species  include  all  those  which  have  spiny  rays  in 
the  first  dorsal  fin,  as  far  as  we  have  been  able  to  determine. 

Cyprinus  cornutus;  Mitchill — hornchub,  and  several  other 
species.  Catostomus  cyprinus,  Lesueur;  carp,  not  allied  to 
the  European  carp  :  C.  maculosus,  Les. ;  stoncroUer  and  som.e 

*These  English  names  are  also  applied  to  certain  marine  fishes.. 

40« 


474  HISTORY    OP 

I 

others.  Leiicisciis  corporalis;  fall  fish  and  several  other 
species  of  chub.  Exoglossuni  maxilingiia,  Les.  ;  remarkable 
for  the  manner  in  which  tlic  tongue  projects,  to  form  part  of 
the  lower  jaw.  Esox  rcticulatus,  Les.;  pike.  Belonc  trun- 
catal  Les.;  green  gar.  Pimelodus;  one  or  two  species  of 
catfish.*  Noturus;  one  species.  Salmu  fonlinalisl  Mitchill ; 
trout.  The  fish  properly  called  salmon  belongs  to  this  genus, 
and  has  nevei  been  caught  so  farsouth  as  Pennsylvania.  Alosa 
sapidissima,  Wilson;  shad.  Clupea  vernalis,  Mitchill;  her- 
ring. Lcpisostcus  osscus,  Liu.;  gar*.  Anguilla  ;  one  or  two 
species  of  eel.  Accipenscr;  one  species  of  sturgeon,  Pe- 
tromyzon  Americanus,  Les,;  lampereel.  Bdellostoma  nigri- 
cans, Les. ;  found  attached  to  the  shad.  Ammocoetes  bicolor, 
Les.  ;  lives  under  sand  and  mud. 


COLEOPTERA. 

Wc  commence  with  the  Coleopleia,  because  we  intend  to 
say  but  little  on  the  remaining  orders,  otiierwise  it  would  have 
been  proper  to  begin  the  series  with  the  Uymenoptera,  (inclu- 
ding bees,  ants,  wasps,  &:c.)  which  appear  to  stand  at  the  head 
of  the  class.  That  the  attention  may  be  more  particularly 
called  to  the  insects  themselves,  wc  add  a  few  notes  on  twenty 
species,  such  as  may  be  readily  recognised  : 

Cicindela.  This  genus  stands  at  the  head  of  our  carniverous 
in-gects,  and  the  species  may  be  known  by  their  bright  colors, 
strong  jaws,  long  legs,  the  activity  with  whicii  they  run  upon 
the  bare  ground,  and  the  ease  with  w  iiich  they  take  wing. 

Casnonia  rennsylvariica  has  the  head  and  slender  thorax 
black,  and  rather  longer  than  the  remainder  of  the  body.  The 
elytra  (wing  covers)  arc  yellowish,  each  one  with  3  black 
.spots;  3-10  of  an  inch  long. 

Galerita  Americana;  length  J  of  an  inch,  head  ;.iul  tliora.x 
slender,  the  former  black,  the  latter,  with  the  legs  yellowish 
brown,  elytra  blue-black. 

Brachinus  fumans,  half  an  inch  long,  greatly  resembling  the 
preceding,  but  the  head  is  of  the  same  color  as  the  elytra; 

•Tlica:  Eijslisli  ramcs  arc  also  npjilicd  to  ccrtjun  mctinc  fifihcs. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  475 

when  caught,  ii  throws  out  a  jet  of  vapor  with  a  slight  explosion, 

Scaritessubterraneus;  an  inch  in  length,  black,  with  a  strong 
pair  of  jaws,  head  and  thorax  as  long  as  the  liinder  part,  and 
somewhat  wider — lives  under  logs. 

Calosoma  scrutator;  length  1  1-4  inches,  head  black,  thorax 
(pronotum)  purple,  margined  with  golden,  elytra  bright 
green, with  a  golden  margin. 

Calosoma  calidum  ;  length  of  the  preceding,  but  mucii 
narrower,  black,  elytra  striate,  with  numerous  golden 
punctures. 

Agoniim  octopunctatum  ;  length  3-10  inches,  active,  green, 
with  four  impressed  punctures  arranged  in  a  line  upon  the  in- 
ner margin  of  each  elytron. 

Anorops  obliquatus;  half  an  inch  long,  short  oval,  dull  black, 
except  a  small  orange  spot  at  the  inner  base  of  the  elytra, 
punctured  longitudinally — found  in  decayed  wood. 

Diaperis  maculata  ;  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  oblong  hemis- 
pherical, elytra  light  yellowish  brown,  with  two  black  spots 
upon  each,  near  the  base,  and  a  larger  irregular  spot  towards 
the  extremity,  and  upon  the  outer  margin,  head  and  thorax 
black. 

Coprobius  volvens ;  (tumble-bug)  is  commonly  seen  in 
pairs  rolling  a  ball  of  dung.  A  much  larger  insect,  an  inch 
long,  black  with  the  elytra  coarsely  furrowed,  is  named  Copris 
Carolina,  and  is  proportionally  shorter  than  the  Scarabaeus 
Jamaicensis,  which  is  tinged  with  brown,  the  head  of  the  male 
being  armed  with  a  long  recurved  horn  ;  a  small  species  quar- 
ter of  an  inch  long. 

Onthophagus  Janus ;  has  two  straight,  upright  horns  upon 
the  head  ;  it  is  found  in  rotten  fungi. 

Pelidnota  punctata;  is  an  inch  long,  of  a  brownish  yellow, 
each  elytron  with  three  black  spots,  a  similar  spot  on  each' 
side  of  the  thorax  ;  found  upon  grape  vines.  Nearly  allied, 
but  without  spots,  is  the  Pelidnota  lanigera,  of  a  fine  lemon 
yellow  color. 

Macrodactylasubspinosa;  is  the  abundant  and  destructive 
rosebug  or  cherrybug. 

Crioceris  trilineata;  a  common  garden  insect,  quarter  of  aa 
inch  long,  yellow,  with  three  black,  conspicuous,  longitudinal 
lines  upon  the  elytra,  and  two  black  dots  Lipon  the  pronolura. 


476  HISTORY    OF 

The  nearly  allied  Galeruca  vittata  (cucumber  bug)  is  smaller 
^vith  narrouxu'  bands,  and  Galeruca  12-punctata,  intermediate 
in  size,  is  marked  with  three  transverse  rows  of  black  dots, 
four  in  each  row. 

Coccinella  borealis,  yellow  spotted  with  black,  the  largest 
species  of  our  ladybugs. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  species  captured  principally 
within  the  last  year,  and  of  a  number  of  them,  but  a  single  spe- 
cimen was  taken. 

Cicindela  punctulata:    C.  vulgaris:    C.  hirticollis :    C.  sex- 
guttata:  C.  marginalis:  C.  purpurea:  C.  patruela.     Casnonia 
Pennsylvanica.     Galerita  Americana.     Brachinus  fumans:  B. 
alternans:  B.  curticollis:  B.  pcrplexus.     Plochionus  Bonfilsii. 
Cyminas  pilosus:  C.   limbatus.     Dromius  piceus.     Lebia  atri- 
ventris:   L.  ornata:    L.  vittata:    L.  scapularis:    L.  viridis:  L. 
pumila.     Scarites  subterrancus.     Clivina  quadrimaculata :  C. 
morio:  C.  viridis.     Sphcerodcrus  stenostomus.     Carabus  ser- 
ratus  :    C.  ligatus.     Calosoma  scrutator  :  C,  calidum  :    C.  ex- 
tcrnus.     Omophron  labiatum.     Elajjhrus  ruscarius.     Notiophi- 
lus  scmistriatus:   N.  porrectus.     Chkenius  scriceus:    C.  oisti- 
vus:  C.  chlorophanus:  C.  emarginatus:  C.  nemoralis:  C.  to- 
mentcsus.     Diccclus  violaceus:  D.  dilatatus:  D.  simplex.     Pa- 
nagaus   fasciatus.     Patrobus  longicornis.    Calathus  grcgarius. 
Anchomenus  extensicollis.     Agonum  octopunctatum :  A.  cu- 
pripenne:  A,  punctiforme:   A.  excavatum.     Poecilus  chalci- 
tcs:    P.  lucublanda.     Omaseus  stygica :   0.  complanata:    0. 
politus:  0.  morosa]     Platysma  adoxa.     Amara  basillaris  :  A, 
impuncticollis:    A.  musculis.     Daptus  incrassatus.     Bractylus 
exaratus.     Agonodcrus  pallipes.     Selenophorus  troglodytes. 
Pangus  caliginosus.    Anisodactyluscarbonarius:  A.  agricolus: 
A.  Ballimorien&is:  A.  rusticus.    Harpalus  faunus:  H.  bicolor: 
H.  intcrstitialis:  II.  dichrous:  H.  herbivagus:  PL  tcrminatus. 
Stcnolophus  ochropegus.     Acupalpu-s  rupcstris.     Bembidium 
coxendix:    B.   patruelum.     Dyticus  vcrticalis.      Laccophilus 
maculosus.     Ilaliphus  immaculicollis.    Hydroporus  lacustris. 
Cyclous  vVmcricanus.    Hydrophilus  natator.     Pa-dcrus  littora- 
lius.     Pinophilus  latipcs.    Emus  villosus :   E.  maculosus:  E. 
cinnamopterus:  E.  angulatus.     Stalicus  armalus !    Buprcstis. 
Cholcophora  Yirginica.    Dircera  divaricata.    Agrilus  ruficol- 
Us.    Chrysabotbris  sc.\signata.    Brachys  ovata.    Alaus  ocula- 


LANCASTER    COUNTT.  477 

tus.  Limonius  quercinus.  Cardiophorus  areolatus.  Athous 
longicollis.  Steatoderus  attenuatus.  Ludius  piccus:  L.  nem- 
nonius:  L.  bellus.  Cratonychus  communis.  Dolopius  sericens. 
Limonius  cylindriformis.  Oephorus  dorsalis :  0.  delectus: 
O.  instabilis.  Anomala  pinicola.  Omaluplia  vespertina.  Di- 
cheionyclia  hexagona.  Macrodactyla  subspinosa.  Hoplia  vi- 
rens.  Tricliius  piger:  T.  affinis.  Cetonia  inda :  C.  fulgida, 
Gymnetis  nitida.  Lucanus  capreolus.  Passalus  cornutus. — 
Capris  Carolina:  C.  Ammon :  C.  anaglypticus.  Coprobius 
volvens.  Phanajus  carmifex.  Onthophagus  janus:  0.  hocate. 
Scarabosus  tityus:  S.  satyrus.  Pelidnota  punctata:  P.  lani- 
gera.  Phyllophago  iiicis  :  P.  quercina:  P.  pilosicollis.  Iph- 
thinus  Pennsylvanicus :  I.  saperdoides :  I.  rufipes.  Opatri- 
nus  notum.  Tenebrio  obscurus.  Uloma  rubens.  Diaperis 
Hydni.  Anorops  obliquatus.  Helops  vittatus:  H.  pullus. — 
Cisieia  suturalis:  C.  fuscipes.  Melandria  striata:  M.  labiata. 
Pyrochroa  flabcllata.  Mordella  atrata :  M.  marginata.  No- 
toxus  monodon:  N.  bicolor.  Athicus,  5  species.  Scirtes  sol- 
siitialis.  Ellychma  corusca  :  E.  arcuata.  Photuris  versicolor. 
Epicauta  marginita:  E.  vittata.  Chauliognathus  bimaculatus. 
Telephorus  Carolina.  Malachias  cinctus.  Anobiiini  notatum: 
A.  capitata.  Cupes  cinerea.  Hister  depurator:  H.  abbrevia- 
t.us :  H.  14  striatus :  H.  12  lineatus.  Necrophorus  grandis: 
N.  tomenlosus :  N.  arbicoUis.  Necrodes  suiinamensis.  Sil- 
pha  Americana  :  S.  marginalis:  S.  inequalis.  Hololepta  tequa- 
lis.  Platysoma  sordid um.  Nitidula  colon.  Ips  4  maculosa. 
Dermestes  lardarius.  Attagenus  cylindricornis.  Aathrenus 
niger.  Parnus  fastigiatus.  Bruchuj  pi.si.  Phyllobius  tienia. 
tus.  Hylobius  pales:  H.  picivorus.  Sixus  scrubicollis.  Cra- 
toparis  lunatus.  Balamirus  nasicus.  Prionus  brevicornis:  P. 
cylindricus.  Cerasphorua  cinctus.  Clytus  flexuosus  :  ").  ery- 
throcephalus:  C.  colonus:  C.  obliquu-^,  Kn.  palliatus,  II:  C, 
mucronatus  1  C.  picipss.  Hylotrupes  bajulus.  Monochamu- 
nus  pini.  Molorchus  bimaculatus.  Tetraopes  tornator.  Sa- 
perda  lateralis:  S.  tripunctata.  Strangalia  luteicornis.  Lep- 
tura  4  viltata.  Uroplata  qnadrala  :  U.  naturalis.  Cassida  cia- 
vata.  Chlanys  plicata.  Celaspis  ovatus.  Chrysomela  trimacu- 
culata:  C.  scalaris.  Galeruca  vittata:  G.  12-punctata.  Systena 
striolata.  Oedionchus  vians.  Disonychiacollaris.  Zygogramma 
pulchra.  Craptoderacrythropoda.  Phratora  aineus.  Triplax  hu- 


478  HISTORY    OP 

meralis.  Coccinclla  borealis  :  C.  9-notada:  C.  lO-macuIata:  C, 
20-maciilata:  C.  tibialis:  C.  parenthesis :  C.  munda:  C.  aire- 
viata.     Ciiciiocorus  stigma. 


'D' 


Ortiioptera. 

Gryllotalpa  brcvipennis;  mole  cricket.  Acheta  abbreviata  ; 
cricket.  Ptcrophylla  concavus  ;  katydid.  Locusta  Carolina  ; 
our  largest  grasshopper.     L.  viridifasciata. 

IlEMirXERA. 

Haly.^  arborea,  Say.  Cylnus  bilincatus,  Say.  Berrytus 
spinosus,  S.  Mysdochus  serripes,  Latr.  Syrteserosa.  Tingis, 
four  species  including  T.  elongata,  Say,  first  observed  in  Mis- 
souri; it  is  found  upon  Bapti^ia  tinctoria  in  June.  Galgulus 
ocuialus.  Bclostoma  Americana.  Cicada  pruinosa ;  locust. 
C.  septendecim  ;  17-year  locust.  Membracis  bimaculatis,  F  : 
M.  accuminata,  F  :  M.  vau,  Say  :  M.  calva,  say. 

Neuropteka — Dragovjlies,  c^-c. 

Aeshnavinosa,  Say.  Libellulapulchella  :  L.  Turnaria,  Say : 
L.  Lydia.  Corydalis  cornutus,  L.  Chauliodes  pectinicornis, 
I;.     Phryganea  semifasciata,  S. 

Hymenopetra. 

Trcmcx  columba,  L.  Pelicinus  polycerator.  Pimpla  atrata, 
F.  Trogus  fulvus.  Odyncrus  quadricornis.  Polistes  fuscata, 
L;  wasp.     Vespa  maculata,  L  ;  hornet.     Leucospis  fratcrna. 

Li.pidoptera — Bulterjlies. 

Papilio  Turnus:  P.  glaucus:  (female  of  the  former.)  P. 
Philenor:  P.  Asterius:  P.  Triolus:  Ajax. 

DlPTERA — Tu-o-uhigril  Jlies. 

Midus  filatus.  Sphyracephala  brevicornis.  Conops  sagilta- 
ria.     Tabanus  atratus. 


LANCASTER   COUNTY.  479 


MOLLUSCA. 


The  moUusca  constitute  a  class  of  animals  which  includes 
all  our  land  and  freshwater  shells  ;  but  as  the  county  is  out  of 
the  influence  of  salt  Nvater,  and  not  even  touched  by  the  tide  ; 
we  are  without  any  of  the  more  beautiful  species  which  occur 
in  the  sea  alone.  This,  however,  should  not  lead  us  to  neglect 
these  humble  creatures,  for  they,  as  well  as  the  most  highly 
organized,  have  had  their  station  given  to  them  in  the  great 
scheme  of  creation. 

Those  which  construct  a  univalve  shell,  are  the  most  highly 
organized,  and  include  the  so  called  snails,  whether  of  the 
land  or  water.  These  move  about  slo\vly  upon  a  disk  called 
the  foot,  in  search  of  their  vegetable  food ;  and  instantly  re- 
tract themselves  within  their  spiral  shell,  upon  being  distur- 
bed. The  bivalve  species  are  enclosed  in  a  pair  of  valves, 
lined  by  the  mantle  of  the  animal,  and  closed  by  two  strong 
transverse  muscles,  thus  differing  from  the  genus  Ostrea 
(oyster)  the  valves  of  which  are  closed  by  a  single  muscle. 
Upon  each  side  of  the  body  of  the  animal  are  two  long  flaps, 
which  are  the  gills,  and  the  water  is  admitted  by  two  siphons 
projected  a  little,  from  the  upper  and  hinder  pait  of  the  shell. 
The  animal  moves  with  the  open  margin  of  the  shell  turned 
down  into  the  sand,  and  draws  itself  forward,  making  a  furrow 
as  it  advances  by  means  of  its  foot,  with  which  the  oyster  is 
not  provided,  as  it  never  moves  from  the  place  to  which  it  was 
first  attached.  The  freshwater  univalve  shells  have  two  tenta- 
cles projecting  from  the  head,  and  are  divided  into  those  which 
breathe  water,  and  those  which  breathe  air ;  the  former  have 
the  eyes  situated  upon  an  enlargement  of  the  outside  base  of 
the  tentacles ;  whilst  in  the  latter,  they  are  upon  the  head,  near 
the  inside  of  these  organs.  At  ti^e  head  of  our  Mollusca,  the 
genus  llelania  may  be  placed.  It  contains  but  a  single  spe- 
cies, Melania  Virginica,  which  occurs  throughout  the  Susque- 
hanna, and  in  many  of  the  larger  streams."  The  shell  is  an  inch 
long,  with  eight  or  ten  turns  ;  the  color  green,  with  two  spiral 
reddish  bands,  in  some  individuals.  AVith  this  species  occurs 
another  belonging  to  the  allied  genus  Anculosa,  and  called, 
tr«m  the  dissimilarity  of  the  various  individuals,  Areculosa  dis- 
similis.    Length  half  an  inch. 


4S0  HISTORY   OP 

In  the  genus  PALrDiNA,  the  head  is  much  smaller,  and  the 
foot  much  larger,  than  in  Melaiiia.  Two  species  are  found  in 
some  parts  of  the  Susquehanna,  the  larger  one,  Paludina 
decisa,  having  a  short  smooth  light  green  shell,  nearly  an  inch 
long,  whilst  that  of  the  other  is  smaller,  rough  with  transverse 
spiral  lives,  of  a  dull  light  green  color,  and  with  a  rounder 
aperture. 

Abinicola  presents  a  shell  which  is  a  miniature  representa- 
tion of  Paludina.  Amnicola  limosa  is  one  eighth  of  an  inch 
long,  and  resembles  Paludina  decisa,  but  the  aperture  is  pro- 
portionally wider.  Amnicola  lustrica  is  of  the  same  size,  but 
is  more  nearly  globular,  the  aperture  is  circular,  and  the  base 
of  the  shell  presents  an  opening.  Amnicola  granum  resem- 
bles the  latter,  and  is  our  smallest  freshwater  shell,  being  less 
than  the  one  twentieth  of  an  inch  in  length. 

Valvata  TRicARiNATA  is  our  only  representative  of  this  ge- 
nus, which  is  distinguished  by  the  circular  aperture  and  open 
base. 

The  members  of  the  family  of  freshwater  univalve  shells 
called  Phisadae,  though  they  live  in  vvalers  of  ponds  and  small 
streams,  breathe  free  air,  and  are  therefore  compelled  to  come 
to  tlic  surface  to  breathe,  which  is  effected  by  opening  a 
small  aperture  to  admit  the  air.  The  shells  are  thin  and  deli- 
cate, and  of  uniform  tints.  Physa  heterostropha  is  extensively 
distributed  over  the  United  States,  and  is  our  only  species  in 
this  genus,  which  has  the  peculiarity  of  having  the  turns  of  the 
shell  reversed,  or  turned  in  a  contrary  direction  from  most 
spiral  shells.  Nearly  allied  is  the  genus  Limnea,  of  which  we 
have  the  following  species;  L.  palustris  ;  shell  brown,  oblong 
conic,  with  six  whirls,  the  surface  frequently  marked  with 
irregular  elevated  lines — length  about  an  inch.  It  is  a  Europe- 
an species,  but  those  C'f  this  country  were  named  L.  clodcs,  by 
Say,  under  the  impression  of  their  being  a  distinct  species. 

L.  desidiosa  ;  a  light  yellowish  delicate  shell,  growing  to  the 
length  of  3-1  of  an  inch,  and  presenting  numerous  varieties. 

L.  caperata;  very  dark  brown,  approaching  to  blackish, 
shell  covered  with  fine  spiral  elevated  lines,  3-4  of  an  inch 
long. 

L.  humilis;  shell  ovate-conic,  short  and  inflated,  less  than 
half  an  inch  long.  A  slender  variety,  considered  a  distinct 
species  by  some  authors ;  has  been  named  L,  mcdicella. 


LANCASTER    COUNTr.  481 

^LANOUBis  is  a  geiitis  in  which  the  shell  is  a  flattened  discoid 
spiral;  the  most  common  species  throughout  the  country  being 
Planorbis  bicarinatus.  A  small  species,  P.  parvus,  is  more 
rarely  found  within  our  limits,  and  may  be  nscognized  by  its 
small  size,  being  less  than  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
and  by  its  compressed  form. 

In  the  remaining  genus  of  the  family  Physadce,  the  shell  is 
not  spiral,  but  has  an  oval  conical  shape,  like  a  shallow  cup, 
being  a  minute  representation  of  the  shell  of  the  marine  genus 
Patella.  It  may  be  found  attached  to  stones  under  water. — 
The  only  species  observed  within  the  county  is  named  Ancy- 
lus  rivularis. 

Helicid^. 

The  land  snails  have  four  tentacles,  the  principal  or  upper 
pair,  bearing  undeveloped  eyes  upon  ihcir  summits,  and  pos- 
sessing a  peculiar  structure,  by  means  of  which  they  can  be 
withdrawn  ;  being  tubular,  the  extremity  turns  inwards,  when 
the  whole  tentacle  follows.  Snails  live  under  bark,  logs  and 
stones,  our  species  seldom  moving  abroad,  except  in  wet 
weather,  or  during  the  night.  Our  largest  species  is  najned, 
from  the  broad  white  lip  of  the  shell,  Helix  albolabris.  The 
next  in  size,  and  nearly  like  the  preceding,  is  H.  thyroidus,  dis- 
tinguished by  a  white  projection  or  tooth,  upon  the  inner  side 
of  the  aperture. 

Helix  tridentata;  shell  depressed,  base  open,  lip  white,  with 
two  teeth,  opposite  to  which,  on  the  iiiiier  side,  is  a  third  large 
curved  tooth  ;  length  three-fourths  of  an  inch. 

Helix  concava ;  sliell  polished,  base  very  open,  aperture 
nearly  circular,  the  lip  expanded. 

Helix  alternata;  shell  nearly  an  Inch  in  size,  open  below, 
lip  sharp  ;  color  yellowish  brown,  mottled  witii  reddish  bands 
lines  of  growth  coarse. 

Helix  hirsuta  may  be  recognised  by  the  rough  exterior,  and 
the  narrow,  radiating  aperture,  which  is  closed  up  in  such 
a  manner  by  a  large  tooth,  that  one  might  suppose  it  diilicylt 
for  the  animal  to  pass  ;  shell  less  than  half  an  inch. 

I  have  observed  the  following  species  of  Helix  v/ithin  our 
borders,  together  with  several  others  v/hich  may  have  boen 
collected  in  the  neighboring  counties  : 

Helix  albolabris  ;  H.  thyroidus  ;    H.  alternata;  H.  concava; 

41 


4S2  HISTORY    Of 

H.  palliata'!    H.  fuliginosa ;  H.  hirsuta ;  H.  pulchella;  H.  in' 
dentata  ;  H.  electrina?  H.  labyrinthica. 

1  have  found  Succinea  obliqua  upon  the  islands  in  the  Sus- 
quehanna,  opposite  to  Washington.  The  shell  presents  a 
strong  resemblance  to  some  of  the  forms  of  Limnea  colum- 
ella, a  species  which  will  probably  be  detected  hereafter  in 
this  county,  as  it  occurs  in  other  parts  of  the  state,  as  in  the 
vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  and  in  York  county. 

Unionid^. 

This  fomily  includes  all  our  large  bivalve  shells,  usually 
called  mussles. 

Unio  is  the  principal  genus,  and  contains  the  greatest  num- 
ber of  species.  It  is  known  by  having  one  or  two  short,  robust 
teeth  at  the  hinge,  and  behind  them  one  or  two  others,  which 
are  flat  and  blade-shaped;  the  former  are  called  card'mal — the 
latter  lamellar  teeth. 

Alasmodon  wants  the  lamellar  teeth,  and 

Anodon  is  Avithout  either  kind.  The  following  species  in- 
habit the  Susquehanna  and  branches: 

Unio  cariosus;  shell  straw  yellow,  3  or  4  inches.  U.  radia- 
tus;  covered  with  broad  green  bands,  4  or  5  inches.  U.  com- 
planatus  ;  compressed,  dull  brown,  inside  frequently  purple  ; 
young  sometimes  rayed  ;  extremely  variable  in  form  ;  our 
most  common  species,  3  inches.  U.  viridis;  a  small,  fragile, 
brown  or  green,  rayed  species,  with  the  cardinal  teeth  com- 
pressed, and  very  variable  ;  usual  length  Ih  inch, 

Alasmodon  undulatus;  dark  brown,  rayed,  a  very  robust 
tooth  in  each  valve,  Ih  inch.  A.  marginatus;  green,  rayed; 
cardinal  teeth  small  and  thin  ;  posterior  extremity  of  the  shell 
truncated  ;  2  inches. 

Anodon  cataractus;  bright  green,  rayed;  delicate,  4  or  5 
inches. 

Anodon  undulatus;  dark  brown,  hinges  slightly  thickened, 
having  a  tendency  to  form  a  slight  pair  of  teeth,  2  or  3  inches. 
See  Conrad's  work  for  information  upon  this  family;  Binncy's 
on  those;  (jf  the  land,  and  Ilaldeman's  on  the  freshwater  uni- 
valve species. 


LANCASTER    COUXTY.  483 


CHAPTER  XIV. 


A  CATALOGUE 

OF   THE 

FILICOID  AND  FLOWERING  PLANTS 

OF 

LANCASTER  COUNTY,  PENN. 


AFvKANGED     IN     CONFORMITY     WITH     ENDLICHER  S 
GENERA   PLANTARUM. 


The  following  attempt  to  enumerate  the  Filicoid  and  Flower- 
ing Plants  of  Lancaster  county,  is  based  upon  the  Index  Flora* 
Lancastriensis  of  that  eminent  Botanist,  the  late  Rev.  Dr. 
Muhlenberg;  adding  thereto,  such  species  as  have  been  since 
ascertained  to  grow  in  the  county, — or  which,  being  found  ia 
the  adjacent  county  of  Chester,  may  be  safely  enumerated 
am.ong  the  Lancaster  Plants.  The  List  is,  unquestionably,  still 
incomplete ;  but  it  was  thought  better,  genei'ally,  to  omit 
plants  of  doubtful  habitat,  rather  than  to  insert  them  on  mere 
conjecture.  A  few  species,  however,  have  been  included,  as 
probable  natives, — with  a  mark  of  doubt  [1]  prefixed. 

By  the  arrangement  in  ?iatural  Families,  it  will  be  perceived 
that  kindred  plants  are  grouped  together  according  to  their 
structural  and  other  allinities;  thereby  rendering  the  investiga- 
tion of  them  more  interesting  to  the  Student, — as  well  as  afford- 
ing a  clue  to  their  economical  properties.  The  most  usual 
common,  or  English  Name,  is  annexed  to  such  Species  as  have 


484 


HISTORY    OF 


acquired  a  popular  designation — so  far  as  the  same  is  known^ 

to  the  Compiler. 

O^The  numerals  prefixed  to  the  Generic  Names,  refer  to 

the  number  of  the  Genus,  in  Endlicher's  great  work  ;  and,  for 

the  sake  of  ready  distinction,  the  names  of  those  plants  which, 

are  cultivated  for  useful  purposes,  are  printed  in  italic. 

W.  D. 


REGIOH.COPyMOPIIYT.I 

Seclio  III.  Aeu'iilss'ya, 
Cohors  SI.  I'^i'd'-ophySd. 

CLASSIS  VI.  EQUISETA. 

ORDO   XXV.    EQUISETACEAE. 

601   Equisctiim,  L. 
sylvaticum,  L 

hyemale,  L.  Scouring  Rush, 
arvense,  L.  Horse-tail, 
fluviatile,  L] 
CLASSIS  VII.  FILICES. 

ORDO  XXVI.    POLYPODIACEAE. 

Suh  ordo  I.  Folypodieae, 
615  PolypodiiiiD,  L. 

vulgare,  L 

he.xagonopterum,  Mx 

Phegopteris,  L 
618  Cheilantlics,  S\v. 

vestita,  Willd 
620  Adiautiim,  L. 

pedatuin,  L.  Maiden's  Hair. 
622  Pleris,  L. 

atropurpurea,  L  [en, 

aquiliiid,  L.  Brake,  or  Brack- 

caudala,  L 

628  Struthiopteris,  V/illd. 
Peniisylvanica,  Willd 

629  Oiioclea,  L. 
sensibilis,  L 

630  As])lciiiain,  L. 
rhizophyllnm,  Willd 
angu.'^tifoliiun,  Mx 
cbeninnii,  Wilhl 
Tricliouiiiiies,  L 
thelyptcrioidcs,  Mx. 
Ruta-muraria,  L 


639  Nephrodium,  Rich. 
acrostichoides,  Mx 
thelyptcrioidcs,  Mx 
maiginale,Mx 
bulbiferum,  Mx 
asplenioides,  Mx 
tenue,  Mx 

640  Aspidiuni,  Sw.. 
Thelypteris,  Willd 
Lancastriense,  Spreng 

644  Dicksonia,  Hcrit. 

pilosiuscula,  Willd 
646  Woodsia,  R.  Br. 

Ilvensis,  R.  Br 

Hufidula,  Beck 

Perriniana,  Hook  &  Grov 

ORDO  XXX.   OSMUNDACEAE, 

665  Osmunda,  L. 

intcrriipta,  Mx 
spectabilis,  Willd 
cinnamomea,  L 

OKDO  XXXII.  OPHIOGLOSSEAE. 

671  Opliioglossiim,  L. 

vulgatum,  L 
674  JBotrycliiuni,  Sw. 

fumarioides,  Wdld 

dis.scftum,  Willd 

Virgiiiiciiin,  Sw 
CLASSIS  IX.  SELAGINES. 

OUDO    XXXV.  ISOETEAE. 

693  Isoetes,  L. 

lacustris,  L 
OR  DO  XXXVI.  LYCOPODIACEAfi 

696  Lycopodiuui,  L. 
clavatuni,  L.  Club  Moss 
complanatuin,  L 


LANCASTER    COUNTr. 


485 


dendroideiim,  Mx 
alopecuroidos,  L 
rupestre,  L 
apodum,  L 
lucidulum,  Mx 

Sectio  tV.  AiMB>hi- 

I)  I*  v*i  • 

CLASSIS  XII.  GLUMACEAE. 

ORDO    XLII.   GRAMINExVE. 
Trihus  I.  Oryzeas. 
728  Leersia,  Soland. 
oryzoides,  Sw.  Cut-Grass 
Virgiiiica,  Willd 
731   Hydrochloa,  Beauv. 
aquatlca,  Beauv.  Water  Oats 
Trihus  II.  Phalarideae. 
742  Zea.  L. 

Mays,  L.  Indian  Corn 
747  Alopecurus,  L. 

prate n sis,  L 
750  Phleum,  L. 
pratense,  L.   Timothy 

753  Phalaris,  L. 
arundinacea,  L 

754  Holcus,  L. 
lanatus  L.  Feather-grass 

755  Hierochloa,  Ginel. 
borealis,  Roem  &  Schult 

756  Anthoxanthum,  L. 
oderatum,  L 

Trihus  III.  Paniceae. 
761  Paspalum,  L. 

filiforme,  Sw 

laeve,  Mx 

setaceum,  Mx 
770  Par.iciim,  L. 

sanguinale,  L 

glabrurn,  Gaud 

agro-toides,  Muhi 

proliferum,  Lain 

virgatum,  L 

dichotomum, 

nitidum,  Lain 

microcarpum,  Muhl 

anceps,  Mx 

capillare,  L 

latifolium,  L 

iV 


elandestinum,  L 

rectum,  Roem  &  Scliutt 
778  Opiismeniis,  Beauv. 

Crus  Galli,  Kunth 
781   Penuisetuni,  Rich. 

glaucum,  l{  Br.  Foxtail  Grass 

viride,  •{  Br.  Bottle  Grass 

verticillatum,  R  Br 

Italicum,  R  Br  var.  g.  Kunth, 
Millet 
Trihus  IV.    Stipaceae. 
798  Stipa,  L. 

avenacea, L 
801  Aristida,  L. 

dichotoma,  Mx 

stricta,  Mx'^    Poverty  Grass 
Trihus  V.  Agrostideae. 
803  Muhlenbergia,  Schreb. 

diffusa,  Willd 

Wildcuuwii,  Trin 

sylvatica,  Gray 

aristata,  Pers 

Mexicana,  Trin 

sobolifera,  Trin 
SOS  Cmna,  L. 

arundinacea,  L 
309  Sporobolus,  R.  Br.. 

Virginicus,  Kunth 
810  Agrostis,  L. 

vulgaris,  Sm.     Herd's  Grass 

laxitiora,  Richards 

cornucopiae,  Fras 
Trihus  VI.  Arundinaceae. 
817  Calamagrostis,   x\daus. 

Canadensis,  Beauv 

coarctata.  Torr 
824  Phra.gmites,  Trin. 

communis,  Trin 
Trihus  VIII.  Chlornideae. 
841   Eleii-iiiic,  Gaertii, 

Indica,  Gaertn.      Dog's  tail 

Grass 
84G  Spartina,  Schreb. 

cynosuroides,  Willd 
847  Eiilriana,  Triu. 

curtipcndula,  Trin 

Trihus  IX.  Avtnaceae. 


486 


HISTORV    OF 


857  Descliampsia,  Beauv. 

cespitosa,  Beauv 
859  Aira,  L. 

llexuosa,  L 

863  TrisetLini,  Kunth. 
Pennsylvaiiicum,  Tria 

864  Aveiia,  L. 

sativa,  L.     Common  Oats 
palustris,  Mx 

865  AiThenatheriim,  Beauv 
avenaceum,  Beauv.  Oat-Grass 

871  Danthonia,  DC. 
spicala,  Hoeni  &  Schult 

872  Uralepis,  Nutt. 
cup  re  a,  Kunth 

Tribus  X.  Festucaceae. 
876  Poa,  L. 

pilosa,  L 

hirsuta,  Mx 

capillaris,  L 

Eragnjstis,  L 

replans,  Mx 

annua,  L  [Grass 

tiivialis,  L.     Rough  Meadow 

pratensis.  L.     Green    Grass 

comprcssa,  L.     Blue   Grass 

punyens,  Nutt 
878  'Giyccria,  R.  Br. 

fluitans.  U.  Br 

Michauxii,  Kunlh 
880  Eaton ia,  lh\\'. 

truncata,  [cfr  Trisctum] 
883  W\zi\,  L. 

mctlia,  L 

Canadensis,  Mx 
887  Molica,  L. 

spcci(j?a,  Muhl 
892   Dactylis,  L. 

glomrrata.  L.     Orchard  Grass 

899  Fcrtuea,  L. 
Tcnella  Willd 
duriusenia,  L 
Pralensis,  Herds,  Fescue 
elatior.  L 

nuians,  Sprong 

900  JJroimis,  L. 
secalinus,  L.  Cheat.  Chess 


arvensis,  L'?  (cfr.  mollis) 
pnrgans,  L 
ciliatus,  L 
pubescens,  Muhl 
902  Unlola,  L. 
latifolia,  Mx 

Tribus  XI.  Hordeaceae. 

912  Lolium,   L. 
perenne,  L.  Kye  grass 

913  Triticuu],  L. 
vulgare,y\\\.  Wheat.  (Several 

varieties  cultivated) 
Spelta,  L.  Spelt 
Polnnicum,  L.  Polish  Wheat 
repens,  L.  Couch  grass 

914  Sccale,  L. 
cereale,  L.  Rye 

915  Elynnis;  L. 
Canadensis,  L 
striatus,  Willd 
villosus,  Muhl 
Virginicus,  L 

916  Gymnostichum,  Schrcb. 
Hystrix,  Schreb 

917  Ilordeiuii,  L. 
vulgare,  L.  Barley  [ley 
distichum,  L.  Two-roived  Bar- 
Tribus  XII.  Rottboelliuceae. 

930  Tripsacum,  L. 
dactyloides,  L.  Gama  Grass 
Tribus  XIII.  Andropngoncae. 

950  Aiidropogon,  L. 
scoparius,  Mx.  Indian  Grass 
furcatus,  Muhl 
macrourus,  Mx 
Virginicus,  L 

Sorghum,  Brot.  Indian  Millet 
cernuus,  lloxb.  Guinea  Corn 
bico/or,  |{o\b.  Chocolate  Corn 
saccharatus,     Roxb.       Broom 

Corn 
avenaceus,  Mx.  Indian  Grass 

OKDO  XLIII.    CYPKUACEAE. 
Tribus   I.  Cariceac. 
957  Carex,  L.    Sedge, 
rosea,  Schk 
cejjhaiophora,  Muhl 
sparganit'ides,  Muhl 


LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


4ST 


Muhlenbergii,  Schk 
vulpiiioidea,  Mx 
multiflura,  Muhl 
bromoidcs,  Schk 
slellulata,  Good 
scoparia,  Schk.  (and  var) 
festucacea,  Schk 
cristata,  Schw 
straminea,  Schk 
cespitosa,  L 
acuta,  L 
crinita,  Lam 
polytrichoides,  Muhl 
pcdunculata,  Muhl 
"Isquarrosa,  L 
hirsuta,  Willd 
virescens,  Muhl 
gracilliiiia,  Schw 
IDavisii,  Schw.  &  Torr 
lanuginosa,  Mx 
vestita,  Willd 
Pennsylvanica,  Lam 
pubescens,  Muhl 
laxiflora,  Lam 
Granularis,  Muhl 


anceps,  Muhl 


oligocarpa,  Schk 
debilis,  M:: 
intumescens,  Rudge 
lupulina,  Muhl 
tentaculata,  IMuhl 
bullata,  Schk 
vesicaria,  L 
trichocarpa,  Muhl 
lacre.stris,  Willd 
1  scab  rata,  Schw 
hystericina,  Muhl 
pseudo-cj'perus,  L 
miliacea,  Muhl 
umbellata,  Schk 

Tribus  III.   Sderieae. 
964  Scleria,  Berg, 
pauciflora,  Muhl 
triglomerata,  Mx 
■Iverticillata,  Muhl 
Tribus  IV.  RhijncJiosporeae. 
967  Rhynchospora,  Valil. 

cymosa,  Nutt 

alba,  Vahl 

!  capillacea,  Torr 


Glome  rata,  Vahl 
Tribus  VIII.  Fuireneae. 

998  Fimbristylis,  Vahl. 
Baldwiniana,  Torr 

1  spadicca,  Vahl 
autumnalis,  i.oem,  &  Schult. 
Tribus  IX.  Scirpeae. 

999  Isolepis,  R.  Br. 
subsquarrosa,  Schrad 
capillaris,  Roem  k.  Schult 

1000  Scirpus,  L. 
planifulius,  Muhl 
debilis,  Pursh 
lacustris,  L.     Bull  Rush 
triqueter,  L.      Chairmaker's 

Rush, 
atrovirens,  Muhl 
brunneus,  Muhl 
palustris,  L 
intermedins,  IMuhl 
obtusus,  Willd 
acicularis,  L 
tenuis,  Willd 

1001  Eriophorum,  L, 
Virgin icum,  L 
angusti folium,  Rich 
cyperinum,  L 
lincatum,  Endl  ] 

Tribus  X.    Cypereae.. 

1002  DuUchium,  Rich, 
spathaceum,  Pers 

1003  Cy perns,  L. 
diandrus,  Torr 
strigosus,  L 

]  repens,  Ell 
filiculmis,  Vahl 
dentatus,  Torr 
inflexus,  Muhl 
ovularis,  Torr 
erythrorhyzos,  Muhl 
retrofractus,  Endl  I 
CLASSIS    XllI     EXANTIO- 
BLASTAE. 

ORDO    XLVII.    XYRIDEAE. 

1025  Xyris,  L. 
Caroliniana,  Walt 

ORDO     XiVIir.     CO.-'IMELrNA- 
CEAE. 


488 


HISTORY    OF 


1031  Tradescantia,  L. 
Vircinica,  L.     Spidcinvort 
CLASSISXIV.  HELOBIAE. 

ORDO  XLIX.   ALISMACEAE. 

1041  Alisina,  .luss. 
Plantago,  L.  AVater  Plantain 

1042  Sjsrittaria,  L. 
sagittacl'olia,  L.  Arrow-head 
heterophvlla,  Pursh 

CLASSIS  XV.  CORONAUIAE 

ORDO  LI.    JUNCACEAE. 

1047  Luzula,  DC. 

pilosa,  Willd 
canipustris,  Willd 

1049  J  uncus,  DC. 
elTusus,  L.     Soft  Rush 
setaceus,  Rostk 
tenuis,  Willd 
nodosus,  L 
marginatus,  Rostk 
bufonius,  L 
acuminatus,  Mxl 
polycephalus,  Mx 

ORDO    LIII.  MELANTHACEAE. 

1066  Helonias,  L. 
dioica,  Pursh.    Blazing  Star 

1066  Amiaiithium,  A.  Gray, 
laetum,  A.  Gray 

1067  Veriitruiii,  Tournef. 
viride,  Ait.    Indian  Poke.     I 

1067    Lcirniuitliium,  Willd 
Virginicum,  Willd 

1050  Uvularia,  L, 
pcrfoliata,  L 
scssililblia,  L 

ORDO    LIV.  PONTEDERACEAE, 

10S7  Hctcranthera,  Ruiz  &. 
Pa  von. 

I'cnilonnis,  Ruiz  &  Pav 

graiiiiiiea,  Vahl 
loss  Pontedcria,  L. 

cordata,  L 

ORDO    LV.  LI  LI  ACE  AE. 

Sill)  ordo  I.  Tulipnceae. 
1090  J^jiythroniun),  L. 
Amcricanurn,  Sm 


"?  albidum,  Nutt 
109S  Liluun,  L. 

Philadelphicum,  L 

Canadense,  L 

supcrbum,  L 
Sub  or  do  IV.  Aspliodeleae, 
Tribus  I.  Hyacinthcae. 
1132  Ornithogaluni,  Link 

umbellatum,  L.  Ten  o'clock 
1137  Allium,  L. 
'     Canadense,  L 

vineale,  L.     Crow  Garlic 

tricoccum,  Ait 

Porrum,  L.  Leek 

salivum,  L.     English  Garlic 

schoe7ioprasum,  L.  Chives 

Cepa,  L.   Onion 

Tribiis  II.  Anthericeae. 
1143  Hemerocallis,  L. 

fulva,  L.    Day  Lily 
Tribus  III.  Asjmrageae. 
1164  Asparagus,  L. 

njjicinalis,  L.  Asparagus. 

ORDO    LVI.    SillLACEAE. 
Tribus  I.  Parideae. 

1177  Trillium,  iMiil. 
pendulum,  Muhl 
'!  e rectum,  L 

1178  Medeola,  Gronov. 
Virginica,  L. 

Tribus  II.   Convallarieae. 
1181  Polygonatum,  Tournef. 
multiflorum,  Desf 
angiistifulium,  Pursh 
Ipubescens,  Pursh 

1183  Smilacina,  Dcsf. 
bifolia,  Ker 
1  stcllata,  Desf. 
racemosa,  Desf 

1184  Smilax,  Tournef. 
rotundifolia,  L.    Green  Briar 
caduca, L 

herbaoca,  L.  Carrion  flower 
]  poduncularis,  Muhl 

CLA«SIS  XVL  AKTOKIIIZEAE. 
ORDO    LVII.    DIOSCOREAB. 

1201  Dioscorea,  Pluni» 


LANCASTER    COUNTr. 


489 


villosa,  L 
CLASSIS  XVII  ENSATAE. 

ORDO   LIX.  HYDROCHARIDEAE. 
Tribus  I.  Anacharideae. 
1206  Udora,  Nutt. 
Canadensis,  Nult 
Tt  ibus  II.    Valisnerieae. 
1209  Vallisneria,  Michel, 
spiralis,  L.     Eel-grass 

ORDO   LXI.  IRIDEAE. 

1220  Sisyriiichiuin,  L. 

mucronatum,  Mx 

anceps,  Cavan 
1226  Iris,  L. 

versicolor,  L 

ORDO  LXII.  HAE?,IODORACEAE 

1259  Aletris,  L. 
farinosa,  L 

ORDO    LXIII.    HYPOXIDEAE. 

1364  Hypoxis,  L. 
erecta,  L.  Star  of  Bethlehem. 

CLASSIS    XVIII.  GYMNAN- 
DRAE. 

ORDO    LXVI.    ORCHIDEAE. 
Sub  ordo  I.  Malaxideae. 
1335  Microstylis,  Nutt. 
ophiuglossoides,  Nutt 

1339  Coraliorhiza,  Hall, 
verna,  Nutt 
odontorhiza,  Nutt 
multiflora,  Nutt 
hyemalis,  L.   Adam  &;  Eve 

1340  Liparis,  Rich, 
lilifulia.  Rich 

Sub  ordo   IV.   Ophrydeae. 
1509  Gyinnadenia,  R.  Br. 

tridentatr',  Lindl 
1515  Piatuitlicra,  Rich. 

orbiculata,  Lindl 

herbiola,  Liiidl  [non  L 

lacera,      (psycheda«,  Lindl) 

psychodes,  (iiinbriata,  Lindl) 

1  incisa,  Lindl 

1  lissa,  Lindl 

ciliaris,  Lindl 

1517  Peristylus,  Blum. 


bracteatus,  Lindl 

1  vLrescens,  Lindl 
1525  Habenaria,  Willd. 

spectabiiis,  Spreng 

Sub  ordo   VI.  Ntottieae- 
1547  Spiranthes,  Rich. 

turtilis,  Rich 

cernua.  Rich 
1559  Goody  era,  R.  Br. 

pubescens,  K  Br 
Sub  ordo  VII.  Arethuseete. 

1600  Calopogon,  R.  Br. 
pulchellus,  R  Br 

1601  Pogouia,  Juss. 
ophioglussoides,  Ker 
verticillata,  Nutt 
pendula,  Spreng 

1602  Arethusa,  Gronov. 
bulbosa,  L 

Sub  ordo  VIII.  Cypripedieae. 
161S  Cypripediuin,  L. 
candiduni,  Willd 
pubescens,  Svv.  Noah's  Ark 
'!  spectabile,  S\v 
acaule,  Ait 
CLASSIS  XX.  FLUVIALES. 

ORDO  LXXI.  NAIADEAE. 

1655  Caulinia,  Willd. 

llexilis,  Willd 

1  fragilis,  Willd 
1664  Potamogeton,  L. 

natans,  L 

perf.jjiatus,  L 

lucens,  L 

coinprcssus,  L 

paucillorus,  Pursli 
1668  Lcmiia,  L. 

tiisnlea,  L 

minor,  L.  Duckmeat 

polvrhiza,  L 
CLASSIS  XXI.  SPADICIFLO- 
KAE. 

ORDO  LXXII.  AROIDEAE. 

1676  Arum,  L. 

dracoiitium,  L 

triphyllum,  L.  Indian  Turnep 
1685  Peltandra,  Raf. 


490 


HISTORY    OP 


Virginica,  ilaf 

1705  Symplocarpiis,  Salisb 
foetida,  Nutt.  Skunk  cabbage 

1706  Orontiiim,  L. 
aquaticvim,  L.  Golden  club 

170S  Acorus,  L. 
calamus,  L.  Calamus 

ORDO  LXXIir.  TYPHACEAE. 

1709  Typha,  Toiirnef. 
lafifolia,  L.   Cat-tail 

1  angustifulia,  L 

1710  Sparganinm,  Toiirnef. 
Amcricanum,  Nutt.  Bur-reed 
"!  ramosum,  Sm 

hvyn. 

CoJtors  I.  fiifittno^pernif^e 

CLASSIS     XXIII.     CONIFE- 
RAE. 

ORDO     LXXVI.     CUPRESSINAE. 

1789  .In ni  perns,  L. 
communis,  L.  Juniper 
VirginJana,  L.  Red  Cedar 

ORDO  LXXVII.    ABIETINAE, 

1795  Pi  I  Ills,  L. 

inops.  Ait.  Scrub  Tine 

rigida,  L 
.   Strolius,  L.  White  Pine 

Canadensis,     L.      Hemlock 
Spruce 

ORDO   LXXVIII.    TAXINEAE. 

1799  Taxus  Tonriief. 
1  Canadensis,  Willd.    Yew 
Co  fifty  ft  Ifi  ,/S^trJiifaf. 
CLASSISXXIV.  PIPERITAE. 

OKDO    LXXXII.    SAURUREAE. 

1824  Saururiis,  L. 

cernuus,  L.  Lizard's  tail 
CLASSIS  XXV.  AQUATICAE 

OKDO  LXXXIII.  CERi\TOPiiYLLE.\E 

1829  Coratophyllum,  L.  ,' 
demcrsum,  L 

ORDO    LXXXIV.    CALLITRICHINAE 

18.30  Callitriche,  L. 
verna,  L.  (and  vars) 

ORDO   LXXXV,   PODOSTEMMEAE. 


1S32  Podostcmon,  Rich. 

ceratophyllum,  Mx 
CLASSIS    XXVI     JULIFLO- 
RAE. 

ORDO   LXXXVII.  MYRICEAE. 

1839  Myrica,  L. 
cerifera,  L 
asplenitolia,  Endll 

ORDO    LXXXVIII.    BETULACEAE. 

1340  Betula,  Tournef. 

1  populifolia.  Ait 
nigra,  L 

lenta,  L.  Sweet  Birch 
1841   AImus,  Tournef. 
serrulala,  Willd.    Alder 

ORDO   LXXXIX.  CUPULIFERAE. 

1S42  Ostrya,  Michel. 
Virginica,  Willd.  Hop  Horn- 
bean 

1843  Carpiniis,  L. 
Americana,     Willd.     Horn- 
beam 

1844  Coryliis,  Tournef. 
Americana,  Walt.    Hazelnut 
cornuta.  Marsh 

1845  Quercus,  L. 
nigra,  Willd.  Black  Jack 
tinctoria,  Willd.  Black  Oak 
1  discolor,  Willd 
coccinea,  Wangenh 
rubra,  t.  Red  Oak 
falcata,  Mx.  Spanish  Oak 
palustris,  ]\Ix.  Pin  Oak 
ilicifolia,    Wangenh.     Scrub 

Oak 
obtusiloba,  Mx 
nificrocarpa,   L 
alba,  L.  White  Oak 
Pi'inus,  I, 
Michau.xii.  Nutt 
montana,  Willd 
Castanet, Mull  I. Chestnut  Oak 
chinquapin,  Mx 

1847  P'agus,  Tournef. 
sylvalica,  L.  Beech 

1848  Castanea,  Tournef. 
vcsca,  Willd.     Chestnut 
pumila,  Willd.    Chinquapia 


LANCASTER    COUNTY. 


491 


ang  Nettle 


ORDO    XC.    TJLMACEAE. 

1850  Ulmiis,  L. 
Americana,  L 
fulva,  Mx.     Slippery  Elm 

ORDO   XCI.    CELTIDEAE. 

1851  Celtis,  ToLirnef. 
occidentalis,  I,.    Nettle  tree 
crassitblia,  Lam 

OEDO     XCII.    MOKEAE. 

1856  Ivlorus,  Touruef. 
rubra,  L.  Red  Mulberry- 
alba,  L.  White  Mulberry. 
muUicauIis,   Perrot.    (var.  of 
alba) 
1858  Bronssonetia,  Vent, 
papysifera.  Vent.  Paper Mul 
berry 

ORDO    XCIV.    TJRTICACEAE. 

1879  Urtica,  Touruef. 
pumila,  L 
urens,  L 
dioica,  L.  Stin 
Canadensis,  L 

1884  Boehmeria,  Jacq. 
cylindrica,  Willd 

1885  Parietaria,  Touruef. 
Pennsylvanica,  Muhl 

ORDOXCV.  CANNABINEAE. 

1890  Cannabis,  Tournef. 
sativa,  L.  Hemp 

1891  Humulus,  L. 
Lupulus,  L.  Hop 

ORDO  XCVII.  PLATANEAE. 

1901  Platanus,  L. 
occidentalis,  L.  Button  wood 

ORDO  XCIX.  SALICINEAE. 

1903  Salix,  Tournef. 
Muhlenbcruiana,  Willd 
conifera,  Waugenh 
discolor  Willd 
longifulia,  Muhl  floio 

Baljijlonioi,  I,.  Weeping  Wil- 
Purshiana,  Spreng 
nigra,  IMarsh 
lucida,  Muhl 
Icordata,  Muhl 
grisea,  Willd 
vitellina,  L.  Yellow  Willow 


1904  Populus,  Tournef. 
balsamifera,  L 
tremuloides,  Mx.  Asperl 
grandidentata.  Mx 
heterophylla,  L. 
graeca.  Ait.  Athenian  Poplar 
dilatata.  Ait.  Lombardy  Poplar 

CLASSIS  XXVIJ.OLERACE- 
AE. 

ORDO  CI.  CHENOPODEAE. 

1912  Atriplex,  L. 
hortensis,  L.  Orach 

1914  Acnida,  Mitch, 
cannabina,  L 

1915  Spinacia,  Tournef. 
oleracea,  L.  Spinach 

1921  Blitum,  L. 

capitatum,     L.     Strawberry 
Elite 
1924  Beta,  Tournef. 

vulgaris,  L.  Beet 

cicla,  L.  Mangel  Wurtzel 
1930  Chenopodium,  L. 

rhombifulium,  Muhl 

album,  L.  Lamb's  Quarters 

ambrosioides,  L 

Botrys,  L  (seed 

anthelminticum,    L.   Worm- 

ORDO   en.  AMARANTACEAE. 

1972  Araarantus,  L. 
albus,  L 
hybriJus,  L 
spinosus,  L 

ORDO  cm.  POLYGONEAE. 

1948  Rheum,  L. 

rhaponticum,   Ait.    Pie  Rhu- 
barb 
1986  Polygommi,  L. 

aviculare,  L.    Knot  grass 

ercclum,  Muhl 

tenue,  Mx 

punctatum,  Ell 

mite,   Pers 

Virginianum,  L 

amphibium,  L 

Pennsylvanicum,  L 

lapathit'oUum,  L 

Persicaria,  L 


492 


HISTORY    OF 


[tain 
lanccolata,  |>.  English  Plan- 

CLASSIS  XXXI.  AGGREQA- 
TAE. 

ORDO  CXVIII.  VALERIANEAE, 

JMocjich. 


orientale,  L  Virginica,  L 

sagittatum,  ]j 
aritbliuin,  I..  Tear  thumb 
convalvulus,  L 
scandcns,  I, 

1987  Fagoi)ynim,  Tournef.  2181  Varerianeiia, 

esculenluin,     Moench,  Buck-     olitoria   Moencli 
«'/'<'«^  rudiuta,'  Dufr 

1993  Riiiiiex,  L. 

crispus,  I..    Suiir  Dock 

aqiiaticns,  L 

saDguiiicus,  L 

Pal  lent  la,  L.     Patience  Dock 

Eritaniiica,  \, 

obtusirolius,  L.  Bitter  Dock 


ORDO  CXIX.  DIPSACEAE, 

2191  Di  psacus,  Tournef. 
sylveslris,  M.  Wild  Teasel 
Fullonum,  L.  Fuller's  Teasel 

ORDO  CXX.  COMPOSITAE, 
Suh  ordo  I.  Tubulijinrae. 
Tribus  I.  Yernoniaccae. 


Acetosejla,  L.    Siicep   Snrrcl  qqaa  Vpvnnni'i    Sr-hrph 

ORDO  CVI.  LAURINEAE. 


Tribus  X.  Flavijlorae. 
205G  Sassafras,  Nees. 

officinale,  Necs.  Sassafras 
2057  Ikiizoin,  Necs. 

odoriferum,  Nees. Spice  wood 

ORDO   CVIII.  SANTALACEAE. 

2076  Coniniaiidra,  Nutt. 

umbollata,  Niitt 
20Sf)   Nyssa,  J.. 

multiik)ra,  Walt,  Sour  Gum 

ORDO  CIX.  DAT'HNOIDEAE. 

2091  Dirca,  J.. 

palustris.  I,.  Leathcrwood 

CLASSIS  XXTX.  SERTENTA- 

RIAE. 

ORDO  CXIV.  ARISTOLOCHIEAE. 

21  GO  Asaruiii,  Tournef. 
Canadcnse,  L.  AVild  Ginger 
1  Virginicum,  J, 
21 G2  Aristolocliia,  Tournef. 
Serpentaria,  L.  Virg.  Snake 
root 
CoIiOi  s  f^ff  fMitr^iopflftiaf. 
CLASSIS  XXX.    PLUME A( i- 
INES. 

ORTifi   rxvi.  I'LANTAGINEAE. 

2170  Ph4iJla<,ro,  J^. 
major,  L.  Great  Tlantain 
media,  L 


Weed 

Tribus  II.  Eiipatoriaceae. 
2270  Liatris,  Schreb. 

spicata,  Willd. 
2275  Conoclinium,  DC. 

coelestinum,  DC. 
2280  Eupatoriun],  Tournef. 

purpureum,  L.  (vars.) 

album,  L 

teucrifolium,  Willd 

rotundifolium,  L 

sessililiilium,  J^  [stem 

pcifuliatum,     L.    Thorough- 

agcrutoides,  L.  f. 

aromaticum,  L 
2282  Mikania,  Willd. 

scandens,  Willd 

Tribus  III.  Aslcroideae. 
2301  Aster,  Necs. 

'!  Radula,  Ait 

patens.  Ail.  [&  var.] 

laevis,  L 

luiilulatus,  L 

coidil'ulius,  L 

Isagittifuiius,  Willd 

cricordes,  L 

miser,  L 

simplex,  Willd 

Novi  Belgii,  L 

piniiceus,  Jj 

jirenantlioides,  Muhl 


LANCASTER    COUNTY. 


495' 


Novae  Angliae,  L 
2310  Sericocarpus,  Nees. 
conyzoides,  Nees 
solidagineus,  Nees 
2316   Biotia,  DC. 
corymbosa,  DC 
macrophylla,  DC 
2319  Diplostephium,  Cass 
cornifolium,  DC 
Tamygdaliaum,  Cass 
umbellatum,  DC 
2321   Diplopappus,  DC. 

linariifolius,  Hook 
2332  Erigeroii,  DC. 
Canadense,  L 
bellidit'olium,  Muhl' 
Philadelphicnm,  L 
strigosuni,  Muhl 
2339  Steiiactis,  Nees.' 

annua,  Nees 
2373  Ctiry.sopsis,  Nutt. 

Mariana,  Nutt 
2376    Soliclago,    L.    Golden 
rod. 
squarrosa,  Muhl 
bicolor,  L 
latifulia,  L 
•caesia,  L 
specifjsa,  Nutt 
frigida,  L 
patula,  Muhl 
arguta,  Ait 

Muhienbergii,  Terr  &  Gray 
altissima,  L 
ulmifulia,  Muhl 
odora,  Ait 
nemoralis,  Ait 
Canadensis,  L 
serotina,  Ait 
gigantea.  Ait 
laiiceolata,  L 
2426  Inula,  Gaerln. 

Helenium,  L.    Elecampane. 
Trib,s  IV.  Senecionideae. 
2474  Silphium,  L. 

perfoliatuni,  L 
2175  Polyinnia,  L. 
Canadensis,  L 


Uvedalia,  L 
24S0  Xaiithium,  Tonrnef. 
strumarium,  L.     Clot-bur 
f  spinosum,  L 
24S2  Ambrosia,  Tournef. 
trifida,  L  [weed, 

artemisiaefolia,     L.      Bitter- 
2506   Heliopsis,  Pers. 

laevis,  Pers 
2514  Ptudbeclda,  L. 
hirta,  L 
fiilgida,  Ait 
laciniata,  L 
2516  Obeliscaria,  Cass. 

1  pinnata,  Cass 
2526  Chrysostemma,  Less. 

tripteris,  Less 
2530  Actiiiomeris,  Nutt. 

squarrosa,  Nutt 
2538   HeliaiUlius,  L. 
giganteus,  L 
strumosus,  L 
decapeialus,  L 

divaricatus,  L  [choke 

tuberosus,  L.  Jerusalem  Arti- 
annuus,  L.    Sunflower. 
2541  Bideiis,  L. 
frondosa,  L 
connata,  L 

cernua,  L.     Beggar  ticks 
chrysanthemoides,  Mx  [dies, 
bipinnata,  L.    Spanish   Nee- 
2603   Helenium,  L. 
autumnale,  L 

2639  Antlicmis,  DC. 
arvensis,  L 
nobilis,  L.     Chamomile 

2640  jNIaruta,  Cass, 
foetida,  Cass.  Stinking  Chann- 

omile   ' 
2649  Achillea,  Neck. 

millefolium,  L.    Yarrow 
2667  Leucanthemum, Tour- 
nef. 
vulgare,  Lam.  Ox-cyc  Daisy 
2694  Artemisia,  L. 
Abrotanum,  L.  Southern  wood 


42 


4^4 


HISTORY    OS* 


Vulgaris,  L.  Mug-wort 

Absinthium,  L.  Wormicood 
ZQ9Q  Tanacetiini,  L. 

vulgarc,  L.  Tansey 
2746  Gnaphalium,  Don. 

polj'ccphalum,  Mx.  Life  ever- 
lasting 

uliginosum,  L 

purpurcum,  L 
2752  Fiiago,  Tournef. 

Geinianica,  L 
.5767  Antciuiaria,  R.  Br. 

dioica,  Gacrtii.  Cud  weed 

plantaginea,  E.  Br 

inargaHtaccci,  R.  Br 
2790  Erechtites,  Raf. 

hieracifolia,  Raf.  Fire  weed 
2800  Arnica,  L. 

Inudicaulis,  Ell 
2806  Cacalia,  DC. 

suavcoiens,  I, 

atriplicifdlio.  1- 

reniformis,  JMuhl 
2811   Senecio,  Less. 

aureus,  L.  (ct.  vars) 
Tribus  V.  Cynareae. 

2871  Centaurea,  Less, 
cyanus,  L.  Blue  bottle 

2872  Cricus,  Vaill. 
benedidus,     Gaertn.     Blessed 

Thistle. 

2875  Carthamus,  Tournef. 

tinctorius,  \..  Bastard  Saffron 
2887  Cirsinni,  Tournel'. 

lanceolatuiii,  Scop,  Common 
Thistle 

discolor,  Spreng 

altissimiim.  Spreng 

arvcnse,  Scop.  Canada  This- 
tle 

pumilum,  S'prcng 

Ihorriilulniii,  M\ 

muticiini,  I\I.\ 

1  Virginiai)-:ni,  Mx 
2892  Lappa,  'J\)nnier. 

mnjor,  Gaertn.  Bur- dock 
Sub  ordo  III.  Ligulijlorae. 


Tribus  VIII.  Ciclioracecij^ 
2978  Cichoriiim,  Tournef.- 
Intybus,  I,.  Wild  Succory 
Endivia,  Willd.  Endive 

2981  Krigia,  Scln-eb. 
Virginica,  Willd 

2982  Troxitnon,  Gaertn. 
Virginicum,  Pursh 

2995  Tragopogon,  L. 

■porrif alius,  L..      Oyster  Plant 
3003  Sonchus,  L. 

ciliatus,  1  am  ?   Sow  thistle 

asper.  Villi 
3005  Prenanthes,  Gaertn. 

ahissima,  L 

Serpentaria,  Pursh 
3008  Lacluea,  L. 

elongata,  Muhl 

saliva,  L.     Lettuce 
3010  Taraxacum,  Juss. 

Dens   Leonis,  Desf.     Dande- 
lion 
3020  Pachylepis,  Less. 

IKalmii,  Less 
3026  Hieracium,  Tournef. 

venosum,  L.    Hawk  weed 

Gronovii,  L.  [&  var] 

paniculatum,  L 
3028  jMulgcdium,  Cass. 

Floridanum,  DC 

acuminatum,  DC 
CLASSIS  XXXir.  CAMPAN- 
UIJNAE. 

ORDO  CXXIV.  L013ELIACEAE. 

3058  Lobelia,  L. 
spicala.  Lam 
?  puberula,  Mx 
syphilitica,  L 

inllata,  [..     Indian  Tobacco 
cardinalis,  L 

ORDO   CXXV.    CAMPANULACEAE. 

3055  Can]])anula,  L. 
rotundilidia,  ], 
aparinoides,  Pursh 
Americana,  L 

3056  Spccuhiria,  Heist, 
porfoliata,  Alph.  D^ 


LANCASTER    COUNTY. 


495 


CLASSIS    XXXIII.     CAPRI- 
FOLIA. 

ORDO    CXXVII.    RUBIACEAE. 

3100  Galium,  L. 
Aparine,  L.  Cleavers 
trifidum,  L 
asprellum,  Mx 
triflontm,  Mx 
pilosum,  Alt 
circaezans,  Mx.   [et  var] 
boreale,  L 

3101  Riibia,  Toiirnef. 
Tinctorum  L.     Madder. 

3123  Diodia,  L. 

teres,  Walt 
313S  Cephalanthns,  L. 

occidentalis,  L.  Button  bush 
3188  Mitchella,  L. 

repens,  L.  Partridge  Berry 
3240  Hedyotis,  Lam. 

caerulea,  Hook 

purpurea,  Torr  &  Gray 

ORDO    CXXVIII.    LONICEREAE. 

3336  Diervilla,  Tom'nef. 
trifida,  Moench 

3337  Lonicera,  Desf. 
1  grata,  Ait 

1  parviflora,  Lam 

3338  Triosteum,  L. 
perfoliatum,  L 

*!  angu.stifolium,  L 

3340  Viburnum,  L. 
nudum,  L 

prunifolium,  L.  Black  Haw 
Lentago,  L 

dentatum,   Ti 
acerifoiium,  L 
opulus,  L.    Snow  ball 
1  lantanoides,  Mx 

3341  Sambucus,  Tounief. 
Canadensis,  L.  Eldcrbush 

CLASSIS  XXXIV.  CONTOR 
TAE. 

ORDO  CXXX.  OLEACEAE. 

3346  Chionauthus,  L. 

Virginica,  L.  Fringe  tree 
3352  Ligustrum,  Tounief. 


vulgare,  L.  Privet 
3353  Fraxinus,  Tournef, 
sambucifolia,  Willd 
acuminata,  Lam 
pubescens,  Walt 

ORDO  CXXXII.  APOCYNACEAB 

3422  Apocynum,  L. 
androsaemifolium,  L 
cannabinum,  L 

ORDO  CXXXIII.  ASCLEPIADEAE. 

3488  Acerates,  Ell. 

viridiflora.  Ell 
3490  Asclepias,  L. 

syriaca,  L.  Silk  weed 

amoena,  L 

obtusifolia,  Mx 

variegata,  L 

phytolaccoides,  Lyon 

laurifulia,  Mx 

incarnata,  L 

quadrifolia,  Jacq 

verticillata,  L 

tuberosa,  L.  Butterfly  weed 
3495  Gonolobus,  Rich. 

1  obliquus,  R.  Br 

ORDO   CXXXIV.   GENTIAKEAE. 

3528  Genfiana,  L, 
Saponaria,  L 
1  ochroleiica,  Willd 
crlnita,  Willd 

3542  Centaurella,  Rich, 
paniculata,  Mx 

3543  Erythraea,  Ren. 
pulchelja,  Hook 

3546  Sa'  batia,  Adans 
angularis,  Pursh.  Centourey 

3564  Menyantlies,  L. 
1  trifoliata,  L 

3565  Villarsia,  Vent, 
1  lacunosa,  Vent. 

CLASSIS    XXXV.    NUCULI- 
FEKAE. 

ORDO  CXXXVI.  LABIATAE, 
Trihus  I.  Ocimoideae. 
3569  OcimunijL. 

hasilicum,  L.     Sweet  Basil, 
3585  Lavandula,  L. 


496 


HISTORY    OP 


Spica,  L.     Lavender 
Trihus  II.  Menthoideac. 
3592  Isanthiis,  Rich. 
T  caeruleus,  Mx. 

3594  Mentha,  L. 
viridis,  L.  Speer  Mint 
piperita,  L.  Pepper  Mint 
arveiisis,  1^ 
Canadensis,  L 

3595  Lycopus,  L. 
Virgin  icus,  L 
sinuatus,  Ell 

Tribus  III.  Monardeae. 
3597  Salvia,  L. 
lyrata,  L.     Wild   Sage 
officinalis,  L.    Garden  Sage 
Sclarea.    L.    Clary 

3600  Moiiarda,  L. 
didyma,  L.   Burgamot 
fistulosa,  L.   Horse  Mint 
1  punctata,  L 

3601  Blcphiha,  Raf. 
Iciliata,  Haf 

Trihus    IV.   Saturcineae. 
3605  Pyciiaiitlienium,  Bcnth. 
incanum,  Mx 
linifoliiim,  Pursh 
lanceolutum,  Pursh 
1  mnticuin,  Pers 

3608  Origanum,  L. 
vulgai'e,  L 

3609  Mitjorana,  Moencli. 
hortensis,  Moench.  Marjoram 

3610  Thynjiis,  L. 
Scrpylliim,  L.     Wild  Thyme 
vulgaris,  L.    Garden  Thyme 

3611  Satureia,  L. 
Jioriensis,  L.     Slimmer  Savory 

3612  Ilyssopiis,  L. 
officinalis,  L.   Hyssop 

3613  Collinsonia,  J.. 
Canadensis,  L 

3614  Cnnihi,  L. 
Mariana,  L.    Dittany 

Tribus    V.    MiUssinae. 

3615  Ilt'dcoina,  Pers. 
pulcgioidcSjPers.  Pennyroyal 


3617  Melissa,  Benth. 

officinalis,  L.    Balm 

Clinopodium,  Benth. 

1  Calamintha,   L 
Tribus  VI.   Scutellarineae. 
3624  Prunella,   L. 

vulgaris,   L.   Heal-all 
3626  Scutellaria,  L. 

I  galericulata,  L.   Scull  cap 

1  nervosa,  Pursh 

parvula,  Mx  [cap 

laieiiflora,  L.  Mad-dog  Scull 

integrifdlia,  L 

pilosa,  Mx 

1  Crinescens,  Nutt  ^ 

Tribus    VIII.  Nepeteae. 

3635  Lophanthus,  Benth. 
nepetoides,  Benth 
scropluilariaefolius,  Benth 

3636  Nepeta,  Benth. 
Cataria,  L.  Catmint  [Ivy 
Glcchoma,    Bentli.      Ground 

Tribus  IX.  Stachydeae. 
3641   Physostegia,  Bcnth. 

Virginiana,  Benth 
3645  Lfimium,  L. 

amplexicaule,  L.  Henbit. 
3647  Leonurus,  L. 

Cardiaca,  L.   Motherwort 
3650  Staciiys,  Benth. 

aspera,  Mx 

sylvatica,  L  1 

']  tenuil'ulia.  Muhl 
3657  Marrubium,  L. 

vulgare,  L.  Horehound 
Tribus    XI.    Ajuguideae. 

3678  Trichostenima,  L. 
dichotoma,  L 

3679  Tcucriuni,   L. 
Canadense,  L 

ORDO        CXXXVII.       VERBENA- 
CEAE. 

3684  Lippia,  L. 
nodiflora,  Mx 

3685  Verbena,   L. 
liastala,  L.   Vervain 
■i  spuria,  L 


LANCASTER    COUNTY. 


497 


urticaefolia,  L 
angustifolia,  Mx 
3690  Priva,  Adans, 
leptostachya,  Juss 

OKDO   CXLIII.     ASPERIFOLIAE. 
Sub  ordo  II.   Bnragineae. 
Tribus  I.   Anchuscae. 
3755  Oiiosmodium,  Rich. 

hispidum,  Mx 
3757  Echium,  Tournef. 

vulgare,  L.    Blue  Devils. 
3759  Puimonaria,   Tournef. 

Virginica,  L 
3761  Lithospermnm,   Tour. 

arvense,  L.   Stoiie-vvccd 

officinale,  L 

canescens,  Lehm 
3772  Myosotis,  L. 

palustris,Roth.  Forget  me  not 

arvensis,  Sibtli 
3776  Symp!i3'tiim,   L. 

officinale.,   L.     Cmnfrey 
Tribus  II.    Cynnglosseae. 
37S4  Cyno^lossiun,   L. 

officinale,  L.  Hound's  tongue 

Virginicum,  L.  Wild  Comfrey 
3786  Echinosperniiim,  Sw. 

Vireinicuni,  Lehm 
CLASSIS  XXXVl.  TUBIFLO- 
KAE. 

OUDO      CXLIV.      CONVOLVULA- 
CEAE. 

3801   CalystGG^ia,  R.  Br. 

spithamaea,  Pursh 

sepium,  Pursh 
3803  Convolvulus,  L. 

arvensis,  L 

panduratus,  L 

purpureas,  L.  iNlorning  Glory 
3807  Batatas,  Chois. 

ed'dlis,  Chois.   Sweet  Potato 
3816  Cu5cuta,  Tournef. 

Americana,  L.  Dodder 

Europaea  ]  L.   Flax  vine 

ORDO  CXLV.  POLEMONIACEAE. 

3819  Piilox,  L. 
paniculata,  L 


maculata,  L 
aristata,  Mx 
uivaricata,  L 
]  reptans,  Mx 
subulata,  L 
3822  Polemonium,  Tournef, 
reptans,  L.   Jacob's  Ladder 

ORDO       CXLVI.        HYDROPHYL- 
LEAE. 

3827  Hydrophyilum,  Tour- 
nef. 
Virginicum,  L 
Canadense,  h 

3830  Eutoca,  R.  Br. 
parviflora,  R,  Br 

3831  Phacelia,  Juss. 
fimbriata,  Mx 

ORDO    CXLVIII.    SOLANACEAB. 

Tribus  I.    Nicotianeae. 
3841   Nicotiana,  L. 
Tabicum,  L.    Tobacco 
Tribus  II.   Datureae. 
3845  Daturus,  L. 
Stramonium,  L.   Jimson 
Tatula,  L 

Tribus   IV.    Solaneae^ 
3851   Pliysalis,  L. 
viscopa,  L.   Ground  cherry 

3854  Capsicum,  Tournef. 
amiuum,  L.  Red  Pepper 

3855  Solanum,  L. 
dulcamara,  L.   Bittersweet 
nigrum,  L.  Nightshade 
tuberosum,   L.    Potato 
e.scukntum,  Dunal.  Eg^  Plant 

3356  Lycopersicuin,  Tournef 

esculfiitum,  IMill.     Tomato 
CLASSIS  XXXVIL  PERSON- 
ATAE. 

ORDO     CXLIX.      SCROPHULARI- 
NAE. 
Tribus   I.    Verhnsceae. 
3878  Verbascurn,  L. 
Thapsus,  L.    Mullein 
Blattaria,  L.  Muth  Mullein 
3883  Scrophularia,  Tournef. 
Marilandica,  L. 


42* 


498 


HISTORY    OF 


Tribus  III.   Antirrhineae. 
3891   Linaria,  Tounief. 
vulgaris,  Mill.     Toad  Flax 
Tribus    V.    Digitakae. 

3908  Ciieloiie,  L, 
glabra,  L 

3909  Pentstemon,  Herit. 
pubescens,  Pursh 

3915  Digitalis,  roiimef. 

purpurea,  L.    Fox  Glove 
Tribus   \'I.    G'ralioleae, 
3935  Miniiiliis,  L. 

ringens,  L.    Monkey  flower 

alatus,  L 
3946  G ratio] a,  R.  Br. 

Virginica,  L 

anagallidea,  Mx 
Tribus  VII.  Buchnereae. 
3960  Buchiicra,  L. 

1  Americana,  L 

Tribus  IX.  Veroniceae. 
3977  Liuiosella,  L. 

subulata,  Ives 

3979  Veronica,  L. 
serpyllifolia,  L 
scutellata,  L 
Anagallis  L 
BeccabuDga,  L 
officinalis,  L,    Speedwell 
peregrina,  L 
arv(;nsi.s,  L 
hcderaclolia,  L 

3980  Paederota,  L. 
Virginica,  .Endl 

Tribus  X.  Gerardieae. 
3996  Gerardia,  L-. 
purpurea,  L 
tciiuil'uiia,  L 
1  auriculata,  Mx 
flava.  L 
glaiica,  Eddy 
pediciilaria,  L 
Iribus  XI.  liltinanthcac. 
4004  Castilleja,  Mutis. 
coccinca,  Spreng.      Painted 
cup. 

4015  Pe.dicu'aris,  Toiiriicf. 


Canadensis,  L.     Lousewort 
pallida,  Pursh 
4018    Melampyrum,   Tour- 
nef. 

Americanum,      Mx.       Cow 
wheat. 
4026  Obolaria,  L. 
Virginica,  L.     Pennywort. 

ORDO  CL.    ACANTHACEAE. 

4047  Ruellia,  L. 

strepens,  L 
4093?  Justicia,  L. 

pedunculosa,  Mx 

OKDO  CLI.    BIGNONIACEAE. 

4113  Catalpa,  Jiiss. 
syringaefoiia,  Sims.  Catawba 

4114  Teconia,  Juss. 
Uadicans,    Juss.       Trumpet 

Flower 

ORDO  CLIV.  OROBANCHEAE. 

4182  Epiphegiis,  Nutt. 
Americanus,    Nutt.       Beech 
drops 

4184  Conopbolis,  V'allr. 

Americana,  Wallr 
4189   Aiioplaiithus,  Endl. 

uniflora,  Endl 

ORDO    CLV.      UTRICULARIEAE. 

4193  Utriciilaria,  L. 
macrorhiza,  Le  Conte 
ccratophylla,  Mx 

CLASSIS    XXXVIIJ.     PETA- 
LAWTHAE. 

OKDO     CI.VI.      PRIMULACEAE. 

4202  Dodecatheon,  L. 

Meadia,  L 
1207  Lysimacliia,  Moench. 

stricta.  Ait 

(juadrilolia,  L 

ciliata,  L 

'.'bybrida,  Mx 
4208  Trient;dis,  L. 

Americana,  Pursh 
4213  Anagallis,  1.. 

arvcnsis,  L.  Chickweed. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY. 


499 


4215  Samolus,  Tournef. 
Vale  ran  di,  L 

ORDO  CLIX.    EBENACEAE. 

4249  Diospyros,  L. 
Virginiana,  L.     Persimmon 

CLASSIS    XXXIX.   BICOR- 

NES. 

ORDO  CLXI.  ERICACEAE. 
Sub  or  do  I.  Ericinae. 

4318  Andromeda,  L. 
calyculata,  L 
'?  racemosa,  L 
]  Mariana,  L 

4319  Lyonia,  Nutt. 
paniculata,  Nutt 

4320  Clethra,  L. 
1  alnifolia,  L 

4322  Epigala,  L. 
repens,  L 

4323  Gau.theria,  L. 
procumbens,  L.    Tea  berry    I 

Sub  or  do  II.    Vaccinicae. 

4331  Oxycoccus,  Tounief. 
macrocarpus,    Pers.     Cran- 
berry 

4332  Vaccinium,  L. 
album  L.     Deer  berry 
frondosum,  L.  Whortleberry 
resinosum,  Ait 
corymbosum,  L 
virgatum,  Ait 
Suh  ordo  III.  Rhododendreae, 

4339  Kahiiia,  L. 

latifolia,  L.     Laurel 

angustifolia,  L 
4341    Rhododendron,  L. 

nudiflorum,  Torr,  Honeysuc- 
kle 

viscusum,  Torr 

maximum,  L.  Mountain  Lau- 
rel 

Ericaceis  qffines 

4348  Cliiniaphila,  Pursh. 
umbellata,   Nutt.     Pipsisswa 
maculata,  Pur-h 

4349  Pyrola,  Tournef. 
rotundifolia,  L 


elliptica,  Nutt 


!  minor,  li 
secunda,  L 

4351  INIonotropa,  Nutt. 
uniflora,  L.     Indian  Pipe 

4352  Hypopitliys,  Diilen. 
lanuginosa,  Nutt.  Pine  sap 

Collars    If\    Efialypeta- 
lae. 

CI.ASSIS  XL.  DISCANTHAE. 

ORDO  CLXII.   UMBELLIFERAE. 
Sub  ordo  I.  Orthospermae. 
Tribus  I.  Hydrocotyleae. 
4355  Hydrocotyle,  Tournef, 
Americana,  L 
!  umbellata,  L 
ranunculoides,  L 
4359  Erigenia,  Nutt. 
bulbosa,  Nutt 

Tribus  III.  Saniculeae. 
4382  Sanicula,  Tournef. 
i     Manlandica,  L 

Tribus  IV.  Ammineae. 

4391  Cicuta,  L. 
maculata,  L.     Wild  Parsaep 

4392  Zizia,  Koch, 
aurea,  Koch 
cordata,  Kuch 
intcgerrima,  DC. 

4393  Apium,  HoiTm. 
graveolens,  L.     Celery 

4394  Petroselinum,  Hoffm. 
sativum,  Hoffm.     Parsley 

4406  Caruni,  Koch. 

Carui,  L.      Caraway 
4409  Cryptotaenia,  DC. 

Canadensis,  DC 

4413  Smm,  Koch, 
latifolium,  L 
lineare,  Mx 

4414  Pupleurum,    Tournef, 
rotundifolium,  L 

Tribus   Y.  Seselineae. 
4425  Focniculum,  Adans, 

vulgare,  Gaertn.     Fennel 
1438  Thaspium,  Nutt. 

barbinode,  Nutt 


500 


HISTORY    OF 


Trihus  VII.  Angeliceae. 
4453  Lcvisticuni,  Xoch 

officinale,  Koch.     Lavage 
4457  Archangelica,  lioffm 

atropurpiirca,  Iloffm 

hirsuta,  Torr  iz  Gray 

Tribus   VIII.  Peucedaneae. 

4472  Arcliemora,  DC. 
rigida,  DC.     Cow  bane 

4473  Pastiuaca,  Tourncf. 
saliva,  L.     Parsncp 

AAll  Ileraclcum,  L. 
lanatiim,  Mx.     Cow  Parsncp 
Trihus  XII.   Daucineae. 
4497  Daiicus,  Toiirnef. 
Ca7'ota,  L.     Carrot. 
Suh  ordo  II.   Campylospermae. 
Tribus  XV.  Scandicina-e. 
4506  Cliacrophyllum,  L. 

procunibens,  L 
4515  Osmorhiza,  Raf. 
longistylis,  DC.  Sweet  cicely 
brevi.stylis,  DC 
Tribus  XVI.  Smyrneae. 
4532  ("oniniii,  L, 
rnaculatum,  L.     Hemlock 
Sub  ordo  III.   Coclospermae. 
Tribus  XVII.   Coriandreae. 
4549  Coriandrum,  L. 

.<;ativum,  L.  Coriander. 
ORDO  CLXIII.  ARALIACEAE. 

4551   Panax, 

quinquefulium.,  L.     Ginseng 
trifulium,  L 
4558  Aralia,  L. 
raccmosa,  L.     Spikenard 
nudicaulis,  L.  Sarsaparilla 
hispida,  Mx 
spinosa,  L 

ORDO  CLXIV.  AMPELIDEAE. 

4566  Cissu?!,  L. 

qiiinquefolia,   Desf.   Virginia 
Creeper 

4567  Vilis,  L.  I 
Labrusca,  L.   Fox  Crape  ordo  clxxii 
aestivalis,l\'Ix.  Summer  Grape 
cordifulia,Mx. Chicken  Grape 


riparia,Mx 
vinifcra,  L.  (vars) 

ORDO     CLXV.     CORNEAE. 

4574  Conuis,  Tournef. 
alternifolia,  L.  f 
circinata,  Herit 
paniculata,  Herit 
sericea,  L 
Florida,  L.   Dogwood 

ORDO     CLXVI.   LORANTIIACEAE. 

4584  Visciim,  L. 
flavescens,  Pursh.  Misselto 

ORDO   CLXVII.   HAMAMELIDEAE. 

4591   Hamamelis,  L. 

Virginica.  L.    Witch  Hazel 

CLASSISXLI.  COilNICULA- 

TAE. 

ORDO    CLXIX.    CRASSULACEAE. 

4622  Sediim,  L. 

ternatum,  Mx 
4625  Pcnthomm,  L. 

sedoides,  L 

OEDO   CLXX.   SAXIFRAGACEAE. 
Sub  ordo  I.    SaxiJ'ragcae. 
4634  Saxifraga,  L. 
Virginiensis,  Mx 
Pennsylvanica,  L. 

46 38  Chiysosplenium,  Tour- 
nef. 

American  am,  Schw. 

4639  Hcuchera,  L. 
Americana,  L. 

4641  ISIitella,  Tournef. 

diphylla.  L 
Sub  ordo  III.  Ilydrangeae. 
1668  Hydrangea,  L. 

arborescens,  L. 

ORDO    CLXXI.    RIBESIACEAE. 

4682  Ribes,  L. 
floridam,  Herit 
rubrum,  L.   lied  Currant 
nigrum,   L.   Black  Currant 
Vva  crispa,  I,,   (iooseberry 

CLASSIS  XLII.    POLYCAR- 
PICAE. 

MENISPERMACEAE. 

1685  Menispcrnium,  Tour- 
nef. 


LAN'CASTER    COUNTY. 


501 


Canadense,  L.    Moonseed 

ORDO    CLXXIV.    ANONACEAE. 

4717  Uvaria,  L. 

triloba,  Torr  &:  Gray.  Papaw 

ORDO    CLXXVI.    MAGNOLIACEAE. 

4737  Magnolia,  L. 

glauca,  L 

?' Umbrella,  Lam 

acuminata,  L 
4740  Liriodendron,  L. 

tulipifera,  L.     Tulip  Poplar 

ORDO  CLXXVm.  RANUNCULACEAE. 

Trihas  I.   Clematideae. 
476S  Cleiiiatis,  L. 
Virginiana,  L.  Virgin's  Bower 
viorna,  1^ 
4769  Atragene,  DC. 
Americana,    Sims 

Tribus  II.  Anemoneae. 

4772  Tiialictruin,  Tournef. 
dioicum,  L 
Cornuti,  L 
anemonuides,  Mx 

4773  Anemone,  Hall, 
nemorosa,  L 
Virginiana,  L 
Pennsylvanica,  L 

4774  Hepatica,  Dillen. 
triloba,  Chaix.     Liver-wort 

4777  Hydrastis,  L. 

Canadensis,  1,.  Yellow  root 
Tribus  III.  Ranunculeae. 
4783  Ranunculus,  Hall. 

aqiiatilis,  L 

Flammula,  L 

replans,  L 

pusillus,  Poir 

aburtivus,  L 

sceleratus,  L.     Crow  foot 

1  acris,  L 

repens,  L 

Pennsylvanicus,  L 

recurvatus.  Poir 

fascicularis,  Muhl 

bulbosus,  L.     Buttercup 
Tribus  IV.  Helleboreae. 
4786  Caltlia,  L. 

palustris,  L.  Marsh  Marygold 


4787  Trollius,  L. 
1  laxus,  Salisb 

4795  Aquilegia,  Tournef. 
Canadensis,  L.     Columbine 

4796  Delphinium,  Tournef. 
Consolida,  L.     Larkspur 

Tribus  V.  Paeonieae. 

4799  Actaea,  L 
alba,  Bigel.     White   Cohosh 

4800  Botrophis,  Raf. 
racemosa,  Raf.   Black  Snake 

root 

ORDO   CLXXIX.    BERBERIDEAE. 


4806   Podophyllum,  L. 

peltatum,  L.     May  apple 
4810  Leontice,  L. 

thalictroides,  L.  Blue  Cohosh 
CLASSISXLIll.  RriOEADES, 

ORDO   CLXXX.    PAPAYERACEAE. 
Sub  ordo  I.  Papavereae. 

4818  S  inguinaria,  L. 
Canadensis,  L.     Red-root 

4819  Chelidonium,  Tournef. 
majus,  L.     Celandine 

4821  Argemone,  Tournef. 
Mexicana,  L;  Prickley  Pop- 

py 

4823  Papaver,  Tournef. 
!  dubium,  L 

Sub  ordo  II.  Fumariaceae. 
4836   Dicentra,  Borkh. 

CucuUaria,   Endl.     Breeches 

flower 
Canadensis,   Endl.     Sc^uirrel 
Corn 
1837  Adlumia,  Raf. 

cirrhosa,  i<af. 
1839  Corydnlis,  DC. 
aurea,  Willd 
Glauca,  Pursh 
4843  Fumaria,  Tournef. 
odiciiialis,  L.    Fumitory 

ORDO   CLXXXI.    CRUCIFERAE. 
Sub  ordo  I.  Pleurorhizeae. 
Tribus  I.  Arabideae. 
4850  Nasturtium,  11.  Br. 
otficinalc,  K,  Br.  Water  Cress 


502 


HISTORY    OF 


palustre,  DC. 

amphibium,  R.  Br 
4851  Barbarea,  R.Br. 

vulgaris,  R.  Br. 

praecox,  R.  B.  Scurvy  6'r«ss 
4854  Arabis,  L. 

hirsuta,  Scop 

lyrata,  L 

laevigata,  DC 

Canadensis,  L 
4859  Cardaininc,  L. 

rhomboidea,  DC 

Irotuntlifolia,  Mx 

hirsuta,  L 
4861  Dentaria,  Tournef. 

laciniata,  Muhl 

diphylla,  Mx 

Trihusll.  Alyssineae. 

4880  Dral)a,  L. 
ICaroliniana,  Walt 

4881  Erophila,  DC. 
vulgaris,  DC 

4882  Cochlearia,  L. 
Armoracia,  L.    Horse  Radish 

Trihus  III.  Thlaspideae. 
4888    Cynocardamum,     W. 
&  B. 
Virginicum,  Webb  &  Benlh 
Suh  ordo  II.  Nolnrliizeac. 
Tribits  VII.  Slsymbrieae. 
4906  Sisymbrium,  L. 

officinale,  Scop.  Hedge  Mus- 
tard 
1  canescens,  Nutt 
Thaliana,  Gay 
Trihus  VIII.   CameUneae. 
4919  Camelina,  Craiitz. 
saliva,  Crantz.     Wild  Flax 
Trihus  IX.  Jjppidincae, 
4927  Cai),sella,  Vent. 
Bursa     Pastoris,       Moench. 
Shepherd's  Purse 
4932  Lepidiiim,  R.  ]ir. 
Sativum^  L.   Tongue  grass 
Suh  ordo  III.  OrtJioptocear. 
Trihus  XII.  lirassiceae. 
4949  Brassica,  L. 


ohraceae,  L.     Cahhage 

campestris,  L.    Ruta  baga 

Rapa,  L.     Turnep 
4950  Sinapis,  Tournef. 

riigra,!,.     Black  Mustard 

alha,  L.      White.  Mustard. 
Trihus  XVI.  Raphaneae. 
4972  Raphanus,  Tournef. 

sativus,  L.       Radish. 

ORDO    CLXXXII.    CAPPARIDEAE. 

4988  Polanisia,  Raf. 

graveolens,  Raf 
CLaSSISXLIV.  NEI.UMBIA. 
ordo  cxxxv.   nymphaeaceae. 

5020  Nymphaea,  Neck, 
odorata,  Ait.    Water  Lily 

5021  Nupliar,  Sm. 
Advena,  Ait.  Spatter  Dock 
*  Sarraceniaceae . 

5023  Sarracenia,  L. 
purpurea     L.         Sidesaddle 
flower 

ORDO    CLXXXVI.    CABOMBEAE. 

5025  Brasenia,  Schreb. 
peltata,  Pursh 

CLASSIS     XLV.     PARIETA 

LES. 

ORDO   CLXXXVIII,    CISTINEAE. 

5029    Helianthemum,  Tour- 
nef. 

Canadense,  Mx.   [&:  vars] 
5930  Lecliea,  L. 

major,  Mx 

nninor,  l.am.     Pin  weed 

ORDO    CLXXXIX.  DROSERACEAE. 

5033  Droscra,  L. 
rotundifidia,  l>.     Sun  dew 

ORDO    CXC.    VIOLAUIEAE. 

5040  Viola,  L.  Violet, 
pcdata,  L 
palmata,  L 
cucullata,  Ait 
sororia,  Willd 
sagittata,  Ait 
blanda,  Willd 
primulaefolia,  L, 
.striata,  Ait 


LANCASTER    COUNTY. 


503 


•  Muhlenbergii,  Torr 

rostrata,  Pursh 

pubescens,  Ait 

Canadensis,  L 

tricolor,  F, 
CLASSIS  XLVI.   PEPONIFE 
HAE. 

ORDO    ecu.    CUCURBITACEAE. 

5126  Melothria,   L. 

pendula,  L 
5131  CitruHus,  Neck. 

eduUs,  Spach.      Water  Melon 
6136  Lageiiaria,  Ser. 

vulgaris,  Ser.     Calabash 

51 37  Cucumis,  L. 
Melo,  L.     Cantaleupe 
sativus,  L.      Cucumber 
Anguria,  L.    Prickly  Cucum- 
ber. 

5138  Cucurbita,  L. 
Pepo,  L.     Pumpkin 
Mtlopepo,  L.     Cymling 
verrucosa,  L.    Long  Squash 

5141    Echinocystis,  Torr  & 
Gray, 
lobata,  Torr  &  Gray 
5l4G  Sicyos,  L. 

angulatus,  I, 
CLASSIS    XLVIII.     CARYO- 
PHYLDINAE. 

ORDO    CCVI.    PORTULACEAE 

S174  Portulaca,Tournef. 

oleracea,  L.    Purslane 
5178  Talinum,  Adans. 

1  teretifolium,  Pursh 
5180  Clayloiiia,  L. 

Virgin ica,  L 
5186  iMoliiigo,  L. 

verticillata,  L.     Carpet  weed 

ORDO     CCVII.    CARYOPHYLLEAE. 
Sub  or  do  I.  Paronychieae. 
Tribus  ].  Tllaccbreae. 
5203  Paronycliia,  Juss. 
Canadensis,  Endl 

Tribus  V.  Pnhjcarpeae. 
5218  SpcrguUiria,  Pcrs. 
!arvensi.s,  Si.  Ilil 


"I  rubra,  St.  Hil 
Sub  ordo  II.  Scleranlheae. 
5222  Scleranthus,  L. 
1  annuus,  L.  Knawel. 
Sub  ordo  III.  Alsiw.ae. 
Tribus  I.  Sabulineae. 
5227  Alsine,  Wahlenb. 
!  Michauxii,  FenzL 
Tribus  III.  StcUarineae. 
5234  Arenaria,  L. 
scrpyllifolia,  L 
lateriflora,  L 

5240  Stellaria,  L. 
media,  Sni. 

]  pubera,  Mx 
longifolia,  Muhl 
aquatica,  Pollich 

5241  Cerastiiim,  L, 
vulgatum,  L 
viscosum,  L 
arvense,  L 
villosum,  Muhl 
nutans,  Raf 

Sub  ordo  IV.  Sileneae, 
5248  Silene,  L. 

stellata.  Ait 

nivea,  DC 

Antirrhina,  L 

Pennsylvanica,  L 

olficinalis,  Endl.  Soap  wort 
5250  Lychnis,  Tournef. 

Githago,  Lam.     Cockle 

ORDO    CCVIII.     PHYTOLACCACEAE, 

5262  Phytolacca,  Tournef. 

decandra,  L.     Poke 
CLASSIS  XIJX.    COLUMNI- 
FEUAE. 

ORDO  CCIX.  MALVACEAE. 
Tribus  II.  Malvcae. 

5270  Althaea,  Cavan. 
njficinalis,  L.     Marsh   Mallow 
rosea,  Cavan.    Holly  Ilock 

5271  Malva,  L. 
rotundifolia,  L.  RunningMal- 

low 
moschata,  L.     Musk  Mallow 
sylvestris,  L 
ciispa,  L.   Curled  Mallow 


56'4 


HISTORY    OF 


Trihns  III.  Hihisceae. 
5277  Hibiscus,  L. 
Trionum,  L 
Syriacus,  L 
5281   Abelnioscliiis,  Medik. 
escidejitus  Mt)ench.    Okra. 
mot^clicntos,  Medik 
Tnhus  IV.  Sideae. 
5289  Sida,  Kunth. 
spiiiosa,  I, 
1  rhombifolia,  L 
5292  Abutilon,  Gnertn. 
Avicennae,    Gaertn.    Indian 
Mallow 

ORDO    CCXII.  TILIACEAE. 

5373  Tilia,  L. 
Americana,  L.    Linden 
CLASSJS  !  .GUTTIFERAE. 

ORDO    CCXVIII.    HYPERICINfcAE. 

5463  Ascyrum,  L, 
Crux  Andreae,  L 

5464  Hyjiericum,  L. 
perforatum,   L.      St.     John's 

AVort 
corymbosum,  Muhl 
mutilum,  L 
Canadense,  L 
Sarothra,  Mx 

5465  Elotlea,  Adans. 
Virginica,  Nutt 

CI  ASSIS  LII.  ACEHA. 

ORDO    CCXXVII.  ACERINEAE. 

5558  Acer,  Moeiich. 
saccharinum,  L.    Sugar  Ma- 
ple [Maple. 

dasycarpuni,     Ehrh.      Silver 
rubrum,  I,.  Red  Maple 

5559  Neijuiido,  Mocnch. 
aceroides,  Moench,    Box  El- 
der 

CLASSIS  LTH.    TOLYGALI- 
T^AE. 

ORDO     CCXXXIIT.    rOLYGALE.AE, 

5647  Poiygala,  J.. 
sanguiiiea,  L 
cruciata,  L 
verticilluta,  L 
ambigua,  Nutt 


Senega,  L. SenecaSnakerool 
polygama,  Walt 
!  paucifolia,  Wilid 
jCLASSIS  ;,IV.    FkANGULA- 
CEAE. 

ORDO   CCXXXV.    STAPHYLEACEAE. 

5673  Staphyiea,  1^. 
trifolia,  I,.    Bladder  Nut 

ORDO   CCXXXVI.  CELASTRINEAE. 

5676  Euonymus,  Toiirnef. 

atropurpureus,  Jacq.     Burn- 
ing bush 

Americanus,  L 
5679  Celastiiis,  Kunth. 

seandens,  L 

ORDO  CCXXXVIII.    ILICINEAE. 

5705  Ilex,  L. 
opaca,  Ait.    Holly 

5706  Piinos,  L. 
vcrliciliatus,  L.  Black  Alder 
amblguus,  Mx 

ORDO  CCXXXIX.  RHAMeNeA. 

5722   Rhaimiiis,  Juss. 

1  alnifolius,  Herit 
5726  Ceauotlius,  L. 

Americanus,  L.   New  Jersey 
Tea 
C    ASSIS  I,V.  TRICOCCAE. 

ORDO  CCXLIII.     fUPTIORBIACeAE'. 
Trihus  I.  Euphorhieae. 
5766  Euphorbia,  L. 
hypGricifbIia,Ij 
maculata,  L 
Peplus,  L 

1  athyris,  L.   Mole  tree 
corullata,  L 

1  nemoralis,    Fl.   Cestr.    non 
Kit 

TrihuslU.  Acalypheae, 
5787  Acalypha,  L. 
Virginica  L 

Trihus  V.  Phyllantheae. 
584  7  Phyllaiittms,  S\v, 

Caroliniensis,  Walt. 
CLASSIS      LVI.     TEREBIN- 
THINEAE. 

ORDO    CCXLIV.  JUGLANDeAe* 

5889  Gary  a,  Nutt. 


LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


505 


sulcata,  Nutt 


•alba,  Nutt.     Shellbark  Hick 

tomentosa,  Nutt 

amara,  Nutt 

porcina,  Nutt.     Pignut 

1  microcarpa,  Nutt 
5890  .luglans,  L. 

nigra,  L.    Black  Walnut 

cinerea,  L.     Butternut 

regia,  L.     English  Walnut 

ORDO       CCXLV.      ANACARDIA- 

CEAE. 

5905  Rhus,  L. 
typhina,  L.  Staghorn  Sumach 
glabra,  L.  Smooth  Sumacli 
copaliina,  L  [mach 

venenata,   DC.     Poison    Su- 
toxicodendron, L.  Poison  vine 

ORDO    CCL,      ZANTHOXYLEAE. 

5972  Zanthoxylon,  Kiinth. 

fraxineum.Wiild.  Pricklv  Ash 
CLASSIS  LVII.  GRUINALES. 

ORDO     CCLIV.    GERANIACEAE. 

6046  Geranium,  Herit. 
maculatum,  L 
Carolinianum,  L 
1  pusillum,  L 

ORDO     CCLV.     LINEAE. 

6056  Linum,  L. 
Virginiaiiuin,  L 
usitatissimum,  L.     Flax 

ORDO   CCLVI.    OXALIDEAE. 

€058  Oxalis,  L.  Wood  Sor- 
rel, 
violaccp,  L 
corniculata,  L 
stricta,  L 

ORDO    CCLVII.  BALSAMIXEAE, 

<)060    Impatiens,  L.     Snap 
weed. 

pallida,  Nutt 
fulva,  Nutt 

-■ORDO  {CLVIII.  TROPEOLEAE. 

6063  Tropaeolum,  I>. 

viajus,  L.   Naflu7-tiv.m. 
«RDO  CCLIX.    LIMXAXriIEAE. 

43 


[or.-  6065  Floerkea,  Willd. 


proserpinacoides,  Willd. 
CLASSIS     LVIII.     CALYCI- 
FLORAE. 

ORDO  CCLXV.    OEXOTHEREAE. 

Tribus  I.    Jussieueae. 
6111  Isnardia,  DC. 
alternifolia,  DC 
palustris,  L 

Tribus   II.    Epilohieae. 
6115  Oenothera,  L. 
biennis,  L.  Evening Primrosa 
fruticosa,  L 
6121  Epilobium,  L. 
angustifolium,  L 
coloratum,  Muhl 
palustre,  L.    (and  var.) 
Tribus  VI.  Circaeaceae. 

6130  Circaea,  Tournef. 
Lutetiana,    L.      Enchanter's 

Nightshade 
Tribus   VII.  Gaureae. 

6131  Gaura,  L. 
biennis,  L 

ORDO    CCLXVI.   HALORAGEAE, 

6134  Hippuris,  L. 
1  vulgaris,  L.   Horse-tail 

ORDO  CCLXVII.  LYTHRARIEAE 

6146  Ammannia,  Houst. 

1  humilis,  Mx 
6151   Cut)hca,  .Tacq. 

viscosissima,  Jacq 
CLASSIS  LIX.    MYRTIFLO- 
IlAE. 

ORDO  CCLXVIII.   MELASTOMA- 
CEAE, 

6200  Rhcxia,  R.  Br. 

Virginica,  L 
CLASSIS  LX.  JlOSIFLOPcAE. 

ORDO    CCI.XX.  rOMACEAE. 

6341  Cydonia,  Tournef. 
vidsidris,  Pers.     Quince^ 

6342  Pyrus,  Lindl. 
communis,  L.   Pfur 
Mains,  L.     Apple 
Coronaria,  L.  Crab  Apple 


506 


HISTORY    OF 


arbutifolia,  L.  f 
6345  Amelaiichier,  IMedik. 

Canadensis,  Torr  k  Gray 
G353  Crataegus,  L. 

oxyacanlha,  L 

crusgalli,  L.  Cockspur  Thorn 

coccint'a,  L 

tomentosa,  L 

punctata,  L.  Jacq  [Thorn 

cordaia.      Ait.        Washington 

1  jjarvilulia.  Ait 

ORDO    CCLXXII.   ROSACEAE. 
Suh  ordo  I.  Roscac. 
C357    Rosa,  Tournef. 
Carolina,  L.  Swamp  Rose 
lucida,  Ehrii.      Dwarf  Rose 
rubiginosa,  L.    Sweet  Briar. 
<S'^'?)  ordo  II.  Dryadeac. 

6360  Riilius  L- 

Idaeus,  L.   Garden  Raspberry 
odoratus,  L.  Flowering  Rasp- 
berry 
occidcntalis,  L.  Raspberry 
villosus,  Ait.  Blackberry 
Canadensis,  L.  Dewberry 
hispidus,  L.  Swamp  Dewber- 
ry 

6361  Fragaria,  L. 

Virgin  iana,       Ehrh.        Wild 
StrawbiM'ry 

vcsca,  L.   Garden  Straicierry 
<5363  Potciitilla,  L. 

Norvegica,  L. 

Canadensis,  L.  Cinqucfoil 
G368  Agriinouia,  Toiiriicf. 

Eupatoria,  L 
G373  Saiigiiisorba,  L. 

Canadensis,  L 
6386  Gi  uin,  L. 

Virginianum,  L 

rivale,  L 

Sub  ordo  III.  S/Jiracaccae. 
6391  Spiraea,  L. 

opulif'oli.'i,  L 

.salicilolia,  Jj 

tomentosa,  Jj 
C393  Gillen.a,  Moencli. 


trifoliata,    Mounch.      Indian 
Physic 

ORDOCCLXXIII.  AMYGDALEAE 

6405  Amygdalus,  L. 
Persica,  L.    Peach 

6406  Pruiuis,  L. 
Anneniaca.  L.    Apricot 
dasycarpa,  L.  Black  Apricot 
doimstica,  L.    Dams  ni  Plum 
Americana, Marsh.  Red  Plum 
chicasa,  Mx.   Cliicasa  Plum 
Cera'^us,  L.   Cherry 
pumila,  L 

Virginiana,  L 

serolina,  Ehrh.    Wild  Cherry 
CLASSIS  LXI.    LEGUMINO- 
SAE. 

ORDO       CCLXXV.      PAPILIONA- 
CEAE. 
Tribus  I.    Podalyricae. 
6421   Baptisia,  Vent, 
tinctoria,  R.  Br.  Wild  Indigo 
Trilms  II.  Loteae. 

6472  Crotalaria,  L. 
sagittalis,  L.  Rattle  box 

6473  Liipiinis,  Tournef. 
percnnis,  L.   Wild  Lupine 

6507  Medicago,  L. 
siliva,  L.  Lucerne 
hipulina,  L.   Hop'Trefoil 

6510  Melilotus,  Tournef. 
qificinalis,  Willd.  Mdiht 

6511  Trifolium,  Toiunef. 
arvense,  L.  Stone  Clover 
pratrnsi^,  L.    Red  Clover 
red ex urn,  L 

repens,  L.  White  Clover. 

']  procumbons,  L. 

agrarium,  L.    Yellow  Clover 
6539  Tephrosia,  Pers. 

Virginiana,  Pers.    Cat-gut 
6546  Ro'oinia,  J-.. 

Psucd-acacia,  L.  Locust  tree 

viscosa.  Vent.     Clammy  Lo- 
cust 
Trilms   III.    Vicieae. 

657S  Cicer,  Tournef. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY. 


507 


arietinum,  L.   Chick  Pea 

6579  Pisiim,  Toiirnef. 
sativum,  L.   Garden  Pea 

6580  Ervum,  Tournef. 
Lens,  L.   Lentil 

1  hirsutum,  L 

6581  Vicia,  L. 
Faha,  L.  Horse  Bean 
Americana,  JMuhl 
Cracca,  L 

6582  Lathynis,  L. 
venosus,  Muhl 

Tribus  IV.  Hedysareae. 
6600  Stylosanthes,  S\v. 

elatior,  S\v 
G615  Desmodiiim,  DC 

nudifloriim,  DC 

acuminatum,  DC 

1  pauciflorum,  DC 

canescens,  DC 

Dillenii,  Darlingt 

cuspidatum.  To  it  &  Gray 

viridiflorum,  Beck 

Marilandicum,  Boott 

ciliare,  DC 

?  rigidum,  DC 

paniculatum,  DC 

rotundifulium,  DC 
6623  Lespedeza,  Rich. 


procumbens,  Mx 

violacea,  Pers 

')  Stuvei,  Nutt 

hirta.  Ell 

capitata,  Mx 

Tribus   V.   Pliaseoleae. 
6630  Aiiipliicarpaea,  Ell. 

monoica,  Torr  &  Gray 
6653  Galactia,  P.  Br, 

]  glabella,  Mx 

6673  Apios,  Boerh. 
tuberosa,  Moench 

6674  Phaseolus,  L. 
perennis,  Walt 

]  diversifolius,  Pers 

helvolus,  L 

C  vulgaris,  L.  Pole  Bean 

I  var.  nanus.  Bunch  Bean 

lunatus,  L.  JAma  Bean 
Tribus   VII.  Sophoreae. 
6750  Ccrcis,  L. 

Canadensis,  L.  Judas  Tree 

Tribus    VIII.   Caesalpineae. 
6756  Gleditschia,  L. 

triacanthos,L.  Honey  Locust 
6781   Cassia,  L. 

Marilandica,  L.    AVild  Senna 

Chamaecrista,  L 

nictitans,  L 


The  preceding  List  contains  about  550  Genera,  and  some- 
thing more  than  1290  Species:  of  which  upwards  of  100  species 
may  be  found  under  cultivation,  in  the  fields,  or  gardens,  of 
Lancaster  county.  A  detailed  description  of  the  greater  portion 
of  the  plants,  here  enumerated,  is  furnished  in  the  Flora  of 
Chester  County :  and  the  whole  of  them — except,  perhaps,  a  fe\y 
of  the  cultivated  ones, — will  be  comprised  in  Torrey  &  Gray's 
truly  national  work,  the  Flora  of  North  America — now  in  pro- 
cess of  publication. 

October,  1843. 


508  HISTORY  OP 


BIRDS  OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


BY  J.   J.    LIBHAET, 


In  arranging  this  catalogue,  no  particular  classification  has 
been  followed.  The  species  arc  placed  under  the  generic 
names  of  the  older  Systrynatis,  with  the  expectation  of  render- 
ing it  more  satisfactory  to  the  general  reader. 

ORDER— ACCIPITRES—LiNAEus. 

Carthartes  aura,  turkey  buzzard.  Falco  peregrinus,  wander- 
ing falcon  :  F.  spauverius,  sparrow  hawk.  Halioctos  Icucoce- 
phalus,  bald  eagle.  Pandion  halioctus,  fish-hawk.  Asturcoo- 
perii,  Cooper's  hawk.  Buteo  lagopus,  rough-legged  hawk: 
B.  buteoides,  short  winged  hawk :  B.  leverianus,  red-tailed 
hawk.  Circus  uliginous,  hen  harrier.  Surnia  nyctea,  snowy 
owl:  S.  asio,  red  owl :  S.  nocvia,*  mottled  owl.  Bubo  Virgin- 
iana,  great  horned  owl.  Ulula  otus,  long  eared  owl:  U.  nebu- 
losa,  barred  owl.     Strix  Americana,  barn  owl. 

ORDER— PASSERES—cuviEK. 

Family — dentirostres — Cuv. 

Lanius  exubitor,  great  American  shrike.  Muscicapa  tyran- 
nus,  king-bird.  M.  crinita,  crested  fly  catcher:  M.  atra,  pewit 
ily catcher:  M.  virens,  wood  pewee:  M.  acadica,  small  pewee. 
Setophaga  ru'iccilla,  red  start:  M.  cocrula,  sylvan  fly  catcher. 
Virco  flavifrons,  yellow  throated  vireo:  V.  noveboracensis, 
white  eyed  vireo :  V.  silvus,  warbling  vireo:  V.  olivaceus, 
red-eyed  vireo.  Icteria  viridis,  yellow-breasted  chat.  Sylvia 
coronata,  myrtle  bird:  S.  petechia,  red-poll  warbler:  S.  letiva, 
ycUosv  warbler:  S.  pardalina,   Canada  warbler:  S.   macules, 

*Wc  arc  confirmed  in  the  opinion,  that  Wilson  was  correct  in  making  the 
red  and  mottled  owls  distinct  species.  We  possess  an  old  fl'inalc  red  owl 
and  its  young,  already  fledged,  possessing  the  same  colors,  shot  from  the 
nest.  Later  authors,  say  the  mottled  individuals  arc  the  old  and  niatura 
birds,  and  the  red  ones  the  young. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  509 

black  and  yellow  warbler:  S.  vivens,  black  throated  green 
warbler:  S.  blackburnioe,  blackbiirnian  warbler:  S.  castenea, 
bay  breasted  warbler :  S.  striata,  black-poll  warbler:  S.  varia, 
spotted  warbler:  S.  pinus,  pine  warbler:  S.  formosa,*  Ken- 
tucky warbler:  S.  trichas,  yellow  throated  warbler.  Dacnia 
verrnivora,  worm-eating  warbler:  D.  solitaria,  blue  winged 
yellow  warbler.  Regulus  calenduhis,  ruby-crowned  wren: 
E,,  cristatus,  golden  crested  wren.  Sialia  Wilsonii,  blue  bird. 
Bombycilla  carolinensis,  cedar-bird.  Orpheus  pollyglottus, 
mockingbird:  O.  rufus,  ferruginus  thrush :  0.  felivox,  cat- 
bird. Turdus  migratoiius,  robin  :  T.  mustelinus,  wood  thrush 
T.  minor,  little  hermit  thrush  :  T.  Wilsonii,  Wilson's  thrush.— 
Pyranga  rubra,  black-winged  red-bird. 

Family — fissirostres — Cuv. 

Hirundo  purpurea,  purple  martin  :  H.  rufa,  barn  swallow: 
H.  bicolor,  white  bellied  swallow:  H.  reparia,  bank  swallow: 
H.  Fulva,f  clitF  swallow.  Cypselus  pelasgius,  chimney  swal- 
low.    Caprimulgus  vociferus,  whip-poor-will:  C.  Virgrnianus, 

night-hawk. 

Famihj — coxiROSTRES — Cuv. 

Sturnus  ludovicianus,  meadow  lark.  Icterus  phoeniceus, 
red-winged  blackbird:  I.Baltimore,  oriols:  I.  spurius,  orch- 
ard oriole,  Emberiza  agripennis,  bob-o-link  :  E.Americana, 
black-throated  bunting:  E.  nivalis,  snow  bunting.  Spiza  cy- 
anea,  indigo  bird:  S.  Pennsylvanica,  white-throated  sparrow: 
S.  melodia,  song  sparrow  :  S.  savanna,  savannah  sparrow  :  S. 
graminea,  grass  sparrow:  S.  Canadensis,  tree  sparrow:  S.  so- 
cialis,  chipping  sparrow:  S.  nivialis,  common  snow-bird. — 
Carduelis  tristis,  American  gold  finch.  Fringilla  erythropthal- 
ma,  towee  finch.  Erythrospiza  purpurea,  purple  finch.  Gui- 
racse  cardinalis,  cardinal  grosbeak;  G,  ludovicianarosebreast- 
ed  grosbeak:  G.  coerulea, J  blue  grosbeak.    Pyrrhula  enuclea- 

•This  Sylvia,  it  is  said,  is  not  found  east  of  the  mountains.  I  have  ser- 
eral  specimens  in  my  collection,  prccursd  hcrr. 

fThis  species  was  first  observed  in  this  viciiiity  eight  or  ten  years  ago. — 
They  attached  their  singular  and  ingenious  nest  on  the  sides  of  the  piers  of 
the  Columbia  bridge.  ' 

^Bartram,  saw  this  bird  near  the  city  of  Lancaster;   it  is  seldom  seen  ia 

the  Union. 

43* 


SIO 


HISTORY    OF 


tor,*  pine  grosbeak.  Parus  bicolor,  tufted  titmouse :  P.  palus- 
tris,  blaek-capped  titmouse.  Alauda  alpistris,  shore  lark. — 
Garrulus  cristatus,  blue  Jay.  Corvus  corone,  common  crow. 
Quiscalis,  versicolor,  crow  blackbird :  Q.  baritus,  slender  billed 
blackbird:  Q.  ferrugineus,  rusty  blackbird. 

Family — tenuieostres — Cuv. 

Sitta  Carolinensis,  white  breasted  nuthatch:  S.  Canadensis, 
red-bellied  nuthatch.  Certhia  familiaris,  brown  creeper. — 
Troglodytes  fulvus,  house  wren:  T.  curepteus,  winter  wren  : 
T.  pahistris,  marsh  wren.  Mellisuga  colubris,  ruby  throated 
humming  bird. 

ORDER— ALCYONES—TEMMiNCK. 
Alcedo  alcyon,  belted  king  fisher. 

ORDER— SCANSORES— Cuv. 

Colaptes  auratus,  golden  wood  pecker  or  flicker.  Picus  pi- 
leatus,  log-cock:  P.  erythrocephalus,  red-headed  wood  pecker: 
P.  varius,  yellow-bellied  wood  pecker:  P.  Carolinus,  red- 
bellied  wood  pecker, :  P.  villosus,  hairy  wood  pecker:  P.  pu- 
bescens,  downy  wood  pecker.  Coecygus  Americanus,  black- 
billed  cuckoo:  C.  dominicus,  yellow-billed  cuckoo. 

ORDER— GALLING— cuv. 

Malcagris  gallopavo,f  wild  turkey.  Ortyx  Virginiana,  par- 
tridge. Tetrao  umbellus,  ruifcdgrous  or  pheasant.  Columba 
Carolinensis,  turtle  dove:  C.  migratorias,  wild  pigeon. 

ORDER— GRALLiE— cuv. 

Caladris  arenaria,  sand  plover.  Charadriuspluvialis,  golden 
plover:  C.  melodia,  ring  plover:  C.  vociferus,  kildeer plover, 
Squatanda  helvetica,  field  plover.  Tringa  pectoralis,  pectoral 
sand  piper:    T.  Wilsonii,  Wilson's  sand  piper.     Ileteropoda 

•It  is  not  often  that  this  species  extends  its  einigiations  tliis  far  south. — 
Late  in  Novombcr,  I8:}fi,  the  writer  ohtaiiu'd  sevei-al  indiviiluals  i)i  this  vi- 
cinity, fmm  a  flock  of  filti'en  or  twenty. 

f'i'lie  wild  turiicy  •«  still  occasionally  met  with  on  tlie  northern  confines 
oi  the  c(>uiity.  A  few  are  also  known  still  to  exist  on  Cliesnut  hill  ridge. 
Several  years  ago  an  individual  was  shot  near  Chiques  creek,  on  '.he  groundB, 
now  the  property  of  y.  Eoyi',  Esq.  by  Mr.  F.  Kagle. 


LANCASTER    COUNTr.  511 

semipalmaia,  semipalmated  snipe.  Totanus  vociferus,  greater 
yellow  shanks  tattler:  T.  flavipes,  smaller  yellow  shanks 
tattler:  T.  chloropygius,  green  rump  tattler;  T.  macularius, 
peet-weet  snipe.  Limosa  fedoa,  marbled  godwit.  Numenius 
longirostris,*  long  billed  curlew:  N.  hudsonicus  esquimax 
curlew.  Scolopax  Wilsonii,  American  snipe.  Rusticola  minor, 
woodcock.  Rallus  Virginianus,  Virginia  rail.  Crex  Caroli- 
nus,  soree  or  rail.  Ardea  herodius,  great  blue  heron :  A.  egret- 
ta,  white  heron:  A.  nycticorax.  qua-bird:  A.  lentiginous,  bit- 
tern: A.  virescens,  green  heron  or  fly-up.  the  creek  :  A.  exilis^ 
least  bittern. 

ORDER— NATATORES—viEiLLOT. 

Phcenicopterus  ruber.f  red  flamingo.  Fulica  Americana^ 
coot.  Podiceps  cornutus,  dobchick.  Hydroka  Corolinensis, 
pied-billed  dobchick.  Sterna  argentca,|  silvery  tern.  Larus. 
capistratus,  brown  masked  gull.  L.  canus,  common  gull:  L. 
argentatus,  herring  gull:  Zonorhynchus,  ringed-billed  gull. — 
Anser  hyberboreus,  white  snow  goose  :  A.  Canadensis,  com- 
mon wild  goose :  A.  barnicla,  brent  goose.  Cynus  ferus^ 
white  swan.  Anas  clypeata,  shoveler  duck:  A.  domcstica, 
mallard  duck:  A.  strepera,  gadwall  duck:  A.  acuta,  grey  or 
pintail  duck:  A.  Americana,  bald  pate  duck  :  A.  obscura,  black 
duck:  A.  discors,  blue  winged  teal:  A.  crecca,  green  winged 
teal.  Dendronessa  sponsa,  wood  duck.  Oidemia  fusca,  velvet 
duck:  0.  Americana,  American  scoter  duck:  O.  nigra,  scoter 
duck.  Gymura  rubida,  ruddy  duck.  Fuligula  valisneria,  can- 
vass-back duck  :  F.  ferina,  pochard  or  red-headed  duck:  F. 
rufitorques,  ring-necked  duck.  Clangula  vulgaris,  whistling 
or  golden  eyed  duck:  C.  albeola,  spirit  duck.  Harelda  glaci- 
alis,  long-tailed  duck,  or  "South  southerly."  Mergus  mergan- 
ser, goosander  or  great  fisher  duck:  M.  serrator,  red  breast- 
ed fisher  duck:  M.  cucullatus,  hooded  fisher  duck.  Colymbus 
glacialis,  loon. 

The  principal  number  of  the  species  enumerated  in  the 
foregoing  catalogue,  have  come  under  the  observation  of  the 
writer  ;  and  are  known  to  be  residents,  or  casual  visiters  vvithin 
the  limits  of  the  county.  Specimens  of  most  of  them  are  in 
Libhart's  "Museum  of  the  Arts  and  Sciences,"  in  Marietta, 
and  were  obtained  in  that  vicinity. 

*This  and  the  following  species  have  been  shot  on  the  Conestoga,  near 
Lancaster, — now  in  the  museum  of  that  city. 

+We  have  been  informed  that  the  specimen  in  the  Lancaster  museum,  was 
•hot  on  the  Conestoga.  When  found  thus  far  north  they  must  be  considered 
only  as  stragglers, 

4 A  specimen  now  in  my  possession,  shot  on  the  Susquehanna  in  1840. 


518  HISTORY    OP 


A  p  p  E  rv  1>  I  X . 

A.  r-  ?3. 

Tuo.MAS  and  RiciiAnn  Pr.w  surviving  proprietors  of  the  province  of 
Pennsylvania  entered,  July  4,  17C0,  with  Lord  Baltimore  into  a  definite  agree- 
ment touching  the  final  adjustment  of  the  boundary  Une  between  Maryland 
and  Pennsylvania.  Commissioners  were  appointed  for  that  purpose.  Tiiose 
for  Maryland  were  Horatia  8harpe,  Benjamin  Tasker,  Jr.,  Edward  Lloyd, 
Robert  Jenkins  Henry,  Daniel  Dulany,  Stephen  Bordley,  Rev.  Alexander 
Malcolm;  on  the  part  of  Pennsylvania,  the  Hon.  James  Hamilton,  William 
Allen,  Richard  Peters,  Benjamin  Chew,Lynford  Lardner,  Ryves  HoltjGcorga 
Stephenson. 

While  the  committee  was  engaged  in  their  labors,  the  following  persons 
were  appointed  on  the  part  of  Maryland  to  supply  vacancies,  the  Rev.  John 
Boardlcy,  George  Stuart,  Daniel  of  St.  Thomas  Jenifer,  and  John  Bcale 
Boardlry.  To  supply  vacancies  on  part  of  Pennsylvania,  Rev.  John  Ewing, 
V>'illiam  Coleman,  Edward  Shi|)pcn  and  Thomas  Willing. 

Tiie  commissioners  convened  at  Now  Castle,  Nov.  19,  1760,  and  after 
much  dtliberalion  made  a  final  report  the  9th  Nov.  1763.  The  whole  of 
their  transactions  have  been  faithfully  recorded,  and  the  document  been  pre- 
served. In  1762,  Charles  Ma^on  and  Jeremiah  Dixon  were  employed  to 
run  the  line,  and  put  an  end  to  a  subject  of  early  and  continued  warm  con- 
troversy. 

Before  the  final  adjustment  of  this  vexed  question,  and  the  definiteness  of 
the  line,  many  had  taken  up  lands  under  Maryland  warrants.  The  lands 
now  owned  by  David  Brown,  and  James  Barnes,  in  Drumore  township,  and 
by  James  i^PSparran,  Jeremiah  and  Slater  Biown,  James  A.  Caldwell,  Nich- 
olas Boyde,  'i'imothy  Hair.es,  Allen  Cook,  Robfrt  Maxwell,  William  Cook 
and  others  ol  Little  Britain  towr;ship,  were,  we  have  been  informed,  all  taken 
up  under  .Maryland  warrants. 

B.  p.  39. 

Jamks  LeTout  was  according  to  R.  Coni/nghain,  Esq.,  a  French  Huguc- 
ni)t,  and  member  of  the  French  settlement  on  the  Schuylkill;  living  among 
the  Indians,  he  acquired  a  knowledge  of  their  language,  and  was  useful  to 
the  government  as  an  Indian  agent  and  interpreter.  He  lived  on  or  near 
the  banks  of  the  Susquehanna,  within  the  present  limits  of  Lancaster  county 
in  1719.  From  the  Colonial  Reconls,  vol.  II.  j).  100 — it  seems  he  came  to 
this  country  when  (juite  young.  "  Having  been  bred  in  it  from  his  infancy," 
and  from  p.  123,it  appears  he  had  been  at  Conestoga  pviorto  1703;  and  accord- 
ing to  Hazzard's  Register,  vol.  XV.  p.  82,  he  penetrated  to  Cumberland 
Valley  as  c  irly  rs  1731,  and  :ictt!cd  at  Le  Tori's  spring  near  Carlisle. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  513 

U.  p.  69. 
The  HrcrF.NOTS. — This  term,  now  so  well  understooJ  as  an  honorable, 
rather  than  a  dishonorable  designation  of  those  who  professed  the  Re- 
formed religion  in  France,  during  the  persecutions  and  civil  wars  in  that 
kingdom,  is  involved  in  some  obscurity.  Whether  it  was  originally  confer- 
upon  them,  by  the  adherents  of  the  so  styk-d  "Mother  (church"  as  a  terni 
oi  reproach,  or  voluntarily  assumed  by  themselves  as  a  party  name,  or 
whether  it  is  a  derivation  from  some  other  word,  having  an  analogous  sound, 
and  introduced  from  some  foreign  language,  is  equally  uncertain.  Many 
and  various  are  the  sources  to  which  the  learned  and  the  curious  have  en- 
deavored to  trace  the  ctymrlogy  of  this  word ;  but  like  every  thing  else 
founded  upon  conjecture,  we  are  left  as  much  in  the  dark  as  ever. 

Some  have  assserted  that  the  term  was  originally  applied  to  the  members 
of  the  Reformed  i)y  the  dignitaries  of  the  Romish  Cliurch,as  one  of  reproach. 
To  sustain  this  posiiion,  it  is  argued  that  when  the  new  doctrine  was  first 
preached  in  France,  a  number  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  city  of  Tours — 
which  afterwards,  and  next  to  the  city  of  Rochelle,  ranked  as  the  strongest 
hold  of  the  Reformed  party — embraced  the  same.  Unlike  the  Romanists, 
their  worship  was  conducted  in  the  evening  as  well  as  in  the  day.  Culti- 
Tating  a  spirit  of  genuine  piety,  they  met  after  night  in  each  ot'.iers  houses 
for  social  prayer.  In  this,  they  imitated  the  example  of  primitive  christians, 
and  like  them,  they  became  the  sulijccts  of  a  persecution  almost  as  relent, 
less.  Going  from  house  to  house  as  ihc  place  of  meeting  might  chance  to 
be,  after  the  labors  of  the  day  were  over,  to  attend  to  this  pious  duty,  and 
returning  therefrom  at  a  later  hour,  their  enemies,  the  papists,  endeavored  to 
prevent  the  extension  of  their  doctrines,  by  reporting  at  first  that  they  were 
engaged  in  some  foul  conspiracy  against  the  government,  and  afterwards 
against  the  people.  Failing  in  their  attempts  to  aflect  them  in  this'way, 
and  finding  that  the  fallow  ground  was  being  broken  up  daily,  with  the  pro- 
mise of  a  rich  return,  and  that  the  seed  of  the  true  faith  which  was  sown  ia 
confidence,  was  germinating  and  yielding  an  abundant  harvest,  despite  their 
efforts,  to  the  contrary,  they  next  changed  their  mode  of  warfare,  and  en- 
deavored to  effect  their  object  by  bringing  them  into  ritiicule  and  contempt. 
For  this  purpose,  they  seized  upon  the  fact  of  their  meeting  after  night,  and 
connected  with  it  a  story,  then  current,  concerning  the  city  of  ':l'ours.  One 
•of  the  gates  of  the  city,  it  seems,  was  called  I'u^o,  and  according  to  a  popu- 
lar tradition  from  Hugo,  comte  Tours,  who  it  seems  according  to  the  same 
tradition,  was  eminent  in  life  only  for  his  crimes,  oppression  and  cruelty. — 
After  his  death — so  runs  the  story — his  spirit  incapable  of  repose,  haunted 
immediately  after  nightfall,  the  scene,  which  was  the  neighborhood  of  thp 
gate  in  question,  of  its  cruelty  and  crimes,  when  embodied  in  the  flesh. — 
Many  and  strange  pranks  were  played,  and  many  a  hapless  wight  was 


514  HISTORY    OP 

bruised  and  beaten  by  this  pugnacious  spirit,  all  of  which  added  to  horribi* 
sounds  and  uneaithl}-  noises  in  tho  immediate  vicinity  of  its  walks,  so 
alarmed  the  inhabitants  as  to  induce  liiem  to  keep  closely  housed,  whenever 
the  liour  for  its  appearance  drew  near.  Hence,  Hugo  and  ghost  came  to  be 
synonymous;  and  as  has  been  already  shown,  the  social  worship  of  night- 
meetings  of  the  Reformers  being  so  widely  different  from  tlie  nnposing  cere- 
mony of  the  Romish  church,  and  requiring  them  consequently  to  be  out 
more  after  night  than  the  latter,  each  individual  of  the  former  was  called  a 
Iluao,  the  whole  JIugiunnts.  Thus  much  for  this  derivation,  and  the  tale 
that  thereby  hangs. 

The  next  supposed  derivation,  is  that  it  was  a  term  voluntarily  assumed 
by  themselves  as  a  party  name,  when  their  religion  was  attacked  and  they 
were  forced  to  take  arms  against  the  government  in  self-defence.  As  they 
were  rigid  Calvinists,  ot  great  sanctity  of  character  and  purity  of  moral.", 
Ca.=ieneuve  has  pretended  to  have  discovered  the  original  in  the  Flemish 
word  llcghenon  or  Huguenon,  which  means  Cathari  or  Puritan;  but  this 
is  not  very  probable,  inasmuch  as  it  is  not  likely,  that  having  a  word  in  their 
own  vocabulary,  so  expressive  as  "Puritan,"  they  would  be  disposed  to  bor- 
row from  a  language  no  more  known  than  the  Flemish. 

Another  author  has  attempted  to  trace  its  origin  to  Hiisriifnole,  a  name 
given  to  a;i  iron  or  earlhtn  pot  for  cooking,  by  connecting  it  with  the  persecu- 
tions to  which  the  Reformed  were  subjected  in  France;  and  basing  it  upon 
the  hypothesis,  that  some  of  their  number  may  have  been  roasted  or  tortured 
and  exposed  to  the  flames  like  a  vessel  used  for  culinary  purposes. 

These  are  all,  however,  but  mere  sumdses,  un.'^^upported  and  unsustained 
by  any  thing  at  all  calculated  to  give  them  a  proper  title  to  serious  consider- 
eratioi).  The  only  etvinology  then,  which  in  our  humble  ojinion  remains, 
is  undoubtedly  the  true  one— this  we  shall  briefly  attempt  to  prove  by  the 
history  of  the  times  and  the  people. 

Euls'-noHS  is  a  German  compounded  word,  in  the  Paxon  and  Dutch  dial- 
ects redsii-ni.tlfii ;  of  which  the  singular  i.s  Euli:tvofS,  or  Ecds'Tiol.'*  It  is 
formed  from  Bid  an  oath,  and  Genofs  a  confederate  or  partaken  of  the  oath; 
■and  was  the  original  designation  of  the  three  Swiss  patriots  WiUiam  Tell, 
Walter  Fuerst  and  Arnold  of  Me'cthal.-j-  on  the  nii;lit  of  the  7th  Nov.  1307, 
met  at  Ruetii  on  tlie  lake  of  Luzerne  and  there  bound  themselves  by  a  solemn 
oath,  to  shake  off  the  yoke  of  their  Austrian  oppressors,  and  to  re-eslabli&h 
the  lil)crlies  of  their  country.  'J'he  conspiracy  thus  f  )rmed  was  embraced 
with  delight  by  all  to  whom  it  was  communicated,  each  member  of  which 
was  called  an  Eidjimoss  and  afterwards,  January  7,  \.  D.  13(18,  when  the 
people  of  the  Waldstetter,  compoi-.ed  of  the  Cantons  Appenzcll,  Claris  and 
Uri,  met  in  solemn  council  and  took  the  oath  of  peri.etual  alliance,  they  were 
designated  as  the  Eiluennossfnschaft,  I  e.  Confederation.  Through  suc- 
cessive senerations  they  were  thus  known,  and  when  in  aftertinies,  the  peo- 
ple of  Ceneva  which  had  now  been  included  in  the  Swiss  confederation,  em- 
braced the  doctrines  of  John  Calvin;  they  threw  off  the  allcgimee  of  the 
Duke  i:f  Savoy  ;  and  in  order  to  maintain  their  indi-pendence,  formed  a  con- 
federacy after  the  example  of  the  Waldstetter  with  the  ("antons  of  Bern  and 
Freibourcr,  whi  h  was  also  confirmed  by  an  oalh  of  all  the  contracting  par- 
ties. Like  the  ori;;inal  |!atriots,  they  in  turn  were  called  Fidi^rrKSsm.  This 
movement  being  half  temporal  and   half  ecclesiastical  or  spiritual,  related  to 

*Li!u  is  Mayer.  1).  D.    See  liis  letter,  Oct.  11,  1B43, 
f  Davenport,  article  Fuerst. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY.  515 

their  freedom  of  govcramcnt  as  men  and  the  rights  of  corisclcrtce  as  Chris- 
tians. Hence  in  its  popular  usage,  this  term  conveyed  the  i)riinary  idea  of 
freemen,  in  contradistinction  to  vwmflvkes,  serfs  or  s/arfs  by  which  name 
the  party  of  the  Duke  was  better  known;  and  also  the  secondary  idea  of  a 
religious  reformation,  in  the  mind  of  the  adlier^-nts  to  the  Homish  faith.  For 
the  citv  of  Geneva,  having  emhiaccd  the  Relormed  doctrines,  ami  immedi- 
ately thereaftei-,  thrown  olf  their  allegiance,  mider  the  circumstances  already 
given,  the  term  Ei^enossen  became  identified  among  the  papists  with  the 
notion  of  rehels,  or  apnstoles  from  the  church,  and  was  therefore  consequent- 
ly used  as  a  term  of  re|)roach. 

From  (xeneva,  where  he  had  taught  with  so  much  success  that  instead  of 
Zurich,  it  became  the  metropolis  of  the  Reformeci  (Jhurchcs,  Calvin,  ardent 
in  the  dis;;harge  of  yphat  he  conceived  his  duty,  pushed  hi?  doctrines  with 
eminent  success  into  his  native  kingdom  of  France.     They  were  readily  em- 
braced by  the  learned  and  the  pious,  vifithout  regard  to  caste  or  standing  in 
society.     The  admiral  Gaspar  de  Coligni,  D'  Andelot,  I^lornay,  Duplessis, 
La  Rcnandie,  the   Prinre  de  Co:ide  Ann  I)u')ourg,  Theodore  Beza,  and  a 
host  of  others  equally  worthy  and  eminent  for  t^eir  virtues,  were  among  the 
firmest  supporters  of  the  Reformation,  and  the  teachers  of  its  doctrines.     Sus- 
tained by  such  men  even  againirt  the  power  of  the  court;  in  the  midst  of 
persecutions  and  civil  wars — the  professors  of  the  Reformed  religion  were 
spoken  of  with  respect;  and  a!tliou2:h  the  term  E'ulgenor.s,  or  Ecilgeiwt,  was 
known  in  France  at  that  time,  still  no  effort  was  made  to  bring  them  into 
disrepute  by  the  application  of  this  or  any  other  term  of  ridicule  except  wlien 
they  were  occasionally  called  "the  ]>relendcd  rfformrd'"  or  "seditious  relig- 
i->ni.-;ts"  in  the  state  papers.     Thus  they  remained,  until  on  the  accession  of 
Francis,  II.  to  the  throne  and  his  early  marriage  with  Mary,  Queen  of  Scot- 
land.    Ijeing  very  young  in  years,  and  devotedly  attached  to  his  young 
Queen,  he  readily  transfered  the  care  of  his  kingdom  to  his  wile's  uncle,  the 
Dukes  of  Guise  and  Lorraine.     This  begat  discontent  among  the  protestants 
who  only  wanted  a  leader  to  organize  them  into  a  formidable  l)ody.     Calvin 
like  Thomas  Granmcr,  the  celebrated  reformer,  had  taught  that  the  king  was 
supreme,  and  acting  upon  this  priiiriple,  the  French  Calvinists  maintained 
that  the  King  being  vet  in   his  minority  was  to  be  protected  by  his  subjects 
from  the  tyranny  nf  his  uncles;  to  this  end  a  plan  was  concerted  known  as 
the  conspiracy  of  Amboise,  for  their  overthrow  of  which  the  Prince  deConde 
was  unanimously  chosen  leader;  but  without  his  knowledge,  nor  was  he  to 
be  considered  as  a  participator,  until  the  time  of  action  arrived.     Jolui  De 
Bari,  and   the  Sieur   La  Rcnandi,  in   the  meantime  were  to  direct  all  their 
movements.     In  conformity  witii  this  plan  they  convened  a  meeting  of  the 
protestant  leaders  at  .N'antes,  in  the  darkness  of  the  night  in  a  ruined  building 
on  the  outskirts  of  the  tovvfu.     Before  they   proceeded   to  devclope  their 
schemes,  La  Kanandi,  administered  solemn  oaths  that  'nothing  be  done  or 
attempted  ncjainst  the  King  and  Quecn-mnther,  or  princes,  his  brothers.'    To 
this  agreement   they  all  swore ;  and   after   |)raying  for  success,  they  parted 
with  fraternal  embraces  and  in  tears.     'J'hc  time  and  place  of  carrying  their 
plot  into  execution,  was  to  be  at  Blois,  on  the  15ih  .March,  1.5.50.     f?y  some 
means  the  plot  was  discovered  to  the  Count  and  therefore,  the  Duke  of  (iuise 
was  appointed  Lieutenant  General  of  the  Kingdom,  with  supreme  power  in 
till  cases,  civil  atid  military.     Armed  with  this  authority  he  adopted  tlic  most 
energetic  measures  to  suppress  the  protestants,  and  although  succeeded  in 
defeating  and   killing  1/a  Renandi  and  a  fev/  of  his  companions,  yet  the 
effect  was  not  produced  which  the  Count  anticipated ;   but  on  the  contrary. 


516  HISTORY    OF 

the  Reformed  party  increased  in  numbers  and  displayed  additional  zeal  an^ 
activity  in  a!!  their  movements  much  to  the  annoyance  of  the  Guises  and 
their  adherents." 

It  is  (Hily  at  this  period  of  history  in  France  tlicn  tliat  we  find  the  profes* 
sors  of  tlie  Reformed  religion  first  designated  by  tlie  term  Huguenots.  'J'hey 
were  identified  in  faith  with  the  Reformed  of 'Geneva,  and  like  them,  upon 
the  discovery  of  the  conspiracy  referred  to,  were  called  Eidgtnossm,  tliat  is 
in  the  Papis^t  sense,  rebels  and  apostates.  From  this,  owing  to  their  igno- 
rance of  the  orthography  of  the  Gciman  word,  and  their  inability  to  pro- 
nounce it  correctly  ;  but  yet  well  knowing  its  import,  it  is  easy  to  conceive 
that  Frenchmen  would  readily  corrupt  it  inio  I  lug  uc  not.  'J"he  analogy  is 
striking,  the  facts  undoubted,  and  the  reasons  given,  to  our  mind,  atleast 
satisfactory. 

With  this  brief  enquiry  into  the  origin  of  the  term  Eidgenossen,  i.  e. 
Huguenot,  we  might  rest,  but  as  there  are  many  descendants  of  this  brave, 
monil,  religious  and  much  jiersecutcd  people,  residing  in  Lancaster  county, 
and  in  some  instances  still  living  upon  the  farms  origiiially  patented  by  their 
refugee  ancestors,  we  feel  bound  to  say  a  word  concerning  them.  Alter  the 
Huguenot  colonics  at  New  Rochelle,' West  Chester  county,  EsopUs,  Ulster 
county,  New  York,  had  been  formed,  some  of  their  number  at  an  early  day, 
as  has  been  shown  (pages  1 01,  107,  11 1.)  emigrated  to  this  county  and  com- 
menced settlements.  This  soon  opened  the  way  for  a  direct  emigration  of 
their  persecuted  brethren  still  remaining  in  France,  and  of  othcrsvvho  had 
sought  protection  of  the  protestaiit  powers  of  Switzerland,  Germany,  Hol- 
land and  England.  Among  the  most  prominent  of  these  early  Huguenot 
settlers  in  this  county,  we  give  the  names  of  several  heads  of  famUes,  as 
follows:  Eg  Fevre,  Firrc,  or  Fuehre,  now  corrupted  into  Ferree,  Brinton,  Lc 
Mont,  now  v.Titten  Leaman,  Eushong,  Deshong,  Ee  Roy,  anglilied  into 
King,  Ec  Eazure,  now  corrupted  into  Cezoar,  or  Ecsorc,  Ea  Rue,  Dubois, 
Ea  Pierre,  unglified  into  Stein,  Goshen,  Barre  Do  Normandic,  Meessakop, 
now  spelt  Messenkop,  Bucher,  Verdre.De  Hoof,  now  spelt  Eehufi",  Ee  Chaar, 
now  written  Ecsrher,  ('hcrrard,  and  others. 

These  pious  and  persecuted  men  with  their  fellow  refugees  and  families 
passed  "thmiigh  ir.uch  tribulation,''  until  at  length  they  secured  lo4-  them- 
selves and  posterity  an  assylum  where  they  could  "worship  God  according 
to  the  dictates  of  their  own  consL-icnces."  Although  they  succeeded  far  bi° 
yond  their  most  sanguine  expectations,  still  they  looked  back  with  regret, 
and  in  many  instances  with  home-sick  iiearts,  u])on  the  vinc-elad  hills  lind 
Bunny  fields  of  their  own  much  loved  France.  'J'hev  Vv-ere  exiles  from  the 
land  of  their  nativity,  the  broad  billows  of  Iha  Atlantic  rolled  between  thcni 
and  the  graves  of  their  fathers.  Separated  from  friends  and  kindred,  who  in 
turn  were  driven  to  seek  the  protection  of  foreign  potentates  or  restrained  by 
the  policy  of  the  government,  after  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  JVanles, 
from  emigrating  and  firced  into  an  abjuration  of  tiicir  fath— how  harrass- 
ing  must  have  been  their  feelings  and' how  s.)re  tlieir  trials  ! !  But,  "He 
Vvho  tenijiers  the  wind  to  the  thorn  lamb,''  was  still  gracious  unto  them  ;  lie 
who  ha<i  prolcctcd  and  defended  them  from  dangers  imminent  and  terrible, 
was  still  "their  strength  and  abiding  place."  Time  blunted  the  kceness  oJ 
their  sorrows,  and  as  the  forest  began  to  bloom  beneath  their  labors,  they 
pat  down  in  contentment,  and  in  daily  ])raycr  returned  lha;iksgiving  unto 
Him,  who  i.<  the  Aut!;or  of  every  good  and  perfect  gift. 


LANCASTER    COUNTY. 


517 


SUBSCRIBERS'    NAMES. 


Lancaster  City, 
Samuel  Bowman 
John  C  Baker 
G  W  Glcssfter 
George  F  Bahnson 
Bernard  Keenan 
S  Hale  Higgins,  Pliila. 
Jacob  Flake 
John  McNair 
W  m  Beates 
EdvvarJ  D  Br3-an 
W  K  Benad« 
C  F  Hoffineier 
Robert  Gerry 
E  C  Reigart 
Thaddeus  Stevens 
A  D  Ditmars 
Nathaniel  Elhnaker 
Samuel  Humes  Porter 
Hon.  James  Buchanan 
George  Ford 
George  Heckert 
Thomas  E  Franklin 
George  M  Kline 
Reah  F  razor 
John  K  Findlay 
John  R  Montgomery 
Henry  G  Long 
John  Jj  Tliompson 
\Vm  Mathiot 
Wm  Huston 
Bernard  (^ornyn 
J  B  Annvake 
J  B  Kauffman 
James  Cameron 
D  B  Vondersmith 
R  R  Bryan 


Francis  Bacon 

.1   Land  is 

Hon.  B  Champneys 

Hon.  Ellis  Lewis 

Hon.  E.  Schaefier 

Hon.  A  L  Hayes 

George  B  Kerfoot 

F  A  Muhlenberg 

J  K  Neff 

John  L  Atlee 

J  Heiss 

Washington  L  Atlee 

Abm  Brenneman 

Henry  Carpenter 

A  M  Cassiday 

Samuel  Laucks 

Edward  C  J^andis 

Charles  H  Cameron 

Jacob  K  Smellz 

Christian  Bachman 

John  W  Forney 

Peter  McConomy 

A  H  Hood 

Charles  S  Gctz 

J  H  Filson,  Philadelphia 

W  M  Grant 

Thomas  Cox 

George  Unkle 

Abm  VV  Russel 

J  F  Kramph 

John  George  Fetter 

Jacob  Kreider 

J  Howctt 

James  Smith 

Christian  Gast 

John  Flatz 

C  KiciliT 

44 


James  H  Bryson 
Henry  P  Carson 
John  W  Hubley 
(Carpenter  M'Cleery 
Charles  Gillespie 
C  Hager 
John  Miller 
William  Ihling 
Matthias  Resch 
Matson  Marsh 
Wm  Kirkpatrick 
N  S  Pinkertoii 
John  S  Gable 
David  Cockley 
J  C  Van  Camp 
R  F  Ranch 
P  Rcitzcl 
John  Bear 

Edward  C  Darlington 
A  Mchaffey 
r  N  Lightner 
Horace  Rathvon 
Robert  D  Carson 
R  White  Middleton 
M  M  Moore 
Philip  C  Ranninger 
Peter  Gcrber 
G  Hal  bach 
Wm  J  Pearson 
Wm  Buchanan 
N  C  Scholfield 
VV  Russell 
M  Bachman 
R  Modeiwell 
C  C  Ihling 
Thomas  Fairer 
I  Carpenter 


518 


HISTORY    OF 


M  S  Pciper 
Jacob  Gable 
Boughter  &  Hostetter 
David  A  Donnelly 
Jacob  N  Miller 
J  F  Ileinitsh 
Dennis  Coyle 
Daniel  Fugan 
Jolin  Hamilton 
Jacob  I''oltz 
Samuel  Beam 
Wm  Clalile 
H  Kolhaniicl 
Jacob  Rothaimel 
R  Erbcn 
E  Harkins 
S  J  Young 
Jose[)h  Welchans 
Jacob  Kathvon 
Ely  Parry 
G  B  Marklcy 
James  Andrews 
Michael  Royer 
Joseph  Brintnal 
J  Gish 

Thomas  R  Torr 
D  Marion 
John  L  Benedict 
Mason  J  Haines 
Jolm  Gemperling 
WKlFuirnagle&Co. 
Jacob  Hess 
John  Stewart 
Jacob  Myers 
Daniel  Brown 
D  Heit.slui 
John  Fordncy 
Peter  H  Fliclc 
George   Martin 
Daniel  (;ami)bell 
Frederick  J,  Kline 
E  Kirkpatrick 
John  Bender 
Benjamin  M  Shcrcr 
G  Day 
John  Ehlcr 
H  F  Benedict 
John  Brown 
Sanuicl  McC^omscy 
A  N  Bnnnenian 
E  McLenegan 
John  Wise 
C  U  blieair 


Day  (on  Ball 
Wm  Gumi)h 
John  Weidler 
Jacob   Fordncy 
Jacob  Weaver 
Steinn)an  &  Son 
Jnhn  P  Myer 
Jacob  Price 
John  R  Russell 
John  Beam 
John  S  (yiendenin 
Gcor!?e  H  Bomberger 
Mirliael  Kehrer 
'I'homas  Penington 
Zacharias  Weaver 
M  Dickson,  Post  Mistr 
M  Carpenter 
John  R  Beatty 
Arthur  Armstrong 
George  VV'ilson 
George  Mayer 
John  Fondersmith 
McCalla  &  Mctzgar 
John  II  Duchman 
W  F  Mack  ay 
Lewis  Hartmau 
Henry  Kitch 
A  F  Hambright 
B  Samson 
J  Cunningham 
('  Nauman 
Abm  McKimm 
Charles  Johnson 
Adam  Wolf 
David  Lebk ichor 
Christian  Rinc 
George  Metzgcr 
H  Baumgardner 
John  Yackley 
Geo  H  King 
Wm  C  ChamberUn 
Mary  B  Danncr 
Geo" A  Miller 
John  Davy 
James  U'bitehiH 
John  F  Long 
Philip  Metzger 
Juliana  Jordan 
Henrv  Kejijilc 
W  G"Chandler 
Adam  Kendig 
Joseph  Slallings, 
Wm  Taylor 


Thos  Baumgardncl' 
Jas  H  Pennell 
John   Block 
A  E  Roberts 
George  Black 
Geo  b  Mefilrt 
Wm   Nauman 
Chas  Cordis 
Andrew  Bear 
John  Shallner 
Jacob  Griel 
N  E  Leaman 
Jacob  Metzger 
Jacob  (jlass 
W   Righter 
ess  Edm  C  Landis 
Owen  Hopple 
Jos  S  Royal 
H  C  Locher 
Henry  E  Len;ian 
John  Warfel 
Wm  J  Kryder 
Watson  H  Miller 
George  Miller 
Wm  Morton 
Wm  C  Mull 
W  Carpenter 
Jas  Scott 
(yonrad  Anne,  jr. 
Daniel  Harman 
H  Nauman 
Jacob  Snyder,  jr. 
A  E  Reigart 
I^evi  R  Colo 
Jacob  Spahr 
Daniel  Erisman 
David  Erisman 
Jacob  Bundel 
John  F  Remly 
David  Hook 
Peter  G  Ebcrman 
George  Delict 
Adaline  Hensel 
Gerhart  Metzger 
J  Zimmerman 
L  J  Denuilh 
Mathias  Zahm 
George  Wineour 
David  Killinger 
John  'J'rissler 
John  lVI((>rann 
J  S  (-^arpentcr 
E  E  Demulh 


LANCASTER    COUNTY. 


519 


Zuricl  Swope 
David  Royer 
Josepli  Shirk 
George  Eiclielberger 
George  Paist 
Eml  V^aiikanan 
-Tohn  H  liOiigenecker 
David    Loiigenecker 
F  B  8turgid 
James  Boon 
Jacob  Zecher 
Frederick  Zecher 
Christian  Zecher 
Jose))h  Pool 
Edward  Leeds 
Peter  Bruner 
Robert  Johnson 
Jacob  D  Gill 
Frederick  Dern 
J  Grosh. 
J  Huber 

Michael  McGrann 
Huber  &  Marks 
J  M  Westhaefler 
H  H  Lichty 
W  Heitshu 
Hugli  Maxwell 
Martin  Bomberger 
Wm  G  Taylor 
Starr  Sherwood 
liConard  Keiser 
B  D  Campbell 
Patrick  Ferry 

Peter  Pastor 

Garret  Everts 

J  S  Miller 

John  A  Seibert 

John  Lippincott 

D  Sabhis 

James  Damant 

John  S  Jackson 

M  II  Mercer 

Henry  Biindel 

Josc])h  Bear 

Jonathan  Brillhart 

Jacob  Locher 

Josh  A  KaufTman 

Ann  Mary  Gibbs 

Christian  Hukey 

Hugh  Fitzpatrick 

C  Brown 

D  E  Bruner 

Mrs  D  Brien 


Mrs  Sarah  Bethel 
Frs  Keen  an 
E  C  Stehman 
Geo  D  Eberman 
Christian  Elcrshey 
Benj  S  Bender 
Misses  Doughertys 
Henry  'J^allman 
John  A  Tryer 
li  J  lliener 
.los  Lewis,  Cecil  co.  Md. 
E  F  Shoenberger,  Abbe- 
ville 

RevE  HThomas.Harris'g 
J  F  Markley,  Perry  co 
David  Longeneckcr,  Phil- 
H  Dillenderfer,  Baltimore 
Jacob  G  Kitteman 
VVm  H  Lewis,  Harrisb'g 
S  M  E  Goheen,  St  Louis 
J  C  Stanley,  Chester  CO. 
Henry  Duffield,  Carlisle 
Henry  Dehuff,  licbanon 
Geo  VV  Kline,  do 

John  Wcidman,  do 
Martin  Cramer,  do 
Kline  &Masterson    do 

Lancaster  Township. 
Salome  Livergood 
(}  Brenner 
Samuel  Bausman 
John  Schmaling 
Thos  H  Burrowes 
John  Baker 
John  Haverstick 
Jacob  Huber,  jr 
Henry  Summy 
David  Seitz 
Daniel  H  Markley 
Daniel  Dietrich 
Emanuel  Daveler 

Wesl  Lainpc'e). 


.]  II  Longeneckcr,  mer'ht 

Lewis  Urban 

Henry  Goss 

Samuel  Barr 

George  Meek 

John  Rohrer 

Jacob  Herr 

Clirittian  Herr,  farmer 

John  Barr 

Daniel  Musser,  M.  D. 

Francis  J  Harrison 

i'eter  Lyan 

Christian  Hess,  surveyor 

Samuel  Lefcver 

Samuel  Miller 

John  Houscr 

H    Bowman,  coachtriaker 

David  Erb 

David  Book 

Christian  Weaver 

Isaac  Weaver 

Jacob  Houser 

Joseph  Hebblen,  teacher 

Johannes  Meek,  bauer 

Jacob  Meek,  teacher 

Abraham  Herr,  miller 

Silas  J  Lcachey 
J  Eshleman,  miller 

Martin  Kindeg 

Samuel  Kreider 

J    Stoutzenberger,  tanner 

M  Hoover 

Jacob  Spring 

George  Lutz 

John  Forrer 

J  Herr,  Tobias'  son 

Abraham  M  Hoover 

A  Stoner,  sawyer 

David  Landis,  miller 

Isaac   Houscr 

Daniel  Wiker 

Wm  Wilson,  blacksmith 

Daniel  Froelich 

Henry  Grubb 


Abm    Mylin,   niiUwrightl Peter  Weaver,  farmer 


Abraham  S  Mylin 
Jacob  Mylin 
Martin  Mylin 
Aliraham  Mylin 
Martin  Mylin,  farmer 
John  H  Miller 
Fanny  KenJig,Conestoga 
John  Kindi 


George  Weaver 
Henry  Le  Fevrc 
Adam  Lefcver 
Jacob  Echmam 
Samuel  Weaver 
George  Lefcver 
(Christian  Koutz 
John  C  Lcfever 


520 


HISTORY    OF 


Heiirv  Hess 
Abraham  Herr 
Jacob  Carpenter 
Francis  Herr,  farmer 
Philip  Gcist 
George  Morgan 
David  Miller,  blacksmith 
Jacob  Trashcr 
Henry  Aument 
John  Mussclman,  miller 
Christian   Binkley,  miller 
Daniel  Potts,  miller 
Martin  Herr 
Benjamin  B  Miller 
S  Marchbank,  teacher 
John  Landis,  shoemaker 
David  L  lionginecker 
Joseph  Herr,  sen. 
Frederick  Dase 
John  H  Bear 
Henry  Spahr 
Christian  Kreidcr 
Jacob  N  Landis 
Robert  Atkinson 
C   Riddle,  shoemaker 
Henry  Gieider 
Martin  Greider 
David  Burkholdcr  sen. 
Benjamin  Landis 
Daniel  McGowen,  cooper 
John  Kreider,  jr. 
George  Griibb 
Addison  Bartholomew 
Abraham  Landis 
Martin  Donlinger 
Morgan  Bowers,  cooper 
Frederick  IS'ixdorf 
John  Price 
Jacob  Dccts 
D  Miller,  foncemaker 
Jacob  Griibb 
John  15   Landis 
H  II  Mnss'linan,  teacher 
Jacob  H  Light 
Christian  15  Herr 
Christian    Herr,   Pcquea 
Henry     IMiis.-cr,   student 

of  medicino 
Alphcus  (.'arpenter.son  of 

Hunry  Clarpcnter,  Es(j 
John   Martin 
Benjamin  Herr 


East  Lampeter. 

John  Kreider 

Martin  Strublc,  weaver 

Christian  Nefi' 

Henry  Nell", 

Joseph  Weaver 

Abraham  M  Swertly 

Benjamin  Lenman 

Abraham  Kreidcr 

Jacob  Denlinger 

John  Denlinger 

Samuel  Brua 

Henry  Denlinger 

William  ]3all,  Gatekeep- 
er, No.  \5 

Benj.  Pickel,  blacksmitli 

Rudolph  Kaull'man,  cart- 
wright 

David  Starnm,  tanner 

Martin  Groff 

Benjamin  Denlinger 

George  Lefevre 

Isaac  Dieflenbauch 

John  Rolircr,  tanner 

Andrew  Kennedy 

Jacob  Bachman,  cabinet- 
maker 

Jacob  Brenneman 

Jacob  Harlmnn 

Abraham  Howry 

John  Weaver 

John  Smith,  teacher 

Samuei  Baily 

Abraham  Lefevre 

Benjamin   Brackbill,   co. 
Connnissioncr 

Jonas  Stinchiscr, 

Benjamin    Hoover,  Post- 
nia!?ter  &  gatekeeper 

Samuel  (3rug 

Daniel  Downer 

Israel  W  CiioiV,  card  ma- 
chine manuliicturer 

Jacob  W  Groir 

Andrew  Schwartz,  cloth 

mtinufacturer 
S  Z  Hall 

lacoi)  Zook 

"^anuiel  licaman 
John  Landis 

Emanuel  Landis 

Mai  tin  Beck,  miller 
David  Beck,  miller 


Levi  Landis 

Henry  Zook 

Jacob  M  Frantz,  teacher 

Benjamin  IJarnish 

Ijandis  &  Swartly 

Levi  L  Landis 

John  Bushong 

Benjamin  Bushong 

Jacob  S  T;andis 

Jacob  Ij  I,andis 

Emanuel  Ij   Landis 

James  C  Cooper,  mcrch't 

Israel  Baker 

Henry  Guicc 

Daniel  Potts,   miller  and 

mill  owner 
Abraham  Diftenbaugh 
H  Diifenbaugh,  tanner 
Henj.  Eshleman,  miller 
Henry  Downer,  farmer 
David  Fulton,  teacher 
Abraham  Buchwalter 
Em'l  Zereher,  carpenter 
Henry  Buchwalter 
Jacob  Buchwalter,  horse 

Farrier 
Benjamin  GrofF 
Henry  Brubaker,  shocm'r 
Abraham  S  Landis 
I  David  AA  itiner 
Ilcnry  Stanflcr,  teaelier 
Jacob  II  Musfer,  M  D 
I  Benjamin  H  Frantz,  stu- 
dent of  medicine 
John  Mathiot. 

Slnit-ltiinr   Borough, 
Rev  Daviil  McCartcr 
Rev  Janies  Hand 
George  DiHinbach 
James  McPluiil 
Robert  Evans 
Jesse  Gyger 
James  B  Ramsay 
loseph  Potts 
Jamrs  Paul 
David  Fulmcr 
Richard  B  Grofl' 
Henry  Aumcnt 
Abraham  B  Wilmer 
Benj  B  Gunder 

E.  Slinshiirii   Toionship. 
Heniy  A  Carpenter 


LANCASTER    COUNT V. 


521 


Benjamin  Herr 
Tlicophilns  Shorts 
John  Slayniakcr 
George  J)  Mcllvaine 
James  P  Mcllvaiue 
Fcrrcc  Brinton 
(Christian  F  Row 
Jacob  DiMilinger 
Isaac  B  Currowes 
Isaac  Rife 
Wni  Eckevt 
Tcter  J  Eckert 
Thomas  H  Ijinvill 
James  H  Slay  maker 
Jacob  King 
Henry  Slaymaker 
iVatiil.  E  Slaymaker 
Hugh  Aikin 
John  K  Falck 
John  Smith 
Bcnj  Brackhill 
John  K  Kiester 
H  Lechler 
Enos  Stevens 
Henry  Eckert 
Wm  Echternoch 
Jacob  Frantz 
Jacob  Eshlenian 
David  Witmer 
John  \V  Miller 
Henry  Smoker 
JohnK  Herr 

W.  Sliaslurg  Townsliip 
F  B  Grofi 
Benj  G  Herr 
John  K  Herr 
Martin  Hawk 
George  Eeftver,  jr. 
Peter  Le  fever 
Philii)  Wikcr 
John  Wikcr 
John  S  Hawk 
John  B  ■VleJiinger 
AJam  Longenecker 
Henry   Merr 
Augustus  Stonesifcr 
Henry  [I  Hoover 
John  "Brackhill 
Hiram  Harting 
Jacob  Sides 
John  Ilcrsh 
Benjamin  Hoover 


IJacobNeft'.jr 
IjohnNefl' 

Benj  &  Joseph  Kindig 

Jacob  Bruliaker 

Martin  Rohrer 

.Jacob  Brenner 

Levi  H  McCue 

John  Hoffman 

Benjamin   Barr 

Jacob  .Miller 

Samuel  Kindig 

Jauob  Fritz 

Emanuel  Groff 

Jacob  .Martin 

(saac  H  Mayer 

D  &  J    Eckman 

Tweed  &  Evans 

Abr  Metz 

Samuel  Benar 

(Christian  Shultz 

Adam  Beck 

Richard  Fisher 

John  Ran!) 

Isaac  Graft 

John  Meyer 

[lenry  J,efevcr 

Amos  L  Kinports 

Emanuel  Winter 

Robert  Hathorn 

Benjamin  GrofF 

Michael  Book 

Borough  of  Washivglon 

Geo  G  Brush 

li  Urban 

A  Bitner,  M  D 

P  Haldemarr 

Jacob  Taylor 

Alnn  Harnlcy 

G  E  Sehner 

C  A  Wolf 

Geo  M  Gibbs 

David  Mil!er 

Benjamin  KauiTman 

John  Shu  man 

lacob  Snyder 

Wm  Reese 

Di!  ie!  Kise 

Jacob  Kise 

Henry  B  Barney 

[Icnry  Fisher 

Millerstown. 
Henry  Funk 


J  Augustus  Elder,  jVI  D 

David  Kaliler 

-Samuel  Bender 

John  McC^oIlaugh 

(•:  S  Baer,  INI  D 

Leonard  Pick  el 

J  B  Christ 

Abr  Peters 

Henry  W  Hackman 

John  Neidith 

B  F  W  Bostick 

John  Herr 

Geo  L  iMunJorfT 

M'anor  Towns/up. 
Reuben  Kendi g 
John  V\  itmer 
John  Brady 
John  Doner 
Jacob  Seitz 
Henry  Hershey 
Michael  Kauffman 
Geo  M  Houch 
Abraham  Zook 
Charles'  Willis    ' 
Christian  Brubaker 
Christian  Newcomer 
John  Killheffer 
Henry  Hohrer 
('hristian  H  Hershey 
Daiiiel  Forry 
Jacob  Pcilfer 
("hristian  Mellingcr 
E]ihraim  Rohrer 
Daniel  Myers 
Jacob  Shultz 
Geo  Geiger 
Daniel  Green 
Michael  Sourbccr 
Amirew  J  Kaullnian 
David  Shartzcr,  jr 
W^m  Parker 
Benjamin  Landis 
Christian  Habecker 
Elizabeth  Sloan 
xAbrahiim  Buck  waiter 
Adam  Breneman 
John  W  Wright 
Samuel  Kanti'man 
Andrew  Causman 
Jose|)h  Hershey 
Jacob  (J  Shuman 
John  Mann 


522 


HISTORY    OF 


Joho  Mann,  jr 
Geo  W  Soitz 
Christian  Ilcrr 
Christian  8human 
David  O  Wisslcr 
Adam  Shuman 
Christian  O   Hcrr 
Boiijamia  Ilcrsliey 
Frederick   Faiiick 
II  S  Mellin-cr,  M  D 
Jacob  S  Witnirr 
Christian  B  Hcrr 
Henry  Jjintne.r 
John  Lintncr 
Jacob  Martin 
Benjamin  Young,  jr 
Benjamin  Witmer 
Gotllieb  Sehner 
Jacob  Ncfl' 
Christian  Zimmer,  jr 
Daniel  L  Carpenter,  jr 
John  S  Manning 
Geo  Lutz 
Abr  Drenncman 
John  Shissler 
Daniel  W  Kauffman 
Ilcnry  Lover 
John  Staman,  jr 
John  E  Mellinger 
Susanna  Herb 
Benjamin  II  Hcrtzler 
John  Musscliiian 
Benjamin  Smith 

Gvlunihia, 
D  Gohecn 
R  W  Dunlap 
Joshua  Humphries 
Geo  Moore 
II  McCorkle 
J  S  CI  ark  son 
Thco  D  Cochran 
A  D  Boggs 
Jolm  List 
Jolui  Spear 
Jose|)h  Black 
J  V  X  Zeiglcr 
John  Felix 
Wm  Focfiig 
N  riogentolilcr 
Sarah'Welsh 
Daniel  Ilcrr 
J  W  Coltrell 
Jeffrey  S medley 


John  Frederick  Houston 
(ohii  J  McLaughlin 
I  VV  Fisher 
flonry  D  Zeigler 
J  C  McKissick 
Wm  Cowden 
Esther  Ann  Simpson 
1'^  C  Haughcy 
Wm  Haiitsch 
(lenry  Rrimner 
Patience  Slack 
Francis  Bradley 
i\Lirtin  Neil 
Thomas  Groom,  jr 
George  Groom 
Almira  Jane  Bishop 
Jemima  H  Mann 
H  E  Wolf 
H  Suydam 
.las  Burrell 
Henry  Sourbeer 
John  Flogendobler 
John  Humel 
Isaac  Clinton 
Andrew  Gohn 
Caleb  Lombard 
Francis  Hays 

Mnriella. 
Rev  H  B  Shaffner 
Wm  W  Martin,  M  D 
Peter  Baker 
Henry  Conghenour 
Thomas  Stence 
Peter  Goodman 
John  Barr 
John  B  Carter 
John  J   Libhart 
Francis  Flury 
James  Mehalley 
George  W  Stackhousc 
James  Whitehill 
Samuel  Patterson 
John  Peck 
Franklin  Thompson 
[Icnry  Sult/.bach 
Catharine  Jamicson 
'J'homas  Zell 
Joshua  Loiigenecker 
S  S  Rathvon 
H  R  Musser 

(.Catharine  (Jeist  | 

Wm  McClure 


Samuel  Souders 
.Jeremiah  Mc.Minn 

E.  Hrinpfeld   Tuwnfhip. 
J.ihn  (iamher 
David  Brubaker 
Ji)hn   Davis 
Henry  Bear 
Jo'iiu  I^ehman 
flenry  Cetz 
Wilham  Myers 
Eler  Kecse 
David  Baker 
Jacob  S'timmy 
Toliias  S  KaufTman 
Michael  Seitz 
John  Ream,  M  D 
John  Denlingcr,  sen. 
!''.[)hraimCroir 
John  Kauffman 
Jacobs   Kauffman 
Reuben  Bowman 
John  C  Landis 
Gcrrge  VV  Robinson 
Andrew  Landis 
J  H  Kurtz,  M   D 
'C  Streng 
Joseph  Bowman 
[John  Slauffer 
Jacob  Fordney 
lAndrcw  Hollsworth 
Jacob  Bossier 
Abraham  Long 
C  K  Long 
George  Fisher 
John  Shenk 
Henry  Stcman 
Samuel  Martzall 
Andrew  Dillingcr 
(jhvislian  Kauffman 
William  Wiley 
Jacob  Acker 
Alexander  Klefelkcr 
A  &  C  Reigart 
Jacob  L  Hershey 
David  Brubaker 
Susanna  Snyder 
Mary  Ileisiand 
Jacob  Sluigar 
William  Berntheiscl 

I  IF.  Hrwp/uld  Tvu:nsUf. 
S  S  Haldeman 


LANCASTER    COUNTi', 


523 


Abraham  Stouffer 
Roliert  FuUcrton 
William  Allen 
D  W  W  itmer 
A  K  Rohrcr,  M  I) 
Jacob  \V   Wilmer 
Andrew  Metzgar 
TiCwis  Shu  man 
Philp  F  Wislar 
Isai:c   Hinkie 
Jacol)  Forry 
Michael  Williams 
Michael  Bowers 
Charles  Mathiot 
Nelson  Sutton 
David  Bucher 
Jacob  Culom 
Jacob  Strickler 
William  S  Boyd 
Samuel  Boyd 
John  Stibge 
Henry  Mussclman 
Jacob  M  Grider 
Henry  Copenhafer 
Henry  Bruckhart 
J  S  Denlinger 
George  Retlew 
Jacob  Ganiber,  sen 
Jacob  Greider 
Tobias  Clark 
Gideon  Smith 
John  Dombach 
Jonas  Nolt 

Jacob  H  Hershey 

John  Greider,  jr 

Tobias  B  Stehman 

Peter  Harlachcr 

Adam  Bell 

Samuel  F  Mann 

Allen  S  Ruby 

Manheim  Borough. 
John  Sheaffer 
Thos  W  Yeazey,  M  D 
George  Mengle 
Samuel  Long 
Charles  VVelker 
George  Eby 
Philip  Arndt 
Joseph  Peifcr 
Emanuel   F,intner 
John  M  Ensminger 
Michael  II  Schwartz 


Ijcwis  W  Gibblc 
Samuel  Witmeyer 
Henry  D  Miller 

Rapho   Tdwnship. 
John  Hawthorn 
Joseph  Fry 
Jacob  M  Kaufl'man 
!  Daniel  S  Burns 
John  N  Long,  jr 
Ueoige  Brown 
Daniel  Swords 
Christian  Nissley 
Samuel  Brubaker 
John   Rohrer 
Aliraham  Brubaker 
William  Brooks 
Abraham  iM  Erisman 
Henry   M  Erisman 
Peter  Roy 
Peter  Brubaker, 
Benjamin  Brown 
David  Strickler 
Henry  Fisher 
John  Strickler 
Samuel  Ebcrsole 
James  A  Patterson 
Michael  Garber 
! Samuel  Horst 
Jolin  Lehman 
Joseph  Masterson 
Joseph  W  Numbers 
James  Doneghy 

Salisbury   Township. 
flenry  F  Slaymaker 
Rev  P  J  Timlow 
James  H  Houston 
J  Boyd   Baker 
John  H  Marsh 
John   Umble 
Benjamin  Linville 
Daniel  Plank 
Davis  Clemson 
Geo  \V  Buckley 
Joseph  Summers 
John  Summers 
Jacob  Gabel 
Jacob  Mirtin 
Jacob  Sowers 
Henry  Dickinson 
Henry  Slaymaker 
B  F  Houston 


Cyrus  J  Russell 
Geo  F   Brinton 
Brinton  &   Brothers 
I'.li.is  Ebv 
Peter  Ubil 
Wm  Ferry 
John   Halligan 
Robert  Baldwin 
Joseph  F  Paxson 
Amos  S  Henderson 
Henry  \V  Worrest 
Reuben  H  Linville 
Thomas  A  McNeil 
Rev  John  Wallace 
Peter  Reeser 
Jacob  Yoder 
A  Lightner  Henderson 
Jacob  Barley 
Henry  Worst 
John  Green  leaf 
Wm  P  Gault 
Hugh  R  Buchanan 
John  Myers 
Joseph  D  Martin 
John  Wright 
Geo  W  Dean 
John  Weaver 
Wm  Wright 
Isaac  S  McCamant 
Jacob  Mast 
Isaac  Plank 
Jacob  Reeser 
John  E  Chalfant 
John  Gabel 
John  H  Andrews 
Reuben  Chambers 


Caernarvon  Township 
Rev  L  Bull,  Chester  co 
Hanson  B  Jacobs 
Jas  H  Jacobs 
Jacob  Albright 
Cyrus  H  Jacobs 
Levi  Proudfoot 
John  Weller 
William  Northeimer 
Bennni  Quaintance 
Edward  Augustus  Evanj 
William  Witman 
Michael  Silknitter 
Mrs  Sarah  Thomas 
Mrs  Ann  Lebes 
Jacob  Dolby 


521 


HISTORY    OF 


Andrew  Lawrence 
David  L  Eahy 
William  Dolby 
lliram  Evans 
Joseph  L  AVo.ivor 
BiMij.imii)  liaumaa 
John  R  iiuttcr 
Diiiiel  f'oler 
Moses  En  gel 
C  S  L'chty 
Jo.siah  Il.iwk 
John  Ringwalt 
Rev  Alfred  Nevin 
John  Carson 
Edward  D.ivies 
Tiiomas  B  Jacobs 
iM  Bickham 
Uhrintian  Schnader 
Jlciiry  Eppeiiimer 
Jacob  Yohn 
John  Cox 
John  Ilertzlor 
Moses  Horst 
Abncr  F  Old 
Christian  Sliirk 
John  'J'ri[)i)le 
William  Williamson 
Henry  Lynch 
William   Corbet    Ly 
Eli  Becker 


Jacob  Everly 
Sa:ni  e'  C  Schweitzer 
Samuel  Lincoln 
Daniel  Mast 
David  Ourkwaltcr 
D.uiiol  Biickwalter 
Philip  Carman 
Joseph  8hirk 
Jacob  Sliiik 
Samuel  Yoder 
David  Buekwaltcr 
John  Deihm 
Samuel  B  Eppihimer 
ilobert  Jones 
David  Byler 
John  \V  Jones 
George  W  Guest 
William  St  pheson 
Davis  Horst 


L'lh. 
John  Beck 
Rev  Peter  Wolle 
Rev  Samuel  Rcinkc,  Na- 
zareth 
I  Eugene  A  FrueaulF 
Jacob  Zicgler 
Jacob  B  ^J'shudy 
nch  Levi  Holl,  M  D 
Charles  H  Kryder 


George  T  Greider 
Samuel  liiehtenthaeler 
Francis  L  I>eiinen 
Franklin  Miller 
F  G  JiCiniert 
Jacob  Cicitncr 
William  H  Albright 
lonas  Meyer 
C:hristiaii  H  Raucli 
loim  Wm  Ratich 
W  A  Shelly,  M  D 
Charles  \V  Sturgis 
G  E  Keller 
Daniel  C  Maurer 
J  Levin  Clewell 
Chambers  Hahn 
(Jeorgc  Irwins 
Daniel  Kreider 
Martin  Kreider 
Peter  Ficlcs 
Aaron  Treagcr 
Abrin  LichtcnthaJcr 
P  Ricksickcr 
Samuel  Grosh 
Cieorge  'I'homas 
[John  Grosh 
Edwin  P  Fetter 
Ferdinand  D  Rickcrt 
Christian  Wolf 
Augustus  Christ 


rr 


JAN  G       1^32