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History of Air Education

and
Training Command

1942-2002

IV -'I

HISTORY

AIR EDUCATION AND TRAINING COMMAND

1942-2002

Thomas A. Manning
Command Historian

Dr Bruce A. Ashcroft
Richard H. Emmons

Ann K. Hussey
Dr Joseph L. Mason

Office of History and Research

Headquarters, Air Education and Training Command

Randolph Air Force Base, Texas

2005

FOREWORD

For over sixty years, Air Education and Training Command has delivered unrivaled Air and Space training
and education. The mission was and continues to be diverse, dynamic and crucial to the future of our Air Force. We
develop America's Airmen today... for tomorrow, by recruiting the force, training the force and educating the force.
The challenge to make this a reality is huge and demands extraordinary professionals to "make it happen."
Fortunately, we are blessed in AETC with highly motivated, uniquely talented, and totally dedicated warriors who
accept this challenge every day.

In the dynamic world we confront today, with its ever-changing demands and threats, we will constantly be
required to adapt our training and education to meet the Air Force's needs and requirements. This will require
innovative thinking and flexible approaches to ensure we remain the recognized world center of excellence for
training and education.

This history of AETC teaches us how our predecessors responded to the challenges of World War II,
Korea, Vietnam, and the many post-Cold War operations, including the Global War on Terror, as well as the day-to-
day development of training methods and technology in peacetime. The pages of this book highlight significant
events in the evolution of recruiting and military training, technical training, flying training, and education in AETC.
It gives me great pleasure to present this history, which serves not only as a reference book, but also documents the
valuable lessons we h»«r«iaBmed q>w the first sixty years of the command.

Ill

PREFACE

A work of this scope, covering such a long span
of years, can be done only with the help of a great
many people. This hisior\ rests squarely on the
foundational work of our predecessors in the Air
Education and Training Command history office in
their seminal book, the History of Air Training
Command. I'J4}-I993. Former members of the
history office. CMSgt Robert J. Davis and Dr Karl D.
Preuss. wrote passages and contributed ideas in the
early stages of that undertaking. Others, notably Mr
Lawrence R. Benson. Dr Dennis F. Casey. Mr Lloyd
H. Cornett. Jr.. Mr Jerome A. Ennels. Mr Jay E.
Hines. Dr J. Dillard Hunley. Mr David W. Shurcliffe.
Mr Edgar P. Sneed. and Mr Warren A. Trest. made a
real contribution through the monographs and special
studies they prepared while part of the .AETC history
program. Mrs Edith J. Taylor spent hours looking at
reels of microfilm and locating missing pieces to the
puzzle in dusty storage boxes. Last but not least. Ms
Patricia E. Parrish and Mr Dick J. Burkard took on
the Herculean task of laying out the entire book.
Without their countless hours of overtime, the first
edition would ne\'er ha\e left the drafting table.

Current members of the AETC history office,
Dr Bruce A. Ashcroft and Mr Richard H. Emmons,
wrote substantial sections of the first edition.

A host of other people assisted in a \ariety ot
v\ays. Mr Joe Lopez and Ms Lydia Rodriguez from
Air Education and Training Command's manpower
office pro\ ided the answers to innumerable questions
about unit designations and the command's
organizational structure. Mrs Susie Lealherwuod. a
member of the cisil engineering staff, helped fill
several gaps in the appendix dealing with AETC
bases, and Mr Ollie Barker, from the logistics staff,
was able to resolve our questions about trainer
aircraft.

Mcdriff from the command's intelligence shop
helped inimeasurabh \\ith the computer scanning of
photographs and art work.

The new photos for the second eiluion were
more easily obtained from our collection of
phott)graphs. digital photographs from the last decade
of the command's histories, and official \w Force
photos.

Updating the eariier edition was not a trivial
matter. Dr Joseph L. Mason and S.Sgt Oscar M. Vega
spent many weeks recovering and reformatting the
outdated computer files and photos that comprised
the earlier edition. In some instances, the old material
has been altered or updated in this edition.

All members of the AETC histor) office
contributed to this edition. Dr Mason extensively
used the research of historians .Ann K. Hussey. Dr
Ashcrofi. and Mr Emmons to write the new material.
Mr Thomas A. Manning. AETC Command Historian,
edited the entire manuscript.

This sixtieth anniversary history was therefore a
collaborative effort by the staff of the History and
Research Office. With the help of all those mentioned
above, we did our best to get it right. Any errors of
fact or interpretation are ours alone.

Finding the right photograph was a continuing
challenge. For the man\ old photographs in the first
edition, we received help from scores of sources,
ranging from the San Anfonio Express-News, to the
public library in Fort Worth. Texas, to the historical
society in Boca Raton. Ilorida. to the Eighth Air
Force history office at Barksdale AFB, Louisiana.
We are also indebted to the National Archives and
Records Administration, the National Air and Space
Museum, and the Department of Defense Still Media
Records Center for their extensive collections of
aviation photos. Most of all the command's history
offices repeatedly came up with the photos v\e
needed. Similady, the folks in the 12th Flying
Training Wing's media center at Randolph AFB were
helpful in copying untokl lunuhers of prints and
con\erting slides into photographs. SSgt Larry L.

Prologue

ORIGINS

Air Education and Traniin<;
Command (AETC) traces its lineage
back to 23 January 1942. v\hen the War
Department constituted and actnaicd
the Army Air Corps Flying Trainnig
Command. The purpose of this \olume
is to recount and commemorate the first
60 years of AETC history, but the
history of aviation training in the United
States military began much earlier. On S
October 1909. Wilbur Wright began
instructing Lieutenants Frank P. Lahm
and Frederic E. Humphreys on Signal
Corps Airplane No. I, which the Army
had recently purchased from the Wright
brothers. Each of the two men recei\ed
a little over three hours training before
soloing on 26 October 1909.

With his <;iouiid i:re«. Lt Benjamin D. Foulois (second from
right) stands in front of the W right Type B airplane at Fort Sam
Houston, Texas. The Army had mo\ed flyin}; operations from
College Park, Mars land, to Fort Sam Houston for the winter. On
2 March 19H), Foulois made his First solo llighl, and by
September he had made 61 practice llights.

FLYING TRAINING

Flyinii training in the Army remained on this small scale until the outbreak of World W;u- 1. During the course of
that uar. appro\imatel> 23.000 \olunteers entered Hying cadet training. Eight private and state universities offered
pretlight (ground school) training. Primary and advanced training were more of a problem because, in .-^pril 1917
when the United States entered the war. the Army had fewer than 100 flying officers and only three flying fields--
Mineola. New York; Essington. Pennsylvania: and San Diego. California. Because it would take a long time to con-
struct adequate training facilities in the United States. Canada provided Hying bases during the summer of 1917 so
that several hundred American cadets could begin primary tlving training. By Christmas 15 US training bases were
available, a number expanded to 27 in the United States and 16 in Europe b\ the end ot the war. Here cadets
underwent six to eight weeks of primar\ pilot training, including 40-.^() hours in the air. usualls in a Curtiss JN-4.

Of the 23.000 who had begun preflight
training during World War I. oxer 1 1.000
received their wings and were
commissioned before entering four weeks
of advanced training either in the United
States or Europe. Bombing instruction
occurred primarily at Ellington Field.
t^;^'^ — U jBM| ^ -^^mB Texas. Taliaferro Field. Texas, among

P^ Trr^.,.^- '~**^ JSlKr^^^rP '"h^"' locations, provided observation

training, while pursuit (lighter) courses
were restricted to France because ol a lack
of necessary equipment in the United
States. Brooks Field. Texas, contained the
jirincipal instructor's school. Because the
United States was in World War I only lor
a vear and a half antl entered it so
unprepared, only about 1.000 of the
11.000 aviators trained during the war
were actually involved in operations
against the enemy. Most of these
operations consisted of artillery
observation or air-to-air combat, American annien conlunied 491 "kills" of Cierman aircraft, of which 462 were
credited to 63 pilots officially classified as aces. In addition, there were .^7 confirmed losses of enemy balloons as a

In World War I, aviation cadets at Kellv Field. Ie\as, learned
to n\ the hi-v\ing ( urtiss .IN-4 ".lennv." Alter completing
training, graduates went to France for pursuit instruction
before reporting to their combat units.

PROLOGUE

result of American action. Although there were some criticisms of pilot training during World War 1. on balance it
appears that the pilot training program was no mean achievement.

Rapid demobili/^ation followed the end of World War I. and despite the experience of that contlict. the Army's air
arm remained quite small during most of the interwar period, although there was a five-year expansion program
after 1926 in response to the outspoken agitation of airpower advocates. Meanwhile-after a hiatus in training during

Brooks Field. Texas, was one of 27 flying fields the United States used for training pilots in
World War I. Most fields were in the southern states, where (lying conditions were generally
good all year round.

|y|9-primary pilot instruction resumed on a small scale at March Field. California, and Carlstrom Field. Florida, in
January 1920. Advanced training at that time included the Observation School at Post Field, Fort Sill. Oklahoma,
and both pursuit antl bombardnieni instruction at Kelly Field. Texas. However, the administrative difficulties of
training about 200 Hying cadets concurrently at such widely separated locations prompted a decision in 1921-1922
to centralize all flying training in San Antonii>. Texas-considered to be an ideal location because of climate and
other factors.

Brooks Field became the center for primary training and Kelly for advanced training. Each phase of instruction
lasted about six months initially, with advanced training later divided into three months each of basic and ad\anced
instruction. In 1927 basic moved out of the advanced phase and combined with primary. At that point, primary-basic
changed to eight months in length and ad\anced to four months. With the beginning of the five-year expansion
program in 1926. the new Air Corps decided to eliminate one defect in this training arrangement-the fact that the
two"^ fields operated as separate commands-by establishing the Air Corps Training Center in San Antonio with one
of the Army's first tv\o pilots. Brig Gen (and later MaJ Gen) Frank P. Lahm. as its first commander ( 1 September
1926-16 July 1930). The new command consisted of the primary and advanced schools plus the School ot
Aviation Medicine at Brooks Field. As the new center began to carry out its mission of improving supervision of
flying training, it disccnered that facilities in the San Antonio area were insufficient to accommodate the expanded
nuinber of cadets entering primary training. Hence, in violation of the principle of geographic concentration,
primary pilot training resumed ai March Field. California, from 1927 to 19.^1.

* The organizational beginning of aviation in the Army occurred on I August 1907 with the establishment of the
Aeronaut!' al Division in the Signal Corps (redesignated the Aviation Section on IS July 1914). On 24 May 1918.
the Army • ated the Air Scr\ ice. followed on 2 Jul\ 1926 b\ the Air Corps.

" He was succeeded by six other commanders, the last of whom was Brig Gen Barton K. ^ ount (4 August 1938-
25 January 1939). Yount later served as the first commander of the Army Air Corps Flying Training Command.

PROLOGUE

Flying cadets refuel an airplane under (he direction of an enlisted instructor at Brooks Field,
Texas.

Another problem for the training center was the growth ot the cit\ of San Antonio, uliich created hazards for
training. ConsequentK. in June 1927 Genera! Lahni suggested the construction of a suigle large field outside of the
cit> to house all n> ing training. Congress funded the new field's construction but not the purchase of the land, so the
city of San Antonio borrowed the $546,000 needed to purchase the site selected for what became Randolph Field.
By the fall of 1931. construction was essentially completed, so the Air Corps Training Center at Duncan Field,
adjacent to Kelly, and the primary schools at Brooks and March moved to the new installation. Randolph Field was
named in memory of Capt William M. Randolph, who was adjutant at Kelly and had died at Gorman. Texas, on 17
February 1928. while taking off for a return llight to Kelly. The new lield. which constituted the largest construction
project for the Army Corps of Engineers since the Panama Canal, came to be known initially as the "West Point of
the Air" and then, following establishment of the United States Air Force Academy in \955. as the "Show place of
the Air Force." Lieutenant Harold Clark, later a brigadier general who retired in San Antonio, laid out the design for
Randolph.

Advanced training remained at Kelly because experience showetl ihal Randolph lieid would become quite
congested with only primary and basic training located iheie. follow mg the 5-year expansion, the number of pilots
in training declined until only 184 graduated in 1937. compared to an average of 257 per year during the expansion.
But w ith the emergence of German) as a major threat, the Air Corps proposed another period of expansion to train
4,500 pilots over a two-year period. Consequently, it contracted with nine civilian tlying schools to provide primary
flying training beginning in 1939, while Randolph handled basic training, now completely separate from primary.
Kelly Field, \vith Brooks as a subpost, took care of advanced flying training. In July 1939 the lull course of Hying
instruction was shortened in length from a year to nine months-three for each phase. Primary training included 65
hours of Hying instruction and basic and advanced training included 75 hours each--a total of 215 hours instead o\
the 279 under the year-long program. Subsequently, each phase was reduced further to ID and then 9 weeks before
climbing back to 10 weeks in 1944.

Meanwhile, the number of primaiA contract schools expamicd lo 41 In the time ot ihc .lapaiiese attack on Pearl
Harbor and lo 60 at various times in 1943--the peak year for numbers ot pilots tiaincd -.ilthough not all of them
were open at one time. (There were also other contract schools, including 23 for glider pilot training and 4 for basic
training, but most basic ll\ing training was provided by acli\e tlut\ Hying units.)

PROLOGUE

.•tlW '

.• • iw-Mit?

This is an aerial view (looklnj; soutii) ol liaiuiolpli I ield, I t\as. taken In Detember 1931. Known for many
years as the "West Point of the Air." Randolph's unique layout was designed by Lt Harold L. Clark. The field
was named for Capt William M. Randolph, who was killed in an aircraft accident on 17 February 1928.

In this aerial view of Randolph Field, you arc looking toward the installation's most famous
landmark— the " laj Mahal." Randolph ^^as dedicated on 20 .lune 1930 as a fl\ln}; training base.

PROLOGUE

Through most of the 1930s, the Air Corps conducted all primary and basic flying trainin" at Randolph.
These PT-13s lined up at Randolph Field were the principal trainers used in the primary phase.

As the flow of students from these primary schools to basic training at Randolph increased from 257 in the first
class in 1939 to over 2.()()() per class at the end of 1941. basic trainins: expanded to other fields. Instruction began at
Maxwell Field. Alabama, in September 1940. and by January 1944 there were 31 fields involved in basic training.
Advanced training also expanded, adding tv\ in-engine instruction to the prewar single-engine format. The first field
to offer single-engine training was Craig Field. Alabama, in August 1940. Soon after. Brooks and Kelly Fields
began twin-engine training.

Upon graduation from advanced irammg. sualcnts
received their wings and licutonaiii bars and then went on
to transition training in fighters, bombers, and transpiirts.
The continental air forces conducted the latter training in
the early years of World War II. but it became the
responsibility of the new A.AF Flying Training Command
in 1942. The organization of the rapidh expanding pilot
training program also evolved. At the beginning of 1939.
General Yount was still Commanding General, Air Corps
Training Center, and he also held the title of Assistant
Chief of the Air Corps for Training. The expansion of the
A'lT Corps led its chief Maj Gen Henry H. (Hap) .Arnold,
to transfer General Yount to Washington. D.C.. where he
headed the Training Group, later redesignated the
Training and Operations Division.

On S ,luly 1940. the Air Corps redesignated its training
center at Randolph as the Gulf Coast .Air Corps Training
Center and established two additional training centers to
manage the growing number of Hying schools. The
Southeast Air Corps Training Center headquartered at
Maxwell Field manageil those in ihe eastern third of the
nation. The redesignated Gulf Coast Air Corps Training
Center at Rantlolph handled those in the central sector,
while the West Coast .Air Corps Training Center at
Moffeit field. California (later moved to Santa Ana), managed those in the western tier. In July 1941 General "lount
became the west coast center commander. Then, on 28 January 1942, he assumed command of the newly established
Air Corps Flying Training Command, which was to he headquartered in Fort Worth. Texas. In July 1943 this
command merized w ith the .AAF Technical Training Command to form the Army Air Forces Training Command.

A re<iimenl of axialioii cadets is sIkhmi
formation at Randolph Field in Ihe I94()s.

PROLOGUE

CONTRACT PRIMARY TRAINING IN WORLD WAR II

^Ai

Shown with IVlaj Gen B.K. Yount are seven of the
eight men wh(» established the Air Corps' first nine
contract primary schools: M. W. Balfour, O. L.
Parl<s, H. S. Long. General V'ount, A. Hancock,
C. C. Moseley, and E. W. Prudden (representing
Claude Ryan). Not shown is E.S. Sias.

In the late 1930s, the Air Corps conducted all pilot
training in the vicinity of San Antonio. Texas.
Randolph Field was the site of primary and basic
training, while advanced training, took place across
town at Kelly Field, with some training done at
Brooks Field when necessary. This basing structure
was sufficient for the small training program tliat
graduated only 301 pilots in fiscal year 1938.

Though Europe was on the verge of war, the
pre\ailing viewpoint in the United States was
isolationism. The American public (and many in
government) did not want to get involved. In the
absence of a firm political commitment to shore up
the nation's defenses, military planners had to look for
alternative ways to get the Job done. That caused Maj
Gen Henry H. Arnold to investigate the possibility of
using civilian Hying schools to supplement the Air
Corps' few flying training schools. In September
1938 he opened preliminary talks with three
prominent Hying school operators. General Arnold
then appointed a board of officers to examine the
issue. Two months later the board recommended
contracting with civilian schools to provide primary
pilot training for 4,500 trainees in two years at a
projected cost of S2() per fl\ ing hour.

Following the board's recommcndaiion. the Air
Corps established criteria for contract primary schools
and began a search. It limited consideration to
schools certified by the Civil Aeronautics Authority

to conduct advanced private pilot training— roughly
equivalent to Air Corps primary training. During
the winter of 1938-39, officials inspected 14
schools and chose nine to begin training on 1 July
1939: Santa Maria, San Diego, and Glendale,
California: Dallas, Texas: Tulsa. Oklahoma: East
St Louis and Glenview, Illinois; Lincoln,
Nebraska; and Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

According to the contract, the government
supplied students with training aircraft, flying
clothes, textbooks, and equipment. The Air Corps
also put a detachment at each school to supervise
training. Schools furnished instructors, training
sites and facilities, aircraft maintenance, quarters,
and mess halls. From the Air Corps, schools
received a flat fee of $ 1 , 1 70 for each graduate and
$18 per flying hour for students eliminated from
training.

Following the fall of France in 1940, the Au-
Corps upped its pilot production goal to 7,000 per
year, too much for the nine contract schools to
handle. To meet that goal, the Air Corps increased
the capacity of its schools and added more contract
primary schools. At one time or another during
World War II. 64 contract schools conducted
primary training, with a maximum of 56 schools
operating at any one time. During the course of the
war. the schools graduated approximately 250,000
student pilots.

The Lafayette, Louisiana, airport was one of
several municipal airports that became
contract living schools during World War IL

PROLOGUE

NAVIGATOR TRAINING

Until the earK l^)3()s. pilots had been then- own
navigators. Tiien as airlines began to make long-
distance tlights. they added a navigator to the flight
crew. The miliiai\. ho\\e\er. continued to treat
navigation trainmg as part of pilot training.
Consequentl\ when it. too. began to see a need for
specialized navigators, in July 1940 the Army signed
a contract with Pan American Airways. Incorporated,
to provide training in navigation and meteorology to
living cadets, an arrangement that continued until
1944. In November 1940 the Air Corps opened its
first navigator school at Barksdale Field, Louisiana.
Cadres later went out from Barksdale to establish
seven other schools across the country.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Technical training developed almost as early as
living training. The Armv air arm saw a need for
skilled av iation mechanics and other technicians as it
prepared for World War I. At first, men who already
possessed some mechanical experience received
training at civilian trade schools and state
universities. The policy proved both expensive and
unsatisfactorv . however, due to a lack of proper
equipment and ct)mpetent instructors. The next
expedient was to send the men to tlying fields for on-
the-job training. Costly mistakes showed that this
arrangement was also unsatisfactory. So the Army
set up two mechanic schools, one at Kelly Field antl
another in a large building in St Paul, Minnesota, that
the War Department took ov er.

Major Walter K. Weaver look charge ol the
school at St Paul on 12 February 19 IS. Bv the end of
World War I. his organization had graduated about
5,000 men, nearly one-third of all mechanics trained
during 1918 (including those trained in 34 civilian
institutions). The school at Kelly Field had begun
operations in October 1917, but did not function
effectively until June 19 IS. when 1.000 students
entered training. By Armistice Day, 1 1 November
1918. Kelly had trained over 2,000 more mechanics.
Though the school in St Paul closed after the war.
Kellv remained in operation and trained some 5,000
more mechanics before Januarv 1921. Then the Army
decided to move a lepair depot from Dallas to
consolidate it with a supply depot at Kelly, forcing
the Air Service Mechanics School to move lo
Chanute Field in Illinois.

In the meantime, training in aerial photography
for both officers and enlisted men began at Langlcy

Field. Virginia, in 1917. The following year, the
school sent students to Cornell University or the
Easttnan Kodak Companv in Rochester, New York,
for preliminary instruction before continuing with
advanced training at Langley. Instruction in radio
communication took place at an aviation instruction
center near Tours, France, in 19 IS, and an Air
Service Communications School was established at
Fort Sill. Oklahoma, the follow ini; vear.

' Later, as a major general. Weaver commanded the
Army Air Forces Technical Training Command.

In the late 19.^0s. photography trainin<; moved
from ( hanutf Fiiki. Illinois, to Lo\>r\ Field,
Colorado. I his photo taken in 1940 shows
students usin-l() inch \k'\\ canuras.

The number of technical trainees declined after
the war. The air service trained about 15.000
technicians from 1920 to 1940. compared to roughly
the same number of mechanics irainetl in a single
year during World War II.

In 1922 the photography school at Langley and
the communications school at Fort Sill both joined
the mechanics course at Chanute. congregating all
technical training in the Air Service at that location.
The three previously autonomous schools con-
solidated to form the Air Service Technical School.
redesignated the Air Corps Technical School in 1926.
The former separate schools became departments,
joined in I9.M) bv a Department of .Armament and
three vears later by a Department of Clerical
Instruction. In February 1938 Lowry Field. Colorado.
came under the juristliclion of the Air Corps
Technical School, still headquartered at Chanute. The
Departments of Photography and Armament moved
to Lowry, followed in September b\ the Department
of Clerical Instruction.

Scott lield, Illinois, came under the jurisdiction of
the Chanute school in 1939. The Department of Basic

PROLOGUE

Instruction, inaugurated in 1935 at Chanute. relocated
to the new location. The department returned to
Chanute. however, when Scott became a radio school
in 1940. Subject matter from the basic course was
incorporated into the various specialized programs at
Scott, and four of the departments-mechanics,
communications, photography, and armament-taught
both officers and enlisted personnel.

Keesler Field, Mississippi, was one of two new teclinical training bases the Air
Corps established In 1941. Besides airplane and engine mechanic training, it also
operated a basic trainins center.

between 2,000 to 3.000 people. Technical trainmg
bases, by contrast, ranged in size from 5,000 to as
many as 30.000 people and required much more
housing than flying training installations. Fortunately,
many were located in or near urban areas where
hotels and other housing facilities were available.
Some hotels were even used for training. During the
rapid expansion from February to October 1942, for

example, the Army Air
Forces took over a total
of 452 hotels, as well as
warehouses. theaters,
convention halls, ath-
letic fields, parking lots,
and various other
structures. The number
of hotels at the peak of
training included 337 in
Miami Beach. Florida;
62 in St Petersburg.
Florida; 46 in Atlantic
City. New Jersey; three
in Chicago. Illinois; two
in KnoUwood. North
Carolina; and two in
Grand Rapids. Mich-
igan.

By mid- 1940 technical training started to expand
more rapidly. Officer training came to include
orientation for people directly commissioned from
ci\ilian life, administrative officer candidate training,
and mslruction in a \ariety of specialties including air
intelligence, bombsight maintenance, engineering,
and meteorology, in addition to the four mentioned
above. Training for enlisted personnel also expanded
to include such subjects as welding. Link training,
parachute rigging. weather observation and
forecasting, bombsight maintenance, and the
maintenance of a variety of other technical equipment
such as gunsights and power tuncts.

By early November 1941. students were entering
technical training at the rate of 1 lO.OOO per year, and
after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor the student
flow rose sharply: 13.000 men entered technical
training schools in January 1942 and 55.000 in
December 1942. The peak occurred in March 1943,
with 62.000 entrants. To accommodate the trainees,
the AAF pressed civilian mechanics and factory
schools into service, and many colleges and uni-
versities offered training in certain specialties.

JW number of military installations kept pace
with 1 rapid increase in personnel. I.imiteil airspace
and fl ; facilities restricted An in>j training fields to

New technical
training bases included
Keesler Field. Mississippi, and Sheppard Field.
Texas, both activated in 1941. Thereafter, the number
of stations increased at a rapid pace. Already by
October 1942. 15 AAF technical schools. 34 civilian
contract mechanics schools. 7 basic training centers.
5 universities, 5 commercial airline contract schools,
and about 50 factory training schools provided
technical training. In addition, there were other small
technical training schiiols at various Flying Training
Commanil and Sccimd Air Force bases. Because bad
weather ilid not seriously hamper technical training
the way it did flying training, many technical training
bases were in the northern part of the country,
whereas flying fields were concentrated in the south
and along the west coast.

The commandant of the Air Corps Technical
School at Chanute had flnal authority for curricular
development and supervised technical training in all
Air Corps schools, hut he lacked command authority
over the schools and the installations uhcrc they
were located. To rectify this problem, the Air Corps
established the Technical Training Command on
26 March 1941 (redesignated Army Air Forces
Technical Training Command in March 1942). The
new command was responsible for the orientation,
classification, basic, and technical training of enlisted
men aiul the irainiiiL: of nonrated officers at officer

PROLOGUE

candidate and officer trauiing schools and in
technical suhjects like armanient. engineering,
communications, and photographs. The headquarters
of the new coniniand moved successively from
Chanute to Tulsa. Oklahoma, in 1941. and then in
1942 to Knollwood Field. North Carolina, until it
merged with Flsing Training Command in 194.^. The
first commander of Technical Training Command
was Brig Gen (soon Maj Gen) Rush B. Lincoln, who
became commandant of the Air Corps Technical
School in October l^UO. On IS February 1942. he
relinquished command to Maj Gen Walter R.
Weaver, who remained the commander until the
merger of the two component commands on 7 .liil\
1943.

BASIC MILITARY TRAINING

Then in 1940 the War Department authorized the
establishment of Air Corps enlisted re|ilacemenl
centers lor the initial liaining of recruits.

The Air Corps established the first of these centers
at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, in the summer of
1940. though formal activation did not occur until
21 February 1941. That fall the Technical Training
Command activated two more basic training centers
at Keesler Field. Mississippi, and Sheppard Field.
Texas, where the command already had mechanic
schools. A group of officers and enlisted men from
Scott Field became the initial staff for Jefferson
Barracks, and it. in turn, provided cadres to staff the
replacement training centers at Keesler antl Sheppard.
These installations did the same for subsequent
replacement training centers.

Basic militar\ training was a major mission ot the
Air Corps Technical School and. later. Technical
Training Command. In the early days of technical
training there was little emphasis on mihtars
instruction. The iriechanic schools at St Paul and
Kelly Field emphasized technical training, and for the
following two decades, the amount of military
training provided to new enlisted personnel
undergoing technical instruction varied with their
unit commanders, who had sole responsibility for the
program. In 19.3.S efforts to change this arrangement
began, but the real change occurred in 19.39 when the
Army proposed that each component arm and service
set up their own enlisted replacement centers. Air
Corps policy had been to furnish initial basic training
for recruits at established stations, followed by about
a inonth's preparatory training at Scott Field, Illinois,
before they went to Chanute for specialized training.

At Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, basic traiiues took
part in canioullajie traininj;. The aboM' pholo siiows a
tliree-man niucliine "iin crew wearing camoutlage suits.

riie basic (raining center
ill \tlantic ( il\. Neu
.lersej, included a rifle
ran<;e >>lu're siiidenls
learned inarksinanship
skills.

PROLOGUE

(

Crowded conditions existed at all military training facilities. To handle the
large number of trainees, schools housed students in open hay barracks like
the one above at Sheooard Field. Texas.

\N part of chemical warfare instruction, students donned gas masks and ran
(he obstacle course. Ihe above photo sho«s (he rope climb at Keesler Field m
Mississippi.

Bv the time o\ the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Air contraction of the

Corps had 21.()()() recruits at the three replacement

training centers. The subsequently phenomenal

growth of technical school quotas made these three

cent inadequate to supply recruits for technical

train so the number of basic training centers

expanded to 12 (plus one
provisional center) by the
spring of 1943, including
those at Miami Beach. St
Petersburg, and Atlantic
City. Shortly thereafter, the
basic training mission de-
clined in size because
requirements for technical
training centers were being
met. Consequently, some of
the 13 centers inactivated,
while others moved to
technical training centers
such as AmariUo Field.
Texas, that had previously
not had replacement training
centers.

The length of basic
training varied over time.
For more than a year after
Pearl Harbor, it remained at
four weeks, but then it
increased to two months,
with some exceptions. In
1944 and 1945 there were
further fluctuations in length
from six to nine weeks.
Sometimes, however, quotas
for technical training caused
enlisted men to be removed
from basic training before
they had completed it. As a
result, continental air forces
and commands had to
provide basic training until
replacement training centers
were set up overseas to
resolve the problem.

The number of trainees at
basic training centers
increased to its peak ot
135.795 ui February 1943.
By December 1944 it had
declined to 16.509-about
4.500 below the level on
7 December 1941. Because
of the rapid expansion and
then the almost equally rapid
program, its quality \aried
considerably, but given the numerous problems with
facilities, qualified instructors, changes in cur-
riculum, and the like, the centers made as much of a
contribution to the war effort as could be expected
under the circumstances.

PROLOGUE

FOREIGN FLYING TRAINING IN WORLD WAR II

In World War I, partialis trained American pilots arrived in Europe unprepared to fight the Germans. They
completed their training in French. British, antl Italian schools in aircraft not available in the United States.

Mechanics, too. received training overseas. The British
helped train US ground crews at their airfields and in their
factories. So too. did France. Based on that foundation, the
air arm of the US Army grew quickly and compiled a
credible combat record during World War I.

Two decades later, with World War II looming large, the
United States had a chance to reciprocate. When the Lend-
Lease Act became law on 1 1 March 1941. the British were
isolated, facing a hostile continent. France had fallen in
1940, the British had retreated from Dunkirk at the same
time, and the Germans had not yet reneged on the Hitler-
Stalin non-aggression pact of 1939. Only the Royal Air
Force (RAF), by denying air superiority to the Liiftwaffe,
had prevented a German invasion of the British Isles.

at the
school

Royal Canadian .\ir Force cadets
Maxnell Field, .\labama. ad\anccd
discuss flying after completing basic training
at Gunter Field, .Vlabama

Aware of the RAF's urgent need for additional training
facilities. General Arnold offered the British over 500
aircraft for use in the training of British pilots in the United States. Arnold also arranged for civilian contractors to
set up schools exclusively for training British pilots. The schools would accept 50 RAF students every 5 weeks for a
20-week course in order to produce 3.000 pilots a year. Known as the British Flying Training School program, it
was unique among the programs the .Air Corps offered to Allied nations inasmuch as the British dealt directiv w ith
the contractors and completely controlled all aspects of the living training process. Basically, the Wx Coips just
helped the RAF and the contractors select the sites tor the schools and then supervised their construction. The
schools were located at Mesa. Arizona: Lancaster. California; Clewision. Florida; Miami and Ponca City.
Oklahoma; Terrell. Texas; and. brieflv. Sweetwater. Texas.

Additionally, the Army Air Corps offered to devote one-third of its pilot training capacity to meet the British
need for more pilots. Known as the Arnold Plan, this program pro\ ided RAF students with the same training the Air
Corps provided its own students and had the potential to produce 4.000 pilots a year. The program inxohed 12
schools, four of them operated by contractors and the rest
run directly by the Air Corps.

Together the two programs produced 11.291 pilots U)r
the Royal Air Force during World War 11. The British
Flying Training School program graduated 6.921 pilots, and
the Arnold Plan program turned out 4.370. .A third example
of Anglo-American cooperation was the navigator training
program conducted by Pan American Airways at Coral
Gables. Florida. Beginning in August 1940. the airline
taught long-range navigation techniques, many of which it
had originated, to Air Corps students. As it had done w iih
the two programs noted above, the Air Corps made this
training available to the British. For a while, as many as
150 of the 200 spaces in each class were taken by the
British. In all. 1,225 British students completed this
program.

^■a*-i

'Ml; ii

w/:

JlXu

.\flcr processing at Kandolph Field.
Mexican Fighter S(|iiadron split up
lrainin<> at a \ariel> ol locations

the 201 St
to receive

Perhaps the most surprising problem in training the British was one of communication. Though in theory both
Americans and Britons spoke the same language, some difficulties with colloquial expression occasionally surfaced.
Though there was never a serious communications barrier, there were minor problems throughout the British
training program.

i i

PROLOGUE

After the United States entered the war. the Air Corps also developed a pilot training program tor the Free
French many of whom had joined the Allies in North Africa in late 1942. This program was considerably smaller
than either of the programs tbr British aviators. Because of the size of the program, the Air Corps concentrated each
phase of training at a^ingle base. Thus. French students received primary training at the civilian contract sxhool at
Tuscaloosa (and for a while at Orangeburg. South Carolina); basic training at Gunier Field: and advanced single-
enoine training and P-40 transition training at Craig Field. By the end of October 1945. 1.165 pilots had graduated
from the program. Other programs produced navigators, bombardiers, gunners, and maintenance personnel.

The United States also assisted the Chinese Air Force. The Air Corps conducted most of the training for the

Chinese at three Arizona installations: Luke. Wi

Hundreds of Chinese students received
instruction during the >var, like these cadets
on parade at Marana Field, Arizona.

liams. and Thunderbird Fields. Training the Chinese presented
some special challenges. Because of their small stature some
students could not reach all the controls. That problem was
usually solved through the use of extra cushions and
occasionally by switching them to another type of airplane. A
bigger problem was the language barrier. It took all the
interpreters the Air Corps could muster to support the training
programs for the Chinese. In the end. 3.553 Chinese received
tlying and technical training, including 866 pilots.

While the preponderance of students trained in the United
States during World War II were British. French, or Chinese,
over 20 other nations also sent students. Most came from
Latin America, most notably Brazil and Mexico. A smattering
of others came from Australia, Turkey, the Netherlands, and
the Soviet Union. Altogether, the Army Air Forces trained
approximately 23.000 foreign students in the war years.

OFFICER CANDIDATE SCHOOL

A final responsibihts of the Technical Training
Command that should be mentioned was basic
niilitarv training for nonrated officers. They were
needed to reliese Hying officers of their nontlying
duties during the wartime expansion of the Air Corps
and the Army Air Forces, (The Army Air Forces
came into being on 20 June 1941. On 2 March 1942.
as a result of a War Department circular, the Army
Air Forces became a subordinate but autonomous
arm of the US Army.) To provide this training, on
17 February 1942. General Arnold directed the
Technical Training Command to establish an Officer
Candidate School (OCS). General Weaver located it
at Miami Beach, where it activated on 21 February
1942 and continued to operate until June 1944. when
it moved to the San Antonio Aviation Cadet Center at
the site of what later became Lackland Air Force
Base. In June 1945 the Officer Candidate School
again transferred to Maxwell Field, Alabama.

The Officer Candidate School began as a 1 2-\\eck
course, but it expanded to 16 weeks in 1943. It also
began as a uniform program for all officer candidates,
but after 1943 the last phase of training was divided
into specialized training for adjutants and personnel
officers, a,^ acII as supply, mess, intelligence, guard-
company. I id training officers. Later, it expanded to

include physical training and technical officers as
well. Then, in October 1944 as enrollment declined,
the school dropped the specialized training
altogether. Through the end of the war. the school
graduated a total of 29,106 officers. These graduates
had entered the school from a variety of backgrounds.
Some were warrant officers or enlisted men who met
the standards for admission to officer training. These
sources were not adequate to meet all of the needs of
the Army air arm. however, so it commissioned some
individuals with special qualifications directly from
civilian life. These people required some military
training, so Technical Training Command also set up
an Officer Training School (OTS) at Miami Beach to
provide six weeks of military instruction. It became
an integral but separate part of OCS in June 1942.

Most OTS students were 30 years old or more,
with the bulk of them in their 30s or 4()s. They came
trom all walks of life, but most were teachers,
hiisinessmen. or professionals. The majority was
slated for administrative or instructional duties in the
Army Air Forces, but others became ferry pilots.
Beginning in the winter of 1942, Medical, Dental,
and Sanitary Corps officers also attended Officer
Training School in courses separate from those for
other officers. On 26 June 1943. OTS terminated its
activities, but by that date it had trained a total of
13.898 students, of whom 13.284 graduated.

1942

Air Education and Training Command traces its lineage to the estahlislimcnt of the Air Corps Flying
Training Command on 23 January 1942. nith the mission to train pilots, Hying specialists, and combat crews.
The command »as redesignated the Army Air Forces Flying Iraining Command on or about 15 March 1942.
after the Army Air Forces became a subordinate but autonomous arm of the LS Army. Ihe command
struggled »ith the challenge of a massive wartime expansion of the air forces. Throughout 1942, the need for
combat crew personnel far exceeded the current and contemplated production of the command's Hying
training schools. The rate of expansion of housing and training facilities, instructors, as well as the
procurement of aircraft and other equipment, though at a breakneck pace, constrained the rate of increase of
production. Facilities were used to their maximum capacity as quickly as they could be stood up. Some
schools were expanded while they were still under construction. "The first year has been largely one of
organization and expansion," the commander, Maj Cen Barton K. ^ ount. reflected in .lanuary 194.3. "W hile
xve will continue to grow bigger, we arc now so organized that we can specialize on the quality of our product,
and that will be our aim during the coming year."

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(.ippioMiiuitc as ol 3 I DcLcmhci l'U2)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:
PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

22().()()() (:().(I(K) ot'lKcr. 160.()()() enlisled. 4().()(K) civilians)

19.000 (A- 17. A-20. A-2.^. A-2f)/B-26. A-29. A-35. A-36. AT-6. AT-7,
AT-8. AT-9. AT-10. AT-11. AT-12. AT-17. AT-18, AT-21. AT-22.
AT-23. AT-24. B-17. B-18. B-24. B-23. B-40. BC-1. BT-9. BT-12.
BT-13. BT-14. BT-1.5. C-32, C-45. C-5(). C-56. C-60. C-64. CG-4.
L-1. 1.-2. L-3. L-4. L-."). 0-46. 0-47. 0-52. OA-9. OA-10. OA-14.
PO.S. P-.36. P-38. P-39. P-40. P-47. PT-13. PT-15. PT-18. PT-19.
PT-22. PT-23. PT-27. RA-24. RA-28. RA-33. RP-322, UC-36. UC-40.
UC-61.UC-67. UC-78)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS

3 training centers:
SOUTHEAST. Maxwell Field Al,

ORGANIZATION

GULF COAST. Randolph Field TX

WEST COAS 1. -Santa Ana Army Air Base CA

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Maj Gen Barton K.
\'ount assumed command
of Ihe Air Corps living
Training Commaiul on 28
lanuary 1942. He had
previously served as
commanding general ot
the West Coast Air Corps
Training Center.

Maj Cien Barton K. ^ imiiiI

HEADQUARTERS

Established

,'\ir l-ducation and Tiaininy Command ol" 2002 traces
its lineage to the estahlislimcnt ol the Air Corps
Flying Training Command on 23 January 1942.

Redesignated

Ihc Ainn An I orccs came into hcing on 20 June
1941. and on 2 March 1942. as a result of a War
Department circular, the Army Air Forces became a
suhorilinale hut autonomous arm of the US Army.
The Air Corps Flying Training Command was
.■<Miv,viMi>nilv rfrli>vion.iti'(l ihf Amiv Air Fore

Ihe Air Lorps i-iymg i raining v^oimnaiiu «u
consequently redesignated the Army Air Force
Flying Training Command on or about \> Marc
1942.

■as

1942

Headquarters Relocation

One of the carl\ |iroblcnis the eommaiid faced was to
locate the headquarters. Because wartime expansion
of government agencies had overcrowded the
Washington, D.C. area. General Yount chose to move
the headquarters to Fort Worth. Texas, where the
staff could centrally manage flying operations. The
top four floors of the Texas and Pacific Railroad
Building provided excellent office space (the
headquarters took over a fifth floor in 1943). and a
nearby Air Force station could support the
headquarters. The Washington headquarters closed
on 30 June 1942, and the Fort Worth location opened
the next day. The headquarters staff numbered 204
uniformed personnel on 30 Deceinber 1942.

From 1942 t(i 1946. Arm) Air Forces Fixing
rrainiti}; Command (later AAF Trainin};
Command) was headquartered in Fort Worth,
Tc\as. The command injtiall> occupied the top
four lloors of the levas and I'aciHc Uaih\a> office
buil(lin<>.

SUBORDINATE UNITS

Flying Training Wings

The rapid expansion ot training increased the number
ol' the stations attached to each training center. The
geographic dispersion and diversity of training made
close supervision by the center commander im-
possible. General Yount therefore proposed to
General Arnold, AAF Chief of Staff, to organize not
more than tour n>ing training wings in each of the

three training centers. The command would furnish
the personnel necessary to staff each wing with a
commanding brigadier general and a small staff, who
would supervise and coordinate actual training
operations. General Arnold approved the proposal on
19 October 1942. but authorization to activate twelve
Flying Training Wings was not received until
17 December 1942. The wings stood up in 1943.

INSTALLATIONS

Airfield Construction

During 1942. the command selected locations for the
more than fifty additional airfields necessary to
implement the 75,(J00-pilot program (see page 15).
Local civic groups and congressmen "gave the site
boards no respite." in the words of an AAF Training
Command historian, as they lobbied for new bases in
their jurisdiction. New airfields had to be located in
areas with sufficient flying space free of other air
traffic, and the West Coast training center faced the
extraordinary requirement to avoid sites near the
internment camps for Japanese- Americans.

Honsln<; was primitixe in the early days at > uma
Arm\ Air Field, Arizona. C onstruction bc<;an on
I .June 1942, and advanced single-engine
instruction commenced in Januar> 1943.

1942

New Location

West Coast Trng Ctr

Holtville. CA
Inyokem. CA
Mojave, CA
Needles. CA

Yuma, AZ
Douglas, AZ
Marfa. TX
Kingman. AZ
Winslow, AZ

GulfCoast Trng Ctr

Brady. TX
El Reno. OK
Miami. OK
Ponca, City FL
Sweetwater. OK
Terrell. TX
Waxahachie, TX
Garden City, KS
Independence, KS
Winfield. KS
Bryan, TX

Altus. OK (Victoria Fid.)
Alms. OK
Dodge City. KS
Frederick, OK
Pampa. TX
Everman, TX
Plainview, TX
Lamesa .TX
Vemon.TX
Dodge City. KS
Garden City. KS
Liberal, KS

Southeast Trng Ctr

Cape Girardeau. MS
McBride MS
Charleston, MS
Greenwood. MS
Muscle Shoals. AL
Tuckerman, AR
Bainbridge. GA
Seymour. IN
Stuttgart, AR
Valdosta, GA
Sebring. FL
Smyrna. TN
Monroe, LA
Eglin FL
Ft Myers. FL
Panama Citv. FL

FLYING TRAINING BASE EXPANSION IN 1942
Type of Training Notes

• Elementar\

Single-engine
Twin-engine
Advanced twin-engine
Flexible gunnery

Elementary

Basic

Single-engine

Twin-engine

Ad\anced single-engine

Advanced twin-engine

Ad\ anced twin-engine

Elementary

Basic

Advanced single-engine

Advanced twin-engine

Ad\ anced tuin-cnginc

Advanced twin-engine

Combat crew training

Navigation

Fixed gunnery

Gunnery

Gunnerv

The.se four planned sites were abandoned in laxor of
converting glider schools at Twenty-Nine Palms. CA. and
Wickenburg. AZ. where training began Mar 43

Construction began I Jun 42. training began Jan 43
Construction began Jun 42. training began 7 Oct 42
Construction began Jun 42. training began 7 Dec 42
Construction began 27 May 42. training began Jan 43
Planned site abandoned in favor of alternate at La junta. CO

Converted from British training No\ 42
Con\erted from British training Nov 42
Later converted to women's tl\ing training
Converted from British traming No\ 42
Planned site abandoned

Also advanced twin-engine

Planned site abandoned due to congested airspace

Converted from British training 28 Jun 42
Converted from British training 28 Jun 42
Converted from British training 2 Sep 42

Training began 3 1 Dec 42
Training began I May 43

Ircad} under consiruclioii. con\cned In ad\ single-engine
Ci)n\erted to combat crew training

Expanded
Eglin FL

1942

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

75,000-Pilot Program

Planning for facilities and personnel was based on
programs for a certain annual production rate of
pilots. These programs changed rapidly as the war in
Europe progressed and accelerated again after the
United States formally entered hostilities. Targets
began in 1940 at an annual rate of 7,000 pilots, and
peaked brietly in 1942 at a plan for 102.000 pilots per
year. Training expansion in 1942 was based primarily
on the 75,000-pilot program. Acute shortages in
housing, classroom facilities, trained personnel, and
trainer aircraft plagued the command. Students in
flying training shared classroom facilities with
technical trainees, combat aircraft substituted for
advanced trainers (and all aircraft tlew seven days a
week). Primary pilot production peaked in November

1943, with facilities designed for the 73,000-pilot
program operating above capacity, before gradually
declining in 1944.

Centralized Instructor Schools

A lack of trained instrucltirs hampered the expansion
of training. Though many graduates of training
programs remained at their station to instruct
subsequent classes, an acute instructor shortage
persisted. A lack of training instructors was the most
serious bottleneck in the production pipeline. In order
to solve the problem, as well as to standardize
instruction, the training centers urged General Yount
to establish a Central Instructors School to serve all
three training centers. In December, General Yount
requested authority to implement the plan, which
Headquarters AAF granted on 4 January 1943. The
command planned schools for pilot, bombardier,
navigator, and flexible gunnery instructors.

On 14 Ma> 1942. Congress created the Women's .\rni> Auxiliary Corps (W.AAC).
Members of the W A A( priniarih filled clerical positions, releasing nun for combat duty.
Pictured abo\e are nienibers of the llrst \\ ,\,\( contingent lo arri\e at Randolph Field.
In September 1943 the \\ AAC «as replaced hy the Women's Army C Orps (W.\C ). I he
VV.\C remained in evislence until 12 .lune 1948. \>hen Congress passed the Women's
Armed Service Integration Vet. and Women in the Air I orce (W AF) became a
permanent designation. B> the mid-1970s, the Air Force stopped using the term W.VF'
and began referring to both men and women as "airmen."

1943

The Army Air Forces Flying Training Command redesignated as the Army Air Forces Training
Command on 7 July 1943, assumed responsibility for both flying and technical training. The Technical
Training Command inacti\ated. The t»o training commands had undergone enormous and rapid expansion
in an effort to meet the needs of IS forces in \\orld War II. The latter half of 194.^ inaugurated a period of
continuation, refinement, adaptation, and e^entual contraction of training for the Army Air Forces. The basic
training centers and technical schools had already reached their peaks of production in February and May,
but the apexes of training for most other major categories did not occur until 1944. Ihe one exception to this
generalization was primary pilot training, which achiexed its maximum production level in November 1943,
when 1 1.41 1 student pilots graduated.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of 31 December 1943)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:
PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

438

461.636 (53.585 officers; 325.453 enlisted: S2.6 IS civilians)

29,713 (A- 17. A-20. A-25. A-26/B-26. A-29. A-35. A-36. AT-6. AT-7
AT-8, AT-9, AT- 10. AT- 11. AT- 12. AT- 1 7. AT- 1 8. AT-21. AT-22. AT-23
AT-24. B-17. B-18. B-24. B-25. B-29. B-34. B-4(). BC-1. BT-9. BT-12
BT-13. BT-i4. BT-15. C-32. C-45. C-50. C-56. C-60. C-64. CG-4. L-1. L-2
L-3. L-4. L-5. 0-46. 0-47. 0-52. OA-9, OA-10. OA-14. P-35. P-36. P-38
p.39. p.4(), p.47. PT-13. PT-15. PT-18, PT-19. PT-22. PT-23. PT-27
RA-24. RA-28. RA-33. RP-322. UC-36. UC-4a UC-61. UC-67. UC-78)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

3 flying training commands:
EASTERN. Maxwell Field AL:

7 Hying training wings:

27th (Basic). Cochran Field GA

28th ( Adv Single-Engine). Craig Field AL

29th (Primary). Moody Field GA

30th (Adv Twin-Engine). Columbus Field MS

74th (Preflighl). Maxwell Field AL

75th (Flex Gunnery). Bucknigham Field FL

76th (Spec 4-Engine). Smyrna Field TN

CENTRAL. Randolph Field TX:

8 Hying training wings:

31sl ( Primary l.Hnid Field OK

32d (Basic). Perrin Field TX

33d (Adv Twin-Engine), Blackland Field TX

34th (Bomb & Spec 2/4-Engine). San Angelo

Field TX

77th (Adv Single-Engine). Foster Field TX
78th (Preflight). San Antonio Aviation Cadet

Center TX

79th (Flexible GiinnerN i. Harlingen Field TX
SOth (Nav & GlRier). San Marcos Field TX

WESTERN. Sanla Ana Ann> An- Ba^e CA:

7 n\ing traniHig wnigs:

35th (Basic). Minler Field CA
36lh (Primar\ ). Santa Ana Arm> AB CA
37th (Adv Single-Engine). Luke Field AZ
38th (Bomb & Spec 2/4-Engine). Kinland Field
NM

81st (Pretlight). Santa Ana Army AB CA
82d (Flex Gunnery ). Las Vegas Field NV
83d (Adv Twin-Engine). Douglas Field AZ

3 technical training commands;

EASTERN. Greensboro NC:

Bcx-a Raton Field FL: technical school
Greensboro Center NC: basic training center
GuHpoil Field MS: technical school, basic training

center

Keesler Field MS: technical school, basic training

center

1943

Miami Beach FL: basic training center, (ifficer
candidate schocil

Seyniour Ji)hnsiin Field NC: technical scIhh)!. basic
training

Yale University. New Haven CT: technical school

CENTRAL. St Louis MO:

Chainite Field IL: technical school

hidianapolis IN: technical school

Jefferson Barracks MO: basic training center

Scott Field IL: technical school

Sioux Falls Field SD: technical school

Tomah Wl: technical school

Truax Field WI: technical school

WESTERN. Denver CO:

Amarillo Field TX: technical school, basic training
center

Buckley Field CO: technical school, basic training
center

Fort Logan CO: technical school, miscellaneous
training

Kearns Center UT: basic training center, miscel-
laneous training

Lincoln Field NE: basic training center, technical
school

Lowry Field CO: technical school, miscellaneous
training

Sheppard Field TX: technical school, basic training
center

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

On 7 July 1943, Maj Gen Barton K. Yount
stepped down from his position as Commanding
General of AAF Flying Training Command into the
position of Commanding General of the Army Air
Forces Training Command. When the command was
established there was no provision for a deputy
commantling general. Upon activation of AAF
Training Command. Brig Gen Walter V. Kraus
became Chief of Staff. Two months later, on
13 September. General ^'ount was promoted to
lieutenant general.

ORGANIZATION

Training Command

On 31 July 1943, the Army Air Forces continued
with organizational actions related to the activation of
Training Command. What had been Flying Training
Command's major subordinate units--the Southeast
Flying Training Center at Ma.wvell. the Gulf Coast
Flying Training Center at Randolph, and the West

Coast Flying Training Center at Santa Ana were
redesignated as the Eastern. Central, and Western
Flying Training Commands, respectively. The five
districts that had belonged to Technical Training
Command also transferred to the new AAF Training
Command. However, on 31 August 1943. Training
Command disbanded the Third District at Tulsa.
Oklahoma, and the Fifth District in Miami Beach.
The other three were renamed. First District at
Greensboro became the Eastern Technical Training
Command, Second District in St Louis was renamed
the Central Technical Training Command, and
Denver's Fourth District became the Western
Technical Training Command.

uTi

Seated is Maj Gen Barton K. ^ ount. Commanding
General, \.\F Trainini; Command. Standing, left to
right, are the commanding generals of the six
subordinate commands: Maj Gen Thomas J. Hanley,
Jr., Eastern Flying Training Command; Maj Gen
.Jacob E. Fickel, Eastern Technical Training
Command: Maj Gen Gerald C. Brant, Central Flying
Training Command: Maj Gen John F. Curry,
Western Technical Iraining Command; Maj Gen
Ralph P. Cousins, Western Flying Training
Command: and Maj Gen Frederick L. Martin,
Central Technical Training Command.

SUBORDINATE UNITS

Flying Training Wings Activated

On N Januar\ 1943. the War Department constituted
and activated 12 flying training wings and assigned
them to the AAF Flying Training Command. Those
included the 27th at Cochran Field, the 2Sth at Craig,
the 29th at Moody, the 30th at Columbus, the 31st at
Enid, the 32d at Perrin. the 33d at Blackland. the 34th
at San Angelo. the 3.'ith at Minter. the 36th at Santa
Ana, the 37th at Luke, and the 38th at Roswell
(which moved during 1943 to Kirtland). In July these
units were reassigned to AAF Training Command.
The War Department added 10 Hying training wings
to Training Command on 23 August. Those included
the 74th at Turner (which moved during 1943 to
Maxwell), the 75th at Buckingham, the 76th at
Smyrna, the 77th at Foster, the 78th at San Antonio,
the 79ih at Harlingen. the 80th at San Marcos, the

1943

81st at Santa Ana. the S2d at Las Vegas, and the iS.id
at Douglas. The wings assisted Training Command
with the management o\' the hundreds of training
installations operating throughoul ihe United .States.

^—

Shown above are a s^oup of a\iation cadets at
one of the colleges that provided trainin<; durin<;
World War II. Note the aviation cadet patch
worn on the lower right sleeve and the \rni> Air
Forces patch on the left shoulder.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Aviation Cadet College Training Program

Because of the rapid expansion of flying training and
a continuing shortage of adequate facilities to process
and house pilot trainees. Flying Training Command
began the year with a huge backlog of men awaiting
entry into pretlight training. This, in turn, created
morale problems. As a solution, in the spring of 194.^
the Army Air Forces introduced a three- to tlve-
month college training program for aviation cadets.
Initially, these men went to college before under-
going aptitude testing. Unforlunately. after the
college training, the Army Air Forces found many ot
the students were poorly equipped for tlv ing. Rather
than waste the government's money and the
individual's time, the AAF decided to establish prc-
college testing, beginning in the fall of 1943. Medical
and psychological examining units conducted the
tests al the basic training centers.

Instructors in Primary Schools

Duruig the expansion of pilot training in the early
years of World War II. the contract primary pilot
schools had a big problem obtaining and retaining
instructors. By July 194.3. the AAF had solved this
problem by encouraging most civilian instructors to
join the Enlisted Reserve Corps. In this way. civilian
instructors were protected from local draft boards
and recruitment as pilots in the Army Air Forces, the

SERGEANT PILOTS

The story of enlisted pilots began long before the
US .Army admitted it even had any. In 1912 Capt
Frank P. Lahm commanded a new ly opened air
school in the Philippines. Lahm had trouble finding
enough officers to train, so Cpl Vernon L. Burge. his
new chief, volunteered. Burge received his pilot's
license in June 1912. It was the start of an on-again.
off-again relationship between the .Army and enlisted
pilots.

Only a few hundred enlisted airmen earned pUot
wings before the training stopped during the Great
Depression of the 1930s. In June 1941 Congress
passed a law authorizing an enlisted pilot uaining
program. The law permitted 1 8- to 25-year old men
who had graduated in the top half of their high school
class to appK. By contrast, aviation cadets had to
have completed two years of college and be at least
21 years old. A few months after the law was signed,
the first class of "tlying sergeants" reported to
primary Hying school. The sergeant pilots of Class
42-C finished their training and graduated on
7 March 1942, one-half from Kelly Field and the
other from Ellington Field in Texas. All of Class
42-C went to P-38s. Subsequent classes were
assigned to various types of aircraft in both combat
and support units.

The training of sergeant pilots was short-lived,
however, and ended in late 1942 because
qualification requirements for both enlisted pilot and
aviation cadet programs were made equal. Fhing
training graduates were now given their wings and
the rank of flight officer or second lieutenant,
depending on class standing.

By the time the sergeant pilots" program ended,
nearly 3.000 enlisted pilots had earned their wings
and tlown for the Signal Coips. Air Corps, or Army
Air Forces.

1 cnvnig Conmiand. and i.'s|->cci.ill> the IS Na\_s I he
result was a much higher level of experience among
instructors than had prevailed prev iously.

Eliminations in Pilot Training

Includnig latalnies. ainiosi 40 percent of students
who entered primary pilot training from 1939 to the
end of the war failed to earn their wings. The reasons
for this high attrition rate were numerous, including
low aptitude on the part of those who were
eliminated. Though higher headquarters never
established a fixed elimination rate, the operational
demand for pilots primarily determined the

1943

elimination rate. During 1943. when the demand for
pilots was greatest, the elimination rate declined.
During 1944, when a surplus of pilots was in sight,
eliminations rose as standards increased. These
adjustments provided a crude but realistic way to
reconcile the conflicting needs of the Army Air
Forces for both quality and numbers of pilots.

Trainer Aircraft

Flymg tramnig and many pails of technical training
required the availability of adequate numbers and
types of trainer aircraft. As the nation geared up for
war. suitable trainers were not available for training
since most aircraft went to the operational
commands. Thus, almost all schools suffered from a
shortage of trainers until after 1943. Those aircraft
that were available were either marginally
satisfactory or already worn out from combat service.
Until the spring of 1945, the most appropriate aircraft
remained in short supply at installations in AAF
Training Command. Ultimately, the rugged Stearman
PT-13 "Kaydet" and its re-engined cousin, the PT-17,
proved to be the most suitable primary trainers. In
basic pilot training, the low-vsing monoplane of
medium horsepower designated the Vultee BT-13
"Valiant" served for most of the war as the standard
trainer. However, many pilots regarded it as too easy
to flv. so it was replaced by the North American

AT-6 "Texan," which was already being used
extensively in advanced single-engine schools. Until
late in the war, there was no suitable trainer for
advanced twin-engine pilot instruction. Then the
Army Air Forces modified the B-25 for that purpo.se.
Before that, a number of aircraft had been used, of
which the Curtiss AT-9 proved to be the most
satisfactory.

Instrument Training

Instrument training was the most important part of
basic pilot training, but until 1944 only 14 of the 70
flying hours in this phase dealt with instrument
procedures. Moreover, training covered primarily
only three instruments-the rate-of-turn, bank, and
airspeed indicators -to the virtual exclusion of
gyroscopic instruments. Howe\er. the Navy had
developed a method of instrument tlying called the
full-panel system that proved much more satisfactory.
It relied upon the directional gyroscope and the
artificial horizon. In June 1943 AAF instructors who
had observed this more accurate method introduced it
in basic and advanced pilot schools. During the
following year, there was a substantial improvement
in basic graduate proficiency in instrument tlying.
partly as a result of this full-panel system. Also
contributing to the improvement were better training
of instructors, procurement of adequately-equipped

^i^ajiwaaMP*^:

During 194.'' the first class orj«in-cn<;iiu' homhi-r instructors entered training at Randolph AFB. Texas. Shown
here are a nuinl)er of the instructor trainees walking between rows of .AT-9 ".leep" aircraft, one of the principal
aircraft used in the advanced phase of pilot training.

1943

aircraft, greater emphasis on using Link trainers, and
(in 1944) adding five hours of flying time to
instrument training in the basic eurncLikun.

Bombardier Training

As of 7 Jul\. nine locations in Central and Western
FlNing Training Commands pro\ ided bombaidier
training. Earlier, when combat requirements had
been greater, the course had lasted 12 weeks;
however, a 16 June Tranimg Command memo-
randum lengthened it to 18 weeks even though the
peak in class size and number of graduates did not
occur until September 1944. after tapering off from
an initial high in June 1943.

Flexible Gunnery Training

■At the tmie of the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Army
Air Corps still did not have a specialized school for
flexible gunnery. Three schools opened in December
1941. and the program had grown rapidly. The
number of graduates had reached ."^9.789 by 7 July
1943. with another 57.176 men completing the course
b\ the end of the year. Unfortunately, the quality of
the training left much to be desired, as General
Ainold wrote to General Yount on 29 June 1943. Part
of the problem was a serious lack of proper aircraft
and equipment to support the training. But even when
nuire equipment and aircraft became available, there
was still a need to devise a method of training that
simulated firing upon fighter aircraft as they attacked
a bomber. As 1943 ended. Training Command was
still working on a satisfactory solution to this
problem.

Centralized Instructor Schools

A nia|or advance in living training occurred during
1943 when the .^rmy Air Forces established separate
central instructor schools for pilot, bombardier,
navigator, instrument flying, and fixed and flexible
gunnery training. These schools arose because ot the
need to standardize and centralize instructional
methods among the many different locations offering
such training during a period of rapid expansion. .A
key ingredient in this process was the establishment
of a Central Instructor School at Randolph Meld m
March 1943. A major weakness of this school.
however, was its inability to secure and keep
qualified people as stall instructors.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Mobile Training Units

In supplement training provided at AAF technical
training schools, contract mechanic schools, and
factory schools. General Waller R. Weaver,
Commanding General, AAF Technical Training
Command, and Major General John F. Curry.
Commanding General of Western Technical Training

A mohile Iraininj; unit instructor points out the remote
compass transmitter to instrununt specialists on the
.\-26. I his training took place on an i:n<;lish estate.

- ^'~-— ^ ^^^^^^-^^^

To help students identifv aircraft as friend or foe. flying
training schools taught aircraft recognition courses.
Instructors used model airplanes and dra>\ings to
familiarize students with various tvpes of aircraft.

In a photograpliv class, an instructor uses a visual aid to
demonslrale Ilie principles of the tri-metrogon sv stern of
aerial charting.

Command, developed a new concept in the summer
of 1942 called mobile training for tactical
maintenance personnel and aircrews. The mobile
training units (Mill that provided this instruction
carried their training equipment to the receiving
organization in trailers or transport aircraft, with each

1943

MTU set up to provide instaiction on only one type
of aircraft. To avoid dupiicaiing the instruction in
schools, moreover, the MTUs focused their efforts on
demonstrating how to correct specific malfunctions
of aircraft parts and systems. They also served to
keep men in the field current on the maintenance of
new and modified equipment. By July 1943 only 17
mobile training units existed. Later in the year the
number had grown to 34. so Training Command
decided to centralize management of the program in
Western Technical Training Command. By the end of
the year, the number of MTUs had grown to 43. a
figure that expanded to 163 by the end of the war.

Training Procedures and Problems

At the beginning of World War 11. a shortage of
teachers and equipment in technical schools dictated
that teaching be disproportionately oriented toward
lectures and theory. Consequently, graduates
displayed serious deficiencies when they reported for
duly. This led General Arnold to direct, in August
1942. that training be more practical. A resultant
series of directives from General Weaver was only
partially implemented, but a modified policy issued
by Training Command in October 1943 discouraged
lectures and limited the use of written tests in favor
of discussion, hands-on training, and actual
demonstration of skills. Efforts also began to reduce
student-teacher ratios, although it was not until 1945
that declining enrollments produced satisfactory
ratios in most programs.

GLIDER TRAINING

Beginning in the 1930s, the United States
experimented with ways of landing troops behind
enemy lines, such as dropping parachutists or using
gliders. The Germans were the first to put the
concept into practice during World War II. Before the
end of the war. however, the United States was
making the largest use of airborne troops. These
comprised not only parachutists, but troops dropped
in by gliders. In 1941 the Air Corps directed Flying
Training Command to establish a glider training
program. Contract schools opened soon after, but they

were not around long. Most had closed by mid- 1943.
Only the AAF programs at South Plains and
Sheppard. Texas, remained.

Technical Training Command also played a part in
glider training when in 1943 it directed Sheppard to
open a glider mechanic school. Students learned to
perform maintenance and, in an emergency, to rebuild
wrecked gliders. This was a relatively simple
operation, considering that the primary glider, the
CG-4A. consisted of little more than a shell, equipped
with radio, wheels, and brakes.

By late 1944 Training Command had ended all
glider instruction, both flying and technical. Rather
than create a separate glider force, the Army Air
Forces had decided it would be more profitable to
train its troop carrier pilots to also operate gliders.

Training Command used the CG-4A "W aco" as
its primary glider trainer.

1944

While war continued to rage in the Pacific and Europe, the traininjj pipeline l)e;;an to catch up \>ilh the
demand lor most cate<iories of graduates. The high point ol training in the standard sequence ol living
training occurred, for example, at the end of February, with the peak production of graduate pilots occurring
t>\o months later. June brought the high point in the graduation of four-engine pilots, hut the production of
aircraft commanders for very heavy bombers continued to rise into 1945.

Pictured here are the types of uniforms worn by I raining Command fiying cadets.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as ol 31 Dcccmhei h-)44i

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:
PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

^3^

Eastern Flying Training Command

170

377.767 (.'i2.335 officers: 224,591 cnlisicJ; 1(K).S41 civilians)

21.052 (A-20. A-26/B-26. A-36. AT-6. AT-7. AT-9. AT-IO. AT II
AT- 17. AT- 18, B-17. B-IK, B-24, B/TH-25, B-29. B-34, B-40. BT-9
BT-13, BT-14. BT-15. C-45. C-46. C-47. C-60. C-64. CG-4. F-2. F-6
F-7. F-9. F-10, L-2. L-3. L-4. L-5. 0-47. OA-10. OA-14. P-38. P-39
p.40, P-47. P-61. P-63. PT-13. PI- IS. PT I'), R-4, RA-24, RP-322
TB-32. UC-78)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

3 tlyini: training commands:

EASTERN. Maxwell lickl AL:

7 nying training wings;

27lh (Basic). Cochran Field GA

28th ( Adv .Single-Engine). Craig Field AL

29th (Primary). Moody Field GA

3()th (Adv Twin-Fngine). Columbus Field MS

74th (Prellight). Maxwell Field AL

1944

75th (Flexible Gunnery). Buckingham Field FL
76th (Specialized 4-Engine). Smyrna Field TN

CENTRAL. Randolph Field TX:

8 flying training wings:

31st (Primary). Enid Field OK

32d (Basic). Perrin Field TX

33d (Adv Twin-Engine). Blackland Field TX

34th (Bombardier and Specialized Twin- and
Four-Engine). San Angelo Field TX

77th (Adv Single-Engine). Foster Field TX

78th (Pretlight). San Antonio Aviation Cadet
Center TX

79th (Flexible Gunnery ).Harlingen Field TX
80th (Nav and Glider), San Marcos Field TX

WESTERN. Santa Ana Army Air Base CA:

7 flying training wings:

35th (Basic). Minter Field CA
36th (Primary). Santa Ana Army Air Base CA
37th (Adv Single-Engine). Luke Field AZ
38th (Bombardier and Specialized Twin- and
4-Engine). Kirtland Field NM

81st (Preflight). Santa Ana Army Air Base CA
82d (Flexible Gunnery). Las Vegas Field NV
83d (Adv Twin-Engine). Douglas Field AZ

'. technical training commands:

EASTERN, St Louis MO:

Boca Raton Field FL
Chanute Field IL
Gulfport Field MS
Scott Field IL

Seymour Johnson Field NC
Truax Field WI

WESTERN. Denver CO:

Amarillo Field TX
Buckley Field CO
Keesler Field MS
Lincoln Field NE
Lowry Field CO
Sheppard Field TX

Student Instructors seek poor weather conditions to practice instrument flying in their B-25s during
Instrument Pilot Instructors School

1944

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Gcncial \'ount rcmaiiiccl the conimaiulcr
throughout this period. On S May Brig Gen Wilhani
W. Welsh replaced General Kraus as Chief of Staff.
Then on 16 September Brig Gen Kenneth P.
McNaughton succeeded General Welsh in that
position.

ORGANIZATION

Central Technical Training Command

Requirements m the combat theaters lor graduates of
technical training schools and e\en pilots proved to
be smaller than initialls expected, so the .'Xrmy Air
Forces reduced the si/e of these training programs in
January 1944. The cut in technical training was
particularly heavy, so A.AF Training Command
requested and received authority to discontinue the
headquarters of Central Technical Training
Command in St Louis. Missouri, effective I March
1944. Simultaneously, the headquarters of Eastern
Technical Training Command moved from
Greensboro. North Carolina, to St Louis. All statit)ns
previously in the central command, with the
exception of Keesler Field, became part of the eastern
command. Keesler went to the western command.

INSTALLATIONS

SUBORDINATE UNITS

AAF Base Units Established

In .April 1944 the flymg and technical training
installations disbanded all active support units, except
AAF bands, and reorganized each base under an AAF
base unit. At Keesler, for example, the .^7()4th AAF
Base LInit look o\'er all adnnnistration. training and
operations, and supply and maintenance duties. In the
process of this reorganization, the base discontinued
59 units.

Reduction in Installations

As training actnities contracted, the number of
Training Command installations declined more
rapidly than the number of graduates because it was
usually the smaller installations that inactivated or
were placed in stand-b\ status. Thus, the number of
stations dropped from a high of 451 in July 194.^ to
170 by the end of 1944. The largest portion of the
decline resulted from the closing of college training
detachments at the end of the 1943-1944 academic
school year. However, many civilian aviation
schools and other kinds of installations, such as
factory schools, also closed. Many of their functions
were then concentrated at other technical training
installations such as Chanute. Keesler. Lowrv. ami
Sheppard fields.

Basic Training Centers Inactivated

The numbei ol basic liaiiuiig centers also declined
from the 1.^ in existence in the spring of 1943 to only
tour by 31 nccember 1944. The four remaining
centers were Amarillo and Sheppard Fields in Texas,
Buckley in Colorado, and Keesler in Mississippi.

Bomliiiidiers practice dioppin<^ duinmv Ixinihs
lioni an A 1-1 1 "kansan" diirin<; lraiiiiii<;.

HEADQUARTERS ORGANIZATION

Flexible Gunnery Deputy Appointed

Despite the fact that tlexible gunnery training
enjoyetl the highest priority for the procurement of
the equipment it neetled. it continued to be the
weakest program m the command. ,\t the beginning
,if 1 1)44. Ilexible gunnery still lacked proper
equipment, especially turrets and sights that
aiiiomaiically compensated for the movement of the
aircralt ami the target, and it also lacked a definitely
esiablishetl training doctrine. To promote the latter
and provide better direction, the command estab-
lished a deputy commander for Ilexible gunnery
within the headquarters on lOJtilv 1944.

1944

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Consolidation of Pref light Training

With the decline in the numbers of required pilot
trainees as the war progressed, the Army Air Forces
decided in October 1944 not to send more aircrew
trainees to Santa Ana Army Air Base or Maxwell
Field but to send them all to the AAF Preflight
School at the San Antonio Aviation Cadet Center.
The pretlight school at Maxwell officially closed on
1 December 1944. but the school at Santa Ana
remained t)pen until January 194.'i, prmiding
preflight training for Chinese students.

Instructors used this ^iant cockpit mock-up in
B-29 transition training at Roswell Field, New
Mexico.

Fighter Transition Training

In January 1944 Training Command began to plan
for the separation of single-engine fighter transition
training from advanced single-engine training. The
main purpose of the latter was to teach people to fly
fast airplanes instincti\cly and to shoot accurately
from them. Previously, it had included fighter
transition, but the new plan was tor students to train
on the AT-d aircraft until graduation from the
advanced phase, when they received their
commissions. Only then would they receive a
transition course on the P-39 or P-4() aircraft,
including gunnery training. The AAF announced this
separation on 1 May 1944 and implemented it in July
1944. This change permitted more intensive training
than had been possible in the advanced course alone,
generally improving gunnery training and giving
students more time in tactical aircraft as a result.
Meanwhile, other impro\emenls in fixed gunnery
training had con\ertcd it from almost a guessing
game into something approaching an exact science.

Advanced Twin-Engine Training

The greatest improvement in advanced twin-engine

training during this period was the gradual

introduction into flying training of the kinds of
aircraft actually being flown in combat, such as the
TB-25 (a stripped training version of the B-25 also
known as the AT-24) instead of such generally
unsatisfactory advanced trainers as the AT-9. Many
of the TB-25s were worn out from combat duty and
required extensive maintenance. Yet mechanics at
training installations had to be retrained to repair
them, and once they got this training, it was hard to
keep them at the schools when combat theaters
needed their skills. Even so. it was regrettable that at
the end of 1944 more than two-thirds of flying
training still took place in advanced trainers because
actual combat aircraft, which were not available,
clearly provided superior training.

Formation and Egress Training

As the war continued, reports coming from the
combat theaters continued to einphasize the
importance of formation flying. Consequently, the
Training Command sent a letter on 16 May 1944 to
the flying training commands directing transition
schools to use any extra flying time available in the
curriculum for formation training. Also, as a result of
combat reports, on 27 July 1944. the AAF Training
Command added a practice segment to twin-engine
training that taught pilots how to abandon a disabled
aircraft during flight and follow ing a crash landing.

Four-Engine Transition Training

As the strategic bombing offensi\e against the Axis
forces in Europe mounted, so did the demand for
pilots to fly the B-17s and B-24s that constituted the
backbone of the campaign. Production of pilots had
begun slowly in January 1942 but began to mount in
March 1943. reaching an initial peak in November of
that year and then its high-water mark in June 1944.
At this point in time, available facilities were
stretched to the breaking point before entering
students began to decline during the fall months.

B-29 Transition Training

Until ihc fall of 1^)44. Second An Force provided all
B-29 transition training for the .Arm\ Air Forces.
Then, on 12 September 1944. HQ AAF directed
Training Command to establish B-29 schools for the
transition of crews consisting of pilots, copilots, and
flight engineers. By late September, plans called for
fl\e schools to provide transition training in very
hea\ \ bombers, including a school for the TB-32 at
Fort Worth. Texas. Training of pilots and flight
engineers as instructors got underway at Maxwell
Field, Alabama, on 20 September 1944. when the
school took over facilities previously used for B-24
training. Limited availability of B-29s restricted
training, hut by November regular training of crews
had begun at Maxwell on B-29s stripped of their
armament and gear. Fmlher expansion of training

1944

was limited by continued delays in the delivery ol
B-29s. so Second Air Force continued to pro\ ide the
bulk of B-29 transition training.

Flexible Gunnery Training

0\er the course of 1444, there v\ere nian\
improvements in flexible gunner\ training, especially
in the aircraft used in training. In July 1943 flexible
gunnerv schools had possessed few tactical aircraft
with which to train, mainh 55 twin-engine B-34s.
B\ December 1944 the_\ had 440 four-engine aircraft
(173 B-17s. 255 B-24s. and 12 B-40s). By the latter
date, students on gunnery missions fired from these,
while two-engine aircraft towed targets and single-
engine tactical aircraft simulated attacks on the
bombers. Unfortunately, towed targets hardly
resembled attacking fighter aircraft, but one device
that more closelv simulated combat conditions was a
camera gun that students "fired" at fighter aircraft
flying in normal attack patterns toward the bombers.
These cameras, which came into general use during
1944 and 1945. posed problems relating to
developing the film and measuring the results for
each student, but in conjunction with greater
standardization of training and other improvements,
they greatly reduced the shortcomings in flexible
sunnerv traininc bv the end of the vear.

The Miami Heath Ofllcer rrainin\as
headquartered in a modern hole! huildinj;, hut
traininji look place in temporal) classrooms.

Flight Engineer Training

In putting together the curriculum for training pilots
and copilots on the B-29. Training Command could
make use of its experience in transition training for
heavy bombers. No such experience was available in
the case of flight engineers, because the B-29 was the
first AAF aircratl that required a flight engineer. This
uulividiial operated the engine control panel of the
aircrafl. Located behind the pilot, the panel contained

all operating instruments but those the pilot used to
control the altitude and direction of the B-29. ,Al the
direction of the pilot, the flight engineer used these
insiiumcnls to adjust the throttles, fuel mixture,
supercharger, and propeller pitch. He also computed
the aircraft's cruising range, fuel consumption, engine
performance, weight and balance, and ainvorthiness.
Flight engineers underwent comprehensive training at
Amarillo and l.owry Fields before assignment to
B-2'-) transition traininij.

Flexible gunnery students at llarlin<;en I ield.
Texas, used a Waller I rainer to "lire" at
approaehin<; planes projected on a screen.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Better Training Equipment Needed

The history of communications training down
through 1944 showed a trend that was more or less
common to all wartime training-whether living or
technical-that the quality of graduates from a given
course was directly proportional to the amounts and
kinds of training equipment available. .Allocating
equipment to combat luiits without also providing
adequate quantities to training organizations
produced a false economy; it forced combat units to
coniluct training while weakening that provided by
Irammg agencies. The obvious solution was to
provide a share of new training equipmeni lo all
oriianizalions in Trainin-J Command.

1944

SAN ANTONIO MILITARY INSTALLATIONS IN WORLD WAR II

Military installations in San Antonio played a vital
role in America's war effort. San Antonio was home to
five major installations— the Army's Fort Sam Houston,
and four air force bases: Randolph, Kelly. Brooks, and
Lackland.

Fort Sam Houston was the first to be established--
back in the early 187()s. Interestingly, military aviation
began at Fort Sam Houston when Lt Benjamin Foulois
arrived in February 1910 with a single plane, the
Wright Flyer. His instructions prior to setting out for
San Antonio were to "take plenty of spare parts and
teach yourself to fly."

The Arm> adopted the B 1-9 as its standard basic trainer in late
1935 and used it as such Ihrdufjhout World War II.

When training requirements overtaxed the
capabilities of Kelly and Brooks a decade later, the
expanding Air Corps opened a third base in the San
Antonio area in 1930-Randolph Field. At Randolph
the Air Corps trained aviation cadets to be officers and
taught them how to tly.

The last of the air bases-Lackland— opened as the
San Antonio Aviation Cadet Center in 1942, shortly
after the start of World War IL Its mission was to
process into the Army Air Corps young men who
sought to become officers and aviators.

At that time, tens of thousands of
young men were entering flying training
all across the country. Typically, the
cadets first reported to a pretlight school
like the San Antonio Aviation Cadet
Center.

After preflight training, students were
transferred to civilian-operated flight
schools for primary training. At peak
strength there were 56 such schools in
operation. The most popular primary
trainers were the Stem-man PT-13 and
PT-17 "Kaydet." the Fairchild PT-19
"Cornell," and the Ryan FT- 20 "Recruit."

Upon completion of primary training,
the cadets went to an Air Corps flying
school such as Randolph for basic flying
training. At Randolph they flew aircraft
such as the Vultee BT-13 "Valiant" and
were evaluated to determine who should
go into single-engine advanced training
and who should proceed to twin-engine
training.

Both Kelly and Brooks ran advanced
fiying schools. Those students selected for
single-engine training tlevv the AT-6
"Texan," and those who went into twin-
engine training tlcw the Curtiss AT-9
"Jeep," the all-wood Beechcraft AT- 10
"Wichita," or the Cessna AT- 17 "Bobcat."

A few years later, in 1917, the Arnn's llcdgling .Air
Service established Kelly Field to train pilots for World
War I. Brooks Field opened the following year with a
mission to train instructor pilots.

In 1943, as more and more flying schools opened
across the country, San Antonio's historic bases
underwent changes in their missions. Kelly dropped its
advanced living training mission and con\erted to an

1944

Typical of the trainers used
durin<; W orld \\ ar II «ere the
Pr-19 (left) and the Ar-9
(below).

air logistics base, a role it retained until it realigned
under Lackland AFB in 2001. Brooks also clo.sed its
ad\anced Hying training school and began B-25 crew-
training, a mission it kept until the end of the war.

For its part. Randolph picked up the ad\anced
flying training mission, closed the basic flying school,
and opened the Central Instructor School to train
instructor pilots, a mission Randolph still performs.
.•\nd, for the last few months of the war. Randolph
also conducted 6-24 crew transition training.

.All the while. Fort Sam Houston had also played a
major role in preparing US Army ground forces for
their wartime roles. Durini: the course of the war. Fort

Sam. mobilized and trained three infantry di\isions
and five field army headquarters. The Army also had
several medical department schools at Fort Sam. as
well as the prostist marshal and adjutant general
schools. In addition. Fort Sam Houston served as a
recmit reception center and organized and trained
appro.ximately half a million soldiers and
outprocessed a comparable number at the end of the
war.

Meanwhile, by war's end, the Army Air Forces
had trained over 193.000 pilots for the fight against
the Axis powers, and San Antonio's four air bases had
played a major role in getting that massi\e training
effort off the ground.

1944

Armament Maintenance

Among oihci speci;ilisis iiiiined in technical training
schools were experts in armament maintenance.
Combat aircraft were complex, including lots of
lethal equipment, such as machine guns, cannons,
bombs, and related gun turrets and bombsights. Such
equipment exceeded the capabilities of general
airplane mechanics and required the technical
expertise of specialized armament maintainers, some
160,000 of whom received trainmg during the war.

Aircraft Maintenance

Of the constellation of technical training courses
offered to officers and enlisted men in 116 different
schools (32 of them factory schools) at the end of
1944, many involved advanced training in aircraft
maintenance. One of the most important of these was
a power plant course designed to produce engine
specialists. This covered maintenance of standard
aircraft engines and their accessories, including
superchargers, generators, starters, and carburetors.

I he airpliine and en<;iiic mechanic school at Keesler Field, Mississippi, provided soldiers practical
instruction on general inspection of aircraft.

1945

As World War II approached its conclusion (clicctiveh on 14 Aujiiist hut tormalh not until 2 Septcmhcr),
trainin<; activities and the strcnjith of Irainiu"; ( onimand declined. Ihe end of the «ar in Kurope in May
caused the focus of trainin heav\ hombardment. Ihen, with the cessation of hostilities in the
Pacific, most trainin" ceased for those students not planning to remain in the post-war air forces. Before that
time, however, the trend in trainin<; had gone increasin<;ly toward specialized training on particular types of
aircraft. Then during the last four months of 1945, rapid retrenchment in training <»ccurred, and emphasis
shifted to separating people from the Army Air Forces and reorganizing Training Command for its still
undetermined peacetime goals.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

(as (if 3 1 DcLcmber 1945)

Alabama-Tuskegee; Ari/ona--Ajo. Datelan. Gila Bend. Luke. Williams;
Calirornia--Mather. Minter; Colorado-Buckle). l.owry:

Florida--Apalachicola. Boca Raton. Tyndall; Georgia-M(M)ds. Turner:
Illinois-Chanute. Scott; Louisiaiia--Barksdale. Selman;

Mississippi-Columbus. Keesler; Nevada-Las Vegas; Oklahoma-Enid;
Texas-Amarillo. Bryan. Ellington. Foil Brown. Gainesville.
Goodfellow. Harlingen. Midland. Periin. Randolph. Slieppard

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

1 .^6. 1 34 ( 26.240 officers; 7.5.263 enlisted: .34.63 1 civilians)

6.169 (A-26. AT-6. AT-7. AT-1 1. B-17. B-24. B-25. B-26, B-29. C-45,
C-46. C-47. C-6(). C-64. CG-4. F-7. F-9. L-4. L-5. OA-IO. P-38. P-47,
P-61. P/RP-63. PT-13. PT-19, R-4. R-.5/H-5. R-6/H-6. TB-32)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

With the end of the war in lunope. the War Deparlinenl closed luindreds
of bases. In Iriiining Command (he base closures and mission
reorganizations happened so fast that there wasn't always time to issue
inactivation orders. .-\s a result, it was difficult to tell exactly when all
units or bases closed or tiansfcrrcd to othei commands. Among the
wings listed below, some had closed b\ the end of 1945 and others
existed on paper only.

2 training: commands:

PREPARE FOR VICTORY

Western Flying Training Command

KI.'SINt;. Randolph IicKlTX;
12 fl\ing training wings:

27th (Basic). Cochran Field GA

30th (Adv Twin-Engine). Columbus Field MS

32d (Basic). Perrin Field TX

33d (Adv Twin-Engine). Blackland I leld IX

34th (Bombardier and Specialized Iwin- and
4-Engine). San Angelo Field TX

37lh (Adv Singfe Engine). Luke Field AZ

3Xth (Bombardier and Specialized Twin- and
4-Engine). Williams Field AZ

1945

Cadets march tliniu<ih the main jjate at the San Antonio Aviation Cadet Center. In the early 1940s. San
Antonio was one ol the three h)calions where Iraining Command processed and classified aircrew candidates
for trainin".

75th (Flexible Gunnery). Bucicingham Field

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

76th (Specialized 4-Enginc). Smyrna Field TN
77th (Adv Single-Engine), Foster Field TX
SOth (Navigation and CiliderK San Marcos
Field TX

82d (Flexible Gunnery). Las Vegas Field NV

V ^-1 —.■<i(l ALAi|T/

TECHNICAL,

Field IL:

Scolt

Buckley Field CO
Lowr> Field CO
Boca Raton Field FL
Chanute Field IL
Keeslcr Field MS
Amarilk) Field TX

On 27 September 1945. MaJ Gen James P.
Hodges succeeded General Yount as commander. On
12 May Maj Gen Walter F. Kraus returned to serve
for a second time as Chief of Staff, replacing General
McNaughton. He was replaced by Brig Gen James F.
Powell on 7 December 1945.

Maj Gen James
P. Hodges

1945

ORGANIZATION

Technical Training Command Established

In niid-Octoher 1945. Training Coniniand delegated
ail stations and activities of the Western Technical
Training Command to the Jurisdiction of the Eastern
Technical Training Command, which it redesignated
as Technical Training Ciimmand. its headquarters
remained at Scott Field. Illinois, where the eastern
comntand had been headquartered. The re\ ised single
technical training command retained seven stations:
Scott and Chanute Field.s in Illinois; Keesler Field.
Mississippi: Boca Raton Field. Florida: Lowry and
Buckley Fields in Colorado: and Amarillo Field.
Texas.

Flying Commands Consolidated

Also in mid-October. Training Command reassigned
all people and equipment in Western Flying Training
Command to the jurisdiction of its central
counterpart, which on 1 November 194.'i. became
known as Western Flying Training Command. Then
on I -S December the enlarged western command
absorbed Eastern Flying Training Command. The
single entity became Flying Training Command on I
Januars 1946. with its headquarters al Randol|ih
Field. Texas.

INSTALLATIONS

Reduction in Installations

As the overall training mission declined with the
winding down of the war, first in Europe and then in
the Pacific and other theaters, the number of bases
under Training Command jurisdiction also declined—
from 170 at the end of 1944 to about 140 in May
194.5. 1 13 in September, anil ,^4 al ihc end of 1945.

Lincoln Field

On 15 .March Lincoln Field, Nebraska, transferred
from Second .Air Force to AAF Training Command
and became a combat crew processing and
distribution center. Then as a part of demobilization,
on 15 December Training Command placed Lincoln
Field on inactive status.

Waco Field, Texas

From its establishment on 16 September 1941. Waco
had served as a pilot training base: hov\ever. that
mission came to an end on 15 December 1945, when
the command inactivated the base.

San Marcos Field, Texas

By the end ot the vear. San Marcos ended navigator
training and became an inactive field.

Lubbock Field, Texas

Pikii training was the primary mission at Lubbock,
from its establishment on 26 Jime 1941 to its
inactivalion on .^1 December 1945.

Transfer of Aviation Cadet Center

In June 1945 the San .Antonio .Aviation Cadet Center
transferred to the Personnel Distribution Command.
In preparation for that event, also in June, the Officer
Candidate School transferred from the aviation cadet
center to Maxwell Field. .Alabama.

Pilot Training Bases

Manv pilot training installations discontinued training
during the year. The last contract primary pilot
schools ended their operations in October. By that
time, only Goodfellow Field. Texas, and Tuskegee
Field. .Alabama, continued to offer primary pilot
training. The last class of black pilots graduated from
primary training at Tuskegee on 20 November.
Goodfellow's last primary class transferred to
Randolph Field to finish training. Randolph began
primary training on 26 December. B_v the end of
1945. onlv Perrin Field, Texas, and Tuskegee Field
continued to provide basic pilot training. The
remaining active advanced single-engine schools
were at Luke Field. .Arizona: Stewart Field, New
York: and Tuskegee. .Advanced twin-engine training
continued only at Enid Field. Oklahoma: Turner
Field, Georgia; and Tuskegee,

SUBORDINATE UNITS

Wing Inactivations

During the year. AAF Training Command inactivated
the 2SUi. 29th. .31st. 35th. 36th. 74th. 7Sth. 79th. SIst,
and 83d Flying Training Wings.

Demobilization Unit

K_v ihc end ol ihc \car. the primary functions of ,AAF'
Training Command had become the rapid separation
of eligible personnel from the Army Air Forces and
the recruiting of Regular Army enlistees to operate
the post-war air forces. Consequently, in early
September Training Command headquarters set up a
demobilization unit in its Personnel (A-l) Division,
and on 22 October it established a Recruiting Section.
lis goal was to create an entirely vx)luntary force,
preferably one consisting of experienced, three-year
reenlistees.

1945

THE TUSKEGEE AIRMEN

On 7 March 1942. the first African- Americans to
become mihtary pilots received their wings at
Tuskegee Field. Alabama. For many this event
marked 25 years of determined effort to include
blacks in military aviation. As early as 1917. Walter
White. Director of the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). had
called for the inclusion of blacks in the Air Coips
only to be told that "no colored squadrons were
being formed at the present time." Finally, on 21
March 1941, the Air Corps activated the 99th
Pursuit .Squadron, which became the first squadron
of what became the renowned Tuskegee Airmen.

At I uskcfiee Field these four aircraft «ere the
preferred trainers during; the war: top to bottom,
the Pr-17, primary; the BT-13, basic; the AT-6,
advanced; and the P-40, transition.

Tuskegee Field was established on 23 July 1941.
and training began on I November. Also in July, the
War Department announced that the 99th Pursuit
Squadron was to consist of 33 pilots. 27 planes, and
400 enlisted men. Moreover, over 270 enlisted men
were already training at Chanute Field. Illinois, to
serve as airplane mechanics, supply clerks.
armorers, and weather forecasters at Tuskegee.
Additionally, the War Department announced plans
to train about 100 pilots each year at Tuskegee. a
clear indication that more black squadrons were in

the offing. During the war. Tuskegee trained 650
single-engine. 217 twin-engine, and 60 auxiliary
pilots, plus 5 from Haiti.

After the first class of five pilots graduated, it
took until July 1942 for enough black airmen to
complete flight training for the squadron to reach
full strength. Even then, the Army was not ready to
send black pilots overseas. Under the command of
Capt Benjamin O. Davis. Jr.. the 99th remained at
Tuskegee and received additional training to prepare
for combat. In April 1943 the unit deployed to
French Morocco in North Africa.

After acclimating to their new environs, pilots
from the 99th got their first taste of combat on 2
June 1943, during a strafing mission against the
island of Pantelleria. A month later. Lt Charles Hall
scored the squadron's first air-to-air victory when he
shot down a German FW-190. In September 1943.
the 99th conducted bomber escort, dive bombing,
and strafing missions against targets on the Italian
mainland. Squadron pilots were criticized for their
failure to score another aerial victory for the
remainder of the year. Limited contact with the
enemy was partly to blame. The 99th also lacked
flight leaders with combat experience, in contrast to
white units, until the pilots had flown more combat
missions.

Cadets at luskesee lle\> h^ht planes while
completing the Indoctrination Flight Course.

Meanwhile, Davis, now a colonel, had become
Commander of the 332d Fighter Group. The unit
acti\atcd at Tuskegee in mid- 1 942 and transferred to
Michigan in 1943. where it conducted advanced
training at Selfridge and Oscoda, before deploying
oxerseas to Italy in February 1944. The group com-

1945

A\iation cadets conduct a physics class laboratory experiment at Tuskcgee Institute.

prised three fighter squadrons: the 100th. .M)lst. and
302d. all of which had also begun at Tuskegee before
completing their training in Michigan. The 99lh was
also assigned to the 3.^2d Group in May 1944.

As soon as these units arrived in ital\ they began
flying combat missions, using P-39s. The 332d
switched to P-47s in the spring and to the more
capable P-.'^ls in ,lune 1944. With the P-5\s. the
group flew long range bomber escort missions against
such targets as oil refineries, factories, airfields, and
marshalling yards.

As the war progressed the 332d"s si|Luidrons
established an enviable combat record. On I 1 July
1944. P-51s from the 332d Fighter Group shot down
18 enemy fighters while Hying escort for a large
bomber formation. On 24 March 1945. while escort-
ing B-17s during a raid on a tank factory in Berlin,
the 332d's pilots downed three German jet fighters.

For their actions, the 332d ami three of its
squadrons-the 99th. lOOth and .^01st--earned
Distinguished Unit Citations,

Barracks inspection at luskegee.

j:5

1945

Pictured ;ih(»\e is a tormatlon of PT-17 "Kaydets" used as primary trainers throughout World War II.
Belo« is the 61-13 "\ aliant" which served as a basic trainer during the war years.

1945

The .\-2 bomb trainer was a steel scaffold about 12 feet hi};h. Mounted on \> heels, it could be electrically
propelled across the hangar floor. The lop of the structure represented the bombardier's compartment
and was large enough to accommodate an instructor, a student bombardier, and another student who
acted as bomb approach pilot. In the lower portion of the scaffold sat another student who operated a
moveable "bug" (an electronic motor on wheels), at which the bombardier aimed his siglit. I he •"boinl)"
released was a small plunger that struck a paper target on the "bug." thereby registering the student's
accuracy.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Relocation of Central Instructors School

In order to muke room al Kamlolph iickl lor 8-29
training, the Central Instructt)rs .School, redesignated
the Army Air Forces Instructors School (Central),
moved from Randolph and Brooks Fields to Waco
Field. Texas, between 23 February and ."^ April. With
the cessation of very heavy bomber training in
August, however, the AAF apparently began to have
second thoughts about the location of ail pilot
instructor training at Waco. In any event, it returned
to Randolph in November 144.^.

New Instrument Pilot Instructors School

Late in 1944 a vast expansion in instrument pilot
training resulted in an increased need for instructors
in that area. The existing instructors school at Bryan,

Texas, was not able to lake on the additional load, so
on 4 February. Lubbock Field, formally became the
site of a second AAF Instructors School (Instrument
Pilot I. aliliough the first class of instructors had
alrcadv begun training on 10 .January. This was made
possible by the simultaneous termination of the
advanced tv\o-engine program at Lubbock. In late
November, the two schools transferred to Barksdale
Field. Louisiana.

Qualification Screening Study

During the first hall ol 194.S. I'raining Command
completed a study of abt)ut I. .*>()() individuals sent
inlo pilot training before being screened for aptitude.
The group turned out to include a much higher
proportion of men with low aptitude than had
previously entered pilot training. Further, the
percentage of eliminations was much higher than had
been the case v\ith groups screened by the ciualilving
examination and classification tests. This study

1945

showed clearly the value and validity of the screening
procedures developed by the Army Air Forces.

Navigator Training

By May 1945. navigator training tor cadets existed
only at three schools— Hondo and ,San Marcos Fields
in Texas and Selman Field, Louisiana. Shortly after
the conclusion of hostilities with Japan, the Army Air
Forces decided to concentrate all navigation training
at Ellington Field. Texas, which previously had
trained instructors and graduate navigators. This
consolidation occurred basically in September,
although the navigation school at San Marcos
remained open imtil the end of November and

Students practice navigation skills In an A I'-l 1

Selman Field remained in operation until earl\ 1946
for the purpose of providing continuation training.
The base at Hondo closed in December. In early
1946, with the announcement that Ellington would
close in April, the command assigned all navigator
trail. mg to Mather Field in ralilornia.

Prefiight Training Ended

By April the preflight training program had met all
quotas for pilot, navigator, and bombardier schools
and had created a backlog of graduates that was more
than adequate to satisfy all anticipated requirements.
Consequently, at the end of the month Training
Command suspended pretlight training for returnees
from overseas and restricted the prefiight training
school to B-29 flight engineers and a few other
special priority needs.

Combat Returnees

During this perii)d. a great many of the students and
instructors in Training Command were returnees
from coinbat theaters. Whether
because of morale problems, lack
of preparation, or emotional
disorders resulting from combat,
the veterans were frequently
problem students and poor
instructors. In primary pilot
training, for example, returnees
tended to resent treatment and
training as cadets, and they also
were inclined to exhibit tenseness
and ner\ousness while taking off
in an aircraft, listening to an
engine cut out. or watching a
spin. However a few returnees
made excellent instructors,
although some regarded instruct-
ing student pilots as more
dangerous than some combat
assignments.

B-29 Training

By contrast v\ ith most other areas
of training where the supply of
graduates had exceeded the
demand, very heavy bombard-
ment iMiits still required increas-
ing numbers of crew members
for the assault on the home
islands of Japan. Consequently,
the early part of the year was a
period of rapid expansion for the
B-29 program. Initially. Maxwell
Field, Alabama, trained most of
the crews, with instruction begin-
ning at Roswell Field, New Mexico, in Januar\ and
Randolph Field in June.

Flexible Gunnery Training

Durnig the carls pari of \'-)4f<. se\en schools provided
flexible gunnery training. To make training more
realistic, these schools used "frangible" bullets to fire
at specially built Bell RP-6.^ aircraft that simulated
conventional fighter attacks against bombers. The

1945

At Buckingham Field in Horicla. a Juda target car
is readied tor llevible gunnery practice.

bullets were made in such a v\a\ lliat they splaltered
into powder when they struck the aircraft. The
RP-63s were equipped with ladiosonic equipment to
cause a wing lamp to Hash, showing gunners when
they had scored. Unfortunately, the number of hits
registered by the recording devices was usually
disappointingly small-whether because of misses or
a faikire of the recording mechanisms was unclear.
Flexible gunnery training ended shortly after the
surrender of Japan.

how to search for and then drop lifeboats to dovsned
aircrews in areas where no amphibious rescue craft
were available, where high seas precluded water
landings, or where downed personnel were too close
to eiiem\ torces for other means of rescue to be
practical.

B-29 Flexible Gunnery Training

Throughout 1944, B-29 gunners received practically
the same training as those for other aircraft, but at the
end of the year a few of them began to receive
training in B-24s modified by the addition of central
fire control turrets to make iheni more like B-29s.
Then, as the \ear progressed. Buckingham Meld.
Florida; Las Vegas Field. Nevada; and Harlingen
Field. Texas, all began offering B-29 gunnery
instruction until ilic end ot the war. Among the
training de\'ices used in this instruction was the
niampulation trainer- 1 2 towers arranged to resemble
a formation of planes. The towers ranged in height
from 10 to 40 feet, each equipped with 2 nose. 2 tail.
2 ring sighting, and 4 blister positions. As .students in
these positions faced simulated attacks from PT-13
and PT-17 aircraft, they "fired" camera guns at the
attacking fighters.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

■^

Ironi l*)44 to 1946. Keesler operated the only
etiiergeiiex leseiie school in llie \ini\ Air l-orees.
The OA-l(». ah()\e. and the IM7. right, were the
major aircraft used for air-sea rescue training.

B-17 Airborne Lifeboat Training

Keesler's emergency rescue school began pio\iding
airborne lifeboat training for air-sea rescues on
29 January. During the course, B-17 crews learned

Aircraft Mechanics Training

Among the more impoitaiU of the many technical
training courses offered in \945 was the primar\ or
basic training pro\ ided Hi potential airplane and engine
mechanics. The program consisted ot a 76-da\ course
at Keesler or Amarillo Fields. Graduates then look a
36-day course on a particular airplane before being
granted the military specialty for mechanics
(specification serial number 747). .Amarillo offered
specific training on the B-17 and B-29; Keesler
provided insiiuction on the B-24. B-2.';. B-2ft. B-32.
(-46, and C-47 (terminated early in 1945); and
("hanute specialized in the P-47. Amarillo ended its
primary course on 10 May and, instead, offered only a
primary course on the B-29.

Factory Training of Mechanics Ends

During the last part of 1944, there had appeared a
trend toward replacement of factor) schools with
courses in technical training centers. However, many

1945

The bonibsight was (he U\ to successful missions. Here, Lowiy students inspect and adjust Sperry bomb-
sights.

factory schools continued to exist even after the end
of the war. The last one-operated hy Douglas
Aircraft Ci>mpany in Santa Monica, California-
closed its diiors on I? December 1945.

Mobile Training Units

From July 144.1 through June 1944. mobile training
units provided instruction for 144,063 men. That
number climbed to 32 1. 004 in FY 45, a clear
indication that mobile training had not slacked off by
the end of the war. However, it shrank quickly after
that. Meanwhile, to alleviate personnel problems that
had resulted from assigning all nK)bile training unit
personnel to Headquarters, Western Technical
Training Command, on I March 1945. the Ariny Air
Forces set up the 37ISth AAF Base Unit to oversee
140 MTUs (increased to Ki3 by the end of the war.)

MILITARY TRAINING

Basic IVIilitary Training

By January 1945 basic military training had become
a comparatively minor part of Training Command's
activities. Only three centers remained active-
Amarillo, Sheppard, and Keesler. Buckley Field
stopped basic training in December 1944, but it was
early 1945 before all trainees had assignments. Only
about 19,000 soldiers were in basic training in
January, as compared to the peak figure of 135,796 in
February 1943. The figure climbed to 42,413 on
3 August 1945 and remained at 37,453 in December.

1946

Not surprisingly, demobilization caused a considerable amount of c(mfusion in the command's various
trainin<; pro<;rams. Because ol the discliar<;e ol a large number oliiualilled people Irom the Army Air Forces
and subsequent budgetary reductions, the command sulfered from a shorlage of skilled perscmnel to provide
instruction and maintenance. The number of students flowing into the schoolhouse »as in a constant state of
flux. Further complicating the picture was the fact that the majority of trainees were not suited to AAF
training. In spite of these difficulties. Training Command was still able to lay a foundation for peacetime
training.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of 31 December 1946)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

Anzona--\Villianis; Calitbrnia-Mullier: Coloiadi)-Lowry: Florida-- Boca
Raton: lllinois-Chanute and Scott: Louisiana-Barksdale;
Mississippi-Keesler: Oklahoma-Enid: Texas-Goodfellov\ . Lackland.
Randolph, and -San M;ucos: Washington-Geiger

?2.7()7 (5.7S()otTicei>: 34.717 enlisted; 12.210 civilians)

2.099 (A-26. .AT-6. AT-7. AT-ll. B-17. B-24. B-25. B-26. B-29.
C-45. C-46. C-54. F-31. F-SO. L-4. L-5. OA-IO. P-47. P-51. P-80. PT-13)

During the 1940s. Training
Command used Beechcraft's AT-ll
"Kansan" as a bomber and gunnerv
trainer.

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:
3 divisions:

Fl.MNt;. Randolph Field TX:

Barksdale Field LA
Enid Field OK
Goodtellow Fiekl TX
Mather Field CA
San Marcos Field TX
Williams Field AZ

TrrilMCA!.. Scott Field IL

Boca Raton Field FL
Chanule Field IL
Geiger Field WA
Keesler Fiekl MS
Lowrv Field CO

INDCXTRINATION. lackland Field TX

1946

In February 1947 Traininj; Comniand moved its headquarters from downtown Fort Worth. Texas, to
Barksdale Field in northwestern Louisiana. In the foreground of the above photo, is the new
headquarters building.

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

ORGANIZATION

4MCgf<£. J29KJBV

Lt Gen ,Iohn K.
Cannon

On 13 April 1946. I,l Gen John K. Cannon
succectleil General Hodges as Commanding General.
AAF Training Command. A new chief of staff. Col
(later Brig Gen) Isaiah Davis, took office on 7 March.
He was replaced on \5 April hy Brig Gen Alvin C.
Kincaid.

Training Command Headquarters Moved

At the end of the wai. the irciid ihroughoiu the Arni>'
Air Forces was to consolidate activities on facilities
that would be a part of the post-war air force.
Llnfortunately for AAF Training Command, its head-
quarters was located in Fort Worth. Texas, in the
Texas and Pacific Railway Building. Although the
headquarters requested that AAF leave Training
Command at Fort Worth, that request was denied. In
No\ ember 1945 Headquarters. AAF directed
Training Command to move its headquarters to
Barksdale Field. Louisiana between 19 and
2S f-ebruary. Because the round-trip distance between
Fort Worth and Barksdale was in excess of 150
miles, regulation forbade the use of government
\ehicles in the mo\e. Instead, the headquarters had to
use commercial van services at a cost of almost
$23,000. In addition, the headquarters lost the
services of 140 civilians, who chose to resign rather
than make the move. However. 310 officers. 411
enlisted personnel, and 239 civilians did go to
Barksdale.

1946

Training Command Redesignated

On I Jul\ 194(1. AAI- Iraimiii; Conimaiid became
Air Training Command. At aboiil liie same time.
Army Air Forces began interpreting the word
"command" to mean a major air command. For that
reason, on 1 November the Flying Training and
Technical Training Commands became the Flying
and Technical Training Disisions of Air Training
Command. In addition, the Military Training Center
in San Antonio (which had earlier been a part of
Technical Training Command) became the
Indoctrination Di\ision. All three were co-equal in
status.

INSTALLATIONS

Perrin Field, Texas

Activated on 20 .September 1941. Penin served as a
flying training base until its inactivation on
31 October 194^6.

Las Vegas Field, Nevada

.Air Training Command inactivated the base on
31 December 1946. From its activation on

20 December 1941. Las Vegas AAF had conducted
flying training.

Tyndall Field, Florida

Established on 16 June 1941. Tyndall Field served
Training Command as a flexible gunnery and flying
training base during World War II. The field
transferred to Continental AW Command on
28 February 1946. to Tactical Air Command on

21 March, and finallv to Air University on l.'^l May.

A student atop the \-2 honihinu trainer receives
instruction (in the use of the M-series bombsiyht.

Overseas Replacement Depots

On 30 .April the tJverseas Keplacement Depots at
Kearns. Utah, and Greensboro. North Carolina.

translerred liom Strategic Air Command to Training
Command. Their lunction of processing and shipping
people dill not fit neativ mlo an\ part of ihe
command's mission. So. on 31 JiiK Headt|uarters
A.AF transferred the Kearns depot to .\ir Defense
Command, and it reassigned (iieensboio to the same
command on l.'i .August.

NAMED ACTIVITIES

Central Instructors School Transferred

On 13 March 1946. Training Conuiiand transferred
the AAF Pilot Instructors School, previously called
the Cenual Instructors School, from Randolph to
Barksdale.

New Mission for Instructor Pilot School

In March the Instructor's School (Insinmient Pilot)
changed from a school for instructors ^Aho taught use
of instruments to a school that trained all pilots in the
command in the use of instrument procedures. As a
result, on l.'S March Training Command renamed the
school. It became the .AAF Pilot School ( Instrument i.

Air Reserve Officer Training Corps

Army Air Forces activated the .Air Reserve Officer
Training Corps (the forerunner of today's Air Force
Reserve Officer Training Corps) in 1946 and placed
it under the supervision of .Air Training Command.
Then in November, control passed to Air Defense
Ctimmand.

SUBORDINATE UNITS

Inactivation of Flying Training Wings

On l(i.luiie 194(1. Headi.|uancrs ,\.\|- iiiacii\ated the
27th. 34th. 37th. 38th. 75th. 76th. 77th. SOth. and 82d
Flying Training Wings. Three more wings-the 30th.
32d. and 33d-were inactivated on 1 3 October.
Thereafter, the primarv unit at each .A TC installation
was an AAF' base unit.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Shortages of Trained Personnel

Although command strength did not begin to decline
rapidly until the second half ol the year (when it
dropped precipitously), discharges aiul leiluctmns m
force protliicetl an intense shortage ot niialitieil and
e.xperienceil personnel. The situation was so critical
in January 1946 that Training Command approved a
se\en-and-one-half-week moratorium on flying
training. Simultaneously, the commanil placed all but
seven of the stations in Flying Training Command in
a status of reduced activity so that the few available.

1946

qualified personnel could provide training and
maintenance where needed. The same kinds of
problems also existed in technical training.

Pilot Production Expanded

Headquarters .AAF announced in June that pilot
production would be set at i ,400 per year. However,
that proved impractical because of shortages of
supplies, spare parts, and maintenance personnel, and
lack of tlyable aircraft. By autumn, that productiim
jiian had been revised downward to 825. Even that
goal was unattainable. For the year, only 371 pilots
graduated.

Peacetime Pilot Training Program

The standard pilot training program was set at 32
weeks, consisting of three phases: primary, basic,
and advanced. Pretlight training had been restricted
to B-29 flight engineers and a few other special
priority needs at the end of April 1946, and then ATC
totally discontinued it as a separate phase in 1946.
All preflight instruction was integrated into the new
three-phase program.

Under the new course of instruction, all students
received common training in the primary and basic

phases, and 35 percent of the basic graduates were
then assigned to advanced single-engine school, 27
percent to advanced two-engine school, and 38
percent to the newly established four-engine school.
Transition in conventionally powered fighter
aircraft — the P-47 and P-51 — was integrated into the
advanced single-engine phase of standard pilot
training, and those transition schools were
discontinued. The P-80 jet fighter pilot transition and
fighter gunnery schools at Williams Field remained;
however, the gunnery school existed only to fulfill
research obligations.

Observer Bombardment Training

At the end of Wtirld War 11, the Army Air Forces did
away with individual navigator, bombardier, and
radar operator training and conducted a course to
train personnel in all three skills. Originally, planners
wanted to put this training at Las Vegas Field, but
because of problems with sharing the airfield with
local interests. Training Command decided to put the
new instructional program at Mather. The first class
began training in June 1946. Both the C-47 and B-25
multi-engine aircraft were used in this course; for a
short period, students also used a few B-29s, but they
were too costly.

In May 1946 San Marcos Field, Texas, shown aho\e. came back on active status to operate the AAF
helicopter and liaison schools. «hich transferred from Sheppard Field. Texas, late in the month. At the
same time, the schools mo\ed from lechnical I rainin» ( Oniniand control to Flying Training Command.

1946

Rows of Link trainers fill this C hanutc Field. Illinois, classroom. Iluse trainers were used to teaeli both
Link trainer operators and maintenance technicians.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Weather Training

111 IM4(i the War Depaitiiienl transt'envd
responsibility for installation and maintenance of
weather equipment troni the Signal Corps to the
AAF. which, in turn, assigned that training
responsibility to Training Command. However, a
shortage of instructors and training etiuipment
prevented the command from adding new courses
until UMS.

Technical Training Quotas

An unstable student How created high and low
workloads and precluded the possibility of obtainmg
maximum use of available instructor personnel. Thus,
in August 1946. the AAF established a system of
mandatory quotas, where major commands were
directed to meet, but not exceed, authorized
allotments set by Training Command requirements.
This compulsory quota system continued until late
.luiie 1947. when the determination of training neeiK
relumed to the major commantls.

Polar Mobile Training Units

I he lact that an routes across the polar regions were
the shortest distance between many parts of Asia.

Europe, and the L'nited Slates served as the
mainspring of the AAF's postwar plans. Air Training
Command gave Technical Training Command the
lesponsibilitv of assembling and training two
specialized arctic training teams by 1 September
1946. Their mission was ti' indoctrinate AAF imiis
and individuals destined for polar assignments in
personal survival and in the care and use ol
equipment in cold weather climates.

Shovxn above is a lai^e muck-op nl the M-
series l)oml>si<^ht where inslrudois picsenled
detailed instruction on its opei aliori.

The Control Tower Operator Course at Chanutc I icid. Illinois, used a model airport and a full-scale mock-
up control tower shown above.

MILITARY TRAINING

Basic Military Training

Throuiihoul the year, basic tiaining consisted of six
weeks instruction for all recruits. Those not selected
for technical training received an additional two
weeks of continuation training. After 1 July 1946. all
basic training was conducted in .San Antonio, at v\hat
later hecaine known as Lackland.

MISCELLANEOUS

Separations

Separation criteria were progressively lowered tor
both officer and enlisted personnel during 1946.
Training Command losses from separations were not
made up by gains from recruits and returnees.
Shortages were particularly acute in maintenance,
mess, clerical, and medical personnel. By mid-year,
the command had an estimated personnel shortage of
over 1 7.000- lO.OnO in maintenance.

Enlisted personnel learn how to pack parachutes at Chanute Field.

1947

The Army Air Forces had set a post-war »;oal of bllildin^ its strength to 70 groups: however. Congress
ballsed at funding the ambitious undertal<ing. Instead, the AAF had to downscale its plans, settling on 55
groups. All 55 groups were to be organized and manned by I .lanuar\ I94S. (However, before the AAF
could meet its objective. Congress passed the National Security Act of 1947, and soon after, the Air Force
became a separate service, equal to the Army and Navy.) To meet this directive, ATC expanded its pilot
training program to produce 3.00(1 pilots per year. The command also integrated primary and basic training
- another step toward meeting the Air Force's ever increasing demand for pilots capable of living heavier and
faster aircraft.

By 31 December 1947. the Air Force was 55 groups strong, but many of the major commands felt their
personnel cupboards had been stripped clean in order to accomplish this goal. Earlier in the year, the ATC
commander had told Gen Carl A. Spaatz. the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, that ATC would do all it could
to bring the new groups up to strength, but Spaatz's push to man the groups at any cost almost destroyed
ATC's training capacity.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(us of 3 I December 1947)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

Arizona-Williams: Culit'omia-Mather: Colorado-Lowry: Illinois-
Chanute and Scott; Louisiana-Barksdale: lVlississippi--Keesler:
Ne\ ada--Las Vegas: Texas-Goodt'eljow. Lackland. Randolph, and San
Marcos; Wvominu-Fort Francis E. WaiTen

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:

49.321 (4.969 iifficcrs; 199 warrant officers: 35.476 enlisted: 8.677
civilians)

AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

1.707 (A-26. AT/T-6. B-17. B-25. B-29. C-4.5. C-46. C-47. C-.S4. C-82.
F-2. F-IO. L-4. L-5. PT-13. P-51. P-8(). R-5. R-6)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

3 divisions:

FLYING

Randolph Fiekl TX
Barksdale Field LA
Goodfellow Field TX
Las Vegas Field NV
Mather Field CA
San Marcos Field TX
Williams Field AZ

TECHNICAL

Scott Field IL

Chanutc Field 11.

Fort Francis F. Warioi \S "i'

Keesler Field MS

Lowry Field CO

INIKKTRINATION

Lackland Field 1 \

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Lieutenant General John K. Cannon continued to
serve as Commanding General. Air Training
Command, and Brig Gen Alvin C. Kincaid remained

chief of staff.

ORGANIZATION

INSTALLATIONS

Internal Base Structure Reorganized

lleadc|iiartcrs I'S.AF directed a service-wide re-
organization of internal base structuie. The major
change was the replacement of the base unit
organization with a base-wing set-up. All ATC bases

1947

were to have a wing headquarters with three
subordinate groups: training, maintenance, and
airdrome. However, in August 1947 this reorgan-
ization was deterred until 1948.

could be salvaged was moved to Keesler. It took
Keesler personnel several weeks to dry out and repair
radar equipment. As a result, the radar school didn't
open at its new location until early 1948.

Goodfellow Field

Since .August 1440. Goodfellow's primary mission
was flying training; however, that came to an end on
1 May 1947, when ATC inactivated the base, but the
closure was short-lived. In June 1947 the Air Force
published a new statement of training requirements.
Beginning in August, pilot output was to increase
from 825 per year to 3,000 per year. For ATC, the
first step in this expansion effort was the activation of
another pilot training base. Effective 1 December
1947, Goodfellow Field. Texas, returned to active
status. Basic pilot training resumed in March 1948.

Enid Field, Oklahoma

From lis activation on 20 September 1941, Enid had
operated a flying training program. Air Training
Command inactivated the base on 3 1 Januar\ 1947.

Geiger Field and Fort Francis E. Warren

For sometime city officials in Spokane. Washington.
had tried to acquire joint use of facilities at Geiger
Field. Air Training Command used Geiger as its
Aviation Engineer Training Center, and the Air Force
was opposed to sharing facilities with civilian
authorities. Instead, Headquarters USAF directed
ATC to transfer its training mission from Geiger
Field to Fort Francis E. Warren in Wyoming.
Training stopped at Geiger Field on 15 May 1947.
and ATC assumed jurisdiction of Fort Francis E.
Warren on 1 June. Within a matter of weeks, 3,346
military personnel and 4,000 tons of equipment had
rek)catcd. Training began at the Wyoming fort on
7 July. Geiger Field transferred to Strategic Air
Command as of 15 September. Also in connection
vv ith the disposal of Geiger Field. ATC translerred a
Geiger subpost. Fort George E. Wright, to Strategic
Air Command on 16 Julv.

T\NO hurricanes, one in Scpteniher and the otlur In
October, destroyed Boca Raton Field in Florida.
Hca\> rains shut down drainaf;e and sewer sys-
tems. The resulting unsanitary conditions caused
medical authorities to condemn the base, and that,
in turn, accelerated the mo\e of the radar school to
Keesler. The upper photo shows barracks flattened
in the storms, and the lower picture shows all that
remains of one of the giant radar training facilities.

TRAINING
FLYING TRAINING

Boca Raton Field, Florida

As a cosl-culling nicasuic. War Department officials
in early 1947 were making plans to dispose of Boca
Raton Field. Florida, the only radar school in the
.■\rm) .'\ir Forces. The radar training program would
move to Keesler in November. However. Mother
Nature put a kink in those arrangements. On
I S September a hurricane caused major damage tii
Boca Raton and the radar school. Keesler officials
airlifted personnel to the base to assist with salvage,
packaging, and shipping equipment. Before the mo\e
could be completed, on 1 2 October a second
hurricane slammed into the base, again dumping
torrential rains. By the time that storm had moved on.
Boca Raton was totalK uninhabitable. W'hate\cr

Jet Fighter Training

In 1946 Training Command began its first jet fighter
transition course at Williams. However, by early
1947 the AAF had sped up its conversion to jet
aircraft. The only way training needs could be met
uas b\ limiting course quotas to commands already
using jet aircraft. Also, the training program was
handicapped by the fact that no dual jet aircraft
existed. Putting untrained jet pilots into a single-seat
fighter endangered personnel ami expensive equip-
ment. To overcome this problem. Air Training
Command decided to use a newly developed
"captivair" training de\ice. It was recei\ed and
installed at Williams in early 1947.

1947

Basic Flying Training

In September llie priinai\ and basic llsinii irainini:
courses were combined into a single eight-nioiiih
basic course, vvitii two phases. Ail flying was done \n
the T-6. (The earlier course had used the PT-13 lor
the primary phase and the AT-6 for the advanced.) hi
addition, the new course had added a two-week
preflight segment.

Fighter Gunnery Training

Partialis disconliniied at \\ illiams Field in September
1946. tighter gunnery training was reestablished there
in early 1947. The new program studied the use of
fighter gunnery, bombing, and rocketry equipment.
Students tlew P-.'^ls. P-47s. and beginning at mid-
year. P-80s.

Flight Engineer Training

Part of this Mather-based program transferred to
Strategic Air Command in early 1947. It had been an
expensi\e program froin ATC's perspective, in terms
of operating expenses. Because the course used B-
29s. ATC believed SAC should take over the
program. Finally. ATC agreed to keep the ground
training, while SAC provided tlight instruction. A
student would not receive his flight engineer rating
until he had successfully completed flying training in
SAC. The new training program went into effect in
February 1947. and within several months ATC
transferred the B-29s to SAC.

Liaison-Type Aircraft Training

Air Iraimng Command learned in late 1947 that the
Army was discontinuing its liaison-type airplane and
engine mechanic training program at Fort Sill,
Oklahoma, in the future, this training would be
provided by ATC for Army soldiers. Keesler Field
became host of the new training program, which
began in early 1948. Also relocated were L-4 and L-5
aircraft.

Prototype Dehmel Z-1

Beginning in 1947, ATC used this trainer at
Barksdale AFB. It had an automatic radio range that
recorded the solution of instrument Hying problems
on cardboard discs. The Dehmel Z-1 operated
electronically, which meant instrument readings were
more accurate. According to Barksdale officials, the
Z-1 was more like a real aircraft than any other
synthetic flying training device in use in Air Training
Command.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Cutbacks in Technical Training

In March 1^)47 budgetary cuts caused a major
reduction in force of graded civilian employees.
Technical Division had no choice but to fill empty
civilian instructor slots with military personnel. That
left the schtHils v. ith a high percentage of instructors
with little if any teaching experience and. in some

SxMlhelic trainers such as the I -SO ( aplivair nmit nicuuv savers, as vmII as lime savers. Instructors
considered them an excellent >\a> IV.r students lo develop muscular aiul menial coordination. (In .lune
1947 the "P" for pursuit ehan«;ed to "K" for lljihter.)

1947

Several trainers were used in the jjunnery phase of pilot training. Here an aviation cadet fires a BB
machine gun from a link trainer-type cockpit to simulate the ideal curve of pursuit in firing at moving
targets.

A mobile training unit instructor
explains up-to-the-minute P-51
maintenance procedures to a group
of ground crew specialists.

Enlisted personnel at Uandolpli
Field, Texas, received hands-on
training using the C-8 synthetic
trainer

1947

cases, very limited knowledge ol eourse material. In
fact, many of these new instructors had just graduated
from the courses they were now expected to teach.
Besides these problems, there was also a morale
problem. In general, militarv instructors were offered
poor housing and given few opportunities for
promotion. There was also a definite lack of
distinction between students and instructors in
performance of routine organizational duties. Not
only were there attitude problems within the
instructor ranks, but these problems also spilled over
into the student ranks, and that resulted in high
elimination rates. While the command attempted to
remedy the situation, little success was noted in 1947.

Generalized Technical Training

Air Training Command began a general system of
instruction in several courses during the seci)nd half
of 1947. The idea behind generalized training had
come with the realization that the Air Force was
extremely reluctant to assign hea\y bombardment
aircraft to ATC for ground training, yet the command
was still required to train crew and support personnel.
Trainers felt the only way adequate instruction could
be prov ided was by the use of mobile training teams
that would take the training to the unit. However, the
command didn't ha\e the instructors to provide that
training. In fact, budget cuts had left ATC with an
instructor force with very limited teaching
experience. The only way ATC officials thought
training needs could be met was by establishing
generalized training. Instead of needing the latest in
equipment (as was the case in specializetl
instruction), generalized training could be conducted
using generic equipment. More specialized training
would be pro\ided on the job. One of the first
generalized courses was airplane and engine
mechanic, jet propulsion, which opened at Chanute
on 17 September. By mid- 1948 this course made up
almost 50 percent of Chanute's student body.

Aviation Career Plan

In an effort lo mcrease voliuitary enlistments from
high school graduates and improve the caliber of
personnel chosen for \anous t\pes ot technical
training, the Air I-orce established the Aviation
Career Plan in July 1947. liidcr this program,
selected high school graduates could apply and
qualify for technical training of their choice prior to
enlistment.

Radio Operator Training

An Training Command ended radio operator
mechanic training in October 1947. The course first
began at Chanute in the 19.^()s and then moved to
Scott in 1940. where it expanded during the war to
fill about 46 wimzs of the laree school buildings on

base. It was from this course that many specialized
radio and communications courses evolved.

^»- \i^ ^
\\iati()n cadets receive Morse code training from
female A.\F instructors (note the shoulder patch).

Training Aids

During World War II. a separate field dixision had
existed in New York City for the purpose of
de\eloping and manufacturing all types of training
aids. The program died at the eiul ot the w ar. leaving
training aids with no roadmap for the future. This
lack o\ direction resulted in duplication of effort
between agencies and no clear policy for meeting
newly-assigned training requirements. By the end ot
1946. Headquarters AAF had decided at assign Air
Training Command responsibility for training aids.
This was just one of several taskings added ATC's
mission statement.

Radio Operator Training

Air Training command ended radio operator
mechanic training in October 1947. The course first
began at Chanute in the 19.^()s and then moved to
Scott 111 1940. where it expanded during the war to
fill about 46 wings of the large school buildings on
base. It was from this course that many specialized
radio ami commimicalions courses e\(>l\ed.

Intelligence Training

leachers. lawyers, and investigators made up the
greatest percentage of personnel trained as
intelligence officers during World War II. By mid-
1946 most of these people had left the service,
returning to their ci\ ilian occupations. The AAF was
left with an intelligence organization where almost 75
percent of the personnel had been trained on the job.
Only 25 percent had any formal training in
intelligence. As a result, the AAF directed Air
Training Command and Air University to establish
formal courses. The ATC courses were to focus on
basic training in intelligence techniques needed tor
combat reporting, photographic intelligence, prisoner
of war interrogation, and briefing and interrogation of

1947

combat crews. Keesler was selected as the site for
this training. The first (and only) courses began at
Keesler in June. Then the announced move of the
Boca Raton radar school to Keesler, resulted in
intelligence training moving in July to Lowry.

Food Service Training Ended

The last class at the Air Force Food Service School,
Scott Field. Illinois, graduated in June. The Army
Ground Force Schools would provide future food
specialty training for the Air Force.

Basic trainees perform "dry fire" traininj" at
Lackland I- icid, Texas.

Military Police Training

In February .Air Training Command discontinued its
military police training program at Keesler. All
military police training then was consolidated with
the Army program and given at the Provost Marshal
General's School. Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania.

MISCELLANEOUS

Command Mission Broadened

BcMdcs lis overall nussion of pnniding individual
and unit training for officer and enlisted personnel in
various flying and technical specialties, HQ USAF
also assigned ATC responsibility for planning,
reviewing, revising, and establishing qualitative
requirements for Air Force training material. This
included liaising on training material matters,
conducting serv ice tests anil ev aluations of .\ir Force
training material, establishing priorities among
training material projects, and disseminating training
material information to interested .\ir Force agencies.

Contractual Training

In this period of demobili/ation. Air Force officials
were concerned that the drawdown would damage the
civilian aircraft industry to the point where these
companies would be unable to provide fast assistance
to the military in event of a national emergency.
According to the Air Force, the best way to maintain
a healthy aircraft industry was by supporting it
through purchase of new military aircraft and by
taking part in joint research and development
programs. However, the limited defense budget
made this impossible. The next best alternative was
to put Air Force training dollars into civilian industry.
Air Force officials directed ATC to study the
feasibility of contracting all or part of foimal
technical and flying training to manufacturers of Air
Force equipment and operators of civil flying and
technical schools. The study found no monetary
savings in such an approach, although some military
personnel could be released to tactical units if
training were provided by contractors. Instead, ATC
suggested that flying and technical training remain
in-house. The same number of military personnel
could be released by increasing the number of
civilian authorizations allowed to support training
efforts. The Air Force adopted that suggestion.

An instructor reviews the circuitry for tlie B-25
power system with a student.

1948

In 1948 Air Training Command began rebuilding its training complex. The command was still reeling
from the heavy losses if sustained in its instructor force in 1947. I hen the personnel withdrawals that had to
be made in support of the Berlin Airlift and the expansion of Strategic Air Command combined to handicap
even more the training bases just at the time pilot production increased. Plans called for A IC to add fne
additional fl>ing stations. By year's end. the command had alread> acti>ated four: Perrin AKB, Texas; Knid
AFB. Oklahoma; Waco AFB, Texas; and I, as \ egas AFB. Nevada. In a 17 September letter to the field.
Headquarters ISAF directed all commands to release many highly experienced personnel in support of the
Berlin Airlift. Officials in Air Training Command were so concerned about the effect this loss of personnel
would have on mission accomplishment that a return letter was sent to Washington asking which of the new
flying training bases — Waco or Fnid — was to be written off. Both bases had acti\ated on 15 October, but
with an extremely limited number of personnel on-hand.

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

las (il 3i Ik-ccmhcr I 'MS)
17

Ari/ona--\Villianis; Calitnniia-Mather: Coloiado--Lo\vry: Illinois--
Chanulc and Scott: Luuisiaiia-Baiksdalc: Mississippi-Keesler:
Nevada-Las Vegas: Oklahoma-Enid: Texas-Goodt'ellovv. Lackland.
Perrin. Randolph. San Marcos. Sheppard. and Waco: \\ yoming-lort
Francis E. Warren.

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:

7L075 (6.316 officers: 231 wanant officers: 46.707 enlisted: 17.821
civilians)

AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

1.830 (AT/T-6. B/TB-26. B-17. B/RB/TB-25. B-29. B-50. C/RC-4.S.
C-47. C-54. r-82. F-51. F-8(). H 5, H-6, H-I3, L-4, L-5, L-I6J

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

3 di\ isions:

FLYING. Randolph Al-B TX:

I honibaidmenl Uaining w nig:

3.'S3.>lli. Mather AFB C\

S pilot training wings:

35()()th (AtK Muiti-Enguie). liarksdale All? La\

35 lOth (Basic). Randolph AFB TX

3.'>25th (Adv Single-Engine). Williams AI'B AZ

354.'Sih (Basic). GoodfcMow AFB TX

3.5 .S.Sth (Basic). Perrin AFB TX

3565th (Basic). Waco AFB IX

3575th (Adv Multi-Enginc). Enul AIR ( )K

3585th (Liaison-Helicopter). San Marcos AFB TX

3595th lAdv Single-Engine). Las Vegas AFB NV

5.^

1948

TECHNICAL, Scott AFB IL:

5 technical training wings:

3310th. Scott AFB IL

3343th. Chanute AFB IL

3380th. Kecsler AFB MS

3415th. Lowry AFB CO

3450th. Fort Francis E. Wanen AFB WY

INDOCTRINATION. Lackland AFB TX:

2 Air Force indoctrination wings:

3700th. Lackland AFB TX
3750th. Sheppard AFB TX

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Lt Gen Robert
VV. Harper

On 14 October 1948. Lt Gen Robert W. Haiper
succeeded General Cannon as the ATC commander.
General Harper had been the Air L'niversity
commander. General Cannon went to Ramstein Air
Base, Germany, as Cominander in Chief. United
States Air Forces in Enrope. On 16 November Maj
Gen Robert W. Huins became ATC's first \ ice
commander.

ORGANIZATION

INSTALLATIONS

Perrin AFB, Texas

On I April 1948. ATC reactivated Perrin to operate
as a basic pilot training school. A shortage of funds
furced ATC to open the base with only a caretaker
groi. 'in hand. Three months later, on 1 Jul\. the
base b^'gan training. Then on 28 August, tbilouing
the inactivation of the base luul at Perrin. ATC
activated tlie 3555th Pilot Trainini: Wiui; (Basic).

Enid AFB, Oklahoma

Returned to active status on I August. Enid became
the command's second advanced multi-engine pilot
training base. The other was at Barksdale. However,
withdrawal of personnel in support of the Berlin
Airlift almost caused the closure of the base before it
could put its training program into effect. Training
did begin on 15 October under the direction of the

3575th Pilot

Training Wing

(Advanced

Multi-Engine).

organized on

28 August

1948. The only

way ATC was

able to provide

personnel for

the school was

by taking

indi\iduals

from other bases. One of the hardest hit was
Randolph, and for a short period of time, Randolph
officials claimed they were being "bled to death" to
keep Enid open.

Sheppard AFB, Texas

To h.indle the oxeitlow of recruits coming in as a
result of the Berlin Airlift. ATC needed a second
center for basic military training. Sheppard was
selected, and on I .August ATC reacti\ated this
World War II prin ider of airplane and engine
mechanics.

Waco AFB, Texas

Almost iwo and one-half years after its inacti\ation.
on 1 August 1949. ATC reopened Waco AFB. On
28 August the command discontinued Waco's base
unit and estahlisheil the 35(i5lh Pilot Training Wing
(Basic). Its I list class besian on 25 October.

1948

Las Vegas AFB, Nevada

To pio\ idc advanced iraining i)l tighter pilots. AlC
returned Las Vegas AFB to active status on I April
1948 and established the ?59>th Pilot Training Wing
(Ad\anced Single-Engine I i>n 22 December.
However, training did not begin at Las Vegas until
1 March 1049.

SUBORDINATE UNITS

3525th Pilot Training Wing

Since its activation in June 1941. Williams AFB.
Arizona, had conducted n>ing training. On
28 .August 1948. Air Training Command discon-
tinued the base
unit at Williams
and established
the .\^2.'^th Pilot
Training Wmg
( Advanced
Sinale-Ensjine).

3535th

Bombardment
Training Wing

On 28 Auuust

1948.

ATC activated the 353-^th
Bombardment Training Wing at Mather AFB in
California. The wing would oversee the navigation

and flying training
operation. Mather had
been in the command
from Januar\ 1942
until October 1944
when it was trans-
ferred to .Air Transport
Command. Then on
20 December 1945.
the AAF reassigned
the base to Training
Commainl.

3585th Pilot Training Wing

.An- TraHimg Command activated the 3.'>8.'Sth Pilot
Training Wing (Liaison-Helicopter) at San Marcos
AFB. Texas, on 25 August 1948. The wing remained
in operation until early 1949. when it was inactivated.
However, its 3585lh Pilot Training Group transferred
to Waco in March 1949. when helicopter training
mo\ ed from San Marcos to Waco.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Flying Training Expansion

At the beginning of 1948, Randolph AFB was the
only ATC base providing basic flying training. With

the -An Force-directed increase in pilot production
i3.()()() pilots by 1950). ATC needed additional
schools. The flrst school added was Goodfellow in
December 1947. Its flrst class began on I March
1948. Twi) other Te.\as stations. Perrin and Waco.
also opened in 1948 and began pilot training. Air
Training Command had intended to put a fourth
school into operation, but because of cost and
personnel considerations, offlcials decided to revise
the training program. Basic went from eight to six
months by shifting some course material to the
advanced phase, and advanced went from four to six
months. This revised plan--si\ months of basic flying
training and six months of advanced schooling -went
into effect in early 1949.

Advanced Multi-Engine Training

Early in 1948 ,A IC disconlmued loui-engine training,
using the B-17. When this program ended. ATC
renamed twin-engine pilot training as multi-engine
training. Only Barksdale provided this instruction
until October 1948. when Enid began accepting
students. The schools used B-25s and B-50s.

Fighter Gunnery School

.At Williams the Flying Division discontinued its
fighter gunnerv school ini 1 June 1948. Student
training had been removed from the school in 1947.
and all that remained were its research functions.

I liise (.oinrnunicaliims siuiliiils ,i( Scull \lli.
Illinois, arc sellinu u|) a radio ranjic station
antenna.

1948

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Technical Training Production

In OctolxT 1948 HoadqLuirlcrs USAF directed ATC
to increase its rate of production to meet
requirements of a 7()-group (pre\iously 55-groiip) Air
Force, with no increase in personnel or installations.

Tech School versus Direct Duty

,Appro\miatel\ 44 percent of all basic military
training graduates went on to receive technical
training before reporting to a first duty station. The
other 5(> percent went directly from basic to their first

MILITARY TRAINING

Coeducation Introduction

In l'-)4S the Indoctrination Division at Lackland
introduced coeducation into basic military training.
Officer Candidate School, and the Central Instructor
School. The division acquired separate housing for
Women in the Air Force (WAF) on Kelly AFB,
adjacent to Lackland. The .^7()0th WAF Training
Group and its three squadrons, the .^74 1st. .^742d. and

3743d, managed the 1 1 -week basic military training
program for the WAF. Basic military training for the
WAF was two weeks shorter than for men because
the women did not take part in weapons training,
marksmanship, bivouacs, aquatic survival, or field
marches.

Aviation Career Plan

A year after its establishment, the aviation career plan
caused some major headaches for officials at
Lackland. In August 1948 an unrestricted number of
high school graduates entered the Air Force, and they
soon overloaded Lackland's training capacity.
Additional housing had to be found-some at nearby
Kelly and Brooks Air Force Bases. As a last resort.
Lackland officials ordered tents erected between
barracks to house about 3.000 basic trainees. This
was just a stopgap measure until Air Training
Command could open Sheppard and move new
recruits to that northern Texas base for basic training.
By fall the number of high school graduates coming
intt) the Air Force had leveled ofL giving recruiting
officials time to conect the system before the next
year's high school graduation.

A mobile training instructor diinmistr aics the tlncr points iif a C -54 automatic pilot system.

1949

The last half of 1949 was an exercise in austcrily. President Harry S. Truman decided that the eiiunlr\
could onl> afford a 48-oroup Air Force. B\ this time, the Air Force had activated 59 <;rou|)s. NMth the new
announcement, the Air Force had to shift quicklv from expansion lo contraction. (Onjiress also failed to pass
the fiscal year 195t( military appropriations hill until [)ecemher. With onl\ a minimum of operating funds
available, the Secretary of Defense directed major spending cuts throu<ihout the Department of Defense
(DOD). A total of 25.000 Air Force civilian authorizations \>ere lost--1.562 in Air Trainin<; C ommand. These
were positions that, according to DOD, could not be filled by military. In addition. AI( had to cut fixing
hours and separate large numbers of reserve officers, as welt as convert rated officers to nonrated status.
Even with the abolishment of the three divisional headquarters-Flying. Technical, and Indoctrination. A TC
operations remained crippled by a lack of funding.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(jsol 31 Dcceniher IW))

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

Arizona-Williams; Caliturnia-Mather: Colorado--LouTy: Illinois--
Chanute and Scott; lVlississippi--Keesler: Nevada--Las Vegas;
Oklahoma-Vance; Texas--Corinally. Ellington. Goodtellow. Lackland.
Peiriii. Randolph. Reese, and Sheppard; Wyoming--Francis E. Warren

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:

70.762 (7.867 officers; .^45 waiTant officers; 49.840 enlisted; 12.710
civilians)

AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

2.132 (AT-6. B-17. B/RB-2.\ B-26. B-.^O. C-45, CArC-47, C-.H
F/TF-.Sl. F-80. H-3. H-13. L-5. L-13. L-16. T-33)

.\ir I'raining Command first used the
T-33. destined to be its bellwealher
trainer. in advanced single-engine
training at Williams Alii. Aii/ona. in
June 1949.

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

8 pilot training wings:

3500th ( Adv Multi-Engine). Reese AFB TX

3510th (Basic). Randolph AFB TX

3525th (Adv SingleTingine). Williams AFB AZ

3.545th (Basic). Goodtellow AIB TX

3555th (Basic). Pcrrin AFB TX

3565lh (Basic). Connally AFB TX

3575th (Adv Multi-Engine ). Vance AFB OK

3595th (Adv Single-Engine). Las Vegas AFB NV

1949

rompleted in March 1940, Scott AFB Building P-3 was originall\ designed to be Headquarters, General
Headquarters Air F(»rce ((JHQ Air Force). Air I raining Command moved its headquarters into the building
on 17 October 1949. On July 1951, ATC renamed the building Yount Hall in honor of Lt Gen Barton K.
^ (lunt. the first Commanding General of AAF Training C ommand.

Al- indoclriiialion wing:
3700th, Lackland AFB TX

Students recei\e Morse code and t>pe the
transcribed messages as part of the radio
operators course at Keesler AFB, Mississippi.
Both men and women were entered in the course.

1 bombardment training wing:

3535th. Mather AFB CA
1 navigator training wing:

3605th, Ellington AFB TX

6 technical training \\ ings:

33i()lh, Scott AFB IL

3345th, Chanute AFB IL

3380th. Keesler AFB MS

.3415th. Lowiy AFB CO

3450th. Francis E. Warren AFB WY

3750th. Sheppard AFB TX

i training aids wing:

3499th. Chanute AFB IL

(

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

General Harper remained the ATC" commander.
and Major General Burns eoniiniied as vice
commander.

ORGANIZATION

Command HQ Established at Scott

In earl> 1949, Secretary of Detense Louis Johnson
initiated a series of economic measures throughout
the armed forces. His purpose was to effect greater
utilization of the assets assigned to all services. As a
result of these actions, a number of bases transferred
between major commands, schools mined, and other
bases closed. In addition, the Defense Department
reduced civilian and military personnel requirements
needed to operate a base and ordered abolishment of
subordinate headquarters. Because of these DOD-
directed initiatives, the Air Force reassigned
Barksdale to SAC. The base had long runways better
suited to bomber traffic than training. Barksdale
became a SAC installation on .^0 September.
Originally. USAF officials had intended to leave
ATC headquarters at Barksdale as a tenant. biU
planners later decided to move ATC to Randolph.
where the Flying Division was based. Before that
move could take place. Headquarters USAF decided
to put .-XTC at Scott AFB in Illinois, effective
17 October 1949. The new ATC headquarters was
considerably bigger, because it absorbed the
functions of its previous three subordinate
headquarters— Flying. Technical, .uid linlocirmation
Divisions. Air Training Command abolished the
Indoctrination [Division on I November and
discontiniietl the other two on 14 November.

Wing-Base Organization

In April 1949 ATC completed implementation of a
USAF directive to organize installations by "wing-
base." The wing commander would control both the
base and the operating units on that base. General
organization of the wing included an air base group, a
tactical group, a maintenance and supjily group, and a
medical group. In ATC a training group replaced the
tactical group. This new plan made organizations
uniform throLighoul the Air Force.

INSTALLATIONS

7949

months later, aviation cadets anil nonrated ollicers
joined the list of students, lilhngton was first
activated in World War I to provide bombing
instruction. It again opened on 17 .August 1940 as a
bombardment school, but because of poor weather
contlitions, that training was discontinued in January
1942. instead, beginning in September 1941.
Ellington became a prellight school for navigators
and bombardiers. Then on l.'i .April 1946. Traming
Command inacliv aled the base.

San Marcos AFB, Texas

In preparation lor niactivation. on I March 1949.
ATC transferred helicopter ami liaison training from
San Marcos to Waco. Then on }\ March, the
command inactivated San Marcos AFB.

Connally AFB, Texas

■fhe comnuLnd redesignated Wac(i .-XFB as Connally
on 10 June 1949. The name honored Col James T.
Connally of Waco, killed on a bombing mission over
Yokohama in 1943. On S January 19.31, Air Training
Command again changed the base designation-this
time to James Connally AFB.

Vance AFB, Oklahoma

On 9 July Find AlB became Vance, named for Lt
Col Leon R. Vance, Jr.. of Enid. The War
Department posthumously avvanled the Medal of
Honor to Vance for gallantry in action over France on
.3 June 1944.

The Acntjcts at NMIiianis M U in Arizona were the
first jet aerial (knionstralidii team in the Air
Force. Duty with the Aerojels «as in addition to
the pilots' assi<:iied duties.

Ellington AFB, Texas

At lh)Usion. lexas, ATC activated Ellington MB.
effective .^1 March 1949. Two weeks later the
command established a USAF Navigation School at
Ellington, and sometime after that the .^(i03th
Navigation Training Wing came into existence. The
first class entered irainini; on S August 1949. Three

Lubbock (Reese) AFB, Texas

.All Iraining Command activated Lubbock on
1 .August 1949 as an advanced multi-engine pilot
training school. The first class convencil on
I November. The command had directed that the
3500lh Pilot Iraining Wing (Advanced

1949

Multi-Engine) relocate from Barksdale to Reese
during the late summer. On 29 November 1949, ATC
redesignated Lubbock as Reese AFB. to honor ILt
Augustus F. Reese of nearby Shallowater. Texas.
Lieutenant Reese was killed on 14 May 1943 over the
island of Sardinia, when his P-38 crashed after a
strafing run.

Fort Francis E. Warren

On 7 October 1449. Fort Francis E. Warren became
Francis E. Warren AFB, Wyoming.

3750th Technical Training Wing

Headquarters ATC discontinued the 3750th Air Force
Indoctrination Wing, which had provided basic
training at Sheppard. and on I April 1949, estab-
lished the 3730th Technical Training Wing also at
Sheppard. The wing acquired Keesler's airplane
mechanics school, which provided room to expand its
communications and electronics training programs.

TRAINING

SUBORDINATE UNITS

3499th Training Aids Wing

In October 1949 ATC organized a training aids wing
at Chanute. The purpose of the 3499th was to provide
training in the field for maintenance personnel
assigned to wcirk on various types of aircraft in
general use in the Air Force. By I January 1950. the
wing possessed 37 detachments: 15 bomber, 7 cargo,
and 15 fighter.

The TE-105A Ejection Seat Iriiinei, more commonly kno»n as
the "Boom Bucket," >vas erected at Williams AFB, Arizona, in
1949. This trainer, the onl> one of its kind in the \ir Force,
simulated ejection from a jet aircraft. B\ the last ride on .^0 .lul)
1974, a total of 18,187 students had used the trainer.

Survey of Training

In late 1948, as the result of personnel cuts taken in
1947, ATC officials asked the US Office of
Education to survey technical and flying training
bases and make suggestions for improving the entire
training system. Their report made a number of
recommendations, ranging from ways to define
course content better to employing only instructors
with proper education qualifications, as well as an
interest in teaching. From this survey, ATC
established a training analysis and
development office at the headquarters to
oversee improvement of teaching
methods, curricula, instructors, and
training aids, all in an effort to improve
the quality of the graduate. In addition,
ATC created a formalized method for
training technical instructors.

FLYING TRAINING

Pilot Schools Transfer from
Barksdale

When Barksdale became a Strategic Air
Command installation. ATC officials
relocated all flying training from that
base. The multi-engine pilot school
(operated by the 3500th Pilot Training
Wing) moved to Lubbock in late summer,
and the Instrument Pilot School became a
tenant on Air University's Tyndall AFB,
Florida.

Shortages Affect Training

All of the flsing programs suffered from
shi>rtages of aircraft replacement parts,
qualified maintenance personnel, and
instructors--problems that had been with
the schools since the war. But in 1949 the
instructor shortage became so critical that
schools had to increase numbers of recent
graduates used for instructor training. At
V\ illiams the high accident rate was
attributed in part to a lack of experienced
instructors.

1949

Basic Pilot Training

Hail) in 1449 IImiil; Di\ision
changed its pilot trainini;
program from eight months in
basic and four months in
advanced training to two equal
phases of six months each.
Then in Jime officials added a
four-week pretlight training
segment at Lackland. That
increased the pilot training
program from 12 to 13 months.

Navigator-Bombardier
Training

The aircraft observer (bom-
bardment) program at Mather
changed to navigator-bombar-
dier. The new program was to
be a two-base effort. Ellington
would pro\ide basic

instruction and then feed its
graduates to the Mather school.

Fighter Gunnery Sctiool

The command had closed its

only gunner\ school (at

Williams) in 1948. but in

February 1949, ATC officials

directed Las Vegas AFB to

study the possibility of

establishing a central gunnery

school with both training and

research capabilities. On

15 May 1949. with USAF approval. ATC opened its

USAF .Aircraft Gunnery School at Las Vegas. Even

bclore the schtiol opened. Las Vegas AFB officials

hosted their first aeiial USAF Giuinery Meet.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Accelerated Technical Training Program

In March the Air Force directed ATC to accelerate
ceilain portions of its technical training program, as a
part of an overall restructuring to a 48-group A\v
Force. The statement of trained personnel
requirements gave priority to radio, radar, armament,
and aircraft maintenance training programs. To meet
these training rec|uirements. it was necessary for ATC
to Find additional space for these courses. To do that.
the Air Force announced on l7Janiiar\ that all
aviation engineering courses at Francis E. Warren,
with the exception of pouerman. would transfer to
the Army's Engineer School at Fort Belvoir. Virginia.
Then on 21 Februar\. .'\TC announced it would use
Sheppard lor technical training. All airplane and
engine mechanic and rotary wing and liaison
mechanic courses at Kccsler would move to

I pon their arii\al
candidates march to

at Lackland Al B. Texas, these pn)specti\e officer
the processing station.

Sheppard. flicn ladio operator ami control tower
courses at Scott would iclocate to Keesler. In
addition, the fixed wire courses at Scott went to
Francis E. Warren, so that Scott had room to expand
its radio mechanic school. As the result of all this
restructuring. ATC now had nine major famih
groups of training: aircraft maintenance, armament
and ordnance, aviation engineers, communications,
photography, radar, weather, intelligence, and
miscellaneous. In those nine families, iheie were
appro\imatel\ 100 active courses.

MILITARY TRAINING

First Women Enter OCS

On 12 June I94S. Congress passed the Women's
.Armed .Services Integration Act. establishing \\ omen
in the Air Force as a permanent part of the Air Force.
Seven months later ATC's Officer Candidate School
Class 49A included its first WAF students.

7949

*^ .-^H?-

^tM

;.-4»'

For years ATC bases had reported an acute shortage of family housing. This was one of the major
factors affecting morale. Finally, on 8 August 1949, Congress passed the Wherry Housing Act,
encouraging private contractors to build family housing for the services. Above is a duplex unit and
helo« are multi-family housing units.

MISCELLANEOUS

Operations Hayride and Snowbound

In laic Jaiui.iiA licas) snowsioims in Nebraska
brought requests for assistance. Helicopters from San
Marcos AFB. Texas, and a C-47 from Randolph took
part in Operation Ha\ridc. They helped pro\ idc food
to snowbound laniilios and stranded lixestoek. trans-

ported medical aid. and surveyed roads and power
lines to determine the extent of storm damage. When
these winter storms inoved into Wyoming in early
February, assistance continued under the title.
Operation Snowbound.

1950

The outbreak of the Korean \\ar on 25 June I'JSO indicated that ATC would soon see an increase in
traininfi requirements. By 1 July the Air Force had directed A IC to accelerate trainin<: to Jill the needs of a
new 95-win5i Air Force. A few days later ATC found itself with a new mission-comhal crew traininj;. With
operational commands immersed in the war. it was left to ATC to train pilots for comhat. Ihe first school
opened at Nellis AFB in Nevada. In August the Air Staff raised the rate of pilot production from 3.000 to
4.000 per year, and by the end of the year, it had climbed to 7.200. At Ihe same time, the need for traininji
technicians also rose. As it had in World War II. ATC met the increased training requirements by
contracting with civilian schools, but there were other problems that weren't so easy to solve. The command
soon found itself facing sudden and generally short-range training requirements of an emergency nature.
There was no time to prepare, and that meant the quality of training suffered-both Hying and technical
training. Because troops in the Far East recei\ed priority in the supply system. ATC also faced across-the-
board shortages in equipment such as armament, radar, aircraft spares, maintenance items, clothing,
bedding, and office equipment. Shortages of spare parts even caused a reduction in helicopter training at San
Marcos and B-29 training at Randolph later in the war.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(asot 31 DL-ccmber 1950)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

Alabama-Craig: Arizona--Wil]iams: Calif()rnia--Mather: Colorado-
Lowry: Florid"a--Tyndall: Illinois-Chanutc and Scoit: Mississippi-
Columbus. Greenville, and Keesler; Nevada-Nellis: New York-Sampson;
Oklahoma-VanL-e: Texas-Connally. Ellington. Goodfelkm. Lackland.
Perrin. Randolph. Reese, and Shcppard; Wyoming-Francis E. Warren

1 10.044 (9.432 officers; Sl,215 cnlislCLl; 19,297 civilians)

2 621 (AT/T-6. B-17. B/TB-25. B-26. B-29. C-45. C-47. C-.'^4. F-51. F-80.
F-84. F-86. H-5. HI 3. L-5. L-13. L-16, T-28, T-29, T-.33, YT-34, YT-35)

MAJOR Sl'BORDIN ATF IMTS:

1 boiiibarJnicnt training v\ing:

3535th, Mather AFB CA
1 navigator training wing:

3605th. i;ilnigton AFBTX

8 pilot training wings:

35()Oth (Ad\ Multi-Enginc), Reese AFB TX

3510th, Randolph AFBTX

3525lh (Adv Single-Engine I, Williams AFB AZ

3545th (Basic). Gooilfenow AlB TX

3555th (Basic). Pcrrm AIB TX

3565th (Basic). Connally AFB TX

3575th (Adv Multi-Engine), Vance AFB OK

3615th (Adv Single-Engine), Craig AFB AL

1 training wings;

3595lh (Combat Crew). Nellis AFB NV
3625th. T.Midall AFB FL

2 Air Force indoctrination wings:

365()lli. Sampson AIB NY
37()()th, Lackland AFB TX

6 technical training wings:

331()th, .Scott AIB IL

3.345th, Chanule AFB IL

3380lh, Keesler AFB MS

34 1 5th, Lowry AFB C(J

3450th. Francis E. Warren AFB W A

3750th. Sheppard AFB TX

1950

I training aids wing:

3499th. Chanute AFB IL

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

General Harper continued in command of ATC,
and Maj Gen Bums remained as vice commander.

ORGANIZATION

INSTALLATIONS

Nell is AFB, Nevada

On 30 April 1950. ATC redesignated Las Vegas AFB
as Nellis. honoring ILt William H. Nellis. a Nevada
resident who lost his life in aerial combat over
Luxembourg on 27 December 1944.

'\\ iHJali MB. Florida, was the location of the only
Air Polici.' school in Ihc Air Force. Prior to the
estahlishiiient of this school in September 1950,
the Army had provided training.

Tyndall AFB, Florida

An lini\crsu_\ transferred fyndall AFB to ATC on
I .September. At the same time. Air University's
3(S2()th Air University Wing became an ATC asset;
however. ATC discontinued the 3820th and
established the 3625lh Training Wing in its place to
conduct weapons controller training. Tyndall had
operaletl the Air Tactical School, but it was put on
hold in JiiK with the advent of the Korean War. On
4 September ATC established the USAF Air Police
Sch(H)l. which joined A TC's USAF Instrinncni Pilot
School and Air University's aircraft controller school.
.. als' -vas reassiszned to Air Trainins: Command.

Craig AFB, Alabama

Effective I September. Air University handed control
of Craig AFB to ATC along with the 3840th Air
University Wing. On the same day. ATC
discontinued the 3840th
and established the
3615th Pilot Training
Wing. The advanced
single-engine pilot train-
ing mission transferred
from Nellis to Craig,
which also gained pilot
instructor training from
Randolph. With these

moves, Nellis and Randolph assumed new training
missions: fighter-bomber training at Nellis and B-29
combat crew instruction at Randolph. (lnstruct(tr
training began at Craig on I September, and pilot
training started on 1 November. Nellis established its
USAF Air Crew School (Fighter) on 14 November.
Randolph had initiated B-29 training on 7 August.)

Sampson AFB, New York

Headquarters USAF directed Air Training Command
to activate and redesignate a former US Navy
training center as Sampson AFB on 15 November
1950. Air Training Command intended to use
Sampson as a second basic military training center to
handle the intlu.x of recruits for the Korean War
buildup, and established the 3650th Air Force
Indoctrination Wing at the base. However. Sampson
did not receive its first group of trainees until
February 1951. and its basic military school was not
established until 1 March.

Within da>s of the outbreak ol the Korean War,
ATC was training combat-rcad> F-80 pilots at
Nellis AFB, Nevada.

Contract Flying Schools

To handle increased pilot rei.|uirements for the
Korean War. Air Training Command activated two
bases. Greenville AFB, Mississippi, on 1 December
and Columbus AFB, Mississippi, on 20 December, to
be used as stations for contract flying schools.
However, contract flying squadrons were not
established until 1951.

1950

Guarding Air Force assets was only one of the jobs
demanded of the air police. Here, a newly-trained
air policeman makes a routine patrol of the
Tvndall AFB. Florida. ni«;htline.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Combat Crew Training

From 1446 until the uulbreak o\ the Korean Wat",
pilots were sent to an operational coniniaiui where
they received additional training that qualiticd them
as combat-capable on a specilie aircralt. In 1^50
ATC assumed most combat crew iraining. thereby
relie\ inji combat commands of much of their training
burden and allownig them to conccniralc on their

^■-^\Jli

One of ATC's new I -2«s. used in basic Hying
training.

combat mission. Three weeks after the Korean War
began ATC converted Neilis from a basic single-
engine pilot training school to fighter crew training.

A{ about the same lime. ATC redesignated the .\'^9.'ith
Pilot Tranimg \\ uig (.Advanced Single-Engine) as the
35y5th Training Wing (Combat Crew). On 17 July
1^)30. Neilis began a special training program to
pri)vide \\5 combat-ready I-'-.'il pilots for the Far
East Air Ft)rces and 92 combat-ready F-8() pilots to
serve as replacements for casualties in the first
months of the Korean campaign.

New Aircraft

Williams began receiving new two-seat 'r-2S trainers
in late 1950. and new dual TF-.'ils were assigned to
Craig. Also, during the final half of the year. T-29
navigation traincis began arriving at Ellington AFB.
Texas.

Mutual Defense Assistance Program

Under this program, liist authori/cd by the U.S
government in 1949. students from France. Belgium.
Netherlands. Norway. Turkey, and Denmark would
come to the United States for undergraduate pilot
training. Air Training Command provided the
instruction, fhe lirst class. 74 French cadets, entered
training at Randolph on 17 .April 1950.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Tec finical Training-Vertical Expansion

The "crack and crevice" program, as it was known,
was a way to house and train a greater number of
technical training students with no increase in facili-
ties. Beginning on 24 July 1950. all technical training
programs went on a six-day-a-week operation. That
reduced by almost 17 percent the amount of time it
took H) train a technician. Multiple shifts also ran.
While this increased the need for more instructors, it
limited the amount of housing and dining facilities
needed. Along with this, the amount of dormitory
space given each student was reduced from 72 square
feet to 60. and at Keesler and Sheppard the space was
even less--only 50 square feet per student. Finally,
the interval between class entries also decreased. All
of this was an effort to train students as quickly as
possible ami get them in the field.

Tecfinical Training-Lateral Expansion

This program allow cil lor the addition of new
training bases, use of underutili/ed space at tlying
training bases, incrcasetl use of Army and Navy
schools, and estabhshnient of a lew contract training
programs. However, it was 1951 before ATC added
new technical training bases. In 1950 the Air Force
began sending some students lo Army and Navy
schools to train as food service and automotive
technicians. Also in 1950. Air Training Command
negotiated a series of contracts with 65 civilian
institutions to provide technical iiaining in
basic courses (primarily in airplane and engine

1950

mechanics, automotive mechanics, electronics, and
clerk-typist courses). The first two classes, one in
Oklahoma and the other in California, began in
August training airplane mechanics. Between July
1950 and June 1951, contract schools graduated
5,670 airmen at a cost of $17 million.

Recruit Overflow

In August Sheppard was again pressed into
indoctrination training to receive the overflow of
recruits from Lackland. The 3740th Basic Military
Training Group and 10 of its squadrons moved from
Lackland to Sheppard. This was planned to be a short
term solution, as ATC activated another military
training base, Sampson AFB. New York, in
November. Before Sampson could open its doors to
receive recruits, however, the number of enlistees at
Lackland totaled over 70,000. The 3740th remained
active at Sheppard until 12 May 1952, when ATC
inactivated it. During that time, the group provided
basic traininc for about 100,000 airmen.

In 195(1 three bases pro\ided wcathir traiiiin«:
Scott in Illinois, Kecsler in .Mississippi, and
Sheppard in Te as. All weather trainin g later
consolidated at Chanutc. Then in 1990, durinj; the
first round of base closure, this training was
identified for movement to Keesler.

MILITARY TRAINING

Recruiters' Indoctrination Training

.Allliough the .\rin\ still controlled the iccrutting
program, in .lanuary ATC began indoctrination
training for Air Force recruiters at Lackland. The
course was designed to give recruiters a better
understanding of the needs of the Air Force. Officials
hoped this training would ultimately improve the
quality of personnel hnuighl into the service. As of
June, only about one-hall of all .Air Force recruits
•■.."!.. hieh school graduates.

Supply Shortages Plague Lackland

The announcement of unlimited recruiting in
December 1950 caused major problems for Lackland.
Clothing and bedding were in short supply, and it got
to the point where new recruits were issued only the
minimum essentials. Clothing stocks had to be
drastically reduced at other ATC bases so recruits
could receive essential clothing-although it was
impossible to provide exact sizes. Lackland had only
been constructed to handle about 28,000 reciaiits, but
by January 1951 the number exceeded an un-
believable 70,000. Officials had no choice but to
establish a tent city. Lackland completely exhausted
the Air Force's supply of steel folding cots and
mattresses. Others had to make do with canvas cots.
At one time, the base had almost 10.000 recruits
sleeping on canvas cots, without mattresses.

MISCELLANEOUS

Conversion to Career Specialty Codes

In February 1950 personnel classification boards
began converting from military occupational
specialty (MOS) and specification serial number
(SSN) categories to the Air Force career specialty
codes or AFSCs. All personnel were to be converted
to the new system by July. Under the new program,
using a series of aptitude tests, the Air Force would
assign every service member to the career field for
which they were best i|iialified.

Construction Accelerated

1 he buiklup ot .American forces created a need for
additional training facilities in ATC. Congress
approved over $240 million in military construction
in FY 1950, and another $134 million was expected
at \ear's end. For example, at Keesler, over $50
million v\as put into new dormitories, classrooms,
and laboratories.

1950

FUNCTIONAL ARRANGEMENT OF AIRMEN CAREER FIELDS

CAREKR HELD
SUB-DIVISION

CAREER KIE1J> CODE

OCCUPATIONAL
ARtlA

NOT APPUCABLE TO AIRMEN

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1950

ATC AND CREW TRAINING

Shortly after the Korean War
began on' 25 Jinie 1950. ATC took
over most combat crew training,
thereby relieving operational com-
mands of much of their training
burden and allowing them to con-
centrate on their combat mission.
As one observer put it. ATC got
into the crew training business
becau.se the operational commands
were "up to their prop tips in actual
warfare."

In response to the North Korean
invasion. President HaiTy Truman
authorized the Air Force to
increase its strength from 48 to 95
wings by June 1952. Just three
weeks after the Korean War
started, ATC converted Nellis from
a basic single-engine training school and began fighter
crew training. The total base structure for ATC's flying
program rose dramatically from the 17 bases in use in
1950 to 29 by 30 June 1951. This base structure was
needed to support the rapid increase in pilot production
from 800 in FY 1949 to over 2.000 in FY 1951. By
December 1951, ATC had added another eight bases
and another six in the next year and a half.

Before long, the training load became too heavy for
one headquarters. So, in 1951 ATC split its training
responsibilities into two subordinate headquarters:
Flying Training Air F'orce (FTAF) at Waco. Texas, and
Technical Training Air Force (TTAF) at Gulfpon. Miss-
issippi. By the spring of 1952, FTAF found itself unable

Pilots slated for duty in Air Defense Command received air-to-
air intercept training in ATC's F-86Ds.

A B-47 aircrew at Wichita AFB. Kansas, prepares for a training mission.

to do more than provide basic flying training to student
pilots for the rapidly growing Air Force. So, Air
Training Command established Crew Training Air
Force (CTAF) at Randolph on 1 April 1952 to get
crews ready for combat. Activation of CTAF freed
Flying Training Air Force to concentrate on the
operation of the pilot and observer training programs.

Crew Training Air Force eventually consisted of 10
bases devoted to combat crew training. Four of
these-Nellis, Randolph. Pemn. and Williams-were
already ATC pilot training bases and were able to
convert to crew training with relative ease. Two
additional bases, Tyndall and Moody, were operational
bases of other coinmands and transferred to ATC with

the crew training mission. Three
others-Luke, Pinecastle. and Laughlin—
were inactive World War 11 bases that
ATC activated, while the fourth, the
municipal airport at Wichita. Kansas,
(later McConnell AFB) was acti\ated for
the command.

The transfer of crew training respon-
sibilities to ATC was not without its
problems. One of the greatest impacts on
the program in the early 1950s was the
replacement of conventional aircraft with
jet aircraft. For example, the F-84. F-86.
F-89. F-94. F-100. B-47. and B-57 were
all introduced in the span of a few years.
At the same time, the Korean War required
se\eral thousand experienced personnel.

1950

lea\ing ATC short 3.700 rated officers in P\5\. Over
I 1.000 of the command's aircraft mechanics were sent
to Korea, leaving ATC with another shortage-nearly
2,000 jet aircraft maintenance personnel. On top of that.
ATC had a hard time obtaining sufficient numhers of
new aircraft to pro\ide the necessary training for
maintenance personnel. Finally, the command was
plagued with maintenance problems that usuallv
accompanied the phase-in of new aircraft.

It took a while to iron out these problems, and some
of them (e.g.. the acquisition of new aircraft), were
never fully resolved. Despite the difficulties it
encountered. ATC still trained tens of thousands of
aircrew members. Overall. ATC provided combat crew
and transition training to approximately 13.000 in
fighters. 52.000 in bombers. 12.000 in interceptors,
2.000 in tankers, and l.SOO in transports.

A flight t'n;;inct'r on hoard a B-29 Super fori rcss .il
Randolph AFB, le as, takes readinj^s in
preparation for takeoff. This was part of the
trainin<> pro\ ided h\ Crew Training Air Force.

As noted earlier. HQ USAF did not transfer all
combat crew training to ATC in the 19.'>0s. For
example, SAC had its own program for training B-3ft
and B-52 crews, and TAC continued to prepare light
bombardment and reconnaissance replacement crews
for combat. .Ml the while, air transport crew training
remained w ith the .Military Air Transport Service.

Toward the end of the decade, SAC pressed to take
over training for all of its crews to help it meet its alert
commitments. The Air Staff agreed, and SAC assumed
the crew training mission on I July 1958. Also.
Headquarters USAF assigned TAC responsibility for all
its crew training. Thus. TAC picked up the Fighter
Weapons School at Nellis AFB on I February and
assunicil the rest of the trainim: mission on I .lul\ l')58.

along with the bases at Luke. Nellis. and Williams.
Air Training Command got out of the crew training
business completely a few years later when it
transferred Perrin AFB and its interceptor crew training
mission to Air Defense Command.

.Students prepare to take off on a cross-e(»untr>
flight in F-51 fighters at Nellis AFB. Nevada.
Nellis was the first AFC base converted to
crew training in the earl\ 1950s.

B-29s line the ramp al Uaiidolpli as one takes
off on a training mission.

Thirty-five years later, crew training rctuined to the
command. The Air Force reorganized the MAJCO.Ms at
the end of the Cold War. eliminating, for example, the
\enerablc Strategic Air Command and Tactical Air
Command. Air Training Command became .Air
Education and Training Command in 1993 and regained
responsibility for combat crew training. The post-Cold
War drawdown created a surplus of front-line aircraft
axailable to reassign to AFTC. and Aw Force Chief of
Staff (ieneial Merrill .McPeak believed that the transfer
of crew training to AETC would allow the operational
wiii'js to locus on their missions.

L)','

1950

Students in aerial photograph) training receive
pretlight orientation before t1yin» a photo mission.
The F-10, a modified B-25 aircraft, was used in
training.

Better Use of the Force

SiiKC the end ot World War II, it had been ATC
policy to put an officer in any position involving
responsibility and supervision. That prevented
noncommissioned officers and key civilians from
being given the opportunity to develop leadership
skills. Considering the longstanding personnel
shortages and looking at the Korean situation. ATC
officials decided it was time to change that policy. By
giving increased responsibility to NCOs and key
ci\ilians. ATC expected to see an increase in
proiliictix ity.

Hospital Cutbacks

Early in 19.^0 ATC learned that the hospital at
Lackland .'\FB would be reduced to a dispensary.
This was a major concern, since that hospital
supporieil the indoctrination center. Ho\\e\er. there
was little Air Training Command could do because
the reduction was directed by the Secretary of
Defense. Brooke General Hospital at Fort .Sam
Houston in San AiUonio became responsible for
pro\iding medical services to the basic military
training center. In April the Department of Defense
announced a priority listing for building permanent
hospital facilities. Chanute received first priority in
ATC. followed by Scott. Keesler. Sheppard. and
Mather.

Recall of Reservists

Besides the tremendous increase in new recruits,
ATC also had to in-process thousands of volunteer
reservists. Between late July and the end of October,
the command brought on active duty about 20,000
reservists. Most of this work was done at Chanute,
Scott. Francis E. Warren, and Keesler. Also, effective
28 July 1950, it became legal to recall reservists in-
voluntarily. However, involuntary recall didn't last
long. By October the Department of Defense had
suspended the process, primarily because the services
had found that many veterans had been improperly
classified upon separation at the end of World War II.
They did not possess the qualifications needed for
immediate assignment. Instead of wasting effort on
the inactive reserve, the Air Force decided to place its
emphasis on acquiring personnel from the organized
reserves--individuals who possessed known critical
skills. In April and May 1951, all 28 of the corollary
reserve units attached to various ATC bases were
recalled to active duty for 21 months.

Civilianization

To meet the demands of the expanding Air Force, the
Air Staff decided to civilianize. on a one-to-one
basis, large numbers of military positions in finance,
administration, and academic training. A survey of
ATC bases showed that a total of 5,585 such
positions existed in the command; however, the
intent was not to convert all positions to civilian
status, but rather to establish a 40 percent civilian. 60
percent military mix. This plan went into effect in
October.

Food Service Operation

Since 1947 the command's policy had been to assign
cooks, bakers, and stewards on a permanent basis, but
all other food service workers were conscripted from
whatever sources could be found. It took almost 10
percent of the command's military strength to meet
operating needs of the various mess halls. This was a
serious problem, because most of that 10 percent
drew upiin critical career fields such as mechanics,
radio operators, instructors, air police, and vehicle
operators, as well as students. Beginning in 1949. on
a trial basis. Air Training Conuiiand directed six
technical training centers to replace this conscripted
workforce with civilian hires. The test was called
Operation New Look. By 1950 the test had proved
successful, but oxerall reform was slow because
funds were not readily available to pay salaries for
ci\ ilian workers.

1951

Duiinji tin- first year of the Korean ^^ ar. Headquarters ISAF assigned combat crew training
responsibility to A TC. tlie command's total base structure jumped from 22 to 37. and personnel strengtii and
student load more than doubled. NNith the acceleration of training caused by the war, ATC recognised it
could not provide the supervision needed for training e pansion from a single headquarters. To leave the
command free to serve as a polic\ -making and planning agencv. officials decided to set up three
subcommands to supervise fl>ing training, technical training, and indoctrination training. Soon after, that
became t\>o subcommands, when ATC decided to combine technical and indoctrination training under a
single headquarters. Headquarters USAF approved the decentralisation in early 1951. While ATC had
sought numerical designations for its new air forces-- fhirtieth I l>ing Iraining and rhirt>-first Technical
Training Air Forces-ISAF officials recommended functional rather than numerical designations. Ihus,
ATC's new subordinate commands became Flying Training (FTAF) and Technical Training Air Forces
(TTAF). Plans called for FTAF to be headquartered at Randolph and TTAF at Fowry; however, the
une pected escalation of training at those bases meant facilities were not available. Thus. ATC established
the FTAF headquarters at W aco, near James Connally AFB, and TTAF took up residence at the Gulf C oast
Militarv Academy near Keesler AFB.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of 3 1 December 1431 1

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS: 37

Alabama-Craig: Arizona-Luke, Marana. Williams:
California-Mather, Parks; Colorado-Lowry:
Florida-Bartovv. Pinecastle. T\ndall: Georgia-
Bainbridge. Moody. Spence; Kansas-WiLiiita;
lUinois-Chanute. Scott: Mississippi-Columbus.
Greenville. Keesler; Missouri-Maiden; Nevada-
Nellis; New York-Sampson; North Carolina-
Kinston: Oklahoma-Vance; Texas -Amarillo. Bryan,
r.llington. Goodfeilow. Hondo. James Connally.
Lackland. Perrin. Randolph. Reese. San Marcos.
Sheppard: Wyoming— Francis E. Warren

The T-29D observer traitur aircraft had stations
for si sludenls and two instructors on board the
living classroom.

140.676 (16.445 officers: 376 warrant olTicers;
111.961 enlisted; 1 1.894 civilians)

AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

3.632 (B-Z.-S. B-26. B-29. B-47. C-45. C-47. C-34.
F-51. F-8(). F-84. F-86. F-89. F-94. H-.'5. H-13, L-5.
L-13. L-16. T-6. T-7. T-28. T-29. T-33. T-34)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

2 Iraining air forces;

FLYING. Waco TX:

1 bombartlment tiainmg umg:

3535th. Mather AIB CA

1 combat crew training wing:

352()th. Wichita AIB KS

1 navigator trainnig wing:

3605lh. Llhnglon AIB TX

12 pilot training wings:

127th. Luke AFB A/.

35(W)Ih (Adv Multi-Hng). Reese AFB TX

351()lh. Randolph AFB TX

1951

3525th ( Ad\ Single-Eng), Williams AFB AZ

3530lh (Adv Single-Eng). Bryan AFB TX

3545th (Basic), Goodfellow AFB TX

3555th (Basic). Perrin AFB TX

356()th (Adv Single-Eng). Big Spring AFB TX

3565th (Basic). James Connally AFB TX

3575th (Adv Multi-Eng). Vance AFB OK

3585th (Liaison-Helicopter). San Marcos AFB

3615th (Adv Single-Eng). Craig AFB AL

All iiistriKlor c plains how lo wear and use the
parachute.

3 training wings:

3550th (Intcp Aircrew). Moody AFB GA
3595th (Combat Crew). Nellis AFB NV
3625th. Tvndall AFB FL

y independent training squadrons (contiact tlying):

3300th. Greenville AFB MS
3301st. Coliniibiis AFB MS
3302d. Spence Field, GA
3303d. Bartow Field FL
33()4th. Hondo Airfield TX
33()5th. Maiden Airfield MO
3306th. Bainbridge Airfield GA
3307th. Marana Airfield AZ
3308th. Kinston Airfield NC

TECHNICAL. Gulfport MS:

3 Air Force indoctrination wings:

3275th. Parks AFB CA
3650th. Sampson AFB NY
3700th. Lackland AFB TX

7 technical training wings:

3310th. Scott AFB IL

3320th. Amarillo AFB TX

3345th. Chaniite AFB IL

3380th. Keesler AFB MS

3415th, Lo wry AFB CO

3450th. Francis E. Warren AFB WY

3750th. Sheppard AFB TX

I training aids wing:

3499th. Chaiuite AFB IL

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Throughout this period. Lieutenant General
Harper remained the commanding general. The vice
commander, Maj Gen Robert W. Burns, left his
position in May to become Special Assistant to the
Deputy Chief of Staff. Operations, at Headquarters
USAF. Effective I June 1951. Maj Gen Kenneth P.
McNaughton became the new \'ice commander.

ORGANIZATION

Flying Training Air Force

On I Max 1951. ATC
acti\ated Flying Training
Air Force, with headquarters
at Waco, Texas. This new
unit assumed command of
all ATC stations contlucting
llxing training. With the
establishment of Flying
Training Air Force, ATC no

1951

longer needed a DepuiN Commander, Flying at the
headquarters to manage fhing operations, so the
position was abolished.

Technical Training
Air Force

Activated on 16 Jiii>
1951 at Gultpoit.
Mississippi, the TTAK
HQ controlled ten
stations that provided
technical and basic
military training for
ATC.

INSTALLATIONS

Amarillo AFB, Texas

On 1 March ATC activated Amarillo as a technical
training base. It would provide airplane and engine
mechanic jet trammg. At the same time, the
command established the 3320th Technical Training
Wing to oversee training activities at Amarillo.

Moody AFB, Georgia

This station iiaiistcrred from ,S.-\C to ,\TC on
1 September l^^.^l. .Also on this date. ATC
established the 3.550th Training Wing (Interceptor
Aircrew). Moody became a part of ATC's all-weather
interceptor training program.

Wichita AFB, Kansas

In 1950 USAF officials had begun working with city
officials to lease facilities at the Wichita municipal
airport for use as a B-47 training facility. The plan
was to have training in place by mid-March 1951.
The advantage of using the Wichita airport was that it
would be a joint-use facility. The other tenant would
be Boeing Aircraft Company, the manufacturer of the
B-47 Stratojet. Boeing had set up a test program at
Wichita. Unfortunately, the city also wanted to use
the airport for commercial tlighls. so the Air Force
decided it would be belter to purchase the airport,
rather than lease. In the midst of all these problems.
the first group of students began arriving. The
command spent about S35.()()0 to erect a lent city to
house incoming personnel. Air Training Command
established the 352{)th Combat Crew Training Wing
at Wichita on 5 June and assumed Jurisdiction of the
municipal airport (which it tentatively named Wichita
AFB) on 7 June 1951. Concurrently ATC established
a B-47 school, but a variety of problems kept the
school from beginning training in 1951.

Luke AFB, Arizona

The command placed Luke on active status on
I January 1951 to augment jel fighter combat crew

training in operation at Ncllis. Ihc program was to be
conducted bv the 127th Fighter Wing, which had
transferiwl liom Conlmcnlal ,\ir Command to ATC,
eltectivc 10 February. The wing moved from
Romulus. Michigan, to I.ukc on 23 February, and on
1 March ATC established the USAF Air Crew
School (Fighter-Bomber/Escort) at Luke. Fighter-
bomber training began here on 1 March 1951.
Effective 5 March, the 127th was reilesignated as a
pilot training w ing.

Big Spring AFB, Texas

t)n 1 tJctohcr 1^'51. WC established the 35(-i()th Pilot
Training Wing (Advanced Single-Enginel at Big
Spring. Te.xas. However, the command was not
formally able to activate the base until 1 January
1952. because the City of Big Spring had difficulty
acquiring clear title to some of the propertv' it
intended to transfer to ATC.

Wichita Municipal Airport, Kansas.

Bryan AFB, Texas

.Another advanced single-engine pilot school opened
in the latter half of 1951 when .ATC activated Bryan
AFB on I July. On the same day. the command
established the 3530th Pilot Training Wing
(Advanced Single-Engine) at Bryan.

Pinecastle AFB, Florida

.An I laming Coiiimaiul activated Pinecastle .AFB on
10 September 1951: however, training did not begin
until early 1952. The 3540th Combat Crew Training
Wing celebrated its establishment on 10 January
1952. Pinecastle was to take part in B-47 training.

Parks AFB, California

On 30 June 1951. ATC added Camp Parks to its
inventory of bases, intending to use it for basic
military training. Effective I August. Headquarters
USAF directed the camp he redesignated as Parks
AFB. Two weeks later, on 16 August. Air Training

1951

Command established an Air Force indoctrination
wing-liie 3273th--at Parks; however, it was not until
March 1952 that Parks began receiving recruits for
basic military training. With Parks, Sampson, and
Lackland AFBs now providing basic military
training. Air Training Command was able to remove
Sheppard from the basic military training program so
that it could concentrate on training aircraft
mechanics.

SUBORDINATE UNITS

Contract Squadrons Activated

In late 1950, Air Traming Command had activated
two installations in Mississippi-Columbus AFB
and Greenville AFB--to provide contract flying
training. H(n\e\er, the tv\() squadrons--the 3.'^00th
Training Squadron (Contract Flying) at Greenville
and the 33()lst-were not established until
31 January and I March 1951, respectively. The
command added seven bases to its contract flying
training program before the year was out: Spence.
Georgia (16 April): Bartow, Florida (I May):
Hondo. Texas (5 June): Maiden. Missouri, and
Bainbridge. Florida (II July): Marana. Arizona
(1 September); and Kinston (later redesignated
Stallings). North Carolina (17 October). On the
same date, the fields were activated and ATC
organized training squadrons: the 3302d Training
Squadron (Contract Flying) at Spence. the 3303d at
Bartow, the 3304th at Hondo, the 3305th at Maiden,
the 33()6th at Bainbridge. the 3307th at Marana. and
the 3308th at Kinston. During World War II. all of
these fields had served as tlvinsi traininc bases.

HEADQUARTERS ORGANIZATION

Flight Safety

Between July 1949 and June 1951. the command saw
a major increase in flying and a corresponding
increase in aircraft accidents. In fiscal year 1950. a
total of 296 major aircraft accidents were recorded,
compared to 414 in fiscal year 1951. In an effort to

These students at Chanutc .\FB. Illinois, are learning how
to perform maintenance on weather equipment.

put greater emphasis on flight safety, the ATC
commander established a Directorate of Flight Safety
and assigned it to the Deputy Chief of Staff,
Operations.

An J- '.iss tries

screen candidates ior pilot

his hand at a primitive device used to
training in the 1950s.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Basic Pilot Training

The main effort during the \ear in\ol\ed
reaching the goal of training 7.200 pilots
per year. To increase the number of
applicants, ATC developed publicity
campaigns directed at college students and
acli\e duty airmen. Notices at air bases
stressed the career advantages of flying
training to active duty airmen. A second
lactic to increase the number of students
involved reducing qualifications. The
command recommended that the required
two years of college training be dropped,
that the age limit be lov\,ered from 20 to
1<S. that the requirement for applicants to
be single be dropped, and that
qualification test scores be reduced. In
response to the ATC suggestions and to
the lov\ number of applicants received

1951

from August through October, the Air Force reduced
the quaUfying test score. In addition, in November,
airmen with 18 months of active dul\ became eligible
for pilot training if they had graduated from high
school and were otherwise qiialitied. Finally, the Air
Force reduced the enlistment period for qualified
a\ iation candidates trom foin- vears to twix

training at Tyndall AFB. Florida, on 4 January ly.'il.
using F-S6. F-S9. and F-'-)A aircraft. Because the
USAF Insirumenl Instructor and Aircraft Controller
Schools were already located at Tsridall. ATC
realized advantages through the joint use of
expensive training equipment, such as a synthetic jet
instrument trainei".

Combat Crew Training

A major change in the ATC mission during the
Korean War involved the transfer of responsibility
for much of combat crew training from the
operational commands to ATC. This change came
from the Air Force's desire to dedicate the maximum
amount of resources to combat. Further, the
operational commands did not have the resources to
provide the training needed by the ATC graduates
and reservists recalled to active duty. The four major
combat crew training programs included
fighter/bomber escort training and B-29 combat crew-
training, both initiated in \950: all-weather
interceptor training; and B-47 crew training. Air
Training Commaml initiated aircrew (interceptor)

B-47 Training

Headquarlcis LLSAF transferred responsibility for
B-47 training from .SAC to ATC in January \^)5\.
The implementing directive detailed the acquisition
of bases at Wichita. Kansas, and Pinecastle. Florida;
outlined a $100 million construction program at both
bases; allocated 84 aircraft for the training; anti
transferred .^0 experienced airplane commaiulers
from SAC lo serve as instructors. The designated
successor to the B-29. the B-47 needed onlv a .Vman
crew compared to the B-29's II -man crew.
According to the basic plan. .\TC would train 49
crews by the end of the vear. but by 31 December
1951. no crew training had been accomplished. The
contractor had delivered ten B-47s bv the end of

These student repiiirmen instill! ;i lirniinal ho atop a lclii)hf>ne pole. Ihis is an c ample of (he priuliial
traininu reciivid in the insialkr repairman phase of the 11 ed wire comiiiunicaiions course at I raneis K.
W arren MB. W voinin^.

1951

Scptenibor, but from the beginning mechanical
problems and lack of essential equipment prevented
training. In addition, both bases had inadequate or
incomplete training facilities, so even if training
equipment had been available, the bases would not
have been prepared to accommodate the training.

Vertical Expansion

Even pilot training was affected by vertical
expansion. One example was the pilot instructor
school; Air Training Command reduced the length of
the school from eight weeks to six. cut the interval
between classes from one month to two weeks, and
expanded enrollment from 49 in the last class to
graduate at Randolph AFB to 95 in the first class to
graduate at Craig AFB.

Contract Flying Schools

To meet ihc urgent need for more pilots, beginning in
late 1950. ATC made arrangements with a number of
civilian schools to establish contract flying training
programs. By late 1951. the command was sending
student pilots to one of the nine new contract schools.
Air Materiel Command awarded and administered
the contracts, while ATC set training policy and
morntored training performance.

Helicopter and Liaison Pilot Training

hlfectivc 15 January 1951, ATC returned San
Marcos AFB. Texas, to active status so that
helicopter and liaison aircraft training could be
moved from James Connally. The availability of
several small auxiliary airfields and the hilly, rough

terrain of the San Marcos area (approximating that of
Korea) precipitated the change. In addition to the
course moves from James Connally. the helicopter
and liaison aircraft mechanics courses transferred
from Sheppard to San Marcos to make room for F-80
and F-S9 training. Most of the training offered in this
program went to Army pilots. On 1 February 1951,
ATC designated and assigned the 3585th Pilot
Training Wing (Liaison-Helicopter) to San Marcos.

Preflight Training

Not all commissioned officers who entered pilot
training underwent preflight instruction. Some went
directly into the primary phase of pilot training.
Because of the wide variance in the military training
received by graduates of the various ROTC units and
because the proportion of ROTC offlcers entering
pilot training had increased steadily to about 65
percent of all entries, ATC implemented a new policy
where aviation cadets received 12 weeks of preflight
training, and ROTC-commissioned officers received
four weeks of training.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Mobile Training Detachments in Korea

When a United Nations offensive pushed the front
lines in Korea farther north, ATC deployed mobile
training detachments to Korea to provide conversion
training for pilots and aircraft mechanics as fighter
wings converted from F-51s and F-80s to F-84s and
F-86s.

~1 recruits arrived h> the train load, more than doubling the population of Lackland AFB.

1951

TemporaiN facilities (above) housed a Hood ol recruits aiii>in<; at lackland AFB (helow) in response to
the militan expansion broujjht on b.\ the Korean contlict and the intensihing Cold War.

Overcrowding at Lackland

Tlie An Force announced unlimited recruiting in
December 1950 in response to the Ciiinese
intervention on the Korean peninsula. During the first
two weeks of 1951. the population at Lackland AFB
jumped from 36.513 to over 70,000 people, and
training stopped temporarily. By then, the base was
truly a "Tent City." Since base housing capacity
stood at only 27.500. .'\TC took immediate steps to
relieve the congestion at its primary recruit pro-
cessing center. (Jn 16 January ATC stopped enlisting
personnel without any pre\ious military experience
and began shipping "untrained, inadequately clothed,
and sketchily processed airmen" to other bases to get

the situation under control. On 7 February Sampson
AFB. New York, began providing basic military
training. By the end of February, basic military
training had resumed at Lackland. Shortly thereafter.
.ATC increased basic nulitary training from se\en
weeks to eight.

Instructor Shortage in Technical Training

With the rapid buildup of student ciu-ollment. .ATC
experienced two major problems ni the instructor
arena. There were not enough teachers to fill the
classrooms, and many of those teachers didn't possess
the skills needed to provide quality instruction. To
solve these problems. ATC retained graduates for

1951

instructor duty, traded with other commands to gain
experienced personnel, hired civilian instructors, and
assigned other permanent party personnel to
instructor positions. For example, from I January
through 31 March 1951. ATC gained 2.615
instructors from its technical training graduates. 46
from other commands, and 647 civilian hires. In a
move to stabilize its instructor force, ATC converted
5.500 military authorizations to civilian. By mid-year
40 percent of ATC's instructor positions were
civilian.

Torch Tender Program

Considering the large number of units Air Force-wide
converting from conventional to jet aircraft, ATC
established in April an on-the-job training program to

turn out more jet mechanics. Using recently
graduated airplane and engine mechanics. ATC
assigned these individuals to Williams. Nellis. and
Tyndall, to leam jet aircraft maintenance. The
command's objective was to train 3,000 jet mechanics
as quickly as possible.

MISCELLANEOUS

Operating Costs

In the space of one year. ATC almost doubled its
operating expenses— from $371 million to $614
million. A large part of that increase was in personnel
expenses. Many civilian employees had been put on a
six-day work week, and overtime increased
dramatically.

The F-80 jet mechanics traininn program included disassembling the fuselage to remove the power plant for
the 25-hour inspection.

1952

In the first half of the year. ATC continued to expand as it activated five more flying training bases.
During the last half of 1952. however, the volume of training conducted sleadilv decreased as the suppl> of
trained pilots and technicians met the Air Force demand in almost all areas. With this being the case, the
Air Force reduced its enlistment quotas, and fewer personnel entered basic militar> training. With
smaller training programs, fewer enlistments, and an Air Force austerit> program in manning. A TC's
permanent party assignments started decreasing in the last half of the >ear. Air Iraining Command
reached its Korean War peak of 176.446 pers<mnel in June. The Technical Training Air Force took the
sharpest reductions, losing 10.(K)(I manpower authorizations during the last half of the year. In 1952 a
total of 386.701 students graduated from ATC courses, a reduction of lOO.OOO from the previous year.
The most important change in the training program involved the inauguration of four-phase pilot
training. Air Training Command completed its program of decentralization, begun in 1951. by acti\ating
the Crew Training Air Force in March.

Mechanics clean the guns on an I -Sd in prepara-
tion for another gunnery training mission at Luke
AFB. Arizona.

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:

1 69.7 1 2 (1 7.3U.^ ot't'icers: 1 2 1 .347 enlisted; 3 1 .062
ci\ilians)

AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

4.768 (B-17. B-23. B-26. B-29. B-47. B-5(). C-4?.
C-47. C-54. F-.'^l. F-80. F-84, F-86. F-89. F-94. H-5.
H-13. HI 9. H-23. L-5. L-13. L-16. L-21. T-6. T-28.
T-29, T-33.T-34)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

3 training air torccs:
CREW . Randt)lph AIB TX

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as ol 31 DcLcmbcr 19.^2)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS: 42

Alabania-Craig; Ari/ona-L.tikc, Marana. Williams;

California-Mather and Parks: Colorado-Lowry;

Florida-Bartow. Pinecastlc. and Tyndall; Georgia--

Bainbridge. Moody, and Spence; Kansas-Wichita;

lllinois-Chanute and Scott; Mississippi-- Columbus.

Greenville, and Keesler; Missouri- Maiden;

Nevada-Nellis; New York-Sampson; North

Carolina-Stallings; Oklahoma-Vance; Texas-
Ellington. Foster. Goodfellow.
James Connally. Lackland.
'eiTin. Randolph. Reese. San
and Webb; and Wyoming-

Aniarillo. Bryan. 1
Harlingen. Hondo.
Laredo, Laugh 1 in.
Marcos, Sheppard,
Francis E. Warren

Crew
Training
Air Force

1952

Crew Training Air Force (contd)

9 flying training wings:

3510th (Med Bomb), Randolph AFB TX
3520th (Med Bomb). Wichita AFB KS
3540th (Fighter). PinecastJe AFB FL
355()lh (Interceptor), Moody AFB GA
3555th (Fighter), Perrin AFB TX
3595th (Fighter). Neilis AFB NV
360()th (Fighter). Luke AFB AZ
3625th (Adv Interceptor). Tyndali AFB FL
3645th (Fighter), Laughlin AFB TX

FLYING. Waco TX:

4 observer training wings:

3535th. Mather AFB CA
3565th. James Connally AFB TX
3605th. Ellington AFB TX
3610th, Harlingen AFB TX
3750th. Sheppard AFB TX

9 pilot training squadrons (contract primary):

3300th, Greenville AFB MS
3301st, Columbus AFB MS
3302d, Spence AB, GA
3303d, Bartow AB FL
3304th, Hondo AB TX
3305th. Maiden AB MO
3306th, Bauibridge AB GA
3307th, Marana AB AZ
3308th. Stallings AB NC

TECHNICAL. Gulfport MS:

7 technical training wings:

3310th, Scott AFB IL

3320th, Amarillo AFB TX

3345th, Chanute AFB IL

3380th, Keesler AFB MS

3415th, Lowry AFB CO

3450th, Francis E. Warren AFB WY

3750th, Sheppard AFB TX

10 pilot training wings:

3500th (Basic Mulli-Eng), Reese AFB TX
3525th (Basic Single-Eng), Williams AFB AZ
353()th (Basic Single-Eng), Bryan AFB TX
3545th (Primary). Goodtellow AFB TX
3560th (Basic Single-Eng). Webb AFB TX
3575th (Basic Multi-Eng). Vance AFB OK
3580th (Basic Single-Eiig). Foster AFB TX
3585th, (Liaison-Helicopter) San Marcos AFB

3275th Air Force

Indoctrination

Wing

3615th (Basi Single-Eng). Craig AFB AL
3640th (Bit^i. Single-Eng), Laredo AFB TX

3 Air Force indoctrination wings

3275th. Parks AFB CA
3650th, Sampson AFB NY
37()Oth. Lackland AFB TX

I mobile training wing:

34y9th. Chanute AFB IL

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Lieutenant (icneral Harper remained the ATC
commander throughout this period, and Major
General McNautihton continued as vice commander.

1952

ATC MAJOR INSTALLATIONS--1952

MALDEN

HEADQUARTERS

FLYING TRAINING

AIR FORCE

• FLYING TRAINING

A CREW TRAINING

■ TECHNICAL TRAINING

REESE •

PERRIN"?' I — GREENVILLE
WEBB» i^CONNALLY I BAINBRIDGE,

GARY •bRYAN
• /

'0 ^^ WELLINGTON.

LAUGHLINs^ ■ RANDOLPH" '^

LACKLAN

GOODFELLOW

HONDO,

KLAND*J|po'-<
LAREDO^ X

HARLINGEN*(

FOSTER

HEADQUARTERS

CREW TRAINING

AIR FORCE

HEADQUARTERS

TECHNICAL TRAINING

AIR FORCE

iPINECASTLE
* \
► BARTOW

ORGANIZATION

Crew Training Air Force

Al Randolpli Al H on 16 March 1952. ATC estab-
lished the Crew Training Air Force (CTAF).
Assigned to CTAF were six bases: Luke and its
127th Pilot Training Wing. Moody and its .^.'i.'iOth
Training Wing (Interceptor Aircrew). Ncllis and its
359.5th Training Wing (Combat Crew). Rantlolph and
its .3510th Pilot Training Wing. Tyndall and its
.3625th Tiaiiung Wing, and Wichita and its 352()th
Combat Crew Training Wing. Pinecaslle became a
CTAF base elTective 16 August. Perrin came untler
CTAF control on 1 September, followed by Laughlin
on 1 October

INSTALLATIONS

5 New FTAF Bases Activated

Ourmg 1952 AlC aclnaled li\e new bases under
Flying Training Air Force. Four ol the installations
provided basic single engine Hying training: Webb.
Laredo. Laughlin. and Foster. The iillh base.
Harlingen. provided basic observer training. Later in
the year ATC tlccided to switch Laughlin to
advanced lighter training, and with that change the
base became a CT.'XF asset.

1952

Students inflate a parachute
under the supcr>ision of their
instructor during class in the
parachute rigger's school at
Chanute AFB, Illinois.

Laredo AFB, Texas

i:irc(.li\c 1 April 1952, ATC reopened I.arcdo AFB
and established the 3640th Pilol Training Wing. Later
the parenthetical notation (liasic Single-Engine) was
addetl to the designation.

Stallings Air Base, North Carolina

in Ma\ 1952. Air Tiaiinng C'onintand lenamed
Kinston Airfield. North Carolina, as .Stallings Air
Base in memory of Lt Bruce Stallings. a P-51 pilot
killed in March 1945. and his brother. I.t Harry
Stallings, a B-29 navigator killed in April 1945.

Foster AFB, Texas

Air Training Command returned Foster to active
status on 1 September 1952. Earlier, on 1 May. the
command had established the 3580th Pilot Training
Wing (Basic Single-Engine) at Foster to prepare for
pilot training to begin in January 1953.

Harlingen AFB, Texas

On 1 April 1952. ATC activated Harlingen AFB.
Texas. At the same time, the command established
the 3610th Observer Training Wing at Harlingen.

Laughlin AFB, Texas

The command brought Laughlin back on acti\ e status
on I May. At the same time ATC established the
3645th Pilot Training Wing (Basic Single-Engine)
and assigned it to Flying Training Air Force. Then
on I October the 3645th was redesignated as a flying
training wing (fighter) and reassigned to Crew
Training Air Force.

Webb AFB, Texas

In 1951 .Air Training Command had established a
pilot training wing at Big Spring. Texas, but because
of legal considerations, the command was unable to
acti\ate Big Spring AFB until 1 Januarv 1952. Four
months later, on 1 S May. ATC changed the name of
Big Spring to Webb AFB. honoring Lt James L.
Webb. Jr.. a local Big Spring resident who was killed
in a plane crash during a training mission in Japan in
1949.

1952

SUBORDINATE UNITS

Wing Redesignations

During 1952 Al'C redesignated a number ol its wings, as it reorganized its Hying program under llie Flying Training
and Crew Training Air Forces.

New Designation

Pre\ ious Designation
3500th PTW(Adv M-E)
3510th PTW
3520 CCTW
3525th PTW (Adv S-E)
.3530th PTW (.Adv.S-E)
3535th BTW
3540th CCTW
3.545th PTW (Basic)
3550th TW( I A)
3555th PTW (Basic)
3560th PTW (Adv S-E)
3565th PTW (Basic)
3575th PTW (Adv M-E)
3595th TWtCmbt Crew)
3605th NTW
3615th PTW (Adv S-E)
3625th TW
3640th PTW

3500th PTW (Basic M-E)
3510th FTW (Med Bomb)
3520 FTW (Med Bomb)
3525th PTW (Basic S-E 1
353()th PTW (Basic S-E)
3535 OTW

3540th FTW (Fighter)
3545th PTW (Primary)
3550 FTW (Interceptor)
3555th FTW (Fighter)
3560th PTW (Basic .S-E)
3565 th OTW
3575th PTW (Basic M-E)
3595th FTW (Fighter)
3605th OTW
3615th PTW (Basic S-E)
3625th FTW (Adv Intcp)

Date Changed

27 Jun 52
1 1 Jun 52

I 1 Jun 52
27 Jun 52
27 Jun 52
27 Jun 52
27 Jun 52
27 Jun 52

I I Jun 52
27 Jun 52
27 Jun 52
27 Jun 52
27 Jun 52
1 1 Jun 52
27 Jun 52
27 Jun 52
1 1 Jun 52
Jul-Aug 52

364()th PTW (Basic S-E)

NOTE: CCTW = combat crew training wing: FTW = Hying training wing: Med Bomb = medium bombardment:
M-E = multi-engine: NTW = navigator training wing: OTW = observer training wing; PTW = pilot training wing:
S-E = sinsle-ensine: TW = training wing.

A studinl pilot approaches his
assigned .\T-6 "Texan" on the
ramp at Randolph MB. lexas.
Note the uniiiiie nose art which
included a pieline of ihe "I aj."

1952

3499th Mobile Training Wing

On 4 November 1952. ATC redesignated the 3499th
Mobile Training Group as a wing. Previously, the
mobile training group had been a part of the 3499th
Training Aids Wing, until the command discontinued
the wing in early 1952.

3750th Observer Training Group

Air Training Command established the 3750th
Observer Training Group at Sheppard on 10 October
1952 and assigned it to Flying Training Air Force.
The group operated at Sheppard until its inactivation
on 15 March 1954. At that time, its training mission
mo\ ed to James Connally.

3600th Flying Training Wing (Fighter)

The command discontmucd the 127th Pilot Training
Wing at Luke on I Nmember and established the
3600th Flying Training Wing (Fighter).

Contract Flying Squadrons Redesignated

Effective 27 June 1952. ATC redesignated all nine of
its training squadrons (contract flying) as pilot
training squadrons (contract primary).

TRAINING
FLYING TRAINING

Basic Renamed Primary Pilot Training

In 1952 ATC renamed basic pilot training, the first
phase of flying training, as "primary" training. The
advanced flying phase became "basic pilot training."
The change came with the activation of the Crew
Training Air Force in March 1952. with its charter of
conducting advanced pilot training. Primary and
basic pilot training fell under ATC's Flying Training
Air Force.

Interceptor Training

Mechanical difficulties with the F-89 aircraft
prevented ATC from training any students in this
aircraft during the year. The F-86D program
graduated 46 pilots during the year compared to a
training plan of 1.200 per year (later reduced to 710
due to problems with the aircraft). The only
significant interceptor pilot production occurred in
F-94 aircraft, in which 598 pilots graduated (slightly
below the 650 annual soal).

Two students in the cockpit of a l.ockhcid I -94C "Starfire" prepare to take off on an interceptor combat
crew training mission at M(mkI> .\KB, deorgia.

1952

Four-Phase Pilot Training

The most importanl cliungo in iraininL; during llic
year involved the adoption ol a tour-phase pilot
training program in November, with ni) change in
living hours. Part one of the program included 12
weeks of prefli<;ht training. The second part, called
primar> training, required IS vseeks and featurcLJ
120 hours of T-6 flight training. Part three, the basic
flight phase, lasted 16 weeks and included 1.^0 hours
of flying. This phase included flying in both the T-6
or T-28 and in tactical aircraft (T-3.^ jet trainer. F-80
jet fighter, F-51 conventional fighter, or B-25 multi-
engine bomber). At the end of the third phase, cadets
v\ere commissioned and received pilot wings. The
fourth phase of pilot training featured crov trainin<;
and covered an average of 12 weeks. Total time spent
in training lasted nearly 16 months. The first class to
begin the four-phase program was 53-H (later
changed to 34-.A/B/C). which entered training at all
flying bases on 3 No\ ember.

Initiatives to Increase Pilot Applicants

In an effort to increase the number of pilot training
applicants. ATC created aviation cadet selection
teams to visit colleges across the nation. The first two
teams came into existence in January. Along with
other initiatives begun in IQ.'il. ATC finally began to
see the number of pilot training applicants increase.
By .April the monthls a\erage had risen from less
than 750 to over 3,800.

B-47 Training

The shortage nl anplancs thai hmdcrcd the B-47
training program in ]'->5\ continued through much of
1952. Fourteen three-man crews recei\ed training
during the year at Wichita. The first B-47 students at
Pinecastle began training on 22 December.

B-26 Transition Training

To provide trained B-26 crews for the advanced
combat training TAC offered. ATC developed a four-
week transition program for rated t)fficers. Perrin
AFB hosted the course which started in .April.
Because the B-26 had been used during World W ar
II. ATC experienced no difficulty in obtaining
aircraft or in protiuciiig trained crews.

Fighter-Bomber Crew Training

In .April .A IC reduced its training ivquiicnicnts from
I.I 10 F-8() pilots per year to 2S8 and stopped all F-SO
training in .September. In November 1951 ATC had
planned to train 345 F-51 pilots per year, but in April
1952 the command instead directed the elimination of
the program following the graduation of the 30 June
class. As training for these older fighters decreased,
programs for the newer F-84 and F-86 aircraft
increased. Quotas for the F-84 grew from 420 in the
November 1951 plan to 588 under the April 1952

schedule. For the new F-86 training course. AlC
doubled its planned quotas from its initial 508. set in
April 1952. to 1.224 in October.

Helicopter Training

With the inlnHluclion of the 11-19 al San Miircos.
,ATC cut helicopter training from I I weeks ui 10.

Observer Training

During the sear. .ATC revised its obser\er training
program based on a I November 1951 training
directive. Instead of three separate courses— cadet and
nonrated officers, rated bombardiers and navigators,
and pilots-ATC implemented a single basic observer
course, with ad\anced training related to specific
aircraft. Complete conversion to a single observer
program was delayed by the necessity of providing
refresher courses to navigators, bombardiers, aiul
radar observers who had been trained during World
War II.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Contract Schools Use Reduced

The command decreased its reliance on civilian
contract and other service schools during the year. In
December 1951 the Air Force had more than 13.000
students enrolled in Army and contract schools. By
June 1952 that number had been cut in half. ,At
contract schools, the student load declined from
15.000 cnrolhiicnls in June 1951 to 2.050 in June
1952. The number of contract schools .ATC used
declined from 53 to 5.

Changes in Technology

1 he ciiiuiniicd mlioduciion of new aircralt and
equipment forced ATC to develop new courses.
Among the technical training courses begun in 1952
were specialized B-47 courses and F-86E and F-89
aircraft mechanic classes. As in 1951. the delayed
delivery of new equipment to ATC caused shortages
in trained technicians. Some of the most critical
shortages were in the comminiicaiions-electronics
fields, because the command couki not gel the new
cryptographic and clccironic counicrmeasures (ECM)
equipmeni benig prepareil for the war ctTort. In
October .A I'C established an FCM operator-mechanic
course at Kcesler. Retention of instructors became an
increasing problem. Reenlistment rates among
electronics instructors dropped. and ATC
experienced a high turnover among its civilian
instructors as private industrv offered these groups
more money for their experience and expertise.

Mechanic Training

In 1952. when the Air Force listed its 13 most critical
specialties. 10 were in aircraft maintenance fields. In
February ATC estimated that the Air Force would

1952

have a shortage of 32,()()() aircraft mechanics by
30 June 1953. Most frustrating for the command was
the fact that the capabiHty existed to train far more
mechanics. Air Training Command estimated it could
train an additional 35,000 mechanics yearly if the Air
Staff would increase the student load ceilings at
Amarillo and Sheppard--the two main aircraft
mechanic training centers: if the command had
sufficient training equipment; and if more airmen
could be tunneled through the induction centers.
Officials at ATC argued that recruiting should be
intensified to gain inductees and that the major air
commands should provide more training aircraft. At
Amarillo. onlv one F-89. one F-86F. and three B-47s

were available for aircraft mechanic Iraiiiiiig. forcing
two or three classes to use the same aircraft at any
one time.

MILITARY TRAINING

Training Extended

Diiring the years before the Korean War, basic
military training had lasted anywhere from 4 to 13
weeks. In the rush to flow recruits through the
training system and into the theater of conflict, ATC
reduced the course to seven weeks in 1950 and then
to two weeks in January 1951. After the initial push,
ATC reintroduced the eight-week course and urged
the Air Staff to lengthen the course.
In July 1952 the Air Staff approved
a 12-week course, which ATC
implemented on 1 August at
Lackland and Parks and on
1 September at Sampson. However,
M A after only two months, the Air Staff

-T-T • decided that the course should be

'VjlJ hTi shortened, and ATC developed an

11 -week program to begin in
January 1953.

MISCELLANEOUS

International Training has always been an important part of the
.\ETC' mission. rhroii<;h the Mutual Defense .Assistance Program,
hundreds of international students received flying or technical
training at various .\TC bases. In 1952 ^ ugoslavian and Taiwanese
students joined the growing list of countries. The lower photo shows
the first laiwanese students to recei>e jet training at NMIIiams .AFB,
.Arizona. The upper photo shows graduating Dutch aviation cadets in
formation at \ ance .\KB, Oklahoma.

•

. » i « :^

mr^ •^f ■.?

^^^^^^^ *^flr 0 ^^^^^^^^^^B

if *♦#! ■

M t.

Operation Sign Post

Air Defense Command conducted a
nationwide air defense exercise 24-
28 July, with the aid of Tactical Air
Command and Air Training
Command. At that time, ATC had a
fairly heavy requirement to provide
air defense support, as shown by
the fact that over 50 percent of the
aircraft used in the exercise
belonged to ATC. The operation
was a costly venture for ATC,
because the majority of the aircraft
deployed were those used in flying
training programs. That cost the
command thousands of lost student
tlvint: irainine hours.

1953

As in the prexious year, the \olume of tiaininji ettndiKted steadily decreased durin}; 195.^. Air I rainiii};
Command graduated 333.332 students from all its Iraininj; profirams. do\>n from 439.991. Pilot production
for the year neared the planned 7,200. but the cre» training; projiram failed to produce 7.200 comhat-ready
pilots from its advanced ctmrses. In May the Air Staff dropped its plans to reach a production of 10.000
pilots annuall> and postponed plans to build up to 143 wings. Instead, the Air Staff looked to establish 120
wings by 30 June 1956. The Air Staff shortened basic militarx training, despite \i( objections, as a cost
saving device. The command's permanent party assignments continued to decline despite the activation of an
additional base. The Air Staff reduced the size of Headquarters ATC to 839 personnel authorizations as of
31 December, less than half the 1.729 assigned at the start of the Korean \\ar. Ihe Korean War ended on
27Jul.v. During the three-\ear conllict, ATC produced 11,947 combat-ready pilots and graduated o\er
1,000.000 personnel from its various courses.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

uisiir3l DccciiiliLT I4fi3)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

Alabama-Craig; Ari7ona--I.Likc. Marana. and Williams; California--
Malher and Parks: Ci)l(>rado--Lin\r\: Floriiia-Barlow. Graham.
Pinecastle. and Tyndall: Gi.-i)ri;ia--Bainbridge. Moody, and Spcnce:
Kansas-Wichita: lllinois-Chanute and Scott: Mississippi-Columbus.
Greenville, and Keesler: Missouri-Maiden: Nevada-Neliis: New
York-Sampson: North Carolina-Stailings: Oklahoma-Vance: Texas-
Amarillo. Brsan. Ellington. Foster. Gary. Goodfellovv. Harlingen.
Hondo. James Connalls. Lackland. Laredo. Laughlin. I'errin.
Randolph. Reese. Sheppard. and Webb; and Wxoming-Francis E.
Warren

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

I.SS.()42 ( l.^.')74 olTicers; I 13.4.-S4 enlisied; 2X.614 civilians)

4.702 (B-2.^. B-26. B-2';. B 47. B-.^O, C-4.^. C-47. F-SO. F-84. F-86.
F-89. F-94. H-5. H-13. H-19. L-.S. L-13. 1-16. 1.-17. 1,-19. L-21. T-6.
T-28. T-29. T-33, T-.34)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

3 traininu air forces:

CREW. Randolph AFB TX

9 flying trannng wings:

35]()lh (Medium Bombardmeiii i. k.indolph \l li 1 \

3.'i2()th (Medium Bombardment). Wichita AFB KS

3.'i4()th (Fighter). Pinecastle AFB FL

3.'^.^()lh (Inlerceplor). Moody AFB GA

3.'i.'S.'^th (Fighter). Perrin AFB TX

359.'ilh (Fighter). Nellis AFB NV

360()th (Fighter). Luke Al H A/

362.'^th (Advanced Interceptor), lyndall MB 1 I.

3(i4.'Slh (Fighter). Laughlin AFB TX

1953

FLYING. Waco TX:

4 observer training \\ ings:

3535th. Mather AFB CA
3565th. James Connally AFB TX
3605th. EUington AFB TX
3610th, Harlingen AFB TX

I I pilot training wings:

3500th
3505th

(Basic Multi-Eng), Reese AFB TX
(Basic Single-Ene). Greenville AFB

3525th
3530th
3545th
3560th
3575th
3580th
3585th
3615th
3640th

(Basic Single-Eng)
(Basic Single-Eng)
(Primary I, Goodfel
(Basic Single-Eng)
(Basic Multi-Eng),
(Basic Single-Eng)
(Liaison-Helicopter
(Basic Single-Eng)
(Basic Sin2le-Ent;)

Williams AFB AZ
Bryan AFB TX

low AFB TX
Webb AFB TX

Vance AFB OK
Foster AFB TX

r). Gary AFB TX
Craig AFB AL
Laredo AFB TX

9 independent pilot training squadrons (contract
primary);

3300th, Graham AB FL
3301st. Columbus AFB MS
33()2d. Spence AB, GA
3303d, Bartow AB FL
3304th. Hondo AB TX
3305th. Maiden AB MO
3306th, Bainbridge AB GA
3307th, Marana AB AZ
3308th, Stallings AB NC

TECHNICAL, (iultport MS:

3345th, Chanute AFB IL
3380th, Keesler AFB MS
3415th. Lowry AFB CO
3450th, Francis E. Warren AFB WY
3750th, Sheppard AFB TX

3610th Observer
Training Wing

3 military training wings;

3275th. Parks AFB CA
3650th, Sampson AFB NY
3700th, Lackland AFB TX

1 mobile training wing:

3499th. Chanute AFB IL

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Lieutenant General Harper remained the
commander through this period. On 1 July Maj Gen
Glenn O. Barcus succeeded General McNaughton as
vice commander.

ORGANIZATION

INSTALLATIONS

3310th Technical
Training \\ ing

Graham Air Base, Florida

Aw Tiainrng Command acii\ated Graham Air Base
on 27 January 1953 to replace Greenville AFB as a
contract primary pilot training school. Greenville
then became an ATC basic single-engine pilot
training school.

Gary AFB, Texas

On 10 May 1953. ATC changed the name of San
Marcos AFB to Gary AFB to honor Lt Arthur
Edward Gary, killed in the Philippines in 1941. Gary
w as a nati\ c of San Marcos.

7 technical training wings:

.3310th, Scott AFB IL
3320th, Amarillo AFB TX

NAMED ACTIVITIES

Officer Military Schools

To consolidate its officer training activities. ATC
established the USAF Officer Military Schools at
Lackland, effective 1 August 1953. The command

7953

Sho\Mi is a uential \ic» of the nis;ht line at Perrin AFB. Texas, in the lOSOs. This \ I ( base cdnducted r-86D
interceptor cre» training.

changed its Officer Candidate School (OCS)
curriculum to include 86 hours of air base defense
instruction and to provide greater emphasis on
military training. The first class to receive the new
syllabus would begin training in January 1954.
During the last quarter of 1953. the OCS class quotas
dropped from 600 to 1.56 per quarter. In the officer
basic military course, the Air Staff limited this direct
commissioning program to applicants from medical,
legal, chaplain, and meteorological fields during the
last half of the year.

SUBORDINATE UNITS

3505th Pilot Training Wing

In April 195.^ Greenville AFB. Mississippi, began
basic single-engine pilot training. That mission was
performed by the .^505lh Pilot Traiiimg Wing (Basic
Single-Engine), which .\TC had activated on
1 February 1953.

Military Training Wings

On 6 January 1953. lechnical Training Air Force
redesignated its three indoctrination wings--the
37(K)th at Lackland, the 365()th at Sampson, and the
3275th at Parks--as militarv training wings.

TRAINING

Changes in Technology

As the B-26 aircraft left the Air Force inventory.
ATC converted Perrin AFB. Texas, from B-26
training to all-weather interceptor crew training.
Alter April 1953. all advanced Hying training used jet
aircraft, except that accomplished i)n B-26 and B-29
bombers. There was also a significant increase in the
number of specialized technical training courses as
new equipment. primaril> electronic, moved into the
Air Force inventory. Typically, training equipment,
spare parts, and experienced instructors were often
scarce. Courses for specialties such as missile
guidance, radio-radar, and rocket propulsion received
emphasis in 1953.

FLYING TRAINING

Pilot Production

To attain il-- .innual pilot production target, ,\IC
attempted to reduce the attrition rale to the 29 percent
upon which the command based its planning. If and
when the graduations from basic llighl training
increased. ATC faced a second problem
deficiencies in the advanced training program. In

1953

This is an interior view of the Convair T-29D, which ATC used for navigator training. The "D"
model had no astrodomes and carried six students and an instructor.

prcl'light training alone. Air Training Command saw
an average of 14.2 percent attrition in the first half of
1953. Large numbers of students dropped out
because of physical problems. Improved screening
procedures corrected that problem. However, a
second problem affected student nioti\ ation. With the
lessening of tensions in Korea, the sense ot urgency
anil ot need to serve one's coiintr\ had diminished.

Interceptor Training

During the year. ATC consolidated its interceptor
training. Previously, the command gave instrument
training at Moody, with applied training at either
Tyndall or Perrin. Under the revised curriculum, each
of the three bases prin ided both phases of training.
Penin and Tyndall concentrated on the F-86D, and
Moodv trained on the F-S*-) and F-94.

Training Realignments

Air Iraining Command had added Foster AFB,
Texas, to its basic single-engine training program in
1952, and the base accepted its first students in
February 1953. Greenville AFB. Mississippi.
switched from operating a contract primary school to
conducting basic single-engine training in April.
With this realignment. Perrin. Goodfellow. Gary, and
Craig discontinued basic single-engine training and
concentrated on primary missions: interceptor
training at Perrin, primary pilot instruction at
Goodfellow. helicopter and liaison training at Gary,
and pilot instructor training at Craig.

B-29 Training

•Strategic Air Command transferred
training to ATC durinii 1953.

B-29 crew

B-47 Training

Pinecastle AFB in Florida produced its first fully-
trained B-47 bomber crews during 1953. In the last
half of the year. ATC pro\ided training for over
1.300 students on the B-47. Even though ATC
increased training on the B-47 by the end of the year,
the Air Staff had decided to make B-47 crew training
the responsibility of SAC, the using command.

1953

Air Training
((iiniiiand l)C'<:iin
ac(|uirin<; the
Bt'ich T-34A
"Mtntor" in 1954.
riu' 1-34 replaced
the A I -6 and other
tvpcs of aircraft in
primary training.

Advanced Multi-Engine Training

The Lommaiid began a new adNaiiced multi-engine
training program involving the T-29 and B-Z.^i
aircraft, with plans to add TC-54 and B-50 aircraft in
the coming year. On 1 .September Air Training
Command established advanced multi-engine schools
at Mather in California and James Connally.
Ellington, and Harlingen in Texas as a part of Flying
Training Air Force and at Keesler in Mississippi,
under Technical Training Air Force.

Observer Training

The miplemcniaiion ol the four-phase flying training
program in \^)f^Z created an imbalance with the
observer training program. Students in the obseaer
program could receive their commission much more
quickly than those in the lengthened Hying training
program. To rectify the situation. ATC added a
pretlight course to the observer training program,
similar to that given to students in flying training.
Other major changes in obser\ er training incluiled the
implementation ut B-.'S? bomber-obser\er and B-26
tactical reconnaissance training at Mather.

Mutual Defense Assistance Program
For the first time in its history, the Mutual Defense
Assistance Program (MDAP) used a quota system to
fill irainmg requests. Almost 40 percent of the quotas

were used by West Germany. In addition, six new
countries began receiving training authorizations
under MDAP: Spain. Egypt. Iraq. Saudi Arabia.
Syria, and South Korea. Air Training Commantl had
provided instruction for various Arab countries prior
to 1953. but never as a part of MDAP.

Training Program Drawdown

W lib ibc cikl 111 the Korean War. Air Training
Command shut down many of its flying training
courses. For example, during April the B-.^O observer
program entered its final class, and in June B-29
gunnery and bombardier refresher training ceased.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Training Program Changes

During the \ear. ATC made three curricula changes
which significantly affected its training program. In
July ATC moved factory training courses to its
technical training centers. In September the command
revised all atUanced officer and airman courses to a
maximum of 19 weeks, saving permanent change of
station (PCS) funds. Then in October ATC reverted
to a five-day academic week. Oserall. there was a
shift from general instruction to more specialized
training. In Nosember the Air Staff issued a new
technical training directive that defined the difference

1953

between tbrmal training and on-the-job training and
delineated the responsibihtics of ATC and of the
using agencies.

MILITARY TRAINING

Training Reduced

To save money, the Air Staff decreased basic mihtary
training from 12 to 9 weei<s; ATC implemented the
change at Lackland in January and at Parks and
Sampson in February. During the first half of 1953,
the Air Staff reduced its induction quotas from
1 {),()()() to l.'S.OOO per month to less than 5,()()(). With
the lower quotas, ATC no longer needed to use Parks
for basic military training, so BMT phased out at the
end of September. (Parks continued to be used for air
base defense training and processing oversees
returnees. The command had established the air base
defense .school at Parks in September 1952.)

of ATC's interceptor training bases had air defense
commitments. Moody maintained two combat-ready
aircraft and crews on five-minute active air alert as
ADC augmentation forces. Tyndall had a requirement
to deploy 16 combat-ready F-86D aircraft and to
maintain 16 others in a 4-hour readiness state in the
event of an emergency. Peirin maintained an ADC
defense squadron manned with ATC aircraft and
instructor pilots as part of the active air alert force.

Construction Savings

In February the federal government imposed a freeze
on military construction and began reviewing its
building program. The Secretary of the Air Force
canceled or deferred nearly one-third of ATC's
projects— almost $25 million. The greatest single
block of cancellations involved the decision to delay
activation of Moore Field, Texas, as a flying training
base. That saved ATC $8 million.

MISCELLANEOUS

Mission Change

With the addition of crew training and the acquisition
of interceptor aircraft. HQ USAF decided effective
20 October to assign ATC responsibility for
supporting Air Defense Command (ADC). All three

Operation Tail Wind

On 1 1 and 12 July, Air Defense Command tested its
augmentation plan. A total of seven ATC bases
actively participated in the exercise, deploying
aircraft and aircrews, as well as supporting the ADC
radar net.

Radar students at Keesler AFB, Mississippi, learn to install and operate
\arioiis radar s\ stems.

1954

During flic year, pilot tiainin}; lt'\clcd out at 7.0(10 per >car. obser\cr training roniainod unchanged, and
technical training production jumped from 30.000 at the end ol 1953 to 47.000 h\ the end of June 1954. In
the last hall of the >ear, Headquarlers liSAF told Al C that beginning in V\ 57 pilot production would drop
to 4.800. That would be enough to support a 137->ving Air Force. Production was to be e\enl> di>ided
between single- and multi-engine aircraft. In 1954. 65 percent of pilot trainees received single-engine
instruction and 35 percent multi-engine. Although the reduction from 7,000 to 4.800 pilots per >ear was a 30
percent cut in production, ATC onl> recommended releasing two of its 17 bases in\ol\ed in pilot training.
According to ATC officials, the five basic single-engine training bases could be reduced to four.
Headquarters ISAF wanted the production slowdown to be a gradual effort. That was partiallv because
ei\ilian contractors operated the nine primary n>ing schools, and the Air Force didn't want to cause financial
hardship for them. By cutting production gradually, each contractor had time to adjust the size of his
operation.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(asot"31 iX'ccmber 1954)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

Alabama-Craig: Arizona-Luke. Marana. and Williams: California--
Mather and Parks; Colorado-Low i>; Florida-Barlow, Graham, and
Tyndall: Georgia-Bainbridge, Moody. and Spence;

Kansas-McConnell: Illinois- Chanute and Scolt; Mississippi-
Columbus. Greenville, and Keesler: Missouri-Maiden: Nevada-Nellis
and -Stead: New York-Sampson: North Carolina-Stallings;
Oklahoma- Vance: Texas-Aniarillo. Bryan. Lllinglon. Gary.
Goodt'ellow. Harlingen. Hondo. James Connally. Lackland. Laredo.
Laughlin. Perrin, Randolph. Reese. Sheppard. and Wehh; and
Wyoming--Francis E. Warren

156.773 ( lfi.()7S otTieers: 1 1 1.73') enlisted; 28.956 civilians)

4,702 (B-25. B-26. B-29. B-47. B-57. F-51. l--8().
F-94. F-l()(). H-5. H-13. H-19. H-21. L-19. L-21
T-33.T-34)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

F-84. F-86. F-89.
T-6. T-28. T-29.

1 USAI' recruiting w ing;

3500th. Wright-Pallerson AFB OH
3 training air forces:
CRF^^■. Randolph AFB TX

9 combat crew training wings:

3510th iMed Bomb). Randolph Al B I \
3520th I Meil Bomb). McConnell AFB KS
3550th (interceptor). Moody AFB GA
3555th (Adv Interceptor). Perrin AFB TX

3595tli ( Fighter). Nellis AFB NV
360()th (Fighter). Luke AIB AZ
3625th (Adv Interceptor), Tyndall \1 K 11.
3635th (Survival). Stead AFB W
3645ih (lighter). Laughlin Al H 1 \

FIA INC;. WacoTX:

4 aircralt observer training w ings:

3535th. Mather AFB CA
3565th, James Connally AFB TX
.3605th, i;ilinglon AIB I\
3610th. Harlingen AFB TX

1954

3585th Flying
Training Wing

Flving Training Air Force (contd)

2 flying training wings:

3585th (Liaison-Helicopter), Gary AFB TX
3615th (Basic Single-Eng) Craig AFB AL

S pilot training wings:

3500th (Basic Multi-Eng). Reese AFB TX
3505th (Basic Single-Eng). Greenville AFB

3525th (Basic Single-Eng). Williams AFB AZ
353()th (Basic Single-Eng). Bryan AFB TX
3545th (Basic Multi-Eng), Goodtellow AFB

3560th (Basic Single-Eng). Wehb AFB TX
3575th (Basic Multi-Eng). Vance AFB OK
364()th (Basic Single-Eng), Laredo AFB TX

9 independent pilot training squadrons (contract
primary):

33()()th, Graham AB FL
3.301st. Columhus AFB MS
33()2d. Spcnce AB. GA
3303d. Bartow AB FL
3304th. Hondo AB TX
3305th. Maiden AB MO
3.306th. Bainbridgc AB GA
3307th. Marana AB AZ
3.30Sth. Stallings AB NC

TECHNICAL. Gulfport MS:

7 technical training wings:

331()th. Scott AFB IL
332()th. Amarillo AlH TX
3.345th. ChanutcAlH II.
3380th, Keesler AFB MS
3415th. Lowry AFB CO
M50th, Francis E. WaiTcn AFB WY
'Hh, Sheppard AFB TX

3 military training wings:

3275th. Parks AFB CA
3650th. Sampson AFB NY
3700th. Lackland AFB TX

I mobile training wing:

3499th. Chanute AFB IL

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Maj Gen
Glenn O. Barcus

LtGen
Charles T. Mvers

On I July 1954. the ATC Vice Commander. Maj
Gen Glenn O. Barcus temporarily assumed command
of ATC from Lieutenant General Harper, who retired.
Barcus was replaced on 26 July by Lt Gen Charles T.
Myers, who had previously served as Commander.
Northeast Air Coinmand. Also on 2 July, Maj Gen
Edward H. Uiulorhill replaced Major General Barcus
as vice commander.

ORGANIZATION

INSTALLATIONS

McConnell AFB, Kansas

On 12 April I9.S4. ATC redesignated Wichita AFB as
McConnell Al-B. honoring two brothers-Lt
Thomas L. McConnell. killed in the South Pacific in

1954

1943. and dipt Fred M. McCiiniicIl, Jr.. who died in
a plane crash in Korea in 1945.

SUBORDINATE UNITS

Recruiting Wing Activated

On 10 April 19.'^4. as a part ol its plan to manage Air
Force recruiting. ATC activated the .^SOOth U.SAF
Recruiting Wing at Wright-Patterson AFB. Ohio. The
command lormed the new unit usnig personnel from
the former .!.'>( )()th Personnel Processing Group,
which had been assigned at Waco.

3635th Combat Crew Training Wing

Effecti\e 1 .September 19.54. SAC transferred the
3904th Composite Wing at Stead AFB, Nevada, to
ATC. On that same date, ATC discontinued the
39()4th and established the 3635th Combat Crew
Training Wing (Survival) and assigned it to Crew
Training Air Force.

Wing Redesignations

In September-October 1954. ATC redesignated its
eight flying training wings as combat crew training
w ings to describe their mission better. The command
also renamed its four observer training wings as
aircraft observer training wings. effective
10 September, and redesignated two pilot training
wings-the 3615th at Craig and the 35S5th at Gary-
as flying training wings.

HEADQUARTERS ORGANIZATION

DCSIInstallations

Air Training Command established a new
headquarters function. Deputy Chiel of Staff. Instal-
lations, on 12 August 1954. This was the forerunner
of civil enijineerinu.

TRAINING

Missile Training

\n August A rc learned that it would be assisting Air
Defense Command w ilh air-to-air missile training of
ADC units. .Although the Air SlafI suggested using
Tyndall as the site for such training, in November
ATC and .ADC reached agreement on establishing
missile training at Moody .AFB, Georgia. Training
wiHild begin in February 1955.

FLYING TRAINING

Combat Crew Training Transferred

Air Training Command returned various combat
crew training responsibilities to S.AC and TAC in
1954. Among these was the transfer of Pinccastle

.AFB. I'lorida. and its B-47 training mission to SAC
on I January 1954 and the transfer of Foster to TAC
on 1 July. In addition. S.AC took over B-47 training
at McCoiinell AFB. Kansas, but ATC continued
pnniding B-47 transition training. At Vance, TAC
began prosiding B-26 combat crew training.

The Century Problem

In World War II. pilots flew propeller-driven aircraft.
After the war the all-jet combat force began to take
shape. The next step w as replacement of subsonic jets
with supersonic jets, which posed the "Century
Problem" for ATC. Tactical wings had already begun
receiving the new lOO-series aircraft, while ATC
schools still had to make do with a combination of
T-34s. T-2Ss. and T-33s. (In fact. ATC received its
first F-lOO in August 1954 at Nellis. but not long
after the .Air Force grounded all F-IOOs following
three major accidents. As a result. ATC olflcials
believed it would be 1956 before the command could
begin training.) With this outdated training, graduates
were handicapped before they reached their first
assignment. In the eyes of ATC ofl'icials. the only
way to improve the quality of pilot trainees was by
acquiring new trainer aircraft. Planners felt three new
trainers were needed. The flrst. the T-34. had alreatly
begun to arrive in ATC in significant numbers b\ the
end of the sear. The second, a T-37 twin-jet trainer,
was intended to replace the coinentional T-28 in the
second phase of primary training. When the T-37
came onboard, that nieaiit for the first time ATC
would be using a jet trainer in piimar\ training. The
third trainer was intended to replace the T-33 in basic
single-engine training. Its purpose would be to
prepare student pilots for supersonic flight. What that
aircraft would be was still to be determined.

Basic Pilot Training

With the Korean War past. USAF officials became
concerned that ATC was producing too main pilots
and thai liaiinng costs needed to be reduced. The Air
Staff decided the best way to handle the problem was
by limiting advanced combat flying training to pilots
who signed an agreement to remain in the service for
four years beyond graduation from basic pilot
training. The flrst class asked to sign such agreements
was 55-G. About 44 percent signed. By the end of the
\car. it v\as obvious that loo many pilots were being
trained. The command had had great difficulty
placing graduates of basic pilot training. In fact,
during the last three months of the year, a total of 178
graduates were transferred to technical training
programs, when ATC was unable to find cockpit
assignments for these individuals. .Also as a result of
this oNciproiluction, ATC temporarily discontinued
its advanced multi-engine training program (B-25s,
B-50s, and T-29s) in December.

7954

Student officers in the I SAF Bombardment
School. Mather AFB, Calilornia. on a training
mission in a modified Dou<;las C-54 "Skymaster."
This C-54, the only one of its kind in use during
the 1950s, could accommodate 21 students. The
more common bombing trainer was the B-25.

Basic Single-Engine Training

In iy.'^4 AlC reduced its basic single-engine pilot
schools from seven to five. James Connally returned
to observer training, and on I July ATC transferred
Foster AFB to TAC. The command was able to do
this because bases like Greenville and Laredo had
aci|uired sufficient facilities to assume their full share
of the training load. In addition, the days t>f split-shift
training (T-28s in phase one and T-33s in phase two)
were over. All five bases— Bryan. Greenville. Laredo,
Webb, and Williams— used the single-engine cur-
riculum. The command even saw quality of training
improve because of the increased number of hours
students received in the T-33.

Observer Training

As a cost-cutting measure. Headquarters USAF
directed ATC in No\ ember 19.'S3 to reorganize its
observer training program and decrease training tiine.
Air Training Command managed the restructure by
converting primary observer training into a primary-
i). ic course and by providing ad\anced instruction in
the basic course. Under the new program, every
gradual'- of r.rimary-basic training would be a

qualified navigator. At the beginning of the year, nine
ATC bases provided various types of observer
training. Lackland taught preflight. Ellington and
Harlingen gave primary training, while Mather.
Lowry. Keesler. James Connally. and Sheppard
provided advanced training. Sheppard was only in the
program temporarily to help relieve congestion at
James Connally. and Lowry dropped out of the
program in November when armament instruction
ended. By 31 December, only five bases remained in
the observer program: Mather. James Connally.
Harlingen. Ellington, and Keesler.

Contract Primary Flying Training

Since the lonnation of the piiiiiary contract flying
training schools in the early 1950s, the only military
base to provide primary training was Goodfellow. It
had been kept in that position to monitor the training
given by the contractors. By the end of 1953. ATC
was satisfied with the quality of training provided by
the schools, and officials felt it was unnecessary for
Goodfellow to continue its monitoring role. Instead,
in February 1954 Goodfellow converted to basic
multi-engine pilot training. Meanwhile, the contract
schools were in the midst of a major aircraft
conversion. Beginning in May. Marana started
receiving T-34s and T-28s to replace the older T-6s
and PA- 18s. The Spence school reported the arrival
of its first T-34s in June, and Bainbridge and
Columbus started receiving new aircraft in
September. By year's end. Marana had received 55
T-34s and Spence had 56. The government-owned
T-6s were turned over to Air Materiel Command. The
PA- 18s belonged to the contractors. Contractors
reported that they would give several of these suiplus
aircraft to the Civil Air Patrol in early 1955.

C-119 and 6-57 Training

At Randolph B-29 combat crew training had to be
sharpK curtailed midwa)' through the year, so that the
base could prepare for operation of a four-engine
transport school, using the C-119. Student training
began in July. In addition. Randolph began its first
B-57 pilot training course in late October. While
some classroom instruction took place, students did
not fly the B-57 in 1954. It was November before
ATC recei\ed its first four B-57s. and another four
aircraft arri\ed in December; howe\er. the command
hatl innnediate maintenance problems with the
aircraft, recortling an in-commission rate ot only
seven percent. Besides the maintenance problems.
Air Training Command also had difficulty finding
qualified instructors. Because of the newness of the
aircraft, most qualified pilots were assigned to TAC
units converting to the B-57. The Randolph training
program had to qualify T-33 pilots as B-57
instructors.

1954

Air Training Command operated a 15-day
survival course at Stead AFB. Nevada, tor Air
Force bomber crews. Here, an aircrew member
learns iiow to use a raciv to smoke fresh meat.

Survival Training

Since October 1950. SAC had taught survival
techniques for downed aircraft crews. The first
course was held at Camp Carson, Colorado, and in
1952 the training moved to Stead AFB. Nevada.
Originally. SAC had begun the training for its
personnel, teaching them how to survive if forced
down in remote and/or unfriendly terrain, how to
escape capture, and how to escape if captured. Later
other commands used the training. In the spring of
1954, since ATC had primary responsibility for
training. Air Force officials decidetl to transfer
survival training to ATC. On I September 1954. SAC
transferred its survival training mission to ATC,
along with Stead.

Basic Multi-Engine Training
Here again production was exceeding need. The
command had made the decision to change its
proportion ol single-engine graduates to multi-
engine--from a 7.5/25 mix to 65/.^5. This was
accomplished by transferring Gooilfellow from
primary pilot training to nuilli-engine instruction m
the first half of 1954. ,\lso tramuig multi-engine
pilots were Reese and Vance.

Interceptor Weapons Training

Ihc command csi.iblished mlcrceptor weapons
instructor training at Moody and Tyndall in July. To
inject more realism into the training, ATC made

arrangements wuh SAC to allov\ nistruclor pilots to
tly intercept missions against S.AC bombers.

Atomic, Biological, and Chemical Warfare

loi sc\cral \c.iis. the .\niicd forces Siiecial
Weapons Project at Sandia Base. New Mexico, had
provided all atomic, biological, and chemical (ABC)
warfare training for the Air Force. Beginning in
October 1954. ATC added ABC instruction to its
bomber training program at Randolph and its tighter
pilot programs at Luke and Nellis. In addition, ATC
established six general ABC coiM"ses to train aircrews
already in the tield, using mobile training teams.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Lowry Interim Site of AF Academy

In .lulv 1954 USAF officials named Lowry as ihe
interim site for the new Air Force Academy. .At (he
same time. SAC also wanted to use Lowry to support
missile units. In both cases, no new construction was
allowed. According to the USAF. Lowry had to
support the new academy, and if necessary, training
could be relocated so that facilities were available for
the academy. In fact Lowry did have to transfer
training. Beginning in September, the school moved
intelligence, comptroller, and transportaticni training
programs to Sheppard. At the same time. Sheppard
also gained ."^7 jet engine, hydraulic, and electrical
repairman courses from Chanute. because the training
load at the Illinois school had overtaxed base suppi)ri
tacilities.

From 1954 to 1958. Lowry .\FB. Colorado, served
as the interim site of Ihe Vir force Vcademv until
Ihe academ\"s permaneni home was coinpleled in
Colorado Springs. C olorado.

Helper-Positions

When incoming airmen completed basic military
training, a large percentage went directly lo formal
technical training courses. Other recruits were direct-
duty assigned and received on-the-job training to the

1954

apprentice level. The remainder of basic military
training graduates, beginning in October 1954, were
sent into the field to fill "helper" positions.
Commanders could assign these individuals to any
career field where an authorized vacancy existed.

MILITARY TRAINING

Recruiting

Effective 6 March 1954. Secretary of Defense
Charles E. Wilson signed a memorandum specifying
thai the Air Force would assume operational control
of its recruiting function not later than 1 July. When
the Air Force became a separate service in 1947, re-
cruiting had remained a joint function caiTied out
through the Army's recruiting organization. Head-
quarters USAF delegated recruiting responsibility to

ATC. The primary reason the Defense Department
had decided to give the Air Force control of its
recruiting function was to save money and
manpower. The new organization that would exist
under ATC included a wing, six groups, 71
detachments, and recruiting stations, as necessary.

Third Basic Training Facility Needed

At the beginning of the year, ATC had two basic
military training facilities— Lackland and Sampson.
However, the Air Force projected that an average of
1 2, ()()() new enlistees would enter the service every
month through FY 56. For that reason, ATC decided
to reopen a third processing center. On 7 September
Parks began receiving new recruits after a year in
standby status.

.\n instructor at l,()\\r\ AFB, Colorado, teaches future armament officers
on the care and asseml>l\ of bombs.

1955

Pilot production continued its d(»\\n«aid trend. H(i»e>er, there was a positi>e side in that smaller classes
meant A TC could <jive more attention to the quality of pilot bein<; produced. C ourse syllabi increased the
amount ol llxinj; time pilot trainees recci\ed. The command also increased its efforts to acquire more
modern aircraft for trainin<i purposes. That way pilot trainees would experience living heavier, faster aircraft
before being assigned to tactical units. By mid-year four of ATC's nine contract primary schools had
replaced their P\-18 and T-6 trainers with T-34s and r-28s. Also during the year, the Air I orce took a close
look at ATC's technical and basic military instruction programs. Ihe Air Force hoped to integrate basic
military and basic technical training, establish a field training system, and readjust training loads to
economize the use of the command's facilities.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of 31 Dee-cinber 195.'^)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

1 USAF rccniiiiiiy uiiig:

35UUth. Wright I'auerson AlB OH
3 training air forces:
CREW. Randolph AI-B TX

iS Lonibal crcu iraiiiint; wings:

Alabama-Craig: Arizona-Luke. Marana. and Williams: California-
Mather and Parks; Colorado-Lowry: Florida-Bartov\. Graham, and
Tyndall: Georgia-Bainbridge. Mood\. and Spence:

Kansas-McConnell; Illinois- Chanute and Scott: Mississippi-
Greenville and Keesler: Missouri- Maiden: Nevada-Nellis and Stead:
New York-Sampson: North Carolina- Stallings; Oklahoma-Vance:
Texas— Amarillo. Bryan. Ellington. Edward Gar\. Goodfellow.
Harlingen. Hondo. James Connally. Lackland. Laredo. Laughlin.
Moore. Perrin. Randolph. Reese. Sheppard. and Webb; and W\oming--
Francis E. Warren

I46.SI4 ( Ui.fi.SS officers: 96.934 enlisted: 33.222 civilians)

4.830 (B-25. B-29. B-47. C-4.5. C-47. F-51. F-8(). F-84. F-86. F-89.
F-94. F- 1 00. H- 1 3. H- 1 9. H-23. L- 1 9. L-2 1 . T-28. T-29. T-33, T-34)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

FLVINC;. WacoTX:

I combat crew training w ing:

3fi4.Sth (Fighter). Laughlin AFB TX
4 aircraft obsei\er tiaiiiin>! wings:

3.'^l()lh (Med Bomb). Randolph AlB TX
3.520th (Med Bomb). McConnell AFB KS
3.'i.^0th (Interceptor). Moody AlB CiA
3.'>5.5th ( Adv Interceptor). Perrin AFB TX
3.595th (Fighter). Nellis AFB NV
3600th (Fighter). Luke AFB AZ
3625th (Adv Interceptor). I'yndall AlB FL
3635th (Survival). Stead AFB NV

3535th. Mather AFB CA
3565lh. James ConnalK AFB TX
3605th. Ellington AFB IX
36 lOth. Harlingen AFB TX

2 Hying training wings;

3585lh (Liaison Helicopter), lidward Gary
AFBTX

.361.5lh. Craig AFB AL

1955

8 pilot training wings:

35()()lh (Basic Muiti-Eng). Reese AFB TX
3303tli (Basic Single-Eng), Greenville AFB

3525th (Basic Single-Eng). Williams AFB AZ
3530th (Basic Single-Eng I. Bryan AFB TX
3545th (Basic Multi-Eng). Goodfellow AFB

3560th (Basic Single-Eng). Webb AFB TX
3575th (Basic Miilti-Eng). Vance AFB OK
3640th (Basic Single-Eng). Laredo AFB TX

9 independent pilot training groups (contract
primary):

330()th. Graham AB FL
3301st. Moore ABTX
33()2d. Spence AB. GA
3303d. Bartow AB FL
3304th. Hondo AB TX
3305th. Maiden AB MO
3306th. Bainbridge AB GA
3307th, Marana AB AZ
33()Sih. Stallings AB NC

TECHNICAL. Gulfport MS:

7 lechiiical training wings:

3310th. .Scott AFB IL

3320th. Amarillo AFB TX

3345th. Chanute AFB IL

3380th. Keesler AFB MS

3415th, Lowry AFB CO

3450th. Francis E. Warren AFB WY

3750th. Shcppard AFB TX

3 military training wings:

3275th. Parks AF-B CA
3650th. Sampson AFB NY
3700th, Lackland AFB TX

1 mobile irauiing wing:

34Wlh. Chanute AFB II

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Lieutenant General Myers continued to ser\e as
the ATC commander, and Major General Underbill
remained vice commander.

ORGANIZATION

INSTALLATIONS

Gary AFB, Texas

On 1 September 1955. ATC redesignated Gary as
Edward Gary AFB.

Contract Primary Bases

For simplicit) sake, since 1952 ATC had listed all of
its contract primary fields as air bases, except
Columbus and Greenville AFBs. However, the
command did not make those designations official
until I November 1955. Also, on 25 April 1955. ATC
redesignated all of the contract primary squadrons as
pilot training groups (contract primary).

Columbus AFB, Mississippi

On I April 1955. ATC transferred jurisdiction of
Columbus AFB lo SAC. Since 1951. Columbus had
hosted contract primary flying training. All of the
Columbus flying training mission moved to Moore
Air Base. Texas.

Moore AB, Texas

Between December 1954 and March 1955. ATC
moved the contract flying training program at
Columbus to Moore Air Base. Texas, including the
330 1st Pilot Training Squadron. Between the
mid- 1 954 announcement that contract pilot training
would move to Moore and the activation of the base
on 1 January 1955, builders repaired and added to
base facilities so that Moore could begin training on
3 January.

SUBORDINATE UNITS

3645th Combat Crew Training Wing
Laughlin AFB, Texas, and its 3645th Combat Crew
Training Wing (Fighter) transferred from Crew
Training Air Force to Flying Training Air Force
effective 1 September.

HEADQUARTERS ORGANIZATION

Project Jericho

During the year. ATC officers put together a plan to
relocate the command headquarters from Scott to
Raiukilph and to inactivate the Crew Training Air
Force and combine its mission with Flying Training
Air Force. That plan was called Project Jericho.
Officials in ATC realized that the Air Force was
Hearing its gi)al of establishing 137-wings. Once that
happened, training demands would decrease. By
consolidating and relocating. ATC believed the Air
Force would sa\e money and personnel. Ho\\e\er.
Headquarters USAF disagreed. Project Jericho died,
but the command still continued its efforts to reduce

]()()

_ 1955

Prior to takin<; oft on a routine traininj: llij^ht. an instructor and student at Br\an MB. Texas, discuss last
minute details with the cre\> chief.

operating costs. On 3 October 1955. ATC reorgan-
ized its iieadquarters, reducing its authorized strengtii
from 782 to 580 positions. The command reahzed
this savings by putting only planning, policy-making,
and flying and technical training inspection functions
in the headquarters. At the same time, the head-
quaiiers changed the designation of two Deputy
Chiefs of .Staff (DCS). The DCS/Comptrolier Office
became DCS/ Comptroller, anti the DCS/Operalions
Office became DCS/l'ians and Operations. Earlier in
the year, on 1 Februur\. ATC dissolved its Deputy
Chief of Staff. Programming Office. This function
then became a part of the DCS/Operations Office.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Changes in Basic Flying Training

Ai sears end. singie-engme programs existed at
Bryan. Green\ille. Laredo. Laughiin. and Webb.
(Williams transferred its program to Laughiin in
September, in preparation for assuming an advanced
tighter training role.i Mulli-engine training look
place at Goodfellow. Reese, and Vance. Looking
ahead. .ATC wanted to end multi-engine training by
F""Y 58 and conduct all basic training in jet T-.^."?

It \ inceni I). Mexer and .lohn Ixsori record the
last student llij;hl in the 1-6 aircraft at Moore AB,
Texas, on 22 .June 1955.

trainers. During 1955. ATC removed all T-28s from
the multi-engine program, leaving only B-25s. The
r-28s were needed for the primary (lying schools.
The command planned to begin all-jet basic training
al Reese and Vance in 1957 and at GoodlelUiw in
1958.

1955

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Field Training-A Revised Concept

A LombiiKition of taLlnrs--li)v\ leenlistiiient rates,
fuiluie of tactical units to maintain adequate on-the-
job training (OJT) prtigrams, too lengthy formal
training followed by increased instances of mal-
assignment. and a mobile training program with
limited capability— caused the Air Staff to take a
closer look at the way people were trained. Of key
importance was ATC's ability to produce "combat-
ready" personnel. From the Air Staff perspective,
ATC's training responsibilities went beyond
graduation from technical training. What was needed
was a well-organi/ed system of continuation training.
The Air Force directed ATC to explore the possibility
of providing continuation training through field
training detachments (FTD). Officials at ATC
suggested that continuation training should include
the use of mobile training units and on-the-job
training. Headquarters USAF agreed, and ATC
prepared to test the FTD concept at Hamilton AFB,

California, a base belonging to Air Defense
Command; Smoky Hill AFB, Kansas, a SAC
installation: and Foster AFB, Te.vas, a TAC station:
however, a shortage of qualified instructions delayed
the test. (Only one mobile training wing existed in
the entire Air Force-the 3499th at Chanute. This
unit, with its over 170 detachments, was to become
the nucleus of a new field training program.) It was
early 1956 before the test began. If the test proved
successful, the Air Staff proposed sending 95 percent
of all new enlistees to formal technical training, with
only five percent receiving direct-duty assignments.
All technical training courses would be revised to
include only the basics, and more specific instruction
would be provided either by OJT or through mobile
training units.

MILITARY TRAINING

Basic and Technical Training Integrated

In early 1955. Headquarters LISAF proposed that
ATC integrate its basic military and technical training
programs. Officials in ATC conducted a study and
determined that the best way to proceed was by
retaining the cLirrent recruiting system, a minimum of
two basic military training bases, and seven technical
training bases. However, instead of providing all
basic military training at these two bases. ATC
suggested that the military training bases process,
test, and classify all basic airmen and provide the first
six weeks of basic training. Then those airmen
selected for technical training would receive the last
six weeks of their basic military training at a
technical training center. Headquarters USAF
approved this plan, and ATC put it into effect on
2 January 1956. Not included in this program were
prior service and WAF personnel.

Ihiouj;!) the Mutual Defense Assistance Program,
a student ofllcer from I huiland iecci\cs h\draulic
systems training from an instructor at Chanute.

1956

In the Air Force, ATC remained the hirgcst major command, hut strength was dropping as the demand
for training decreased. At a I SAF conference in August l')56. otficials made phtns to reduce annual pilot
production to the point where ATC thought it \>ould he able to drop two priniarv bases in \\ 5S and two
basic schools in ¥\ 59-possibly Marana, Stallings. C;reen\ille. and (ioodleilow. ^earl^ pilot production lor
F^ 58 \>as set at 4.(100 and at 3,800 for h\ 59. By 31 December 1956, ATC oftlcials had changed their plans,
partially because the number of foreign students had increased and partiall\ because the command was
receiving new T-37s earlier than expected. Instead of recommending four bases for closure, A IC only
identified one-Stallings. Besides Hying training, ATC also was concerned with both the quality and quantity
of new trainees received. Training was expensive. Retention had become a major problem. First-termers
accounted for about 70 percent of all enlisted strength; and manv Hrst-termers didn't remain for a second
term. Instead they were lured away by civilian industry. Ci\ilian industry was ready to recruit those in
highly technical fields. On the officer side of the house, the Air Force found it equally as difficult to attract
qualified officer candidates as it did to retain them.

Lackland built a new hospital in the mid-1950s, later named W ilford Hall I SAl Medical C iniu. ii iLpLKcd
temporary structures first occupied in .lune 1942.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(;is ol 3! DccL-inbci- I95(ii

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

Alabama-Cruig: Ari/onu-Luke. Marana. and Williams: Calit'(irnia--Malhcr
and Parks: C:()loradO"Lowry: Florida-Barlow. Graham, and Tsndall:
Georgia-Bainbridge. Moody, and Spence: Kansas-McConnell: Illinois-
Chanute and Scott: Mississippi-Greenville and Keeslcr: Missouri-Maiden:
Nevada-Nellis and Stead; North CaroJina-Slallings: Oklahonia- Vance:
Tcxas-Amarillo. Bryan, Lllington. Goodfellow. Harlingen. Hondo, James
Connally. Lackland, Laredo. Laughlin. Moore. Perrin. Randolph. Reese.
Sheppard. anil \\ ehlr. and Wyoming-Francis E. Warren

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:

AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

l3y,S3i (I.^.^.W olTiccrs; S(),S()> enlisted: 43,488
ci\ilians)

4.179 (B-:.";. B-47, F-84. F-86. 1-89. F-94. F-IOO.
H- 1 3, H- 1 9. H-2 1 . KC-97. T-28. T-29. T-33, T-34)

103

1956

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

3 training air forces;
CREW, Randolph AFB TX

9 combal crew training wings:

351()th. Randolph AFB TX
352()th (Med Bomb). McConneil AFB KS
3525th (Fighter). Williams AFB AZ
3550th (Interceptor). Moody AFB GA
3555th (Interceptor), Renin AFB TX
3595lh (Fighter), Nellis AFB NV
360()th (Fighter). Luke AFB AZ
3625th (Interceptor). Tyndall AFB FL
3635th (Survival). Stead AFB NV

FLYING, Waco TX:

1 flying training wing:

3615th. Craig AFB AL

4 na\ igator training wings:

3535th, Mather AFB CA
3565th. James Connally AFB TX
36()5lh. Ellington AFB TX
361()lh. Harlingen AFBTX

5 pilot training wings:

35()()th (Basic Miilti-Hng), Reese AFB TX
35()5th (Basic Single-Eng), Greenville AFB

3530th (Basic Singlc-Eng), Bryan AFB TX
3545th (Basic Multi-Eng), Goodfellow AFB
TX

356()th (Basic Single-Eng). Webb AFB TX
3575th (Basic Mulii-Eng). Vance AFB OK
364()th (Basic Singlc-Eng), Laredo AFB TX
3645th (Basic Single-Eng), Laughlin AFB TX

9 independent pilot training groups (^contraci
primary):

3300th, Graham AB FL
3301st, Moore ABTX
3302d. Spence AB. GA
3303d. Bartow AB FL
33(Mth. Hondo ABTX
3305t!i. Maiden AB MO
3306ih. Bainbridge AB GA
3307th Marana AB AZ
3308th, Stallings AB NC

TECHNICAL, Gulfport MS:

1 USAF recruiting wing:

3500th, Wright-Patterson AFB OH

7 technical training wings:

331Uth. Scott AFB IL

3320th. Amarillo AFB TX

3345th. Chanute AFB IL

3380th. Keesler AFB MS

3415th. Lowry AFB CO

345Uth. Francis E. Warren AFB WY

3750th. Sheppard AFB TX

I military training wing:

3700ih, Lackland AFB TX
I mobile training wing:

3499th, Chanute AFB IL

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Lieutenant General Charles T. Myers continued to
serve as the ATC commander, and Maj Gen Edward
H. Underbill remained vice commander.

ORGANIZATION

INSTALLATIONS

Sampson AFB, New York

Air Training Command discontinued its basic
training school at Sampson AFB on 1 Jul_\ 1956.
Shortly thereafter. ATC discontinued Sampson's
3650th Military Training Wing. Three months later,
on 1 October. Sampson transferred to Air Materiel
Command.

Edward Gary AFB, Texas

The command inacti\ated Edward Gary AFB on
14 December 1956. Earlier ATC had discontinued
the 3585th Flying Training Wing (Liaison-
Helicopter). For several years the Edward Gary AFB
had served as a helicopter training school for Air
Force and Arnn personnel. When the Defense
Department anmuinced in early 1956 that the Army
would resume its own aviation instruction. ATC
moved its helicopter training to other ba.ses. Then for
a short period o( time late in the year, an army
contractor used base facilities until Air Training
Command closed the installation.

104

1956

SUBORDINATE UNITS

Recruiting Wing Reassigned

Air Traming Command reassigned its 35(H)th USAF
Recriiiiini: Wing at Wright-Patterson AFB. Ohio,
from the headquarters to Teehnical Training Air
Foree. effective 1 January 1956. The reason for that
reassignment was because of the new program that
integrated basic military and basic technical training.
Between this consolidation and an earlier
headquarters reduction. .ATC had cut its authorized
personnel strength by about ! 0.000 spaces.

3645th Combat Crew Training Wing

Flvuig Training .Air Force redesignated its .'^645lh
Combat Crew Training Wing (Fighter) at Laughlin as
the 3643th Pilot Training Wing (Basic Single-
Engine), effective 1 January 1956.

3525th Pilot Training Wing

An Iramuig Command redesignated the 3525th Pilot
Training Wing (Basic .Single-Engine) at Williams on
1 January, h became the 3525th Combat Crew
Training Wing (Fighter). A month later, on
1 February 1956. ATC reassigned the 3525th from
Flying Training Air Force to Crew Training Air
Force.

HEADQUARTERS ORGANIZATION

Randolph had ended all B-29 training; (sh(i>\n
btldw) b\ Ocloher 1956. sii that space would he
a\ailablf Id support inconiinji K( -97 combat crew
trainino. However KC-97 training did not he<:in
until 29 January 1957.

Possible Headquarters Move

Early in the year. USAF officials considered the
possibility of moving Headquarters .ATC from Scott
to Randolph: Military .Air Transport Scr\ice from
Andrews AFB. Mar\land. to Scott; and Headquarters.
Air Research and Development Command from
Baltimore, Maryland, to Andrews. However, no
dellnite decision had been made by year's end.

DCSIManpower and Organization

hfleclivc I March. AlC elevated lis manpower and
organization function to deputy chief of staff level.

TRAINING

Training Flow

In l'^54 (Icneial Myers suggested to the I'S.AF that a
stable flow of airmen in the basic and technical
courses could be provided if frequent procurement
changes and lack of operational control and recruiting
pressures could be eliminated. Headciuarters CSAF
grantetl that request in December 1954 and provided
ATC with the annual procurement objective for FY
56. but in spite of this agreemenl. the Air Staff
continued to provide ATC with monthly procurement
quotas.

FLYING TRAINING

US Army Aviation Training

In mid-April the Departmciii of Detense notified the
Secretarv of the .Armv antl the Secretar\ of the Air
Force that the Army wouitl again be responsible for
conducting aviation training reL|uired in support of
current Arniv activities. .As a result ol thai
announcement, in late December ATC transferred
Edward Garv .AFB. Texas, to the Army for use in
pilot training. The ,ATC helicopter mechanic courses
at Edward (iarv moveil to Sheppard. and pilot
training wciil lo Randolph.

Williams AFB, Arizona

On S January 1956. .ATC discontinued the single-
engine basic pilot school at Williams and replaced it
with an advanced fighter school. (Williams had
transferred its single-engine training responsibilities
to Laughlin in September 1955.) Providing the
training was the 3525th Combat Crew Training Wing
(F-is:hter). On the tlrsi of the following month, ATC
relieved Williams from assignment to Flying
Training Air Force and assigned it to Crew Training
Air Force.

1U5

1956

Basic Flying Training

B\ 1 .luK a\TC'> ri\e single-engine pilot training
bases— Bryan, Greenville. Laredo. Webb, and
Laughlin— had phased out T-28s and converted all
training to the T-33.

McConnell on 5 November. Two flights were
scheduled each month, one from Randolph and one

from McConnell.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Observer Training

All four ATC observer schools— Ellington, Harlingen.
James Connally. and Mather— were redesignated as
USAF Navigator Schools on 15 September. Effective
15 November 1956, HQ USAF directed the term
navigator be substituted in all cases for observer or
aircraft observer. That directive resulted in the
redesignation of ATC's four observer training wings
as navigator training wings.

Navigational Proficiency Flights

Willi the assigniiK'iU of B-47 and KC-97 crew
training to support Strategic Air Command. ATC
asked Headquarters USAF for permission to conduct
continuatit)n training of navigator instructors in
overwater navigation. The Air Staff agreed, and the
first night, a T-29 to Ramev AFB. Puerto Rico, left

Changes in Technical Training

Air Training Command began new instructional
programs for the semiautomatic ground environment
(SAGE) defense system, guided missiles, and field
training. It would be through the SAGE system that
the Air Force entered the age of computers. Prior to
SAGE, radar systems operated manually. Beginning
in 1953. the Air Force contracted with Western
Electric Corporation to develop a semiautomatic
system. That system was created at Lincoln
Laboratory. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
The first training took place at the laboratory
beginning in 1956. Not long after, ATC moved
operations training to Richards-Gebaur AFB in
Missouri and located maintenance instruction at
Keesler.

An insti uclor provides hands-on training for students in a flight training devices course at ( hanute AFB.
Illinois.

106

1956

Aviation cadets at Ellington AFB, Texas, i.ikc part in a 42-«L't'k na\iuaiiipii muisi. which iiKludid ISii hours
of in-flight training.

Instructor Ratio

The manpower costs of providing technical training
continued to climb, even though ATC had managed
to reduce its student-instructor ratio from 2 students
to I instructor down to 2.9 to 1. At mid-year.
DCS/Manpower and Organization suggested estab-
lishing a required ratio of 4 to I for all technical
training groups.

Project Big Triangle

While ATC carried a high instructor ratio for the first
half of the year, it was a false reading. Most
instructors were only marginally c|ualified. primarily
because ATC" had taken gradualcs directly out of
technical school and assigned ihcm lo msiructor duty.
They had no practical experience. The An Force
needed these individuals to fill combat positions,
while ATC needed more skilled airmen to fill
instructor jobs. So, in ,lul\ ihc Air force initiated
Project Big Triangle, a program that transferred
experienced airmen direct from overseas assignments
lo instructor positions. However, the program was
only in existence for a short period of time, because
of the success of Project Home Front. Under Home
Front, a large number of insiructor jobs vsere filled by
civilians. In addition, the .Air Force stabilized military

insiructor Uniis lor two years in scarce skills and
three vears in all others. All of these efforts improsed
ihe insiruclor manning situation in .ATC.

Guided Missiles

In lale ly.'i^. I'lesidenl Dwighi D. Fiscnhower
approved recommendations of the National Security
Council to research and develop an iniercontinenlal
ballistic missile program. .At the same time, all ot the
services were preparing plans for their individual
missile programs. In the Air Force, training
responsibility remained with ATC. Lowry and
Keesler developed the First general courses in I9.'if),
and plans called for other courses to open at Chanute
in l')57. Amarillo in 1M>S. and Sheppard in 1959.

Career Field Terminology Changed

Beginning in Juls. the .Air Force ilisconlinueil the use
of the terms hard core and soil core v\hen describing
career Fields. Instead, career fields were di\ieled into
lour classes: highly technical, technical, seini-
icchnical. anti non-technical.

107

1956

MILITARY TRAINING

MISCELLANEOUS

Parks Training Transferred

On 21 Ni)vembcr Air Training Command discon-
tinued the basic military and air defense schools at
Parks. By year's end. ATC also had discontinued the
3275th Military Training Wing at Parks. That left the
command with a single installation providing basic
military instruction — Lackland. Originally. ATC had
intended to move air defense training to Lackland,
but an April 1956 study had found that Lackland did
not ha\'e enough space to support such a program.

Project Home Front

As the Air Force neared its goal of establishing 137
wings, it became more difficult to find military
personnel to fill positions. In an effort to work around
this problem, the Air Force decided to convert a
number of military jobs to civilian. By putting
civilians in certain positions, military personnel
would then be available for assignment to combat
units. In ATC officials identified almost 15.500
military positions to be filled by civilians.

Students in the aerial photography course at Lowry .\FB, Colorado, familiarize themselves with the
equipment used in aerial ph(>tomappin<>.

108

1957

In fiscal >c'ar 1958. the Air Force reduced its traininj; budjiet l)> S75 million. To operate under such
circumstances, A I C initiated an K.conom\ Resources I'roiiram. For example, at ( hanute (iHlcials instituted a
ci\ilian hirinj; free/e. reduced civilian authorizations l)\ 259, decreased overtime b> 94 percent, sliced I l)N
travel bv 6(1 percent, and reduced lransportatit)n costs bv 10 percent. At Keesler, almost halt' of the training
equipment in the bud<;et was put on hold. In addition, all of the technical training centers cut back an the
number of special training courses offered. Overall, lechnical Training Air force generated about SS million
in savings. FIving Training Air Force reduced living hours and dropped its pilot and navigaloi training rates.
It was able to do that because in August 1957 the Air Force had lowered its new pilot training rate to 2.700
per year. In addition, the command projected a large savings from the consolidation of ( rew and FIving
Training Air Forces and the movement of ATC headquarters from Scott to Randolph. Alter vears of talking.
the Air Staff had approved these changes. By the end of the year. Congress had loosened its purse strings,
primarily in response to the tremendous scientific advances that had taken place in the Soviet I nion in 1957.
specifically the space race and the successful launching of Sputnik 1.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as ol 3i Dcccmhci l'^>?7)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

2 Iraining air forces:
FLYING. Randolph AFB TX

1 n> ing training wing:
3615th. Craig AFB AL

7 pildt trainini! wings:

Alabama— Craig; Ari/mia-
Colorado-Lowry: Florida-
Moody, and Spencc:
Mississippi— Greeinille

-Luke and Williams; Cahtoinia--Malher:

-Barlow and Graham; Georgia— Bainbridge,

Kansas-McConnell; lilinois-Chanuie:

and Keesler; Missouri--Maiden;

350()th (Basic Mulli Hng). Reese AFB TX
35()5th (Basic Simile Fns:). Greenville AFB

M.S

35.3()lh (Basic Single Fng). Bryan AFB TX
354.'^th (Basic Multi Hng). Goodleliow AFB
(

35W)lh (Basic Single Fng). Wehh AFB TX
357.'Sth (Basic Mulli-Fng), Vance AFB OK

Nevada-Nellis and Stead; Oklahoma-Vance; Texas--Aniarillo. Bryan.
Ellington. Gootlfellovv. Harlingen. Hondo. James Connally. Lackland.
Laredo. Moore. Perrin. Randolph. Reese. Sheppard. and Webb; and
W'yoming--Francis F. Warren

1 13.279 ( 12.X()S otTicers; 6S.,S17 enlisted; 3 L6.';4 civilians)

3.783 (B-2.S. B-47. C-.^4. F-84. F-Sft. F-89. F-l()(). 11 13. 11 1'^. II 21,
KC-y7. T-28. T-2y. T-33. T-.34. T-37)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

364Uih (Basic Single Fng). Laredo .\FB TX
4 na\ isialor irainint; wings:

3.'S3.'ith. Mather AFB CA
356.'>lh. .lames Connally AFB TX
36().'^ih, I'llinglon AFB I'X
361()lh. Harlingen Al H IX

8 combat crew training wings:

3.^10(11. Randolph Al B IX
.3.'^20lh (Med Bomb). McConnell AFB KS
3525lh (Fighter). Williams AFB AZ
3.'^.'^0th (Interceptor). Mood> AFB (iA
?>55f>ih (Inlerceplor). Perrin AFB TX
3.'i9.Sih (lighter). Nellis AFB NV
36()()th (Fighter). Luke AFB AZ

loy

1957

Between July and October 1957, ATC transferred its headquarters from Scott AFB, Illinois, to Randolph
AFB, Texas. The new headquarters was located in Building 900, which originally served as the aviation cadet
administration building and more recently was home to the Crew Training Air Force.

combat crew training wings (contd)

3635th (Survival), Stead AFB NV

1 independent combat crew training group:

3623th (Aircraft Controller). Tyndall AFB FL

7 independent pilot training groups (contract
primary):

3300th. Graham AB FL
3301st. Moore ABTX
3302d. Spence AB GA
3303d, Bartow AB FL
33()4th. Hondo AB TX
33()5th. Maiden AB MO
3306lh. Bainbridge AB GA

TECHNICAL. Guifport MS

I lield training wing:

3499th. Chanute AFB IL

1 military training wing:

370()th. Lackland AFB TX

7 technical training wings:

3310th, Scott AFB IL
3320th, Amarillo AFB TX
3343ih. Chanute AFB IL
3380lh. Keesler AFB MS
3415th. Lowry AFB CO
3450ih. F.l£. Warren AFB WY
3750;; Sheppard AFB TX '

I USAF recruiting wing:

3500th, Wright-Patterson AFB OH

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Lieutenant General Charles T. Myers continued as
the Commander, Air Training Command. Effective
20 April 1957. Maj Gen Henry R. Spicer replaced
Maj Gen Edward H. Underbill as ATC vice
commander. Underbill became Commander of
Eastern Air Defense Force and Continental Air
Defense Force, Eastern Continental Air Defense
Region. Then on I July 1957, General Spicer became
the Flying Training Air Force (Advance) commander.
Succeeding him as the ATC vice commander was
Maj Gen Carl A. Brandt, who had been Commander
of Technical Training; .'\ir Force.

ORGANIZATION

Project New Home

For almost two years. ATC officials tried to convince
the Air Staff that Randolph would make a belter
command headquarters because it was located closer
to ATC's major installations. However, politics kept
the Air Staff from appro\ ing such a move. Then in
June 1957, the Air Staff reversed itself, approving the
ATC move to Randolph. While Scott AFB lost ATC.
it gained Headquarters, Military Air Transport
Service; Air Weather Service; and Airways and Air
Communications Service. The ATC move took place
between July and October. On I August 1957.
Headquarters ATC (Ad\ance) came into being at

1957

Randolph. Headquarters ATC (Rear) vsas esiahlished
at the same lime at Scott and discontinued on
30 September. Effective I October, control o\' Scott
AFB transferred from ATC to MATS. By the end ol'
the year, all technical training courses at Scott either
had moved or were in the process of moving to other
ATC bases. Most went to Keesler and Lackland.

also had transferred to Air Defense Command. Also
on I July. ATC discontinued the 362.^lh Combat
Crew Training Wing (Interceptor) at Tyndall. The
only remaining ATC assets at Tyndall were the
362.'Sth Combat Crew Training Group (Aircraft
Controller) and its subordinate units.

FTAFICTAF Merger

After months of discussion. ATC decided to combine
all Hying and crew training responsibilities under a
single headquarters. Effective I July 1957, the
command discontinued Crew Training Air Force at
Randolph and transferred its mission, personnel, and
assets to Flying Training Air Force. Eight wings and
one independent group were included in that move;
the 332.'ith. 35':)5th. and 36()()th Combat Crew
Training Wings (Fighter); the 352()th CCTW
(Medium Bombardment); the 3.5.'i()th and 333.5th
Combat Crew Training Wings (Interceptor); the
3310th CCTW: the 3635th CCTW (Survival): and the
3625th Combat Crew Training Group (Aircraft
Controller). The command established Headquarters
FTAF (Advance) at Randolph on the same day.
Between July and October, Flying Training Air Force
relocated its headquarters t>om Waco to Randolph.

3499th Field Training Wing

i:ilccli\e 24 June 1937. ATC discontinued the
34Wth Mobile Training Wing and aclivated the
3499th Field Traming Wing at Chanute. The new
wing operated the command's extensive field training
program.

INSTALLATIONS

Laughlin AFB, Texas

One of .AlC's basic pilot training installations.
Laughlin graduated its final pilot training class on
27 April. Jurisdiction of the base passed from ATC to
SAC on I April, and ATC inactivated its basic pilot
school on 15 May.

Parks AFB, California

Parks AFB disconlinuetl all trainmg in lale 1956. On
1 January 1937. AI'C iransferrctl Parks to Contin-
ental Air Command.

Tyndall AFB, Florida

Inlcrccpior jnliH Iraunng cndctl at f>ndall on 20 June
1957. Less that two weeks later, on 1 Jul\. ATC
transferred control of the base to Au Defense
Command. Loss of lyndall meant the transfer of
navigator radar intercept training to James Connally
AFB in Texas. Tyndall's F-86Ds moved to Moody.
Moody sent its F-89Ds to James Connally, and James
Connally gave its F-94Cs to the Air National Guard.
Tyndall kept the interceptor weapons school, which

M^ J I

The group commander at Bainbrid^e AB, Georgia,
Lt Col E. L. Masters, and M. W. Davis, General
Manager, Southern Airways School, stand with 2Lt
T. W. Beaghen foNowing his first flight in the T-37
jet trainer on IX .luly 1957. Ihis flight was part of
Project Palm-the suitability testing of the 1-37.

TRAINING
FLYING TRAINING

Primary Flying Training

In April 1957 AI'C proposed that contract Hying
training schools at Marana and Stallings be closed.
The Secretary of the Air Force approved the
recommendation. On 2 September ATC discontinued
the 3307th Pilot Training Group at Marana. and on
1 October it discontinued the 3.^0Sih Pilot Training
Group at Stallings. This left ATC with seven contract
groups still providing primary pilot training.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Field Training

On 6 March 1937. after a lengthy test, the Air Force
appro\cd establishment of a new field training
program under the control of .ATC. The field test
conducted in 1956 had proved highly successful. It
showed that ATC could cut training costs, increase
productivity of nrst-termers. and still maintain
training quality. By establishing Held training det-
achments (I'll)) to provide hands-on training. ATC
also hllcd ihc heavy burden of OJT from the user.

1957

A flight instructor at Randolph AFB, Texas, uses a simulator to explain the operation of a KC-97 aircraft
to an aircrew member.

Unforturiiilely. ATC had lo delay implementation
until sutTieicnt personnel were available tor
assignment to the FTDs. In July ATC organized the
first of its planned 70 FTDs. By the time all
detachments were in operation in 1958. ATC had 32
in SAC, 18 in TAC, and 20 in ADC. If these proved
successful, then consideration would be given to
adding FfDs to other commands

McCormick Board

In 1957 Technical Training Air Force formed a base
utilization board to examine all TTAF facilities,
looking at existing and future training requirements.
That board concluded that two bases could be
released-Francis E. Warren in V\)(iming and Scott in
Illinois. The Wyoming base had a number of strikes
against it, including poor weather conditions that
limited training to seven months of the year, lack of a
flying field, and many inadequate buildings. Board
members also considered Scott supertluous. because
Keesler had the facilities available to absorb Scott's
communications training, and Lackland had the
capability to absorb Scott's personnel training
program. For political reasons, the .Mr Force made no
recommendations for closing either base, but by
year's end. Air Training Command had closed most
of its operation at Scott and transferred the base to
Military Air Transport Ser^Mce.

MILITARY TRAINING

Changes in BMT

In 1957 basic militar\ training was an 11-week, two-
phase program. .'Ml male, non-prior service personnel
selected for technical training were scheduled to
complete four weeks of BMT at Lackland and the
remaining seven weeks at a technical training center.
Female airman and others not selected for technical
training took the entire basic military training course
at Lackland. The most significant change to take
place in the BMT program in 1957 was the decision
to use experienced noncommissioned officers as
BMT instructors, rather than continuing the practice
of Using recent graduates. This change came about as
the result ol an inspection, which had found that
many of the program's shortcomings were
altributeable to immature instructors, who had not
developed the leadership skills needed to fill such
positions.

Marksmanship Center

Etiective I December 1957. ATC established a
USAF Marksmanship Center at Lackland and
assigned it to the .^7{)()th Military Training Wing. The
school was established in response to a USAF
directive to place greater emphasis on small arms
trainiui;.

1957

These iiidbilc triiinin^ unit
iiistrtictoi's prcpiiif a mock-up
of the \N/AI(;-3() radar lo In-
used in cdnduelin'i trainin<^ on
the I-S4(..

MISCELLANEOUS

Massive Facilities Upgrade Needed

In Ncneiiiber 1957 Headquarters USAF sent a survey
team to the field to \ iew firsthand the effects of
reduced spending in training. Officials in Air
Training Command were especiail\ concerned about
facilities. Less than 20 percent of the buildings (2,467

out of I. ■^.117) on ATC bases were of permanent
construction. The a\erage age of ATC bases was 20
years. Just to bring 2.^ ATC bases-- IS in 1-lying
Training Aw Force and 7 in Technical Training Air
Force--up to prescribed Air Force standards was
estimated to cost over .$892 million--more than the
cunent value ($667.4 million) of those 25 bases. In
ATC's opinion, the best way to deal with the problem
was to reduce the luuiiber of actise bases.

As part of their indoctrination
into the Air Force, new VV.\F
officers in the Officer Basic
Mililar> ( ourse at Lackland
.AFB, Texas, receive lessons in
personalilx development.

^S:«

1957

THE MYTH OF THE REESE HAILSTORM

Over the years a story has made the rtninds about a
disastrous hailstorm at Reese AFB in the late 1950s that
so decimated the B-25s used in multi-engine training
that the Air Force decided to switch to a single-track
generalized UPT program. Despite the staying power of
this tale, there is no documented link between the
hailstorm and the decision to move from specialized
dual-track training to generalized UPT.

A haiisiorm did strike Reese on the afternoon of
Friday, 24 May 1957. For six long minutes, hailstones
two to three inches in diameter pelted the B-25s parked
on the ramp and damaged 84 aircraft. Among the items
damaged were 168 control surfaces and 156 window and
windshield panels.

To help the wing fix the B-25s. the San Bernadino
Air Materiel Area at Norton AFB, California, dispatched
a C-124 with the Air Material Area's entire supply of
control surfaces. Additionally. Reese's C-47 picked up
more control surfaces from Vance and Goodfellow.
Throughout the weekend. Reese personnel, both civilian
and military, worked almost around the clock patching
and installing ct)ntrol surfaces, and forming, trimming,
and installing windows and windshield panels (using all
the plexiglass on base, including some taken off desk
tops and wall charts. By Monday morning most of the
aircraft had been repaired, and the wing was only one

sortie short of meeting its flying commitment for the
day.

Although the hailstorm severely damaged Reese's B-
25s. the decision to switch from specialized to
generalized UPT was made long before the storm hit.
Air Training Command had hoped to acquire a
conventional multi-engine aircraft to replace the B-25,
but the Department of Defense deleted funds for that
puipo.se from the FY 54 budget because of the high cost
involved. By May 1956 ATC had decided to phase out
the B-25 and rely exclusively on the T-33 in the basic
phase of UPT.

Plans called for Vance to begin the conversion to
single-engine training in October 1957 and complete it
in March 1958. Reese was to begin converting to the
T-33 in September 1958 and Goodfellow was to follow
suit in late 1959 or early I960. Vance completed the
conversion as scheduled and began single-engine
training on a full-time basis on 1 April 1958.
Goodfellow never got to offer single-engine training; the
last B-25 class graduated on 15 August 1958. Shortly
thereafter, on I October 1958, the base transfeixed from
ATC to the USAF Security Service. Multi-engine
training at Reese came to a close with the graduation of
the last B-25 class on 24 January 1959.

1958

By the end of 1957. ATC basing structure had ehanjjed eonsiderahly as the result of taetical eommitmenls,
decreased student h)ad, and fund shorta<jes. Iwo primarx contract schools had closed, and three other bases
transferred to other commands. During 1958 AFC discontinued its I l>in<; rrainin<; and lechnical Irainin};
Air Forces: transferred Francis F'.. Warren and McConnell to Strale^jic Air Command; F"llin<;ton to
Continental Air Command; and F.ukc. W illiams, and Nellis to Tactical Air C ommand. .lust the losses to SAC
and TAC cost AFC 762 aircraft. 1 hese reassi<;nments came about as the result of a ISAI -directed stud> of
the feasibility of putting all combat view trainin<i under the appropriate /one of interior operational
commands. Already, SAC had sole responsibility for tanker and bomber courses. From the results of the
study, the I SAF directed the transfer of tanker and bomber training to SAC but left interceptor, helicopter,
and survival training in ATC. Effective 1 .July, the Air Staff passed the lighter training program to FAC . Also
on 1 July, the traveling instructor teams responsible for nuclear weapons delivery training and delivery
training material for fighter, interceptor, and bimiber weapons systems were reassigned to appropriate
stateside commands.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

las ol 31 December 145S)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

Alabania-Craig: Calit'oniia--Mather: C(ilorad()--Lt)vvry: Florida--
Bartow and Graham; Georgia--Bainbiidge. Mood\. and Spence;
Illinois-Chanute; Mississippi-Greenville and Keesler: Missouri-
Maiden: Nevada-Stead: Oklahoma-Vance: Texas-Amarillo.
Harlingen. James ConnaJly. Laekiand. Laredo. Moore. Perrin.
Randolph. Reese. Sheppard. Webb

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:

87.396 (y.4.-^!S olhcers; }3'^) warrant olTieers; 53,574
enlisted; 24.025 civilians)

AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

2.802 (B-25, C/VC-45. C/VC-47, CrVC-54. C-119.
C-123, C-131, F-86, F-89. H-13. H-19. H-21. T-28,
T-29. T-33. T-.34. T-37. U-3)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

1 fieiii training u ing:

.3499th. ChannleAIH IL

5 rising training wings:

3510th. Randolph AFBTX

355()th (Advanced Interceptor). Moody AFB GA

3555th (Advanced Interceptor). I'errin AFB TX

3615th (Basic). Craig AFB AL

3635th (Advanced). Stead AFB NV

I militars training w ing:

37()0th. Lackland AFB TX

Fledgling aviation cadets and student pilots
participate in flight training on the simulated
parachute jiiini) rig at I ackland MB. levas.

1958

3 navigator training wings:

3535lh. Mather AFB CA
3565th. James Connally AFB TX
3Ai()th. Hariingen AFB TX

5 pilot training w ings:

35()()ih (Basic). Reese AFB TX
3505th (Basic). Greenville AFB MS
3560th (Basic), Webb AFB TX
3575lh (Basic). Vance AFB OK
3640th (Basic). Laredo AFB TX

5 technical (raining wings:

3320th. Amarillo AFB TX
3345th. Chanute AFB IL
3380th. Keesler AFB MS
3415th. Lowry AFB CO
3750th. Sheppard AFB TX

I USAF recruiting wing:

3500th. Wright-Patterson AFB OH
3 independent groups or group equivalents:

3450th Technical Training Group. F.E. Warren

AFB WY

3545th USAF Hospital. Goodtellow AFB TX
3625th Technical Training Group (Weapons

Controller). Tyndall AFB FL

6 pilot training groups (contract primary):

3300th. Graham AB FL
3301st. Moore ABTX
3302d. Spence AB GA
3303d. Bartow AB FL
3305th. Maiden AB MO
3306th. Bainbridge AB GA

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

l,t V.vn Frederic H.
Smith. Jr.

At the end of July. Lt
Gen Charles T. Myers
retired as Commander.
Air Training Command.
Named as his replace-
ment was Li Gen
Frederic H. Smith. Jr..
Commander. Fifth Air
Force. General Smith
assumed command on
1 August 1958. Major
General Brandt con-
tinued to serve as vice
commander.

ORGANIZATION

Headquarters Consolidation

In January 1958 Air Training Command announced
that it would consolidate its headquarters with Flying
Training and Technical Training Air Forces. By
merging the three. ATC estimated it wnuld save
almost S5.6 million in operating costs and reduce
headquarters manning by 780 authorizations.
Effective I April. Flying Training Air Force ceased
to exist. Technical Training Air Force closed on
I June. All assets transferred directly to Headquarters
ATC. Both of these air forces had served .\TC since
1951.

INSTALLATIONS

Ellington AFB, Texas

The Air Force directed ATC to transfer Ellington to
Continental Air Command on 1 .-Xpril 1958. With the
termination of na\igator training at Ellington. ATC
no longer had a need for this base.

Hondo Air Base, Texas

Another contract primary pilot training school closed
in 1958. Air Training Command discontinued its
3304th Pilot Training Group at Hondo on 1 July.
Training had stopped on 30 June, and ATC released
the base on 3 1 October.

Stead Unit Renamed

.Air Training Command redesignated the 3635th
Combat Crew Training Wing at Stead on 15 Jul\. Il
became the 3635th Flying Training Wing (Ad-
vanced). The reason for the redesignation was
because helicopter pilot training had transferred from
Randolph to Stead, and the 3635th had become
responsible for that training, as well as operation ot
the sur\ ival school.

Bryan AFB, Texas

Basic single-engine training ended at Bryan on
1 2 June. The command discontinued Bryan's 3530th
Pilot Training Wing on 25 October and placed the
base on inacti\e status until it transferred to .Mr
Materiel Command on 1 .April 1960.

Francis E. Warren AFB, Wyoming

Xu franinig Command linall\ rcccned permission
trom Headquarters USAF to phase out its training

116

1958

piogranib at Francis E. Warren AFB. Effective
1 February 1958. the base transferred from Air
Training Comnuiiid to Strategic Air Conunand.
Sheppard AFB gained coniminiications iiperations.
wire maintenance, and utilities courses. Aircraft and
engine maintenance training went lo ("hanute. ;uui
Amariilo took administrati\e aiKJ sLippl\ iraming.

Goodfellow Transfer

Basic pdol liamnig ended at ("modfeiiow in
September. On 1 October .-^ir Training Command
transferred the base to the US.'XF Security Ser\ice.
The only active ATC unit remaining on Goodfellow
,AFB was the 3545th USAF Hospital. It continued to
ser\'e the base until its inactixation on .>() .lune 1471.

Combat Crew Reassignments

Etfecti\e I July. A TC passed jurisdiction of four of
its bases to SAC and TAC. McConnell AFB in
Kansas became a S.AC asset, while Williams and
Luke in .Ari/i)na. and Nellis in Nevada went to
Tactical An Command.

SUBORDINATE UNITS

3510th Redesignated

On Nunc .ATC redesignated the .v'ilOth Combat
Crew Training Wing at Randolph AFB as the 3510th
FIving Training Wing. The w ing pro\ ided jet
qualification training.

Interceptor Wings Redesignated

Ihe command renamed two ol its interceptor uings--
the 3550th and 3555th Combat Crew Training Wings
(Interceptor)--on 15 August. They became the 3550th
and 3555th Flying Training Wings (Advanced
Interceptor).

Pilot Training Wings

All of ATC's basic (multi- and single-engine) pilot
training wings changed designations on I September,
becoming pilot training wings (basic). The change
came about when ,\TC decideil lo close its
multi-engine program.

HEADQUARTERS ORGANIZATION

Internal Headquarters Reorganization

.After assuming command ol .AlC. Lt Gen Frederic
H. Smith orilered an in-depth study of the head-
quarters structure-particularK. the huge Deputy
Chief o( Staff (DCS). Plans and Operations. General
Smith also wanted to elevate technical and Hying
training directors to DCS le\el; to reduce
DCS/Maiipower and Organization lo directorate
level: and to create a new DCS/Plans. Programs, and
Operations Services. Based on (he studs and General
Smith's directives. Air Training Command submiited
a proposal tt) Headquarters USAF to reorganize the
headquarters. The Air Staff apprined the plan, and by
year's end. .ATC had three DCS-le\el organizations:
flying training: technical training: and plans,
programs, and operations ser\ ices.

At right, the flight commander (if Ihe 35(>7ih
Naxigator I raining Squadron. .James ( onnall>
,\FB. Texas, uses a iie« astrononiiial triangle
to brief celestial navigation instiiictors. \n\
portion ol Ihe heavens could l)e projected on
Ihe ceiling of Ihe Spit/ planelarium at .lames
( onnalh IbrsludN l)\ lun igation sliidenls.

Weapons Controller

As ground-conirollcd interception s\ stems became
more complex, the Air Force realized separate career
fields were needed-one for aircraft controllers
directing airborne intercepts and the other for those
concerned only with air traffic control. The new
career field, established in August 1958. was called
weapons controller. For that reason, on 15 August
ATC discontinued the 3625th Combat Crew Training
Group (Aircraft Controller) at Tyndall and
concurrently organized the 3625th Technical
Training Group (Weapons Controller I.

TRAINING
FLYING TRAINING

Fighter Weapons School

The command IkkI suspended liaunng at its Nellis-
based fighter weapons school in late 1956. The
reason for the suspension was because of the almost
total failure of the F-86 aircraft used at Nellis. The
school was to have received F-l()()s in FY58. Instead,
those aircraft went to tactical units. In January 1957
the ATC commander told the Air Force chief of staff

117

1958

HELICOPTER TRAINING

Pilots received rescue sling instruction using the H-5 helicopter during survival training.

Like the shutlleeoek in a budininton game,
helicopter pilot training had been batted back and
forth over the years, from base to base and service to
service. The Army Air Forces Training Command
(AAFTC) initiated helicopter training at Freeman
Field, Indiana, in June 1944. Six months later
AAFTC moved the training to Chanute Field, Illinois,
so it could consolidate the tlying training operation
with helicopter mechanic training. Helicopter pilot
training remained at Chanute until 1 June 194.^ when
it transferred to Sheppard Field. Texas. A year later,
on .^1 May 1946, it moved yet again--to San Marcos
Field. Texas.

in (lie years after the war. ihc lielico|ilcr training
pipeline slowed to a trickle. Army Ciround Forces
had a small contingent of helicopter pilots, but
training for any additional pilots stopped altogether in
July 1946. When the Air Force became a separate
service in September 1947, it reestablished helicopter
training for the Army and collocated it w iih ,\u- Force
training at San Marcos. There it remained until 1
March 1949 when ATC moved the course to James
f"nnnally AFB, Texas.

Korean War generated more than a tenfold
Vrmy requirements. Because San Marcos

had access to a number of small auxiliary fields and
was located in the midst of rough terrain
approximating that of Korea. ATC decided to return
helicopter training to San Marcos. At the same time,
since the preponderance of pilots in training were
Army students, the Army made a bid to take over its
own helicopter training, so it could tailor the course to
better suit its requirements. However, responsibility
for providing that training remained with the Air
Force throughout the war. It was not until 1956 that
DOD gave the Army appro\al to train helicopter
pilots. To accommodate the transfer of training, the
Air Force also gave the Army two Texas bases—
Wolters in July 19.56 and Edward Gary (formerly San
Marcos) in December 19.56.

Before transferring Edward Gary, the Air Force
relocated its helicopter training program to Randolph.
Two years later ATC mo\ ed the school to Stead AFB,
Nevada, to take advantage of the varying conditions
that location offered— desert, water, snow, mountains,
and high altitude. Stead was also the site of the Air
Force's sur\ival school, and the collocation of the
schools presented opportunities for invaluable
collateral training.

From the bciiinnins:. the .Air Force had restricted

1958

entr\ into hclicuptcr liainiiii: lo those who were alreads
rated pilots. This approacli meant a helicopter student
pilot spent 17 months in flying training. That changed
in July 1964 when the Air Force instiUited the
Undergraduate Pik)t Training (Helicopter) program
which consisted of 26 weeks of instruction in T-28
fixed-wing aircraft and 21 weeks in H-19 and H-21
helicopters. This UPT helicopter program remained in
effect until July 1967 when the Air Force again decided
that all helicopter students had to he graduates of the
standard undergraduate pilot training program. In the
meanwhile, helicopter training moved from Stead AFB
in Nevada (which was closing) to Sheppard AFB. Texas,
early in 1966.

As the war in Vietnam droned on. it became clear
that the Army had assumed the dominant role in the
employment of helicopters. In December 1969. the
Department of Defense directed the Air Force and Navy
to abandon their practice of requiring helicopter pilots to
have first completed fixed-wing UPT. As it so frequent-
ly did. the Navy went its own way. The Army agreed to
provide undergraduate helicopter pilot training for the
Air Force in a two-phase program: the first phase wciuld
be at Fort Wolters. Texas, and Fort Rucker. Alabama.
would conduct the second phase. Students received
their wings upon completion of the training at Fort
Rucker.

In 1973 the Army closed Fort Wolters and
consolidated both phases of helicopter pilot training at
Fort Rucker. For the next several years the Air Force
sent first assignment instructor pilots, other instructor
pilots, and recent UPT graduates with banked
assignments through the Army's Rotarv Wing Qual-
ification course to meet its modest requirements.

that the only way ATC could continue to operate the
school was if the Air Force would agree to provide
first-line aircraft on a timely basis. If that couldn't be
agreed upon, then ATC felt the school mission should
be handed to TAC. In December USAF officials
announced that TAC would assume responsibility for
the fighter weapons school, which it did on
I February \95X.

Advanced Flying Training

When the Air Force transferred tanker and bomber
training to Strategic Air Command and fighter
training to Tactical Air Command. ATC found itself
with a much smaller advanced flying training
program. /\ll that was left was interceptor training at
Moody and Perrin. helicopter and survival training at
Stead, weapons controller instruction at Tyndall. and
jet qualification and flight surgeon indoctrination
training at Randolph. Jet qualification training had
been taught at Craig, but b\ moving it to Randolph,

^v*S

During the late 1940s and early 1950s. .\TC
conducted helicopter pilot training at James
Connally AFB in lexas.

The .Army continued to pio\ ide training at Fort
Rucker until late in 2001. when it decided lo retire the
UH-IH. The ."Mr Force chose to upgrade a portion of
these aircraft and adopt a new. independent training
program to meet the needs iif its pilots.

Air Tranimg Command was able to tree Ciaig lor
basic pilot training and close Bryan.

Multi-Engine Training

Goodfellow and Reese were the last two bases to
offer multi-engine pilot training. On 1 October ATC
closed its Goodfellow school and handed jurisdiction
of that base to the USAF Security Service. At about
the same time, the .3300th Pilot Training Wing at
Reese changed its mission from mulli- to single-
engine training: howe\er. it was early I9.'>9 before
Reese completed multi-engine training and
concentrated solely on single-engine jet training.

Nuclear Weapons Training
Beginning on I January. Air Training Command
consolidated all of its nuclear weapons delivery
training at McConnell. Courses at Randolph
transferred. Other nuclear weapons training con-
linueil al I.owrv and Kidland.

119

1958

I '^ ■ill I I I I I

' I i I Ml I

* u

Basic military trainees practice on the firing range at Lackland AFB. Texas.

Helicopter Pilot Training

At Randolph trainers had divided the hehcopter
course into three stages: H-I3s. H-19s. and H-2ls. In
January 1958 ATC added a fourth phase—operational
flying at Stead using the H-i9. At the same time.
ATC proposed to the Air Start' that ail helicopter pilot
training be moved to Stead AFB in Nevada. If that
happened. Randolph could assume a jet tlNing
mission. The .-Xir Staff approved the mo\e. and on
I Jul) .\ir Training Command discontinued the
Randoliih school and. concurrently, established a new
helicopter pilot school at Stead ,\FB. The H-l.^s were
retired to Davis-Monthan .AFB in .Arizona, while all
the H-19s and H-21s moved to Stead. The new
school was collocated with the survival school.

T-37s in Primary Training

Baiiibridge was the first primar_\ pilot training base to
begin using T-.^7s. The first class trained with a
combination of T-34s and T-.37s was Class 59-9,
beginning 2 1 January 1958.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Using Television in the Classroom

LovwA was ilic first technical liaiiung base to study
the po'^'iibility of using television in the classroom.

The first telex ised training program began in 1958 for
bomber na\ igalion systems.

USAF Sentry Dog Program

In early 1957 the Army announced that it would close
its dog training school at Fort Carson, Colorado. The
Air Force established similar training at Lackland in
FY 58. One of the first courses was set up to train air
policemen as sentry dog handlers. It began on
8 October.

MILITARY TRAINING

Marksmanship Center

By carl) Januar), Lackland had seemed instructors
and equipment for its new marksmanship center, but
no acceptable training site had been located. The
department of the .Arm) had refused .ATC's request
to transfer Camp Stanley to the Air Force. So,
Lackland officials began looking at other options,
such as acqiuring property on Leon Springs
Reser\ation. which encompassed Camp Stanley and
Camp Bullis. Also being studied were sites in the
vicinity of Hondo.

120

1959

A major change in llight trainin<; occurri'cl in I'^S') \\lH'n the I'SAK shifted from spcciali/i'd to <;(.'ncrali/c'd
trainin<;. Rather than select students for either sin;;le-enf;ine or multi-en<;ine training, each pilot no\> went
through the same trainin<; and «as considered uni\ersall\ assi<;nahle. As part of the ehanjie, the Air j-orce
decided to end contract primar\ traininu and establish an iinder<;raduate pilot training program. usin<j
niilitarx instructors throu<;hout. B\ \car's end. the Air Force had h)\>ered its pilot production ^oal from 2.2(t()
to 1.5110. At the same time, the Air Force decided it no lon>^er needed aviation cadets in pilot traininj;. Also
during the second half of the year. C ongress le\ied deep budgetary and manpower cuts on the Air Force. The
service's solution was to reduce all headquarters structures from 10-20 percent. In A l( those savings were
made by abolishing the materiel function at each of the technical training centers and passing those
responsibilities to the maintenance and supply group commanders.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as ol 31 DcccinlxT IMS^)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

Alabaiiiii-Cniii:; C'aliforiiia--Mathci-; C\>lorado--LinM\ ; I-|(iiKla--Baili)\\ and
Graham: Cieorgia--Bainbridge. Moody, and SpenLc; Jllinois-Chanute;
IVIississippi--Greenville and Kcesler: Missonri--Maldcn: Nevada-Stead;
Oklalioma--Vance: Texas-Amarillo. Brooks. Harlingon. James Connally.
Lackkind. Laredo. Moore. Perrin. Randolph. Reese. Sheppard. Wehh

S.S.Wy (9.997 olTicors; .^.19 warrant ottlLers: 54.20?: enhsied: 24.460 civiliansi

2.713 (B-25. C-45. C-47. C/TC--54. C-119. C-123. C-131. F-Sb, F-89, H-13,
H- 1 9. H-2 1 . T-28. T-29. T-33. T-34. T-37)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

ft nninhered air force oc|Lh\ alenl nnits:

Lackland Mil Trng Center. Lackland AFB TX
Amarilio Tech Trng Center. Amarillo AFB TX
Chanule Tech Trng Center. Chanule AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng Center. Keesler AFB M.S
Lowry Tech Trng Center. Lowry AFB CO
.Sheppard Tech Trng Center. Sheppard AFB TX

2 wing equivalent units;

IISAF- RecruiliuL' Service. Wriuhl-Palterson AFB

USAF Aerospace Medical Cenier. Brooks AFB
TX

."^ tlyiiig training wings:

3.Sl()th. Rand.ilph AlinX

3.'i.S0th (Advanced Interceptor). Moody AFB GA

3555th (Advanced interceptor). Perrin AFB TX

36i5th (Basic), Craig AFB AL

3635th (Advanced). Stead AFB NV

3 nav igator training w ings:

3535lh. Mather AFB CA
3565ih. James Connally AFB TX
.^61()ih. Harlingen AFBTX

5 pilot iranung vvmgs:

3.5()()th (Basic). Reese AFB TX
35()5th (Basic), (ireenville AFB MS
356()th (Basic). Webb AFB TX
3575lh (Basic). Vance AFB OK
364()th (Basic). Laredo AFB TX

2 indepemlenl group or group equiv alents:

3545th LISAF flospiiai. Gooiltellow

3625th Technical iraimng (Weaiions Controller).

Tyndall Al B 1 L

6 pilot training groups (ct)niracl primary);

3.3()()th. Graham AB FL
3.^0 1 St. Moore ABTX

121

1959

3302d. Spence AB GA
3303d, Bartow AB FL
33()5th. Maiden AB MO
3306th, Bainbridge AB GA

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

LtGen
James E. Briggs

Lieutenant General Frederic H. Smith was
selected lor his fourth star and assigned as
Commander in Chief, United States Air Forces in
Europe and Commander. Foiuth Allied Tactical Air
Force. General Smith departed ATC on 5 July. For a
short period of time the vice commander. Major
General Brandt, acted as the ATC commander. Then
on 1 August, Maj Gen James E. Briggs, the former
Superintendent of the llnited States Air Force
Academy, received his third star and assumed
command of ATC.

ORGANIZATION

INSTALLATIONS

Brooks and Aerospace Medical Center

In 1959 the Air Force put medical education and
training and space medical research responsibilities
under the direction of Air Training Command.
Headquarters USAF directed that Continental Air
Command transfer Brooks AFB, Texas, to ATC on
I October. At the same time, ATC activated the
USAF Aerospace Medical Center at Brooks, and,
concurrently. Air University issued orders re-
assigning the School of Aviation Medicine at Brooks
to ATC and the aerospace medical center. In
addition, ATC reassigned the USAF Hospital
Lackland from the Lackland Military Training Center
to ,''e medical center. The last action, the
organi/ation of the 379()th Epidemiological
Laboratoi-y at Lackland, took place on 1 November:
ATC assigned the lab to the medical center. The
addilioii of all of these units increased ATC's
assigned personnel strength by 4,965.

SUBORDINATE UNITS

Technical Training Bases Reorganized

Concerned thai the si/c of each of the technical
training bases was more than a single commander
could successfully manage, in late 1958 General
Smith asked Headquarters USAF for permission to
redesignate the technical training wings as training
centers. Headquarters USAF approved the request.
Effective I January 1959, ATC renamed its military
training wing and all five of its technical training
wings. The 370()th Military Training Wing became
the Lackland Military Training Center; while the
3320th Technical Training Wing was redesignated as
Amarillo Technical Training Center; the 3345th,
Chanute Technical Training Center; the 3380th,
Keesler Technical Training Center; the 3415th,
Lowry Technical Training Center; and the 3750th,
Sheppard Technical Training Center.

USAF Recruiting Service

During the first half of 1959, there was much
discussion about renaming the 3500th USAF
Recruiting Wing as a higher-level organization.
However, because the new unit would have greater
status than the current wing. Headquarters USAF
ordered discontinuance of the 3500th and activation,
on 8 July, of the USAF Recruiting Service, assigned
to ATC. Recruiting Service remained headquartered
at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. Also on this date,
ATC assigned six recruiting groups to the new
service. They were located at Mitchel AFB in New
York. Olmsted AFB in Pennsylvania. Robins AFB in
Georgia, Lackland AFB in Texas, Chanute AFB in
Illinois, and Mather AFB in California.

3499th Field Training Wing

Effective 1 September 1959. ATC discontinued the
3499th Field Training Wing at Chanute. This unit had
managed field training operations, but ATC had
decided that there would be less duplication of effort
if field training responsibilities were reassigned to the
technical training centers. The command established
field training squadrons at Sheppard on 15 June, at
Amarillo on 15 July, and at Chanute on 15 August.

NAMED ACTIVITIES

Officer Military Schools

Besides the Oflicer Candidate School, the preflight
training school, and the officer basic military training
courses, Lackland's Officer Military Schools added
an additional organization, on I July, the USAF
Officer Trammg School (OTS). (While OCS was a
six-month program, OTS only lasted three-months.
Besides length, the other major difference between
the two schools was that OCS required only two

-)")

1959

■

ft. ---^i^

Students at Stead AFB. Nevada, learn how to sui\i\e in water. Stead adapted the base's recreational
swimming pool for Interim use until a permanent heated facilit\ could be built. Students wore waterproof
suits in winter to protect them from the cold water.

years of college for entrance, while Officer Training
School required a four-year degree.)

HEADQUARTERS ORGANIZATION

DCSIInstallations

The Deputy Chief of Staff. Installations became the
DCS/Ci\il Engineering effective 21 April.

Office of Information

l-.ltccli\e 1 October, headquarters olTicials renamed
the Information Services Agency as the Office of
Information.

services in primary mission functions such as flight
instruction and aircraft maintenance, but ATC was
not opposed to contracting semi-technical or indirect
support functions such as food services and
petroleum, oil. ami lubrication (POL) operations.

FLYING TRAINING

Final T-33 Delivered

1 he most uuicK used aircraft in ATC was the T-}?i.
first produced in 1448 by Lockheed. The company
ended production in \959. and ATC t(H)k possession
of its last T-}} in early September at James Connally
AFB.

TRAINING

Civilian- vs Military-Conducted Training

In early \9?iH. Headquaiters L S.Af duccted .A I'C to
restudy the issue of training pro\ ided by civilian
contractors as opposed to training conducted by the
military. General Smith reported back to the Air Staff
in November that while the use of some contracting
services was advantageous to the Air Force, he did
not think civilian contracting would solve the
manpower and money problems facing the Air Force.
By mid-19.'iy. ATC had convinced the Air Staff that
there should be no further expansion of contractual

123

1959

To study equilibrium, specialists at the School of Aviation Medicine. Randolph Field,
Texas used the blueprints of Danish inventors to build this Danish Balancing Chair.

u'l from the School of Axiation Medicine

^ picssure suit equipmenl as liiev prepare

'M\ in a sealed altitude chamber at

The Ru<;}jles Orientator, de>eloped b> Maj
William Oclier and C apt ( arl Crane in the
l')3()s. was used in prefliyht testing to give
students the feel of instrument living. A hood
>>as placed o>er the cockpit lo simulate the
conditions of fixing at night or under nonxisual
circumstances.

124

1959

From l*).^! imlil 1459. the School of A>iation Midiciru' was hKatid a) Kaiulolph AKR. Icxas. "hiiiiipon
it moved across t(»\ii to Brooks AFB. Shown abo\c is the research laborat()r\ at Randolph.

Doctors check the reaction of ll> in<i cadets to a self-
halancinc test.

Scientists developed the iIIiIm"^ chair in an attempt
to solve the puA/le ollhc xanishin^ hori/on.

In the lV3(ls. the WobhU iiu ii i \Nas used as a
screeninj; dcNiee to check halance and
orientation.

Primary Training

B\ Auyiisi IMSy li\c of ATC's coniract primary pilot
irainini: hasos-Bainbridiic. Graham. Barlow. Moore,
and .Spcncf-had begun using T-37s in place of
T-2Ss. Only Maiden kcpl (he old training progranv-
r-34s and T-2Xs--since il was to be closed in the
early IWiO.s.

125

1959

Observer Training

In Maaii ATC directed Mather to move its primary-
basic observer training to Harlingen by early 1962.
This training had to be relocated so that Mather could
take over Keesler's electronic warfare officer (EWO)
training by early 1963. As a part of EWO training,
students used TC-54 aircraft. However, jet aircraft
were to replace the TC-54. and Keesler did not have
the facilities to support jets. Even if Keesler had been
in a position to expand its runways, there was no land
available. While reluctant to lose the training. Keesler
officials gained needed space for new family
housing, as the transfer of EWO allowed this gulf
coast base to close one runway.

number of teachers available. To help turn the
situation around. Headquarters USAF approved a
minimum three-year tour for military instructors and
authorized 100 percent manning of instructor
authorizations, whenever possible.

Project Tight Fist

During the 1950s, weapon systems became more
complex. That, in turn, led to an increased need for
highly trained technicians, and that often meant
longer and larger technical training courses. All of
this resulted in increased costs in personnel and
support-costs that the Air Force found difficult to
explain to Congress. Officials at Headquarters USAF

4&68e3'

In 1959 AlC bcf;an phasing out its hist World War II trainer-thc B-25. Almost 30.000 pilots had earned
their ^Ings in B-25 cockpits, logfjing nearl> 2.5 million tl>in<i hours. With the graduation of the last B-25
class at Reese in January 1960. specialized UPT came to an end and generalized training began.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Francis E. Warren and Scott End Training

Training ended at Francis F. Warren on 24 March,
but it was 1 May before ATC discontinued its 345()th
Technical Training Group. At Scott the last students
graduated in late February, and ATC inactivated the
33inih Technical Training Group.

were of the opinion that the commands were
overstating their training requirements. They
recommended a complete review of job standards, a
consolidation of similar courses, greater use of field
training detachments, and elimination of subject
matter that could be prov ided in an OJT program. Air
Training Command called this review Project Tight
Fist. As a result of this reexamination, ATC was able
to shorten 93 technical trainina courses.

Instructor Shortage

Throughout hs history, one of the most difficult tasks
ATC had was that of meeting its instructor
requirements. For example, in 1959 ATC was short
of instructors in its Officer Military Schools at
Lackland. The turnover in instructors at Keesler was
so high it was impossible to maintain a high level of
field-experienced teachers in the classroom. At
Lowry critical shortages existed in atomic weapons
courses, and at Amarillo supply courses had a limited

Missile Training

.Although ATC had trained personnel in various
missile career fields since 1951, graduate totals had
been fairly small. However, that changed in FY 59,
when the command graduated more personnel in
missile career fields in this 12-month period than in
all prcN'ious years combined. Various ATC bases
conducted a total of 2 1 9 courses during the year and
araduated 8.004 students.

126

1959

■■nsizsiii

k-:--»M'^'^^^

I.JLI

Students in the missile training; course at Sheppard AFB, Texas, learn the intricacies of inter-continental
ballistic missile power production.

commanci coultl dperate with 6 training centers and

MISCELLANEOUS '^ flying training bases. Many huiklings had fieen

constructed during World War 11 and wcie in sueli

r. ..... poor shape it wasn't eeononiicaiiy teasihle to repair

,, r-,- ^^ 1 c\ CO Axr- K,..» ct.-,i,ti,rp them. .Also, as more and more sensitive electronic

Between h\ .~i> and Fy ^M. AlLs base stiucture • , , ■ • i

1 J <• 1:1 . T« • ■„ ..,n.,t;„.,. \\/„u equipment arrived on the training scene, there v,ere

decreased from 43 to 2? pnmarv installations. With ^ r , , o

,. .... ..,.. . , , , I ,u, problems with environmental controls. .Some support

more modern tacililies. iitticials believed the •

Students in nuclear weapons iraininj; at l.o«r\ Al B. ( oloriul... karn lo male llic re-
entry vehicle to the Ihor intermediate ranye ballistic missile.

127

1959

fiicililles, such as warehouses, shops, and a hospital.
IkuI tarpaper exteriors. And many of the flying
training bases had support facilities liiat wcic built
for conventional aircraft and were not adaptable tii jet
flying. Unles.s these problem areas received attention,
ATC planners felt training in the coming decade
would be handicapped. However, to make these
changes, the command estimated it would cost almost
$110 million— money Congress seemed unlikely to
approve anytime soon.

Recruit Testing

On 1 April 1958. Recruiting Service began pre-
enlistment testing and selective recruiting of non-
prior service airmen. The purpose of such actions was
to improve the quality of incoming recruits and
ensure "untrainables" were not enlisted.

Missik' students :il ( haniilc MR, Illinois, learn h(»^^ to handle li(|iiid ()\><;en (l.()\). used
as a missile filial oxidizer. Ileie, students transfer l,().\ Irom storafje to mobile ser\ice
tanks.

1960

Durinj; the first halt Ot 1960. Air riainin<; C ommaiul aiinounceil thai lutiiie prctlijiht, primary, and basic
pilot traininj; pr()<;ram would he consolidated and <;ivcn by military instructors at LISAF-owned facilities.
Iraininfi at all contract primary schools was to end by December I960, and all ot those bases would close by
March 1961. I his plan caused some problems in the cancellation ol lacilily projects and the departure of
personnel. Civilians left their jobs in such large numbers that certain contractors had difficulty hiring
experienced replacements for short-term employment. Also through the end of the year, budget limitations
presented AIX from acquiring the high performance jel aircraft and e(|uipment it needed for training
purposes.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of 31 December 1960)

Amarillo TTC

Air force MTC

Sheppard TTC

Lowrv TTf-

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS: 26

Alabania--Ciaig; Ari/ona--Willianis; Caliroinia-Mather;
Coloiado-Lovvry: Florida- Bartow and C.raliain; Gcorgia-
Bainbridge. Moody, and Spence: Illinois-Chanute:
Mississippi-Greenville and Keesler: Nevada-Stead:
Oklahoma-Vance: Texas-Aniarillo. Brooks. Hariingen.
James Connally. Lackland. Laredo. Moore. Perrin.
Randolph. Reese. Sheppard. and Wehh

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:

sy.fiMZ ( 10.4.^0 olTieers: .'i.'i..\'i-"^ enlisted: 2?.i)(W ei\ iliansi

AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

2.202 (C-47. C-54. C-12.'?. C-I3I. F-86. 1-S'J. 1-100,
F/TF-102. H-i9. H-21. H-43. T-28. T-29, T-33. T-.34. and

r-37)

Keesler ITC

C hanule ITC"

1960

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

6 nunibeicd air force cqui\ ak-nt units;

Lackland Mil Trng Ctr, Lackland AFB TX
Amarillo Tech Trng Ctr, Amarillo AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanute AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr, Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr, Lowry AFB CO
.Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr, Sheppard AFB TX

2 wing equivalent units:

USAF Recruiting Service, Wright-Patterson AFB
OH

USAF Aerospace Medical Ctr, Brooks AFB TX

4 flying training wings:

33l()th, Randolph AFB TX
3550th (Adv Interceptor), Moody AFB GA
3555th (Adv Interceptor). Perrin AFB TX
3635th (Adv), Stead AFB NV

3 navigator training wings:

3535th. Mather AFB CA
3565th, James Connally AFB TX
361()th. Hariingen AFB TX

6 pilot training wings:

35()(Mh ( Basic). Reese AFB TX
35:5th. Williams AFB AZ
3560th (Basic). Webb AFB TX
3575th (Basic), Vance AFB OK
36 L5th (Basic). Craig AFB AL
3640th (Basic). Laredo AFB TX

3 independent groups or group equivalents:

3545th USAl- Hospital. Goodlellow AFB TX
3505th Tech Trng. Greenville AFB MS
3625th Tech Trng (Weapons Controller). Tyndall
AFBFL

5 independent pilot training groups (contract
primary):

3300th. Graham AB IL
3301st. Moore ABTX
33()2d. Spence AB GA
3303d. Bartow AB FL
3306th. Bainbridse AB GA

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Continuing as the ATC commander was Lt Gen
James E. Briggs. On 16 November 1960. the vice
commander. Maj Gen Carl A. Brandt, retired. He was
succeeded by Maj Gen Henry K. Mooney. former
commander of SAC's Sixteenth Air Force. Mooney
had served as the ATC assistant vice commander
since September.

ORGANIZATION

INSTALLATIONS

Bryan AFB, Texas

In caretaker status since 1 October 1958. Air Training
Command transferred Bryan to Air Materiel
Command on 1 April 1960.

Maiden Air Base, Missouri

With pilot production decreasing, the ATC
commander suggested closing Maiden, a contract
flying training base, in early 1959. However, it wasn't
until late December that Headquarters USAF
approved the ATC request. The last primary class
graduated on 29 June 1960. and one day later ATC
terminated its training contract. On 26 July the
command discontinued the 3305th Pilot Training
Group (Contract Primary), That left ATC with five
contract primary schools still in operation; ATC
released Maiden on 1 September.

Williams AFB, Arizona

On 1 October Tactical Air Command transferred
Williams AFB to ATC. This Arizona base would
become part ol' ATC's new consolidated pilot training
program. On the same date. Tactical Air Conuiiand
reassigned its 4530th Combat Crew Training Wing
(Tactical Fighter) and subordinate units at Williams
to Air Training Command, and ATC discontinued the
wing. ConcuiTcntly. Air Training Command used
assets from the 4530th to organize and establish the
3525th Pilot Training Wing.

NAMED ACTIVITIES

Preflight Training

Harh in U)6() ihe Air Force authorized ATC to
discontinue pilot and navigator preflight courses at
Lackland. Pilot preflight training became the
responsibility ot the primary training bases, and
na\igator preflight moved to the navigator schools.
Lackland graduated its last preflight class in early
May. and ATC discontinued the school on 1 July.
Preflight had accounted for more than half of the
training load under the Officer Military Schools. The

130

1960

Two German students work (in their English language pronciines ai I ackland Al B. Allied students
already schooled in English learned colloquial and technical language prior to entering flying training.

contract sc1k)oIs were the first to use the newly-
pubhshed syllabus for consolidated pretlight-primary
pilot training, beginning on 1 July. New navigator
training programs went into effect at Harlingen on
6 April and at James Connally on 14 April.

USAF Language School

On I January 19W). ATC established the USAF
Language School at Lackland and assigned it to the
USAF Officer Military Schools. The school provided
Fnglish language instruction to foreign students
coming tt) the United States for training under the
Military Assistance I'rogram. Manning for the new
organization came from the 3746th Preflight Training
Squadron (Language I. which the command had
discontinued on I January.

Chaplain School Opened

Since July 1953 the Air Force had conducted a
training course for chaplains at Lackland. That course
evolved into a separate school when, on 1 June 1960.
ATC established the USAF Chaplain School at
Lackland and assigned it to the Officer Military
Schools. The new school prmidcd instruction for
chaplains as well as legal otficers.

SUBORDINATE UNITS

3505th Pilot Training Wing (Basic)
Air Training Command discontinued its 35()5th Pilot
Training Wing (Basic) at Greenville .-XFE,
Mississippi, on 1 December. Future plans called for

the base to otter some type of technical training.

TRAINING

First OTS Class Graduates

On 9 February the US,\F Otticers Training School at
Lackland graduated its first class. Ninety-four
students had entered the 12-week class, and eighty-
nine completed the course, receiving their
commissions.

Foreign Language Training

In carK I9(il). IIQ US.M suggested the foreign
language training program. cunenll> conducted at 22
colleges and universities, be transferred from Air
University control to ATC. After considerable study,
the Air Force passed control of the program to .-XTC
on I July. At that time, the tiannng program covered
59 languages. Air Training Command subsequently
assigned management responsibility to the Chanule
Technical Training Cenler. Unlike the Lackland

131

1960

program, which provided language training tor
foreign students, this program provided language
instruction lor L'SAF personnel.

FLYING TRAINING

Consolidated Pilot Training

With pilot production continuing to fall. ATC began
looking at a new training concept-combining
prcllight. primar>. and basic instruction into
consolidated pilot training (CPT). Secretary of the
Air Force Dudley C. Sharp approved the idea in
March 1960. and Air Training Command intended to
ha\c the training program in operation by March
1961. At the same time. Secretary Sharp approved
initiation of a consolidated pilot training program,
ATC decided to replace all civilian flying instructors
with military officers and to phase out all contract
primary schools. The six bases selected for CPT were
Craig, Webb, Vance, Reese, Williams, and Moody.
however, by year's end. Laredo had been added. In
addition, USAF officials sanctioned contracting base
support functions where beneficial. As a part of the
implementation plan, Williams had to be transferred
from TAC to ATC. the basic instructor school at
Craig moved to Randolph, basic tlying tiaining ended
at Greenville, interceptor training ceased at Moody,
and the remaining contract primar\ schools-Graham.
Moore. Spence. Bartov\. Maiden, and Bainbridge—
closed. All contract primary training ended in late
December. The new undergraduate pilot training
program (UPT) contained three phases: picflight.
primary, and basic. Only jet aircraft (T-.^7s and
T-33s) would be used.

FITF-102

The Air Force first programmed the F-102 for use in
ATC training programs in 1955. At that time, the
USAF followed an aircraft allocation program where
a portion of the first production units of newly-
designed aircraft went to ATC so that trained
crewmembers could be supplied to operational
commands at the same time they were equipped with
the weapon system. That policy changed in 1956
when Gen Nathan B. Twining. Chief of Staff of the
Air Force, on a visit to Russia, witnessed the flyover
of a fleet of jet bombers known to have
intercontinental range, but which USAF officials had
thought were still in the prototype stage. Twining
altered this aircraft allocation policy, directing that
ATC not receive new fighter-interceptors until all
requirements of operational units were filled. As a
result. ATC did not receive F-102 aircraft until
25 May I960, when the first TF-I()2 landed at Perrin.
The first class of students began F-l()2 training on
12 August. By year's end, Perrin had transitioned
from F-S6LS to F-102 and TF-102 aircraft.

Interceptor Training

LIntil the arri\'al of the F/TF-I02s. ATC's two
remaining interceptor training bases— Perrin and
Moody-used T-33s and F-86Ls. Moody stopped
interceptor instruction on 3 November 1960 and
became one of ATC's new undergraduate pilot
training schools. As the only remaining interceptor
trainer. Penin began transitioning to the new
F/TF- 1 02 aircraft.

Firefighters and Helicopters

Beginning on 19 April, the helicopter trainmg
program at Stead added a new program of instiuclion.

4?^

A Co

Perrin
side.

' -102A "Delta Dag<jer" trainer lands at Edwards .\FB, C alitbrnia, with a drag chute. This
IS, trainer was similar to the F-102 A but had a wider front fuselage seating two side-b\-

.■^2

1960

The schoul taught hchcoptcr pilots aiul tirclightcis td
operate tire suppression equipuienl using the H-43B.

B-25 Phased Out

The coninKiiki iih.iscd out its last B-2S on IS .laniiar\
1960 at James ConnalK. This aircraft had been in
ATC's inventory siiiee ,lul\ 1M43.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Instructor Shortage Continues

Even though the technical training centers trained
over 5.000 instructors in \arious formal resident
courses during the year, the command still had
problems filling critical instructor vacancies. Part of
the problem w as that tununer in personnel continued
to be high.

Electronic Counter Countermeasures

In earl\ l^.'^'-) during the Berlin crisis, the Air Force
found its transport forces had inadequate capability to
conduct i>perations in an electronic countermeasures
environment. The Military AW Transport .Service
recommended to the .Air Staff that ATC develop a
field training program to provide initial and refresher
training for transport aircrews. Air Training
Command established that training in mid- 1 96 1. In
addition. .ATC initiated an electronic counter
countermeasures ground training program at Keesler
for personnel in Military Air Transport .Service and
Tactical Air Command. The first class began on
1 7 October.

Greenville Begins Technical Training

in mid-Uctober basic pilot training
ended at this west central Mississippi
base. While ATC officials would have
preferred to close the installation, for
political reasons they had to find a new
training mission for Greenville.
Between November 1960 and mid-
1961. Greenville received six personnel
courses from Lackland and two tire
protection courses from Lovvry.

MILITARY TRAINING

BMT Revised

During the last half of 19.59. (he Air
l-orce announced it was short l.^..^()4
personnel to meet critical new
requirements in Strategic Air Command
and overseas. The Air Staff asked all

major commands to look ior wavs to release
personnel to fill these important vacancies. Officials
in ATC dctcrinmed thai thev could release almost
3, (KM) military aiithori/ations bv cutting three Hying
training bases. The command also tound it could save
another 89.^ positions by reducing basic military
training from 1 1 weeks to 8. Headquarters USAF
approved the BMT reduction, ettective 1 February
1^)60.

Marksmanship Center

The Air Force diicctetl lormation of a marksmanship
school at Lackland in late 1957. By the end of IM5S.
the center had a three-part mission; training,
dev eloping USAF competitive teams, and performing
weapons research and maintenance. One ot the
problems the center had faced from its beginning was
a lack of range space. In FY 60 .ATC finally began
construction of four carbine ranges at Lackland, and
the command signed a joint use agreement w ith the
Army for construction of a range at Camp Bullis.
Texas.

MISCELLANEOUS

Flying Ended at Brooks

In carlv I'Hill. the remaining living activities
(medical evacuation and operational support airliltl at
Brooks AFB. Texas, transferred to either Randolph or
Kelly. Brooks officially ended all living activities on
2?< June. To that date, it was the oldest continuously
active Hying establishment in the nation, its Hying
mission datin>; back to World War I.

.\ niililarv traininj; inslriiclnr inspects basic tiaiiiees at Lackland
.\\\i. Itvas, in the l')6(ls.

133

1960

OFFICER TRAINING SCHOOL

In the late 195()s. the four officer sources- Air Force
Academy. Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC),
Officer Candidate School (OCS). and direct
commissioning--vvere not producing the needed mix of
skills and knowledge, especially in technical,
engineering, and scientific fields. With four-year
maturation periods, the Air Force Academy and ROTC
were slow in responding to programmed manpower
requirements. The Air Force was also reluctant to rely
too hea\ ily on direct commissioning. The solution was
to tap into a significant manpower pool that had largely
been ignored— graduating college seniors who had not
participated in ROTC.

To train those graduates, the Air Force resurrected a
concept tried during World War II— an officer training
school (OTS). On 1 July 1959. the Air Force activated
OTS at Lackland AFB. The first class entered OTS on
18 November 1939 and graduated on 9 February 1960.
Believing that college graduates needed a shorter, but
more intense course than OCS, the Air Force established
a three month course for OTS, versus six months in
OCS. .At the same time, the Air Force created the
Airman Education and Commissioning Program
(AECP). allowing qualified airmen to complete degree
requirements and earn a commission through OTS.

The OTS system had several advantages over OCS. It
provided a more expeditious and responsive pro-
curement system, and training costs per graduate were
less. Also. OTS met the Air Force's desire to make a
college degree the minimum educational standard for its
officers. Officer Training School expanded rapidly,
turning out 320 graduates in FY 60. 2.265 in FY 62. and
5.371 in FY 63. The school quickly outgrew its quarters
on Lackland and in 1961 moved to nearby Medina Base.
With the tremendous growth of OTS and the
establishment of AECP, OCS was phased out on 1 July
1963.

Officer Training School soon turned into the major
supplier of Air Force officers. Not only did OTS absorb
OCS's production quotas after 1963. but the Vietnam
War soon accelerated officer procurement. As its peak,
OTS produced 7.894 officers in FY 67. The
unpopularity of the war on college campuses resulted in
significant drops in ROTC enrollment, and OTS had to
take up the slack. After the war. AFROTC scholarships
proved very attractive and the military became more
accepted on campuses. Eventually, the ratio between
ROTC and OTS reversed itself with ROTC dt)ubling
and even tripling OTS production. By the end of 2002.
OTS had produced over 108.000 Air Force officers.

I ^

' *• * •

!•

Grartuates of OTS celebrate their commissinninu as second lieutenants in the United States Air Force.

134

1961

On 25 July 1961. President John F. Kennedy addressed the nation, outlining the erisis developinfj in Berlin
and eallin<; lor a military buildup to eope \>ith the <;ro"in}i tensions in Fast-West relations. At the same time.
Kennedy asked Congress tor authority to order to aetive duty eerlain reserve and guard personnel and to
extend by one year enlistments and active duty tours. Congress gave its approval, and the Air Force
immediately took steps to increase the strength and readiness of its forces. It recruited more people, especially
in electronic and aircraft support career fields, and the rapid buildup caused some disruption in training
plans.

Parked in front of Base Operations at Randolph AFB, lexas. are the three aircraft— T-37 (primary phase).
T-41 (Hight screening), and the T-38 (basic phase)— the 351(tth Flying Iraining \Mng used in I PI.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as 111 31 DcLCinhci I'Xil i

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

Alabania-Craig: Aii/ona-Wiiiiams: Califoinia--Mather: Coiorado--
Lowry: Geoigia--Moody: lllim)is--Chanute: Mississippi--Greenville
and Keesler; Nevada--.Stead: Oklahoma-- Vance; Texas-Amarillo.
Harlingen, James Connaily. Lackland. Laredo. I'crnn. Randolph.
Reese, Shepparcl. and Webb

83,283 (8,967 officers: .^2,144 enlisted: 22.172 civilians)

1.954 (C-47. C-54. C-123. C-131, F-86. F-89. F/TF-I()2. H-19. H-21.
H-43, T-28. T-29. T-33. T-37. T-38. T-.V). and U-3)

135

1961

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

6 numbered air force equi\ alenl units;

Laekland Mil Trng Ctr, Lackland AFB TX
Amarillo Tech Trng Ctr. Amarillo AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanute AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
Lov\ rv Tech Trng Ctr. Low ry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX

2 w ing ec|ui\ alent units:

Medical Ser\ ice School. Gunler AF Station AL
USAF Recruiting Service. Wright-Patterson AFB
OH

3 llying training w ings:

3.'^l()th. Randolph AFB TX

355.^th (Ad\ hiterceptor). Renin AFB TX

3fi.\Sth(Adv). Stead AFB NV

Metal identifi-
cation ta<is are
stamped out on a
machine. All

basic trainees re-
cci\ed two tags,
»hich they re-
tained for the
duration of their
ser\ice in the Air
Force.

3 navigator training wings:

3.'S35lh. Mather .\\-\i CA
33fi.>th. James Connally AFB TX
3610th. Harlingen AFB TX

8 pilot training wings:

35()()th. Reese AFB TX
3.'>2.'ith. Williams AFB AZ
355()th. Moody AFB GA
3.SW)th. WebbAFB TX
357.^ih. Vance AFB OK
36i5lh.Craig AFB AL
3640th. Laredo AFB TX
3643th. Lauiihlin AFB TX

3 independent groups or group equivalents:

3545th USAF Hospital. Goodfellow AFB TX
3505th Tech Trng. Greenville AFB MS
3625th Tech Trng (Weapons Controller). Tyndal
AFBFL

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Lieutenant General James E. Briggs continued as
the ATC commander, and MaJ Gen Henry K.
Mooney remained vice commander.

ORGANIZATION

New Mission Statement

The Air Force published a new mission statement for
ATC in late December 1961. Added to its previous
taskings were marksmanship training, instruction in
foreign language and area studies, assistance training
for friendly foreign powers, prisoner training, on-the-
job training advisory service, and operational read-
iness training to support missiles. All of these were
duties ATC already performed, but they had not been
spelled out in pre\ ions mission statements.

INSTALLATIONS

Harlingen AFB, Texas

In March, durnig his budget message to Congress.
President Kennedv announced that the Department of
Defense would close 73 military installations (70
stateside), including Harlingen AFB. Texas, the only
ATC base on the list. Harlingen entered its last group
of students into navigator training on 9 August. From
that point on. James Connally AFB provided all
undergraduate na\ igator training.

Medina, Texas

Air Training Commanti had iiilcni.lei.1 to move both
the LISAF Officer Training School and the Officer
Candidate School from Lackland to the Medina
annex in 1961. However, in response to the Berlin
crisis, production rates for both schools increased to
the piiint where only OTS could be accommodated at
Medina annex. However, that move was not
completed imtil 30 June 1962.

Brooks AFB, Texas

On 1 NoN ember 19(il. .-XTC translerred Brooks AFB
to Air Force Systeins Command (AFSC). This was
all part of an Air Force plan to reorganize aerospace
medical research. Along with the transfer of Brooks.
ATC passed to AFSC (and its newly formed
Aerospace Medical Division al Hiooksi control of the

.^6

1961

USAF Aerospace Medical Cenler, the School ot
Aerospace Medicine, the USAF Hospital Lacklatid.
and the 3790th Epidemiological l.ahoiatory. (The
School of Aviation Medicine had been ledesignated
as the School of Aerospace Medicine on S May
1961.) However, the Medical Ser\ ice School at
Gunter remained in the command, reassigned from
the medical center to Headquarters ATC on
I October.

SUBORDINATE UNITS

Contract Primary Bases Closed

While tiaining at the contract schools ended hi
December 1960. Air Training Command did not stop
operation of the training units until early 1961.
Effective 16 January. AJC discontinued the 3.^06th
Pilot Training Group at Baiiibridge. and on
1 February the other four groups--the 3300th at
Graham, the 3301st at Moore, the 33()2d at Spence.
and the 3303d at Bartow ceased to exist. The
command had intended to shut all five bases by
March, but an Air Foice- imposed free/e on shipping
property delayed closuie. Finally. ATC released
control (if Bainbridge and Spence on 31 March.
Bartow on 19 May. and Graham on 31 .August.
Moore Air Base remained on inacti\c status until
15 July 1963, when part of the installation was sold
to private concerns and the rest transferred to the
Department of Agriculture.

Training Wings Redesignated

On .^ Januar_\ 1961. .\1C' rcdcMgnalcd Inc of Us pilot
training wings-the 3.'^0()th. 3.^60th. 3.57.'Sth. 361.Sth,
and 3640th--b\ dropping the parenthetical notation
(basic). In addition, the 3.5.'iOth Flvin>; Trainnm Wini;

(Advanced Interceptor) alst) underwent a name
change, becoming the 3550lh Pilot Training Wing.

3645th Pilot Training Wing

l-.llccli\c 16 October l')6l. .\ fC designated and
organized (he 364.5lh Pilot 1 lauimg Wing at Laughlin
.AFB. Texas, The purpose ol the acti\'ation was so
thai .A rc couki transfer half of its training mission
Ironi Larctlo (where facilities were substandard) to
Laughlin. Between 19.^2 and 19.^7. ATC had tiained
pilots at Laughlin. and then the base iransferied to
SAC. Air Tiaining Command hoped to reacquire
Laughlin within a number of months, when S.AC
moved its L'-2 mission to another base.

TRAINING
FLYING TRAINING

T-38 "Talon"

At Randolph on 17 March 1961. ATC look pos-
session of its Inst T-3S. ATC's first supersonic Hying
tiainer was intended to replace the T-33 in pilot
training. B\ mid-year \5 "Talons" had arrived at
Randolph to take pait in an extensive test and eval-
uation pixigram. The first ATC students who had the
opportunitv to lly the new T-3Ss came from Webb's
Class 62-F. By year's end. Ramlolph hai.1 44 new
T-3Ssand Webbhad21.

Undergraduate Navigator Training

Like the consolidation ol ihe juloi naming program.
in 1961 ATC decided to combine prefhght aiitl
primary-basic nav igator training into a new program
known as imder<:raduate navi'jalor Irainini; or UNT.

03482

-y

-O^

l{> larlv September Kandolph had taken possession ofits first five T-39As. Air Trainiii}; ( oiiimand inlonded
to use till' Sabrellnirs in the inslriimenl pilot iiislriulor school. Ihen in November two oflhe I -.^9s and 13
mililarv persoiuul took part in Operalion Loiij; Le<;s ILa inonlli-lon-; uoodwill loiirol Laliii Anuriea.

137

1961

An instructor at Chanute AFB, Illinois, uses a training aid to teach students about the B-52
electrical svstem.

James Ci)nn;ill\ wouki cdihIul-I UNT. and Mather
woLikl prmidc advanced training. The command
planned ti) have the program in full operation by
mid- 1962.

personnel at Perrin. Training began in September and
ended in November.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Interceptor Program

By the end of the year, only Perrin trained interceptor
pilots. The school noted two special events in 1961-
graduation of its first class of F-102 pilots in
Fehruarv and graduation of its last class of F-86L
pik)ts in .hiK .

Space Systems

In IVdl Al( hail a hmiieil space training program
that covered the Samos (a reconnaissance satellite)
and Midas (a missile detection and alarm system)
research and development program. Field training
detachments provided instruction (primarily theory)
because the Air Staff had not made funding available
to ATC for purchase of training equipment.

Yugoslav Pilot Training

In January the United States agreed to sell 135
surplus F-86 "Sabrejets" to the Yugoslav govern-
ment. As part of the agreement. US officials
promised to train four pilots and four maintenance

Field Training

When ATC first established its field training
program, its puipose was to support Strategic Air
Command. Tactical Air Command, and Air Defense
Command. In 1961 ATC agreed to expand its field
program pro\ ided necessary instructor authorizations
came from the gaining commands. Headquarters
USAF agreed with that proviso, and during the year.
Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) and United States Air
Forces in Europe (USAFE) transferred slots to ATC
for the establishment of field training detachments in
those coinmands,

EWO Instruction

The last electronic warfare officer (EWO) course
began at Keesler on 13 December. Students
graduated in August 1962. Beginning in January
1962. Mather provided all EWO instruction in ATC.

138

1961

MILITARY TRAINING

MISCELLANEOUS

Overcrowding at Lackland

While the command had the funding and personnel to
support basic military training at Lackland, it did not
have dollars for new construction. As a result.
Lackland continued to operate with limited barracks
space. Not onl> were crowded conditions unpleasant
for incoming trainees, but the\ also were possible
hazards to health. To alle\ iate the problem of over-
crowding. Lackland officials began looking at other
options, such as using facilities at the Medina annex
near Lackland or putting all phases of basic military
training at the technical training centers. However.
Lackland found a temporary fix by phasing out
pretlight training at Lackland, transferring personnel
courses to Greenville, and receiving funding for
huildint: remnation.

Family Housing

Hundreds of lamil\ housing units constructetl in the
late 194()s and early ly.SOs also received facelifts in
the early UXiOs. Soon after taking the oath of office.
President Kennedy directed acceleration of housing
contract awards as a means of bolstering the sagging
econoniN. In ATC not only were older units
refurbished, biii h\ \ car's end, contractors had 930
new famil) housing units under construction at
Brooks, Keesler, and Mather.

I sinjj operational training aids, tiitiire missile enjjine nieclianics Icjirn Jhc compUv joji of sitn ii-in<i an Mlas
missile at C hanutc A IB. Illinois.

139

1961

AVIATION CADETS

Cadets wait outside the main gate at Randolph AFB,
Texas, the "Home ol the Aviation Cadet."

The aviation cadet program was the source of
most rated officers until the late 1950s.
Originally called flying cadet, the program
started during World War I in an effort to build
up the nation's air arm. The term was often used
restrictively to denote a pilot cadet, but in its
general application included persons in cadet
training to become a rated officer. When the
United States entered the war, it had a total of 65
rated pilots and two flying schools. By the end
of the war. over 10.000 pilots had been trained
on 41 American bases or by allies in Europe and
Canada.

To qualify as a flying cadet, an applicant had
to be "under 25, have 2-3 years of college, be
athletic, honest, and reliable." This was a far cry
froin the extensive battery of physical, mental,
and psychological tests required in later years.

.\viation Cadets in basic flight training head for their planes.

140

1961

Although the cadet pruiirani ended with
the amiistice. Congress authorized its
resumption in \'-)\'-). hut hniited the numbei'
on acti\e dut\ to 1,300. Austerity hit the
air arm in the 1920s: by 1926 the
authorized number of cadets on duty had
dropped to 196. A cadet who earned his
wings could either serve out his enlistment
or take a discharge and enter the Officers'
Reserve Corps as a second lieutenant. In
1929. during the midst of a five-year
expansion program, the law changed, and
cadets had to serve three years— one in
flying school and twn either as a reserve
officer on acti\e duty or as a regular Army
officer.

The term flying cadet changed to
aviation cadet in 1941. just prior to the
expansion of the cadet program during
World War II. Although the cadet program
normally required at least two years of
college, this was reduced to a high school
diploma. At the close of the war. aviation
cadet training came to a standstill. It was
not until 1948 that aviation cadet training
began again in earnest but at the modest
rate of 5,000 pilots per year. With the start
of the war in Korea, flying L|uotas again
began to rise.

During the war. the educational
requirement for the cadet program was
again lowered to a high school diploma, but
more and more officers commissioned
through the Air Force Reserve Officer
Training Corps (AFROTC) began entering
flying training. Alter the Air Force
Academy (AFA) graduated its first class in
1959. the number of AFROTC and AFA
graduates entering pilot and navigator
training continued to rise. In 1961 the Air
Force discontinued aviation cadet pilot
training, and in 1965 it ended aviation eailel
navigator training. Since then, applicants
for either pilot or navigator training hail to
ha\e a college degree.

Colonel \iU\:i\ Kd\>ards prest'iits the rcfjlnu'iilal colors
duriii<; a cerenionj at Randolph VFB.

Soon after their arrival at Randolph. Ihisc I930s-era
cadets are Ultcd for (heir initial uniform issue.

141

1961

Contracting Base Support

Also as a part i)t the consolidation of ail pilot
training, the Air Force directed ATC to test the idea
of using contractors to provide support services at
pilot training bases. During the test, the command
contracted for all support services at Vance, while at
Craig all operations were to be provided by military
personnel. Craig's expenditures were not to exceed
those at Vance. The other pilot training bases--Reese,
Webb. Williams, and Moody--used civilian contrac-
tors in a limited capacity in such areas as food
.service, housing, transportation, garbage collection,
custodial and photographic services, and aircraft
refueling. The command completed its year-long
study in June 1962 and recommended that Vance be
returned to normal military operation as soon as
possible. However, because of the cost savings.
Headquarters USAF disagreed and, instead, directed
the Vance contract be renewed.

Modernization of Facilities

Early in 1959 the Air Force noted it had limited funds
available for military construction projects. To stretch
the dollars, USAF officials suggested renovating i)ld.

structurally sound facilities. That could be done at
half the cost of building new facilities. At Chanute,
Keesler. Lowry. Perrin. and Sheppard. open bay
barracks were gutted and divided into rooms holding
three men each. At Lackland the same World War II-
vintage barracks also received a facelift inside and
out. However, they remained open bay barracks. Also
at this time, the Air Force released additional funds to
pay for modernization of over 200 buildings at
Amarillo, Chanute, James Connally, Keesler,
Lackland, and Sheppard. Part of that modernization
included the installation of air conditioning in
barracks at Keesler, James Connally, and Sheppard.
By mid-June 1961, contractors had completed most
of the renovation work. The entire project cost $18.6
million and rehabilitated 551 buildings.

Command Motto

ATC conducted a command-wide contest in 1961 to
find a motto that best described its mission. A family
member at Greenville AFB, Mississippi, had the
winning entry: "Prepare the Man." The command
used this motto until 29 October 1974.

In October, because ATC no longer
conducted base search and rescue
operations, it transferred its H-43A
helicopters at Stead to Military .\ir
Transport Service. However, H-43s
still remained at the flying bases to
pro\ ide fire rescue scr\ ice.

14;

1962

In the summer of 1962, the Soviets began inereasinj; their militiir\ assistanee to Cuba. Intelbfjence reports
indicated that the Russians Here plaein<; oltensi\e weapons, ineUidinfj ballistic missiles, in Cuba. On
22 October, in an address to the nation. President Kennedy said the So\iel Linion was buildin<: lon<;-ran<;e
missile bases in Cuba. Kennedy ordered an air and sea quarantine of the island. For its part. A IC provided
personnel and materiel support. Also, one of its ne»l\ -acquired bases, Laughlin, played a major role in the
Cuban crisis, as it was home to the SAC U-2s that first spotted missiles in C uba.

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of 31 IX-ccnilxT l'>(i2)
19

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

Alabama— Craig: Arizona--Willianis; California-Mather: Colorado -
Lowry: Georgia— Moody: illinois-Chanute; Mississippi— Greenville
and Keesler: Nevada— Stead; Oklahoma— Vance: Texas— Amarillo.
James Connally. Lackland. Laredo. Laughlin. KaiHlol|ih. Reese.
Sheppard, and Webb.

80.0.S7 (S.S()3 olTicers; .sn.3')l enlisted; 20,863 civilians i

1,782 (C/VC-47. C/TCA'C-54, C-123. C-131, CH-21. HH-43. T-28.
T/NT/VT-29. T/.IT-33. T-37. T-3S. T-39. U-3. and UH 14)

6 numbered air force equivalent units;

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

S pilot traming wings:

Lackland Mil Trng Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Amarillo Tech Trng Ctr. Amarillo AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanute .APR 11.
Kecslcr Tech Trng Clr. Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr, Lowry AFB CO
Sheppartl Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX

2 wing ci|in\alcnl units;

USAF Medical Service School, (iunlcr AFS AL
USAF Recruiting Service. Wright-I'atterson AFB
OH

2 Hying training wings:

3510th. Randolph AFB TX
363.'ith (Advanced). Stead AFB NV

2 navigator training wings;

3.'i3.'ith. Mather AFB CA
356.'>th. James Connally AFB TX

3.^(X)th. Reese AFB TX
3525th. Williams AFB AZ
3550ih. Moody AFB GA
3560ih. Webb AFB TX
3575lh. Vance AFB OK
3615th.Craig AFB AL
3640th. Laredo AFB TX
.3646th. Laughlin AFB TX

3 ini-lcpcndeni groups or gidiip et|uivalents;

3503th Tech Trng, Greens ille AlB .MS
3545th USAF Hospital. Goodfellow AFB TX
3625th Tech Tmg (W'eapons Coiiti'oller). T\iulall
AFB Fl.

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Lieutenant General James F. Briggs continued as
the ATC commander and Maj Cien I leiiiy K. Mooney
as vice commander.

143

1962

ORGANIZATION

INSTALLATIONS

Perrin AFB, Texas

In 1958 when SAC and TAC took responsibility for
conduct of their combat crew training, ADC had
refused the opportunity to train pilots as all-weather
interceptor crews, so that mission had remained in
ATC. Then, in March 1962, Air Defense Command
decided it wanted to merge Perrin's interceptor assets
with other air defense resources. The plan was to use
Perrin to provide tactical alert training. Air Defense
Command acquired Perrin AFB, Texas, on 1 July and
with it the 3555th Flying Training Wing. However,
on the same date. ADC discontinued the 3555th and,
using the wing's assets, formed the 4780th Air
Defense Wine (Trainim;).

Laughlin AFB, Texas

Strategic Air Command transferred juris-
diction of Laughlin to ATC on 1 April 1962.

NAMED ACTIVITIES

Officer Military Schools

Hlfcciixc I Jui\. ATC discontinued
Headquiulers. Officer Military Schools at
Lackland. The Path Finder study, mentioned
below, found this headquarters unnecessary,
.since the Officer Candidate School was about
to go away, leaving only the Officer Training
School.

SUBORDINATE UNITS

3646th Pilot Training Wing

On l.^lcbruar\ .Alt' rcdcsigiuited its 3645lh
Pilot Training Wing at Laughlin as the 364fiih
Pilot TrainiuL' Win".

Headquarters ATC was too large. They proposed
reorganizing the headquarters and transferring certain
functions to the training centers and wings to allow
Headquarters ATC more time to focus on policy-
making and mission. The command implemented
most of the study's recommendations.

Foreign Language Training

The Department of Defense, in early 1962. assigned
the US Army responsibility for all DOD foreign
language training. Headquarters USAF opposed the
move because the Air Force program at Lackland
was oriented toward language used in flying and
technical training. To answer Air Force concerns, the
Defense Department directed the Army to establish a
Defense Language Institute; however, the institute
was to have only technical control over Lackland's
foreign language program. Air Training Command
would retain operational control.

Students attendin<; the Nuclear Weapons Specialist
(Rcentr\ \ chicles) Course at Lowry Technical Training
Center, Colorado, "learn by doing" as they attach the
Mark \!!l \>arhead to the Mark III nose module.

3610th Navigator Training Wing

Air Training Command discontinued its 361()th
Navigator Training Wing and subordinate units at
Harlingen AFB. Texas, on 1 July. At the same time,
the command placed Harlingen on inactive status.

TRAINING

Path Finder Study

In November 1961 the ATC commander appointed a
Path Finder study group to assess the connnand's
ability to meet future training requirements and
provide new ideas that could be applied to training
technology. Group members completed the study in
May 1962. Their major finiling was that

Operation Overhaul

In Jiil\ 1462 .ATC imtiated Operation Overhaul, an
effort to improve the Officer Training School (OTS)
program. The School had expanded to the point
where it provided the Air Force with more than half
of its newly-commissioned officers. By implement-
ing Operation Overhaul. ATC adjusted the OTS
program so that it more nearly retlected job
requirements of a jiniior officer.

FLYING TRAINING

Foreign Pilot Training

Air Training Command began using the T-28 in
foreign pilot training in 1958 at Graham Air Base in
Florida. When that contract school closed in early

144

1962

P>^^

With a cheerful assist iKim his fellii« \ ietnamcse
Air Force students, this air cadet takes his
traditional dunkinas a member of the last class
to train in the 1-28 pro<;ram at Keesler AFB.
Mississippi. Ihis class "graduated in 1973.

1961. this training moved to Moody AFB in Georgia.
In early 1962 the number of South Vietnamese
students entering this program began lo increase
sharply. As a result, the Air Force stopped disposal
action on all T-28s stored at Da\ is-Monthan .AFB in
Arizona. Twenty-six of those aircraft moved to
Moody, plus the Navy transferred four. Besides the
pilot training, the Air Force also directed Air

Training Command to torm a 4.^-mcmber mobile
training team to go to Southeast Asia to train T-28
maintenance personnel.

Undergraduate Navigator Training

In carls June. Harlingen AFB. Texas, closed its UNT
program, leaving James Connally AFB. Texas, as the
only base providing this training. The command
published a new syllabus during the year, which
extended training by six weeks. That extension was
needed to cover the basic electronics instruction
added hack to the course from the advanced
navigatoi traniing program. This was a shift back to
the way training was conducted in 1957. before basic
electronics was moved to the advanced training
syllabus.

SAC KC-97 Operations

Snicc Jul) 1^).'^S. Strategic .Air CommaiKl had
conducted KC-97 training at Randolph in a tenant
status. Its 4.^97ih .Air Refueling Wing oversaw the
training program. Hov\e\er. .ATC wanted S.AC to
relocate so that Randolph could be used for other
ATC programs. While Headquarters USAF agreed
with ATC. it was reluctant to push the relocation
issue, since the KC-97 mission was soon to end.
However, a series of delays pushed that inactivation
to 30 June 1962.

In a 1960 technical Irainin-; class at Keesler \FB, Mississippi, students learn to iiiaiiilaiii the
semiautomatic "round en\ironment (.SAGE) air defense system.

145

1962

TECHNICAL TRAINING

SAGE Instruction

On 1 Jul) ATC ended its semiautomatic ground
environment (SAGE) system training program at
Richards-Gebaur AFB in Missouri, From that point
on. Keesler conducted all SAGE training.

FIRF-4 Training

Although the An Force didn't expect to receive its
first F/RF-4C until late 1963. the technical training
centers at Amarillo and Lowry were already
preparing lesson plans for courses that would support
these aircraft. In addition. ATC trainers also were at
work developing field training programs to support
the new aircraft,

intelligence Training

On 14 March Headquarters USAF notified ATC that
the Defense Department had assigned responsibility
for all DOD air intelligence training and advanced
training in photographic, radar, and infrared
interpretation to the Air Force, Sheppard already
conducted some intelligence training. However, late
in the year, Lowry officials proposed placing all
intelligence training at Lowry, and both ATC and the
Air Staff atireed.

Field Training

Air Training Command moved closer to worldwide
training coverage when, in the second half of the
year, it began providing field training support to
Military Air Transport Service and Alaskan Air
Command,

MILITARY TRAINING

Student Housing Problems at Lackland

In 1960-61 ATC thought it had found a fix for the
crowded housing conditions on Lackland, Otticials
made plans to move the language school to Lowry
and to put medical helper training at Greenville,
However, by 1962 ATC learned that Lowry's training
load was going to increase substantially. There would
not be room for the language school. Rather than
moving the language school, ATC instead transferred
medical helper training to Greenville in July, and in
August and September the command moved
cryptographic operator courses from Lackland to
Sheppard, These training relocations were just band-
aid fixes. The only way the housing problem could be
corrected was by building new facilities.

Jungle Jim

In January 1961 Soviet Premier Nikita S. Krushchev
announced his regime would support national wars of
liberation. At that time the Defense Department had
no troops specially trained to oppose insurgent
forces. In response, the Chief of Staff of the Air
Force. Gen Curtis LeMay. ordered establishment of a
combat crew training squadron at Eglin that would
develop forces able to instruct US allies in counter
guerrilla operations. The Air Staff also directed ATC
lo establish a special survival course for Jungle Jim
personnel (those assigned to the squadron). Stead
personnel began that training in April 1961, It was
because of projects like Jungle Jim that ATC
redesignated its USAF Sur\ ival School as the USAF
Survi\al and Special Training School on 1 March
1962,

Physical Fitness Testing

For the first lime, in October 1962 ATC began testing
the physical fitness of its military personnel.

A sur>i\al trainin<; instructor al Stead .\FB,
Nevada, demonstrates how to slice meat to
preser\ e as jerky.

146

1963

The Air Force established a standard wing structure— a dual deputy concept—in 1963. While there was
some reluctance in ATC to implement such a s\stem, in ,lul\ seven of the I PI Mings— Reese, Moody.
Williams. Laughlin. Laredo, Wehh, and Mather-reorganized. Each of the «ings had a Depulv Commander
for Operations, a Deput> Commander for Materiel, an air base group, and a medical function. In early
August. ATC replaced the Deput> C ommander for Operations with a l)epul\ C Ommandcr for Iraining. The
remaining fixing training wings and technical training centers \>ere scheduled to reorganize under the dual
deput) concept on I Januar\ 1964: however, lack of support b\ Headquarters ATC officials caused the plan
to be rescinded in January 1964. In July, the command closed the doors on the Officer Candidate School,
which had commissioned second lieutenants into the Air Force since 1942. Finallv. Af(. which had
particular interest in personnel matters because of its mission of recruiting and training, stood up the I SAF
Military Personal Center at Randolph AFB.

•-.sar

Aerial view of l,o\\r\ AFB. { olorado. in 1"»():. \i ilii- center is the head(|uarlers lor I owry
Technical I raining (enter. I he l)uilding was (he Agnes Memorial Sanitarium until the cil\ of
Denver donated it to the Arm) in 1937 to help establish Lowry Field.

147

1963

OFFICER CANDIDATE SCHOOL

With the enormous expansion of the Army Air
Forces (AAF) in the early years of World War II. an
increasing burden was placed on officers, especially the
small group of flying officers. To ease that burden, a
large number of administrative officers had to be trained
to relieve the flying officers of their non-flying duties.
In 1942 Lt Gen Henry H. Arnold, Chief of the AAF.
directed Maj Gen Walter R. Weaver, head of the
Technical Training Command, to establish an Officer
Candidate School (OCS). In response. General Weaver
quickly opened an officer candidate school in February
1942 at several Miami Beach. Florida, resort hotels.
Officer candidates were selected from two categories:
former aviation cadets eliminated for flying or medical
deficiency and waiTant officers and enlisted men. Their
qualifications included age limits of 18 to 36 years.
demonstrated capacity for leadership, and a score of 1 10
or higher on the Army general classification test. These
requirements remained in effect without major
modification until after V-E day. In succeeding years.
however, these requirements changed in response to the
fluctuating need for officers.

Initially the OCS course was 12 weeks in length,
and the academic curriculum was uniform for all
candidates. In January 1943 the curriculum was
divided into two phases. The first phase involved
military indoctrination and leadership, while the
second prepared candidates for duty in a particular
field. To handle the expanded curriculum, officials
extended the OCS course to 16 weeks in June 1943.
The school remained at Miami Beach until it moved
in June 1944 to the Aviation Cadet Center in San
Antonio. Texas. In June 1945, only two months before
it was temporarily suspended, the school moved to
Maxwell Field, Alabama. During the war, over 29,000
men graduated from Officer Candidate School. After
the war. the Officer Candidate School closed for a
short period of time and then resumed its 16- week
course in September 194.'i.

The following February. OCS returned to San
Antonio. Although only a shell of its former self, the
school continued to graduate newly commissioned
reserve officers at a rate of 300-600 per year for the next

Folding up the OC S flag for the last time are (left to right) Lt C ol J. \ . O'Brien,
Commander. OCS; Maj (;en P. M. Spiccr. Commander. Lackland Military
Training C enter: and C Ol B. H. Settles, Director of Operations at Lackland
Military Training Center, .\fter 21 years of operation, OCS officially closed its
doors on 1 .lulv 1963.

148

1963

Follo\\in^; graduation. (ittKir candidates have a
private ceremon> of their o«n.

17 years, save for the Korean War when there was an
increase in production. The curriculum remained sub-
stantially the same during this period, although the
course was extended from 16 to 24 weeks in length.
There were some changes in eligibility requirements,
however. When OCS reopened in 1946. only enlisted
men and warrant officers were eligible. The following
year, the school was open to civilians, who had at least

two _\ears ol college or passed a college-lc\el test. In
1948 women also became eligible. Then in 1952 the
educational requirements for OCS were lowered. Two
years of college were no longer necessary, and high
school graduates could now enter. In 19.55. however.
OCS applicants were required to have completed one
year of active duty.

In the late 195()s. the Air Force also modified OCS's
mission. From producing primarily administrative and
other nonrated officers, the school began to send about
one-half of its graduates to preflight school, responding
to the Air Force's need for more aircrew members. In
1959 when the Air Force, realizing that it had to expand
officer procurement to meet its growing needs, opened
Officer Training School (OTS). OCS's days were
numbered. For over 21 years, OCS had afforded
airmen an opportunity to earn an Air Force
commission. Faced with the .Air Force's increased
emphasis on college graduates for its officer corps and
the concomitant growth of OTS. as well as the
establishment of the Airman Education and
Commissioning Program (AECP) in 1960, OCS was
phased out on 1 July 196,^. During its existence, OCS
produced over 4 1 ,000 officers.

Officer candidates eat a "square" meal in the OCS dininu hall at Lackland AFB.

149

1963

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as

ot 31 DecLMiibor 1^63)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS: 19

Alabama--Craig; Arizona-Williams: California- Mather: Colorado-Lowry:
Georsia-Moody: Illinois-Chanute: Mississippi-Greenville and Keesler:
Nevada-Stead:' Oklahoma-Vance: Texas- Amarillo. James Connally.
Lackland, Laredo, Laughlin. Randolph. Reese. Sheppard. and Webb

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

6 numbered air force equivalent units:

Lackland Mil Trng Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Amarillo Tech Trng Ctr, Amarillo AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr, Chanute AFB IL
Kccslcr Tech Trng Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr. Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX

2 wing equi\ alenl units:

USAF Medical Service School. Gunter AFS AL
USAF Recruiting Service. Wright-Patterson AFB
OH

2 Hying training wings:

351()th. Randolph AFB TX
3635lh (Advanced). Stead AFB NV

2 navigator training wings:

3535th. Mather AFB CA
3565th. .lames Connally AFB TX

8 pilot training wings:

350()th. Reese AFB TX
3525th. Williams AFB AZ
355()th. Moody AFB GA
3560th. Webb AFB TX
3575th. Vance AFB OK
3615th. Craig AFB Al.
3640th. Laredo AFB TX
3646th. Laughlin AFB TX

2 independent groups equivalent units:

3505th Tech Trng, Greenville AFB MS
3545th USAF Hospital, Goodfellow AFB TX

79.272 (8.524 officers: 50.521 enlisted: 20.227 civilians)
Body text with one carriage return below.

Lt Gen Robert W.
Burns

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

On 1 August 1963. Lt Gen Robert W. Bums
assumed command of ATC from Lt Gen James E.
Briggs, who retired after 35 years of service. Before
his ATC assignment. General Burns had ci>ncuiTently
served as the Chairman of the Intcr-Ameiican
Defense Board and as the senior Air Force member
of the Military Staff Committee at the United
Nations. Continuing as vice commander was Major
General Mooney.

ORGANIZATION

NAMED ACTIVITIES

Air Intelligence

Httccti\c 1 July 1963. An rrainiiig Command estab-
lished the Armed Forces Air Intelligence Training
Center as a named activity at Lowry AFB. Colorado.
The center was assigned to the 3415th Technical
School, USAF at Lov\r\ . and its First students entered

150

1963

training on 17Jui\. By establisliing the training
center. ATC consulidaied all intelligence training at a
sintile base.

,\n instructor of laser photo reconnaissance
systems at Lowry AFB, Colorado, demonstrates
polarl/ed light with a laser light source. (Note the
master instructor badge used in the 1950s and
196ns.»

SUBORDINATE UNITS

3625th Technical Training Group

With the reduction in weapons controller training
requirements. ATC decided to redesignate its training
group at Tyndall as a squadron and assign it to the
3.^8()th Technical School. USAF at Keesler. On
1 July ATC renamed the group the 3625th Technical
Training Squadron (Weapons Controller).

Pilot Training Groups Discontinued

As a pari ol cost cullnig measures duected b_\ the
Department of Defense. ATC discontinued six pilot
training groups on 1.5 July: the 350()th at Reese, the
352.5th ai Williams, the .V55()th at Moody, the 3560th
at Webb, the 364()th at Laredo, and the 3645lh at
Lauizhlin.

TRAINING

Instructor Shortage

Duiuig 1963 AIC reported a shortage of captains
assigned. Because a inajority of officer instmctor
authorizations called for captains, this meant the
command v\as unable to fill its otficer instructor slots
with skilled personnel. Flying training missions
confronted similar manning ilifficulties because most
pilots arul na\igators lacked field experience. As a
result, training quality suffered.

FLYING TRAINING

Undergraduate Pilot Training

In the first half of the year, the Office of the
Secretary of Defense finally approved Laredo as the
eighth .ATC base lo provide undergraduate pilot
training. The command had first decided to add
Laredo to its list of UPT bases in 1960. though
money was needed to repair the aging airfield. It took
almost \\\a years for the Defense Department to
release limited funds for runway repair. Other
changes in pilot iraining included the relocation of
foreign pilot training from Moody AFB. Georgia, to
Randolph. That ga\e Mood\ the capabilit> to support
jet pilot training. Also, after months of waiting. SAC
finalK mo\ed its U-2 wing from Laughlin to Davis-
Monthan .AFB. Arizona, giving ATC the additional
space it needed to conduct pilot training more
effecti\ely from Laughlin.

T-38 Conversion

During I9(i3 A IC continued to accept T-3S "Talons"
into its insentory. and by December the coinersion
from T-33s to T-38s was one year ahead of schedule.
Of the eight UPT bases, only Laughlin. Laredo, and
Craig had noi begun conversion.

Pilot Attrition

Although attrition rates during 1963 were lower than
programmed, there was one category of student
whose attrition was higher ihaii an\ other. This was
the officer training school (OTSi graduate entering
pilot training. During FY 62. OTS trainees had a 43
percent attrition rate. In the tiist lull ot F^' 63. that
figure rose to 46.5 percent. .Among the contributing
factors was the lack of previous association with a
military or Hying situation, as well as a need for more
careful screening of OTS graduates before they
entered pilot training. One of ATC's actions,
prompted by an IG inspection, was to transfer staff
supervisory responsibility of OTS from the Deputy
Chief of StatT, Technical Training lo the Deputy
Chief of Staff. Operations.

Airspace Concerns

Since the miroduciion of the supersonic T-38 in
1961. ATC hail problems with civilian agencies in
allocating airspace. Recurring negotiations took place
between ATC and the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) in 1963. Representatives from
several Air Force commands, including .ATC. SAC,
and TAC. convened at Randolph AFB in December
1963 and sorted out long- and short-lcrm solutions to
the problem of airspace. Follow ing that meeting, the
FAA told its regional directors that there was an
urgent need to reexamine .ATC's T-38 training
program and to absorb as many training operations as
possible into the "area positive control" (APC)

1963

environment-the airspace between 41,U0U and
60,000 feet. Conferees agreed on a tentative schedule
that would integrate training into the APC at the
several flying training bases.

Simulator Versus EWO Flying Training

Perioilicall_\. ATC had made eflorts to modernize or
replace the eight TC-54D simulators used in
electronic warfare officer training since 1958 but
with little success. In August 1963 the Air Force
disapproved an ATC request to modify a dozen T-29s
at a cost of $1.2 million, because funds were not
available. At the same time. Headquarters USAF
began looking at the possibility of reassigning
electronic countermeasures-equipped T-29s from
SAC to ATC for EWO training: however, that option
also failed when Mather officials determined these
aircraft did not meet the needs of students in
electronic warfare training. Instead, the command
slowed its disposal of TC-54s and decided to
continue use of its current simulators.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Missile Training

In I9(i3 Chanute discontinued Bomarc missile
training and. at the same lime, prepared course
outlines for SAC's Minuteman II program.

In the lorcground of the Chanute missile training
facillt>. is the Titan missile area. Titan and .\tlas
components arc in the center, and the Atlas
missile area is in the background.

MILITARY TRAINING

Cuban Brigade

A small part of Lackland's nnhtar\ Iramnig program
commanded attention at high lc\els in March.
Veterans of the 2,'i()6th Cuban Brigade, which had
participated in the Bay of I'igs debacle, reported to
Lackland under a DOD program that permitted
Cuban officers and enlisted men to join one of the US
services and receive military and language
instruction. Lackland's chief coiuribiuion was

language training. Although some Cubans wanted
flying duty, training was confined to seven fields:
supply. aircraft maintenance, transportation,
financial, motor vehicle maintenance, air police, and
personnel.

MISCELLANEOUS

Personnel Operating Functions to Transfer

For many years. USAF officials had discussed the
idea of consolidating personnel operating functions
into a single personnel center or command. In fact,
between the end of World War II and 1962, the Air
Force had examined that possibility in 26 separate
studies. Air Training Command had a special interest
in the consolidation issue because it possessed two
major personnel functions-recruitment and training.
Then in 1962 the Office of the Secretary of Defense
introduced Project 39, which was directed at cutting
headquailers strength by 15 to 30 percent. That
brought renewed interest in consolidation, because
moving personnel functions to Randolph could save
over 1.000 authorizations at the Pentagon. In mid-
1963 the Air Force moved various personnel
functions from Washington. D.C., to Randolph. The
move was wrapped in controversy, because of discus-
sions to consolidate personnel functions possibly
with ATC-in effect, creating an Air Force Training
and Personnel Command. Much of the opposition to
consolidation came from senior air commanders who
feared they would lose control over their sources of
manpower, if ATC managed all personnel. This
consolidation never happened, but the various
personnel offices were combined at Randolph into a
separate USAF Military Personnel Center on
2 November 1963.

The ne>\ IS AF Military Personnel (enter stood
up on 2 No\ ember 196.V

1964

As the year progressed, plans for moving the liSAF Recruiting Service from Wright-Patterson AFB. Ohio,
to Randolph continued to mature. Another dexelopnienl in 1964 «as the phasedo«n of Cilreen\ille AFB,
Mississippi. I'he spin characteristics of the T-37 aircraft continued to cause concern, hut the problem was
studied and resol\ed during the >ear. Possibly because of the escalation of the war in \ ietnam, the Air Force
experienced an unusualU good recruiting year. During early 1964, ATC submitted its proposals for cuts
mandated b\ the Air Force under Project ICE~increased combat effecti>eness. Despite chronic problems
with contractors and slipped milestones, ATC moved ahead with training plans for the Minuleman II missile.

Students in basic training at lackland AFB, Texas, learn how to handle and control incendiaries as pari of
chemical warfare training.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(ah ul 31 December 1904)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

Alab;im;i--Ciaij;; Aii/<)na--Vv'illiains; {'alirornia-Malher; Coloiatlo-I.dwry:
Cic()riiia--M()ody: llliiKiis--C"liaiuitc: Mississippi--(iiccinillc and Keeslor:
Nevada-Slcad: ()klahoma--VaiKc: Tcxas--Amarill(i. James Connally.
Lackland. Laredo. Laughlin. Randolph. Reese. Sheppard. and Wehh

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:

77,696 (8.8.^5 officers; 48,856 enlisted; 20.()0.S civilians)

153

1964

AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

1.663 (C-47. C-54. C-l 18. C-123. C-131. CH-3. CH-21. HH-43. T-28, T-29,
T-33. T-37. T-38. T-39. T-41. U-3. UH-19)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

6 mimhered air force equivalent units:

Lackland Mil Trng Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Amarillo Tech Trng Ctr. Amarillo AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanute AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr. Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr, Sheppard AFB TX

2 wing equi\ alent units:

USAF Medical Service School. Gunter AF Station
AL

USAF Recruiting Service, Wright-Patterson AFB
OH

2 flying training wings:

3.Sl()th. Randolph AFB TX
3635th (Advanced). Stead AFB NV

8 pilot training wings:

330()th. Reese AFB TX
3525th, Williams AFB AZ
3550th. Moody AFB GA
3560th. Webb AFB TX
3575th. Vance AFB OK
3615th, Craig AFB AL
3640th. Laredo AFB TX
3646th, Laughlin AFB TX

2 navigator training wings:

3535th. Mather AFB CA
3565th, James Connally AFB TX

2 independent groups or group equivalents:

3505th Tech Trng. Greenville AFB MS
3545th USAF Hospital. Goodfellow AFB TX

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

ORGANIZATION

LtGen
William \\ . Momver

On 1 1 August 1964. Ll Gen William W. Momyer
replaced Lt Gen Robert W, Burns as Commander.
Air Training Command. General Momyer had
previously served as the HQ USAF Assistant Deputy
Chief of Staff. Programs and Requirements. General
Burns retired. Major General Mooney remained as
vice commander.

SUBORDINATE UNITS

Reserve Medical Units

In early 1964 the Continental Air Command
reorganized its reserve medical program. Between
April 1964 and March 1965, reserve medical units
were established at all ATC bases. In May 1964 units
at Keesler. Amarillo. James Connally. and Lowry
were ordered to extended acti\ e dutv.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

T-29S and T-33s Eliminated in IPIS

The coniinand cinninalcd the use i)f T-29s and T-33s
in instrument pilot instructor school after a survey
showed school production had exceeded Air Force
demand. .Another factor possibly contributing to the
removal of the two types of aircraft from IPIS was
the saturation of airspace and air traffic at Randolph,
as observed by officials during a management
inspection of ATC in late 1963.

154

1964

Simulators and Weapons Controllers

Tlic iiiosi signit'icaiil c\cnt inriLiciicins: ilie weapons
controller training program was the proposed transfer
of resources for pro\iding "live" intercept training.
From 1953 until l'-)58. the Tyndall course had used
T-33s to conduct ground control intercepts. After
1958 ATC placed less emphasis on live aircraft
support, so that by early 1963 only ten T-33s
remained in ilic 3625th Technical Training Group's
inventory. .Ai that time a disagreement de\eloped
between Air Training Command and Air Defense
Command as to the need for live intercept training.
Officials in ATC believed that adequate training
could be provided through simulation. It took almost
a year to accomplish and on 1 April 1964. .-XTC
transferred all 1 1 aircraft and 59 manpower author-
izations to Air Defense Conniiand for simulator
training.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Minuteman Missile

As Minuteman I missile training phased out. ATC
prepared to teach maintenance training on the new
generation of Minuteman missiles— Minuteman II.
Instructors began receiving contractor-conducted
training at Holloman AFB, New Mexico, in January
1964. Then in April the first ATC instructors- 10
from Chanute-entered a ballistic missile analysis
course given by Boeing.

Sh()\>n is a vic» of communications
equipment used >%ilh the Minuteman
launch training facilitv.

At \ancc AFB. Oklahoma, pilot trainees use the allilutle chamber to simulaie IImmu at hijih

altitudes.

155

1964

MISCELLANEOUS

Project ICE

At the end of 1963, Gen Curtis LeMay, Air Foree
Chief of Staff, advised all major commands that the
Air Force had to intensify economy measures
because of budget reductions, decreases in man-
power, and ever-increasing fixed costs. The plan was
called Project ICE [increased combat effectiveness].
Its purpose was to cut costs elsewhere so that greater
emphasis could be placed on combat effectiveness.
Among the cuts ATC identified in 1964 were
reducing the number of women in the Air Force,
consolidating medical training, reducing activities in
the Office of Information, and consolidating common
training for the services.

Humanitarian Aid

On 19 August 1964. Stead AFB provided helicopter,
medical, water-carrying, and earth-moving support to
civilians fighting a 200.000-acre brush and grass fire
in Nevada. In September Laughlin personnel assisted
with emergency rescue efforts when floods hit the
Del Rio. Texas, area. Then in December 1964 and
January 1965. Stead again provided helicopters,
supplies, and personnel to assist in disaster relief
efforts in northern California and southern Oregon,
where winter floods had devastated the area.

Students learn how to handle parachutes durin<; the Parachutc/Lifc Support Course at Chanute .\FB, Illinois

156

1965

During the year, the I'S government esealated American military involxement in Metnam. This had a
marked effect on indi\idual technical and militar> (raining centers. I'or example, in Deeemher 1964 Keesler
Technical I raining Center had 1(1.(1X9 students in training; in December 1965 it had 16.495. Despite A IC's
efforts, the >var in Southeast Asia siphoned off most of the command's best ins(ruc(()rs. Iea\ing it «i(h a
significant lack of experienced, qualified personnel. Ihe number of graduates from basic militar\ (raining
increased dramaticall>. To accommodate the increased production, ATC reverted to a split-phase basic
militar> training program.

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as 1)1 31 IX-cemher 1465)
IS

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

6 numbered air force equivalent iiriits:

Alabama--Craig: Ari/A)na--Willianis: Calilornia-Mather:
Colorado— Lowry: Georgia--Moody: Illinois—Chanute:
Mississippi-Keesler; Nevada-Stead: Oklaiioma- Vance:
Texas— Amarillo. James Connaily. Lackland, Laredo,
Laughlin, Randolph. Reese. Sheppard. and Webb

76,7.^2 (S.3I.^ officers; 47.677 enlisted: 20.760 cnilians)

L876 (C-47. C-34. C-I2.\ C-13L CH-.\ HH-43. T-28. T-29.
T-33. T-37. T-38. T-39. T-4L U-3, UH-19)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

Lackland Mil Tmg Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Amarillo Tech Tmg Ctr. Amarillo AFB TX
Chanute Tech Tmg Ctr. Chaniite AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr. Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX

2 wing equivalent units:

USAF Medical Service .School. Gunter AF Station
AL

USAF Recrmting Service. Kaiulolph AlB TX

3 flying training s\ ings:

3."^ I nth. Randolph AFB TX
36.30th. Sheppard AlB TX
363.'ilh (AiKancedl. Stead AFB NV

2 navigator training wings;

3535th. Mather AFB CA
3565th. lames Connalh AFB TX

S pilot traiiung v\ings;

35()Olh. Reese AFB TX
3525th. Williams AFB AZ
355()th. Moody AFB GA
356()th. Webb AFB TX
3575th. Vance AFB OK
36l5lh.Craig AFB AL
3640th. Laredo AFB TX
3646th. Laughlin AFR T\

I intlependent grouii equivalent unit:

3545lh USAF Hospital. Goodfellou AlB IX

157

1965

Airmen in the technical missile courses at Sheppard AFB, Texas, march to the mess hall alter morning; classes.

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

The ATC commander. Lieutenant General
Momyer. designated Major General Mooney, ATC's
vice commander since 16 November 1960, as the
new Lackland Military Training Center commander.
Stepping in on 1 August as the new vice commander
was Maj Gen Nils O. Ohman. Previously, General
Ohman served as the ATC Deputy Chief of Staff,
Technical Training.

ORGANIZATION

HQ ATC Reorganization

In earl) lebruary, the ATC commander announced
that the headquarters would undergo an extensive
reorganization to better group functions ami promote
more efficient management of the head(.|uarters.
Those changes began on 1 March, when the l)eput\
Chief of Staff, Flying Training became the Deputy
Chief of Staff, Operations and the Deputy Chief of
Staff, Plans, Programs, and Operations Services
becanie the Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans. All Hying
activiies in ATC then fell under Operations, as did
the con . 1 t-ist, weather, and operation services.
Operations transferred functional responsibility for
monitoring Officer Trainina School and general

military training to the Deputy Chief of Staff,
Technical Training. Staff surveillance of the Judge
Advocate School passed from Operations to the Staff
Judge Advocate, and the Chaplain School came
under the command chaplain.

INSTALLATIONS

Greenville AFB Inactivated

In December I9(i,i Secreiar\ of Defense Robert
McNamara announced that Greenville AFB would
close in 1965. During the first half of 1964. ATC
began moving medical training from Greenville to
Gunter AFS in Alabama. Personnel courses
transferred to Amarillo, and firefighting went to
Chanute. On 1 April 1965, ATC inactivated
Green\ ille and its 35()5th Technical Training Group.
At the same time, ATC assigned the base to Kecsler
in caretaker status, until it returned to civilian control
on 27 October 1 066,

NAMED ACTIVITIES

USAF Recruiting Service Relocated

By I July 1965, the USAF Recruiting Service moved
its headquarters from Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio,
to Randolph. The move had a two-fold purpose, to
nunc Recruitinn Ser\ice from its old warehouse

158

1965

An instructor at Lowry AFB, Colcirado. makes a point to a ;;n)up oJ munitions maintenance students.

facility, which was in need of major repairs, and to
put it closer to command headquarters.

Judge Advocate Course Realigned

Elfcctne 14 Scplcmber \'-)h5. the Judge Advocate
course moved from jurisdiction of the USAF
Chaplain School to the Officer Training .School, This
move was made in preparation for ihe transler ol liie
chaplain school to Maxwell AFB m 1966.

SUBORDINATE UNITS

3630th Flying Training Wing

The commaiul ilesigiialcd and organized the .Vi.^Olh
Flying Training Wing at Sheppard and assigned it to
Headquarters ATC effective 10 December 196."^. The
new wing would conduct the undergraduate pilot
training program foi the Cicrman Air Force.

TRAINING

Training Expansion

During ihe last half of 196.'i. Hying training showed a
small increase; however, military and technical
training units showed a large expansion, primarily

because of the situation in Southeast .Asia. At
Sheppard. for instance, the a\erage daily student load
grew from 4.()()() ni .lul\ lo almost 9..'S()() in
December. Keeslers student loail jumped from
12.675 at mid-year to 16.49.5 al the end of the \ear.
and Chanute more than doublcil il^ load, climbing lo
almost 9.200.

FLYING TRAINING

Flying Program Revised

In early 196.5. ATC decided to replace its 55-week.
252 tlying-hour training program with a new course.
Known as the 30/90/1 20-Hour Program, the new
class was 5?> weeks long and included 240 Hying
hours (.30 conventional and 210 jet). Class 67-A was
ihe lirsi lo enter the new program, beginning on
29Jul>.

Flight Screening Program

Ihe mam dilleiencc bclween the previous UPT
program and the 30/90/120 program was the addition
of a light plane phase, in which civilian contractors
provided 27 days of instruction and 30 hours of
Hying in the T-41. To provide flying hours for the
T-41. ATC reduced the primary phase to 90 hours
and left the basic phase unchanged al 120 hours. The

159

1965

flight screening program began in July 1965 when
ATC revised its Hying training program, cutting two
weeics from the course. Jet flying hours dropped from
252 to 210. Civilian contractors conducted the
training near each of the undergraduate pilot training
bases.

training at Freeman Field. Indiana. The school moved
to Chanute in late 1944. to Sheppard in 1945. to San
Marcos in 1947. James Connally in 1949. back to San
Marcos in 1951. to Randolph in 1956. and to Stead in
1958.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Ms Carol VVcnheimer. the only female contract
instructor pilot, walks out to a waiting 1-41 trainer
at Stinson Field in San Antonio, Texas. Ci>ilian
contractors conducted the light plane phase of
undergraduate pilot training at flying facilities
located near each of A IC's IP I bases.

Undergraduate Navigator Training

Air Trainnig Command reached a milestone in
undcrgraduale navigator training during the first half
o\' 1965 when the aviation cadet program came to an
end at James Connally AFB. During the year,
personnel at James Connally spent most of their lime
preparing for the TAC takeover in early 1966. All
navigator training would relocate to Mather AFB in
California, along with a number of T-29s.

Helicopter Training

Ail framing Command activated the 36.^7th I-'lying

Training Squadron (Helicopter) at Sheppard on

I October and assignetl it to the Sheppard Technical

Training Center. Then in December, with the

activation of the 3630th Flying Training Wing. ATC

reassigned the st|uadron from the center to the wing.

'Vith the coming closure of Stead AFB in 1966. the

'dron woukl assume helicopier training at

■d. The command hail operated a helicopter

e March 1944 when it opened helicopter

Amarillo Announced as Closure Base

In early 1965, ATC began making plans to close its
training activities at Amarillo and transfer the base to
Air Defense Command by mid- 1968. The command
would relocate 29 technical courses: 7 to Chanute,
10 to Lowry. 5 to Sheppard. and 7 to Lackland.

MILITARY TRAINING

Split-Phase BMT Reborn

In early 1965. President Lyndon B. Johnson
announced that the United States would begin
increasing the number of its forces in Southeast Asia.
In response to a USAF request and not wanting to be
caught unprepared as it was with Korea. ATC
conducted a comprehensive study of Lackland's
housing capacity to determine the greatest basic
military training load the base could handle. Officials
found that Lackland could hold 20.000 nonprior
service students "until the winter months by doubling
up practically all personnel." However, rather than
expecting Lackland to handle the basic military
increase alone, on 9 August 1965. Air Training
Command returned to a split-phase basic military
training program. In order to handle the influx of
nonprior service airmen, most basic military training
students selected for technical instructit)n received
four weeks of BMT at Lackland and the last two
weeks of the six-week course at either a technical
training school or the medical service school. Airmen
designated as direct duty assignees, all Women's Air
Force members, and Air National Guard and Air
Force Reserve personnel took the entire BMT course
at Lackland. The split program remained in effect
until 5 April 1966. when all basic military training
returned to Lackland.

MISCELLANEOUS

Manpower Shortfalls

.An liaimiig Command continued lo have problems
keeping qualified, experienced instructors, and the
problem worsened as more and more personnel
received assignments to Siiutheast Asia just as ATC's
training requirements increased. Weapon systems
support training and aircraft and motor vehicle
maintenance courses ai Chanute. administrative and
supply courses at Amarillo. electronics training at
Keesler. and a variety of other courses at Lowry and
Sheppard hadn't the number of experienced

160

1965

instructors needed to provide qualil\ instruction.
Even some flying training units reported shortages of
instructor pilots, maintenance and supply specialists,
and survival instructors. To allc\iatc these problems.
Air Training Command increased I'ormal instructor
training, shifted some instructors from well-manned
fields to those with chronic shortages, froze military
instructor assignments. hired more civilian
instructors, and filled nian\ other iiisii iictor slots with
new graduates.

ATC Response to Southeast Asia Conflict

Hscalalion of the war in Vietnam had a corres-
ponding effect on ATC's Prime BEEF (base engineer
emergency force) teams. Here was just the sort of
contingency envisioned in the BEEF concept. The
first deployment took place at mid-year. On 30 June
the Air Force directed ATC. SAC. and ADC to alert
skilled personnel in certain specialties for short-
notice, temporary deployment to Southeast Asia as a
composite team. The expected tasks were site layout,
construction cribbing, and steel revetments. No ATC
base had a full\-nianned BEEF team from which to
draw, but a detailed screening of personnel records at
HQ ATC identified 24 airmen at 8 bases who met
most of the criteria. While the Prime BEEF program
was still in development, the requirement was
regarded as a foretaste of the future and justification

tor an immediate review of the command's manning
and training resources.

Project Sparrow Hawk

In mid-Decembcr l'Xi4. the US Air I'orce established
Project Sparrow Hawk, a high priority requirement
for evaluating six A-6A, six A-4, and six F-.'SA
aircraft in the tactical mission environment. The
object ol' the icsi was lo delcrniiiic ihc capability of
these aircraft to perform close air support. Tactical
Air Command conducted the lest al liglin AFB in
Florida, with ATC providing T-.38 aircrew transition
and ground crew training. The Air Staff also directed
ATC to coordinate with TAC on training require-
ments. By -lO June 1965. .Air Training Command had
completed its support of Spamivv Haw k.

Mission Support Aircraft Reduced

Earl) m the vcar lleadquarlcis I S,\l looked al the
possibility of reducing the number of mission support
aircraft service-wide. .Mr Training Command soon
learned that its tleet wDuld be reduced by almost M)
percent--a loss of 59 aircraft, mostly C-54s. C-123s,
and T-2ys. The command's rcinaining airlift capa-
bility was to be concentrated at the technical training
centers.

Basic training iciTuits
priKticf clinil)iii<4 Ihc
stacked barrels on Ihc
olistaclc course at
Aiiiarillo MB, Texas

161

1965

BASIC TRAINING IN THE VIETNAM ERA

Compared to the drastic influx of trainees during the Korean War. the buildup of basic training at Lackland for
the Vietnam War went smoothly. The modern Air Force of computers and sophisticated management concept
expanded in an orderly manner. The days of "Tent City" remained just part of Lackland's colorful history.

Although the Lackland mission did not change during the last half of 196.'i. the growing manpower requirements
for Southeast Asia were reflected in the increased workload for the Basic Military School.

All of Lackland's organizations geared for the upsurge when advised by higher headquarters that the USAF
Recruiting Service had been authorized to exceed the programmed nonprior service enlistment objective for the first
quiirter of fiscal year 1966. The programmed increase called for 400 additional nonprior service airmen in July. 200
in August, and 800 in September. Lackland anticipated a student load of 17.900 on 1.^ July and did not expect the
student load to drop below 17.000 before the middle of October.

The plan for emergency expansion of basic military training (BMT) called for additional housing facilities to
accommodate a total on-base load of 10.000. At the time, the Basic Military School only had space for 17.770
trainees, including guardsmen and reservists. Lackland obtained additional space by consolidating some of its
technical training students, relocating OTS permanent party personnel to the Lackland Training Annex, housing
trainees in the transient airmen's quarters, and regrouping permanent party personnel. Still, Lackland had to increase
the size of each flight from 60 to 65 in order to find enough room. By 18 September the trainee population had
climbed to 20,037.

The Vietnam buildup necessitated a brief return to split-phase training from August 1965 to April 1966. This
program provided for 22 days at Lackland and 8 days at a technical school, with directed duty assignees receiving
the full .^0 days at Lackland. When BMT returned to a single phase on 1 April 1966. it was cut back to 24 days for a
brief period from April to July 1966. After that, basic training stabilized at a length of six weeks, called the
"minimum essential" program. Ironically, this was the same length as the program used by the Army Air Forces
when Lackland opened as a basic training base 20 years before.

During 1966. no other single incident had as significant an impact on the Lackland training center as the death of
an airman basic on 10 February 1966. The cause of death was spinal meningitis. Before it was over. 10 cases of the
dreaded disease had been confirmed. Luckily, there were no other deaths. Training officials took immediate steps
to halt the spread of the virus. They increased the distance between tables in the basic trainees' dining halls and
canceled all nonessential activities requiring gatherings of basic trainees. Officials also curtailed the use of chapels,
theaters, service clubs, and all activities requiring exertion. In addition, they cut the size of flights to 55 and
canceled all town passes.

Largely because of the meningitis outbreak. Headquarters USAF diverted incoming recruits to Amarillo AFB.
Texas, which was scheduled to close in July I96S. Lackland sent a sizeable cadre of permanent party personnel to
Amarillo to assist. Recruits began arriving on 18 February 1966. It was not until the latter part of March that
Lackland v\ as back to normal. However, due to the influx of trainees for the Vietnam buildup. .Amarillo conducted
BMT until November 1968 and did not close until 31 December 1968.

During the late 1960s. Lackland went through a building boom. Five huge dormitories, each capable of housing
1.000 airmen, were constructed. These giant dormitories had living areas, dining halls, classrooms, and training
areas for an entire basic training squadron all under one roof. The base also acquired a personnel processing facility,
a dispensarv. a sentrv dog \eterinary clinic, two \ isiiint' officers' c|uarters. and several recreational tacilities.

162

1966

The escalation of the «ar in \ ietnam in\ol\ed XVC in <ireater recruitment on behalf of the Air Force. The
fiscal jear 1966 fjoal for enlistinj; non-prior ser\ice personnel for four \ears of acti\e duty. Ilrst set at 88,535,
stood at 139.491 on 18 January. By the end of ^^ 66, the »oal had increased to 162.868. Pilot shortages
pro>idcd a theme for much Air Force discussion and recei\ed much attention in Air Training Command.
Official Air Force projections placed the F\ 67 deficit in pilots at more than 3,000, although the immediate
demand for pilots was being satisfied by the undergraduate pihtt training program and b\ assigning desk-
bound rated officers to primary fiying positions. In addition, the >vilhdra\>al of rated officers from ATC
struck hard at the command's instructor pilot force.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as ol 31 December 1966)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

Alabama--Craig; Arizona-Williams; California-Mather: Colorado-Loury:
Georgia— Moody; Illinois— Chanule; Mississippi -Keesler; Oklahoma -Vance;
Texas-Amariilo, Laclvland, Laredo, Laughlin, Randolph, Reese, Sheppard, and
Webb

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

79,327 (7.99()orncers; 49.417 enlisted; 2 1 .920 civilians)

1.833 (C-47. C-54. C-123. C-131. CH-3, CH-21. HH-43. T-28. T-29. T-.33,
T-.37. T-38, T-39. T-41. U-3. UH-19)

President Lyndon B. .lohnson talks to crowds of Laughlin AFB
personnel who turned out to see the chief e\ecuti\e «hen he
\isited the base in 1966. President .lohnson «as there on an
inspection tour of Amislad Dam on the Rio drande Ri\er near
Del Uio. Fhe giant dam, a joint project of the Inited States and
the Republic of Mexico «as nearing the half\\a> point in its
construction. President .Johnson and his part) toured the dam
site >>ilh Mexican President Gustavo Diaz Orda/.

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

7 numbered air force et|iii\alcni units:

USAF Recruiting -Service. Randolph AFB TX
Lackland Mil Trng Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Amarillo Tech Trng Ctr. Amarillo AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanule AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr. Keesler AFB MS

Lowry Tech Trng Ctr. Low ry ALB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard ALB TX

2 flying training wings:

35l()th, Randolph AFB TX
3630lh, Sheppard AFB TX

163

1966

1 navigator training wing:

3535lh. Mather AFB CA

8 piKil naming wings:

35UUth, Reese AFB TX
3525th, Williams AFB AZ
3550th. Moody AFB GA
3560th. Webb AFB TX
3575th, Vance AFB OK
3615th. Craig AFB AL
3640th. Laredo AFB TX
3646th. Laughlin AFB TX

2 independent group or group equivalent units:

3545th USAF Hospital. Goodfellow AFB TX
3636th Combat Crew Trng (Survival). Fairchild
AFB WA

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

LtGcn
Sam Maddux, Jr.

On 1 July Lt Gen Sam Maddux, Jr.. who had
served as Vice Commander of Pacific Air Forces
since 1^65. replaced Lt Gen William W. Momyer as
Commander of ATC. General Momyer became the
Deputy Commander. Military Assistance Command.
Vietnam and the Commander. Seventh Air Force.
Continuing as ATC vice commander was Major
General Ohman.

ORGANIZATION

INSTALLATIONS

James Connally AFB, Texas, Reassigned

As ordered by the Secretary of the Aw Force, on
I January 1966. ATC transferred James Connally
AFB. Texas, and its 3565th Navigator Training
Wing, to Tactical Air Command. Only the 3565th
Navigator Training Group at James Connally

remained in ATC. assigned on I January directly to
the headquarters for the purpose of closing the
undergraduate navigator training program there.
When that job was completed, on I May ATC
inactivated the group and its two training squadrons.

Stead AFB, Nevada

At the direction of the Department of the Air Force,
ATC inactivated Stead AFB, Nevada, and its 3635th
Flying Training Wing (Advanced) on 15 June 1966.
Stead's helicopter pilot training unit, the 3638th
Flying Training Squadron (Helicopter) was
discontinued on I April, and the 3637th Combat
Crew Training Squadron (Survival and Special
Training) ceased to exist on I June. Helicopter
training moved to Sheppard AFB in Texas, and
survival training transferred to Fairchild AFB in
Washington. Activated on 1 March 1966 to assume
survival training at Fairchild was the 3636th Combat
Crew Training Group (Survival). The group reported
directly to HQ ATC.

Flying Activities Ended at Lowry

In 1938 the first Army aircraft landed at Lowry Field.
Through the years, many different aircraft operated
from the field, but in recent years airspace had
become so crowded that in 1966 the Air Force
directed Lowry to shift all of its flying activities to
nearby Buckley Air National Guard Base.

NAMED ACTIVITIES

Medical Service School, USAF

In the mid-l96()s. Gunter began to find it more
difflcult to support medical training, as training
requirements expanded. Air Training Command
considered several sights for possible relocation--in
particular, the San Antonio area and Keesler.
However, it was the cutback in missile training which
ultimately led to the ATC decision to put the school
at Sheppard. Between March 1966 and March 1967.
the Medical Service School at Gunter AFS. Alabama,
moved to Sheppard along with I 1 5 of its assigned
officers and 261 airmen. Headquarters, Medical
Service School. USAF closed at Gunter on 3 June
1966 and opened the following day at Sheppard
under control of the technical training center
commander. The last class endeil at Gunter on
31 March 1967.

Recruiting Service

Since its activation as a wing-level unit in 1954,
Recruiting Service had undergone considerable
growth. In recognition of its increased size, the Air
Force elevated it to numbered air force-le\el effective
14 June 1966.

164

1966

Language School

Fur iiiaiiN \cais. the USAF Language School al
Lackland had taught officer and enhsted personnel
under the Military Assistance Program to understand,
speak, read, and write enough English to enter
technical and flying courses. On 1 July that program
ended when ATC discontinued the language school.
From that time on. the Arniv -operated Defense
Language Institute pro\ ided that training.

Recent graduates of the medical school at Gunter
.\FS, Alabama (ri<iht). receixe a briefing; from
their super\isor at Wllford Hall Medical Center.
Lackland AF"B, Te\as. An instructor (below)
shows students the correct wa> to administer
patient care.

K' _

165

1966

SURVIVAL TRAINING

During field training this enlisted survival
student tries his luck at using improvised
fishing gear to supplement his 2,500-calorie
allotment for five and one-half days in the field.

When the United States entered World War II, the
thorny problem of recovering downed airmen in the
several theaters of war quickly came to the attention
of Army Air Forces officials and US intelligence
agencies. The success of British evasion and escape
organizations did not go unnoticed by US intelligence
agencies. The Army Air Forces, in coordination with
the Office of Strategic Services, took on the job of
developing a capability that paralleled the British
effort. As the scope of the war broadened in Europe,
so did the business of rescuing downed airmen. With
the help of well-organized underground forces, the
Army Air Forces extricated 60 percent of the aircrews
downed in the Balkans by late 1^44. The task of
rescuing downed airmen in the Pacific theater was far
more complex and far less successful.

After the war. the Strategic Air Command (SAC).
under Gen Curtis E. LeMay. set out to de\elop a more
comprehensive aircrew survival capability. The first
step down that road was the Arctic Indoctrination
School, established in August 1947 at Marks AFB.
Alaska. A short while later, SAC established an
additional survival training capability at l.add AFB.
Alaska. The school at Marks provided training for
aircrews exposed to the arctic environment, while the

facility at Ladd was more limited in scope and
designed mainly for crews stationed there. Before
long the survival training program outgrew the
facilities available at Marks, and in November 1948
the Air Force consolidated training at Ladd AFB.
Arctic survival training remained there until 1960.
when it moved to Eielson AFB, Alaska.

On 16 December 1949, SAC opened another
survival school at Camp Carson, Colorado, to teach its
aircrews how to survive in mountainous teirain.
Soon. Far East Air Forces, Tactical Air Forces,
Military Air Transport Service, and the Royal
Canadian Air Force were all vying for class slots for
their aircrews. By 1952 the school was so popular
that it had outgrown the capacity of its Colorado
location. Hence, the Air Force sought a larger
training area to accommodate the increase in students.

In July 1952 Strategic Air Command selected
Stead AFB, Nevada, as the location for its new land
survival school and turned over the training area at
Camp Carson to the US Army. With the Korean War
in mind, officials in SAC believed the surroundings at
Stead AFB provided a realistic setting for survival
training. Ten miles northwest of Reno, the new center
was close to the high Sierra Nevada mountains on one
side and a hot, bleak, treeless environment on the
other. The survival school remained at Stead for 14
years; however, jurisdiction of the base and school
transferred from Strategic Air Command to Air
Training Command on 1 September 1954. Then on
30 June 1966. the Secretary of Defense announced the
closure of the base and the transfer of all land survival
school assets to Fairchild AFB, Washington.

In this simulated prisoner of war compound at
Fairchild .VFB. Washington, instructors conduct
resistance training.

166

1966

W nil the tianster of llie solmol lo Fairchild. ATC
activated the 3636th Combat Crew Training Group
(Siir\i\al) on 15 March 1966 to cany out that mission.
In addition to the training pro\ ided at Fairchild. other
major commands also operated survival training
programs during the Vietnam War. Tactical Air
Command, for example, had the Deep Sea Survival
School at Tyndall AFB. Florida, and the Tropic
Survival School at .Albrook. AFB. in the Panama
Canal Zone, while Pacific Air Forces had the Jungle
Survi\ al School at Clark Air Base in the Philippines.

The proliferation of programs (ATC estimated there
were o\er 100 land and water survival and life support
continuation training schools) prompted the Air Staff
to consolidate all training centers under one
command. Air Training Command became the single
manager for survival training, and the group was
elevated to wing status on 1 April 1971. By mid- 1971
the wing had completed the consolidation. It offered
basic global survival at Fairchild; jungle survival at
Clark: water surv iv al at Homestead AFB. Florida: and
arctic survival at Eielson AFB. Alaska. Subsequently.
Headquarters USAF authorized the wing to conduct
tropical survival at Albrook.

.A couple of years after the end of the Vietnam
War. the Air Force shut down the Jungle and Tropic
Survival Schools. Operations at Clark ceased in April
1975. and the school at Albrook closed in June 1975.
The 3636th Combat Crew Training Wing continued lo
conduct basic survival courses at Fairchild. while one
of its squadrons provided water survival training at
Homestead and a detachment offered arctic surv ival
training at Hiclson. Hurricane An(.lrev\ devastated
Homestead AFB in 1992. and the subsequent
devastation forced the conunand to relocate water
survival training. The 3613th Combat Crew Training
Squadron moved from Homestead lo Tyndall .MB.
Florida.

The command restructured its wings in 1993 and
determined that the 3636th Combat Crew Training
Wing should be a group. On 24 January 1993.
therefore, the command redesignated the 3636th as the
336th Crew Training Group, and the 3612th. 3613lh.
and 3614th Combat Crew Training Squadrons became
the 22d. 17th. and 66th Crew Training Squadri>ns.
respectively. Three years later, the group became
simply the 336th Training Group, but continued its
mission of providing survival training.

-^,

^^ V

In the 1950s. \l( ..piraicd a 15-da> surv ival trainiiiu o.iir m at Stead AFB. Ni\ ni.i. Ini .linnw immhcrs.
Here instructors watch students roast a freshly-cau}>ht rahhil over an optn lln.

167

1966

Basic training students at Aniarillo AFB, Texas,
receive their first pay at the reception center.
Followins an outbreak of spinal meningitis at the
Lackland Military Training Center in February
1966. ATC temporarily diverted incoming recruits to
Aniarillo AFB. Because of the buildup for the
\ ietnam War, Aniarillo continued conducting basic
training until December 1968. Two weeks later, on 1
.lanuar> 1969. ATC inactivated the base.

Chaplain School

In \9b5 Headquarters USAF aniuiiinced that the
USAF Chaplain School at Lackland would move to
Maxwell in 1966 and become part of Air L'niversity.
Air University established a USAF Chaplain School
on 20 May 1966; however, ATC did not discontinue
its school until 1 July 1966. The first formal chaplain
training came into existence in March 1918 at Fort
Monroe. Virginia. A month later the program moved
to Camp Zachary Taylor near Louisville. Kentucky.
Then late in World War II it operated at Fort
Oglethorpe. Georgia. Fort Slocum. New York, hosted
the program from 1946 to I July 19.'^.^. when the Air
Force began training chaplains. On that date. ATC
established a chaplain's course at Lackland. From
I9.SS to 1965. judge advocates also reported to the
chaplain school for training.

SUBORDINATE UNITS

3330th Basic Military School, USAF

iV'cause of the crowded conditions at Lackland and
an outbreak of meningitis among the basic trainees,
on 17 February ATC .<iganized a second basic
military school, the 3330th, at Amarillo and assigned
it lo that center.

TRAINING
FLYING TRAINING

Changes in Flying Training Operations

At Laughlin. the wing commander introduced a new.
more efficient way to conduct daily launch and
recovery operations at a flying training base.
Previously the wing had divided the day into four
flying periods and launched up to 45 aircraft of each
type, one after another, into nearby training areas.
There were forty-one T-38 training areas and thirty
T-37 training areas, but they were small.
overcrowded, and difficult for the student pilots to
manage. Under the Laughlin plan the wing divided
the training day into three-and-one-half-minute
segments and that provided 315 takeoff times for
each type of aircraft. This program allowed the wing
to enlarge the size of the training areas and reduce the
number needed. The new training areas were large
enough for student pilots to fly any kind of T-38
mission, and the continuous flow relieved the
congestion experienced under the old block launch
system. After a test of the new concept at other bases.
ATC directed all undergraduate pilot training wings
to adopt the continuous tlow concept.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Air Base Ground Defense Training

In 1966 Air Training Command revived air base
ground defense training after a decade-long gap. The
new five-day, 40-hour course operated at Lackland
AFB. Texas, training air policemen for dut> in
Southeast Asia.

MISCELLANEOUS

Project 100,000

In August an ad hoc Air Force group convened to
study whether the military services should be
required to recruit more "lower mental category." or
Category IV, enlistees. Past studies convinced the
group that Category IV enlistees encompassed such a
wide range of abilities that the use of "Category IV"
itself had little meaning. The study group believed
that the first consideration in accepting lower ability
airmen in the numbers proposed (about 10.200)
would be to establish additional screening criteria to
determine if the grouping of prospective enlistees
into Category IV was due to environmental factors
thai could be corrected (such as poor education ) or if
the enlistees were really not very bright. This project
continued into 1967. During that time, well over
80.000 enlisted entered in this category, and about
76.000 graduated from technical training.

168

1967

Reductions in tralnin<> requirements, recruitinj; ()bjec(i\es. and the budget for fiscal year fJAS allowed Air
Training Command to reprogram closure actions at Amarillo and save an estimated S4.I million in f)asc
operatin>; support. The command decided to move suppl\, aircraft and engine mechanic, airframe repair,
and fuels courses sooner than planned. However, basic militar> training and administrative courses would
remain active at Amarillo until earlv 1968, as originallv scheduled.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(Usui 31 DcLcnihci lWi7)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

Alabama--Craig; Aii/ona-- Williams; ("alir()rnia--Malhci'; Colorado-- l.owry;
Georgia--Moody; lllinois--Chanute; Mississippi— Kceslcr; Oklahoma-- Vance;
Texas— Amarillo. Lackland. Laredo. Laughlin. Randolph. Reese. Sheppard. and
Webb

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

76.629 (8.429 otTiceis; 47,607 enlisted; 20.59.^ civilians)

1,946 (C-47, C-.'^4, C-I3I CH-3 HH-4.\ T-2S, T-29. T-37. T-3S. T-39. T-41.
TH-I.U-3A. UH-19)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

7 numbered air force equivalent units:

USAF Recruiting Service. Randolph AFB TX
Lackland Mil Ting Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Amarillo Tech Trng Ctr. Amarillo AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanute AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng^Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr. Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX

I living training vv ing:

351()th. Randolph AFB TX

2 iiidepeiideni grou|i or equiv;ilenl units:

3-=i4.^th USAl- Hospital. Cloodlcllow AIB T\
3636ih Cmbt Crew Trng. laircliild AFB \VA

3 independent s(.|uadrons:

32.^()lh Flying iraining. iyndall AIB IL
32.S I St Flying Training, Perrin AFB TX
3253d Pilot 'lYainin'j. Peterson Field CO

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

navigator training vvmg:
3.'53.5th. Mather AFB CA

General Maddux remained commaiulei and Major
General Oilman vice coniinaiuler.

8 pilot training wings:

350nth. Reese AFB TX
352.^th, Williams AIB AZ
3550th. Moody AFB GA
3560th. Webb AFB TX
3575lh. Vance AFB OK
.3615th. Craig AFB AL
3640th. Laredo AFB TX
3646th, Laughlin AFB TX

ORGANIZATION

SUBORDINATE UNITS

Transfer of 3630th Flying Training Wing

Since 1965, the 363()th Flying Training Wing at
Sheppard had conducted Hying Iraining for the
German Air Force. Beginning in early 1967 a liniiled
iHimber of US trainees joined the program. From its
activation, the wing had reported directly to HQ
ATC. However, concerns about duplication of some

169

1967

functions and operating costs caused ATC to reassign
the 3630th to Sheppard Technical Training Center,
effective 1 April 1967.

3320th Retraining Group Relocates

One of the actions ATC took in response to the
announced closure of Amarillo AFB was the reloca-
tion of the retraining group from Amarillo to Lowry
AFB. Colorado. The retraining group, with its
mission to rehabilitate and return to duty airmen
convicted of criminal offenses, started the move on
1 July and completed it on 1 September 1967.

Students at Chanulc Technical Training Center
recei^e hands-on electrical training.

3250th and 3251st Flying Training Sqs

Randolph phased down pilot instructor training
during 1967 so it could begin to provide UPT to meet
pilot production needs in Vietnam. The T-37 pilot
instructor training program at Randolph transferred to
Perrin AFB. Texas, in July 1967. where it was
operated by the 3251st Flying Training Squadron,
which ATC had organized on 1 April 1967. The
command activated a second Hying training
squadron, the 3250th at Tyndall AFB. Florida, on
I October 1967 to provide T-38 pilot instructor
training.

"'53d Pilot Training Squadron

' number of \cars of studs, the Sccretar\ of
approved a light plane training program for

the Air Force Academy on 8 December 1966. The
Air Force designated ATC the training agency, and
the command acti\ated the 3253d Pilot Training
Squadron at Peterson Field. Colorado, on 1 October
1967. Training began in January 1968.

3389th Pilot Training Squadron

With the shift of Randolph's T-28 program to the
Mississippi gulf coast. ATC organized the 3389th
Pilot Training Squadron at Keesler on 15 January
1967 and assigned it to the center. The squadron
provided flying training for foreign students through
the Military Assistance Program (MAP). The
majority of students came from South Vietnam. In
March the squadron added C-47 training, when
Randolph transferred its C-47s to Keesler.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

USAF Students in GAF Course

On 21 April a limited number of USAF students
began pilot training with German Air Force students
at Sheppard. The program consisted of a single
course of 55 weeks, as compared to 53 weeks in the
standard UPT course. It provided 132 hours of T-37
and 1 30 hours of T-38 instruction, but contained no
instruction in T-41 aircraft. German students began
T-38 training on 30 March.

Wild Weasel Lead-in Training Transferred

Beginning in mid- 1967, ATC transfeired all Wild
Weasel electronic warfare lead-in training for rear-
seat F-4C pilots at Mather to a TAC base. Turnover
of the training program concluded w ith the transfer of
the simulator on l6Januaiy 1968.

UPT at Randolph

Harl) in I'-'d?. Randolph iransfeiTed its T-28 and
C-47 courses to Keesler and its pilot instructor
training to Perrin and Tyndall to make room for
undergraduate piku training. It would be the ninth
UPT base in Air Training Command. A contractor
provided the first phase of training at Stinson Field in
San Antonio, and primary training began at Randolph
on 16 May.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Instructor Badge

On 1 1 December 1967. the Chief of Staff of the Air
Force appro\ed a distincti\c badge for ATC
instructors assigned primary duty in a formal training
situation.

170

1967

\n instructor at T,(»vr> AFB.
( iilorado. explains soiiu' oi' llu' Nital
\\ elements In the F-4C offensive tire
control s\stem

MILITARY TRAINING

Military Training Instructor Uniforms

Air Training Command authorized and issued
distincti\e canipaiim iiats, on 1 July 1967. to each
military training instructor who had direct contact
with basic trainees.

MISCELLANEOUS

Project Mix Fix

Begnining in \'-)(i5. the Air Force had implemented a
program to identify those positions that had to be
filled by military personnel and those that could be
converted to civilian slots. By early 1967, ATC had
transferred 1.401 militar> authorizations to ci\ilian.
Air Force-wide over 14.000 militiiry slots had been
identified for conversion.

Changes in Aircraft Inventory

Sheppard received its first four TH-IF aircraft on
3 May 1%7. delivered to the .^6.37lh Flying Training
.Squadron (Helicopteri. Training began in July, and
by year's end. the 1 1 1- II had replaced most of
Sheppard's UH-19Bs. AKd in 1967. ATC released the
last of its T-??is. ()nl\ two bases-Craig and
Randolph--still used the l-.^.^. The last one departed
Craig in mid-February, and Randolph said goodbye
to its final two at the end of June. Because many of
the T-33s at both bases were fairly new. instead of
putting them in storage, the Air Force transferred them

lo Alaskan Air Command. E\eii willi ihe loss of these
aircraft. Air 'fraining Command saw a substantial
increase in the number of assigned aircraft-from
1 .X76 in June to 1 ,946 as of 3 1 December. The reason
for that expansion was because pilot training goals
had grown. Of all ATC bases, only Lackland had no
assigned aircraft.

( olonel Uoss, DepiilN ( onimaiidi r. 3.^45lh
Technical School. C hanutc \l H. Illinois presents
MS};t McCarthy the "Instructor of the Near"
award for 1967.

171

1967

During the 1960s WAFs trained in their o>vn
separate flights while going through basic
training. At the left, a trainee is fitted for her first
uniform.

172

1968

The tone of the year was set in .Janiiar\. first «ith the capture of the I SS Piiehlo. then the Tet offensive,
and llnall> President Johnson's announcement that he \\ould not seek reelection. As more and more forces
deplo> ed to Southeast Asia, ATC found itself with fewer personnel assiKned. While enough instructors were
available for pilot training, other areas such as navigator and electronic warfare had less than 80 percent of
required instructors. E>en basic military training suffered from a loss of instructors. And e\en when enough
instructors were on hand, training was sometimes less than satisfactorx because instructors didn't have the
experience needed.

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

6 numbered air force equivalent units:

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of 3 1 December 196S)

Alabama-Craig; Arizona— Williams: California— Mather: Coiorado-Lovvry;
Georgia--Moody: Illinois— Chanute: Mississippi— Kecslcr: Oklahoma-
Vance: Texas— Amarillo. Lackland. Laredo. Laughlin. Randolph. Reese.
Sheppard. and Webb

7.\7I8 (8.233 otticers: 43.593 enlisted: 19.892 cixilians)

2.1 13 (including C-47. C-.S4. C-131 CH-3 HH-43. T-28. T-29. T-37. T-38.
T-39. T-41.T-43.TH-1)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

2 indepeniieiit group or group cqiu\alent luiils:

USAF Recruiting Service. Randolph AFB TX
Lackland .Mil Trng Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanute AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr. Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. SheppartI AFB TX

I flying training v\ing:

3510th. Randolph AFB TX
I na\igator training wing:

3535th. Mather AFB CA

8 pilot training wings:

3500th, Reese Al B TX
3525th. Williams AFB AZ
355nth. Mood\ AFB (iA
3560th. WchbAl B IX
3575th. Vance AFB OK
3615th. Craig AFB AL
3640th. Laredo AFB TX
3646ih. Lauuhlin AFB TX

3545th LJSAI- Hospital. Goodfcllow AIB IX
3636th Combat Crev\ Training (Survival).
Fail-child AFB WA

3 indopendcni si|uadrons:

3250th Flying Training. Tyndall AIB II.
3251st Flying Training. Perrin AFB TX
3253d Pilot Training Peterson Field CO

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Lieutenant General Maddux remained as the ATC
commander. On 15 July 1968. Maj Gen Leo F.
Dusard. Jr.. replaced Maj Gen NilsO. Ohman as the
vice commander. General Dusard had served as
Director of Personnel and Fducation at the Air Staff.
Ohman became the Commander. Headquarters
C"ommaiKl in Washington. D.C.

173

1968

Since October 1958, when the Air Force first acquired from the Army the task of meeting the Defense
Department's need for dogs. Lackland handled all aspects of the sentry dog program.

ORGANIZATION

INSTALLATIONS

Center headquarters and supporting units were
discontinued, and a day later ATC placed the base on
inactive status.

Amarillo AFB Closure

While the lIosmil; oI Amarillo AFB remained a
scheduled action. DOD postponed it from 30 .lune to
31 December 1968 to allow more time to prepare
facilities for the accommodation of relocated courses.
Throughout 1968, ATC continued to release property
and facilities. For example, the airfiekl portion of
1.784 acres and seven buildings were released to the
city of .Amarillo on I April. Other property and
facilities were released to civilian control on 1 July.
Bell Helicopter Company, which repaired helicopters
at Amarillo for the Army, established and expanded
operations on the base, and Texas A&M University
established a technical training institute. .School.
student, and instructor squadrons were discontinued
in August and September, and ATC discontinued the
3220rh Technical Training School headquarters on
1 October. Technical training ended on 27 August
1968, when personnel and administration courses
mcved to Keesler. and basic military training ended
at ilio on II December, leaving only Lackland

to I 'e basic militarv training for the Air Force.
On ■ licr 1968. .J^marillo Technical Training

SUBORDINATE UNITS

Reorganization of the Pilot Training Wings

All of ATC's eight UPT v\ ings had two pilot training
squadrons, and each conducted training in both T-37
and T-38 aircraft. A staff study prepared at Reese
AFB. Texas, and a test conducted there in 1967.
indicated that separate T-37 and T-38 squadrons
would yield manN benefits, such as improved
scheduling, uniform grading practices, and more
efficient use of resources and instructors. In addition,
there would no longer be a need to dual-qualify
supervisory personnel. General Maddux agreed with
the test results and ordered the reorganization.
Beginning in mid- 1968. ATC established a single
phase-pilot training squadron concept at all UPT
bases; all T-37 instruction was provided by one
specialized squadron, and all T-38 training was
conducted b\ the other. This reorganization did not
affect T-41 irainin>;.

174

1968

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

AFA Pilot Indoctrination Program

Air Force Acudom\ cadets began pilot indoctrination
training on 5 January 1968. Early in the planning tor
this program, HQ USAF advised that an FAA private
pilot license should not be considered a prerequisite
for successful completion of the program, nor should
instructors be required to have F.A.A certification.
However, if arrangements could be made at no
expense to the .Air Force, then F.AA licenses could be
given. On 5 June 1968. ATC authorized FAA flight
examiners to fls with cadet trainees. These flight
checks could be gi\en at any point after 30 hours,
provided the student received a minimum of 35 hours
of flight training before being issued the private pilot
license.

Specialized EW Training for ADC

Uuruig the latter part of 1967. .Au" Defense Command
asked ATC to provide special training for officers
assigned to the EC-121R aircraft. This training
supported a Southeast Asia operation originally
designated Project Muscle Shoals, but later changed
to Igloo White. Between October 1967 and October
1968. when the course ended. ATC trained a total of
47 officers.

Students learn the techniques of removing an 11-4.^ niior
blade in a lulieo|)ler niainlenanee course.

USMC Students in UPT

Because the .An force had the largest undergraduate
pilot training program in the Defense Department, it
made sense to use the .ATC program as a means to All
unexpecteil pilot requirements. Such was the case in
1967, when DOD requested Air Force assistance to
meet Marine Corps training needs. On 21 June 1968,
Class 68-08 graduated at Laredo and Vance-the flrst
group of USAF-trained Marine Corps pilots to
receive .Air Force wines.

Project FLYTE

During 1967 and 1968. ATC started several
iiKlcpendent studies aimed at new approaches to
impi\)\ing undergraduate pilot training. The most
important ot these was the Project FLYTE | Flying
Training Esaluation] study. Project FLYTE sought a
total mission analysis Worn which details of training
methods and types of nev\ training aircraft and
simulators could be worked out. It included student
selection policies, the automated student management
system, ATC's standardization and evaluation
program, student evaluation, airspace utilization,
field evaluation program, and pilot proflciency
flying.

UH-19 Training Terminated

On 8 .Aprd 1968, A fC ended its L'H-19 helicopter
pilot training course at Sheppard AFB. The TH-IF

replaced the UH-19.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Revision of Electronics Training Courses

In .\la\ 19Wi HQ LS.Al requested a long-term,
comprehensive review of all electronics training
courses taught within the Department of Defense.
The purpose of the study was to save money and
authorizations. .Air Training Command issued its
flnal semiannual report on 19 January 1968. Out of
the original 146 courses studied, ATC left 32
unchanged, reduced the length of 96. and discon-
tinued 18. From these changes, the command was
able to reduce its instructor force by 242
authorizations. In all. the review saved ATC nearly
S.'^.2.^ million.

Amarillo Course Transfers

With the announcement that .Amarillo would close,
ATC considered putting the center's personnel and
administration courses at Lackland. However.
Lackland didn't have the dormilorv space to
support the large student load. Instead, these
courses moved to Keesler. increasing that base's
student population hy 20 percent.

175

1968

Air Training Command used the Bell TH-IF turbine-engine helicopter in its undergraduate helicopter
pilot training program. \\ hen the prototype of this helicopter was ordered into production it was
designated the Hl'-IA and named the Iroquois. The HH designation gave rise to the nickname "Huey"
\>hich \>as unofficial but more frequently used than Iroquois.

MILITARY TRAINING

Consolidated OTS Campus

Air Training Command provided precommissioning
training for men and women at Lackland Military
Training Center's Officer Training SchooL using
facilities both on the main base and at Lackland's
training annex (Medina), two miles west of the main
installation. In May 1968, Officer Training School
consolidated its campuses at Medina. At the same
time. Officer Training School became responsible for
basic military instruction forjudge advocates.

MISCELLANEOUS

Enlistment for OTS Lengthened

On 16 May 1968. when the first FY 69 class entered
Officer Training School, the ciiiistmeiit period for all
civilian applicants who specifically enlisted for OTS
was increased from two to four years, making the
time consistent with that of individuals enlisting in
the Regular Air Force.

ASVAB Test

A new pre-enlistment test, the Armed Services
Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB). went into
effect on 1 September 1968, replacing the Airman
Qualifying Examination. The new test measured nine
aptitude areas. According to the Defense Department.
Recruiting Service would serve as the official
ASVAB Armed Forces Centralized Test Scoring Unit
for DOD.

Garden Plot

With the war in Vietnam hecomiiig even more
unpopular. HQ USAF assigned ATC new-
responsibilities under the Garden Plot plans-
response to civil disturbances. In April 1968
Sheppard personnel supported airlift of Army troops
anil vehicles to Aiiilrews AFB in response to disorder
following the assassination of Dr Martin Luther
King. Four months later Sheppaid assisted with the
airlift of Army personnel and equipment from Fort
Sill. Oklahoma, to the Democratic National Con-
vention in Chicago, where they guarded against civil
disturbances.

176

1969

As the \ ictiiam War raffed on. A TC added anollRi pilot training; l)asc~C Olumbus MB. Mississippi,
brinjiinji the total to 10. Meanwhile. be<;innin<; in February 1969, the IS Air Force bej;aii working with the
\ ietnamese Air Force to help it become a self-sufficient. 4((-s(|uadron air arm by the second {|uarler of fiscal
year 1972. Trainin<i was the foundation of the program, and all elements of .\TC's training establishment
would play a vital role if this goal were to be achieved.

The 3630th Flying Training W ing at Shcppard \\ 15. 1 1 \as. provided pilot training for the German Air Force
and conducted helicopter pilot training.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(;is ol 31 Dcccinhcr \'-)b'-h

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

Alabama--Craig: Ari/ona--Williams: Caliri)mia--Malhcr;

Colorado- Lowiy: Geoigia--Moody: lllinois-Chanule:

Mississippi--Columbus and Keesler: Oklahoma-Vance;
Texas-Lackland. Laredo. Laughlin, Randolph. Reese. Sheppard.
and Webb

74.159 (8.412 officers; 46.286 enlisted: 19.461 civilians)

2.282 (C-.54. C-i31. 01-3. HH-43. T-2S. T-29. T-37. T-3S. T-39.
T-41.TI1-1)

177

1969

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

6 numbered air force equivalent units:

USAF Recruiting Service, Randolph AFB TX
Lackland Mil Trng Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr, Chanute AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr, Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr. Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr, Sheppard AFB TX

1 flying training wing:

3fil()th, Randolph AFB TX

1 navigator training wing:

3535th, Mather AFB CA

9 pilot training wings:

3500th. Reese AFB TX
3525th, Williams AFB AZ
3550th, Moody AFB GA
3560th, Webb AFB TX
3575th, Vance AFB OK
.^6l5th. Craig AFB AL
364()th. Laredo AFB TX
3646th, Laughlin AFB TX
365()th, Columbus AFB MS

2 indepeiulent group or group equivalent luiils:

3545th USAF Hospital, Goodfellow AFB TX
3636th Cmbt Crew (Surv). Fairchild AFB WA

3 independent squadrons:

32.50th Flying Training, Tyndall AFB FL
3251st Flying Training, Pcrrin AFB TX
3253d Pilot Training, Peterson Field CO

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Lieutenant General Maddux remained as the ATC
commander, and Major General Dusard continued as
the vice commander.

ORGANIZATION

INSTALLATIONS

Stead AFB, Nevada

Training ended at Stead AFB in mid- 1966, and it
became an inactive base, with caretaker responsibility
passed lo an ATC detachment at Mather AFB. On
6 November 1969. the base reverted to civilian

control, and ATC inactivated its caretaker
detachment.

SUBORDINATE UNITS

3650th Pilot Training Wing

On 15 February 1969, ATC activated the 365()th Pilot
Training Wing at Columbus AFB. Mississippi. The
base transfened from Strategic Air Command to
ATC on 1 July 1969 and became ATC's tenth UPT
base. The first UPT class--? 1-0 1 --entered training
thereon 17 July 1969.

Due to the saturation of Kcesler's single runway.
Air Force training officials transferred the MAP
C-47 transition and instrument courses to Tactical
Air Command, as it more closely resembled
combat crew training than undergraduate pilot
training. The move began on I September 1969
and was completed 18 days later.

TRAINING
FLYING TRAINING

EB-66 EWO Training

The electronic warfare officer training for officers
assigned to EB-66 aircraft in Southeast Asia started
in January 1967 at Mather AFB and was finally
terminated in May 1969. In all. a total of 310 officers
were trained in this course.

Navigator-Bombardier Course

On 25 March 19(i9. ATC discontinued teaching the
Navigator-Bombardier Course (ASQ-48) as SAC no
longer had requirements for these graduates.

Courses Transfer to Tactical Air Command

Air 1'raiiiing Conuiiand transferred the H-lllD
weapon systems training course at Mather to Tactical
Air Command on 1 February 1969. Then on 1 July.
the RF-4C na\ igator-reconnaissance upgrade training
also at Mather shifted from ATC to TAC.

178

1969

At Reese AFB. I e\as. a student |)iliit uiulerjjdinji |)h\siiil(i<iical liainin<; is litlcd l)\ his parasaii.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Military Working Dog Program

Oil lS.liil\ IM(i'). Alt' iJiitiaiL'd a program to train
and test the patrol dog's ability to detect marijuana. A
group ot patrol dogs and their handlers \\ere trained
tor 14 v\eeks and carried out a preliminary field test
at Laughlin and Laredo AFBs. A second project
developed around the use of working dogs in rivers
and bays. Training managers completed basic
research on this project in November 1969 at Panama
City. Florida, in conjunction with the U.S Navy's Ship
Research and Development l^aboratory.

Project Pacer Bravo

As part ol the \ letiiamese Air Force improvement
and moilerni/alion program, the Air Force
established Project Pacer Firavo to furnish the
Vietnamese with trainers and training aids for their
17 maintenance training courses. Air Training
Command assigned fabrication of the trainers to its
military training center at Lackland and the technical
training centers at Chanute. Keesler, Lowry, and
Sheppard in June 1969, When the project was

finished. Chanute hati produced 19.5 trainers, Keesler
234. Lackland I 1.^. l.owiy 17.^. and Sheppard 155--a
total of 872. By the end of the year. .^TC had
shipped all trainers well ahead of schedule.

MILITARY TRAINING

Closed Circuit Television for OTS

CJflicials in () 1 S launched a closed circuit tele\ision
project in 1968 as a means of putting the school on a
three-week entry/graduation schedule. The shortened
schedule was established to meet personnel
requirements in Southeast .-^sia. In broad terms, the
project consisted of acquisition and installation of
equipment, studio construction, and software
development. The school accepted the first elements
in October 1969. and limited transmission of lessons
began in December. Full operation of this project was
scheduled to be completed by August 1970.

179

1969

MISCELLANEOUS

Draft Lottery Implemented

The Selective Service Svstem implemented the draft
lottery method of induction on 1 December 1969.
This had an immediate effect on the Regular Air
Force and the Officer Training School, causing
increased volunteers for the Air Force.

Project 703

Announced in August 1969, Project 703 called for an
FY 70 DOD budget reduction of a billion dollars.
This resulted in the Air Force slashing procurement
and training goals, and that, in turn, had widespread
influence in almost every facet of the command's
activities.

Hurricane Camille

The Mississippi gulf coast bore the brunt of
Hurricane Camille when it reached landfall on
17 August. One of the strongest hurricanes ever
recorded. Camille left a path of destruction, including
132 deaths, 27 persons missing. 8.931 injured, and
5,662 homes destroyed. Utilities and communications
were inoperable. Fortunately, Keesler AFB sustained
relatively light damage ($3.5 million) in comparison
to the surrounding area, so base personnel were able
to provide immediate assistance, distributing food
and clothing, providing medical aid, and helping with
cleanup efforts. Most technical training courses were
put on hold until 2 September.

■At Chaniilc \FB, Illinois, student officers perform an ali<;nment of the missile offset and rotation angle. The
student at kit uses an odolite to determine position as the student in the center records angle readings.

ISO

1970

In its continuing effort to cut costs, the command made some major changes in the undergraduate pilot
training program. Air Training Command reduced 11*1 in ,lul> \^H) from 53 to 48 weeks and lowered the
number of living hours each student recei\ed from 240 to 208.5. The 240-h(mr program had consisted of 30
hours in a light plane and 210 hours in jets. In the shorter program student pilots received 16 living hours in
a light plane and onlv 192.5 hours in jet trainers. At the same time. A IC introduced an experimental I PT
curriculum at Moody AFB. Georgia, which provided just 188 hours of living time and cut more deepiv into
the r-37 and r-38 phases of instruction. Two vears later, A IC would abandon the experimental program at
Moody and go back to where it started at the other IPT bases with a syllabus that provided for 210 Hying
hours in jet trainers-90 in the T-37 and 120 in the T-38.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of 31 December 1470)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

Alabama-Craig: Aii/ona--Williams: California-Mather: Colorado— Lowry:
Georgia— Moody: Illinois— Chanulc; Mississippi— Columbus and Keesler;
Oklahoma— Vance: Texas-Lackland. Laredo. Laughlm. Randolph. Reese,
Sheppard. and Webb

70,530 (8.830 officers; 42.878 enlisted; 1S.S22 civilians)

2.299 (Co4. C-131. CH-3. HH-43. T-28. T-29. T-37. T-38. T-39. T-41,
TH-I)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

6 numbered air force equiv alent units:

Lackland Mil Trng Center. Lackland AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Center. Chanute AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng Center. Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Center. Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Center. Sheppard AFB TX
USAF Recruiting Service. Randolph AFB TX

1 n>mg training wing;

351()th. Randolph AFB TX
I navigator training wing:

3535th, Mather AFB CA

9 pilot training wings:

35()()th, Reese AFB TX
3525th. Williams AFB AZ
35.5()th. .Moody AFB GA
3560th, WebbAFB TX
3575th. Vance AFB OK
3615th. Craig AFB AL
3640th, Laredo AFB TX

Shown is a view id an I ndergradnale Navigator
Training sludenl receiving hands-on training.

181

1970

9 pilot training wings (contd):

3646th, Laughlin AFB TX
365()lh. Coiumbns AFB MS

2 independent group or equivalent units:

3545th USAF Hospital, Goodfellow AFB TX
3636th Cmht Crew Trng (Survival). Fairehild
AFBWA

3 independent squadrons:

3250th Flying Training. Tyndall AFB FL
325 1 St Flying Training. Perrin AFB TX
3253d Pilot Training. Peterson Field CO

plaee in response to the increasing importance of the
foreign military training program, especially in
helping the South Vietnamese Air Force become
self-sufficient.

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Lt Gen
George B. Simler

On 1 September 1970. Lt Gen George B. Simler
assumed command from Lt Gen Sam Maddux, Jr.,
who retired. General Simler previously served as the
Vice Commander of United States Air Forces in
Europe. On I May 1970, Maj Gen Charles W.
Carson. Jr. temporarily replaced Maj Gen Leo F.
Dusard. Jr. as vice commander. He filled the position
until Maj Gen John R. Murphy arri\ed on 1 July from
his position as Director ol Legislative Liaison. Ott'ice
of the Secretary of the Air Force.

ORGANIZATION

Office of Foreign IVIilitary Affairs Estabiisiied

On 15 December 1970. General Simler enlarged his
headquarters to seven deputy chiefs of staff, when he
added an Office of Foreign Military Affairs.
Originally, responsibilities for foreign military
training plans and programs had been a function of
the rieputy Chief of Staff, Plans. The change took

An aircraft hangar at Chanute .\FB, Illinois, serves
as a classroom for jet engine maintenance training.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Transfer of Helicopter Training to the Army

In December 1969. Congress dnected that the
fixed-wing training of helicopter pilots by the Navy
and the Air Force be discontinued and that all rotary
wing training be given by the Army. By April 1970.
the Air Staff had decided that future Air Force
helicopter pilots would receive light plane screening
by ATC; a two-phase undergraduate helicopter pilot
training program by the Army at Fort Wolters
(formerly Wolters AFB). Texas, and the US Army
Aviation School at Fort Rucker. Alabama: and
combat crew training by Military Airlift Command.
The first Air Force students entered the Army portion
of this training on II October 1970.

Last T-37 Received

For 14 years, the r-37 played a major role in ATC's
flying training program. The first of these aircraft had
arrived at James Connally AFB in 1956. The last of
1,137 arrived in ATC in January 1970.

182

1970

Project Fast Track

C\iiiiinued budyel rediiclions caused ATC to test a
imilti-track system of graduating na\ igatiir students
on a proficiency basis to cut down on instructor
workload, reduce pipeline time, and cut training
costs. In early briefings this project was called "Fast
Burner." but the command later changed it to "Fast
Track." The first class (72-02) entered this test
project on 26 October 1970. The fast track section of
the class, selected after about 10 weeks of training,
was accelerated to the point where it graduated with
Class 72-01. Continuing shortage of navigators,
coupled with budgetary constraints, made it
necessary to increase production at the least possible
cost. Therefore. ATC developed a 30-week
(previously 38-week) training course for implementa-
tion in 1971. which accelerated all students.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Shown is a view of a computer operators console
used for hoth the computer operators and
maintenance courses.

Computer Systems Training for Officers

In .lanuary I^JfiX. the /\u force established a new
officer career area. Computer .Systems, with two
specialties-Computer Systems Analyst and
Computer Systems Programming Officer. Training
production in these specialties had just begun when
the .Mr Force revised the career field on 31 August
1970. calling it the Officer Computer Technology
career area. The new career field included computer
systems staff officers, design engineers, system
analysts, programming officers, and operations
officers.

Project Heavy Bare

Ihe An force deinonstrated the bare base concept
under the nickname Coronet Bare in October 1969.
Training in the operation and maintenance of unique
bare base equipment in preparation for Coronet Bare
was conducted informally at contractor facilities.
Following this demonstration, the Air Force estab-
lished Project llea\y Bare, a program designed to

t|ualify a fighter squadron to operate from airfields
de\i)id of the structures and services normally tbund
on USAF bases. The many services, shops, and
buildings normally provided by base support units
were planned to become portable and organic
elements of the squadron. ,-\ir fraining Command
accepted responsibility for training individuals in
AFSC-oriented courses: preparing course outlines,
materials, and training aids: and conducting most
initial classes.

A Seeurilv Police trainee (ahoxe) prepares to
throw a hand ;;renade (lurin<^ a Held exercise at
Camp Bullis, near Lackland .\FB, Texas. Below.
Securilv Police trainees learn how to handle a
\eliicle-inoun(ed M-()ll machine <:un.

183

1970

MILITARY TRAINING

USAF Marksmanship School Inactivated

On i Auj^List 1970. ATC inactnated the USAF
Marksmanship School at Lackland, a victim of the
budgetary helt-tightening and tirganizational
contractions implemented throughout the Air Force.
Air Training Command transferred the school's
training and gunsmith capabilities to other units at
Lackland.

Distinguished Graduate Criteria Changed

The Air Force phased out the award of Regular Air
Force commissions for distinguished graduates in
Officer Training School beginning on 23 January
1970. This occurred because the Air Force did not
feel the criteria used for distinguished graduate was
necessarily a valid predictor of subsequent
performance as an officer. The distinguished graduate
program was retained, made a matter of record, and
continued to be an element of consideration by
regular-status appointment boards. The phaseout
began with Class 70-08. where no more than 15
percent of the distinguished graduates were selected
for regular appointment. This ratio was reduced by
three percent in each succeeding class until Class
70-13. whose one percent constituted the final
awards. None were tendered the appointment in sub-
sequent classes.

Oftker trainees run as part of the physical fitness
training at Officer Training School. Lackland
AFB, Texas.

A class at the Officer Training School, Lackland AFB, Texas, conducts a discu
conduct.

ssion on the military code of

184

1971

Change seemed to be the h\«ord throughout the command in lOVI. At the beginning of the \ear. ATC
reorganized all the technical training centers to align such tunctions as cixil engineering, personnel,
administration, comptroller, and band under the air base group commander, who also became the base
commander. In March Air Training Command reassigned the 3630th I l>ing Training \Mng at Sheppard,
«hich conducted a I PT program for the Cierman Air Force, from the technical training center lo HQ A K .
The command then >\ent on to consolidate pilot instructor training (PI 1) at a single location. >\hen it moved
the PIT squadrons at Perrin and T> ndall to Randolph.

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of 31 December 1971 )

Alabama—Craig: Ari/ona--Williams: California— Mather: Colorado— Lowrj';
Georgia— Moody: Illinois— Chaiuile: Mississippi— Cokmibus and Keesler:
Oklahoma-Vance: Te\as-Lacklaiid. Laredo. Laughlin. Randolph. Reese.
Sheppard. and Webb

75.442 (9.669 olTicers; 46.2S.5 enlisted: 19.4SS civilians)

2.2 1 0 (C-54. C- 131. T-28. T-29. T-37. T-38. T-39. T-4 1 . Ill- 1 )

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

6 numbered air force equivalent units:

Lackland Mil Tmg Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanute AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng^Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
Lowrv Tech Trng Ctr. Lovvrv AFB CO
-Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX
USAF Recruiting Service. Randolph AFB TX

1 combat crew tranimg wing:

3636th (Survival). Fairchild AFB \VA

2 flying training wings:

351()th. Randolph AlBTX
3630th. Sheppard AFB TX

I navigator training wing:

3535th. Mather AFB CA

9 pilot training wings:

350()th. Reese AFB TX
3525th. Williams AFB AZ
355()th. .Mo()d> AFB GA
3560th. WebbAFB TX
3575th. Vance AFB OK

3615th.Ciaig AFB AL
364()th. Laredo AFB TX
3646th. Laughlin AFB TX
3650th. Columbus AFB MS

1 group equivalent unit:

3545th USAI- Hospital. Goodfellow AFB TX

2 independent squadrons:

3253d Pilot Training. Peterson Field CO
3301st School (L'SAF Skill Ctr). Forbes AFB KS

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Lieutenant General Simler continued as
commander, and Major General Murphy remained
the \ ice commander.

185

1971

A student navigator at Mather AFB, California, plots his course while seated at
the T45 simulator.

ORGANIZATION

3301st School Squadron Established

In connection v\ith the Vietnam diawdown and to
fulfill one of ATC's special obligations-
administering the vocational training program
designed to prepare selected enlisted members for
jobs in the civilian sector-ATC activated the 3301st
School Squadron (USAF Skill Center), at Forbes
AFB. Kansas, a TAC installation, on 1 December
1971. The 3301 si reported directly to the Deputy
Chief of Staff, Personnel at HQ ATC.

3630th Flying Training Wing

Effective 15 March 1971. ATC rea.ssigned the 3630th
Flying Training Wing from the Sheppard Technical
Training Center to HQ ATC. In the 19W)s. the wing
had reported directly to HQ ATC. but concerns about
duplication of effort between the wing and its host
caused ATC to reassign the 3ft3()th to Sheppard.
However, because of the importance of the wing's
foreign training mission— it conducted a special UPT
program for the German Air Force— ATC realigned
the 3630th directly under the command hcadquaiters.

Technical Training Center Reorganization

In an effort to standardize organi/aiion and save
manpower. Air Training Command implemented a
reorganization of all technical traininc centers on

4 January 1971. The command aligned comptroller,
civil engineering, personnel, administrative, and hand
functions under the air base group and designated the
air base group commander as base commander.
Additionally, the command did away with the
commandant of troops position at each of the
technical training wings. In place of the wing staff
position, on I March 1971. Air Training Command
activated numbered student groups at each of the
centers to manage the troops.

Survival Group Becomes Wing

On 1 April 1971. ATC restructured the 3636th
Combat Crew Training Group (Survival) as a wing
for operational and administrative control of all
survival training.

DCSIMateriel Renamed

In line with a change made earlier by HQ USAF. Air
Training Command redesignated its DCS/Materiel as
DCS/Logistics on 1 December 1971 and made
compatible changes of other titles in the field units.

INSTALLATIONS

Amarillo AFB Turned Over

Si.\ years after the .Air Force fiisl announced its
closure. Amarillo AFB finally reverted to civilian
control on KiFehruarv 1971.

lcS6

1971

Air Trainiii}; (o mm and assifiiud llu' 111 si V-M to he painted \>ith xxliite corrosion control
paint to the 364()th Pilot Training \Mn« at Laredo AFB, Texas.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Consolidation of PIT

As a part ot its plan to consolidate pilot instructor
training, on L^ May ATC reassigned its 32.'ilst
Flying Training Squadron at Perrin AFB. Texas, to
the ^.SlOth Flying Training Wing at Randolph.
Short!) thereafter, the squadron moved to Randolph.
On l.'S August ATC reassigned its 32.'>()lh Flying
Training .Squadron at Tyndall to the .^.'SlOth Flying
Training Wing and moved the squadron to Randolph.
Then on 6 October. ATC inactivated the 3:.'^()th.
Both of these squadrons had provided pilot instructor
training.

Helicopter Training

Since the .Arms now pro\itled all LUidergraduale
helicopter pilot tranung. the Air Force chose to
consolidate all helicopter combat crew training at Hill
AFB. Utah, under the control of ihe Military Airlift
Command (MAC), the primary end-user of all USAF
helicopter pilots. The transfer from ATC to MAC
was completed on M) .lime ]'■)! \ .

T-43 Contract Award

In Ma\ 1*^71. llic Air 1-orce awar^lcd the Boeing
Aircraft Company a contract tor nineteen
T-43 aircraft-a military version of the 737-to
replace the T-29 for navigator training at Mather. At
the same time. Honeywell. Incorporated. recei\ed the
contract to pioihice a 52-station naxigalor simulator
sysiem. The .Air IcMce expected delivery of the fust
production aircraft and simulalor at Mather in
Septcmlx-r l')73.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Project Peace Echo Concluded

Beginning in 1968. A\X liiinished training for the
Israeli .Air Force. A cadre of men were trained lo tly
and maintain F-4E aircraft sold to Israel under a
military assistance program known as Peace [£cho.
By August 1971 when Peace Echo concluded. ATC
had trained 1.297 Israeli personnel.

Drug Abuse Education

Beginning in December 1970. ATC developed an Air
Force-wide ilrug abuse education program. Training
officials believed two resident courses should be
offered. Base level personnel designated to conduct
local programs would attend one course. The other

187

1971

would be for commanders, staff officers, and
supervisors. The Air Force approved this concept,
and Lackliind's 3275th Technical School began
training on 4 October 1971.

Joint Service Nuclear Training

On 2S December 1971. ATC became the Air Force's
executive agent responsible for providing all the
nuclear familiarization training required within the
Department of Defense. This training consisted of six
courses conducted at Kirtland AFB. New Mexico, by
the Field Command Defense Nuclear Agency.

MILITARY TRAINING

Project Hasty Piper

Recruiting otficials implemented Project Hasty Piper
in July 1971. as a unique program to assist the
recruiter in meeting enlistment goals. Personnel
assigned hand-picked volunteers, newly-graduated
Irom basic military training or technical training
schools, to their hometown recruiting offices for a
14-day .stint enroute to their first base of assignment.
While there, they were given maximum exposure to
the news media and. in company with a recruiter,
contacted former schoolmates and friends and visited
schools, churches, and social and fraternal
organizations where their presence might have
intluence. Although ATC considered this program
highly successful, it was unfunded, so ATC had to
suspend it in February 1972.

Students attending the .\ir Force Survival
School. Fairchild .\FB. Washington, practice the
parachute landing fall.

=^1
Newly-enlisted Air Force recruits rccei\e the
traditional military haircut at Lackland
Texas.

AFB.

188

1972

The establishment of the Community Colle-^e of the Air Force (C( AT) in the sprin<; of i')72 was an
inno\ati\e mo\e b\ the Air Force to cope with the advent of the all-\olunteer force. \ arious studies had
confirmed what man> intuiti\el> knew— the opporlunit\ for education and trainin<; was the most powerful
inducement thai attracted younj; men and women to niilitar\ service. One of the <;oals of the ( ( AF was to
permit airmen to receive academic credit for t)o(h military and civilian education and Iraininj; and appiv the
courses they took toward an associate's degree. To get to that point, ATC first had to get the technical
schools accredited and establish a centralized transcript service. Toward that end. the command renamed
the technical school at each training center the School ot Applied Aerospace Sciences. Ihrough Ihe C C AF
program, an airman could earn a certificate which recognized the completion of 64 semester hours (»f college-
level courses—the equivalent of an associate's degree.

8 119 5

/U.S.AIR FORCE

The Northrop r-38 "Talon" was Ihe Air Force's first supersonic trainer. With ils l\\o high Ihrusl-lo-
weight ratio (iF .IS5-5 turbojet engines, the " Faion" was a high performance aircraft with speed,
endurance, and capabilities similar to supersonic comf)at aircraft. Air Fraining Command received ils
first F-.^Son 17 March f96l.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(asot 31 DccciiiIxT IM72)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS;

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

Alabama--Craig: Arizona-- Williams; Calit'ornia-Mather:

Colorado- Lowry; Georgia-Moody: lilinois-Chanuic:

Mississippi-Columbus and Kcesler; Oklahoma-Vance:

Texas-I.ackJand. Laredo. Laughiin. Randolph. Reese,
Sheppard. and Webb

72.89.'i (9,8.^.^ olTiccrs: 44.599 enlisted: 18.463 civilians)

2. 1 29 (C-.54. C- L^ I . T-28. T-29. T-37. T-.38. T-.V). T-4 1 . TH- 1 )

ISO

1972

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

6 numbered air force equivalent units:

USAF Recruiting Service, Randolph AFB TX
Lackland Mil Trng Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr, Chanute AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr, Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr, Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr, Sheppard AFB TX

1 wing equisalent unit:

School of Military Sciences. Officer, Lackland
AFBTX

1 combat crew training wing:

3636th (Survival). Fairchild AFB WA

y tlying training wings:

12th. Randolph AFBTX
14th. Columbus AFB MS
29th, Craig AFB AL
38th, Laredo AFB TX
47th, Laughlin AFB TX
64th. Reese AFB TX
7 1 st, Vance AFB OK
78th, Webb AFB TX
3630th. Sheppard AFB TX

1 navigator training w ing:

3535th, Mather AFB CA

2 pilot training wings:

3.S2.^th. Williams AFB AZ
355()th. Moody AFB GA

1 group equi\'alent unit:

Community College of the Air Force. Randolph
AFB TX

4 independent squadrons:

3253d Pilot Training, Peterson Field CO
3301st School (USAF Skill Center). Forbes AFB
KS

3302d Computer Services, Randolph AFB TX
3303d Procurement. Randolph AFB TX

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

LtGen
William V. McBride

Lieutenant General William V. McBride. former
USAFE vice commander, succeeded Lt Gen
George B. Simler on 9 September 1972 as ATC com-
mander. On the same day. General Simler and his
aide, Maj Gil L. Gillespie, died when their T-38
crashed on takeoff from Randolph AFB. General
Simler was on his way to Scott AFB. Illinois, where
he was to become Commander. Military Airlift
Command. He received his fourth star posthumously.
On 4 November Maj Gen Felix M. Rogers.
DCS/Technical Training, replaced Maj Gen John R.
Murphy as the vice commander. General Murphy
went on to an assignment in Japan.

ORGANIZATION

Wing Activations

To preser\e the illustrious lineage and histories of
combat units, the Air Force directed ATC to replace
its four-digit tlying and pilot training wings with
two-digit designations. The command inactivated the
four-digit units and activated two-digit wings. Eight
wings changed numerical designation during the
year.

Old No./Station

New No.

Effecti\e

35 IOFTW( Randolph)

I2FTW

1 May

36.'^0PTW (Columbus)

I4FTW

1 Jun

3615 PTW (Craig)

29 FTW

1 Jul

3640 PTW (Laredo)

38 FTW

1 Aug

3646 PTW (Laughlin)

47 FTW

1 Sep

3500 PTW (Reese)

64 FTW

1 Oct

3575 PTW (Vance)

71 FTW

1 Nov

3560 PTW (Webb)

78 FTW

I Dec

OTS Reassigned to HQ ATC

In Jul\ 1^71. OTS had been elevated from
group-level to wing-level. To emphasize that this
source of new officers was important and \ ital to the
Air Force. ATC reassigned the Officer Training
School, on 1 Jiuie 1972, from the jurisdiction of
Lackland Militarv Traininc Center to the command

190

1972

COMMUNITY COLLEGE OF THE AIR FORCE

Because of the cimtroversy surrounding American
involvement in Vietnam, the Defense Department
examined the possibility of establishing an all-
volunteer force. The 1970 Gates Commission noted
that while the offer of sufficient money would induce
people to join the services, the quality of personnel
drawn to the military life remained problematic. Air
Force planners, especially, recognized that education
related-incentives might attract better quality recruits.
From this realization, the Air Force established the
Community College of the Air Force (CCAF) in 1972
as part of ATC.

The idea behind the community college was to
provide the means to blend on-duty technical training
and education experiences with courses from civilian
colleges and universities into coherent, job-related
education programs. Under the CCAF prograin. an
airmen could earn a Career Education Certificate.
uhich recognized the completion of a minimum of 64
semester hours of college-level work. The Air Force
considered the certificate equivalent to an associate's
degree offered by a college or university.

The Communit) College of the Air Force was first
accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges
and Schools in December 1973. This was the highest
accreditation available and gave CCAF academic
credibility. In a further step. Public Law 94-361.
signed in July 1976. authorized the Commander. Air
Training Command to award the Associate in Ap-

headquarters. On 1 August 1972. ATC redesignated
OTS as the School of Military Sciences. Officer.

Computer Services Squadron Activated

.An- Training Command activated the 3302d
Computer Services Squadron at Randolph on
1 January 1972 to provide data automation services
to the headquarters and base functional managers.
The Deputy Chief of Staff Comptroller exercised
operational control o\er the 33()2d.

USAF Recruiting Service

On 1 March 1^.172. ihc I'SAl Recruiting Service
commander gained a second title, that ot ATC
Deputy Chief of Staff Recruiting Service. As a
deputy chid of staff Recruiting Service no longer
needed separate comptroller, materiel, or personnel
functions. This rcsulietl m a savings of several
personnel authorizations.

plied Science degree to those who had completed a
CCAF study program. On 2.5 April 1977, CCAF
awarded its first college degrees to 275 airmen
stationed around the world. This marked the first
time enlisted personnel had received college degrees
from a military organization.

Air Training Command originally established the
community college at Randolph AFB. In 1975 Lt
Gen John W. Roberts. ATC commander, expressed
concern about the grow ing number of missions being
located at Randolph and Lackland AFBs. while the
Lackland Training Annex at nearby Medina had
facilities to absorb additional activities. Therefore, the
USAF Occupational Measurement Center moved to
Medina in 1976 and. the following year, CCAF
relocated to the training annex. Only two years later.
as part of the realignment brought about by the
consolidation of Air University and Air Training
Command. ATC moved the cominunity college to
Maxwell AFB at Montgomer\. .Alabama. Organ-
izationally, the Community College of the AW Force
remained part of ATC.

The Commiuiity College of the Air Force
graduated its lOO.OOOth student in the spring of 1992.
when it offered approximately 70 academic degree
programs through more than 80 affiliated schimls.
When Air Education and Training Command stood up
on I July 1993, the command realigned CCAF under
,Mr Universitv.

Community College of the Air Force

At the direction of Headquarters USAF, Air Training
Command activated the Community College of the
Air Force (CCAF) at Randolph AFB, Texas, on
1 April 1972 and assigned the group-le\el unit to
command headquarters.

Additional Student Squadrons

follow mg racial mcuicnis ai Shcppaicl, AI'C ilccided
its student squadrons were too large to manage
effectively. Therefore, on 1 January 1972, the com-
mand activated 24 additional student squadrons: five
each at Chanute and Sheppard, eight at Keesler. and
three each at Lackland and Lowry.

3303d Procurement Sq Activated

.All Iraiiiiilg Coiniuaiid acli\.ilcd the 3303d
Procurement Squadron at Randolph AFB, Texas, on
I November. The squadron was unilcr the operational
conu-ol of DCS/Logistics.

191

1972

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

courses or designing new ones. Resulting courses
would be conducted by the service with the major
interest.

VNAF T-37 PIT

Flying training officials conducted a pilot instructor
training (PIT) course for Vietnamese Air Force
(VNAF) instructors at Webb AFB. Texas. The course
began in August 1972 and used the same syllabus as
the regular ATC T-37 PIT course.

Flight Screening Program Revised

During the latter pari of 1972. Air Training
Command revised the flight screening portion of its
undergraduate pilot training program. Graduates of
the Air Force Academy pilot indoctrination program
and Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps flight
instruction program were no longer required to go
through (light screening. Instead they entered directly
into undergraduate pilot training.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

ITRO Launched

In September 1972 the Interservice Training Review
Organization (ITRO) launched a continuing
all-services exaluation of technical training courses
aimed at eliminating duplicate training by combining

MISCELLANEOUS

Last T-38 Received

Air Training Command accepted its last T-38 (tail
number 70-1956) at Palmdale. California, on
31 January 1972. The aircraft was assigned to the
3510th Flying Training Wing at Randolph. Eleven
years earlier, on 17 March 1961. the command had
received its first T-38 (tail number 195). During that
1 1-year period. ATC took delivery of 1,1 14 T-38s.

Air Installation Compatible Use Zone

Starting in May 1972, the Air Force implemented a
DOD program aimed at solving the long-standing and
ever-increasing problems of encroachment of civilian
communities around flying bases. Officials were to
look at each base, considering such factors as
accident potential, noise hazard, and danger to
aircraft operation. Using this information, flying
bases could then work with their civilian counterparts
to improve land development management.

\ technical training instructor at Lowry .\FB, Colorado, explains to students how to load
Gi'Vl-69A short range attack missiles on a B-52 aircraft.

192

1973

After months of negotiation, on 27 January 1973. the \ ietnam peaee agreement was fmall> signed in Paris.
At the same time. President Uiehard M.Nixim announeed to the nation that the draft >xas at an end: the

mil it'll >•«' «mmilfl Kit<</\iiiii *\w\ oil likllitltoiki- f'iki*/*0 T'i'k A'l'^' 'itlrl iti: liW W* \i t\t*r\t\t\r\ti Wii*-«w*i> tllii i\i»<li'i> •kilt'oinilont

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of 3 1 December 1473|

Alabama--Craig: Arizotia--Williains; Calitornia--Mathcr; CoIulkId--
Lowry: Georgia— Moody: Illinois-Chanute: Mississippi--C(>lun)hus
and Keesler; Oklahoma- Vance: Texas-Lackland. LaiiL^hlm,
Randolph. Reese. Sheppard. and Webb

68.3()S (y.l6S onicers: 41.167 enlisled: 17.97.^ civilians)

1.965 (C-llSA. C-131D/E. T-2y. T-37B. T-38A. T-41A/C. T-43A.
TH-IF)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

6 numbered air force equivalenl units:

USAF Recruiting Service. Randi)lph AFB T.\
Air Force Mil Trng Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanute AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng Clr. Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr. Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX

1 wing equi\alenl lmuI:

School ol Militars Sciences. Officer, Lackland
AFB TX

I cnmbat crevs training wing:

3636lh (Survivalj, lauchild AFB WA

I I flying training wings;

I2ih. Randolph AFB TX
14th, Columbus AFB MS
29th. Craig AFB AL
38th. Moody AFB (iA
47th. Laughlin AFB TX
64th. Reese AFB TX
71st. Vance AFB OK
78th. Webb AFB TX

SOih. Sheppard AFB TX
82d. Williams AFB AZ
323d. Mather AFB CA

I group equi\ alent unit:

ComiiuinilN College of the Air l-oice. R:indolph
AFB TX

6 iiidcpeiulent squatlrons:

3253d Pilot Training. Peterson Field CO

3.300ih Support. Randolph AFB TX

330 1st School (I'SAl- Skill Center). Kirtland AFB
NM

3.^()2d Computer Services. Randolph Al B TX

33()3d Procurement. Randolph Al B I'X

33()4th School (ATC NCO Academy). Lackland
AFBTX

3314th Management Etigineering. Randolph AFB
TX

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Lieutenant General McBride continued as
commander. However. Maj (ien Frank M. Madsen.
Jr.. replaced Maj Gen Felix M. Rogers as Air

193

1973

Three North American T-28 "Trojan" trainers fly over Keesler AFB, Mississippi.
Under the Military Assistance Program (MAP) at Keesler, the propeller-driven T-28
was used to train pilots from countries without jet aircraft. The program began during
the winter of 1966-1967 and continued until 8 May 1973.

Training Command's vice commander on 23 October
1973. Rogers received his third star and became
Commander. Air University. Madsen had been
Deputy Chief of Staff. Technical Training, and he
continued serving in that position and as vice
commander until his retirement in 1974.

combat lineage. (The command had activated the
38th Flying Training Wing at Laredo on 1 August

1972 and then inactivated the unit on 30 September

1973 in preparation for the closure of Laredo. Two
months later, on 1 December, ATC activated the 38th
at Moody.)

ORGANIZATION

Military Training Center Redesignated

Since training officials felt the former designation of
Lackland Military Training Center gave an
impression that there might be other Air Force
centers providing basic training. Headquarters USAF
directed Air Training Command to redesignate the
unit as the Air Force Military Training Center.
effecti\c I Jaiuiarx 1973.

Management Engineering Squadron

On 1 October 1973. ATC activated the 3314th
Management Engineering Squadron at Randolph
AFB. Texas. The 14 management engineering
detachments belonging to the 33()()lh Support
Squadron transferred to the new squadron.

New Flying Training Wings Established

iii 1973 .ATC inactivated the remainder of its four
digit flying wings and replaced them with two-digit
wings. All of the newly-activated units then had

Old No./Station

New No.

Effective

3525 PTW (Williams)

82 FTW

1 Feb

3535 NTW (Mather)

323 FTW

1 Apr

3550 PTW (Moody)

38 FTW

1 Dec

3630FrW(Sheppard)

80 FTW

1 Jan

ATC NCO Academy Activated

Air Training Command activated the 33U4th School
Squadron (ATC NCO Academy) at Lackland on
5 January 1973. With the establishment of the
academy, more ATC personnel had the opportunity
to receive professional military education training.
The ATC Deputy Chief of Staff, Personnel main-
tained operational control of the unit.

New DCS Created

On 1 Ma\ 1973. .ATC created a new headquarters
position. Deputy Chief of Staff. Community College
Affairs. The CCAF commander filled the post.

194

1973

The T-43A. a militan \ersion of the Bot'in<i 737,
replaced the T-29 as a navigator trainer. The T-43
had 19 na\igator stations in the fuselage— 12 for
students. 4 fur advanced students, and 3 for
instructors.

INSTALLATIONS

Laredo AFB Closed

In conjunctiiiii with the cutback in pilut production,
the Secretars ot Detcnse annoiuiced in early 1973
that ATC no longer needed Laredo. .Mr Training
Command inactivated the base on 30 September and
placed it in caretaker status.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Centralized Flight Screening Program

Air Training Command centraii/ed light plane
screening at Hondo Municipal .Airport. Hondo.
Te.xas. on 17 May 1973. Training olTicials ct)ntracted
with the Del Rio Flying Service to provide this
training using ATC T-41A aircraft. The centralized
flight screening program fell under the jurisdiction of
ATC's School of Military Sciences. Officer.

Proficiency Advancement Testing

(Jn 2.1 NoNcnibcr I97.v .\1C began testing the feasi-
bilitN of individual proficiency advancement in
undergraduate pilot training at Columbus. In the test,
students advanced through the s\ llabus based on their
performance. Fewer missions would be flown pro-
vided the student demonstrated the required skills.
Conversely, more time per phase of training could be
provided those students who needed it. Overall, the
concept still retained the average class flying time of
210 hours per student.

POW Requalification Training

111 .April 1973 ,A I C published a Pilot Requalification
Training Guide for use in training prisoners of war
who returnetl during Project Homecoming. Training
began in May. At Randolph .ATC conducted pilot
requalification training in the T-37. T-38. and T-39.
Mather provided navigator requalification training in
the T-29. The program concluded in late 1976.

New Navigator Training Aircraft

The rolloLii ol the lust T-4.i test aircraft occurred on
2 March 1973 at Boeing's Renton. Washington, plant.
A Boeing test crew made the first flight on 10 .April.
On 28 July Boeing delivered the test aircraft to
Mather. The first production model arrived at Mather
on 28 October.

Helicopter UPT

The closing ol Fort W'oliers. Texas, b) the .Armv
resulted in a consolidation of all Air Force under-
graduate pilot training-helicopter at Fort Rucker.
.Alabama. Fort Wolters graduated its last class on
I November 1973.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

First Sergeant Course

On I Mav ATC assumed responsibililv for creating a
first sergeant course. Directed by the Air Force. ATC
established a four-week course at Keesler comprised
of three separate blocks of instruction:
administration, human relations, and management.
The first class began on 17 October 1973.

Missile Training

111 Scplembci 1970. ATC transferred Chanute's
Minuteman missile launch officer course to
Vandenberg AFB. California. Since that time. S.AC
and ATC instructors had jointly conducted this
training: ATC had responsibility for teaching the
basic Minuteman course, while S.AC taught
operational procedures. On 1 .lulv 1974. SAC
assumed responsibility for the entire course.

MILITARY TRAINING

All-Volunteer Force

With the signing of the peace agreement in Paris,
President Nixon called for the end i>f the draft,
indicating that the United States would depend
exclusively on a volunteer military establishment. No
conscription took place after 27 January 1973:
although, the draft didn't officially end until
congressional authorization expired on 30 June 1973.

195

1973

Well wishers crowd

Keesler's Base Operations
awaiting arrival of military
personnel recently released
from prison camps in North
and South N'ietnam

MISCELLANEOUS

Project Homecoming

TIk' All loicc impk'mcnled Project Homecoming—
the repatriation of Americans freed from the prison
camps of North and South Vietnam— on 1 2 February
1973. Air Force officials (.icsignated 10 bases in the
continental United States as welcoming points. Of
these ATC owned three: Lackland. Sheppard. and
Keesler.

Energy Crisis

On 20 October the Arab-Israeli conflict erupted, and
the Arab nations declared an oil embargo. The
embargo had a severe impact on flying training,
causing the cancellation of one UPT class (75-05)
and shifts and slips in other classes.

Project Homecoming returnee. Col George R. Hall, waves to well wishers at
Keesler.

1974

Perhaps the most dominant feature on the ATC landseape in 1974 »as the serious fuel shortage the
command had to contend \^ith for much of the year. The shortage arose when the Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries sent oil prices skyrocketing by cutting back on production. Almost o\ernighl. the price
of aviation fuel tripled. To conserve fuel. ATC made numerous adjustments to the I PI syllabus, including a
reduction in the number of sorties and flying hours and an increased reliance on the use of s\nthetic trainers.
In other efforts to cope «ith the crisis, OTS did not accept an\ pilot applicants for F\ 75. and the Air force
cut overall pilot production goals by 18 percent. By the end of the year, the situation had improved
sufficiently that ATC rescinded many of the temporary measures and returned to the use of the regular
svllabus.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of 31 December 1974)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

6 numbered air (orce-equi\ aleiU unitM

Alabama— Craiii: Arizona— Williams: California-Mather; Colorado—
Lowry: Georgia--Moody: lllinois-Chaniite: Mississippi— Columbus and
Keesler: Oklahoma— Vance: Texas— Lackland. i.aui;hlin. K.indolph. Keese.
Sheppard. and Webb

52J\9 (8.25.^ otficers; 26.135 enlisied: 17.929 civilians)

1.72.5 (C-IIS.A. C-131D/E. T-37B. T-38A. T-39A. T-41A/C. T-43A.
TH-IF)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

1 wing eL|Ln\ alenl unit:

USAF Recruiting Service. Randolph AFR TX
Air Force Mil Trng Ctr. Lackland AFB T.X
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanute AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr. Keesler AFB M.S
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr. Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard Al B IX

I combat crew training uing:

3636th (Survival). Fairchild AlB V\ A

I I flying training vvings:

1 2th. Randolph AFB TX
14th. Columbus AFB MS
29th. Craig AFB AL
38th. ,Mood> AFB GA
47th. Laugh'lin AFB TX
64th. Reese AFB TX
71st, Vance AFB OK
78th. Webb AFB.TX
80th. Sheppard AFB TX
82d. Williams AFB AZ
323d. Mather AFB CA

Officer Training Schiu.l. Lackland AFB TX

I group equivalent miit;

Communitv College of the Air Force. Randolph
AFB TX

6 independent squadrons:

557th Flying Training. USAF Academy, Colorado

Springs CO

3.3()()th Support. Randolph AFB TX

3.3()2d Computer Services. Randolph AlB TX

3303d Procurement. Randolph AFB TX

3.304th .School (NCO Academy). Lackland AFB

3314th Mgmt Engrg. Randolph Al B 1 \

197

1974

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

LtGen
George H. McKee

Lieutenant General George H. McKee assumed
command of ATC on 1 September. He replaced Lt
Gen William V. McBride who received his fourth
star and became the Commander. Air Force Logistics
Command. Major General Alton D. Slay succeeded
Maj Gen Frank M. Madsen. Jr.. as vice commander
on 1 February. Subsequently. General Slay
transfened to HQ USAF; he was replaced by Maj
Gen Robert W. Maloy on 16 August.

ORGANIZATION

Academy Pilot Indoctrination

The ATC unit that conducted the pilot indoctrination
program for Air Force Academy cadets underwent
several changes in 1974. Effective 1 January. ATC
redesignated the 323.^d Pilot Training Squadron as
the 3253d Flying Training Squadron. Two months
later, on 21 March, the 3253d shifted its operations
from Peterson Field in Colorado Springs to the US
Air Force Academy. Then on 31 July ATC
inactivated the 3253d Flying Training Squadron and
activated the 557th Flying Training Squadron at the
US.^F Academy and assigned it to HQ ATC.

Special Treatment Center

After iinl\ ihrcc \ears. .\TC inactivated the Special
Treatment Center at Lackland AFB on 15 May. The
Air Force had originally established the center in
1971 to provide psychiatric evaluation and behavioral
reorientation for airmen with drug pniblems.
However, as the war in Southeast Asia wound down
and individual bases became more proficient in their
rehabilitation efforts, the center's workload declined.
Therefore. ATC suggested and the Air Staff approved
the transfer of those services to the 3415th Special
Training Group at Lowry AFB.

USAF Skill Center

The command inactivated another unique
organization, the 3301st School Squadron (USAF
Skill Center) on 31 May 1974. The skill center had
been at Forbes AFB, Kansas, since 1971 as part of a
nationwide effort to help service members, especially
veterans of the war in Southeast Asia, make the
transition back to civilian life. The transition program
was targeted at enlisted ranks up to technical sergeant
and consisted of job counseling and vocational
training. No sooner had the skill center relocated to
Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, in 1973, when Congress
decided the transition program had outlived its
usefulness and cut off its funding as of May 1974.

NCO Leadership Schools

To provide better professional military education
opportunities for its noncommissioned officers. ATC
developed a two-phased plan to establish NCO
leadership schools at most of the command's bases.
Under Phase L the command set up schools at eight
bases in 1974: Keesler, Williams, and Chanute on
15 July; Sheppard on 4 September: Laughlin on
30 September; and Craig. Lowry, and Mather on 25
November. Schools opened at Lackland. Moody.
Columbus, Randolph, and Reese in 1975. Only
Vance, where mission support services were provided
by contractors, did not have its own leadership
school; instead, NCOs at Vance attended the school
at Sheppard.

USAF Occupational Measurement Center

Headquarters ATC inactivated the 37()()th
Occupational Measurement Squadron at Lackland
AFB on 1 July and, in its place, activated the USAF
Occupational Measurement Center. The new
designation acknowledged the Air Force-wide
application of the unit's work-preparing job-skills
testing materials.

ATC Schools Redesignated

From its founding in 1959 until 1972, the Air Force
commissioning program at Lackland Training Annex
(Medina) was known as the Officer Training School
(OTS). On 1 August 1972. ATC changed the name to
the School of Military Sciences, Officer. This
coincided with a similar name change for the Basic
Military Training School at Lackland ti) the School of
Military Sciences, Airman and the renaming of the
schools at the technical training centers to School of
Applied Aerospace Sciences. The idea behind these
changes was to raise the prestige of the schools in the
eyes of the civilian academic community. At that
time, the Community College of the Air Force was
seeking accreditation for a wide variety of courses.
However, the name changes proved more confusing
than helpful, and ATC reverted to the original
designations on 8 .^pril 1974.

198

1974

imilliilfvr.

A technical training student at Chanute AFB, Illinois, learns the hydraulic system of a T-38.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Assignments for UPT Graduates

The mcihcidoUigy for detcniimini; uhich UPT
graduates received which aircraft assignments
changed dramatically in 1974. Prior to 1974. ATC
had the responsibility for matching pilots and aircraft.
The command met that responsibility through a merit
assignment system that allowed the studenis to select
their assignments based on their performance in UPT,
i.e.. their rank order in their class. Responding to
SAC comphunts thai it was receiving the less capable
graduates, ATC hail moilificd the assignment system
slightly in 1972, but the results were still not
satisfactory. .So. on 14.lanuary 1974. the Air Force
Military Personnel Center (AFMPC) look over the
assignment process and modified it further. The new
system allowed only the top 10 percent of each class
to choose their assignments. After that. AFMPC
filled ATC instructor pilot openings and then made
assignments based on student preferences and Ihe
needs of the Air Force (matching demonstrated talent
with Air Force requiremenlsj.

T-37S Approved for UNT

In March 1974 Cicneral McBride approved a proposal
to include a limited number of T-.^7 flights in the
undergraduate navigator training (I'NTi cuniculum.
The idea sprang from a visit that ATC's
DCS/Opcralions. Maj Gen James M. Breedlove,
made to the Royal ,\n- Force's (RAF) navigator
training facilities in the United Kingdom in I97.'<.
There General Breedlo\c was mipressed with an
RAF program that used small jet aircraft to introduce
na\igator stuilents lo the en\ irorniienl of fighter-type
aircratl. U|ion his return he directed his staff to
in\esligate the possibility of incorporating similar
training in UNT. With an increasing number of
navigators assigned as weapon system officers in
aircraft such as the F-4 and Fill, the idea had
considerable appeal. A brief icsi ul ihc concept at
Williams in ihe summer and fall of 197.^ indicated
thai such training would be worlhw hile. Air Training
Command, therefore, made plans lo introduce live
T-37 tactical orientation sorties in UNT lo provide
instruction in such areas as map reading;
communications and intlighi procedures: dead
reckoning; and deparlurcs. approaches. and
insirumcnt Hying procedines. Included in ihe
proposed package were six hours of instruction in the
T4() insirumeni tlighl simulator. Headquarters USAF
appro\ed ATC's proposal, and ihe command began
T-.^7 training on 2 January 197.^.

199

1974

T-43 Aircraft Acquired for UNT

In 1973 ATC began replacing its aging T-29s. for
years the backbone of UNT. with T-43As. The T-43s
were Boeing 737s that had been specially modified
for the navigator training mission. By July 1974 the
command had on hand its full complement of
nineteen T-43s and had phased out most of the T-29
fleet. The last T-29 UNT class graduated in March
1975.

Contract Awarded for Simulators

As earl> as 1964. the Air Force had begun examining
its undergraduate pilot training to determine what
changes would be needed to take the program
through the next two decades. Over the next several
years, both USAF organizations and contractors
conducted a series of studies concerning; the future of

UPT. From those reviews came the recommendation
to control pilot training costs by using simulators.
The Air Force awarded contracts on 5 September
1974 for the construction of four instrument flight
simulator (IFS) complexes at Reese AFB. Two
complexes, each housing four cockpits, were for the
T-37 IFS and the other two. also housing four
cockpits each, were for the T-38 IFS. All told. Air
Training Command intended to construct similar
complexes at each of its other six UPT bases and two
complexes at Randolph AFB for pilot instructor
training. Eventually, the command planned to
substitute simulator time for all instrument flying
time except instrument validation flights at an
anticipated annual savings of $23 million.

f^^::jmO

In an effort lo itiipr(»\c undergraduate pilot training and reduce costs, .ATC began using
instrument flight simulators in 1977 to train pilots in instrument flying. Shown here is a simulator
equipped \>ith a T-.^7 cockpit at rest on its six-degree-of-freedom motion s>stem.

200

1975

Two changes in «i(lcl> disparate fields marked the end of the old way of d<iin}; things and ushered in the
new. In the first instance. ATC eliminated all \\ Al s(|uadron sections uithin the command on }\ Deceinher,
when it inacti\ated the \\ AF squadron section at Mather, the last one. I his action assigned enlisted women
to their dut> organization and created a single management structure for both men and «omen. a milestone.
In the second case, the command retired the last of its I-Z^s. an aircraft it had used for 25 \ears in
undergraduate na>igator training: ATC replaced the 1-29 >\ith a new twin-engine jet trainer, the Boeing
T-43. Meanwhile, the command continued its post-\ ietnam dra«-do»n when it transferred Mood> AI B to
TAC.

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

6 numbered air force equiMilent units:

USAF Recruiting Service. Randolph AFB TX
Air Force Mil Trng Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanute AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr. Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tecii Trng Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX

I wing cquixalcnt imil:

Officer Training School. Lackland AFB TX
I combat crew training wing:

.^636th (Sur\i\al). Fairchiki AFB WA

10 Hying training wings:

i:th. Randolph AFB TX
14th. Columbus AFB MS
29th. Craig AFB AL
47th. Laughlin AFB TX
64th, Reese AFB TX
71st. Vance AFB OK
78th. Webb AFB TX
80th. Sheppard AF-B TX
82d. Wniiams AFB AZ

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as ol }\ December 1975)

Alabama-Craig; Arizona--\\illiams; Calirornia--Malher: Colorado--
Lowry; Illinois— Chanute; Mississippi--Columbus and Keesler;
Oklahoma--Vance; Texas— Lackland. Laughlin. Randolph. Rccsc.
Sheppard. and Webb

57.986 (7.50S olTiccrs; .v\562 enlisted; 16.916 ei\ilians)

1.694 fT-.'^7B. T 38A. T-39A. T-41 A/C. T-43A. TH-IF)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

32.^^d. Mather AFB CA

1 independent group eL|ui\alenl unit:

Communitv College of the Air Force. Randolph
AFB TX

7 independent st|uadrons:

557th Flying Training. USAF Academy. Colorado
Springs CO

\ 1-11 III I ill ^^"ili I l\ in^ I raining Sijiiadt (III.

201

1975

3300th Support, Randolph AFB TX
33()2d Computer Services. Randolph AFB TX
3303d Procurement. Randolph AFB TX
3305th School (ISD). Randolph AFB TX
3306th Test and Evaluation. Edwards AFB CA
3314th Management Engineering. Randolph AFB

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Gen
John W. Roberts

Lieutenant General (later Gen) John W. Roberts.
HO USAF DCS/Personnel. replaced Lt Gen William
V. McBride as ATC commander on 29 August 1975.
Then on 1 September. Maj Gen Larry M. Killpack,
the Twell'th Air Force vice commander, succeeded
the retiring Maj Gen Robert W. Maloy as vice
commander.

ORGANIZATION

Tri-Deputy Wing Organization implemented

To increase emphasis on weapons systems
maintenance, to place tighter control over
management resources, and to increase emphasis on
people programs, the Air Force directed service-wide
implementation of a Iri -deputy organization at
operational wings on I July 1975. including Air
Training Command's flying training wings. The new
organization called for deputy commanders for
operations, maintenance, and resource management.
However, this organizational structure did not apply
to the technical training wings or the 7 1 si and SOth
Flying Training Wings at Vance and Shcppard.
Contractors provided all support functions for the
71st. while the 80lh and each of the technical training
wings received support from the technical training
centers assigned to those installations.

Rp ~d Activation of Squadrons

An ^ ^.^iiimand relocated the 3304th School

SLjuadron (NCO Academy) from Lackland AFB to

the Lackland Training Annex and reassigned it from
Headquarters ATC to the Officer Training School
effective 28 September 1975. On 1 July 1975. Air
Training Command realigned the 3305th School
Squadron (ISD) from the 12th Flying Training Wing.
Randolph AFB. Texas, to Headquarters ATC. with
DCS/Operalions designated as the office of primary
responsibility. This action relieved the 12th Flying
Training Wing commander of a unit which received
direction and guidance from a headquarters staff
function. Additionally, on 15 May 1975. ATC
established the 3306th Test and Evaluation Squadron
at Edwards AFB. California.

ATC Staff Organization Changes

On 1 March 1975. the Deputy Chief of Staff. Civil
Engineering became the DCS/Engineering and
Services, reflecting the designation for the
engineering function on the Air Staff. Additionally.
Air Training Conmiand moved the Security Police
directorate from the office of the Inspector General to
a separate special staff activity on 15 March 1975.

Air Force Consolidates Airlift Support

Two major developments in 1975 affected the
command's aircraft fleet--the Air Force phased out all
reciprocating engine administrative support aircraft
and consolidated all T-39 Jet aircraft based in the
United States under one command. Military Airlift
Command. On 10 June 1975. Air Training Command
transfen-ed its T-39 administrative support aircraft to
Military Airlift Command. Air Training Command
had two additional T-39A aircraft that were not
involved in this action, since they were carried as
research and development aircraft. The Directorate of
Transportation in DCS/Logistics assumed respons-
ibility for HQ ATC staff travel and for processing
airlift requests from subordinate units, previously
satisfied by possessed mission support aircraft.

INSTALLATIONS

Transfer of Moody AFB to TAC

On 30 June 1975. the Secretary of the Air Force
announced that Moody AFB. Georgia, would transfer
from ATC to Tactical Air Command on 1 December
1975. The announcement indicated that ATC would
inactivate its 38th Flying Training Wing, which
conducted undergraduate pilot training at Moody, and
the base would become host to a wing of F-4E
tactical fighter aircraft. This change in Moody's
mission would mark the first time in almost 25 years
that this Georgia base was not engaged in pilot or
aircrew training. Training officials conducted the last
UPT student flight at Moody on 4 November 1975.
and the last undergraduate pilot training class (76-04)
graduated on 21 No\ ember 1975. The transfer was
completed as scheduled on 1 December, and at the

202

1975

An undergraduate navigator student at Mather AFB, California, sits in front of a position hoard in the
T-43 fixing training classroom.

same time. Air Training CoiiinianLJ inactivated llie
38th Flying Training Wing.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

T-29 Training Ends at Mather

Students Hew the last T-2y navigator training sortie
at Mather .AFB on 5 March 1975. ending 25 years
service as a trainer aircraft. Just over a week later,
ATC sent the last T-29 at Mather to the Military
Aircraft Storage and Disposal Center at
Davis-Moiithan AIM. Arizona. Navigator training at
Mather received its last of nineteen T-43 trainers on
24 July, these to replace the T-2ys. .Additionally, on
2 January 1975. a T-37 navigator training program
began with Class 76-03.

Consolidated Navigator Training

On 23 Ma> 1975. tlic An ioicc C liiel ol Staff and the
Chief of Naval Operations jointly approved
consolidated navigator training following an
interser\ice training re\iew of undergrailuate llight
training. The Air Force formally approved the
program at Mather on 2S November 1975. which

included the tour nasigation training programs then
conducted by the Navy-Naval Flight Officers, Navy
Pilots. Coast Ciuartl Pilots, and Marine Corps Fnlisted
Navigators. Ihe first Na\N graduates completed this
training; on Id December 1976.

( onlrol Operator I Sgl I rnrsl Uiigniaiin and
Inslruclor Navigator Maj Kohirt Woodrow. lell
to right, operate the controls of I 45 navigator
simulators during training.

203

1975

Project Constant Growth

Because o\' recent budget and fuel considerations, the
Air Force reduced its flying hour program which, in
turn, brought about a significant lowering of the
average level of pilot flight experience. To offset this
trend, the Air Force began a test program on
1 October 1975 to use ATC T-37 and T-38 aircraft.
instructor pilots, and maintenance support to augment
the flying time of pilots in certain units equipped with
aircraft having high operating and support costs.
Called Constant Growth. 192 pilots from MAC,
SAC, and TAC participated in the test. On 1 July
1976, HQ USAF replaced the Constant Growth title
with a new term-Accelerated Copilot Enrichment
(ACE) Program. Under ACE, ATC established
detachments at 16 SAC units to provide T-37 and
T-38 flying time to copilots.

Project Peace Hawk

On 2 October 197,^;. 100 Royal Saudi Air Force
enlisted men. possessing no more than a ninth grade
education and no formal English language
instruction, airived at Lackland to begin basic
military training. This marked the first time that ATC
had provided basic military training for other than
USAF personnel and began one of the more unique
foreign military training programs undertaken in the

command. Known as the Royal Saudi Air Force
maintenance training assistance program, or Project
Peace Hawk (later Peace Start), it provided English
language, basic mathematics and science, basic
military training, and technical training to 1,200
enlisted students in support of the Saudi purchase of
F-5 aircraft. The duration of the planned training at
Lackland was 1 16 weeks, since the first three phases
of the training— basic— English language, and
mathematics and science would be conducted there.
The first 100 students entered training in Octiiber
1975. By the time the Saudis ended the program in
1978, a total of 1,063 students had entered training.
The last ones graduated in 1980. In the mid-1970s,
the Royal Saudi Air Force bought sixty F-5 aircraft
and requested training for 120 pilots and 1,200
technical students. Air Training Command provided
flying and technical training, and also agreed to
provide basic military training.

Red Flag Exercises

In mid- 1975 Tactical Air Command developed a
concept for simulated combat exercises nicknamed
Red Flag that provided realistic combat training for
its tactical forces. Scenarios for the exercises
included the full spectrum of tactical air warfare,
using strike force, air escort, wild weasel, and

I I

In the mid-19
and 1,200 tcchnu
time, the comman

^>val Saudi Air Force bought si\t\ 1-5 aircraft and re(|uested training for 120 pilots
' . .\ir Training C omniand pro\ided flying and technical training, and for the first
eci (0 provide basic military training to foreign personnel.

204

1975

reconnaissance elements: also TAC proposed ha\ ing
helicopter support for search and rescue of "downed"
crewmen w ith realistic escape and evasion situations.
Tactical Air Command asked ATC for assistance in
preparing search and rescue and escape and evasion

exercises. Sur\i\al traiinng officials de\ eloped si\
such scenarios, and from 29 November to
20 Deccmher 1975. survival instructors from the
3636th Combat Crew Training Wing participated in
F.xercise Red Flas: I.

TRAINING THE VIETNAMESE

For many years foreign students sent to the L'niled
States for pilot training went through the standard Air
Force undergraduate pilot training course. When the
Air Force introduced the T-33 jet as its basic single-
engine trainer, it created a curious anomalv— jet-
qualified pilots from countries that had no jet aircraft.
To rectify that situation, ATC developed a course that
centered around the propeller-driven T-28 aircraft and
offered it to other countries under the military
assistance program (MAP). Vietnam was one country
that opted for the new MAP program.

In 1959. the first year in which new MAP T-28
graduates were produced, only 7 of 49 pilots were
Vietnamese. The proportion of Vietnamese Air Force
(VNAF) students soon increased dramatically,
however, and froin 1962 to 1964. some of the MAP
T-28 classes consisted solely of Vietnamese students.
From 1958 to 1973. VNAF students made up a
majority of the graduates— approximately 900 out of
1.450. The remaining graduates came from 22 other
countries. One measure of the predominant position
of the Vietnamese in the program was the fact that all
the other countries, together, averaged less than two
graduates annuallv. while VNAF graduates
occasionally amounted to more than a hundred in a
single year.

Before US involvement in Victiiani officially
ended in 1973. training the Vietnamese had been one
of ATC's top priorities, and. in fact, continued until
April 1975, when South Vietnam surrendered to the
communists. By that time, however, ATC had shut
off the Vietnamese training pipeline. After Congress
severely cut funding for Vietnam. HQ USAF directed
ATC on 30 August 1974 to send Vietnamese students
home as they finished a phase of training.

In addition to instruclmg VNAF students in the
conventional T-28 program, Keesler also provided T-
28 transition, T-28 pilot instructor training, C-47
transition, and C-47 instrument courses. Furthermore,
ni July 1971. ATC established a special T-37 UPT
course at Shepparil for foreign students. Instead of
the normal 90 hours ni the T-37 followed by 120
hours in the T-38, as laid out in the standard UPT course.

Sheppard students received 170 hours in the T-37.
The special T-37 course was especialh useful for
pilots who were preparing to fiy the A-37. an attack
version of the T-37. dcv eloped in response to counter-
insurgency requirements in Vietnam.

The T-37 course became so popular that ATC had
to find another base to relieve overcrowding at
Sheppard. The command chose Webb .AFB. Texas,
and began the T-37 course there in August 1973. The
last Vietnamese students graduated from this course
in April 1975. Other Vietnamese students attended a
special graduate pilot 'r-38 course that ATC ottered at
Webb and Laughhn. Identical to the T-38 phase of
UPT. this course was particularly appropriate for
countries that had the F-5, a single-seal conihai
version of the T-38. The last six Vietnamese students
graduated from this course at Webb in March 1975.

Besides the training it conducted in the I'lnied
States, ATC also deployed several field training
detachments (FTD) to Vietnam. One of these, FTD
9I7I-I, trained helicopter pilots and mechanics at Tan
Son Nhut Aw Base in Saigon during 1963 and 1964.
Another. FTD 92 IR, trained Cessna L-I7.'\ pilots and
maintenance personnel at Nha Trang Air Base from
September 1963 until August 1964. when it turned
over its mission and equipment to the Vietnamese,
who had become self-sufficient in the U-17A. Early
in 1968. FTD 6I5S deployed to Tan Son Nhut for 6
months of temporary duty to assist the maintenance
personnel of the VNAF 33d Wing make ihc transition
from the C-47 to the C- 119.

In addition to such "in-country" training programs,
ATC also provided Hying and technical training to
Vietnam under the VNAF improvement and
moderni/aiion program. The goal of the program,
popularlv known as "Vietnami/alion," was to make
the VNAF self-sufficient. In a sense, this was the
ultimate goal of all Air Force foreign training
programs, but in the case of South Vietnam, the need
for self-sufficiency was made more evident b\ its
absence, particularly in the face of the hostile forces
that eventually overran the entire country.

205

1975

Red Flag e\|)anded from its beginning in 1975 to become the most realistic simulated air-
warfare training exercise held anywhere in the world. Shown is an F-16 from the 414th Red
Flag Training Squadron in 1996, above the ranges north of Nellis after flying in a training
mission with other U.S. and foreign forces.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Closure of Survival Schools

Tlic reduction in ict|iiiicJ pniduclion Iroiii bulh the
Jungle Survival School at Clark Air Base in the
Philippines, and the Tropical Survival School at
Albrook Air Force Base. Canal Zone, combined with
the fact that portions of that training were included in
other survival courses, led ATC to recommend
closing both schools. On 7 February 1975. HQ USAF
approved this request. Jungle survival training ended
at Clark on 27 March 1475. and Air training
Command inactivated the 3614th Combat Crew
Training Squadron on 14 April. Tropic survival
training ended on 25 April, and ATC closed
Detachment 2. 3636th Combat Crew Training Wing
on 9 May.

Students at the Air Force Survival School at
Fairchild AFB, Washington, complete tAvo desert
shelters.

206

1976

One of the major issues facing the ATC commander and his staff during 1976 was the prospect of closing
t«o I PT bases. F'ilot production had been on a steady decline since y\ 72. and during thai lime, the
command had ended undergraduate pilot training at three bases— Randolph. Laredo, and Mctodv. Only seven
UPT bases remained--Columbus. Craig, \ ancc. Williams, Laughlin, Reese, and Webb. Rather than reduce
training production at all se\en locations, ATC officials beliocd it to be more economical to close t«o bases.
So it was on II March 1976 that the Secretary of the Air Force proposed closing se\eral military installations,
including Craig and Webb. However, Congress had made no firm decision on the propctsed closures by the
end of the year.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as ol 31 December 197(1)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

Alabama— Craig: Ari/ona-Williams: Calit'oniia-Malher: Colorado-
Lovvry: illitmis-Chanute: Mississippi-Columhus and Keesler;
Oklahoma-Vance: Texas-Lackland, Laughlin, Randolph, Reese,
Sheppard. and Webb

53,800 (6.975 iilTiceis: 31.698 enlisted: 15.127 cixilians)

1.638 (T-37B. T-38A. To^A. T-41 A/C. T-43A. TH-IF)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

6 numbered air force and equi\ alent units

1 wing equivalent unit:

Officer Training School. Lackland AlB TX
1 combat crew training wing:

3636th (Sui-\nall. Fairchild AFB WA

10 flying training wings:

12th. Randolph AlH rX
14th. Columbus AlB MS
29th.Craig AFB AL
47th. Laughlin AFB TX
64th. Reese AFB TX
71st. Vance AFB OK
78th. Webb AFB TX
80th. Sheppard AFB TX
82d, Williams AFB AZ

323d. Mather AFB C A
2 independent group and equivalent units:

Community College of the Air Force. Randolph
AFBTX

Foreign Military Training Affairs Croup.
Randolph AFB TX

9 independent squadrons:

557th Flying Training. USAF Academy. Colorado

Springs CO

3.^00lh Support. Randolph AFB TX

3302d Computer Services. Randolph AFB TX

3303d Procuiement. Randolph AFB TX

3.'<{)4th School (N'CO Academy). Lackland Al B

3305th .School dSIJi. Randolph AFB TX
3306lh Test and Evaluation. lidwards AFB CA
33()7th School (ATC Technology Applications

Center). Lackland AFB IX

33l4lh Management Engineering. Randolph AFB

207

1976

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

General Roberts eontinued as the ATC
commander, with Major General Killpack as vice
commander.

3307th School Squadron

At Lackland, ATC activated the 3307th School
Squadron (ATC Technology Applications Center) on
15 August 1976.

ORGANIZATION

DCSITechnical Training Reorganized

Air Training Command reorganized DCS/Technical
Training on 1 February 1976. dividing the function
into two new positions: Assistant Chief of Staff for
Technical Training Operations and Assistant Chief of
Staff for Technical Training Support. Shortly after
this realignment, the focal point for the Interservice
Training Review Organization (ITRO) moved from
the command section to technical training support.

Foreign Military Affairs Training Group

On I June .ATC actuated the Foreign Military
Training Affairs Group and assigned it to the
headquarters. This new group was to manage all
foreign training affairs.

3304th School Squadron

On i.-S .March 1476. A PC reassigned the 33()4th
School Squadron (ATC NCO Academy! from OTS to
HQ ATC control.

TRAINING

Language Training

In 1976. e\ecuti\c cimtrol of the Defense Language
Institute. English Language Center (DLIELC) at
Lackland passed from the Army to the Air Force. On
1 October ATC assumed responsibility for DLIELC
and further delegated that duty to the Air Force
Military Training Center at Lackland.

FLYING TRAINING

T45 Simulator

On 16 March ATC acquired the T45 navigation
training simulator at Mather. This simulator was used
in conjunction with T-43 training. It replaced the
T-29 simulator. The first UNT class to receive
improved training using the T45 simulator was
76-1.5. which graduated on 1 July 1976.

In November 1975 the Air Force chief of staff announced that the service would besin a

test program for trainin<; female pilots. Ihe llrst of t«(» groups of 1(1 «omen pilot

ididates began llight screening al Hondo Municipal Airport on 26 August, prior to

ing LiPT al Williams on 29 September. Ihe first class, shown here, received its

)n 2 Seotember 1977.

208

1976

TECHNICAL TRAINING

MISCELLANEOUS

Hasty Chief and Hasty Spark

The first class of Hasty Chief (later called Able
Chief) aircraft maintenance specialists began training
at Sheppard on 3 Ma\ . The idea was to reduce the
amount of time students spent in resident training and
pro\ide the remaining training at the gaining site
through the use of field training detachments. The
command implemented a similar program in
communications and electronics courses during
September at Keesler. It was called Hasty Spark
(later renamed Bright Spark).

Community College of ttie Air Force

President Gerald R. Ford approved legislation on
14 July authorizing the Community College of the
Air Force \o grant associate degrees for college-le\el
academic study. Effective 1 2 January 1^77. the US
Commissioner of Education authorized the ATC
commander to grant the Associate of Applied Science
Degree to graduates of the Community College of the
.Air Force. This was the first time that a military
agency had been gi\en the authority to grant degrees
to members of the enlisted force.

THE WOMEN AIRFORCE SERVICE PILOTS (WASP)

The Women Airforce Service Pikits of World War II were pioneers, the first licensed women pilots in the United
States to fly military aircraft for a military service. The WASP was formed in August 1943 from twd earlier,
relatively independent programs for women pilots: Women's .Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS) and Women's
Flying Training Detachment (WFTD).

Before the United Slates entered World War II, two women
had championed the use ot women pilots by the military. Nancy
Harkness Love, a well-known a\iator o^ the 193()s, ad\()cated a
policy of using e.xceptionalls well-qualified professional female
pilots for ferrying aircraft, while Jackie Cochran, a world-
renowned a\iator, had a more ambitious project in mind-
procuring and training a relatively large corps of women pilots
for a variel) of jobs besides t'errying.

Love proposed thai 2 1 - to 35-year-old w omen possessing a
high school diploma, US citizenship, a commercial pilot's
license, fiOi) hours of Hying time, and a 2()()-horsepower rating
be hired as military ferry pilots. They would ferry primary
trainers ami liaison aircraft for a $250 monthly salary plus a S6
per diem for any time spent away from their assigned base.

Major General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold, Chief of the Air
Corps, initially rejected Love's proposal but. in September 1942,
facing a growing need for male combat pilots, approved
formation of the WAFS. The squadron was organized at New
Castle Army Air Base, Wilmington, Delaware, as a separate organization under Love. It consisted of 25 pilots,
known as the "Originals." who averaged 1.100 hours and were among the most experienced young pilots, male or
female, in the country.

Meanwhile, as early as 1939. Jackie Cochran had suggested recruiting and training women to lly military
aircraft. On 7 October 1942. shortly after the WAFS was formed. General Arnold maugurated a llight training
proeram to produce 500 women ferry pilots. He appointed Cochran as the director of flying training, and by
October 1942. 40 women had been accepted and sent for training at Howard Hughes Airport in Houston. Texas.
The unit was called the WFTD. or among the women it was know n as the "Woofteddies."

When facilities at Houston proved too Imiited. a new sclu.ol was opened in February 1943 at Avenger Field.
Sweetwater. Texas, and tranmiii at Houston soon phased out. On 5 August 1943. the WAFS and the women of
Cochran's WFTD school were united as the WASP. Cochran was named Director ol Women Pilots, and Love
continued in the WASP as executive of the Ferrying Division of the Air Transport Command

These WASPs ferried planes and flew
navigation training missions from Ellington
Held, Texas.

209

1976

Classes entered the WASP program at monthly intervals. A total of 18 classes completed training: 8 in 1943 and
10 in 1944. Of the 25.000 women who applied for flight training. 1.830 were accepted, and of those. 1.074 received
their wings. Entrance requirements remained essentially the same as those for the WAFS. except the age
requirement was dropped from 21 to 18. and the flight experience was set at only 200 hours. That requirement was
later dropped to 35 hours, and the 200-horsepower rating requirement was eventually eliminated.

Training for women pilots paralleled but did not duplicate that given the men. Because the women were
expected to go into fen-ying. emphasis was placed on cross-country flying. Gunnery and formation flight training
were omitted. The flrst course was four-months long. Although the hours were flexible and varied according to
previous training, 115 flying hours were generally called for in addition to 180 hours of ground instruction. As the
experience level of the trainees declined, the course was expanded and revised. By the close of 1943. the length had
been extended to 27 weeks and the flying hours to 210. Few curricular changes were made in 1944; the main one
increased training from 27 to 30 weeks.

During the early stages of the program, an 80 percent graduation rate had been anticipated for the women
trainees. The actual rate a\'eraged out at 74 percent for the 1943 graduates and 53 percent for the 1944 classes, the
latter considerably better than the attrition rate for male trainees in the Central Flying Training Command in 1944.
The increase in washout rates probably reflected the lower flight experience among the later classes.

The WASPs flew all types of military aircraft, including AT-6. AT- 10. AT- 1 1. and BT-13 trainers: C-47. C-54.
and C-60 transports: A-25 and A-26 attack aircraft; B-24, B-25, TB-26, and B-29 bombers; P-38. P-40. P-47. and P-
51 fighters. In addition to ferrying, the WASPs performed many other tasks such as glider and target towing, radar
calibralit)n flights, aircraft testing, and other noncombat duties to release male pilots for overseas action. The
WASPs flew approximately 60 million miles and suffered 38 fatalities, or 1 to about 16,000 hours of flying.

The WASPs were employed under the Civil Service program. It was always assumed they would become part of
the .-Xrmy when a proper place uithin the military organization could be found for them. In fact, bills were
introduced in Congress to give them military rank, but even with General Arnold's suppoil, all efforts failed to
absorb the WASPs into the military. On 20 December 1944, the Army Air Forces, citing the changing combat
situation, disbanded the WASP program. The WASPs returned to civilian life with no veterans' benefits. In 1977
Congress finally granted benefits to the 850 remaining WASPs.

Eight W.\SPs gather on the
ramp at Waco Field, Texas,
for a final group picture
before the V\.4SP was
disbanded on 20 December
1944.

:i()

1977

In February 1976 Gen David C. ,loncs, the Air Force Chief of Staff, insisted on reducing training costs,
stating. "We need to establish a goal on reduction of people tied up in (raining— instructors, students, and
support." Since more than half the >isible costs of technical training «as generated b\ basic resident training
courses. General Jones' directi>e encouraged ATC to examine the training philosoph> behind these courses.
In the search for ne», inno>ative. less costl> approaches to training. ATC along with the Air Staff, explored
>va>s to reduce the training in\estment in first termers. The command made major cutbacks in cre\> chief
and electronic principles training and rexiewed all courses looking for more effectixe «a>s to align training
more closely with specific requirements of using commands. In a further effort to reduce training costs, the
command placed increased reliance on its newly acquired instrument tlight simulators and dropped I'PT
flying hours from 210 to 170 and ATC closed two more of its IPT bases— Craig and Webb.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of 31 Deccmher 1477)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

6 numbered air force equivalent units:

Ari/ona-Willianis; Calilornia-Malher; Coloradii-Lowr) ; lllnu)is--('hanutc;
Mississippi-CiiluinbuN and Keesler: Oklahoma-Vance; Texas-l-aekland.
Laughlin. Rantlolph. Reese, and Sheppaiti

5(),7?7 (6.500 olTicers; 30.4.57 enlisled; 13.S00 ci\ilians)

1 ..5 .S3 (T-37B. T-38A. T-3yA. T-41 A/C. T-43A. TH-I1-)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

4 independent yroup and et|ui\'alent units:

USAF Recruiting Service. Randolph AFB TX
Air Force Mil Trng Cir. Lackland AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanule AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Teeh Trng Ctr. Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX

1 v\ing equivalent unit:

Officer Training School. Lackland AFB TX
1 combat crew training wing:

3636th (Survival), lairchild AFB WA

S Hying training wings:

12th. Randolph AFB TX
14th. Columbus AFB MS
47th. Laughlin AFB IX
ft4th. Reese AFB TX
71st. Vance AFB OK
80th. Sheppard AFB TX
82d. Williams AFB A/.
323d, Mather AFB CA

Communit) College of the Air Force. Lackland
AFB TX

Foreign Military Training Attairs Croup.
Randolph Al-B TX

San Antonio Procurement Cenler. Kellv Al B IX

San Antonio Real Property Maintenance Agency,
San Antomo AIS T\

') independent squadron and equi\alent units:

557lh Flying Training. USAF .Acadeni). Colorado

Springs CO

330()ih Support. Randolph AFB TX

3302d Computer Services. Randolph AFB TX

3303d Procurement. Randolph AIB TX

3.304th School (NCO Academy). Lackland AIB

330.5th School (LSD). Randolph AIB TX
3306lh Test and Evaluation, lidwards ALB CA
3307th School (ATC Technology Application

Center). Lackland AFB TX

3314th Management Engineering. Randolph AIB

211

1977

In 1972 all of the technical training schools became Schools of Applied
Aerospace Science. Five years later ATC replaced the schools with
numerically-designated wings.

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

On 30 March President Jimmy Carter elevated the
position ot'Coiniiiander. ATC to the grade of general.
Lieutenant General John W. Roberts received his
fourth star and became Air Training Command's first
four-star commander. The reason for this change
stemmed from the e\er-increasing importance of the
command's multiple mission responsibilities. In mid-
August Major General Killpack was reassigned to
Headquarters USAF as Assistant DCS/Personnel. and
on 1 5 August Maj Gen Evan W. Rosencrans assumed
the duties of ATC vice commander.

ORGANIZATION

Technical Training Wings Activated

Air Trainuig Connnand mactivated the USAF School

of Applied Aerospace Sciences at each of its

technical training centers and activated numbered

technical training wings in their place on I April

1977. These included the 3250th Technical Training

Wing at Lackland, the 330()th at Keesler, the 3330th

at Chanute. the 34()()th at Lowry. and the 370()th at

■^ird. Several months later Air Training

.^ I -iblished a second order that inactivated

=ctive 1 January 1978. based on

1 'IS proposed by the Cadou study.

(Thi again activated in November

1979.)

Cadou

In June leneral R.

of a siiKiv gi n to review

Jted the formation
entire technical

training system. The group
found considerable organ-
izational variance between
centers. The one constant
was that support functions
were broken up among
several staff agencies at both
group and wing level. The
study was completed in July
1 977. and from those results.
General Roberts announced
that all the centers would
adopt the same standard
organization. However, the
new realignment did not
become effective until
1 January 1978. Under the
new organization. Air
Training Command reduced
overhead at the technical
training centers by 375
authorizations. Also, as a
result of the Cadou study. ATC combined its two
technical training assistant chief positions into a
single Deputy Chief of Staff. Technical Training.

San Antonio Procurement Center

Effectise I January. ATC acti\ated the San Antonio
Procurement Center at Kelly AFB. The center was
responsible for all base procurement functions at
Kelly. Brooks. Lackland, and Randolph. It was to be
a group-level organization under the operational
control of the ATC Deputy Chief of Staff. Logistics.

Real Property Maintenance Agency Formed

On 15 February, at the direction of HQ USAF. the
San Antonio Real Property Maintenance Agency
(SARPMA) was activated as a group-level named
unit and assigned to Air Training Command. It was a
consolidation of real properly maintenance activities
at Randolph. Lackland. Brooks, and Kelly AFBs and
the Army's Fort Sam Houston. The new agency was
located at San Antonio Air Force Station, adjacent to
Fort Sam Houston. However, it did not become
operational until I October 1978.

Assistant for Readiness

As another sign of the mcreased emphasis given to
readiness throughout the Air Force, the ATC
commander announced, on 31 May. establishment of
an assistant for readiness as a special office reporting
directly to him.

INSTALLATIONS

Craig and Webb Closed

Craig .AFB. .Alabama. graduated its final
undergraduate pilot training class (77-08) on

1977

12 August. At Webb AFB in Texas, the last two pilot
training classes completed course work on
.^0 August, and fixed wing qualification training
ended on I September. Air Training Command
inacli\ated bt)th the 29th Flying Training Wing at
Craig and the 78th Flying Training Wing at Webb on
30 September, and the tv\o installations were placed
in caretaker status the following day.

Fixed-Wing Qualification Training

\\ uh the announcement b\ the Department of
Delense that Webb .XFB would close in September,
Air Training Command moved its fixed-wing
qualification training program to Sheppard. where the
first class began on M) June.

MILITARY TRAINING

TRAINING
FLYING TRAINING

First Female Navigator Candidates

The na\igator school at Mather .AFB in California,
began receiving its first female navigator candidates
on 10 March. These women trained as a part of UNT
Class 78-01. The five female students received their
wings on 12 October.

Recruiter Assistance Program

In 1977 the tune-honored methods of canvassing high
schools, advertising for recruits, and talking to groups
of young people were insufficient to meet production
needs of the Aw Force. One answer to the problem
was a program initialed by General Roberts in late
1976-the Air Force Recruiter .Assistance Program. It
encouraged active duty Air Force personnel to refer
shaip prospects to recruiters. The program proved to
be highly successful in Fiscal year 1977. providing
recruiters with approximately 34.000 leads.

The first female graduates from undtruraduali- navigator training stand Inside
a T-43 na\i<iat(tr trainer at Mather .MB. t alifoinia. I he «omen rteiiMcl
their «in<'s on 12 Oelolur 1977.

213

1977

MISCELLANEOUS

Conversion to Contract

As ain)ther means i)f reducing costs in the late 1970s.
ATC looked at contracting various support functions.
By July 1977. nine ATC bases had implemented
contracts for audiovisual services, and five others
converted vehicle operations, vehicle maintenance,
and transportation reports and analysis to contract
operations.

Over the -ears, flights in flying training units have devehtped their own distinctive patches. Pictured above are
soni Itches worn by T-33 and l-.^S lliohls al \\ illianis Al B. Arizona. bel\>een l«)6l and 199.V

214

1978

In Ma> ATC assumed responsibility for the Air rnixt-rsity ( \l ). lu-adcinartered at Maxwell AFB,
Alabama. Not only did this put eontinuin<; and ad\anced education under ATC control, but it also
consolidated responsibility for most Air Force recruiting, education, and training programs under a single
major command. As a part of this reorganization. ATC gained two installations: (;unter Air Force Station
and Maxwell AFB. Less than two months later. AlC acquired another base when the I SAI Security Service
released Goodfellow AFB. At the same time, the command assumed responsibility for all of the Air liirce's
crxptologic training. Late in the year. ATC tailored na\igator training to meet operating command needs by
proxiding additional instruction in advanced and tactical navigation.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as (il 31 Dl'cciiiIxt 1'-J7,S)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

7 numbered air force eqiiiv aleni units:

Air Force Mil Trng Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Air University. Maxwell AFB AL
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanute AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
Lovers Tech Trng Ctr. Lovvry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX
USAF Recruiting Service. Randolph AFB TX

1 wing equi\alent unit:

Officer Training School. Lackland AFB TX
1 combat crew trairnng wing:

3636th Wing (Survival). Fairchild AFB WA

8 tlying training wings:

1 2th. Randolph AFB TX
14th. Columbus AFB MS
47th. Laughlin AFB TX
64th. Reese AFB TX
71st, Vance AFB OK
KOth. Sheppard AIB TX
82d. Williams AFB AZ

Alabama-Ciunter and Maxvsell: Arizona-Williams;

California -Mather: Colorado--Lov\ry: lllinois-Chanute:

Mississippi-Columbus ami Keesler: Oklahoma-Vance:
Texas— Goodfellow. Lackland. Laughlin. Randolph. Reese, and
Sheppard

55.624 (,S.I()7 officers; 32.060 enlisted; 15.457 civilians)

1.521 (T-37B. T-3SA. T-41 A/C. T-4.3A. TH-IF)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

323d. Mather AFB CA

1 technical trainin'j wing:

348()th (USAF Cryptological Training Center).
Goodfellow AFB TX

4 independent group and ecjiu\alent units;

Community College of the Air Force. Lackland
AFB TX

Foreign Militar\ Training Affairs Group,
Randolph AFB TX

San Antonio Contracting Center, Kelly AFB TX

San Antonio Real Propert> Maintenance Agency,
San Antonio AFS TX

10 independent squadron and equi\alenl units:

USAF Occupational Measuremeni Center,

Randolph AFB TX

557th Flying Training. USAF Academy, Colorado

Springs CO

3.^0()lh Support. Randolph AFB TX

3302d Computer Services. Randolph AFB TX

33()3d Contracting. Randolph AIB TX

215

1978

33()4th School (ATC NCO Academy), Lackland

AFBTX

)M)5lh SchooKLSD). Randolph AFB TX
33()6lh Test and E\ alualion. Edwards AFB CA
3307th Test and Evaluation (ATC Technology

Applications Center). Lackland AFB TX

3314th Management Engineering. Randolph AFB

Air University would transfer to ATC on 11 April:
however, because of "political sensitivities" the
transfer did not take place until 15 May.
Organizationally, Air University became another
ATC center, but one with a decidedly different
mission, given its singular professional military
education orientation and its close relationship with
the ci\ ilian academic community.

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

ORGANIZATION

General Roberts remained the ATC commander,
and Major General Rosencrans continued to serve as
the \ice commander.

Air University Assigned to ATC

B> the mid-197Us, more than 20 studies had looked
at various realignments of education, training, and
personnel management functions. Though \'irtually
all the studies concluded that some type of merger or
consolidation was feasible, the Air Force took no
action along these lines until 1978. On 20 March
1978. the Secretary of the Air Force announced that

Relocation of Instructor Training School

Air Training Command transferred its Instructor
Training School from Randolph to Maxwell on
1 October 1978, merging it with Air University's
Academic Instructor School.

DCSIEducation Created

As part of the Air University transfer. General
Roberts established a DCS/Education as part of his
staff.

Students in the weapons mechanic course at Lowry AFB, Colorado, load a 750-pound bomb on an
F-in.-V simulator.

216

7978

COMPUTERS AND TRAINING

In tlic l')50s and early 1960s, as computer-
technology rapidly ad\anced. the Air Force began to
look at ways to use this state-of-the-art equipment to
enhance its training programs. Air Training
Command started using coinputer-drixen simulators
to pro\ ide realistic practice for technical training
students in air traffic control and some other
operations specialties. By the late 197()s. Air Training
Command had acquired computer-driven maintenance
training simulators for electronic systems on new
aircraft. However, a lot of skepticism still existed
concerning the effectiveness of using computer-
driven simulators instead of actual equipment.

Even more controversial was the idea of using
computer-assisted instruction. Through out its historv .
Air Training Command had problems acquiring and
retaining skilled instructors. By implementing
computer-assisted instruction, the command believed
it could reduce the number of instructors needed, as
well as allow for self paced instruction, meaning
resident training time could be reduced for some
students. That, in turn, would mean a cost-savings for
the Air Force as well as the command.

During the 197()s. Air Training Command
experimented with three major computer-based
instructional systems: the Computer Directed Train-
ing System, which taught personnel how to use and
program computers; the Programmed Logic for
Automated Teaching Operations iPL.ATO) system at
Chanute and .Sheppard Technical Training Centers;
and the Advanced Instructional .System (AIS) at
Lowry Technical Training Center. However, because
of a lack of computer terminals and because of
internal limitations of the programs, neither
instructors, students, nor gaining commands were
satisfied with training provided through these
systems, particularly AIS. According to one stucK,

"Instructors are not properly prepared, either from a
training or psychological standpoint, to teach the
computer managed, self paced method. They consider
themselves 'babysitters' and the computer the
'enemy'."

Up to this point, only about one percent of ATC's
technical training in\ol\ed computer-based
instruction. One reason Air Training Command had
failed to make greater use of computers to facilitate
technical training was the absence of any unified
position on how to take advantage of such
technology. However, in the 198()s. as the command
faced increased student loads, shortages of instructors,
a longer training day. and increasing training
requirements to support new weapon systems, it
looked to computerized training as a means of
balancing the workload, while at tlie same time
responding to greater student instructional needs.

Two new systems under development included the
Branch Level Training Management System
(BLTMS) and Advanced Instructional Delivery and
Evaluation System (AIDES), which later became
known as the Advanced Training System (ATS). The
command planned to use BLTMS to manage training
at the centers and later to expand it to include student
instruction, while AIDES was more a training
delivery system. Even in the de\elopmenl stage, these
two systems causeil contrinersv. Planners felt that a
single system could include both training deli\er\ and
training management, while the technical training side
of the house leaned more toward a training delivery
system only. The command settled on two programs:
the BLTMS would administer the training
management system, while the .Advanced Training
System would standardize all computer-assisted
training offered in the command.

Instrument Flight Center Closed

Because the .\u force no longer had a requirement
for a dedicated instrument school, the Instrument
Flight Center (IPC) began phasing down operations
at Randolph in 1977. and ATC inactivated the unit on
,^() June I97S. Thus, the IFC concluded over 30 years
of instrument nying-relaied activities, including the
Instrument Pilot Instructor School.

Occupational Measurement Center Moved

The L'S.AF Occupational Measurement Center
(OMCi developed the Air Force's promotion tests and
validated that the tests remained job-related through

periodic occupational surveys oi all specialties. The
OMC had moved to the Medina Annex from
Lackland's main base in 1976. but during late 1977,
General Roberts decided to move it again, this lime
lo Randolph AFB. This move freed 354 billeting
spaces at Lackland to accominodate programmed
increases in Officer Training School proiluction. On
I May 1978, ATC reassigned OMC from the Air
Force Military Training Center lo HQ ATC. The
center's new home was the former location of ihe
USAF Instrument Flight Center. This move placed
the OMC in close proximity to DCS/Technical
Training, the staff agency lo which it reported.

217

1978

Relocation of Procurement Center

In January 1978, ATC noted that the San Antonio
Procurement Center had encountered major problems
due to its location at Kelly AFB. an Air Force
Logistics Command installation. Since the San
Antonio Real Property Maintenance Agency was its
major customer, ATC decided to collocate both
organizations at the San Antonio Air Force Station.
The mo\c began at the end of 1978 and ended in May
1979. Also on 1 October 1978, Air Training
Command redesignated the procurement center as the
San Antonio Contracting Center, and at the same
time, the command redesignated its 3303d
Procurement Squadron as the 3303d Contracting
Squadron.

INSTALLATIONS

Goodfellow AFB, Texas, Reassigned to ATC

Goodlellovv had served as an ATC pilot training base
during World War II and in the post-war era before it
was turned over to USAF Security Service in 1958
for cryptologic training. In April 1978 the Secretary
of the Air Force directed that responsibility for all
cryptologic training, along with the base, be trans-
ferred to Air Training Command. The transfer agree-
ment was negotiated between the two commands in
May, and ATC gained jurisdiction of the base on
1 July. In conjunction with the transfer, ATC
activated the 3480th Technical Training Wing
(USAF Cryptological Training Center) at
Goodfellow.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

IFS Operational

On 17 1cbruar\ 197S. ihe 64th Flying Training
Wing. Reese AFB, Texas, became the first ATC pilot
training base with a fully operational instrument
flight simulator (IFS) program, which allowed
training in both Ihe T-37 and T-3S simulator
complexes.

USAF to Host ENJJPT

On 17 May 1978, ministers from the North .Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) accepted an oiler by
the United States to host the Euro-NATO Joint Jet
Pilot Training (ENJJPT) Program for a 10-year
period beginning in 1981. Ultimately, the Air Force
selected ATC's Sheppard AFB for the location of this
irainins.

Tailored Navigator Training

For all navigator training classes beginning after
2 October 1978, ATC provided specialized rather
than generalized training. The new program taught
basic navigator skills to all graduates. Two new
courses-advanced navigation (AN) and tactical
navigation (TN)-provided specialized training
tailored to the needs of the major commands. Upon
graduation from UNT, navigators with assignments
to tankers, transports, and bombers, took the AN
course and those going to Tactical Air Command,
mainly as weapon systems officers, took the TN
course. Others entered electronic warfare officer
training at Mather.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Eight-Hour Training Day

Triggered by a congressional inquiry, the General
Accounting Office (GAO) investigated all DOD
technical training programs. It found that each of the
services had different length training days. In its
report the GAO proposed that all technical training
students should spend eight hours a day in class, five
days a week. According to the GAO estimate. ATC
could save $70 million by converting from its 6-hour
to an 8-hour day. By the end of the year, ATC had
converted most of its courses but found that its
savings were actually only $17 million.

EDUCATION

CCAF Accreditation

To ensure acceptance of its credits and degrees by
civilian educational institutions, the Community
College of the Air Force (CCAF) applied for
accreditation with the Southern Association of
Colleges and Schools' Commission on Colleges. The
association accepted the CCAF as a candidate for
accreditation in June 1978.

MISCELLANEOUS

Overseas Exercise Support

For the first time in the history of the command. ATC
tested its wartime/contingency mission readiness by
deploying 2.50 of its personnel into the Pacific Air
Forces (PACAF) region. This 8-22 February 1978
deployment was in support of Exercise Commando
Rock. Again in April. Air Training Command
deployed 291 personnel to Hahn Air Base. Germany,
to support USAFE's Exercise Salty Rooster.

218

1979

For the sccoiul time in two years. Air Training Command reorganized its leehnieal training
establishment in the field. On I \o\emher 1979. A l( ac(i>aled numhered technical training \>ings at each
of the command's fl\e training cenlers-the 325(lth at Lackland. 3300lh at Keesler. 3.^.^(llh at C hanutc.
34()0th at l.o\>r\. and the 370()lh at Sheppard. These were the same numerical designations the training
schools had had prior to 1 Janiiarv 1978. when A K replaced them with l)eput\ C ommanders for Training.
That reorganization resulted in significant manpower savings, but it had its drawbacks. Ihe appellation
Deputy Commander for Training was peculiar to ATC, not well known throughout the Air Force, and the
source of some cimfusion. General Davis, the ATC c(mimander. therefore, opted to return to Ihe numbered
wings. Meanwhile Recruiting Service for the first time in its history failed to meet its nonprior ser>ice
enlistment goals.

Crvptologic \oice-processing students practice their skill during a laboratory session at
CJoodfellow AFB, Texas.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of 3 1 December 1^79)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

AlabimKi-Cuiiiicr aiid Maxwell: Ariz()na--Willianis:
California--Mather. Colorado-Lowry: Illinois-Chanute:
Mississippi--Columbus and Keesler: Oklah(>nia--Vance:
Tcxas-Cioddrellow. Lackland. Laujihiin. Kaiidnipli. Reese,
and Sheppard

.55.512 (8.259 otricers: 32.155 enlisted: 15.098 civilians)

l,5i6(T-37. T-38.T-41.T-43.TH-I.UV-I8)

219

1979

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

7 luimbered air force equi\'alent units:

Air University. Maxwell AFB AL
Air Force Mil Trng Ctr, Lackland AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr, Chanute AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr. Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX
USAF Recruiting Service. Randolph AFB TX

I wing equivalcnl luiit:

Officer Training School. Lackland AFB TX
I combat crew training v\ ing:

3636th (Survival). Fairchild AFB WA

8 flying training wings:

1 2th. Randolph AFB TX
14th. Columbus AFB MS
47th, Laughlin AFB TX
64th. Reese AFB TX
7 1 St. Vance AFB OK
8()th, Sheppard AFB TX
82d. Williams AFB AZ
323d. Mather AFB CA

I technical training wing;

3480th (USAF Cryptological Training Center),
Goodfellow AFB TX

3304th School (ATC NCO Academy). Lackland

AFBTX

3305th School (ISD). Randolph AFB TX
3306th Test and Evaluation. Edwards AFB CA
3314th Management Engineering. Randolph AFB

3507th Airman Classification. Lackland AFB TX

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

General
Bennie L. Davis

General Bennie L. Davis, the Headquarters USAF
DCS/Personnel, replaced Gen John W. Roberts on
1 April 1979 as Commander. Air Training Command.
Roberts retired. On 12 March Maj Gen Chades G.
Cleveland became vice commander, replacing Maj
Gen Evan W. Rosencrans. Clexeland came from HQ
USAF where he had served as Director of Personnel
Programs. Rosencrans went to Korea.

4 independent group and equi\ alent units:

Communit) College of the Air Force, Maxwell
AFB AL

Foreign Mil Trng Affairs Gp, Randolph AFB TX

San Antonio Contracting Center. San Antonio
AFSTX

San Antonio Real Property Maintenance Agency.
San Antonio AFS TX

9 squadron and equn alent units:

I'SAF Occupational Measurement Center.
Randolph AFB TX

557th Flying Training, USAF Academy, Colorado
Springs CO

33()2d Computer Services, Randolph AFB TX

3303d Contracting, Randolph AFB TX

ORGANIZATION

Relocation of CCAF

When fust activated in 1972, ATC located the
Community College of the Air Force at Randolph.
Then in 1977, due to crov\ding on Randolph, the
college moved to the Lackland Training Annex. That
was a short tenancy, because as a part of the 1978
assignment of Air University to ATC. the command
decided to move the Community College of the Air
Force to Maxwell AFB, Alabama. That transfer took
place on I .lune 1979.

3300th Support Squadron

Headquarters .ATC maclnated the 3300th Support
Squadron at Randolph AFB on 1 January 1979. and
its functions tiansfcrred to the Headquarters
Squadron Section.

220

1979

RECRUITING ISSUES

For much of its history. Air Training Q)niniand's
ability to identify promising talent for Air Force
positions of all types had not been seriously
challenged. Recruiting efforts nearly always met
projected needs. In the mid-197()s. however,
continuing this le\el o\' achievement became more
challenging. A reorganization of the U.SAF
Recruiting Service, mandated reductions in recruiting
resources, and an improving job market for 17- to 21-
year-olds coiTibined with more stringent enlistment
criteria and screening procedures to cause concern.
Quotas for new personnel were becoming
increasingly inore difficult to fill. A nearly 50
percent reduction in the recruiting budget in fiscal
years 1974 through 1977 exacerbated the problem.

By late 1977, the time-honored methods of
can\assing high schools. ad\ertising, and talking to
interested groups in public forums were not filling
the need for new airmen. The first response to this
more difficult recruiting environment, the Air Force
Recruiter Assistance Program, offered active
personnel, beginning in the fall of 1976, the chance
to help recruiters identify potential airmen in their
home towns. Although the program produced many
leads, meeting recruitment quotas in the long term
still seemed problematical. In addition, a low
nonprior service enlistment rate in December 1978
suggested a rough road ahead.

Accordingly, the Recruiting Service established
several initiatives. The guaranteed training

enlistment program, operational in 1977, allowed
applicants to select specific jobs at the outset of their
careers from 140 Air Force specialties.

Other initiatives in 1978 and in 1979 allowed new
airmen to select their preferred base of assignment
and to be proinoted to airman second class upon
completing basic training. Those signing up for a
six-year tour could benefit from an accelerated
promotion schedule to senior airman. A delayed
enlistment program permitted polenlial recruits to
enlist early for jobs that would be liekl for them up to
one year. Even with these incentive programs, for
the first time in its history. Recruiting Service failed
to meet its recruiting goal for fiscal year 1979.

In 1980 USAF Recruiting Service increased the
use of incentives and added two more programs-
Stripes for Education, which offered the rank of
airman second class to those who had completed at
least two semesters of college, and a cash bonus for

enlisting in select career fields. \i\ I9S1 these
incentives combined with two significant military pay
raises to produce some notable recruiting successes.
Howe\er, the problems of attracting new people into
certain Air Force technical careers persisted.

The acquisition of officers into some career fields,
such as engineering and the health professions, had
represented a particularly difficult hurdle to cross.
Here again, the use of specialized incentive programs
brought results. The College Senior Engineer
Program and the Undergraduate Engineer Conversion
Program were the most successful. The former
allowed senior engineering students to enlist with lull
pay and allowances, while the latter paid engineering
graduates to return to school for a second engineering
degree. In approximately four years, from 1979
through the end of 198.^. Recruiting Service had
turned a shortage of 1,200 engineers into a surplus.
An all-out effort to induce physicians, dentists and
nurses to join the Air Force had also paid dividends.
The use of enlistment bonuses to attract those w ishing
to enter certain technical fields also achieved success.

Beginning in the mid-1970s the .Air Force had
faced a series of threats to its acquisition of quality
personnel. The presence of a much more competitive
marketplace for young people had prompted Air
Training Command to adopt new initiatives and
programs to attract new perst)nnel. Many o\' these
novel programs and initiatives became an integral part
of the approach taken by recmiters to till futiue .\ir
Force needs for promising and talented airmen.

^oun^ people joined the Mr lorce lor iiianv
reasons. Tradilionallv ilie chances lo iraNcI and lo
continue their education «ere al tlu lop of ilic list.

221

1979

3307th School Squadron

Eftective 2 January 1979, ATC inactivated its 3307th
Sciiool Squadron (also known as the ATC
Technology Applications Center) at Lackland AFB,
Texas. Some squadron personnel transferred to HQ
ATC DCS/Plans and Programs to form an
Applications Division under the Training Systems
Development Directorate.

3507th Airman Classification Squadron

EffectJN'e i March 1979. ATC reassigned the 3507th
Airman Classification Squadron from Recruiting
Service to HQ ATC.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Iranian Revolution

Because of a revolulion and subsequent change ot
national policy, Iran canceled all future entries into
flying and technical training courses. Students
already in training were to complete school. (While
the new 20\'ernmenl did not intend it. this included

the Crown Prince of Iran, who finished
undergraduate pilot training at Reese AFB on
9 March 1979.) As a result of the Iranian seizure of
the US Embassy in Teheran and the holding of
American hostages. ATC grounded all Iranian flying
training students.

Coast Guard Navigator Training Ended

Giving no reason, the US Coast Guard notified ATC
on 26 July that it would stop sending students to
Mather AFB's Interservice Undergraduate Navigator
Training and instead train its own navigators.

Rotary Wing Qualification Course

On 31 January 1979. ATC assumed responsibility for
the Rotary Wing Qualification Course at Fort Rucker.
Alabama. The course, formerly under MAC, trained
fixed-wing pilots to fly helicopters.

Security Assistance Program Training

Since the early 1940s. ATC had provided special
pilot training courses for foreign students under a
variety of program titles, such as the Mutual Defense
Assistance Program, the Military Assistance
Program, and the Security Assistance Program. On
1 1 September, ATC ended the special courses.
Students already in training were allowed to complete
their courses, but all luture pilot trainees would take
the standard USAF undergraduate pilot training
course.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Computer Training Consolidated

Since Keesler Technical Training Center already
performed most Air Force computer maintenance
training. General Davis directed the consolidation of
computer programmer and operator training there
also. He made this decision on .'i June 1979. and
actual consolidation occuiTcd between the fall ol
1979 and fall of 19S().

Female recruits from llie 37(IMth Basic Military
Training Squadron clinih up a lower during
■>■ . !■< irainins; at Lackland .MB, lexas.

The CCAK relocated to this building at
Lackland in l')77. >>hcre it remained for
two vears before moving to .Maxwell.

222

1980

Air Training Command continued its efforts to institute specialized undergraduate pilot training and
acquire a next generation trainer. Defense ministers of tiie N A fO alliance agreed to begin I uro-\A l() Joint
Jet Pilot fraining at Sheppard. for the first time since 1-^ 71, pilot production showed an increase o\er the
pre\ious year's production. Air Training Command ele\ated the helicopter training detachment at Fort
Rucker to squadron status, a reflection of expanded Air Force requirements. In technical training, A K saw
a substantial expansion in its student load.

Air Training Command used the 1\-I8 aircraft for
administrative airlift.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(asot 31 December I^.S!))

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS: 15

Alabaina-dLuiler and Maxwell; Aii/ona--
Williams; Calit'ornia-Mathcr: Coloiado--
Lovviy. illin(>is--Chaniite: Mississippi--

Columbus and Keeslei: Oklahoma— Vance;
Toxas-CxHHUellow. I.aekland. Laughlin,
Randolph. Reese, and Sheppard

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:

55.488 (8..V)6 otfieers: }2JM-> enlisted: 14.716
eivilians)

AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED: 1.482 (T 37. T-38. T-41. T-43, UV-18)
MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

7 numbered air luree equivalent units:

USAF Reeruiimg Service. Randolph AFB TX
Air University. Maxwell AFB AL
Lackland Mil Trng Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanutc Al'B IL
KeeslerTech Trng" Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
l.ovvry Tech Trng Ctr. Lowry AFB CO
Sheppartl Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX

1 wing equi\alent unit:

Oflicer Training School. Lackland AFB TX
1 combat crew training vs ing:

3636th (Survival). Faiichdd AFB WA

8 living training wings:

1 2th. Randolph AFB TX
14th. Columbus AFB MS
47th. Laughlin AFB TX
64th. Reese AFB TX

71st. Vance AFB OK
8()ih. Sheppard AFB TX
S2d. Williams AFB .\Z
323d. Mather AFB CA

I technical training wing:

348()th (USAF Ciyptological Iraming Center),
Goodlellow AFB TX

4 indcpendenl grou|i ami equivalent units:

Communily College of the Air Force. Maxwell
AFB AL

Foreign Mil Trng Affairs Gp. Ranilolph .AFB TX

San Antonio Contracting Cenler. San Antonio
AFSTX

San .'\ntonio Real Properly Maintenance Agency.
San Antonio AFS TX

10 independent squadron and equivalent units:

USAF Occupational Measurement Cenler.
Randolph Al B TX

223

1980

Recruits are fitted for initial clothing issue at Lackland AFB, Texas.

557th Flying Ti;iining. USAF Academy, Colorado

Springs CO

3302d Computer Services. Randolph AFB TX

3303d Contracting. Randolph AFB TX

3304th School (NCO Academy). Lackland AFB

3305th School (LSD), Randolph AFB TX
3306th Test and Evaluation. Edwards AFB CA
33 14th Mgmt Engrg. Randcilph AFB TX
3.507th Airman Classilication. Lackland AFB TX
3588th Flying Trng (Heli). Fort Ruckcr AL

Wing at Columbus. Since that time, the detachment's
mission had expanded to include more than 350
hours per month for flying and academic training
with 17 permanent party personnel assigned. Then on
31 January 1980. Air Training Command replaced
the detachment with the activation of the 3588th
Flying Training Squadron (Helicopter). The
squadfon reported directly to the HQ ATC Deputy
Chief of Staff. Operations.

TRAINING

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

FLYING TRAINING

General Bennic L. Davis continued to serve as the
ATC commander, and Maj Gen Charles G. Cleveland
remained the \ice commander.

ORGANIZATION

First Female Enters UPT-H

Although the Army had been training female
helicopter pilots for some time, the Air Force had not,
that was until 2d Lt Mary L. Wittick entered under-
graduate pilot training helicopter (Class 81-05) in
May 1980.

3588th Flying Training Squadron

In 1971. when llic .\rm_\ began training Air Force
undergraduate helicopter pilots. Air Training
Command established small detachments of Air
Force personnel at Army training sites to monitor
training, provide interservice liaison, and give
administrative support to Air Force students. When
this training went to a single location--F-ort Ruckcr.
Alabama— ATC transferred student accountability
and processing from Randolph to Craig AFB in
Mabama. Craig closed in 1977. and the responsibility
' tu a detachment of the 14th Flying Training

Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training

F^)r some \ears. member nations ol the NATO
alliance had attempted to develop a common pilot
training program. By combining pilot training
prt)grams. the allies could reduce costs and increase
NATO operational standardization. In 1978 NATO
officials accepted a US offer to host ENJJPT at an
American base. On II June 1980. the Secretary of
Defense announced that ATC would conduct the
ENJJPT course at Sheppard AFB. Texas.
Participating nations were to contribute to the

224

1980

ENJJPT program pro|nirlii)natel\ to their use of it.
Contributions of capital assets such as aircraft and of
personnel priniaril\ instructor pilots (IP) would count
as credits. Student training costs, and Hying hour
costs for IP training and continuation tlying uoukl
count as debits. Nations with an overall debit
balance would be required to pay increased financial
charges to the program, while nations with a credit
balance would be compensated by cash, credit to the
country's foreign military sales account with the
United States, or by credit to the F,NJ.IPT program
trust fund. The first class of ENJJPT students entered
training on 1 October 1981.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Interservice Training Review Organization

To .ATC the most signiticanl problems of ]ieacetiine
training were a shortage of resources of all types and
a constant struggle to produce cost effective training.
In 1972 the General Accounting Office had issued a
report criticizing the services for maintaining
duplicate training courses and encouraging wholesale
consolidation of these courses. Acting on this
criticism, the Defense Department established the
lnterser\ice Training Re\iew Organization (ITROl in
.August 1972 as a cooperative effort among the
services to review all training and education with a
goal of eliminating duplication. From the beginning.
ITRO was a \oluntarv organization, and the services

I he first Kuro-N A K) .Joint Jet Pilot Training pilot
to solo was 2d l.t l.arrv \\ eiseiiheiy. whose
classmates perforined the traditional (lunkin<: on
20 November I9S1.

were not bound ti) follow its recommendations. In the
first few years. ITRO was successful mainly in
prt)moting small. noncontroversial training
ct)nsolidations. Between 1976-1978. in fact, no
technical training consolidations took place, although
the .Air Force and Navy began interservice navigator
training at Mather AFB in July 1976. Following an
eight-month study in 1979. the ITRO Review Board
approved the reorganization on 1 January 1980.
Designed to make ITRO more responsive, it
eliminated the excessive organizational layering and
muuerous committees.

M t hanute Al IJ. Illinois, a fuels training instructor sln.ws a siudenl how to pcrlonn a reluelinu operation.

225

1980

MILITARY TRAINING

Test ofBMTS Surge Capabilities

In times of war. Air Force manpower requirements
would drastically increase, with a coiTCsponding
increase in the number of those entering basic
training. A key factor in determining ATC's
capability to meet the manpower increases rested on
knowing the maximum training capability of the
basic military training school. On 5 May 1980,
training officials doubled the load for two flights-
Flights 410 and 41 1-which entered training with 100
members each rather than the normal load of 50.
Graduating on 18 June 1980. the two tlights lost only
four members due to training .setbacks, and none
were eliminated. While training was not canceled or
degraded, officials belie\ed that a sustained surge
could impact the quality of training. Thus. Air
Training Command modified its surge training plans
to include the use of two or more installations for
basic training.

EDUCATION

Community College Receives Accreditation

On 12 December 1980. the Southern Association of
Colleges and Schools voted unanimously to accredit
the Community College of the Air Force as a degree
granting institution, ending two and one half years of
evaluation and consideration.

A technician repaints a 1-38 wing at
Williams AFB, Arizona.

MISCELLANEOUS

US Government Expels Iranian Students

Although the Iranian government had stopped
sending students into USAF training programs in
January 1979. numerous Iranians were still in
training at the beginning of 1980. Following the
Iranian seizure of the American Embassy in Teheran
in November 1979, all Iranians in flying training had
been grounded, though they continued to receive
academic instruction. On 7 April 1980, the
Deparlniciu of Defense directed thai all Iranian
militars trainees were lo leave the country by
1 1 A|inl 1980. All Iranian students and their families
undei- the jurisdiction of Air Training Command.
e.\ccpi two students and ihcir wives who were in
advanced stages of pregnancy, left on schedule. After
the births, these students and their dcpeiidcius left for
Iran on 24 April 1980.

A tlrenian inspects the nose wheel of a 1-38 after a
student pilot reported "hot brakes."

226

1981

The command had long tried to accommodate other nations with a variety of tlying training programs. At
no time was that more evident than in 1981. Since 1966 ATC had condneted a special undergradnale |)ilo(
training program geared mainl\ lor the Cerman Air I orce but also open to students Irom the (arman Na\>
and the Royal Netherlands Air Force. That program, whose last class began in the summer ol I9«l. was
succeeded by the Euro-NATO .Joint Jet Pilot Training program, whose first class entered in the fall. \s the
name suggested, the new program was designed for a wider audience--the nations ol the Atlantic Alliance.
Also in the tall. Air Training C ommand began a new program for German navigator students.

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

7 nunihered air force equix aleiit units:

Air Force Mil Trng Ctr. Luck land AFB, TX
Air University, Maxwell AFB AL
Chanute Tech Trns: Clr. Channte AFB IL
KeeslerTech Trng Ctr. Kcoslcr AFB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr. Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. .Shcppard AFB TX
USAF Recruiting Service. Randolph AFB TX

1 wing equivalent unit:

Officer Training School. lackland AFB TX
1 combat crcu training wing:

3636lh (Survival). Fairchdd AIB VVA

8 living training wings:

12th. Randolph AFB TX
14th. Columbus AFB MS
47th. Laughlin AFB TX
64lh. Reese AIB TX
71st. Vance AIB OK
80th. Shcppard AFB TX
82d. Williams AFB TX
323d. Mather AI-B CA

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(,as ol 31 December lysij
15

Alabania--Ciuntcr and Ma\v\ell; Ari/ona--\\'illianis: California-
Mather: Colorado--Lo\\ry: Illinois-Chanule: Mississippi--Coluinbus
and Keesler: Oklahoma-- Vance: Texas-Goodlellow, Lackland,
Laughlin. Rantlolph. Reese, and Sheppard

57.712(8.191 officers: 33.420 enlisted; 16.101 ei\dians)

1.462 (T-37B. T-38A. T-41A/C. T-43A. UV-18)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

1 independent techmcal training wing:

3480th (USAF Cryptological 1 raming Center),
(ioodfellow AFB I'X

4 independent group and equivalent units:

Comniunit) College of the Air Fnirce. Maxwell
AFB A I,

Foreign Mil ling Affairs Gp. Rantlolph AFB TX

San Antonio Contracting Center, San Antonio
AFSTX

San Antonio Real Property Maintenance Agency,
San .Antonio AFS TX

10 indepcnilent squadron and equix aleiit iniits:

USAF' Occupational Measurement Center,

Randolph AFB IX

557th Flying Training. USAF Academy. Colorado

Springs CO

3.3()2d Computer Services. Randolph AFB TX

3303d Contracting. Randolph AFB TX

3304lh School (ATC NCO Acailemy). Lackland

AFB TX

3305ih School (LSD). Randolph AFB TX
3.306lh Test and Evaluation. FIdw arils AFB CA
3314th Management Fngincering. Randolph AFB

■)~)j

1981

35()7th Airman Classification, Lackland AFB TX
3588th Flying Training (Helicopter). Fort Rucker

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Gen

Thomas M. Ryan,

Jr.

Gen Thomas M. Ryan. Jr.. assumed command of
Air Training Command on 29 July 1981. replacing
Gen Bennie L. Davis, who became Commander in
Chief. Strategic Air Command. Air Training
Command also gained a new vice commander when
Maj Gen William P. Acker took over from Maj Gen
Charles G. Cleveland on 24 July 1981. General
Cleveland was promoted to lieutenant general and
became the Commander of Air University.

.\n insiiticlor n:)\i<ialiir shows a student how to
use the radar in the 145 simulator at Mather
AFB. California.

TRAINING

Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training Program

On I October 1981, the Eua. NATO Joml Jel Pilot
Training (ENJJPT) program began when Class 83-01
entered training at Sheppard AFB. Texas, graduating
a year laiei. Tb'^ 12 participating nations-Belgium.
1 1. Denmark, Germany, Greece. Italy, the

Netherlands. Norway, Portugal. Turkey, the United
Kingdom, and the United .States-saw ENJJPT as a
way to increase standardization and cut costs by
reducing duplicate training. The establishment of
ENJJPT was several years in the making and was
modeled after the undergraduate pilot training
program that the command had conducted for the
German Air Force since 1966.

German Navigator Training

At the same time it was making plans to phase out the
UPT program for German pilot candidates. ATC was
also planning to introduce a special navigator training
program for the German Air Force and Navy. Both
those services were about to reequip many of their
squadrons with the Tornado fighter-bomber, a two-
seat, swing-wing aircraft similar to the F-l I 1. The
Germans wanted to put a weapon systems officer
(WSO) in the second seat and asked the Air Force to
set up a program to help them do that. On 28 August
1981. HQ USAF formalized an agreement with the
German Air Force that established a German
squadron at Mather to train up to 80 WSOs a year.
The new program began on 1 October 1981. and at
year's end there were 20 students in training.

Time-Related Instruction Management

For seseral years Air Training Command had sought
a way to capitalize on computer technology and use it
to improve the administrative and student
management side of UPT. The base management
system provided what computer support there was,
and it processed information in overnight batches.
Consequently, the information was not always
timely. An ATC initiative, the time-related
instruction management (TRIM) system, would put
computer terminals in the squadrons and operations
areas to replace the printouts and provide more
current information; TRIM also had a computer-
assisted instruction (CAI) feature that allowed
student pilots to work on their own. On 16 September
1981. the Air Force issued a contract to Hazeltinc
Corporation to develop the system. Each UPT base
and Randolph would receive the TRIM system.
which included four computers: one to handle
scheduling and administration, two to pro\ide CAI
for the students, and one to link the system together.
Terminals in flight rooms, squadron and wing
operations areas, and classrooms wi>uld provide
access to the system. Initial training was underway at
year's end.

Next Generation Trainer

Air Training Command moved a step closer to
obtaining a successor to the aging T-37 primary
trainer in 1981. In October the Aeronautical Systems
Division at Wright-Patterson AFB. Ohio, the agency
responsible for such matters, issued a request for

228

1981

Undergraduate na\igators at Mather AFB, California, make e\tensi\e use of simulators
missions.

.hart their

propiisal to aiivralt ct)nipanics intcrcsled in
manufacturing the next generation trainer for the Air
Force. On 7 I3eceniber. five companies responded to
the solicitation with their proposals. Sliortly
thereafter, the source selection process began.

Busy Plotter

In l')79 Air Training Command established a
program called Busy Plotter that provided
proficiency Hying for navigators in .Strategic Air
Command. With the scarcity of Hying hours brought
on by the high cost of fuel. ATC's T-43 navigator
training aircraft were much less expensive to fly than
SAC's large, heavy B-52s. Busy Plotter, therefore,
served essentially the same purjiosc lor .SAC
navigators as the Accelerated Copilot luinchnicnl
program did for SAC copilots. By September 19X1.
CINCSAC. Cien Bennie L. Davis, decided that the
program lual servetl its purpose, and .ATC
discontinued Hiisv Plotter on I Oclobei 19SI.

Airmen run the conlldenee eourse al lackland
.MB. lexas, which >\as Air I raiiiin<i C ommands
only basic military trainiu); school durinj; the
1980s.

229

1981

MISCELLANEOUS

Air Traffic Controller Strike

A strike on 3 Auuusl 19S1 by unionized air traffic
controllers employed by the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) disrupted training activities
within the command. First of all. even though FAA
supervisory personnel and those controllers who did
not go out on strike tried to handle the workload, it
was too much lor them. From ATC's perspective that
translated into reduced flying training activities in
conditions that necessitated instrument flight rules
(IFR). Williams AFB was hit the worst. It lost all
FAA support for IFR flights, until the installation of a
military radar approach control, which helped some.
Elsewhere within the command, the problem was not
quite so serious. To make up for the shortage of
qualified air traffic controllers, the Department of
Defense made I.OOO military controllers available to
the FAA. 64 of them from Air Training Command.
Anv further deployment of controllers, the flying
training wings contended, would greatly reduce their
capabilities-causing delays in graduations, loss of
production capacity, and a reduction in the quality of
instruction. However, no other deployments
occurred, and the disruptions in training proved
minor at most ATC bases.

During the nationwide strike by civilian air
traffic controllers, the Keesler AFB, Mississippi,
controller course saw only a minor increase in its
student load.

A suident with simulated injuries is hauled into a 2(»-man life raft during the final exercise of the water
survival (non-parachuting) course at Fairchild AFB. Washington.

230

1982

The second of July 1982 was a red letter da> IVtr Air Iraininji Command. On that date. Secretary of the
Air Force \ erne Orr announced that Fairchild Uepuhlic and the darret lurbine Kn<;ine C ompanv had heen
awarded the contract for the production of the I -46A. Ihe 1-46. also referred to as the Ne\t Generation
Trainer, was going to replace the r-37 in the primary phase of undergraduate pilot training. Air Force
contract options presided for a fleet of 650 l-46As. Air Training C ommand anticipated it would receive the
first aircraft in April 1986.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as ot 31 DcccmlxT 1982)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

Alabania--Guntcr and Maxwell; Aii/ona-W illiaiiiM Calitornia--
Mather; Colorado—Low r\ : lllinois--Chaiuiic; Mississippi--Coli.imbus
and Kecsler; Oklahonia--Vance; Te\as--Goodrello\\. Lackland.
Laugh 1 ill. Randolph. Reese, and .Sheppard

57.06.'^ (8..^24 otTicers: }}.()()> enlisted; l.^.T.Vi civilians)

1.406 (T-37B. T-38A. T-41 A. T-43A)

§J, ■s^^^s^^'

AIR FORCE.

A GREAT WAY
OF LIFE.

SEE YOUR AIR FORCE RECRUITER.

".\im High" became the \ir Force slogan in Ocloher
1982. replacing Ihe earlier catch phrase. " \ir Force—
A (ireat \\a\ of I ife." In tests. Ihe \ir Force had
found that young people associated the phrase. "Aim
High." with Ihe Aii I (tree— its (|ualit\ of life, people,
and high-leeh e(|iiipment. One phrase that kept
being repeated was "Aim High-Air Fence." ^ oung
men and women, ages 17 and 18. said it told them
thai lhe> could achieve their fullest potential in the
Air Force.

AIR FORCE

.¥

2_^1

1982

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

7 numbered air force equivalent units:

Air Force Mil Trng Ctr. LacJKland AFB TX
Air University, Maxwell AFB AL
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanute AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr. Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX
USAF Recruiting Service. Randolph AFB TX

I w ing equi\alent unit:

Officer Training School. Lackland AFB TX
1 combat crew training wing:

363Ath (Survival). Fairchild AFB WA

8 Hying training wings:

12lh. Randolph AFB TX
14th. Columbus AFB MS
47th, Laughlin AFB TX
64th, Reese AFB TX
71st. Vance AFB OK
SOth. Sheppard AFB TX
82d, Williams AFB AZ
323d, Mather AFB CA

I independent technical training wing:

3480th (USAF Cryptological Training Center),
Goodlcllow AFB TX

4 iniiependenl group and cqin\ alent units:

ComniunUN College ol the Air Force, Maxwell
AFB AL

Foreign Mil Trng Affairs Gp, Randolph AFB TX

San Antonio Contracting Center. San Antonio
AFS TX

San Antonio Real Property Maintenance Agency.
San Antonio AFS TX

10 independent squadron and cqui\alent units:

USAF Occupational MeasuremenI Center.

Randolph AFB "IX

3302d Computer Services. Randolph AFB TX

3303d Contracting. Randolph AFB TX

3304th School (ATC NCO Academv). Lackland

AFB TX

3305th School (ISD). Randolph AFB TX
3306th Test and Evaluation. Edwards AFB CA
3307th Test and Evaluation (Acquisition

Management), Randolph AFB TX

3314th Mgmt Engrg, Randolph AFB TX
3507th Airman Classification. Lackland AFB TX
3588th Flying Trng (Heli), Fort Rucker AL

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

General Thomas M. Ryan. Jr.. continued to serve
as the ATC commander, while Maj Gen William P.
Acker remained vice commander.

ORGANIZATION

Technical Training Centers Reorganized

The command reorganized its technical training
centers to reduce the administrative burden borne by
the technical training group commanders, provide
additional assistance for the wing commanders, and
streamline the technical training process. On 1 April
ATC implemented a number of measures that
included changing the name of the Plans and
Requirements Division to the Operations Division
and making its chief a colonel who would also serve
as the deputy wing commander. Other changes worth
noting were the placement of the Registrar Branch
under the Operations Division and the transfer of the
measurement function from Faculty Development to
the Training Evaluation Division. However, the
centerpiece of the reorganization was the
establishment of a student group at each center on 1
October 19S2.

557th Flying Training Squadron Transferred

Since 1968. ATC's 557th Flying Training Squadron
had run the Air Force Academy's pilot indoctrination
program designed for those cadets slated to attend
undergraduate pilot training after graduation.
Following a 1981 study of the program, the Air Force
Academy indicated its interest in taking oxer the pilot
indoctrination program in order to centralize
command and control, consolidate airfield
management, and emphasize the motivational aspects
of the program. Finally, both ATC and HQ USAF
agreed to transfer the unit to the Air Force Academy,
and the academy assumed control of the 557th on 1
October 1982. The squadron had a fleet of fifty T-
41Cs for flight screening, plus two UV-18Bs to
support the Air Force Academy's parachute training
program. In addition ATC also transferred the
squadron's manpower authorizations: 54 officer, 7
enlisted, and 4 ci\ ilian spaces.

3307th Test and Evaluation Squadron

Air Training Command activated the 3307th Training
and Evaluation Squadron (Acquisition Management)
on 15 No\ ember 1982. The command established the
squadioM to look after ATC's interest in the

2^2

1982

acquisition i)t the T-46A. The squadiDii tell under
the administrati\ e and operational control of the
Acquisition Directorate in DCS/Plans. with tlic
director dual-hatled as the squadron eoinniander. To
carr\ out its uniciue mission, (he 33()7th hati a
detachment at Wright-Patterson AFB. Ohio, to
interface w ith the Air Force S\stems Command T-46
Systems Program Office and an operating location at
the prime contractor's (Fairchild Republic) facilit\ in
Farminodale. New \'ork.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Contract Award for Next Generation Trainer

On 2 July 1982. Secretary of the An 1-orcc Verne Orr
announced that Fairchild Republic and the Garrett
Turbine Engine Company had been awarded the
contract for the production of an aircraft knov\n as
the Next Generation Trainer. This aircraft, formally

designated the T-46A, was going to be the
replacement loi the T-37 and. as such, was destined
for use in the primary phase of undergraiiuate pilot
training. The new trainer had two jet engines and
side-by-side seating. Air Force contract options
provided for a Heet of b5(.) T-46As. Air Training
Command anticipated it would receive the first
aircral'i in April 19X6.

German Air Force Training Ends

After id years at .Sheppard. the German Air Force
undergraduate pilot training program came to an end
on 7 August I9S2. when the last class graduated.
Although designed primarily for German Air Force
students, the course had also been available to pilot
candidates troni the German Na\y and the Royal
Netherlands Air Force. In all. the course produced
l.2?2 German and 49 Dutch pilots. Additionally,
from |9fiS to I97.S. .S44 L'SAI- pilots graduated from
the course.

An instructor monitors sludenl progress in aiiicimniiM irainiiical Chanule Al It. Illitidis.

233

1982

EDUCATION

Enlisted Commandant for SNCOA

General Ryan converted the commandant's position
at the Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy
(SNCOA). Gunter AFS. Alabama, from colonel to
chief master sergeant. In December 1982 he .selected
CMSgt Bobby G. Renfroe to serve as the academy's
first enlisted commandant.

Establishment of CADRE

On 10 December 19S2. HQ USAF constituted the Air
University Center for Aerospace Doctrine. Research,
and Education (CADRE) and tasked the new
organization to research, formulate, analyze, test, and
publish doctrinal and concept studies. The new
organization would also embrace the Aerospace
Studies Institute, the Air University Press, and the
projected Command Readiness Exercise System. Air
University provided 70 manpower authorizations
from its existing resources to get CADRE off the
ground and anticipated adding 24 more slots in FY 85
with the establishment of the Command Readiness
Exercise System.

Students get hands-on training in the
short-range attack missile lab at Chanute
AFB, Illinois.

Recruits assigned to the 3743d Basic Military Training Squadron at Lackland AFB. Texas, practice
•i^arksnianship >\ith \1-16 rifles.

234

1983

On 1 July 1983. scarcely five years after HQ USAF had aliened Air I niversity under ATC, it reversed the
process and conferred major air command status on Air I niversily once more. With the realiynmenl. Air
Training; Command lost two installations— Maxwell Air Force Base and (iunter Air Force Station. I he
command also did away with the Deputy C hief of Staff, Education post on the headquarters staff and, in i(s
place, established a new position-the Assistant Chief of Staff, Commissionin^ Programs.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of 3 1 December 1983)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

Arizona--Williams; Calit'ornia--lVIathei" Colorad(i--Lo\vry. Illinois--
Chanute; Mississippi--ColumbLis and Kccslcr: ()klali()iiui--Vance:
Texas— GoodFellow. Lackland, Laughlin. Randolph. Reese, and
Sheppard

Basic trainees make their wav across a water hazard on the confidence course at Lackland AfU, le\as.

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

53.772 (7.1)16 oriicers: 3I.64.S enlisted; 14.21 I civilians)
1,401 (T-37B, T-38A. T-39A. T-41 A. T-43A)

2^5

1983

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

6 numbered air force equivalent units:

Air Force Mil Tmg Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanute AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr. Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX
USAF Recruiting Service, Randolph AFB TX

1 air division equivalent unit:

Air Force Reserve Officers' Trng Corps, Maxwell
AFB AL

2 wing equivalent units:

Officer Training School, Lackland AFB TX
USAF Instrument Flight Ctr. Randolph AFB TX

1 combat crew training wing:

3636th (Survival). Fairchild AFB WA

8 flying training wings:

i2th. Randolph AFB TX
14th. Columbus AFB MS
47th. Laughlin AFB TX
64th. Reese AFB TX
71st. Vance AFB OK
8Uth. Sheppard AFB TX
82d. Williams AFB AZ
323d. Mather AFB CA

1 technical training wing:

348()th (USAF Cryptological Training Center),
Goodfcllow AFB TX

4 independent group and cquisalcnt units:

Community College of the Air Force. Maxwell
AFB AL

Foreign Mil Trng Affairs Gp. Randolph AFB TX

San Antonio Contracting Center. San Antonio
APS TX

San Antonio Real Property Maintenance Agency,
San Antonio AFS TX

10 independent squadron and equi\aleiit units:

USAF Occupational Measurement Center,
Randolph AFB TX

3302d Computer Services. Randolph AFB TX
3303d Contracting. Randolph AFB TX

3304th School (ATC NCO Academy). Lackland

AFBTX

3305th School (ISD), Randolph AFB TX
3306th Test and Evaluation. Edwards AFB CA
3307th Test and Evaluation (Acquisition

Management). Randolph AFB TX

3314th Management Engineering. Randolph AFB

3507th Airman Classification, Lackland AFB TX
3588th Flying Training (Helicopter), Fort Rucker

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Gen
Andrew P. losue

Gen Andrew P. losue assumed command of ATC
on 23 June. He replaced Gen Thomas M. Ryan. Jr..
who went on to become Commander. Military Airlift
Command. Air Training Command also gained a new
vice commander in Maj Gen James P. Smothermon,
who replaced Maj Gen William P. Acker on 14 June.
Maj Gen Smothermon previously commanded the
United States Logistics Group in Turkey.

ORGANIZATION

Air University Regains MAJCOM Status

On 1 July 1983, scarcely fi\c years after HQ LISAF
had aligned Air University under Air Training
Command, it reversed the process and confened
major air command status on Air University iince
more. At the time of the merger on 15 May 1978 the
Air Force sought to consolidate most of its education
and training programs and provide a focal point tor
personnel procurement programs. The move brought
professional military education (PME) under the
same roof as flying, technical, and basic military
training. Moreover, it provided common direction tor
two of the Air Force's major commissionmg
programs ROTC and OTS. Over time, HQ USAF had
become concerncil that this arrangement lowered the
visibility and diminished the importance of the Air
War College, the Air Command and Staff College,
and other PME schools. In elevating Air University

236

1983

Instructors cIoscIn monitor students installing an electronics pod on
Sheppard AFB, Texas.

an 1-41) aircraft durinu classes at

to MAJCOM stains oikc again, HQ USAF hoped to
erase that perception. However, the Air Force
continued to heiie\e there was merit in having a
single MAJCOM administer the two commissioning
programs and decided to keep ROTC under ATC
control. Effective 30 June 1983. ATC reassigned the
.•\ir Force Reserve Officers' Training Corps at
Ma.xwell from Air University to HQ ATC.

Instrument Flight Center Reestablished

ReversMig anolhcr sicp il had taken live veais earlier.
HQ USAF. on 1 October 1983. reestablished the
Instrument Flight Center (IFC) at Randolph AFB.
This confirmed the Air Force's need for a central
facility to determine and validate new flight concepts
and instrument tlight systems. When il was initially
established in 1972. the IFC standardized the use of
instrument procedures and training methods lor
pilots, participated with other government and
civilian organizations in tleveloping instrument
systems, and trained pilots to become instrument
pilot instructors through the Instrument Pilot
Instructor School (IPIS). Colonel E.J. Baker assumed
command of the rev iiali/ed IFC on I October. The
organi/alion was assigned to Air Training Command

as a wing-level direct reporting unit under the
operational control of the ATC vice commander, with
the Director of Operations at HQ USAF providing
policy and functional guidance. At first the
Instnunent Flight Center had 24 manpower slots and
was tasked onlv with developing instrinneiit tlight
standards, but planning had alreadv begun to
reestablish ll'IS as part of the command's Instrument
lliiihl Center.

TRAINING
FLYING TRAINING

UPT-Helicopter

,\l(' conducted undergraduate helicopter training at
the U.S. Army Aviation Center. Fort Rucker.
Alabama. The 3.'S88th Flying Training Squadron
provided administrative support for the Air Force
students in the program (82 Air l-orce students
completed the course in 1983) and carried out
specialized instruction applicable to Air Force
students. In I9S3. the .Armv added two weeks to their

!37

1983

AIR UNIVERSITY

When Air Educiilion and Training Command
(AETC) stood up on 1 July 1993. Air University (AU)
became part of the new command. This was not the
first time the Air Force's education and training
missions had been linked so closely. After countless
studies that recommended the consolidation of the
two missions. Gen David C. Jones, Air Force Chief of
Staff, had directed the merger of Air University and
Air Training Command on 15 May 1978. At that
time, AU lost its status as a major command and
became, in effect, another ATC center. To formulate
policy and provide guidance for Air University. ATC
established a new staff agency, the Deputy Chief of
Staff. Education. This organizational relationship
remained in effect until July 1983.

Air University traced its roots baclv to the Air
Corps Tactical School, established at Langley Field,
Virginia, in the 192()s. In 1931 the Air Corps Tactical
School moved to Maxwell, and it was there that many
of the ideas, tactics, and doctrine that the Army Air
Forces adopted in World War II were first hammered
out. After a brief stay in Orlando. Florida, during the
war. the school moved back to Maxwell in late 1945
and was redesignated as Air University on 1 2 March
1946.

From its inception. Air University's mission was to
provide advanced military education for senior
officers at the Air War College and for mid-level
officers at the Air Command and Staff School. Junior
officers began their professional military education
(PME) at Tyndall Field. Florida, at the Air Tactical
School. In 1950, when the tactics school closed. Air
University opened the Squadron Officer Course at Max-

well as an arm of the Air Command and Staff School.
Though some name changes occurred over time, these
three schools formed the core of Air Force PME until
1972. when the Air Force established the USAF
Senior NCO Academy across town from Maxwell at
Gunter Air Force Station.

With professional military education as the
centeipiece. Air University broadened its base
considerably over the years. As its mission expanded.
Air University became the home for such organiza-
tions as the Air Force Institute of Technology; the
Extension Course Institute: the Ira C. Eaker Center
for Professional Development; and the Air University
Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and
Education.

On 1 July 1983. almost as suddenly as the merger
of Air Training Command and Air University had
been carried out five years earlier, it was dissolved,
and Air University regained its status as a major
command. Although the Air Force did not consider
the merger a failure, it was concerned that the
visibility of PME had been reduced and felt that
reestablishing Air University as a MAJCOM would
serve to elevate professional military education to its
appropriate level. Headquarters USAF also indicated
to Lt Gen Charles G. Cleveland, the AU commander
at the time, that Air University's capability and
involvement in the doctrinal development process (the
AU Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and
Education was established in 1982) was a primary
reason for the reestablishment of Air University as a
major command.

syllabus to prepare their students to manage Aviation
Branch activities. The commander of the 3588th
proposed adding two weeks to the Air Force portion
of the course, to provide additional instruction and to
keep its students on the same schedule as their Army
partners. ATC and the Air Force approved the request
in November.

TEC.

Project V
Over the

frequently
personnel i
specialties i

A' TRAINING

Flow

technical training managers

'Me fluctuations in trained

'!\i in numerous Air Force

not of the problem was

Air Force Ihmm^iiv^

■ nsiing each AFSC up to

100 percent manning by the end of the next fiscal
year. The net result of this approach was a series of
peaks and valleys, e.g.. when large numbers of
airmen entered a particular specialty in a given year
and left the Air Force coping with large numbers four
years later. This single year orientation impacted
student flow and disrupted faculty stability. It
dramaticalh affected the number of 3-le\el airmen
ted into certain career fields from year to year and,
since instructor authorizations were tied directly to
production le\els. the average instructor experience
level varied considerably over time. To avoid this
unwelcome set of circumstances. ATC initiated
Project Smooth Mow earl\ in 1983. Smooth Flow
was designed lo stabilize entries into a specialty by
incorporating long-range planning into the TPR

238

1983

An aerial \k'\\ of ttu' academic circle
at Maxwell AFB. Alabama, the home
of Air l'ni>ersit\.

Following the collapse of communism and the end
of the Cold War. the US Air Force, under the
leadership of General Merrill A. McPeak. Chief of
Staff, prepared itself to face a new world order. In
line with several other initiatives to streamline the Air
Force. General McPeak proclaimed 1992 as the "Year
of Training." To examine how the Air Force could
better train its people. General McPeak established
three task groups, one to look at the process, one to
look at the structure, and one to focus exclusively on
Hying training, .■\mong other things, the Training
Structure Task Group, chaired by Lt Gen Joseph W.
Ashy. ATC commander, looked once more at the
option of consolidating the education and training
missions under a single command and concluded it
was desirable.

In redesignating ATC as the Air Education and
Training Command and realigning Air University
under the new command. Headquarters USAF also ap-

proved several other actions. This time around, the
Air University commander retained policy develop-
ment responsibilities as the Director of Education on
the AETC staff-a move that addressed a sore point
that festered throughout the earlier consolidation of
education and training missions. For the most part.
Air University retained its unique identity: it was not
considered as just another training center (which
became training w ings under AETC), nor was it on a
par with the two numbered air forces activated as part
of AETC. It stood by itself, an organization unlike
any other in the .Air Force with its singularly
important educational mission. Finally. Air
University also assumed management responsibiliiv
for the Community College of the Air horce and the
.Air Force ROTC program, and it prepared to assume
control of the Officer Training School, which was
slated to complete its move from lackland to
Maxwell by I October 199.^.

development process. Instead of Irving to achieve
100 percent manning each year. ATC intended to
attain that level over a period of two to four years.
Basically. Smooth Flow allowed ATC to negotiate
the TPR with other conunancK at training
management conferences. Based on an analysis ot
eight vears of TPR data for a specialty. ATC could
recommend an adjusted TPR that was two percent
higher or lower than the number required to man the
career field at 100 percent. An Iraining Command
used the Smooth Flow approach tor the first time at
the training flow management connnitlee meeting
held from 7- 1 1 March 198.^.

Training Technology Applications Program

The Training Technology Applications Program
(TTAP) was established on 2.^ December 1982. but it
did not get on its feet until 198.^. Air Training
Command created TT.AP to coordinate programs to
transfer research and technology into training and to
field test training innovations in an operational
setting. The objectives of the program were to
identify new iraining technology, develop priorities
for applying the technology, purchase test equipment,
evaluate the tests, and upgrade the successful
technology to operational status. In the course of the
year, TTAP made some real progress, approv ing and
funding 16 projects originated by HQ ATC and the
technical training wings. Among them vsas a project
involving a programmable arc welding trainer for

23()

1983

In a laboratory setting at Goodlcllon AFB, lexas, a student examines photo imagery.

Sheppard that would provide low cost initial
instruction in a ha/ard free en\ ironment and a test at
Lackland designed to identity reading problems of
recruits in basic military training. While TTAP was
not a panacea for technical training problems, it did
offer a means of identifying, testing, and funding
training inno\ations in a controlled setting.

Sentinel Aspen

As part of a major effort to upgrade intelligence
training, ATC issued a statement of need for Sentinel
Aspen in January 1983. Under the Sentinel Aspen
umbrella, the command intended to address four
areas of general intelligence training that required
modernization: target selection and weaponeering
calculations; the collection, processing, exploitation,
and dissemination of information obtained through
imagery: interface with operational indications and
warning systems; and fusion or interface concepts in
use in the intelligence community. Planners expected
the modernization program to cost on the order of
$56 million. To cairy out the upgrade. ATC
concentrated on the development of five things: a
General Imagery Intelligence Training System
(GUTS). Intelligence Data Handling Systems, an
Intelligence Applications Training Module, an
Indications and Warning Training Module, and an
Intelligence Fusion Training Module. In 1983 the

command decided to focus mainly on the
de\elopment of GUTS, and the Air Force av\arded
contracts to Ford Aerospace Coiporation and
Goodyear Aerospace Corporation to come up with a
system that incoiporated the traditional photo
analyst's light table and optics with a computerized
analysis system that featured imagery displayed in
digital form and manipulated on video terminals.

MILITARY TRAINING

Engineer Recruitment

Procurement efforts lo alle\iate a critical shortage of
military engineers that existed since the I97()s finally
began paying off for the Air Force in 1983. From a
shortfall of appriiximately 1.200 engineers in 1979.
the projected overall engineer strength for FYS4 was
more than 100 percent. This turnaround was a
significant achievement for Recruiting Service. New-
incentive programs allowed the Air Force to compete
with the higher salaries civilian employers offered.
The most successful programs were the College
Senior Engineer Program, which allowed engineering
students to enlist and recei\e pay and benefits as E-3s
during their senior year; they attended OTS after
graduation. The Undergraduate Engineer Conversion
Program sent college graduates back to school to earn
a .second degree (in engineering) after attending OTS.

240

1984

Trainin<; philosophy was about to change. Ihc ATC commander announced that Air Training Command
was mo\in<; a\Na\ from its evisting polic\ of training to minimum sivill le\els and, instead, moving tovvard a
program of training airmen to the fullest extent that resources allowed. I he command's goal »as to provide
using agencies with individuals immediately able to perform all assigned tasks. While it was more expensive
to extend training, such a program did lessen the hea\> on-the-job training load carried b> Ihc operatiimal
commands. Also by 1984, ATC was spending over SI million on the Installation Kestoration Program— a
DOD effort to clean up toxic and hazardous waste sites.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as lit 31 Dcccinhci I'-IX-i)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

6 numbered air Ibrce eqiiix alent units:

Air Force Mil Trng Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanute AFB IL
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
Lovvry Tech Trng Ctr. Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX
USAF Recruiting Ser\ ice. Randolph AFB TX

1 air division equivalent unit:

Air Force Reserve Otlieers' Trng Corps. Maxwel
AFB AL

2 wing equivalent units:

Officer Trainuig School. Lackland AIB. TX
USAF insiruniJnt Llight Ctr. Randolph AFB TX

1 combat crew iraming wing:

363ftth (Survival!, i-airchild AFB \VA

8 flying training wings:

12th. Randolph AFB TX
14th. Columbus AFB MS
47th. Laughlin AIB TX
64th. Reese AFB TX

Arizona-Williams: California-Mather: Colorado-Lovvry: Illinois--
Chanute: Mississippi-Columbus and Keesler: Oklahoma-Vance:
Texas-Goodfellow. Lackland. Laughlin. Randolph. Reese, and
Sheppard

53.966 (7..56S officers: 32.1.^3 enlisted: 14.245 civilians)

1.393 (T-37B. T-38A. T-39. T-41 A. T-43AJ

1 ~

I 1
1

■|

1:.

■/

Airman H.isic \ irginia Queen, above, was Ihc
first female to go through ihc sccurilv
specialist course at lackland MB. I cvas.

241

1984

71st, Vance AFB OK
80th. Sheppard AFB TX
82d. Williams AFB AZ
323d, Mather AFB CA

I technical training wing:

3480th (USAF Cryptologicai Tiainnig Center),
Goodfellow AFB TX

4 independent group and equi\'alent units:

Community College of the Air Force. Maxwell
AFB AL

Foreign Military Training Affairs Group.
Randolph AFB TX

San Antonio Contracting Center. San Antonio
AFSTX

San Antonio Real Property Maintenance Agency,
San Antonio AFS TX

12 independent squadron and equivalent units:

USAF Occupational Measurement Center.

Randolph AFB TX

33()2d Computer Services. Randolph AFB TX

3303d Contracting. Randolph AFB TX

3304th School (ATC NCO Academy). Lackland

AFB TX

3303lh School (ISD). Randolph AFB TX
3306th Test and Evaluation. Edwards AFB CA
3307th Test and Evaluation (Acquisition

Management), Randolph AFB TX

3308th Technical Training (Advisory), Randolph

AFB TX

3309th Training Readiness, Randolph AFB TX
3314th Mgmt Engrg, Randolph AFB TX
3.'i()7th Airman Classification. Lackland AFB TX
3588th Flying Training (Helicopter). Fort Rucker

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Cieneral losue remaincti commander and Maj Gen
Smothermon. vice commander.

ORGANIZATION

Headqiiarters Reduction

In the UOD Authorization Act of 1984, Congress
directed the Secretary of Defense to reduce by 5
percent (later 7.45 percent) the number of military
and civilian authorizations in manas:cmcnt

headquarters in the Office of the Secretary of
Defense, DOD agencies, and military departments.
To ATC that meant its ceiling dropped from 1,301 to
1.204 positions. Air Training Command managed the
reduction by realignment. Later in the year
authorizations were transferred from the headquarters
to two newly activated units: the 3308th Technical
Training Squadron (Advisory) and the 3309th
Training Readiness Squadron.

DCSIInformation Systems

A new Deputy Chief of Staff, Information Systems
formed at HQ ATC on 1 October. It was a
combination of the Office of Computer Resources
and the Directorate of Communications-Electronics.

3308th Technical Training Squadron

On 1 April ATC activated the 33()Sth Technical
Training Squadron (Advisory) at Randolph and
assigned it to the headquarters. With the organization
of this unit. ATC combined all of its training
technology and technical training advisory services
under a single organization.

3309th Training Readiness Squadron

Air Training Command activated the 3309th Training
Readiness Squadron at Randolph and assigned it to
the headquarters on 1 July. The 3309th managed the
command's readiness program and served as ATC's
intelligence function. The last time HQ ATC had an
office dedicated to intelligence functions was in
1975. but a headquarters reduction had caused its
loss.

3785th Field Training Wing

Beginning m late I9S3. HQ ATC conducted a study
of the field training program, looking at organization
and mission performance. The study group found that
the training detachments did an excellent job in the
field. It was organization that caused problems. From
its establishment on I April 1976. the 3785th Field
Training Group had operated a worldwide teaching
program with the aid of a single squadron-the
3751st. Through the years, the lines of authority and
responsibility had become indistinct. To define these
elements more clearly, the stud>' group reconmiended
ele\ ating the 37S5th to wing level and assigning tour
squadrons to the wing. With Air Staff approval, on
I .luly 1984. ATC redesignated the 3785th Field
Training Group as the 3785th Field Training Wing,
assigned the 3751st Field Training Squadron to the
wing, and activated three additional field training
squadrons: the 3752d, 3753d, and 3754th. Like the
group, the 37S5th Field Training Wing, remained
assigned to the Sheppard Technical Training Center.

242

1984

An instriicKtr from ATC's survival school at I aiiehild AFB. \\ ashin<iton. demonstrates animal
skinnln<i techniques during sur\i\al. evasion, resistance, and escape training lor cadets at the Air Force
Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado.

First Sergeant Academy

Air Training Command established a First Seigeaiu
Academy at Keesier (in 24 Januar\ and assigned it to
the 330()th Technical Training Wing.

Support Squadron

In an cllorl to attract more qtiahtied olTicers to lili
support roles. ATC reorganized some of its services,
transportation, supply, and security police divisions
as squadrons. On 1 April the command activated
services squadrons at Chanute. Keesler. Lov\ry, and
Sheppard. Randolph. Mather. Keesler. Lackland, and
Lowry gained transportation squadrons on 1 July, and
Goodfellow added a suppl\ sc|uadron. On the same
day. ATC acti\atcd security police sc|uadrons at
Columbus. Lau'jhlin, Ree.se. Vance, and Williams.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

TRIM Implemented

On W) .laiiuaiA 1*)S4. ATC began using the Time-
Related Instruction Management (TRIM) system, a
computer s\stem to support Hying training activities.

The first unit to use the ssstciu uas the 47lh Flying
Training Wing at Laughlin AFB. Texas.

Navigator-Bombardier Training Ends

On 6 November 1984. ATC ended navigator-
bombardier training at Mather AFB in California. For
37 years. Mather had provideil this instruction.
However, when SAC decided to phase in a new
avionics system in the early 1980s, either ATC had to
upgrade its training equipment at ci)nsiderable
expense or transfer training lesponsihilitv to S.AC.
Both commands agreed that the best soliuion was to
transfer the training to SAC's combat crew training
school at Castle AFB in California.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Information Systems

In 1984 the Air Force combined communications and
data autoiTialion to form a new information systems
career Field. Both the otficer training (49XX) and the
enlisted program (49 1 XX) were to begin in 198.^.
Keesler had conducted most of the old
communications-electronics and data automation
training and would continue with the new courses.
However, a small part of the enlisted training
program would operate at Sheppard.

24.^

1984

Intelligence Training

On 1 February the Air Force announced that ATC
would consoHdate all intelhgence trainuig at
Goodfellow AFB in northwestern Texas. That meant
that the cryptologic and intelhgence courses at the
Kecsler and Lowry Technical Training Centers, as
well as those at Offutt AFB in Nebraska, would all
transfer to Goodfellow. where the 348()th Technical
Training Wing (USAF Cryptological Training
Center) operated. The consolidation was expected to
be complete by 1988.

Air Base Ground Defense Training

In May 1984 the Arm\ and Air Force signed a
memorandum of agreement governing joint force
development. The agreement included 31 initiatives,
two of which covered air base ground defense. The
first made the Army responsible for defense of all Air
Force installations outside the immediate perimeter
of the base, while the second directed the Army to
conduct air base ground defense training for Air
Force personnel. Air Training Command had
provided that training at Camp Bullis in Texas.
However, beginning in October 1985. the Army
wiHild offer this instruction at Fort Dix. New Jersey.

MISCELLANEOUS

Push-Pull Mobilization

Air Training Command gained a new responsibility
in December 1984-management of Push-Pull
Mobilization. Headquarters USAF had developed the
concept in October 1983 in an effort to improve
response time in a contingency scenario. Basically,
the Air Staff would identify skills needed and pre-
trained individual manpower (PIM) to be recalled.
These personnel would be "pushed" to in-processing
sites at one of the technical training centers, based on
career specialty. Then, based on requirements, the
PIM would be "pulled" from the centers and assigned
to using organizations.

"Show the Way" Logo Developed

In 1984 Recruiting Service developed a logo for Air
Training Command. Included in the logo were the
torch of knowledge, taken from the official ATC
emblem, and the words. "Show the Way."

.\ii aggr .liCC makes plans during an air base ground defense training exercise at Camp liuilis, near .San

\iitonio

244

1985

Budget reduction was a major eoneerii of the ATC leadership. Confronted by the Balanced Budfjet Act,
better known as C;ranim-Rudnian-llollin<;s, \T( suffered neariv S<)()(l niillion in cuts in the \\ S7 bud<;et.
\\ith the passa'ie of (iranini-Rudnian. the stead> <;ro\>th of defense l)ud<;ets under the kea<^an administration
came to an end. Although the reductions came from across the training spectrum, the deepest cuts were in
fixing training. These included reductions in undergraduate pilot training for the Air Reser\e I'orces. a cut in
n>ing training hours, and a two-year delay in the tanker-transport-bomber training system. The most
wrenching cut, however, was the Air Force's decision to cancel the T-46A, the replacement aircraft for the
T-37.

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of 31 December 1^85)
13

Arizona— Williams: Calif(>rnia--Mather: Colorado— Lou ry: Illinois—
Chanuie: Mississippi--ColLimhLis and Keesler: ()kiahoma--VanL-e;
Texas— Cioodlcllow. Lackianii. l.aiighlin. Kantloipii. Reese, and
Sheppard

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

53.254 (7.708 otTicers; 31. 984 enlislcd: 13.562 ci\ilians)
1.389 (T-37B. T-38A. T-39A. T-4 1 A. and T-43A )

The Fairchild T-46 was the next generation trainer the Air force had proposed lo replace (he I -37. However,
a dwindling defense budget caused MQ I SAI to cancel accpiisilion of llie new s>slem.

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

7 niunhereil air toree ccnii\alenl unils:

Air iorcc .Mil 1 111- Cu. Lackland AlB IX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanutc AFB IL
Coodfellovv Tech Trng Ctr. Cioodl'ellow AFB TX
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr. Keesler AlB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr. Lovvry AlB CO

.Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX
USAF Recruiting Service. Randolph AI B TX

I air division equivalent unit:

Air Force Reserve OITiccr Trng Corps, Maxwell
AFB AL

245

1985

2 wing equivalent units:

Officer Training School. Lackland AFB TX
USAF Instrument Flight Ctr. Randolph AFB TX

1 combat crew training wing:

3636th (Survival). Fairchild AFB WA

8 flying training wings:

12th, Randolph AFB TX
14th. Columbus AFB MS
47th. Laughlin AFB TX
64th. Reese AFB TX
71st. Vance AFB OK
80th. Sheppard AFB TX
82d. Williams AFB AZ
323d. Mather AFB CA

4 independent group and equivalent units:

Community Ci)llege of the Air Force. Maxwell
AFB AL

Foreign Mil Trng Affairs Gp. Randolph AFB TX

San Antonio Contracting Center. Fort Sam
Houston TX

San Antonio Real Property Maintenance Agency,
Fort Sam Houston TX

12 independent squadron and equivalent units:

USAF Occupational Measurement Center,

Randolph AFB TX

3302d Computer Services. Randolph AFB TX

3303d Contracting. Randolph AFB TX

3304th School (ATC NCO Academy). Lackland

AFBTX

3305th School (LSD). Randolph AFB TX
3306th Test and Evaluation. Edwards AFB CA
3307th Test and Evaluation (Acquisition

Management). Randolph AFB TX

3308th Technical Trainini; (Advisorv). Randolph

AFB TX

3309th Training Readiness. Randolph AFB TX
3314th Management Eniiineerine. Randolph AFB

3507th Airman Classification. Lackland AFB TX
3588th Flvin>j Trainiuiz (Helicopter). Fort Rucker

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Gen Andu>' p. Josue remained the ATC
commander. '■ -:. \ 7 July Maj Gen Charles R. Hamm
repla<-ed Maj : ir.i Jarncs P. Smothcrmon as the ATC
' ■ "niman. ("iciieral Smothcrmon became com-

mander of the 314th Air Division and Korean Air
Defense Sector. Osan Air Base. Korea.

ORGANIZATION

Organizational Changes

Among the significant organizational changes taking
place during 1985 were the reorganization of base
supply at ATC bases; the transfer of base contracting
functions for Kelly AFB from San Antonio
Contracting Center to the San Antonio Air Logistics
Center: the reorganization of the consolidated
maintenance squadrons at Chanute. Lowry. and
Sheppard Technical Training Centers: and the
realignment of the Air Force Officer Orientation
School from Air University to Air Training
Command and its concomitant relocation from
Maxwell AFB. Alabama, to Lackland's Medina
Annex. Also, as a part of a HQ USAF test. Keesler
and Reese had established mission support
squadrons, which combined such functions as
personnel, administration, professional military
education, and social actions. If the test proved
successful, the Air Force's standard wing
organization would then include a mission support
squadron.

AFROTC Name Change

Effective 1 August 1985. the Air Force Reserve
Officers' Training Corps became the Air Force
Reserve Officer Training Corps.

AFROTC cadets practice marksmanship with the
M-9 pistol durini; field training.

Goodfellow Technical Training Center

As pari of the plan to consolidate all Air Force
intelligence training at Goodfellow AFB in Texas.
ATC activated the Goodfellovs' Technical Training
Center on 1 March, the sixth such training center in
the command. .At the same time. ATC removed the
parenthetical notation (USAF Cr>plological Training
Center) from the 3480th Technical Training Wing at

246

1985

Goodtelk'w and assigned the \Mng to the technical
training center.

TRAINING
FLYING TRAINING

T-46 Cancellation

Alter a nunihei ol iiiodilicatioii aiul production
delays, the first llight of the T-4(i. the replacement for
the T-37. occurred on 15 October at Edv\ards AFB.
California. Howe\er. with the Air Force searching for
ways to meet tighter congres.sional funding
limitations. HQ US.AF decided to delete funding for
the continued production of the T-46 from the FY 87
budget, thereby effecti\'ely killing the acquisition
program.

Pacer Classic

Begun m October 1985. Pacer Classic was a
maintenance program to rebuild and modernize the
T-38. The \enerable T-38. used in Hying training for
nearly a quarter of a century, had begun to show
signs of wear. Following two wing failiues in 1978,
ATC had initiated a program to replace the T-38's
wings. Then in 1982 several initiatives were
undertaken to improve the T-38's J85 engine. These
efforts eventually developed into Pacer Classic, an
umbrella program under which the T-38 fleet would
receive various airframe modifications and engine
enhancements to prolong its service life and keep it
flying into the twenty-first century.

First Woman Enters ENJJPT

The Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training program at
.Sheppard entered its first female student. Ensign
Petronella Speerstra from the Netherlands, in
November 1985. This was a significant development,
because the NATO course was designed to produce
flghter pilots, and women had previously been barred
from ser\ ing in that capacity.

Fixed-Wing Qualification

Air Training Command began a new fixed-wing
qualification program on 1 October that provided for
proficiency advancement and qualified helicopter
pilots to fly fixed-wing aircraft. Training was
removed from UPT. and flying was conducted in the
upgrade sections of the T-37 and T-38 squadrons at
the UPT bases. Randolph would gain all new fixed-
wing qualification entries in January 198fi.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Computer Technology

The commands iecliiiical training philosophy
continued to be that training should be provided to

the fullest e\teni that resources allowed rather than
just to the minimum skill levels required. However,
ATC's resources had limits, and training in support of
this philoso]ihy was expensive. So, ATC had to look
for innovative ways of supplying the degree of
training the major commands wanted. One of those
ways was a heavy reliance on computer technology

An armament student uses .i laser gun to align the
.\CM-86B air-launched criiisi missile to its mount.

Student analysts al the tr\ptolo<;> school at
(;o()(IIVIIow AFB, levas, practice surveillance and
warning lechniques duiing an exercise.

for such uses as developing exportable courseware.
To provide support for building exportable training,
HQ USAF approved the establishment of a systems
support activity at Kecsler. By the end of the year,
Keesler's systems support activity was at work on its
first task developing exportable courseware for two
specialties, ailminisiration and personnel.

B-1B and Peacekeeper Training

During the vear. .A f C coiitiiuied to develop training
programs for two new weapon systems-ihe B-IB
anil the Peacekeeper missile. Field training began at
the first BIB base-Dyess. Texas, in January 1985,
several months before the first new bomber was
delivered. The technical training wings al Chanute
and Lowry would provide portions of the
Peacekeeper missile training.

247

1985

ATC provided field training at Dycss AFB for personnel working on the new B-IB bomber (above) and
offered portions of the MX Peacekeeper training at its technical training centers.

MISCELLANEOUS

AIDS Screening Becomes Mandatory

During 1985 in the Department of Defense, there was
growing concern over the spread of acquired immune
deficiencN syndrome or AIDS. On 1 October the
Department of Defense directed that all recruits and
officer candidates would be tested for the disease. If
two tests were positive, the individual would be given
a more sophisticated and expensive test. If this were
positive, the entrant would be medically disc|ualified
from the service.

Hurricane Elena

On 2 September Hurricane Elena struck the
Mississippi gulf coast, near Keesler AFB. causing
extensive damage. While most of Keesler's technical
training facilities escaped damage, officials halted
training so that all personnel were available to assist
v\ iih recovery efforts along the gulf coast. Command
headquarters directed l.ackland to stop sending basic
military training graduates to the school for several
days. Training resumed at Keesler less than a week
later.

The M.\ Peacekeeper was the newest
intercontinental ballistic missile in the .Air
Force in\entor>.

1986

\> hen ATC changed commanders on 28 August, it was more than a ccremon\. It marked the re\ersion of
the ATC commander position from a lour-star to a three-star position. llo>>e\er. the change had liltk'. if an\,
effect on the operation of the command. During the >ear. A fC added a ne« training mission, that of
providing undergraduate space training. The command leadership spent much of their time working anmnd
budgetary restrictions caused b\ the Gramm-Rudman-Mollings legishilion. Problems directiv affecting
personnel management included restrictions on permanent change of station mo\es. a congressionall>
mandated reduction in officer end strength, and a statutor\ requirement to cut the size of the command
headquarters b> 10 percent. One troubling personnel problem \>as pilot retention. In \'\ S6 the Air force
noted pilot retention dropped to its lowest le\el since 1981.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as (il 31 Dccciiil-iLT i4,S(ii

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

7 numbered air force equi\ aleiii units:

Air Force Mil Trng Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanulc AFB IL
Goodfeliow Tech Trng Ctr. Goodfellow AFB TX
Keesier Tech Trng Ctr, Keesier AFB MS
Lowr> Tech Trng Ctr, Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. Shcppart! AFB TX
USAF Recruiting .Service. Randolph .AFB TX

I air di\ ision cqui\ aicnt unit:

Air Force Reserve Otticer Trng Corps. Maxwell
AFB AL

1 wing ei.|ui\alcnl units:

USAF Instrument Flight Center. Randolph AFB
TX

1 comhat crew training wing:

.^636th (Survival), l-anchild Af-B VVA

8 flying training w ings:

i:th. Randolph AIB TX

Arizona- Williams; California-- Mather: Colorado-l.owrs ; Illinois—
Chanute; Mississippi— Columbus and Keesier: Oklahoma— Vance;
Texas--Goodfellow. Lacklantl. l.aughlin. Randolph. Reese, and
Sheppard

54.053 (8.138 officers: 31.868 enlisted: 14.047 civilians)

1 359 (T-37B. T-38A. T-39A. T-4 1 A. T-43AI

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

Uth.Ci.hmihus AIB MS
47th. Laughlin AFB TX
64th. Reese AFB TX
71st. Vance AFB OK
8()th. Sheppard AFB TX
82d. Williams AFB AZ
323d, Mather AFB CA

4 independent group and equi\aleiit units:

Community College of the Air Force. Maxwell
AFB Al.

Foreign Military Training Aflairs Group,
Randolph AFB TX

San Antonio Coiiliacting Center. I ml Sam
Houston TX

San Antonio Real Froperl) Maintenance Agency,
Fort Sam Houston TX

1 I independent squadron and equivalent units:

ATC Operations Center. Randolph Al li I X
LISAF Occupational Measurement Center,

Randolph AFB TX

330.\l Contracting. Randolph AIB IX

3304th School (ATC NCO Academy). Lackland

AFB TX

249

1986

3305th School (ISD), Randolph AFB TX
3306th Test and Evaluation. Edwards AFB CA
3307th Test and Evaluation (Acquisition

Management), Randolph AFB TX

3308th Technical Training (Advisory). Randolph

AFBTX

33 1 4ih Management Engineering, Randolph AFB

3507th Airman Classification. Lackland AFB TX
3588th Flying Training (Helicopter). Fort Rucker

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

LtGen
John A. Shaud

Lieutenant General
command of ATC on
Andrew P. losue.

John A. Shaud assumed

28 August 1986 from Gen

who retired. This marked the

reversion of the ATC commander position from four
to three stars. General Shaud came to Randolph from
the Pentagon where he served as Air Force Deputy
Chief of Staff for Personnel. Major General
Charles R. Hamm conlinuetl as vice commander.

An instructor provides "hands-on" training to an
electronic warfare officer trainee in Mather's
AN/.\l.Q-r4 simulator.

ORGANIZATION

Air Training information Systems Division

In 1984 HQ USAF published a plan to integrate
management of information throughout the Air
Force. According to the plan, management of
information systems would be a "dual hat"
arrangement in which host major commands would
retain operational control. and Air Force
Communications Command (AFCC) would exercise
administrative management of personnel assigned to
the information systems function. To accommodate
the integration of communications and data
automation functions in ATC, the Air Training
Information Systems Division (ATISD) was activated
on 1 January 1986 as a numbered air force-equivalent
unit. It was formed through the consolidation of
ATC's DCS/Information Systems, the 3302d
Computer Services Squadron, Detachment 7 of HQ
AFCC, and other AFCC resources. The ATISD
designation was short lived, however, because AFCC
redesignated it as the Air Training Communications
Division on 1 November 1986.

Officer Training School Realigned

When ATC established OTS in 1959, it also assigned
the school to the Lackland Military Training Center.
On 1 June 1972. OTS was realigned under HQ ATC
to put it more on a par with the Air Force Reserve
Officer Training Coips (AFROTC), which was a
numbered air force equivalent unit reporting to Air
University, and with the Air Force Academy, which
was a special operating agency reporting to HQ
USAF. However, General Shaud's management
philosophy was that senior field commanders, such as
the AFMTC commander, should exercise control
over related command missions, especially when
located on the same base. Therefore, on
14 November 1986, ATC reassigned OTS from the
headquarters to AFMTC.

ATC Operations Center Activated

To gain some relief from a congressionally imposed
manpower ceiling on management headquarters
personnel, ATC had established the 3309th Training
Readiness Squadron in 1984. Subsequently, a
problem arose concerning the performance
evaluations of officers assigned to the 3309th because
their records did not indicate a major cimimand
assignment, though they directly supported ATC. On
I January 1986 the command established a named
unit-the ATC Operations Center at Randolph-and
inactivated the 3309lh.

150

1986

Nurses participate in a training session at \\ iitord Hall I'SAF Medical (enter. Lackland MB. lexas.

3302d Computer Service Squadron

On I January 1986. ATC inactivated its 33()2d
Computer Service Squadron at Randolph as part of
the acti\ation ot AFCC's Air Training Information
Systems Division.

Comptroller Squadrons

On 1 Jui_\ ATC cstahHshed comptroller squadrons at
se\en of its hascs--Chanutc. Keeslor. Lackland.
Lowry. Sheppard. Mather, and Randolph.

1 rainecs karn In fdllo" a Icchiiical order on jet enjjine
inspection procedures as pari ot a jet en<iine class at
( hanule ALIt. Illinois.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Navigator Training

On 1."^ .luly specialized undergraduate na\igator
training (SUNT) replaced the standard navigator
training program, when the first class began the core
course at Mather Af-B in California. L'nder SUNT,
all navigators would receive a 65 day common core
training course. The students would then be
selected for one of three training tracks:
fighter. attack. reconnaissance; tanker,
.--- transport, bomber: or electronic warfare
training. Students received their wings upon
completion of the specialized training.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Proposed Consolidation of Survival
Training

Ever since the survival school nio\ cd from
Stead AFB. Nevada, to lairchild AFB.
Washington, in 1*^66 there had been periodic
discussions about consolidating the combat
survival course at Fairchild and the water
sur\ ival course at Homestead .MB, F-'lorida. In
iys.5 HQ USAF approved an ATC proposal to
put the two courses at an ATC base in a more
temperate climate, preferably Kcesler.
HowcNcr. budget cuts brought on by the
Gramm-Rudman bill and pressure from the
Washington stale congressional delegation
combined to kill the proposal in 1986,

15\

1986

Astronaut Sally Ride about to be dragged through Biscayne Bay as part of her water survival training at
Homestead AFB, Florida.

Undergraduate Space Training

By the I98()s. the role of space systems in
intelligence, communications, and weather recon-
naissance had become so pervasive that the Air Force
decided to cstabHsh a military command structure
devoted to space operations. Headquarters USAF
activated the Air Force Space Command
(AFSPACECOM) in 1982. .Since other services were
also invoi\ed in space operations, in 1985 the
Defense Department established the US Space
Command. The Air Force also needed a space
training program, and in 198.5 HQ USAF decided that
AFSPACECOM would take over mission specific,
upgrade, and on-the-job training, while ATC would
conduct an undergraduate space training (UST)
course and AFSC awarding technical courses.
Undergraduate space training would parallel UPT
and UNT as a general operational training course.
Like the undergraduate Hying training courses. UST
pro\ided a basic preparation for space operational
assignments, while the using command provided
further specific training. The first UST coiuse began
at Low ry AFB on 9 October.

MISCELLANEOUS

Military Construction

Durnig 1986 major construction projects worth over
$50 million were completed at ATC bases. The
largest share of the work took place at Goodfellow.
primarily because the Air Force was consolidating
intelligence training there and because construction
had been put off at this base since 1978 because of
two separate efforts to close Goodfellow. Also to
provide housing for Goodfellow 's increasing
population, ATC began its first build-lease housing
project.

Anti-Terrorism Planning

After the United States bombing raid on Libya in
1984. experts predicted an expansion of global
terrorist activity. In response. ATC established an
Antiterrorism Committee to stud\ enhanced security
measures and awareness training. The command
tested new entry control procedures at Williams and
Clianutc and installed new barriers to protect aircraft.

T^T

1987

Air Training Command underwent significant mission and organizational changes in 19S7. 1 he command
gained a new mission in Februar>. \>ith the activation of the San Antonio Joint Military Medical Command
(SA-JM.MC). The biggest organizational change inxolved a major reorganization ol IIQ A K . (Iiiided l)\ his
perception that there were four "action" l)( Ss in the headquarters-Operations, lechnical I raining.
Recruiting Ser\ice. and Medical Services and Training--thc A IC commander realigned a number of
functions on his staff. Also. HQ LSAF approved the disestablishment of the San Antonio keal Property
Maintenance Agency and the San Antonio Contracting Center. Besides organizational changes, the
command also found itself facing the possible loss of a base, \\hen lirsl l.o\>ry and then Mather, were
considered for closure. Luckily, a combination of political pressure and U>cal interest succeeded in remo\ing
either base from consideration for closure.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(,a.sot 31 Ucceinbcr 1987j

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

Arizon;i--\\ illiaiiis. Calitoriiia--Mather: Colorado--!. owiy; Illinois--
Chanute; Mississippi--Coluiiihus and Kecslcr; ()klahonia--\'ancc;
Texas— Gt)odtellow, Lackland, Laughlin, Randolph, Reese, and
Sheppard

52.379 (7.336 officers: 31.441 enlisted; I3.S()2 ci\ilians|

1.357 (T-37B. T-3SA. T-39A. T-4IA. and T-43A)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

7 numbered air force equi\alent units:

Air Force Mil Trng Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr, Chanute AFB IL
Goodfellow Tech Trng Ctr. Goodfellow AFB TX
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr. Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX
USAF Recruiting Service. Randolph AFB TX

2 air division equi\ alcnt iniits:

Air Force Reser\e OITicer Trng Corps. Maxwell
AFB AL

San Antonio .IomU Mililar\ Medical Coniniaiid.
Randolph AFB I \

1 wing equivalent units:

USAF Instrument Flight Center. Randolph .AFB
TX

I combat creu training \\ ing:

3A36th. Fairchild AFB \\A

In Februar\ Ihc Aini\ and Air I ntn' nimbiiRd
medical assets at San .\ntonio lo lurni tlu' Joint
Militar\ Medical C Onnoand. I his cdnsiilidallon
iiicluiled the Vir I one's lar'^esl nudiial iiiilir.
\Mlford Mall (shown above) and the Army's
second largest medical facililN. Brooke \rnn
Medical ( enlei .

25?

1987

8 flying training wings:

12th. Randolph AFBTX
14th, Columbus AFB MS
47ih. Laughlin AFB TX
64lh. Reese AFB TX
71st. Vance AFB OK
8()th, Sheppard AFB TX
82d. Williams AFB AZ
323d. Mather AFB CA

4 independent group and equivalent units:

Conuiiunity College ot the Air Force. Maxwell
AFB AL

Foreign Military Training Affairs Group.
Randolph AFB TX

San Antonio Contracting Center. Fort Sam
Houston TX

San Antonio Real Property Maintenance Agency,
Fort Sam Houston TX

13 independent squadrtm and equi\alent units:

3306th Test and Evaluation, Edwards AFB CA
3307th Test and Evaluation (Acquisition

Management). Randolph AFB TX

3308th Technical Training (Advisory). Randolph

AFBTX

3313th Medical Service, Randolph AFB TX
3314th Management Engineering, Randolph AFB

3507th Airman Classification. Lackland AFB TX
3588th Flying Training (Helicopter). Fort Rucker

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Lieutenant General John A. Shaud continued to
serve as the ATC commander. On 12 June 1987. Maj
Gen Thomas A. Baker replaced Maj Gen Charles R.
Hamm as the Vice Commander of Air Training
Command. General Hamni became the
Superintendent of the Air Force Academy at
Colorado Springs. Colorado.

ATC Civilian Automated Training Office.

Lackland AFB TX

ATC Operations Center. Randolph AFB TX
USAF Occupational Measurement Center,

Randolph AFB TX

3303d Contracting. Randolph AFB TX

3304th School (.^TC NCO Academy). Lackland

AFBTX

3305th School (ISD). Randolph AFB TX

ORGANIZATION

DCSIOperations and Readiness

Effective 1 January, the ATC commander directed
that the Readiness Division in DCS/Plans and
Requirements move to DCS/Operations. Concur-
rently. DCS/Operations became DCS/Operations and
Readiness.

Students at Chanuto AFB, lllindis, learn about lncll<;htin haiullin<; real fires in a controlled settin<;. In a
flaniin<> lahoralor>, they learn both lire super\ision and rescue techniques, .\d\anced training to prepare
students to serve as fire chiefs included the use of a model depicting a typical base (next page).

2.^4

1987

Headquarters Reorganization

Looking at the way plans and requirenK-iils tiinctions
were spread among most of the DCSs. General Shaud
decided the headquarters needed a major reorgani-
zation. In Shaud's opinion. ATC needed four action
DCSs--Operations. Technical Training. Recruiting
Service, and the .Surgeon. The other iXSs -Plans.
Logistics. Comptroller. Civil Engineering, and
Personnel-would be the support agencies. By
organizing under those guidelines. Shaud believed
there would be clearer lines of responsibility between
staff agencies. As of 1 April, all planners went to
work for DCS/Plans and Requirements (XP). and XP
established a rct|uiremenls ilirectorate. The
headquarters disestablished the office of the Assistant
Chief of Staff (ACS), Commissioning Programs, and
changed the DCS/Recruiling Service designation to
IX'.S/Recruiling Service and Commissioning
Programs. Recruiting not only gaineil responsibility
for commissioning programs, but it also became
manager of AIROTC and OTS. (Later in the year.
Recruiting Service also assumed responsibility for
recruiting scholarship and non-scholarship applicants
for AFROTC.) In addition, the ACS/Commissioning
Program's management responsibilities for CCAF
passed to Technical Training, and the Foreign
Military Training Affairs Group no longer reported
tlirectly to the ATC commander but rather became a
direct reporting unit of DC.S/Plans and Requirements.
A few months later, on 26 June, XP gained
management resiionsibiliis for two more programs:

the Defense Language Institute. Lnglish Language
Center and Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training.

DCSIMedical Services and Training

Air Training Command redesignated iis office of the
comiiKuul surgeon as the DCS/Medical Ser\ices and
Training. clfecti\e 1.^ October. The major reason for
that change was to show the increased responsibility
that this office had undertaken since the acti\ation of
the San Antonio Joint Military Medical Commanti.

Civilian Automated Training Office (CATO)

The commarKl activated the Civilian Automated
Training Office (CATO) at Lackland on I October
1987. Its |iiirpose was to centralize all civilian
training activities in ATC. thereby reducing the
workloail in each of the Central Civilian Personnel
Offices scattereil ihrougliinit the commanil.

Joint Military Medical Command Formed

In preparation Im the csl.iblishnicnt of the San
Antonio Joint Military Medical Command (SA-
JMMC) on \> January. Air Force Systems Command
reassigned Wiltbrd Hall USAF Medical Center to
ATC. Then on Iftl'ebruars the San Antonio Joint
Military Medical Command was aclivaled al
Randolph and assigned to ATC. By establishing this
command, the Arm> and Navy were able to
centralize control of all their medical facilities in the
San Antonio area. Staffed by Army and Air Force
personnel, the new command oversaw the operation

253

1987

of Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center, Brooke Army
Medical Center, the US Army Dental Activity, and
the clinics at Randolph. Kelly, and Brooks. To assist
with the headquarters management, ATC activated
the 33l.'^th Medical Services Squadron (JMMC) at
Randolph on I March.

TRAINING
FLYING TRAINING

SUPT Changes

Late m the year the Air Force implemented a number
of policv changes affecting the specialized
undergraduate pilot training (SUPT) program. In
particular, training tracks and basing strategy were
changed. Where before there had been fighter-attack-
reconnaissance and tanker-transport-bomber tracks,
now there were bomber and fighter or tanker and
transport tracks. In addition, all training would be
pro\ided at a single base. Reese was the first base
programmed to offer SUPT. beginning in mid- 1 991.

New Approach to Navigator Training

At ihc end of Februar\. Mather discontinued
undergraduate navigator training. Air Training
Command then shifted to specialized undergraduate
navigator training or SUNT. Following a common
core course, students then entered one of three tracks:
fighter-attack-reconnaissance. tanker transport
bomber, or electronic warfare. Students did not
recei\e their navigator rating until the\ had
completed track training.

Aviation Leadership Program

For many \cars. ATC had provided Hying training
for Latin American students. However, enrollment
numbers had fallen off during the mid-1960s, as US
in\ohement in Vietnam increased. But by the early
1980s. US interests in Latin America and the
Caribbean had grown substantially, leading to the
formation of the .-XNiation Leadership Program
(.ALP), a Using training program that Air Training
Command conducted. Through this program, the US
government had the opportunity to bmid better
relations with future military leaders in Latin
America and the Caribbean. The first group of ALP
students began English language training at Lackland
in April.

New Paint Scheme for T-37s

On 2 Jul) the An' Stall approved the blue and white
paint scheme designed for ATC's T-37 fleet by Keith
Ferris. A rollout ceremony took place at Randolph on
31 August 1987 for the first T-37 (tail #.S9-()3S2)
painted in this design.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Undergraduate Space Training

Air Training Command graduated its first
undergraduate space training (UST) class in February
at Lowry. Then on 1 April HQ ATC moved
management of the UST program from
DCS/Technical Training to DCS/Operations.

Rivet Workforce

The Air Force miplemented Rivet Workforce on 30
April, a service-wide initiative to create a more
flexible, survivable. mobile workforce able to support
USAF fighting needs across the spectrum of possible
conflict. Rivet Workforce involved the restructuring
of 21 career fields. By combining similar tasks, the
Air Force combined the 21 AFSCs into 16 career
fields.

4-Level Training

Because of the growing complexity of weapons
systems. ATC was unable at times to provide
sufficient weapons-specific training. Operational
commands assigned their own personnel to provide
the necessary training. A year-long test of an
ATC/TAC training initiative to provide more hands-
on training at the technical training centers, known as
"■4-le\el training." began when six students entered
jet engine maintenance training at Chanute on
20 October.

MILITARY TRAINING

Recruiting Goal

The Air Force dropped Recruiting Service's nonprior
service recruiting goal for FYSS to 40.000 positions-
the lowest recruitment goal ever assigned-in
response to declining defense spending. The
Recruiting Service added AFROTC recruiting as a
formal goal in FY88. Prior to the 1988-89 academic
year. Recruiting Service had focused its efforts on
recruiting for the Officer Training School and the
Health Professions direct commissioning program
and only indirectly supported AFROTC recruiting.

MISCELLANEOUS

Contract Maintenance

In 1986 m an clforl to cut maintenance costs. ATC
began looking at the possibility of converting aircraft
maintenance at UPT bases, as well as training
equipment maintenance at the centers, from military
operation to civil service or contract, whichever was
more cost-effective. By the end of 1987. the
command had decided to convert maintenance at four
bases-Columbus, Chanute, Lowry. and Sheppard-to
contract maintenance beginning in .April 1988.

256

1988

In fiscal year 1988, ATC faced severe fundiii}; limitations, particularly in the areas of traini^^. ci\ilian pay,
and medical programs. The command had to institute a ci\ilian hiring frce/e. Total hiid'^et lor technical
training dropped by almost 15.7 percent from I \ 87 levels. In the words of (ieneral Oaks, the AlC
commander, the impacts of these reductions "on our mission would have been catastrophic were it not for
reduced accession lc\els and deferred training demands |that| enabled us t<i take short-term acti(ms to
mana<;e this level." Looking forward, onl\ four items on AI'C's \'\ 90 budget proposal received funds: an
extensive program to rebuild and renovate Lackland; construction of new facilities for the Defense Language
Institute: the aviation leadership program, a pilot training program for Latin American students: and the
primarv aircraft training system or PATS, an aircraft to replace the 1-37.

An instructor at Sheppard AFB. Texas, guides students in learning to use test equipment and tools for
installation of fiber optic cable.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as (il 31 IXvcmlici l')S,S)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

Ari/.ona-Williams: Calitbrnia--Mathcr. Ciilorado-I.ovvry: Illinois--
Chanute: Mississippi-Columbus and Kcesler; Oklahoma-Vance;
Texas-Goodt'cllow. Lackland. Laughlin. Randolph. Reese, and
Sheppard

50.755 (7.269 officers: 28.957 enlisted: 14.529 civilians)

1,363 (T-37B. T-38A. T/CT-39A. T-41 A. T-43A)

257

1988

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

7 numbered air force equivalent units:

Air Force Mil Trng Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanute AFB IL
Goodfellow Tech Trng Ctr, Goodfellow AFB TX
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr, Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX
USAF Recruiting Service. Randolph AFB TX

2 air division equivalent units:

Air Force Reserve Officer Trng Corps. Maxwell
AFB AL

San Antonio Joint Military Medical Command.
Randolph AFB TX

1 v\ ing equivalent unit:

USAF Instrument Flight Center. Randolph AFB
TX

1 combat crew training wing:

3636th (Survival). Fairchild AFB WA

8 flying training wings:

12th, Randolph AFB TX
14th. Columbus AFB MS
47th. Laughlin AFB TX
64th, Reese AFB TX
71st, Vance AFB OK
SOth. Sheppard AFB TX
82d. Williams AFB AZ
323d. Mather AFB CA

4 independent group and equi\ alent units:

ConinuuiitN College o\' the Air Force. Maxwell
AFB AL

Foreign Mi! Trng .M'fairs Gp. Randolph AFB TX

San Antonio Contracting Center. Fort Sam
Houston TX

San Antonio Real Property Maintenance Agency,
Fort Sam Houston TX

14 independent st|uadron and cquisalenl units:

ATC Civilian .Automated Training Office,

Lackland AFB TX

ATC Operations Center. Randolph AFB TX
USA Occupational Measurement Center,

Randolph AFB TX

y-'\2i.. ' hnicai Training, Keesler AFB MS
Jj03d Contracting, Randolph AFB TX

3304th School (ATC NCO Academy). Lackland

AFBTX

3305th School (ISD), Randolph AFB TX
3306th Test and Evaluation. Edwards AFB CA
3307th Test and Evaluation (Acquisition

Management), Randolph AFB TX

3308th Technical Training (Advisory), Randolph

AFBTX

3313th Medical Service, Randolph AFB TX
3314th Management Engineering. Randolph AFB

3507th Airman Classification. Lackland AFB TX
3588th Flying Training (Helicopter). Fort Rucker

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

LtGen
Robert C. Oaks

Lieutenant General Robert C. Oaks replaced
General Shaud as the ATC commander on 6 June.
General Shaud became Chief of Staff, Supreme
Headquarters Allied Powers Europe. General Oaks
came to ATC from Naples, Italy, where he had
served as Commander, Allied Air Forces Southern
Europe and Deputy Commander in Chief, United
States Air Forces in Europe ft)r the Southern Area. A
few months later, on 24 October. ATC also changed
vice commanders. Major General Thomas A. Baker
received his third star and became the Commander.
Seventh Air Force, at Osan Air Base in Korea. His
successor was Maj Gen Robert S. Delligatti. the ATC
Deputy Chief of Staff. Plans and Requirements.

ORGANIZATION

3302d Technical Training Squadron

On I July ATC replaced the Systems Support
Activity, in operation at Keesler since 1985. with the
newly-activated 3302d Technical Training Squadron.
The .squadron reported to the Keesler Technical
Training Center initil 1 November 1988. when Air
Traming Command reassigned it as a direct reporting
unit of HQ ATC. Officials believed this change
would make it easier for the 3302d to provide

258

1988

coniputer-based iii^liLiction assistance to all the
centers.

Family Support Centers

In I98U, as a part ot a conference on families, the Air
Force identified a need for family support centers. By
assisting families, the Air Force fell it would
"improve retention and productivity." However, it
wasn't until 1988 that ATC began establishing family
support centers throughout the command. .As of
31 December. .ATC had four lull service centers in
operation at Chanute. Lowry. Mather, and .Sheppard,
and si.x limited-ser\ice centers had opened at
Cmodfellow. Lackland. Laughlin. Reese. Keesler. and
Williams.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Pilot Selection and Classification System

L nder the t)ld classilication system, student pilots did
not learn which category of aircraft they would fly
operationally until about eight weeks before they
completed pilot training. At that time, an advanced
training recommendation board would meet, review
the flying performance of the students, and determine
follow-on assignments. As part of the switch from
generalized to specialized training. ATC planned to
implement a new selection and classiflcalion system
to categori/e students before they entered flight
training. The major reason for moving the
classification decision to the beginning of training
was a desire to eliminate the negative connotations
associated with not making the flghter-attack-
reconnaissance cut under the old system. By letting
prospective pilots know at the start what category of
aircraft they could e.xpect to fly upon graduation, the
Air Force hoped to instill in them a greater sense of
dedication to and identiflcation with their particular
major weapon system. Au" Training Commaml
planned to implement the new selection and
classification system in 19^)1.

Specialized UPT

Air Training Command's leliuii to specialized
undergraduate pilot training (.SUPT) began in late
1964 when HQ U.SAI' asked Air University to
forecast the Air Force's pilot training needs in the
1970s. Nothing conclusive came of that study, but it
raised the question ol whether generalized or
specialized UPT was the best path to follow. .Several
years and many studies later, the Air Force finally
decided to unplement .SUPT. However, before the
Air Force could begin. Congress wanted to see a
master plan outlining how the Air Force intended to
proceed. In Aprd ^988 ATC produced the USAF

Pictured above is the portable basic attributes
tcster-tlie Porla-BAT. With the basic allribules
test, the .\ir Force hoped to gain information on
pilot candidates' self contldence, risk tolerance,
lenacitx, situational awareness, and reaction to
task saturation, as well as on basic stick and
rudder skills in order to select the best candidates
for pilot trainin<^.

Officers train in C hanule's full-scale Lo<;islics
Keatiiness (enter as part of the Aircraft
Maintenance-Munitions Officers course.

Trainer Masterplan. It compared the relative merits
and shortcomings ot lour variations of an improved
UPT program, and it described in detail the course of
action advocated by the Air Force. Those four
variations included a modernized UPT that retained
single-track generalized training, the all-through
trainer system which also followed the single-track
generalized concept, an alternate .SUP'I program, and
SUPT. According to the trainer inasterplan. SUPT
would provide the highest cjualily graduate at the
lowest cost. However, kev to the success of any of
these options were twd modification programs, the

259

1988 ^

striiciural life extension program for the T-37 and the
Pacer Classic program for the T-38. which would
insure the planes remained airworthy.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Computer-Based Intelligence Training

By lySS, ATC had linished consolidating
intelligence training at Goodfellow and integrating
the training courses. Several computer-based
instruction (CBI) programs comprised an important
aspect of this integration. Sentinel Bright, designed to

provide linguistic and cryptology training, broke new
ground in CBI but was plagued by technical
difficulties. The two phases of Sentinel Aspen, begun
in 1983. integrated training in imagery intelligence
and its application in targeting.

Advanced Technical Fighter

The Ad\anced Technical Fighter, which e\entually
became the F/A-22. was announced publicly in 1988.
ATC began planning to conduct all aspects of
training at a single centralized site.

SAN ANTONIO REAL PROPERTY MAINTENANCE AGENCY

The San Antonio Real Property Maintenance
Agency (SARPMA) was founded on 1 October 1978
following a series of studies by the General Accounting
Office and the Department of Defense aimed at
achieving cost savings through regional consolidation.
San Antonio, home to the Army's Fort Sam Houston
and four Air Force bases-Brooks. Kelly. Lackland,
and Randolph— was a prime candidate for such action.
Established at San Antonio Air Force Station, adjacent
to Fort Sam Houston. SARPMA consolidated the
existing civil engineering organizations at all five
facilities into a single entity reporting to Air Training
Conunand. The new construct wrested control of the
civil engineering function from local commanders, who
nevertheless retained ownership of all real property and
were responsible for its maintenance, a factor that
played a large part in S.ARPMA's undoing. In theory,
the installation commanders prioritized the work to be
done and SARPMA attempted to meet their deadlines.
In practice. SARPMA did not live up to expectations.
Initially, commanders had difficulty obtaining such
basic information as the status of a work order or the
cost of a project, and all were dissatisfied with the time
it was taking to get work done.

Over time, mainly as a result of extraordinary
management actions, SARPMA's performance began
to improve. As that happened, opposition to the
concept softened, especially on the part of the Army at
Fort Sam Houston, but it was too little, too late.

In 1983. at the direction of the Vice Chief of Staff
of the Air Force. ATC prepared an assessment of
SARPMA's performance and of alternate ways to
accomplish the real property maintenance mission. \
study group concluded that SARPMA provided
services at about the same level that existed prior to its
establishment, and that SARPMA's costs were about
the same a.s a standard base civil engineering (BCE) or-

ganization. While the study did not show conclusively
that the performance of SARPMA was appreciably
better than the standard BCE organization, it discerned
the concern among commanders about their diminished
ability to influence such a vital function. Accordingly,
ATC recommended to the Air Staff the return to
standard BCE organizations.

Not much came of this first major challenge to the
continuation of SARPMA. which bogged down in the
coordination process when the Army suggested tabling
the idea until ATC could de\ise a detailed
disestablishment plan. A review committee, composed
of representatives from five San Antonio military
installations, determined that the costs involved were
substantial-$27.6 million to dissolve SARPMA plus
annual recuiTing costs of $24.6 million to resume
standard BCE organizations. Nonetheless, the
committee wrote the plan and called for the base-level
engineering organizations to be in-place and
operational on I October 1987.

After some delay, and despite the high costs, senior
Air Force officials decided in the fall of 1986 to
disestablish SARPMA and return to standard base civil
engineering organizations. At the same time. Gen
Lany D. Welch, Air Force Chief of Staff, directed the
dissolution of the San Antonio Contracting Center, a
procurement agency set up in the late 1970s that
handled contracting arrangements for SARPMA.
These actions retlected the strong belief of Air Force
leaders that installation commanders should ha\e the
authority to decide how to accomplish the civil
engineering mission, since they were held responsible
for getting the job done. After redistributing its
manpower authorizations and equipment to the
participating installations (in roughl> the same
proportion as the installations had initially contributed),
SARPMA inactivated on 1 October 1989.

260

1989

A number of proposals be<ian uiil'()ldiii\ith a moxement to reform the acquisition ol DOD weapon svstems. This was
soon amplified by the dramatic developments occurring in the Soviet Union and Eastern Kurope. In response
to these developments. DOD and MQ L SAF initiated several programs to streamline and consolidate the
military establishment. Also in 1989, the President and Congress approved the recommendations of the base
closure commission to close 86 stateside bases, including two in ATC— C'hanute and Mather. Bv the end of the
year. ATC had plans well underwav to transfer Chanute's technical training to other centers in le\as,
Colorado, and Mississippi and to move Mather's navigator training to IJeale AFB in ( alifornia. Also in
December. ATC participated in Operation Just Cause, the invasion of Panama, providing medical treatment
at Willord Hall LSAF" Medical Center for casualties airlifted back to the L nited States.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of 31 December 1989)

In response to Hurricane Hugo. A l( peisonnel
load electrical line vehicles at Sheppard AFB.
Texas, to help restore power in the \ irgin
Islands.

2 air division ce|Lii\alcMl units:

Air Force Reserve Officer Trng Corps. Maxwell
AFB AL

San Antonio Joint Military Medical CoPHiiand.
Randolph AFB TX

1 wing equi\ alciit unit:

USAF Insiruincni llmhi Clr. Randolph AFB TX

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS: 13

Arizona-- Williaiiis; California--Malhcr; Colorado--
Lowry: lllinois-Chaiuitc; Mississippi-Columbus and
Keesler; Oklahoma- Vance; Texas-Goodlellow.

lackhuul. l.aughlm. Randolph, Reese, and Sheppard

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:

4S.2S7 (7.90(1 officers: 26.831 enlisted; 1 3. .'i.'SO civilians)
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:
1 .3S 1 (T-37B. T-38A. T/CT-39A. T-4IA. T-43A)
MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

7 luimberetl air force ei|iii\aleni units:

Air Force Mil Trng Clr. Lackland AlB I'X
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanute AFB II,
C.oodfellow Tech Trng Ctr. Goodfellow AFB I'X
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
l.owry Tech Trng Clr. l.owry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Clr. Sheppard AFB TX
USAF Recruiting Service. Randolph AFB TX

1 combat crew training wing:

3636ih f Survival). Fairchild Al B \VA

8 Hying training wings:

12th. Randolph AFB TX
14th. Columbus AFB MS
47th. Laughlin AFB TX
(Uih. Reese AFB TX
71sl. Vance AFB OK

261

1989

80th. Sheppard AFB TX
82d, Williams AFB AZ
323d. Mather AFB CA

2 independent group and equivalent units:

Community College of the Air Force. Maxwell
AFB AL

Foreign Military Training Affairs Group.
Randolph AFB TX

14 independent squadron and equivalent units:

ATC Civilian Automated Training Office.
Lackland AFB TX

3308th Technical Training (Advisory). Randolph

AFB TX

3313th Medical Service (JMMC). Randolph AFB

3314th Mgmt Engrg, Randolph AFB TX
3507th Airman Classification. Lackland AFB TX
3.588th Flying Training (Helicopter). Fort Rucker

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

General Robert C. Oaks remained the ATC
commander, and Maj Gen Robert S. Delligatti
continued as vice commander.

In the late 198fls, ATC began to offer more system-specific training at its technical training centers to relieve
the hurden of on-the-job training at the using command. Sheppard .\FB. Texas, obtained two F-16Cs in the
spring of 1987 for use in training crew chiefs.

ATC Operations Center. Randolph AFB TX
USAF Occupational Measurement Center.

Randolph AFB TX

3302d Technical Training. Keesler AFB M.S

3303d Contracting. Randolph AFB TX

3304th School (ATC NCO Academy). Lackland

AFBTX

3305th School (ISD). Randolph AFB TX
3306th Trng Dev and Eval. Edwards AFB CA
3307th Test and Evaluation (Acquisition

Management', '^r.ndoiph AFB TX

ORGANIZATION

Mission Support Squadrons

Following a four-year test at numerous installations.
HQ USAF approved the formation of a new
squadron— the mission support squadron-that
combined a number of support functions, including
personnel, administration, education services, and
social actions. However, in ATC activation of the
new squadrons did not take place until 1989.

"»^-»

1989

SACC and SARPMA Disestablished

Effective I April 1989. ATC inactivalcd
its San Antonio Contracting Center
(SACC). OriginalK estabiisiied on
1 January 1977 as the San Antonio
Procurement Center. SACC had prin ided
centralized contracting support to niiliiai\
installations in the San Antonio area. Six
months after the SACC shutdown, ATC
inactivated the San Antonio Real Property
Maintenance Agency (S.ARPM.A). another
venture that had centrali/ei.1 ci\il
engineering functions in the San AnlcMiio
area. With Air Staff approval. ATC
inacti\ ated both of these named acti\ ities.
and returned direct control of ci\il
engineering and contracting functions to
base commanders— the people directly
responsible for mission performance.

Till' space shiillk' ((ilunihia touches ddwii at Shippard \f|{,
Texas, an alternate landin<; site tor NASA's space proj;rani.

3306th Renamed

Air Training Command inactivated its 3306th Test
and E\aluation Squadron at Edwards AFB,
California, and then actisated the 3306th Training
Development and Evaluation Squadron on 1 May.
The new designation better described the mission of
the 3306th. which was to evaluate weapon systems
from a training perspective.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Broad Area Review of Flying Training

In November 1988 the ATC commander directed a
broad area review of all undergraduate and graduate
flying training programs in the command. .-Xccording
to General Oaks, ihc puipose of ihe review was "to

Students and instructors stack ":^
during armament trainin<4 al
C olorado.

Lowr\

tmbs
AFB,

improve the quality of tlying training through the
next decade with special emphasis on those items
required to support SUPT." Meetings began in 19<S9.
Through the broad area review, representatives from
throughout the tlying training community had the
opportunity to examine a wide range of topics
concerning flying training. From those discussions.
ATC determined that its Hight screening program
needed to be revised and confirmed thai facility
improvements were needeil to support the transition
to SLPT. In addition, the review provided .ATC with
information on contracting ground-based instruction
and solidified ATC's resolve to convert to contract
simulator instruction.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Advanced Training System

Ihc idea ol .in Adv.inccii framing Svstem (.ATS)
came about ni the carlv l9,S()s. when ATC was
looking for a way to improve the technical training
system through the increased use of computer
technology. Keesler became the prime center for
implementation of ATS. In May 1989 ATC awarded
IBM the contract to build the Advanced Training
System (ATS). Air Training Command expected the
system to be fully operational at Keesler by FY 93.

Broad Area Review of Technical Training

Pleased Willi ilic inilial results ol ilic broad area
review of Hying training, in August Air Training
(^)mmanil announced that it would convene a second
B.AK. this lime to discuss ways and means of
improving technical training.

Distance Learning

In November ATC experimented with distance
learning by conducting a TEMPEST fundamentals
course for Army personnel al the Pentagon.
Instructors iransmilled course work Irom ihc Video

163

1989

On 20 December US troops in\adecl Panama. l\\el\e hours after Operation Just Cause began, ATC's
\MUord Hall USAF Medical Center and the Brooke Army Medical Center began receiving US casualties.
Altogether, the two medical centers treated 258 casualties. In the picture above. President and Mrs George
Bush \isit with casualties at \Mlt'ord Mall.

Tclccdiiloivncing Center at Fort Sam Houston,
Texas, to a classroom in the Pentagon. Under
ortlinary circumstances, students would iia\e been
sent to Lackland for in-house training. By using
ilisiance learning, the course came to them.

MILITARY TRAINING

Delayed Enlistment Program Halted

liir the first lime in the history of Air Force
recruiting. Recruiting Service suspended its delayed
enlistment program because it had more people in the
delayed entry pool than the Air Force could absorb
into the acli\e service within the next 12 months. The
program remained suspended from 17 November
1989 until 1 February 1990.

New Entrant Drug and Alcohol Testing

111 I'l <SS Congress mandaletl preacccssion drug and
alcohol testing for all niililar\ applicants. The Army
shifted the testing burden from the MEPS to its basic
train! .g centers. The Air Force preferrcil testing as
eai: .is possible, to save Lackland ihe burden of
additii ' '' manning and the travel and housing costs
'" I r(j:u..\ \> ho would fail the test upon arrival at
i IT. In Decemier. Congress authorized the services
' lest at a locatio;. of iheir choice.

MISCELLANEOUS

Push-Puli Mobilization Test

Air Training Command had its first opportunity to
test the concept of Push-PuU mobilization during
exercise Crimson Hammer '89 in Juh . The command
screened a total of .^.178 reservists at tliiee training
centers.

Top-to-Bottom Review of DOD

In .lanuary the Secrclarv oi Defense. Richard B.
Cheney. ordered a top-to-bottom Defense
Management Review (DMR). In response, the Air
Force began a service-wide review, looking at ways
to streamline operations, consolidate functions, and
lower decision-making authority. Within the DMR
framework. .Air Tiaining Command undcrloi)k tour
initiatives: 1 ) converting base fuels operations at
Columbus. Laughlin. Randolph, and Reese to
contract; 2) converting base service stores at ATC
bases (except Chanute. Mather. Sheppard. and
Vance) to contract: ?i) changing the 18-month
inspection cycle at the flying training wings to a 24-
moiilh cycle: and 4) reducing the programmed
attrition rate for pilot training through the
implementation of specialized undergraduate pilot
traiiiiniz.

264

1990

The command's primary mission remained essentially unaltered in 199((, except for one chanjie. Ihat was
due to the Secretary of the Air Force's decision to decentrali/e operation of the Air force's coniniunications
and computer systems. As a result, tnajor commands such as AlC were <;i\en functional responsihilitN for
these systems. This was a minor de\elopment when compared to dramatic changes taking place in Eastern
Europe—changes which were alreadx ha\ing a major effect on the IS militarx. The militar> was downsizing,
and dramatic cuts in defense spending could be expected to be the norm for \ears to c(tme. As these
reductions took hold, they would ha\e a ripple effect on ATC's mission, beginning with recruiting and then
flowing out to basic militarx training, technical training, and fl> ing training.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(asot 31 December 1990)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

7 numbered air ftirce equix aleni units:

Arizona— Williams: California-Mather: Colorado-Lovvry: Illinois—
Chanute: Mississippi-rolunihus and Keesler: Oklahoma--Vance:
Texas— Goodlellow. Lackland. Laughlin. Ranilnlph. Reese, and
Sheppard

50.356 (S.S95 officers: 2S.137 enlisted: 13.324 civilians)

1.381 (T-37B. T-3SA. T-39A. T-4IA. T-43A)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

8 n\ ins: trainins: w inss:

Air Force Mil Tmg Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Chanule Tech Trng Ctr. Chanute AFB IL
Goodfelkm Tech Trng Ctr. Goodfellow .AFB TX
Keesler Tech Tmg Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Tech Tmg Ctr. Lowry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Tmg Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX
USAF Recruiting Service. Randolph AFB TX

3 air division et|Ln\alcnl units:

Air Force Reserve OlTicer Trng Corps. Maxwell
AFB AL

Air Training Coniinimications Division. Randolph
AFB TX

San Antonio .loint Military Medical Command,
Randolph AFB TX

I wing equivalent iniit:

USAF Instrument Flight Ctr. Randolph AFB TX
1 combat crew training v\ ing:

3636th (SurvivaH. Fail child AF'B WA

12th. Randolph AFB TX
14ih. Columbus AFB MS
47th. Laughlin AFB TX
64th. Reese AFB TX
71st. Vance AFB OK
80th. Sheppard AFB TX
82d. Williams AFB AZ
323d. Mather AFB CA

3 independent group and cquiv alcnt units:

Community College of the An Force. Maxwell
AFB AL

Air Force Security .-Xssistance Training. Randolph
AFB TX

3300ih Training Support, Randolph AFB TX

2 independent squadron equivalent units:

ATC Civilian Automated Training Office.
Lackland AFB TX

ATC Operations Center. Randolph Al H 1 \

265

1990

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

LtGen
Joseph W. Ashy

Lieutenant General Joseph W. Ashy assumed
command of ATC from Lt Gen Robert C. Oaks on 25
June. Before coming to ATC, General Ashy had
served as the TAG vice commander. General Oaks
received his fourth star prior to leaving for his new
assignment as Commander. Allied Air Forces Central
Europe and Commander in Chief. United States Air
Forces in Europe. Major General Delligatti continued
as vice commander.

ORGANIZATION

Management Structure Reorganization

hi May 1990 the Chief of Staff of the Air Force
tlirected a reduction in the size of Air Force
management structure, in other words, all organiza-
tions that performed headquarters responsibilities. In
ATC's case, this included the training operations
center, the 3313th Medical Service Squadron, and
portions of the 3303th School Squadron, the 3307th
Test and Evaluation Squadron, and the 3308th
Technical Training Squadron. In order to meet
rctluction goals, some of the DCSs combined
lunclions. Two special staff agencies, the Office of
the Inspector General and the Security Police,
reorganized, with the Security Police becoming a
directorate under the IG. Many of the direct reporting
units assigned to the headquarters were reassigned as
a part of the newly-activated 3300th Training Support
Group, and others like the 3313th Medical Service
and the 3314th Management Engineering Squadrons
were inactivated. The 12 management engineering
teams scattered throughout ATC became subordinate
to resource management organizations at the
technical training centers and Hying training wings.
The majority of these organizational changes took
place on 1 October 1990, Overall. HQ ATC would
cut 397 authorizations from its management structure
over the next three years.

Air Training Communications Division

Effective 1 October Air Force Communications
Command transfen-ed the Air Training Commun-
ications Division at Randolph AFB. Texas, to ATC.
This was part of an Air Force-directed reorganization
of Air Force Communications Command.

AF Security Assistance Training Group

Air Training Command redesignated its Foreign
Military Training Affairs Group at Randolph as the
Air Force Security Assistance Training (AFSAT)
Group on 1 October. Earlier in the year HQ USAF
had directed that the Foreign Military Training
Affairs Group be given broader authority to plan and
operate military and civilian training for allied and
friendly countries. In addition, the group also gained
responsibility for writing contracts for training
associated with foreign military sales. The name
change was a means of recognizing that broader
authority. Previously, AFSAT was under the control
of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and
Requirements, but with the redesignation, it reported
directly to the ATC vice commander.

3300th Training Support Group

The command activated the 3300th Training Support
Group at Randolph AFB. Texas, on 1 October and
assigned it to HQ ATC. At the same time. ATC
reassigned nine of its direct reporting units to the
3300th: the 3302d Technical Training Squadron, the
3303d Contracting Squadron, the 3304th School
Squadron (ATC NCO Academy), the 3305th School
Squadron, the 35()7th Airman Classification
Squadron, the 3306th Training Development and

A staff member performs preliminarv testing at
the Air Force's onl\ Genetics Laboratory located
at the Keesler .VFB, Mississippi, medical center.

266

Evaluation Squadron. iIk' USAF Occupational
Measurement Squadron (formerly a center), the
3307th Test and E\aluation Squadron i Act|uisition
Management), and the 33()Sth Technical Irainmg
Squadron (Advisory).

3588th Flying Training Squadron

Since January 1980. the 3588th Flying Training
Squadron (Helicopter) had conducted helicopter pilot
training tor the Air Force at Fort Rucker. Alabama.
The squadron reported directly to ATC's Deputy
Chief of Staff. Operations and Readiness. However,
General Ashy decided to reassign the 3588th.
effecti\e I October I9Q0. to the 14th Flying Training
Wing at Columbus AFB, Mississippi.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

T-1A "Jayhawk"

On 21 Februar\ Headquarters USAF announced the
selection of a modified Beechjet 4()0A as the
tanker-transport training system aircraft. The Air
Force \ersion would be known as the T-IA
"Jayhawk." The first production aircraft was to be
delivered by October 1991 at Reese AFB. Texas,
where SUPT wduld be initiated.

Helicopter Pilot Training

For several years. Military Airlift Command, the
principal user of helicopter pilots, had maintained
that student pilots needed more training than that
provided at the Fort Rucker. .Alabama, course; MAC
also wanted students to attend UPT. In April 1990
HQ USAF agreed to the MAC request and informed
ATC that it intended to change helicopter pilot
training. Beginning in fiscal year 1992. all helicopter

1990

pilot candidates would go through standard UPT and
then a rotary wing qualification course.

Enhanced Flight Screening

As ATC moved closer to making the transition to
SUPT. the command determined it needed to shore

.\t the DOD Military Workinj; Uog Ajicncv at
Lackland .AFB, ATC trained both dogs and their
handlers.

up the flight screening program which provided
prospective pilots with 14 hours of flying time in a
T-41 A light aircraft. In order to make flight screening
a better barometer of a student's potential and to give
the student a broader flving experience. .ATC wanted
to acquire a more capable aircraft and increa.se the
flying time to 21.5 hours. The command wanted a
plane that was capable of performing acrt)batics and
flying overhead traffic patterns and would expose
students to moderate G-loadings. To validate the
concept, ATC conducted a test at Hondo. Texas,
during the latter half of 1990. using contractor-leased
aircraft. The test was successful, and the command
moved ahead with plans to implement an enhanced
flight screening program in 1992. Meanwhile, to
atlmmisier the flight screening program, ATC
established the 1st Flight Screening Squadron at
Hondo on 4 June and assigned it to the Officer
Training School.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Military Working Dog Agency

I 111 _\cais llic Dcpariinciu ol Detcnsc had had a
problem acquiring enough trained military working
dogs to meet requirements. Part of the problem was
the number of different agencies involved in
procurement and training. It appeared the best way to
improve the situation was by centralizing control of
procurement and training. preferabK under Air
Training Command. The Air Staff approved the
concept in June, and on 1 October Air Training
Command established the DOD Military Working
Dog Agency at Lackland.

Avionics students at Shcppard AFB. Texas,
perform an operations elietk of an F-15 a\ionics
maintenance trainer.

267

1990

4-Level Technical Training Initiative

After months ot trial and eiTor, ATC and its
customers in October 1990 decided to cancel all
4-ievel courses and, instead, broadened initial skills
courses.

A nurse cares for a premature baby in the Neo-
Natal Intensive Care Inlt at the Keesler AFB,
Mississippi, medical center. This nco-natal unit
was one of only four in the United States Air
Force.

MISCELLANEOUS

Operation Desert Shield

Bclwccn 10 August 1990 and 4 January 1991, Air
Training Command deployed 397 people to the
Persian Gulf in support of Operation Desert Shield,
as well as providing backfill to other commands in
the United States.

Construction Freeze Affects Base Closures

On 24 January the Secretary of Defense imposed a
freeze on military construction to avoid new
construction on bases that might be shutdown in the
next round of base closures. Unfortunately, the
moratorium was extended into 1991, affecting new
construction at those ATC bases that had gained
training missions from closing installations. It also
caused concent that new classroom and laboratory
facilities would not be ready when courses began
transferring from Chanute (for example, the weather
training facility at Keesler).

FIVE SQUADRON TEST

In 1988 in preparation for the implementation of
SUPT, ATC decided to test what type of organ-
ization best suited the dual-track training program.
At that time, each UPT wing had two flying training
squadrons one for T-37s and the other for T-38s.
plus a student squadron. Air Training Command
wanted to find out whether training could be
conducted more effectively if student squadrons
were eliminated. Instead, all training and admin-
istrative duties would be placed in the wings" two
T-37 and two T-38 flying training squadrons.
Officials at ATC chose the 82d Flying Training
Wing at Williams AFB, Arizona, as the test unit.

Air Training Command activated two flying
training squadrons at Willianis-the 98th and 99th
on 1 June 1988. That gave the 82d a total of four
flying training squadrons. However, by year's end,
the test had shown that a fifth squadron was needed
to provide operational support. The 82d became the
first ATC wing to have five flying training
squadrons when, on 1 September 1989. the com-
mand activated the lOOth Flying Training Squadron.
By mid- 1990. UPT wings at Vance. Reese.
Laughlin. and Columbus had also converted to a
five squadron organization.

However, it didn't last long. In December 1990
ATC implemented the objective wing. The
command's UPT wings kept four tlying training
stHiadrons each, two for T-37s and two for T-38s.
The fifth squadron was redesignated as an
operations support squadron, but fulfilled essentially
ilic same functions as the old student squadron.

US force

(Mil a C-I4I to defend the

Kingdom oi "^ -jdi Arabia as part of Operation
nesert Shield.

268

1991

After the success of Operation Desert Storm, Clohal Reach-Cjiohal I'ouer hccame the hlucpi iiit lo (ir^aiii/c,
train, and equip the Air Force to confront the challcnses of a fast-chan^in^ world. Orsani/alion was the First
page of the blueprint, and the Chief of Staff of the \ir Force declared \^^\ the "Near of Organization." By
the end of the \ear. the Air Force had implemented the ob)ecti\e \\in<;--a new winj; structure that included an
operations group and a support group. Besides the extensive organizational changes, ATC also faced the
daunting task of closing four of its training bases-C hanute and Mather chosen in round one and Fowr> and
Williams selected in round two. In the second round, the base closure commission redirected the transfer of
Mather's navigator training mission from Beale AFB, California, to Randolph AFB, lexas.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of 31 December 1991)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

Arizona— Williams: California-Mather: Colorado— Lowry: lllinois—
Chanute: Mississippi— Coluinbus and Keesler: Oklahoma— Vance:
Texas— Goodlellow. Lackland. Laughlin. Randolph. Reese, and
Sheppard

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

45,642 (S,UcS4 olticers; 25.905 enlisted; 11,653 civihansj
1.3 II (T-37B. T-38A. T-.39A. T-41 A, T-43AI
MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

7 numbered air force ec|ui\ak'ni units:

Air Force Mil Trng Ctr. Lackland AFB TX
Chanute Tech Trng Ctr. Chanute AFB IL
Goodfellow Tech Trng Ctr. Goodfellow AFB TX
Keesler Tech Trng Ctr. Keesler AFB MS
Lowry Tech Trng Ctr. Lov\ry AFB CO
Sheppard Tech Trng Ctr. Sheppard AFB TX
USAF Recruiting Scr\ ice. Randolph AFB TX

1 air di\ision equivalent luiit:

Air Force Reserve OITicer Trng Corps. Maxwell
AFB AL

2 wing equi\ alciil luuts:

USAF Instrument Might Center, Randolph AFB
TX

Wiltord Hall USAF Medical Center. Lackland
AFB TX

1 combat crew training wing:

.3636th (Survival). Fairchild AFB WA

8 n\iiig traiiung uings:

12th. Randolph AFB TX
14lh. Columbus AFB MS
47th, Laughlin AFB TX
64th. Reese AFB TX
71st. Vance AFB OK
8()lh. Sheppard AFB TX
82d. Williams AFB AZ
323d. Mather AFB CA

3 indepcntlenl group and equivaleni units:

Air force Securils Assistance Training Group.
Randolph AFB TX

Commurnlv College ot the Air Force. Maxwell
AFB AL

33(X)th Training Support Group. Randolph AFB
TX

2 independent squadron equivalent units:

ATC Civilian Automated Training OfUce,
Lackland AFB TX

ATC Operations Center. Randolph AFB TX

269

1991

HISTORY OF FIELD TRAINING

The Army Air Forces (AAF) initialed mobile
training during World War II as a means of
overcoming the inability of aircraft mechanics to stay
abreast of the rapid technological advances in aircraft.
Unable to return mechanics to the classroom because
this would take them away from the flight line, AAF
decided to take the classroom to the mechanics. As a
result, mobile training units (MTU) followed
operational units into the combat zones in Europe and
the Pacific where they conducted conversion and
familiarization training behind the frontlines. By the
time .lapan surrendered, there were 163 MTUs that
had instructed over 500.000 personnel. After the wai',
most MTUs were disbanded, although some were
retained to introduce new aircraft.

Following the outbreak of the Korean War, the Air
Force turned to mobile training once again. During
the war, mobile training kept mechanics abreast of the
latest maintenance techniques by sending detach-
ments to Japan and Korea. As in World War II,
mobile training required a haven behind the frontlines
where training could be conducted without the
immediate threat of enemy attacks. After the Korean
War. the Air Force encountered a sharp decline in
retentii)n rates. Because of the high turnover of
experienced aircraft maintenance personnel. HQ
USAF directed ATC to revise technical training.
Rather than keep long and expensive maintenance
courses that had been designed on the assumption
that a person would stay in the Air Force 20 years.
ATC shortened basic resident training to the
essentials, and expanded on-the-job training (OJT) at
the using commands. By taking these steps, the Air
Force trimmed training costs, reduced training time,
and increased productive time for tlrst term airmen.

unit instructor turns a hombcd
ised by the German .\ir Force
"-47 aircraft mechanics.

First job training, as it was called, did not meet the
operational commands' needs. The cominands did not
have the capability to furnish OJT because of the lack
of experienced personnel who could be released for
instructor duties. Still driven by the desire to furnish
more training than first job training afforded, but
confronted by the task of cutting training costs and
yet raising productive time for first term enlistees.
ATC kept the shortened resident courses but decided
to transfer specialized equipment training to mobile
training. Using mobile training detachments as a
nucleus, ATC established field training detachments
(FTD) and stationed them permanently at a site to
improve training capabilities and induce instructors to
remain in the Air Force. By the time the reforms had
been completed, FTDs had responsibility for OJT
advisory services, and 3-level, refresher, familiar-
ization, conversion, and upgrade training.

Ironically, field training's raison d'etre— (he
reduction of training time-did not ineet expectations
of ATC or HQ USAF. In the late 1950s, ATC
reported that all FTDs devoted only about 10 percent
of their time to specialized equipment training, while
spending about 90 percent on conversion, upgrade,
and familiarization training. Thus, field training spent
most of its time training experienced maintenance
personnel, rather than first tenners, as the Air Force
and ATC had intended. When retention rates began
climbing in the late 1950s and ATC continued to have
problems sending students to specialized equipment
training without long breaks in training, ATC cut
back specialized equipment training at the FTDs,
returning to its preference for longer resident courses
at the training centers.

The Vietnam War furnished Air Training
Command with another opportunity to test field
training under combat conditions. As the demands of
the Vietnam War increased sharply, tactical aircraft
maintenance personnel were needed to make up the
shortages in the units TAC deployed to Southeast
Asia. Tactical Air Command attempted to meet the
training burden from its own resources, increasing the
output from its combat crew training schools and
establishing replacement training units (RTU). By the
end of 1965. however, it was apparent that these
efforts would not be enough. Field training, the most
tlexible of ATC's training mediums, was the logical
choice to participate in the training program. As a
result, USAF personnel going to Southeast Asia were
trained at FTDs in the United States or at ones in
Asian countries outside the combat /one.

27U

1991

In 1966 Pacific Air Forces challenged Ihe rationale
for keeping FTDs out of Southeast Asia. Stressing that
F-105 wings needed better trained personnel to replace
those who were departing. PACAF finally convinced
the Air Force to send an FTD to Southeast Asia. With
the exception of this field training detachment, ATC
did not send any FTDs to Southeast Asia to train USAF
people, preferring to use training teams from FTDs
located stateside, in Asian countries peripheral to
Southeast Asia, and at technical training centers to
proN'ide upgrade, conversion, and familiarization
training.

After the Vietnam War. because of poor retention
rates, the limited use of tlrst-term airmen, and the high
cost of training, the Air Force directed ATC to revise
weapon systems training. In 1976 ATC returned to a
variation of specialized equipment training in two
specialties, crew chief and avionics. This was
accomplished by limiting initial training in the resident
schools to the fundamentals, while providing hands on
training on particular weapons systems at an FTD.
These reforms, known as Able Chief and Able
Avionics, produced competent graduates in less time
than resident training and provided only enough
training for the airmen's first job. Because airmen
spent less time in training. ATC cut costs and increased
the first term enlistees' productive time.

It was generally understood. houe\er. that reducing
resident training to just the fundamentals was an
expedient measure taken when the Air Force was
confronted by the need to reduce training costs and/or
by poor retention rates. Once these limitations eased.
Air Training Command would return to its preferred
training philosophy, conducting training in the resident
technical training centers to the fullest extent that
resources allowed instead of just to the minimum skill
levels required. Field training would then be free to
concentrate on its traditional role of familiarization and
transition training.

From the beginning, the -Air Force had found field
training a \ery cost effecti\e way of providing
technical instruction, hut it still look millions of dollars
to support equipmeni and personnel needs-dollars that
had become extremely scarce as Congress curtailed
defense spending.

\S iih the Soviet L'nion no longer a major threat to
national security, the American public turned its sights
on domestic rather than military issues. It was in this
light that in 1991 Gen Merrill A. McPeak, Air Force
Chief of Staff, directed a review of field training, with
the intent of reducing the program b> 50 percent. At
that time. ATC operated 62 detachments and 29 operat-

ing locations worldwide, and graduated almost lOO.CKK)
students per year.

In response. ATC developed a roailmap that laid out
a long term plan to reorganize field training. Some of
the approximately 7(X) courses provided through field
training would be conducted using such advanced
technology as computerized instruction and distance
learning. So called low flow courses— those with
extremely small enrollment— ct)uld be offered as on-
the-job training and pro\ ided by one of ATC's resident
training centers. Others would either drop by the
wayside or become a part of ne\\l\ developed career
field training programs. Finalh. the roadmap called
for the remaining high-level courses lo move to one of
the resident training centers, all a part of the Air Force
plan to prov ide "cradle to grave" training programs for
all career fields.

Sh(»\\n is a \ie« of an instructor suptrvisiii}; stutlenis
in a Field Trainin}; Course on the KB- 1 1 1 aircraft.

In August 199.^. the command, now redesignated
AETC. learned that General McPeak vvanted to end
field training altogether. His reasoning was that field
training violated the one base, one boss rule, because
all detachments reported to the 82d Field Training
Group, though thev were k)cated worldwide and
received support from their host units. AETC planned
to add the hands-on instruction from field training
detachments to the Mission Ready Technician
program, which used operational aircraft and
equipment to give .^-level graduates the weapons-
sysiem-specific skills they needed to become
contributing members immediatelv upon reporting to
their operational units. L'nder the plan. M.AJCOMs
picked up about one-third of the existing courses. The
field training drawdown was put on hold in 1996,
however, when the high cost of adding the necessary
manpower to AETC became apparent in a i:)OD audit.
Because Field Training proved to be the most cost-
effective solution in many cases, the program
continued.

271

1991

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Lieutenant General Joseph W. Ashy remained as
Commander of ATC. while HQ USAF reassigned
ATC's vice commander. Maj Gen Robert S.
Delligatti. to HQ USAFE as the Chief of Staff.
Major General Eugene E. Habiger replaced General
Delligatti as the ATC vice commander on 17 August
199K

TOP FLIGHT

After a one-year hiatus occasioned by the Gulf
War, ATC resumed its annual competition for
instructor pilots and maintenance teams in June 1991.
Called Top Flight, the competition consisted of
pretlight exercises, aircraft launches and recoveries,
refueling operations, and forms documentation.

The event got its start in 1984 at Laughlin as a
local "turkey shoot" and involved only 47 FTW
aircrews. Air Training Command liked the idea so
well that it expanded the concept to include
maintenance personnel and had a two-day command-
wide Tinkey Shoot at Laughlin the following year.
In 1986 ATC moved the competition to Randolph
and expanded it further by adding more events to be
judged. In 1987 the command changed the name to
Torchlight. By 1989 Torchlight had become so
elaborate it was five days long, and the wings were
spending a great deal of time and money preparing
for the competition.

When he took over as ATC commander in June
1990, General Ashy changed the name of the event to
Top Flight and changed the thrust of the competition.
Rather than reflect the results of weeks of practice by
handpicked aircrevxs in specially maintained aircraft,
the one-ilay competition evaluated the day-in. day-
out proficiency of the command's instructor pilots
and maintenance troops.

ORGANIZATION

and support. Air Training Command implemented the
new structure at its flying training wings on
15 December.

Gen Merrill A.

the "Year of

was focused on

ast time winu

The Objective Wing Structure

The .\ir Force CiucI ol Stall.
McPeak. designated 1991 as
Organization." Lots of attention
organi/ational structure. The
oi'iinization had received this much attention was in
thi l''70s when the Air Force implemented its tri-
dep 'V winp structure: operations, maintenance, and
lime the Air Force developed an
hat included two groups: operations

Medical personnel carry an injured airman (»n a
litter during an exercise at Sheppard. The medics
are taking part in training directed by the 3790th
Medical Service Training Wing that prepared
personnel for treating the injured in a combat
zone.

Joint Military Medical Command

From its activation on 16 February 1987 to its
inactivation on 1 October 1991. the San Antonio
Joint Military Medical Command (SA-JMMC)
caused controversy. The Department of Defense
originally established JMMC as a way to centralize
control over all direct medical care services and
training that the Air Force and Army performed
separately in the San Antonio area. While officials
agreed that JMMC had fostered cooperation between
the various medical services, the joint arrangement
had not shown any cost savings. Therefore, the
Department of Defense directed the disestablishment
of the San Antonio Joint Military Medical Command.
At the same time, the services set up a Health Care
Coordinating Council in the San Antonio area to
better coordinate military medical care in the area.
Upon the inactivation of JMMC, Wilford Hall USAF
Medical Center then reported directly to HQ ATC.

ATCD Closes

On 1 October ATC inactivated the Air Training
Communications Di\ ision. the last step in its effort to
integrate communications and computer systems
functions inlo the headquarters and its subordinate
mills.

DCS Name Changes

The Dcputs Chicl ol SlatT. Comptroller (.AC) became
the Deputy Chief of Staff. Financial Management and
Comptroller (FM) on I October. This change came
about as a part of a directive issued by the Assistant
Secretar> of the Air Force (Financial Management
and Comptroller) to restructure the comptroller career

272

1991

field throughout DOD. Two months later, on
1 December. ATC's DCS/Operations and Readiness
(DO) became DCS/Operations. a name change that
brought ATC headquarters in hne with the rest of the
Air Force.

Air Force Bands

On 15 July 1991. as part of the Air Force drawdown,
the 502d .Air Force Band at Keesler and the 505th Air
Force Band at Chanute AFB were inacti\ated. The
5.^9th Air Force Band at Lackland became ATC's
only band. On I October ATC redesignated the
539th as the ATC Band and reassigned it from the
Air Force Miiitar> Training Center (AFMTC) to the
.^.^OOth Training Support Group at Randolph.

MIMSO Relocated

On 14 June l')^)l. General Ashy approved the
relocation of the Military Indoctrination for Medical
Service Officers (MIMSO) course from Sheppard
AFB to the Officer Training School at the Lackland
annex (Medina). The first .MIMSO class began there
on 4 December.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Pilot Assignments

On 5 .•\pril ATC initiated its new merit assignment
ranking system, which allowed UPT students to
select their assignments. Earlier. ATC had decided
upon a pilot selection and classification sNstem. but
the Air Force chief of staff o\erturnetl that decision
in Februar\ 1991. He was concerned about UPT
graduates' lack of satisfaction with their assignments
and so directed a return to a system used prior to
1972 that allowed students to choose their own
assignments based on their performance, i.e.. their
rank order within the class. Also, once SUPT started,
the Air Force chief of staff w anted students to he able
to make track classification decisions, so he directed
that classification take place at the end of the T-.37
primary phase rather than before training began.

ACE Detachments Realigned

The Accelerated Copilot Knrichment (ACE) program,
using ATC T 37 and T-3.S aircraft, provided a
relatively low cost method that allowed Strategic Air
Command (SAC) copilots to gain (lying experience
and develop their decision-making skills and selt-
confidence. Implementing the concept of one base,
one wing, one boss. ATC transferred operational
control for each ACE detachment to the local SAC
flying wing commander on I July 1991 and the local
TAC tlying wing commander on 1 October 1991.
Air Training Command retained possession ot the

aircraft, responsibility for aircraft maintenance, and
the maintenance personnel assigned lo the ACE
detachments.

CAREER TRAINER FORCE

The concept of a career trainer force was related
to the issue of pilot retention. Created in 1983. the
career trainer force, whose name was shortened to
trainer force in 1988. helped absorb aviators
graduating from undergraduate pilot training for
whom major weapons system training programs-
such as the F-I6 or A-lO-did not have sufficient
room. Additionally, it provided a means for ATC to
develop a cadre of trainers who could spend almost
an entire career within the command. These pilots
would move from one responsible job to another and
remain competitive for their promotion with
contemporaries who went to Hying positions in other
major commands. B\ 1989 the trainers acquired their
own Air Force specialty code, and in 1990 Air
Training Command had almost 500 pilots in the
trainer I'oice.

In March 1991 Air Force leaders decided to
reduce the flow of pilots whose first assignments
were as instructor pilots and also to increase the
major weapon systems presence in ATC's instructor
force. As a result, the Air Force Military Personnel
Center (AFMPC) eliminated the career trainer
designation on each of the pilots in the program and
moved responsibility for their career planning from
ATC to the Air Force Military Personnel Center.
Instead of receiving the individualized attention that a
small, specialized program offered, the former trainer
force officers would be treated the same as all the
other pilots. Also, instead of having a focused career
path--as originally intended--the ofilceis would
receive v aried duty assignments.

By the end of 1991. the career trainer force
program had ended, and AFMPC notified all ATC
officers with less than seven years commissioned
service that they could expect to be assigned to major
weapon systems training for career broadening
experience in the near future.

Flight Screening

On I July 1991. ATC reassigned the 1st Flight
Screening Squadron at Hondo. Texas, which
supervised the command's flight screening program,
from the Officer Training School at Lackland to the
12th Flying Training Wing at Randolph. .Although
control of the program transferred to the 12th. flight
operations continued al Hondo. The iransler was

27.^

1991

designed to place a flying operation directly under a
flying training wing's control. The command
maintained that flight screening under the supervision
of the 12th Flying Training Wing would improve the
screening process, lower pilot attrition, and save over
$1 million yearly.

Helicopter Pilot Production Declines

In 1991 the Air Force had a surplus of helicopter
pilots, so HQ USAF decided to reduce production
from the 41 graduated in FY 91 to only 10 per year in
FY 92-94. Under this program, the helicopter pilot
trainees would be first assignment instructor pilots,
who the Army would train in its rotary
wing qualification course at Fort Rucker, Alabama,
without any Air Force top-off training. Consequently,
Air Training Command inactivated the 3588th Flying
Training Squadron at Fort Rucker on 18 October.
Also on the same date. ATC established
Detachment 1, 14th Flying Training Wing at Fort
Rucker to provide administrative support and
super\ ision.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Contract Technical Training

In 1990 and 1991, Air Training Command
investigated the idea of establishing preaccession
training. First proposed by a Colorado company, the
concept was that civilian contractors would provide
technical training for the military, but there was a
catch. That training would have been provided to
individuals before they joined the Air Force, hence
the title: Preaccession Enlistment Recruit Training
(PERT). In February 1991 ATC received permission
from HQ USAF to develop a test of the PERT
concept, but Congress later disapproved legislation
that would ha\e made the test possible.

Field Training Cutback

Along with all the other organizational changes
taking place in 1991. the Air Force also decided to
streamline field training. Air Training Command had
62 detachments and 27 operating locations scattered
worldwide, with a total authorized strength of over
1. 800 personnel. Under the reduction plan, field
training was left with 63 locations and 1,300
authorizations.

EDUCATION

'-' fj ^v^quirements Tightened in CCAF

A- '■■■Civ as 198"^, the Comnumit\ College of the
Air 1 fCCAi*) had a problem acquiring degreed

facult; ir*-!--: nuide up the biggest portion of

the CC i T, fortunately, because of the

nature o rvonnel system--the constant

movemer. Community College of the

Air Force found it impossible to maintain a high
percentage of degreed faculty. However, the
community college had to find a way to meet
requirements set by the Southern Association of
Colleges and Schools or lose its accreditation.
Beginning in 1990, ATC put together an aggressive
plan to meet accreditation goals by 1994. It included
identifying faculty members who did not have at least
a two-year degree and counseling them to use
college-level examination program tests and tuition
assistance to meet degree requirements. By the end of
the year, almost half of the instructors in the CCAF
system had at least an associate's degree.

A two-ship formation of C-130 Hercules flying
over the oil fires at the end of the Gulf War in
Kuwait.

MISCELLANEOUS

Operation Desert Storm

Air Training Command took several actions to
support Operation Desert Storm, the campaign to
expel the Iraqi army from Kuwait. These included
deploying over 3,000 personnel to other commands
and implementing Push-Pull mobilization, a program
designed to "push" inactive reservists and retirees to a
specified ATC technical training center. After
screening for physical fitness, personnel were
"pulled" for assignment to fill active duty shortfalls.
On 23 January 1991, HQ USAF directed the
activation of the 11th Contingency Hospital for
depUiyment to RAF Little Rissington. United
Kingdom. The 11th was an Air Force Reserve unit
assigned to ATC. More than 350 reservists were
recalled and assigned duties at Wilford Hall or with
the llth; 200 reservists deployed with 900 active
duty personnel to operate the llth Contingency
Hospital. The command also acti\ated four blood
donor centers-Chanute. Keesler, Lackland, and
Sheppard-to meet Desert Storm taskings. By the
time the centers returned to normal operations on
3 May 1991. they had shipped over 6.000 units of
blood.

274

1992

Though known formally as the \ ear of Training. 1992 «as more than anything else a \ear of change. 1 he
changes started early in the year and finished late. On 1 Februar\ 1992, Air Training C ommand initiated the
changes when it redesignated all the technical training centers (sa\e for ( hanute. scheduled for closure) as
training centers. The command also changed the name of the Air force Militarv 1 raining (enter to
Lackland Training Center. Simultaneously, ATC reorganized the training centers to conform to the
objecti\e wing structure. As a result, the technical training wings were downgraded to groups, and the
groups became squadrons. Then, on 15 September, the designations of most of the groups and squadrons
were again changed, this time from four-digit units to three-digit units.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of 31 December IW2)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

This simple but elegant aviation badge has
been awarded to pilots upon completion of
their training since 25 January 1919.

Ari/ona-Willuinis; California-Mathei; Colorado- Loury;
Illinois-Chanute; Mississippi— Columbus and Keesler;
Oklahoma- Vance; Texas— Goodfcl low. Lackland,
Laughlin. Randolph. Reese, and Sheppard.

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:

4?. 642 tS.()S4 otriccrs; 25.905 enlisted; 1 1.653 civilians')

AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED;

1.31 1 (T-37B. T-3SA. T-39A. T-4I.'\. T-43A)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

7 numbered air force equivalent units;

Chanute Technical Training Center. Chanute AFB

Goodtellovv Training Center. Goodfellou Al-'B

Keesler Training Center. Keesler AFB MS
Lackland Training Center. Lackland AFB. TX
Lowry Training Center. Lovvry AFB CO
Sheppard Training Center. Sheppard AFB TX
USAF Recruiting Service, Randolph AFB TX

I air tliv ision equivalent unit:

Air Force Reserve OfFicer Training Corps.
Maxwell AFB AL

8 flying Irauiing wings:

12th. Randolph AFB TX
14th, Columbus AFB MS

47th. Laughlni AIB TX
64th. Reese AFB TX
71st. Vance AFB OK
8()th. Sheppard AFB TX
S2d. Williams AFB AZ
323d, Mather AFB CA

1 wing equiv alent unit:

Will'ord Hall USAF Medical Center. Lackland
AFB TX

I combat crew training wing:

3636th (Survival), Fairchild AFB W A

3 independent group and equivalent units;

Air Force Security Assistance Trng Gp. Randolph
AFB TX

275

1992

Community College of the Air Force. Maxwell
AFB AL

338th Training Support Group, Randolph AFB
TX

2 independent squadron equi\ alent units:

ATC Civilian AuttJUiated Training Office,
Lackland AFB TX

ATC Operations Center. Randolph AFB TX

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

General
Henr\ \ iccellio, Jr.

General Henry Viccellio, Jr, succeeded Lt Gen
Joseph W. Ashy as the Commander of ATC on
10 December 1992. For the first time since 28 August
1986 when Gen Andrew P. losue retired as the ATC
commander, the cominand was headed by a four-star.
Prior to assuming command at ATC. General
Viccellio was the Director of the Joint Staff in
Washington. D.C. General Ashy became the

Commander. Allied Air Forces Southern Europe and
Deputy Commander in Chief for the Southern
Region. United States Air Forces in Europe. Major
General Eugene E. Habiger continued as vice
commander.

ORGANIZATION

INSTALLATIONS

Objective Centers Established

Air Training Command converted its newly renamed
training centers to the objective wing structure on
1 February, a step it had already taken at the Hying
training wings in December 1991. At the Hying
training wings, that meant the command abandoned
the tri-deputy structure (with Deputy Commanders
for Operations. Maintenance. and Resource
Management and a combat support group
commander) in favor of a group-oriented wing with
an operations group and a support group. A siinilar
situation existed at the training centers where the
technical training wing. Deputy Commander for
Resource Management, air base group, and
clinic/hospital were replaced by a technical training
group, a logistics group, a support group, and a
medical group.

Officer Training Scfiool Redesignated

Twice during the year, the Officer Training School
(OTS) designation changed. On 1 February, as part
of the major reshuffling of units. ATC redesignated
OTS as the 3700th Officer Training Group. Then, on
25 August, the 3700th underwent another redesigna-
tion. becoming the 301st Officer Training Squadron.

li.

replaced the 1-4! as the .\ir Force's enhanced iliuht screener aircraft.

276

1992

At the same time. Air TrainiiiLi C\>mmand reiiesed
the 301 St trom assignment to Laekiand Training
Center and assignee.! il to the .i'-)4lh Mihlarx Trainiiii;
(iroLip at Lackland.

BMT School

Known lor years simply as BMTS. the Basic .\lilitar\
Training School at Lackland traveled the same path
as OTS^ On 1 February ATC redesignated BMTS as
the 3720th Basic Military Training Group, and on
25 August it hccame the 3y4th Military Training
Group, which included not only basic military
training squadix>ns. but also the otTicer training
squadron among others.

Instrument Flight Center Reassigned

Air Trainnig Command actuated the USAF
Instrument Flight Center (IFC) on I May 1972 and
assigned it to the 12th Flying Training Wing at
Randolph. The IFC was inactivated in 1978 but
activated again in 1983. Twenty years to the day
after its initial assignment to Air Training Command,
the IFC was reassigned to the Air Force Flight
Standards Agency on 1 May 1992.

338th Training Support Group

The 3300th Training Support Group, which reported
directly to HQ ATC. was redesignated as the 33Sth
Training Support Group on \5 September.

Bj«^^«n« •

~ U.S MR FORCE

The i-L\ "Jay hawk" is shown on display at Uctsc
.VFB, Texas, during ceremonies to niai k the an i\al
and .ATC's acceptanie ol the llrsi production
modcL

First T-1A Squadron Formed

To prepare lor the start ol specialized undergraduate
pilot training (SLI'T). ATC activated the T- 1 A
Flying Training Squadron Provisional. 52d, at Reese
AFB on 3 February 1992. Initially, the provisional
squadron concentrated on collecting data and
verifying the training syllabus, developing instructor
techniques, and establishing tlight profiles. As fall
approached, the provisional squailron. manned by the
initial cadre instructor pilots, turned its attention to
getting the instructor transition course underway. On
I October ATC inactivated the provisional squadron.

and the .>2il Flying rraniing Squailron. one of two
T-38 st|uadroiis already assigned to the 64th Flying
Training Wing at Reese took on the responsibility of
conducting 1- 1 A student training, slated to begin in
.lanuary 1993.

Flying Training Squadrons Inactivated

With pilot production down dramatically, the
command reassessed the need for four Hying training
squadrons at each UPT ba.se and concluded two
would do. .Xccordingly. on 1 October 1992. .ATC
inactivated the lollowing units: the 43d and 49th
Flying Training Squadrons at Columbus AFB,
Mississip|ii; the 84th and 86th Flying Training
Squadrons at l.aughlin A¥H. Texas; the 7th and 26th
at Vance AFB. Oklahoma: and the 33d at Reese
AFB. Texas. That left one T-37 squadron and one
T-38 squadron at each UPT wing. As each wing
implemented specialized undergraduate pilot training,
ATC intended to reactivate one of the squadrons to
serve as the V- 1 .>\ squadron.

Navigator Training Squadron at Randolph

.Air Iraining Commaiui intciKlcd to transfer
specialized undergraduate navigator training (SUNT)
from the 323il Flying Training Wing at Mather to the
12th Flying Training Wing at Randolph, when the
323d inactivated and Mather closed in 1993. To
prepare for that eventuality, the command activated
the .^58th Flying Training Squadron at Randolph on
15 December 1992. assigning it to the I2lh. Air
Training Conimand planned to activate three more
squadrons in 1993 to accommodalc the navigator
trainiiii: mission.

TRAINING
FLYING TRAINING

Enhanced Flight Screener

.Alter a delay ol five months because the original
contract award was prittested. the Air Force
confirmed on 22 September 1992 that Slingsby
Aviation Limited of Great Britain would get the
contract to replace the T-41 tlight screener. Slingsby,
teamed with Norlhrup Worldwide .Aircraft Services,
Inc.. won a contract worth almost S.5.5 million lo
provide 113 "Firetly" aircraft to the Air Force for
night screening operations thai Air Training
Command conducted at Hondo. Texas, and the US
Air Force Academy conducted at Colorado Springs.
Colorado. Beginning in January 1993. ATC would
get 51 of the new aircraft, and the .Air Force
Academy would receive 5(-> planes. olTicially
designated the T-3.

277

1992

TECHNICAL TRAINING TRENDS

Over the past 60 years, technical training had
swung back and forth between two different training
philosophies. On the one hand. Air Training
Command could provide extensive instruction to
nonprior service personnel at its resident training
centers, thus minimizing the need for additional
training at the operational units. On the other, the
command could teach only the minimum job
knowledge individuals needed for their first job. then
upgrade their knowledge through on-the-job training.
The first option was expensive in time and money; the
second, though faster and apparently less costly,
shifted much of the burden to the operational
commands. Availability of money, quality of recruits,
and level of retention rates were some of the most
significant factors that determined which philosophy
was ascendant.

During the mid-1970s, the Air Force began to shift
its philosophy of training. After Vietnam, defense
dollars were more limited, the quality of recruits
comparatively poorer, and retention rates lower. As
part of an Air Force program to improve resource
management. Air Training Command began cutting
resources used for formal training. The command
reduced mitial skills instruction to the absolute
minimum by eliminating theory, fundamentals, and
system specific elements in its basic resident courses.
The most visible indicator of these changes was the
decline in average course length from seventeen
weeks in 1970 to eleven weeks in 1980.

During the early 1980s, the Air Force entered a
favorable recruiting period. Retention levels in-
creased, and the defense budget was much less
austere. Moreover, evidence began to accumulate
that personnel were not being adequately trained in
the shorter courses. When it became apparent the Air
Force could no longer live with the cuts in initial
skills training. ATC began a program to reverse the
trend and return instruction in theory and
fundamentals to many courses. The length of sortie-
producing courses (those directly involved in support

of the operational mission) rose from an average of
nine weeks in 1979 to sixteen weeks in 1985.

The end of the Cold War signaled more changes to
ATC's technical training system. Spurred by a
significant drawdown in the military services, two
training centers, Chanute and Lowry, were scheduled
to close in 1993 and 1994, respectively. At the same
time. Air Training Command considered other ways
to cut costs and save training dollars. These ranged
from incorporating such advanced learning tech-
nologies as computerized instruction and distance
learning to expanding interservice training.

For the Air Force. 1992 was the "Year of
Training." a time for an indepth review of the training
process. The biggest change to come out of that
review was the merging of Air Training Command
and Air University into Air Education and Training
Command in 1993.

For the technical training community, the review
resulted in a reemphasis on resident training. No
longer would on-the-job training and field training be
expected to make up for shortfalls in initial skills
training. Instead, training centers would improve
initial skills courses to the point where a graduate
could perform his job upon arrival at his first
assignment. This would give the Air Force a more
standardized trainee: everyone would receive the
same training to do specific jobs.

In addition, the Air Force tied career progression
more closely to training. Previously, non-
commissioned officers participated in follow-on or
continuation training when it was convenient to do so.
Under the new program, all NCOs would be required
to go back to technical school for refresher courses as
they prepared to assume seven-level responsibilities.
Using career field training management plans. Air
Education and Training Command now had the
ability to establish "cradle to grave" training programs
for all career fields.

64th FTW Prepares to Implement SUPT

111 .March the 1-1. As began arming al Reese on a
regular basis. The 64th Flying Training Wing
received four aircraft that first month, three T-l As in
April, and five more in May. B) the end of the year,
the wing had a total of 24 aircraft. Many of those
aircraft were used for extensive testing conducted
'"u^t by the Air Force Operational Test and

Evaluation Center and then by the initial cadre of
instructor pilots assigned to the 64th. The wing began
flying local sorties to test syllabus maneuvers and
aircraft effecli\eness on 9 March. Several Course
Readiness Reviews and Start Training Readmess
Reviews looked not just at the aircraft but also at
other elements of the tanker-trainer training system,
such as simulators and the Training Management

278

1992

System. In general, the 64th Fl)inj: Training Wing
still had some wrinkles to iron out hut was far enough
along that it began the Instriietor Transition Coinse
on schedule in September. The course was designed
to train T-37 and T-38 instructor pilots (IP) to be
T-IA IPs: the initial cadre (who had received their
training From Beech) taught the course. Meanwhile.
the first SUPT class. Class 93-12. was already in
training. It began Phase 1 training on 20 July \W2
and would begin T-IA and T-38 training on
24 January 1993.

Reese AFB Receives First T-1A "Jayhawl<"

On 17 JanuaiN 1992. the .Air Force accepted the first
production miidel of the T-IA "Jayhawk" at the
Beech Aircraft Corporation facilit\ at Wichita.
Kansas. The T-\A was the aircraft that would get
specialized undergraduate pilot training off the
ground by preparing student pilots specifically for
assignments in tanker and transport aircraft. The next
da\ that aircraft, number 9()-()4(K). was tlown to
Reese AFB. the first base that would switch to
specialized undergraduate pilot training, for use as a
maintenance training aircraft. Strictly speaking the
T-IA at Reese was the third aircraft (TT-03)
modified by Beech for the Air Force: the compan\
temporarily retained the first two to conduct its own
testing. .Almost a month later, on l.'i February, the
64th Fl\ ing Training Wing held a formal ceremony at
Reese to mark officially the ani\al of the first T-l.A
at the base.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Water Survival Training

The water survival training area at Turkey Point.
Florida, near Homestead AFB. was one of the victims
of Hurricane Andrew, which slammed into the east
coast of Florida on 24 .Aus:ust 1992. The damage

was so extensive the command was forced to move
water survival training, transferring the 3613th
Combat Crew Training Squadron from Homestead to
Tvndall AFli. Florida.'

Sl)()\>n are the remains of the I in ke\ PdIiiI "aler
survival trainin;; complex loealeil near MoiiKslead
.\FB after Hurricane Andrew struck the Florida
toast. As an interim measure, the \ir I orce
relocated the Water Survival School to Ivndall
AFB on Florida's <;ulf coast.

M.Sfit Alon/o Powell, an \ii
Force recruiter and former jet
en<;iiie mechanic, works late in
his downtown l.os ,\n<;eles
office. Powell came to the office
in Novemher \W\ after it had
bi'cn closed lor two vears due to
lack of enlistments. In F^ ^2
I4S percent of the recniitinj;
};oal had been reached.

279

1992

MILITARY TRAINING

Minority Officer Issues

As early as 1990. the Minority Officer Procurement
and Development initiative recommended the
establishment of an AFROTC prep school, which the
Air Staff approved in 1991 but put on hold the
following year. The Air Force had not established
minority officer accession guidelines, and ATC
measured its progress compared to the representation
of those groups among the population of college
students. General Ashy recommended tabling the
idea, observing that AFROTC forecasted 6.8 percent
black officer production for FY93. and OTS selection
board rates were promising. ATC continued to
emphasize minority recruiting, and in March 1992
AFROTC established a "Gold Bar" program, in
which newly-commissioned minority AFROTC
graduates recruited minority scholarship candidates
and referred OTS candidates to Recruiting Service.
General Viccellio ultimatels established a Minority
Officer Accession Working Group to stay on top of
the issue.

General Henry \ ictellio, Jr., explains how ATC
and .\ir University will be integrated into the .Vir
Education and Training Command, durin<; an
interview with Airman Magazine I December

i992.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

The Air Force, due to the very nature of its
mission, had long been engaged in a variety of
operations dealing with toxic and hazardous waste
materials that had migrated into the surrounding area
and resulted in environmental damage. This issue
began receiving increased attention in 1978 when
President Carter signed an executive order governing
federal compliance with pollution control standards.
In 1981 Department of Defense mandated that its
bases institute the Installation Restoration Program
(IRP) to identify and rectify environmental problems
resulting from earlier methods of waste disposal. By
the end of FY 1992, ATC had cleaned up 149 of its
301 contaminated sites. These sites included low-
level radioactive waste disposal areas, pesticides, and
abandoned underground storage tanks.

i'-^-rn-,.^

To reduce toxic waste and lower costs, ATC
replaced liquid chemical stripping of paint from
aircraft and other equipment with plastic particle
blasting. The first booth became operational in
April 1989 at Randolph AFB, Texas.

In addition to IRP and related programs, ATC also
was involved in over 30 bioenvironmental
engineering programs. These included the removal
of asbestos from military facilities, testing for radon
gas in military housing, and establishing recycling
programs. To help commanders measure the degree
to which they were complying with federal and state
environmental regulations, the Air Force established
the Environmental Compliance and Management
Program (ECAMP) in 198S.

Finally. ATC worked to nnnimi/e ha/ardous
waste, a major source of which was aircraft painting.
Consequently. ATC began an extensixe program in
the late 1980s to replace chemical stripping of
aircraft paint with a blasting technique that used
plastic particles called "media." Media bead blasting
reduced significanti) the generation of hazardous
waste.

280

1993

The first da> of .Iul> 1993 «as more than just tlif da\ >\hfii Air Irainin}^ Command absorbed Air
Inivcrsitx and changed the ciinimand desi<;nation to Air Kducation and rrainin<; ( iimmand (Af IC ). It >Nas
the point \Nhen the Air Force vdw the iioals of the Near of ()r<;ani/.ation and the Near of I rainin*; come
together to form a single cominand. AETC. For a moment, the focus shifted from downsizing to better
organizing. AETC assumed respcmsibilitx for both aspects of career dexelopmenl. training and education.
Missions such as combat cre\\ training, pararescue. and combat controller training, and (later) space training
transferred to the new command. Airman would report to their operational units mission ready.
Restructuring the command therefore assumed first place among the issues facing the command staff. The
introduction of three new training aircraft, the T-l. T-3. and 1-6 (,JPA IS), joint training, the closure of
Chanutc. Mather, and \\ illiams AFBs, and several A-76 studies were also major challenges.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

(as of December 1993)

Alabama--Maxwell: Arizona--Luke; Colorado-Lowry: FIorida-Tyndall;
Mississippi--Columbus and Keesler: Oklahoma--Altus and Vance; Texas--
Goodfellovs . Lackland. Laiighlin. Randolph. Reese, and Sheppard

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

(lU.USO ( lU.I 13 officers; 35.160 enlisted; 14.759 civilians)

1,377 (C-5. C-21. C-141. F-15. F-16. HC-13(). KC-135. MC-130. MH-53J.
MH-6(). NCH-53A. T-l. T-37. T-3S. T-39, T-4i, T-43, TH-53A. UH-iN)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

4 numbered air force and equi\ alent units:

MR VrSWERSnW Maxwell AFB AL: (including
15 major subordmate units)

502d Air Base Wing. Maxwell AFB AL

Air Command and Stall College. Maxwell AFB
AL

Air Force Institute of Technology. Wright-
Patterson AFB OH

Air Force Quality Institute. Maxwell AFB AL

Air iorcc Reserve Officer Training Corps,
Maxwell AFB AL

Air University Library. Maxv\ell AFB AL

Air War College. Maxwell AFB AL

College of Aerospace Doctrine. Research, and
Education. Maxwell AF-B AL

College for linlisted Professional Military
Education, Maxwell AFB .AL

Community College of the Air Force. Maxwell
AFB AL

Extension Course Institute, Maxwell AI'B AL

Ira C. Eaker College for Professional
Development, Maxwell AFB AL

Officer Training School, Maxwell AFB .AL

Squadron (3fficer School, Maxwell AFB AL
USAF Civil Air Patrol, Maxwell AFB AL

SECOND AIR FORCE. Keesler AFB MS:

(including 5 wings and equivalent units)

l.owry Training Center. Lowry AFB CO
17th Training Wing. Goodfellow .MB TX
37th Training Wing. Lackland .AFB TX
81st Training Wing. Keesler AFB MS
82d Training \\ ing. Sheppard AFB TX

NINETEE.MII AlU f()R( E, Raikk)lph \l H 1 \:
(including 10 wings. I independent group, and 1
independent squadron )

12th Flying Training Wing. Randolph AFB TX
I4ih FIving Training Wing. Columbus AFB MS
47lh FIving Training Wing. I.aughlin AI'B TX
58lh Fighter Wing. Luke AFB AZ
64lh Flying Training Wing. Reese AFB TX
7 1 St Flying Training Wing. Vance AFB OK
8()th Flying Training Wing. Sheppard AIM TX
97lh Air Mobility Wing. Alius AFB OK

2X1

1993

0 CURRENT
■ CLOSING
▲ GAINING

325th Fighter Wing, Tyndall AFB PL
3?6th Crew Training Group. Fairchild AFB WA
419th Operations Training Squadron, Randolph
AFB TX

542d Crew Training Wing. Kirtland AFB NM

USAF RECRUITING SERVICE, Randolph AFB
TX: (including 4 groups)

36()ih Recruiting Group. Hanscom AFB MA
367th Recruiting Group, Rohms AFB GA
369th Recruiting Group, Lackland AFB TX
372d Recruiting Group. Hill AFB UT

3 independent units:

59th Medical Wing, Lackland AFB TX

338th Training Support Group, Randolph AFB

Air Force Security Assistance Squadron,

Randolph AFB TX

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

General Henry Vicccllio. ,ir.. continued as the
AETC commander, and l.t Gen Eugene E. Habiger
remained vice commander.

ORGANIZATION

Air Training Command Redesignated

On 1 July 1993. HQ USAF redesignated Air Training
Command as Air Education and Training Command
(AETC). For all practical purposes, this action made
AETC the focal point for all education and training
activities in the Air Force. The only notable
exceptions were that operational commands
continued crew training where the requirements were
relatively small (e.g.. B-1 and F-117 training), and
the United States Air Force Academy retained its
independent status.

Air University

Ten years after its return to major command status.
Air University again became a subordinate part of
Air Education and Training Command. As part of the
decision to realign Air University under AETC, HQ
USAF also made the Air Force Officer Training
School, Community College of the Air Force, and the
First Sergeants Academy subordinate organizations
of Air University. The Air Force legal and chaplain
training programs also transferred to Air University.

Numbered Air Forces Establislied

On I July 1993. AETC activated the Nineteenth Air
Force at Randolph to supervise living training and
the Second Air Force at Keesler to manage all
technical trainin>; units.

TS")

1993

Training Centers and Training Wings

Et'fcclivc 1 Jiil> . ATC inactivated the training centers
at GoikHcIIow. I^ackland. Keesler. and Sheppard.
They were succeeded hy the i7lh. 37th. Slst. and 82d
Training Wings, respectively all activated that same
day.

Technical Training Groups

.\i the same time the umgs were activated, the
designations of the training groups changed,
assuming the same numerical designations as their

General Mciiill \. Mel'eak and
(Jeneral Henrx \ iciellio. .)r.. at
the eercni(in\ marking tiie
slandup of Air l.diK'alion and
I rainin<: C Oniniand. I .liil\
1993 (above).

Maj (;en .Inhn (. (irittlth
assuiiu's command of Second
Air Force, 1 .Inly 1V9.^ (lell).

parent wings. Thus, the 341 si Technical Training
Group at Goodfellow became ihc 17lh Technical
Training Group, the 393d at Keesler became the SI si.
the 3y4th at Lackland became the 37lh. and the 3yfith
at .Sheppard becan)e the S2d, In addition, the 394ih
Military Training Group at Lackland became the 37th
Military Training Group, and at Sheppard the 39ftth
Medical Training Ciroup became the S2d Medical
Training Group and the H2d Field 1 raining Group.

283

1993

Medical Centers

The status of AETC's two largest medical facilities
also changed on 1 July 1993. The command
redesignated Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center at
Lackland as the 39th Medical Wing, though the
facility continued to be called Wilford Hall Medical
Center, and replaced the Keesler Medical Center with
the 81st Medical Group.

Crew Training Reassignments

Smce .WilC picked up a niajor portion iif the crew
training mission on 1 July 1993. HQ USAF
reassigned the wings that had previously conducted
the training to AETC. AETC gained the 5Sth Fighter
Wing. Luke AFB. Arizona, and the 325th Fighter
Wing. Tyndall AFB. Florida, from Air Combat
Cominand. Also. AETC gained the 97th Air
Mobility Wing. Altus AFB. Oklahoma, and the 342d
Crew Training Wing. Kirtland AFB. New Mexico,
from Air Mobility Command.

.Aircrc\>s also trained for various special
operations at Kirtland in the MC-I30H Combat
Talon II aircraft.

Space and IVIissile Training

Another Year of Training initiati\'e implemented on
I July 1993 was to combine space and missile
training. Previously the 43L3th Combat Crew
Training .Si|uadron. an ACC unit, had prosided

iy:hter Winji at Luke .\FB. .\rizona,
•crew training for the F-16 air-to-

missile training at Vandenberg AFB, California, and
ATC's 319th Space Training Squadron had conducted
undergraduate space training at Lowry AFB.
Colorado. Both of those units inactivated, and AETC
activated the 392d Space and Missile Training
Squadron at Vandenberg. assigning it to the 17th
Training Wing to perform both missions.

Survival School Redesignated

In converting the tlying training wings and training
centers to the objective wing structure. ATC also
looked at the 3636th Combat Crew Training Wing
(Survival) and determined it should be a group.
Accordingly, on 29 January 1993, the command
redesignated the 3636th as the 336th Crew Training
Group. The redesignation was pail of a large Air
Staff initiative to redesignate four digit units to three
and to preserve distinguished unit designations. At
the same time, the command changed the
designations of the group's subordinate squadrons.
The 3612th, 3613th, and 3614th Combat Crew
Training Squadrons became the 22d, 17th, and 66th
Crew Training Squadrons, respectively.

Air National Guard Units

Effective I July 1993, Air Education and Training
Command was designated the gaining command for
three Air National Guard units with training
missions. They were the 114th Fighter Squadron,
Kingsley Field, Oregon; the I62d Fighter Group,
Tucson International Airport, Arizona; and the 1 84th
Fighter Group, McConnell AFB, Kansas.

Officer Training School

In anticipation of its move on I October 1993 from
Lackland Annex to Maxwell AFB. Alabama. AETC
reassigned the 301st Officer Training Squadron from
the 394th Military Training Group at Lackland to Air
University. The 301 st Officer Training Squadron
graduated its last class at Medina Annex on
22 September 1993. On I October 1993. AETC
redesignated the 301st Officer Training Squadron as
the Officer Training School.

College for Professional Military Education

To consolidate all USAF enlisted professional
military education under a single manager. Air
Education and Training Command activated the
College for Enlisted Professional Military Education
(CEPME) as an Air University subordinate unit on
15 December 1993. with the Air Force Senior NCO
Academy and stateside NCO academies, which had
belonged to the major commands, as the college's
subordinate organizations.

Other Changes at Air University

Three Air Uni\ersity subordwiaic organizations were
redesisnaled. Effective 1 October 1443, the Air Force

284

1993

I lit' 542(1 (reu I riiiniii;^ ^^il^"^; ;'•
Kii'tland AIH. New Mr\ii-((, iisi'<l
the .MH-6(I iu'licopti'i' to train crews
in the Pa\e Ha^^k mission— coml)at
search and rescue and the
inrillration/extlltration <it' special
operations forces.

Quality Center became the Air Fi)rce Quality
Institute: the name of the Air University Center for
Aerospace Doctrine. Research, and Education
changed to College of Aerospace Doctrine. Research.
and Education: and the Ira C. Eaker Center for
Professional De\elopment became the Ira C. Eaker
College for Professional De\elopnient.

Deputy Chiefs of Staff Become Directors

In accordance with guidance from ihc Air Staff. Air
Training Command dropped the use of the title Chief
of Staff on 1 February 1993 and refen-ed to the
indi\idual holding that position as the Director of
Executive Services. At the same time, the command
also discontinued use of the title Deputy Chief of
Staff for those heading major staff agencies and
referred to them as Directors. The changes in
terminology had a trickle-down effect: DCSs became
directorates, directorates became di\ isions. and so on
down the line.

Operational Support Airlift

Htfective L^ April 199.^ ATC activated the 332d
Airlift Flight and assigned it to Randolph's 12th
Operations Ciroup. The activation of the 332d
marked the transfer of five C-21A aircraft and
operational support airlift responsibilities from Air
Mobility Command to Air Training Command.

Activation of Flying Training Squadrons

To accommodate the navigator training mission at
Randolph, A'I'C activated the .'562d and 563d Flying
Training Squadrons on 14 May. On that same date,
the command also activaleil the 99th Flying Training
Squadron at Randolph to tram instructor pilots for the
T-IA.

Flight Screening Squadron

As the 12th Flying Training Wing added new Hying
training squadrons to handle the T-IA and
specialized unilcigraduate navigator training
missions, ATC decided to redesignate the 1st Flight
Screening Squadron as the 1st Flying Training
Squadron. The name change took place on 28 Ma\

1993: the squadron remained assigned lo the 12th
Operations Group. Also assigned to the 12th
Operations Group was the 551th F-lying Training
Squadron, the unit at the Air Force Academy that
conducted flight screening and which was reassigned
to .AETC on 1 .lul\ .

Inter-American Air Forces Academy

In August 1^^)2 Iknricane .Antlrcvv hn the Florida
coast south of Miami and w iped out Homestead .AFB.
Following the hurricane, the Air f-orce temporarily
relocated the Inter-American Air Forces Academy
from Homestead to Lackland. Subsequently, the Air
Force decided to make that arrangement permanent
and, on 2 June 1993, the academy was relie\ed from
assignment to Air Combat Command and assigned to
Air Training Command. The unit was ihcn further
assigned to Lackland Training Center.

Social Actions Relocated

On i Noxcmbci \'N}. WW wings acted on HQ
LiSAF's directions to move the social actions
function from the mission support squadron to the
wing commander's stalT. At the same time, the
responsibility for equal opportunity and treatment
inquiries went to the wing Inspector General, but
counseling and complaint reviews remained in the
social actions office.

INSTALLATIONS

Chanute Inactivated

Chanute AFB. Illinois, was one of the casualties of
the first round of base closure. On 30 September
1993. AETC inactivated the Chanute Technical
Training Center, and the base closed the following
day. Aerospace ground equipment, fuels, as well as
jet and turboprop engine maintenance training moved
lo Sheppard AFB. Fire protection moved to
Cioodfellow .AFB. weather training moved to Keesler
AFB. vehicle maintenance moved to [,ackland AFB.
metals training moved lo Aberdeen Proving Ground,
and Nondcsiruciive Inspeciio; moved to NAS
Pensacola.

2 85

1993

Shown is the flight crew of a T-43 preparing to
depart Mather for the last time.

Mather Inactivated

Mather AFB, California, was another casualty of the
first round of base closure. On 30 September 1993.
AETC inactivated the 323d Flying Training Wing,
and the base closed on 1 October 1993.

Williams Inactivated

The second round of base closure tapped Williams
AFB, Arizona, for shutdown. AETC inactivated the
host unit, the 82d Flying Training Wing, on 3 1 March
1993. leaving the now independent 82d Operations
Group to close the base. The command inactivated
the operations group on 30 September 1993. and

Williams AFB closed on 1 October 1993.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Crew Training

When AETC took on the crew training mission on 1
July, it also picked up a sizeable number of fighters,
tankers, transports, and helicopters from ACC and
AMC. These aircraft were called "grey jets," which
referred to the grey paint schemes used on
operational aircraft versus the traditional white paint
scheme used on undergraduate pilot training aircraft.
Overall, the command gained 287 aircraft 109 F-15s,
101 F-16s, 58 tanker-transport aircraft, and 19
helicopters. At Tyndall AETC picked up 78 F-15s
(A through D models) to conduct air-to-air training.
At Luke the command inherited 101 F-16s and 31
F-15E Strike Eagles to provide air-to-ground training.
At Altus it gained 7 C-5As and 15 C-141Bs to train
AMC aircrew members. Also, AETC took over 6
KC-135A/Q and 21 KC-135R tankers at Castle AFB,
California, to conduct air-to-air refueling training.
And, the command gained a variety of special
operations aircraft at Kirtland including five
HC-130P and four MC-130H aircraft, as well as six
UH-IN. four MH-60G. five MH-53J. two CH-53A,
and two NCH-53A helicopters.

A coptru-i simulator instructor monitors the performance of a prospective instructor pilot in the new
"I'-IA simulatoi .t Randolph MB.

!86

1993

At IMidall AKB, Florida, a pilot checks out in the l'-15l) air Nupcriorit\ n<ihlcr.

First SUPT Class

The 64th Flyint: Training Wing at Reese AFB
graduated the Air Force's first SUPT class on 2^ July
1993. These were the first students to select cither tiie
bomber-fighter track or airlift-tanker track based on
their standings when they completed T-37 training.

Fighter Training Moved from Holloman AFB

On 10. September \'-N2. HQ ISAf announced that
Introduction to Fighter Fundamentals training would
move from Holloman AFB. New Mexico, to ATC"s
SUPT bases. A subsequent decision moved the
training to only three bases: Columbus. Sheppard.
and Randolph AFBs. Columbus conducted its first
regular class on 20 September. Randolph on
5 November 1993. and Sheppard in Januar\ 1994.

Joint Specialized Undergraduate Pilot
Training

Bcgmnmg on S September 1993. the first six T-44A
naval instructor pilots (one from ihe Marine Corps,
one from the Coast Ciuard. and fiiur from the U.S.
Navy) reported to the 64th Flying Training Wing as
T-37 instructor pilots, adding the "joint" to JSUPT.
Three instructor pilots from Reese joined VT-31 at
NAS Corpus Christi to serve as T-44A instructors in
December.

T-1A Pilot Instructor Training

On IS August 1993. with six T-IA aircraft on base,
the 12 FTW began its first T-IA Instructor Transition
Course at Randolph AFB. The first standard T-IA
PIT class was scheduled to begin on \5 March 1994.

F-15E Training

On l.'S November 1993. the Air Force announced its
decision to reassign the F-l.SF operations training
program, beginning in FY95, from AETC at Luke
AFB to ACC at Seymour Johnson AFB. in order to
accommodate additional F-I6 training at Luke.

The 97th .\ir Mohilily NN in>^ pro\i(li(l Irainiii'^ tor
C-5 (top) and (-141 (niiddlel aircrews at the
schoolhouse at Alius Al it. Oklahoma. Ihe «in^"s
398th Operations (/roup al ( aslle MB,
( alilornia. conducted aerial reluelin^ trainin^ lor
KC-1 35 (bottom) crc«s.

Navigator Training

Speciali/ed Undergraduate Navigator Training
moved from Mather AFB and began at Ranilolph
AFB on 20 April 1993. On 10 August 1993. the first
students, all ANG or foreign officers, entered the first
SUNT class al Randolph AFB. earning their wings in

287

1993

late January 1994. However, the first active duty Air
Force students did not graduate until the following
April.

Introduction to Bomber Fundamentals

I'hc firs! SUPT class with graduates entering
Introduction to Bomber Fundamentals (IBF) began
training at Reese AFB in December 199.^. The course
was designed to provide bomber pilots with class-
room and simulator training in crew coordination,
crew concept, and low-level flying procedures.
Navigators and electronic warfare officers also
attended the course.

\ pararcscuc student, equipped \>ith parachute
and survi\al 5»ear, trains cm a han<iin<; harness for
an upciiminn parachute drop at the Pararescue
Continuation I raining; School, kirtland .AFB,
New Mexico.

MILITARY TRAINING

Biennial Review of BMT

1 "'H Training Wing hosted the 16th Basic

M; aining Biennial Review in Septeinber

19' ew recommended that recruiting, basic

mili and technical training be integrated

into . '-S that would use a buildin>; block

approach to bring a new member from the recruiter to
his or her first active duty assignment.

Recruiter Assistance Program

Starting in August 1993. recent BMT graduates who
went home on leave could work with local recruiters
on a TDY status. The program generated leads by
allowing potential recruits to speak directly with their
peers who had recently become members of the Air
Force.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Mission Ready Technician

In early June 1993, General Viccellio told the Air
Staff Director of Logistics and the ACC and AMC
commanders that he would test a Mission Ready
Training concept, which would produce a mission-
ready technical training graduate, starting with the
C-I4I apprentice crew chief course. The 82d
Training Wing would conduct the course, supported
by the 97th Air Mobility Wing at Altus AFB.

Pararescue and Combat Control Training

As part (if the \ear of Training initiati\e. Air
Mobility Command passed responsibility for
pararescue (PJ) and combat control (CCT) training to
AETC. The command chose to align the training
Luider Nineteenth Air Force, which inanaged flying
training, though Second Air Force, the command's
technical training component, ran the training
pipeline and had responsibility for the conduct of the
joint PJ/CCT indoctrination course, which the 37th
Training Wing conducted. The career fields required
lengthy specialized training, and few candidates
completed the physically demanding programs. The
career fields were chronically undermanned,
therefore, and resolving this issue would be a
persistent challenge over the next few years.

Space and Missile Training

.After the 392d Space and Missile Training Squadron
stood up at Vandenberg. AETC began to consolidate
space and missile training, including operations and
maintenance. The biggest challenge was to combine
undergraduate missile and undergraduate space
training. The purpose of the new undergraduate space
and missile training (USMT) was to produce a
graduate who could fill any Job in the career field.

EDUCATION

Distance Learning

The Air Force Institute of Technology broadcast its
first distance learning course in November 1993 after
the Air Force acquisition community levied a large
training requirement for all personnel working in
acquisition-coded positions.

ISS

1994

The reorganization of AETC continued, as the conuiiand adopted the concept of the objecli\e \>in}; at
headquarters AETC and Air L'niversity. Because the eoiuniand had heeonie responsihie for cre>\ training,
several new wings stood up or transferred into the command. These wings would conduct Special Operations.
F-16. Space and Missile, and Airlift training. At the same time, the first Specialized I ndergraduale Pilot
Training (SI PT) and .Joint Sl'PT courses commenced. The first round of the Base Realignment and Closure
Commission concluded for AETC as Lowry AFB joined Chanute. Mather, and Williams Al- Bs, which had
closed the pre\ ious year.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as ol l)ci.L-nibcr I'-^Mi

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

Alabania-Maxwell; Ari/ona--i.Likc; Florida--T\rKlall: Mississippi-
Columbus and Kcesler; ()klahonia--Altiis arui Vaiuc: Texas—
Goodfellow. Lackland. LaLiyhlln. Randolph. Reese, and Sheppard

58.642 (M.ySO otTicers: 34.369 enlisted: 14.243 en iliansi

1.561 (AT-38. C-5. C-12. C-21. C-141. F-15. F-16. HC-I.30P. KC-!35,
MC-130H. MH-53J. MH-60G, T-1, T-3, T-37, T-38, T-41, T-43,
TH-53A. L'H-IN)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

4 numbered air force and eqiii\ alcnt miils:

AIR UNIVERSITY. Maxwell AFB AL: (including

15 major subordinate units)

42d Air Base Wing. Maxwell AFB AL

Air Comniaiid and SlalT College. Maxwell AF-B

Air Force liistiiuie of Technology. Wright-
Patterson AFB OH

Air Force Qualily Institute. Maxuell AFB AL
Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps,

Maxwell AFB AL

Air University Library. Maxuell AFB AL

Air War College. Maxwell AFB AL

College ot Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and

Education. Maxwell AFB .AL

College lor Fnlisted Protessional Military

Education. Maxwell .AFB AL

Community College ol the Air Force, Maxwell

AFB AL

Extension Course Insiitule, Maxwell AFB AL
Ira C". Faker College tor Professional

Development. Maxwell AFB .AL

Officer Training School, Maxwell AFB AL
Squadron Officer School, Maxwell AFB AL
USAF Ci\il Air Patrol. Maxwell AFB AL

SECOND AIR KOR( E. Keesler AFB MS:

(includiiig 4 wings. 1 independent group, .uid I
indepeiulent squadron)

17ih Training Wing. Goodfellow AFB TX
37th rrammg Wing. Lackland AFB TX
81st Training Wing. Keesler ,AIB MS
82d Training Wing. Sheppard AFB TX
381st Training Group. Vandenberg AFB CA
6()2d Training Support Sq. F.dwards AFB CA

NINETEENTH AIR FORCE. Randolph AFB TX:
(including 10 wings. I independent group, and I
independent squadron)

12th Flying Training Wing. Randolph AFB TX
I4lh Fhing Training Wing. Columbus AF-B MS
47th Flying Training Wing. I.aughlm Al B I \
56th Fighter Wing. Luke AFB AZ
58th Special Operations Wing. Kirtland Al B NM
64lh Flying Training Wing. Reese AF'B TX
71st Flying Training Wing, Vance .MB OK
8()th Flying Training Wing, Sheppaid .MB IX
y7th Air .Vlobility Wing, Alius AFB OK
325th Fighter Wing, Tyndall AFB F'F.
336th Crew Iraining Group, laiichild AFB \\ A
619lh Training Support Sq, Randolph AFB TX

2S9

1994

HQ AIR FORCE RECRUITING SERVICE.

Randolph AFB TX: (including 4 groups)

360th Recruiting Group. Hanscom AFB MA
367th Recruiting Group, Robins AFB GA
369th Recruiting Group, Lackland AFB TX
372d Recruiting Group. Hill AFB UT

2 independent units:

59th Medical Wing, Lackland AFB TX
Air Force Security
Randolph AFB TX

Assistance Squadron,

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

General Henry Viccellio, Jr., continued as the
AETC commander, and Lt Gen Eugene E. Habiger
remained vice commander.

ORGANIZATION

Changes to the Objective Wing

On 1 January 1994. the Air Staff replaced the Morale,
Welfare, Recreation, and Services designation with
Services. AETC redesignated its units as services
squadrons on the same day. In another change
implemented Air Force-wide on I March 1994.
AETC replaced its civil engineering designations
with a new term, civil engineer. HQ USAF added a
fourth organization to the original three-group,
objecti\e wing template as the medical group joined
the existing operations, logistics, and support groups.
Between I July and 30 September 1994, the Air
Force began replacing its hospitals and clinics with
the objective medical groups. Of AETC's various
units, only the 37th Training Wing, 58th Special
Operations Wing, and the 80th Flying Training Wing,
along with the 336th and 381st Training Groups, did
not establish objecti\e medical groups: the 37th
because Lackland was also home to the 59th Medical
Wing (Wilford Hall) and the other units because they
were tenants who received their medical support from
their host organizations. In November 1992, the
CSAF added a plans office to the objective wing: but
AETC chose to delay establishing a wing plans office
until standup of the merged command. It was not
until I July 1994 that AETC's wings moved their
logistics plans functions out of the logistics or
support groups into the plans offices, finalizing the
new organizations.

2d Lts John .loyce (lisht) and Craig Parker (left)
perform an inspection in the Minuteman Rapid
Execution and Combat Targeting (REACT) B
"Deuce" Missile Procedures Trainer.

Space and Missile Training

On I April 1994. AETC activated the 381st Training
Group (Provisional) at Vandenberg AFB. California.
Still in existence but separate from the provisional
group were the 392d Space and Missile Training
Squadron and its detachment at Lowry. On 1 October
1994. AETC inactivated the temporary organization
and activated the 381st Training Group, with four
training squadrons, including the newly redesignated
392d Training Squadron.

338th Training Support Group

On 18 February 1994, AETC inactivated the 338th
Training Support Group, redistributing its missions to
other organizations. This was a move away from
using a group to oversee non-management head-
quarters functions.

602d Training Support Squadron

On 23 March 19^)4. AETC reassigned (he 602d
Training Support Squadron, located at Edwards AFB,
California, from the 982d Training Group (82d
Training Wing) to Second Air Force.

58th Special Operations Wing

On 1 April 1994. HQ USAF redesignated the 58th
Fighter Wing at Luke AFB. Arizona, as the 58th
Special Operations Wing and. on paper, moved the
unit to Kirtland AFB. New Mexico. There it replaced
the 542d Crew Traininc Wina. which AETC

290

1994

inactivated the same da\. Peisniinel and resources (if
the 542d were used to stand up the 58tli Special
Operations Wing.

56th Fighter Wing

On 1 Aprd IM94. HQ Air Force transferred its 56th
Fighter Wing designation from MacDiil AFB.
Floinda. to Luke AFB. When the 58th Special
Operations Wing moved to Kirthuid. it left most of its
personnel and equipment at Luke, which HQ .AETC
used to stand up the 56th Fighter Wing.

336th Training Group

An()ther change occurred on I .^pril 1Q94 when HQ
Air Force redesignated the .^.^6tii Crevs Training
Group at Fairchild AFB. Washington, as the .i36th
Training Group

619th Training Support Squadron

On 1 April 1994. AHIC redesignated 419ih
Operations Training Squadron as the 619th Training
Support Squadron.

Operational Support Airlift Training

One of the initiatives of the Year of Training was to
consolidate and relocate the Operatitinal Support

Isl Lt .kannie ll\nn \mis first in her
I ndtruradiiiile I'ilol I raiiiint; class in 1992 and
chose to n> I -15s. IJ\ Ihi end of 2(1(12. she had
logged over 2.0(10 hours in the F-15E, including 200
hours In Operation Allied I (irce.

.Airlift schoolhouses for the C-12F and C-2IA from
Scott AFB, Illinois, and C-12C/D from Andrews
AFB, Maryland. After looking at various locations,
the Air Force decided to locale both programs at
Keesler AFBon 1 .hiK 1994.

Maxwell Air Base Wing Designation

On I October 1994, AETC inactivated the 502d Air
Base Wing, the host unit at Maxwell AFB. and
replaced it with the 42d Air Base Wing. This was part
of the Air Force's effort to retain on acti\e status
those wings with the most illustrious histories.

AETC Band

Oil I Ocii.ber 1994. HQ I'SAI- redesignated the
AETC Band as the AETC Band of the West.

INSTALLATIONS

Lowry Inactivated

lan\r\ .MB closed on 1 October 1994. Loury"s
small missile maintenance. Undergraduate Space
Training, and Enlisted Space Operations Training
moved to Vandenberg. Other courses niosed elsew here.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

The March Toward SUPT

Student pilots al the 47th ll>ing I'raining Wing made
their first SUPT track selections on 18 May 1994.
After recei\ing its first T-l.A on 19 November 1993,
the tirst student sortie at Laughlin -AFB ni the new
trainer occurred on 6 June 1994. Vance AFB received
its First T-IA on 8 December 1994. and its firsi SUPT
class entered training the following April.

Joint SUPT

The fust t\M) Navy students arrived at Reese ,\IB in
September 1994 for joint specialized undergraduate
pilot training.

Enhanced Flight Screening

Slingsb) ,\\Kitioii 1, muled delivered the first two
T-3A Firefly aircraft on 4 February 1994 to Hondo
Field, Texas, for the enhanced tlight screening
program. On 14 March 1994. five students in
Class 94-1 1 became the first to begin llight screening
with the T-3A.

Women in Combat Flying Training

isl Li Jeaiinie M. I lynn became ihe lirst tcniale to
complete training in the F-I5E Strike Eagle at Luke
AFB, Arizona. After earning a master's degree in
aerospace engineering from Stanford University, she

291

1994

AIR FORCE FLIGHT SCREENING

The USAF did not create a true flight screening
program until the Korean War. Before World War II.
the Army Air Corps" stringent qualification require-
ments naturally screened candidates for the relatively
small number of pilots needed. During World War II,
the Army Air Forces needed men to fill 100,000
aircrew positions, and thousands of candidates went
through training. Qualification requirements relaxed
initially before becoming more rigiirous as the
urgency for pilot production lessened during the
course of the war. The Korean War increased the
demand for more pilots, but the tight defense budget
meant that the Air Force could no longer rely on a
high washout rate to screen pilot candidates.
Consequently, the USAF adopted the Revitalized
Pilot Training Program in November 1952.

The introduction of the all-Jet inventory of trainer
aircraft in 19.58 called into question the usefulness of
a light aircraft flight screening program, which did
not offer any experience in a high-performance
trainer. The program ended in 1960. only to be
revived when the war in Southeast Asia again
increased the demand for pilots. In 1965. contractors
near the Undergraduate Pilot Training (UPT) bases
offered student pilots 30 hours of training in the
Cessna 172F. which the USAF designated the T-41 A.
Later that year, ATC officials reported that the T-41
was proving to be a good screening device to
eliminate students who lacked the aptitude or
motivation to fly. The Air Force Academy followed
ATC by formalizing the Pilot Indoctrination Program
(PIP) in 1968. Operational control of the Academy's
flight screening mission switched several times
between the Academy and ATC.

As ATC planned to implement Specialized Under-
graduate Pilot Training, Lt Gen Robert Oaks directed a

review of all flying training programs. The outcome
was a decision to adopt an acrobatic flight screener to
better screen candidates with a goal of further
reducing UPT attrition. Both AETC and the Academy
adopted the Enhanced Flight Screening program with
the mid-1990s arrival of the new Slingsby T-3A.
Training started at Hondo. Texas, for ROTC and OTS
students, and at the Academy for cadets. Almost
immediately, the command experienced problems
with the T-3, and ultimately cancelled the program in
1998 following the loss of three aircrews at the
Academy.

After the cancellation of EFS, attrition rates in
SUPT predictably rose. For pilots without prior flying
experience, the washout rate doubled to 15.6 percent.
In response. AETC and the Air Force Academy
implemented the Introductory Flight Training (IFT)
program in 1998. Through IFT. students earned a
private pilot's license, which AETC had adopted as a
prerequisite for UPT. Attrition rates improved in
SUPT to 8.8 percent under the new program.

Headquarters AETC began planning in 2002 to
implement a flight screening program, which would
be called Introductory Flight Screening (IFS). The
Academy's version would be called Academy Flight
Screening (AFS). Rather than requiring a private
pilot's license, IFS would follow procedures similar
to SUPT and would require a check ride to pass.
Instructor pilots would still be mainly contractors, but
training would be offered at a single location and the
syllabus standardized. Headquarters AETC expected
that under the new program students would solo after
about 1 5 hours and fly their check ride at around 23 to
28 hours. Despite setbacks, the flight screening
program had pro\en its value to the command by
reducina attrition in SUPT.

graduated first in her UPT class at Laughlin AFB in
December 1992, and chose the F-15 alter Chief of
Staff General Merrill McPeak opened the door for
women to fly combat aircraft.

Joint Helicopter Training

In 1992 the Air Staff decided that helicopter pilot
training should become an SUPT track, which meant
that prospective Air Force helicopter pilots would go
through fixed-wing (T-37 and later JPATS) training,
make their track selection, and go on to Fort Rucker.
Alabama, for rotary-wing training. The Army agreed,
offering to train 24 students (up from 10 a year from

FY92-94) in FY94 and 50 in FY95. In preparation,
AETC activated the 23rd Flying Training Flight at
Fort Rucker on 15 January 1994, assigning it to the
Air Force's helicopter schoolhouse. the 542d Crew
Training Wing at Kirtland AFB. New Mexico. On
2 November 1994. the first Air Force students to start
the new helicopter training plan entered training at
Fort Rucker in SUPT Helicopter Class 95-01.

KC-135 Training

The 1990 BR.AC Commission directed the closure of
Castle AFB. California, by September 1995 and the
minement of the KC-135 combat crew training

292

1994

school to Faircliild AFB. Washington. The BRAC in
1993 redirected KC-135 training to Altus AFB. On
20 January 1994. AETC acti\atcd the 97th Training
Squadron at Altus to conduct the combat I'light
instructor course. Academic and simulator training
continued at Castle, while the first class stalled living
at Altus on 21 January 1994 with three temporary
duty KC-i35 aircraft from the California base. On
9 November 1994. AETC activated the 5.5th Air
Refueling Squadron at Altus. This new unit assumed
responsibility for initial KC-135 training.

C-17 Training

While .AETC and .MVIC were working out a
memorandum of agreement for support and operation
of C-17 formal aircrew training, the first kmv
students— four loadmasters from Charleston .AFB.
South Carolina entered C-17 simulator and academic
training at .Altus AFB. Oklahoma, on 22 June 1994.

Conversion to JP-8

HQ USAF had decided in 1991 to convert from JP-4
to JP-8 jet fuel, primarily to address safety and
environmental issues. The 58th Fighter Wing at Luke
AFB converted in 1993. and AETC installed
equipment to convert 479 T-37 aircraft to JP-8
between February and May 1994.

re\iew. DOD decided to move Air Force water
sur\ i\al training to NAS Pensacola and consolidate it
with the Na\y program. Training ended at Tyndall in
May 1994. The consolidated program began on 28
June 1994 for Navy students and on 15 July 1994 for
Air Force students.

MILITARY TRAINING

We Are All Recruiters (WEAR)
In October 1994. Gen Viccellio challenged each wing
to send an active duty spokesman to every high
school in its local geographical area and to work
more closcls with their local area recruiters.

The End of Direct Duty Assignments

When Auiiian Basic Christuic Ingram graduated
from basic military training at Lackland .AFB on
17 March 1994, she became the last active duty basic
trainee to go directly from basic training to her first
duty assignment without going through a technical
training program. New policy now required all BMT
graduates to attend in-residence technical training to
earn their 3-le\el certitlcation before reporting to
their fiist thus assignments.

EDUCATION

TECHNICAL TRAINING

C-141 Mission Ready Technician Program

Shcp]iari.l gi'adiiaicd Us tnsi cLiss ol C'-I4I crew
chiefs under the mission ready technician program on
29 July 1994. Students then moved on to .Altus .'\FB
for hands-on training where they graduated t)n
16 August. This was the first AETC-developed
training program that produced mission ready
technicians upon graduation.

Last Class at Lowry AFB

Twenty-nine students completed the Apprentice
Tele\ision Systems Specialist course on 29 April
1994, the last class to graduate from Lowry Trainmg
Center before the base closed on 1 October 1994.

Undergraduate Space and Missile Training

On 14 December 1994. the first class graduated from
Vandenberg's new consolidated training course for
all space and missile operations and maintenance
officers.

Water Survival Training

When Hurricane Andrew destroyed the facilities of
the USAF Water Survival Scht)ol at Homestead AFB.
Florida, in August 1992. the Air Force temporarily
relocated the school lo Tyndall .AFB. where classes in
water sur\i\al training began on 2ft January 1993.
After an Interservice Training Review Organization

SAAS Degrees Awarded

Congress granted the Air Universii\ commander
authority to award a master's degree to graduates of
the School of .Advanced ,'\irpower Studies.

A stiidcnl at \ir I niMrsii\s SiIiimiI uI \ii\anii(l
AirpoMcr Studies hits the Ixiuks.

Non-Resident PME Requirements

1 he L S.AI reduced the mavuiium lime students could
take to complete the Air Coniinand and Staff College
nonresideni course from 4 years to 18 months, and
the Squadron (^fUcer School correspondence course
from 3 vears lo 18 months

293

1994

MISSION READY TECHNICIAN

One of AETC's key missions was to produce
technical training graduates who were mission ready
or as nearly mission ready as possible. The
command increasingly moved away from lecture-
based training towards more experiential learning
and more student-focused learning. The Mission
Ready Technician (MRT) and Mission Ready
Airman (MRA) programs, developed in the mid-
1990s, sought to prepare course graduates to become
contributing members of their units on day one of
their arrival. On the one hand, the MRT program
concentrated on training that required formal task
certification, typically aircraft maintenance. On the
other hand, the MRA program dealt with career
fields in which airmen had to demonstrate an
aptitude or skill that was not precisely measurable,
such as customer service, mission support, and
administrative Air Force Specialty Codes.

The military reduced the size of its active duty
force at the end of the Cold War. The Air Force
consequently had excess front line aircraft and
equipment available for transfer to AETC for
training purposes. The transfer of Luke, Tyndall, and
Altus AFB to AETC gave the command bases that
could be used for realistic operational training. If
AETC could employ the new equipment and
facilities to produce a task-certified or more mission
ready apprentice, operational units could reduce the
amount of on-the-job training provided to new
airmen.

In early June 199.^, General Henry Viccellio. Jr..
the ATC commander, told the Air Staff Director of
Logistics and the Air Combat Command and Air
Mobility Command commanders that he would test
a Mission Ready Training concept with a C-141
apprentice crew chief course. The 82d Training
Wing would conduct the course, supported by the
97th Air Mobility Wing at Altus AFB. The first C-
141 MRT class graduated on 16 August 1994. Even
before the test was complete, AETC planned
additional courses, with the enthusiastic support of
the MAJCOMs. The program. hcnvc\cr. faced
several hurdles.

Mission Ready Technician training required a
great deal of funding for instructors and student
man-years. Training was the command's mission,
and General Viccellio was adamant that AETC
would pay the bill. The command used a series of
temporajy fixes to come up with the manpower nec-

essary to implement the first MRT courses, but by fall
1995, it was obvious that AETC could not fund more
than 61 percent of the 2,649 authorizations necessary to
implement all 74 desired courses. General Boles asked
the other MAJCOMs for help, but they did not have the
authorizations to give up. Command training managers
also tried, unsuccessfully, to gain resources through the
program objective memorandum (POM) process.

The term "Mission Ready Airman" evolved to
include both MRT and MRA programs. At the same
time, the acronym "MRT" came to signify "Mission
Readiness Training" in common usage instead of
mission ready technician. In December 2001,
responsibility for the program transferred from HQ
Second Air Force to HQ AETC. In 2000. HQ AETC
gave up its quest for the hundreds of manpower
authorizations and the tens of millions of dollars
needed to convert approximately 50 more 3-level-
awarding courses to an MRA format. Instead, at the
June 2000 CORONA, the Air Force leadership decided
that the candidate courses should undergo their normal
utilization and training workshop review and that the
career field managers and the other MAJCOMs should
program money to accommodate the requested caieer
field changes.

Overall, AETC's senior leadership was very pleased
with the feedback it had gotten from the field. Funding
problems had delayed the implementation of additional
courses, but overall the program was successful in its
goal of better preparing airman for their first duty
assignments.

A student in Tyndall's Mission Ready Technician
program marshals out an F-15.

194

1995

The command reached an important milestone in the iip};rade ol aircralt tor undergraduate flying
training with the announcement that Beech Aircraft ( orporation was selected to de\elop and delixer the
Joint Primary Aircraft Training System, which comprised an aircraft later designated the I-6A lexan II
along with associated simulators, equipment, courseware, and data management systems. The JPATS system
would replace the \enerable T-37 and represented a joint \enture between the Air Force and Navy. Technical
training continued to e\olve in the wake of the creation of AETC. as the drawdown in the field ! raining
Program was put on hold. The Base Realignment and C losure commission announced the closure of Reese
AFB and the realignment of Kelly AFB. as Congress and the Department of Defense sought to reduce the cost
of maintaining unnecessary infrastructure. An increasingly challenging recruiting environment, created in
part by a strong economy and the sense that military service in the wake of the post-Cold \\ ar drawdown
provided fewer opportunities than previously, prompted the command to bolster recruiting programs.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of December 1995)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

Alabama--Max\\ell: Ari/ona--Lukc; Fk)rida--Tyndall: Mississippi—
Columbus and Keesler; Oklahoiiia-Alius and Vance: Texas—
Goodtellow, I.aL'kland. I.aiiyhlln. Randolph. Reese, and Sheppard

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

58.085 (9.998 officers: 34.558 enlisted; 1.^.529 civilians)

1.536 (AT-38. C-5, C-12. C-2i. C-141. F-15. F-16. HC-13()P. KC-1.35.
MC-130H, MH-53J. MH-6()G. T-l. T-3. T-37. T-38. T-43, TH-53A,

UH-IN)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS
4 numbered air force and cquisaleni units:

AIR UNI\ERSITY. Maxwell AFB AL: (including
15 major subordinate units)

42d Air Base Wing. Maxwell AFB AL

Air Command and .Staff College. Maxwell AFB
AI.

Air Force Insiiiule of Technology. Wright-
Patterson AFB OH

Air Force Quality Institute. Maxwell AFB AL

Air F-orcc Reserve Officer Training Corps.
Maxwell AFB AL

Air Force Senior NCO Academy. Ciunter Annex,
Maxwell AFB AL

Air University Library. Maxwell AFB AL

Air War College. Maxwell AFB AL

College of Aerospace Doctrine. Research, and
l-Alucation. Maxwell AFB AL

College for Enlisted Professional Military
Education. Maxwell AFB AL

Community College of the Air Force. Maxwell
AFB AL

Ir.i C. Eaker College for Professional
Development, Maxwell AFB AL

Officer Training School, Maxwell AI B AL
Squadron Officer School. Maxwell AFB AL
USAF Civil An Patrol. Maxwell AlH AI

.SECOND \IK FORCE. Kceslcr AI B MS:
(including 4 wings, 1 indepenileni group, and I
independent squadron)

17th Training Wing, Goodtellow AFB TX
37th Training Wing, Lackland AFB TX
81st Training Wing. Keesler AFB MS
82d Training Wing, Sheppard AFB TX
381st Training Group, Vandenberg AFB CA
6()2d Training Support Squadron, Edwards AFB
CA

NINETEENTH AIR FORC E. Randolph AFB TX:
(including 10 wings. I independcnl group, and I
independent squadron)

12th Flying Training Wing. Randolph AFB TX
14th Flying Training Wing. Columbus AFB MS

295

1995

47th Flying Training Wing. Laughlin AFB TX
56th Fighter Wing. Luke AFB AZ
58th Special Operations Wing. Kirtland AFB NM
64th Flying Training Wing, Reese AFB TX
71st Flying Training Wing. Vance AFB OK
80th Fi> ing Training Wing. Sheppard AFB TX
97th Air IVIobility Wing. Altus AFB OK
325th Fighter Wing. Tyndall AFB FL
336th Crew Training Group. Fairchild AFB WA
619th Training Support Squadron. Randolph AFB
TX

HQ AIR FORCE RECRUITING SERVICE.

Randolph AFB TX; (including 4 groups)

360th Recruiting Group. Hanscom AFB MA
367th Recruiting Group. Robins AFB GA
369th Recruiting Group. Lackland AFB TX
372d Recruiting Group. Hill AFB UT

2 independent units:

59th Medical Wing. Lackland AFB TX

Air Force Security
Randolph AFB TX

Assistance Squadron.

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

General
Billv J. Boles

On 20 Juno 1995, General Billy J. Boles assumed
command ot AETC from General Henry Viccellio.
Jr.. who became the new Air Force Materiel
Command commander. General Boles had replaced
Lt Gen Fugene E. Habiger temporarily as vice
commander on 23 April 1995. before he, in turn, was

V. Garland Depart nient ol Defense Fire
-• located at (ioodfell()\\ .\FB, I exas.

replaced by Lt Gen John C. Griffith, formerly the
Second Air Force commander. General Boles had
been the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel at
Headquarters Air Force before coming to AETC.
General Habiger left AETC for that same Air Staff
position.

ORGANIZATION

Extension Course Institute

On 15 February 1995, AETC inactivated the
Extension Course Institute, and Air University
transfeiTed its mission to the College of Aerospace
Doctrine. Research, and Education.

inspector General

In the spring of 1995. HQ USAF decided the wings
needed a separate Inspector General function rather
than using the wing vice commanders to fulfill this
role. By the end of the year. 13 wings within AETC,
as well as the Air Force Recruiting Service, had
established dedicated Inspector General functions.

Comptroller

In 19^4. the Air Staff shortened the title of its
financial management and comptroller organization
to the older and simpler title of comptroller. AETC
made the title change on 13 December 1994.
However, it wasn't until February 1995 that the Air
Force Chief of Staff agreed to establish numbered
comptroller flights or squadrons, depending on the
number of authorizations on the unit manning
document. In May 1995. AETC activated four
comptroller squadrons and six flights, ending with
the stand up of the squadron at the 12th Flying
Training Wing in January 1996.

Director of Staff

In March 1995. the Air Force Chief of Staff approved
establishing a Director of Staff position at each of the
major command headquarters. HQ AETC alread\ had
a Director of Executive Services, which the com-
mander chose to rename as the Director ol Stall,
effective I April 1995.

TRAINING
FLYING TRAINING

Joint Pilot Training

On 15 April 19^3. Secretary of Defense Les Aspin
announced his decision that all ser\ices would
consolidate fixed-wing aircraft training, beginning
w iih the .Air Force and Navy. The changes took years
to miplement. and it was not until 27 January 1995

296

1995

AF.TC l)iicn>

conducted F-I5E
crc« lr:iiniii^ alter
^aiiiinji l.ukc \FB
in 1993. rrainin<>
t'ctiiiiH'd III \( ( in
1995.

that the Air Force graduated its lii si Joint Specialized
Undergraduate Pilot Training class, which included
two Na\ \ ot't'icers. at Reese AFB.

Joint Navigator Training

Immediately after the 19^3 decision to consolidate
pilot training, the Air Force and Navy began to study
the possibility of training their navigators in a
common course. On 1 October 199.^. all .Air Force
and Navy students entered na\ igator training at NA.S
Pensacola and followed a common syllabus.

F-15E Training

The last (i|ieralional F-l.^E training class at Luke
graduated on 2.^ February 1995. Less than a month
later, on 21 March, the final F-15E departed for
Seymour Johnson AFB. transferring the F-15E
training program to Air Combat Command.

J PATS

On 22 June 1995. the Secretary of the .Mr Force
announced the selection of Beech Aircraft
Corporation to tlevelop and deliver the Joint Primary
Aircraft Traimng System. The Air Force would
receive .^72 ot the new trainers and the Navy 339.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Fire Protection Training

Cjoodlcllovv .'\FB dedicated its new. $44 million tire
training complex on 19 January 1995. The facility
housed all classrooms, instructor offices, and vehicle
and trainer maintenance facilities, providing DOD
with mission ready, nationally certified graduates.
The 17th Training Wing graduated its first class of
fire protection apprentices using the mission ready
technician approach on 31 March 1995.

FTD Drawdown on Hold

On 2ft January 1995. at the request of the DoD
Inspector Cieneial. AHTC put the field training
detachment drawdt)vvn on hold. The command

developed a new FTD regionalization concept to
which the M.AJCOM comniamlers agreed.

Air Base Ground Defense

Lackland's Security Police .Academy conducted .\ir
Base Ground Defense training at Camp Bullis from
1966 to 1985. at which time the USAF and .Ariin
agreed the latter service would conduct ground
training jointly. The .Air I'orce regained the ABGD
training mission after the ,Arm_\ retired the former
school at Fort Dix. New Jersev. The first Air Force
students started at Lackland/Cam|i Bullis in .August
1995. and the final class completed their training at
Fort Dix in October.

MILITARY TRAINING

Recruiter Manning

Cieneial \ iccellio aulhorized SO additii>nal manpower
slots and S2.5 million to pay for advertising in order
to help APRS meet recruiting goals. Between July
and December 1995. these additional recruiters filled
critical \acancies in the areas of health professional
recruiting aiul Officer Training School.

Retirees as Recruiters

APRS started an iniiiaine using retirees in October
1995 to su|iplemeni active-duty recruiters. These
"Retirees as Recruiters" volunteered in recruiting
offices and assisted recruiters in getting the message
out in their local communities.

BMT Attrition

in FY95 the rate of attrition of BMT recruits reached
10 percent, up from an average of 7 percent from
PYS5 to F\'92. Medical disqualifications accounted
for 70 percent of those eliminaled. Physicians more
quickly eliminated trainees with potentially chronic
illnesses, such as asthma, which had been the
principle medical cause for return from Operation
Desert Stornt deploymenl.

191

1995

EDUCATION

First Interservice CCAF Graduates

On 18 April 1995. the Community College of the Air
Force graduated its first Army. Navy, and Marine
Corps students. In September, however. Congress
restricted eligibility to Air Force members only.
However, those students from other services who
were currently enrolled in CCAF could complete
their degree programs.

Foreign Job Exchange

On 1 July 1995. SMSgt Christopher Bryans departed
the U.S. to serve as the first enlisted member in
USAF history to participate in a formal job exchange
with a foreign country. He served as an instructor at a
German NCO schooi. CMSgt Peter Bothstede. from
the German Air Force, performed similar duties at the
Air Force Senior NCO Academy.

TOPCA T Program

In April 1995 AETC kicked off the TOPCAT
Program to create a "below-the-zone" type of
promotion system for the command's superstar
instructors. Brig Gen Karen S. Rankin. AETC's
Director of Technical Training, later decided to
discontinue the program because the envisioned
opportunities never materialized.

MISCELLANEOUS

BRAC Announcement

The Ba.se Realignment and Closure Commission
announced its decision to close Reese AFB in 1997.
It also recommended realigning the Kelly AFB
runway and the portion of land west of the runway to
adjoining Lackland AFB in 2001 .

PILOT PRODUCTION

Several new AETC initiatives helped the Air Force
to solve a critical shortage of pilots in the 1990s. The
end of the Cold War precipitated a military draw-
down, and the Air Force inactivated units so quickly
that the reduced force structure could not absorb
many new pilots. In 1995 AETC turned out the fewest
number of new active duty pilots the command had
graduated since 1947. Under such volatile conditions,
it came as no surprise that Air Staff planners
projected a reversal of the downward trend and called
for an increase in annual production to 1. 1 00 pilots by
FY02. Pilot retention problems exacerbated the
projected training shortfall. The robust airline
industry offered excellent employment opportunities,
and their demand for new pilots was more than
double the number reaching the end of their initial
active duty service commitment each year. High
operations tempos in support of contingency support
operations degraded pilots' quality of life, persuading
many pilots to leave for those jobs. For every three
pilots who left, only two entered the force. The
retention problem became so acute that in early FY98
the Air Staff shortened the period of time to double
pilot production by two years.

The closure of Williams AFB in 199."^ and Reese
AFB in 1997 limited AETC's capacity to increase
pilot production easily, so the command focused on
other initiatives. The command changed the emphasis
of training from rigorous evaluation to tailoring
instruction to meet student needs without lowering
st?'r\dards, and attrition rates declined from a peak of
37 e:i; in FY87 to 2.^ percent h\ F^'9(). Enhanced

Flight Screening aimed at further reducing attrition.
AETC also counted heavily on the Air Force Reserve
Command (AFRC) and the Air National Guard
(ANG) to complement its active duty instructor pilot
force. Under the innovative Instructor Pilot Associate
Program, nearly 500 Air Reserve Component
instructor pilots served at six AETC pilot training
bases. By the summer of 2001, Reserve associate
squadrons were in place to support flying training.

Because of SUPT. AETC no longer produced
universally assignable pilots and therefore had to pay
close attention to the requirements of fighter,
transport, tanker, and helicopter units. As production
increased and attrition fell, students not only faced
delays while awaiting limited SUPT spaces, but also
faced delays from one phase of training to the next.
AETC reduced the numbers of entering students to
better manage the pipeline.

To improve retention, senior Air Force leadership
reduced the number of rated positions at headquarters
staffs, to free more pilots for flying assignments. The
length of the initial active duty service commitment
for pilots increased frt)iTi 8 to 10 years, and the Air
Force increased retention bonuses.

In just four years. Air Education and Training
Command doubled the number of acti\e duty pilots it
produced. From a baseline of 523 new pilots in FY96,
the command increased production to 1 .078 graduates
in FYOO.

298

1996

The second half of the decade \\as a time of {greater stabilii\ for the \ii force and for AETC.
Modernization, recruiting, and retention replaced do\>nsi/in<; and reorjjani/alion as priniar\ concerns. Pilot
production began to expand after F> 96. «liich sa>\ the smallest niimher of officers complete Indergraduate
Pilot Training since 1947. The command continued updating Hung training programs and e<iuipiiient.
Columbus AFB became the last wing to recei>e the f-l A .laxhawk. which marked the end of \l'.l( 's
transition to Specialized I ndergraduate Pilot Fraining that began in 1992. I he Air force awarded three
contracts to McDonnell Douglas Aerospace Corporation to upgrade r-38 avionics systems.

Shown is a view of C -17 Loadmaster training at Vitus AFB.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of December IW6)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

Alabama-Maxwell: Ari/ona-l.uke: Fiorida-Tyndall:

Mississippi-Colunibus and Kceslcr: Oklahoma-Alius and
Vance: Texas-Goodlellow. Lackland. I.aui;hlin. Randolph.
Reese, and Sheppard

."Sfi.SZS (9.1 12 officers: 32.997 enlisied; 14.719 civilians)

I S69 (AT-3S. C-.S. CI 7. C-21. C-i3(). C-I4I. \--\5. F-l 6. KC-
135. MC-I.V)H. MC-I3()P. MH-5.^J. HH-60G. T-1. T-3. T-37. T-
3«.T-43.TH-.'i3A. UH-IN)

2Q9

1996

College for Enlisted

Professional Military Education.
Maxwell AFB AL

Community College of the
Air Force. Maxwell AFB AL

Ira C. Eaker College for
Professional Development.

Maxwell AFB AL

Officer Training School,
Maxwell AFB AL

Squadron Officer School,
Maxwell AFB AL

USAF Civil Air Patrol,
Maxwell AFB AL

SECOND AIR FORCE,

Keesler AFB MS: (including 4
wings, 1 independent group, and
1 independent squadron)

17th Training Wing,

Goodfellow AFB TX

37th Training Wing, Lackland
AFBTX

81st Training Wing. Keesler
AFB MS

82d Training Wing. Sheppard
AFB TX

38 1 St Training Group.
Vandenberg AFB CA

602d Training Support
Squadron. Edwards AFB CA

NINETEENTH AIR FORCE,

_^__^^^^__^^_____^^____^^___^^^__^^__^ Randolph AFB TX; (including
Two 97th Airlift Wing C-17s practice air-dropping cargo pallets at a lo wings. 1 independent group,
training range near Altus AFB, Oklahoma. ami I independent squadron)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

4 numhcrcd air force and eqinvalent units:

AIR UNIVERSITY, Maxwell AFB AL: (including
15 major subordinate units)

42d Air Base Wing, Maxwell AFB AL

Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB
AL

Air Force InsiJiutc of Technology, Wright-
Patterson AFB OH

Air Force Quality Institute, Maxwell AFB AL

Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps,
Maxwell AFB AL

Air Force Senior NCO Acadenn, Ciunicr Annex.
Maxwell AFB AL

Air University Office of Academic Support

Air War College. Maxwell AFB AL

College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and
FHucation, Maxwell AFB AL

12th Flying Training Wing,

Randolph AFB TX

14th Flying Training Wing, Columbus AFB MS

47th Flying Training Wing, Laughlin AFB TX

56th Fighter Wing, Luke AFB AZ

58th Special Operations Wmg, Kirtland AFB NM

64th Flying Training Wing, Reese AFB TX

71st Flying Training Wing, Vance AFB OK

XOth Flying Training Wing, Sheppard AFB TX

97th Air Mobility Wing, Altus AFB OK

325th Fighter Wing, Tyndall AFB FL

336th Training Ciroup, Fairchild AFB WA

619lh Training Support Squadron, Randolph AFB

IIQ AIR FORCE RECRIITINC SERVICE,

Randolph .AFB TX: (mcluduig 4 groups)

36()lh Recruiting Group. Hanscom AFB MA
367tli Recruiting Group. Robins AFB GA

.^00

1996

369th Recruiting Giiiup. Lackland AFB TX
372d Recruiting Group. Hill AFB UT

2 independent units;

59th Medical Wing. Lackland AFB TX
An Force Security Assistance Stjuadron,
Randolph AFB TX

563rd Flying Training Squadron Inactivated

As part c)l an Air iorcc and \a\s decision to
consolidate some training. AETC inacii\ated the 563
FTS at Randolph AFB on 3 June 1996. AETC
transferred its electronic warfare officer training from
Randolph to Corry Station. Florida, when the
command mcned portions of the navigator training to
NAS Pensacola.

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

General Billy J. Boles continued as the AETC
commander, and Lt Gen John C. Grilfith remained
\ ice commander.

ORGANIZATION

HEADQUARTERS

Directorate of Communications and
Information

On 20 December 1995. the Secretary of the Air Force
approsed the integration of command, control,
communications, and computers with information
management. Organizational changes within the
command began in April 1996 when the 81st
Training Wing combined its information
management flight in the mission support squadron
with the communications squadron. The merger
command wide was completed early in 1997.
Earlier. HQ AETC created its Directorate of Com-
munications and Information on 29 August 1996.

SUBORDINATE ORGANIZATIONS

Air University Office of Academic Support

On 1 October U^Ki. AI.IC actisalcd the Academic
Support Office, which consolidated all of Air
University's education support activities. This action
realigned the Air University Library (which
inactivated on the same date): the Education Services
Division from the College of Aerospace Doctrine.
Research, and Education; the Academic Instructor
School; and the International Officer School. On 2
December 1996. HQ AEI'C redesignated the office
as the Air Lhiiversity Office of Academic Support.

Pararescue and Combat Control Training
General Viccellio approved moving the PJ/CCT
school from Nineteenth Air Force lo Second Air
Force. On 1 April 1996. both schools, along with the
advanced weapons course at Nellis AFB. Nevada,
were reassigned from the 58th Special Operations
Wing to the 37th Training Wing's .342d Training
Squadron at Lackland AFB.

21st Figfiter Squadron Activated

On 8 August 1996, the Air Force activated the 2 1st
Fighter Squadre)n as a combined unit with the Taiwan
Air Force at Luke .-XFB. The .Americans pnnided
F-16 flight training and maintenance for the
Taiwanese.

Quality and Management Innovation Fligtit

In the kill ul 199.S. the An foicc Cliict ol Staff
announced it was time for the Air Force to
"operationali/e quality." To do this, he decided to
integrate manpower and qualit) functions. On
12 December 199(i. HQ USAF redesigned the AETC
Management Engineering Flight as the .AETC
Quality and Management lnno\ation Flight. The
wings had the option of creating a Manpower and
Quality Office.

1-1 A .laxhawk assiunid In (he
1 rainin" W In" at Coiunibus AIB.

I4(h I ivlnu

TRAINING
FLYING TRAINING

Specialized Undergraduate Pilot Training

The 14th ll>ing I raining Wing at Columbus AFB
received its first T-IA Jayhawk on 25 Januar_\ 1996.
the last SUPT wing to do so. This delivery marked
the end of the transition lo SUPT that began in 1992.

T-38 Avionics Upgrade Program

On 31 July I99(i. ilic .\ir I orce awarded three
contracts to McDonnell Douglas .Aerospace

301

1996

Coipt)raiii)n lor the $750 million. T-38 Avionics
Upgrade Program. The upgrades included improved
avionics systems, new aircrew training devices, and
contractor logistics support. Crucial to the SUPT
program, the upgrades would extend the service life
oftheT-38.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Student Housing

In February \W6. General Billy Boles outlined a
.S-year. $123 million initiative to replace Korean
War-era dormitories at Keesler AFB. The issue of
dorms, both perinanent party and student, received so
much attention Air Force-wide that the Air Staff
developed a Dormitory Master Plan in August 1997.
The new standard envisioned two people living in
single rooms sharing a kitchen area and a bathroom.
AETC prioritized student dorms at Keesler,
Sheppard. and Lackland, which had been neglected in
the past.

This new student dormitory at Keesler AFB was
hiiilt to the new standards adopted in the
Dormitory Master Plan.

MILITARY TRAINING

Recruiting

Ihc Air Force Recruiting Service opened its new
recruiting site at www.airl'orce.com on the World
Wide Web in February 1996. From the beginning.
AFRS got the reaction to the web page they wanted:
in October 1996, for exainple, about 22,()()() people
visited the site, producing about 1.200 leads for
recruiters nation-wide. Numbers grew diamatically
over time.

Diamondback Ridge

In /\- :ust 1996. the 737th Training Group at
Lackl i ' XFB began a month-long test of a field
trainir cise for basic trainees at "Diamondback

Ridge. . uiiated bare base located on Medina

Annex. The overnight exercise became fully
operational on \5 November 1996.

EDUCATION

Squadron Officer School Opportunities

On I January 1996. following on the heels of an
expanded class in late 1995. the USAF enacted a
policy providing active duty line officers a 100
percent opportunity to attend Squadron Officer
School (SOS) in residence. Between 15 July and
10 August 1996. Air University conducted a 4- week
SOS Total Force Prototype Course in order to
increase the opportunity for Air Force Reserve and
Air National Guard officers to complete this training.

C onipany-grade officers solve a traininj; problem
during Squadron Officer School, at Maxwell .\FB.

MISCELLANEOUS

Khobar Towers

On 25 June 1996. a terrorist attack killed 19 airmen
and wounded hundreds more at Khobar Tovsers at
King Abul Aziz Air Base, Saudi Arabia. The Air
Force responded, in part, by combing law
enforcement and security training while increasing
the trained personnel requirements for security
forces.

30:

1997

In 1997 the Air Force celebrated its golden anniversary. Secretary of the Air Ictrce Dr Shelia li. Widnall
said the ser\ice had tra>eled a great distance in the past 5(1 \ears. "from the grease board to computers, out
of the atmosphere and into space." Ho\>e\er. she noted, "tlie most impressi\e story in the de\elopmenl ol the
Air Force is the story of our people's willingness and eagerness to step up to change." Ihat change included a
new strategic vision. "Global Engagement: A \ision for the 21 si C"enlur> Air Force." «hich led to the
establishment of the Air and Space Basic Course at Maxwell AFB. In other matters, national attention
focused on the issue of women's role in the military, and gender-integrated training came under scrutiny. The
Air Force realigned all I'S-based theater airlift assets to Air .Mobilit> Command, which also assigned
responsibilitx for C-130 training to AFTC. To carr\ out this task, the command gained the 3l4lh Aiilift \N ing
at Little Rock AFB, Arkansas. Finall>. the deaths of 19 airmen in Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia
spotlighted the continued instability in the Middle Fast and led t police career
Field.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as 1)1 DcLL-nihci 1947)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

Alubama-Mawsell; Aikansas-Liulc RoL-k; Ari/oiia-l.ukc: i-londa-T\ndall;
Mississippi-Columbus and Kecslcr; Oklahoma— Alius and Vance; icxas—
Goodfeilovv. Lackland. Laughlin. Randolph, and Sheppard

5S.()66 (9.224 otficers; 33. S5.^ enlisted; I4.9,S7 civilians)

1.344 (AT-38. C-3. C-17. C-21. C-1.30. C-141. F-15. F-16. KC-135.
MC-I3()H. MC-I3()P. MH-.S3,I. HH-6()C>. T-1. T-3. T-37. T-3S. T-43. TH-.'>3A.
LIH-IN)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

4 numbered air force and equixalcnt miits:

AIR UNI\'ERSIT^'. Maxwell AFB AL; (including

14 major subordinalc units)

42d Air Base Wing. Maxwell AFB AL

Air and Space Basic Couise School. Maxwell
AFB AL

Air Command and Slalt CoIIcl-c. Maxwell AFB
AL

Air Foicc liistiiulc ol Tcchnolotiy. Wright-
Patterson AFB OH

Air Force Officer Accession antl Training
Schools. Maxwell AFB AL

Air Force Senior NCO Academy. Gunter Annex.
Maxwell AFB AL

Air University Office of Academic Support

Air War College. Maxwell AFB AL

College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and
Education, Maxwell AFB AL

College for Enlisted Professional Military
Education. Maxwell AFB AL

Community College of the Air Force. Maxwell
AFB AL

Ira C. Eaker College for Professional
Development. Maxwell AFB .AL

Squadron OlTicer School. NLixwell Al-'B AL

USAF Civil Air Patrol. Maxwell AFB AL

SECOND AIR FORCE. Kcesler AFB MS:
(including 4 wings ami I inilcpcmlenl group)

17lh Training Wing. Goodlellow AFB TX
37th Training Wing. Lackland AFB TX
8 1st Training Wing. Kcesler AFB MS
82d Training Wing. Sheppard AFB TX
381st Training Group. Vandenberg AFB CA

NINETEENTH AIR FORC E. Randolph AFB TX:

(including II wings anil I independent group)

12th Flying Training Wing. Randolph AFB TX
14th Flying Training Wing. Columbus .'\1B .\1S
47th Flying Training Wing. Laughlin AFB TX
.S6lh Fighter Wing. Luke AFB A/

30."^

1997

58th Special Operations Wing, Kirtland AFB NM
64th Flying Training Wing. Reese AFB TX
71st Flying Training Wing. Vance AFB OK
80th Flying Training Wing. Sheppard AFB TX
97th Air Mobility Wing. Altus AFB OK
314th Airlift Wing

325th Fighter Wing. Tyndall AFB FL
336th Training Group. Fairchild AFB WA

HQ AIR FORCE RECRIITING

Randolph AFB TX: (including 4 groups)

SERVICE,

360th Recruiting Group. Hanscom AFB MA
367th Recruiting Group. Robins AFB GA
369th Recruiting Group. Lackland AFB TX
372d Recruiting Group. Hill AFB UT

2 independent units:

59th Medical Wing, Lackland AFB TX
Air Force Security Assistance Squadron.
Randolph AFB TX

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

General
Llovd W. Ne>vton

On 17 March 1997. General Lloyd W. Newton
replaced General Billy J. Boles as AETC
commander. General Boles retired on 1 April. Just
before assuming command. General Newton served
as the Assistance Vice Chief of Staff at HQ US AF. Lt
Gen John C. Griffith remained vice commander.

ORGANIZATION

Two New Directorates at HQ AETC

On 1 January 1997. HQ AETC established iwo new
directorates. For the first time since 1958. and only
the second time in the command's hislor\. ihc
command had a single manager in charge of both
flying and technical training, the Directorate of
Operations. Also, the headquarters consolidated
plans, programs, and requirements under a single
organization, the Directorate of Plans and Programs.

,\n instructor pilot and civilian maintainer
complete a preflight checklist. In addition to
contract maintenance, .AETC used US.\F Reserve
instructor pilots to augment its active-duty force.

AETC Field Operating Agencies

On 1 January 1997, the AETC Air Operations
Squadron assumed tlying-related support functions
like life support, weather, and air traffic control from
the AETC Training Support Squadron (TRSS) at Hill
AFB, Utah. On 1 April, the command moved the
AETC TRSS. in name only, from Hill to Randolph to
assume the mission of the 619th TRSS. which it
inactivated on the same day. AETC also activated the
367th TRSS at Sheppard AFB on 1 April and
inactivated the detachments at Keesler AFB.
Mississippi, and Lackland AFB. Texas. In addition,
AETC inactivated the 602d Training Support
Squadron at Edwards AFB, California, on I April
and moN'ed its mission, equipment, and personnel into
the AETC Studies and Analysis Flight, redesignating
it as the AETC Studies and Analysis Squadron the
same day.

Systems Acquisition School

Effective 18 February 1497, Air Force Materiel
Command transferred its 7()th Training Squadron at
Brooks AFB, Texas, to the Air Force Institute of
Technology. HQ USAF redesignated the squadron as
the Systems Acquisition School. With its
reassignment, the school pnnided Air Force
acquisition personnel with instruction on developing
and implementing acquisition policies and processes.

Air Force Officer Accession and Training
Schools

The AU Board of Visitors met in 1995 to discuss the
AV commander's increased span of control. One
recommendation was to put Air University's
accessioning programs. Air Force Reserve Officer
Training Corps and the Officer Training School, into
one organization, which the Air Force Chief of Staff
approved 6 January 1997. AETC activated the Air

304

1997

Force OtTicer Acccsskui and rraining Schools on 14
Februiiry 1997. At the same time. AETC reassigned
AFROTC and OTS from HQ Air University to the
new school.

Air Force Quality Institute

As part ot ihc An" I'orcc C'hiel ol Stall's continued
push to "operationali/e quality."' AETC inactivated
the Air Force Quality Institute at Maxwell on .^i
March 1997. transferring its resources from Air
University to the recently redesignated .Air Force
Center of Quality and Management Innovation at
Randolph AFB.

Little Rock AFB

On I April |yM7. as part of an Air Force-wide move
that realigned all continental US-based theater airlift
assets to Air Mobility Command. AETC gained
responsibihiv for C-130 training. Along with the new
training requirement, the command acquired Little
Rock Al'H. Arkansas, and its host organization, the
314th Airlili Wint:.

( -13(ls ul the .114th Airlift NMnj; prepare to take
off from Little Rock AFB, Arkansas.

Band of the West

Effective I May 19^7. HQ USAF redesignated the
Band of the West as the Air Force Band of the West,
but left the band organizationally a part of the 37th
Training Wing at Lackland AFB. Texas.

Security Forces

As part of its response to the terrorist attack on
Khobar Tt.wers in June 1996. HQ USAF changed the
name of all Air Force security police organizations to
security forces.

Air and Space Basic School

On 12 September 1997. the Air and Space Basic
School activated at Air University under a direct
mandate frt)m the Air Force Chief of Staff. 'I'he
school we)uld conduct a new course, the Air and
Space Basic Course, for all new Air Force
lieutenants.

INSTALLATIONS

Reese AFB Closed

A casually (il the lillh round of base closure in the
post-Cold War period. Reese AFB. Texas, closed on
I October 1997. AETC inactivated its host unit, the
64th Flying Training Wing on 30 September 1997.
Reese's flying training mission was divided among
the remaining three undergraduate pilot training
bases.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Air Reserve Component Instructor Pilots

AETC needed to double pilot |iriKluclioii Irom .^2.^ in
FY96 to I lt)() a year by FY()2. On I May 1997. two
Reserve instructor pilots (IPs) assigned to the S""
Flying Training Flight at Vance AFB. Oklahoma,
became the first associate IPs to train student pilots
on a T-3.S sortie. The idea behind the ]-)rograiii was to
get help from the .An Force Reserve and Air National
Ciuard In geltuig the right nmnbcr and mix of IPs.

Suspension of T-3A Flying

AETC Commander. (Icncral l.loyd \S . Newton,
suspended all T-3A flights on 2.^ .luly 1997 and
ordered a Broad .Area Review of the Enhanced Flight
Screening Program. His decisions followed three
T-3A crashes at the Air Force Academy that killed
both the insiruclor pilot ami student in each inciilenl.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Training Consolidations

During 1997. the Interservice Training Review
Organization managers consolidated several training
courses. Al Shcppard AFB. the Basic and Advanced
Biomedical Equipment Technician training programs
consolidated, as did the Dental Assistant basic and
advanced laboratory training. The Air Force and
Marine Corps consolidateil enlisteil aircrew

.^O.*^

1997

loadmaster basic, initial, and mission qualification
training at Little Rock AFB.

MILITARY TRAINING

Gender Integrated Training

At the behest of the AETC commander, basic
military training (BMT) took one more step in
integrating training. The 737th Training Group began
to combine nights from adjacent dormitories in all
bays of the recruit housing and training facilities,
creating peer gender integrated flights. After several
high-profile scandals, integrated training became a
national issue. The DoD created a Federal Advisory
Committee on Gender-Integrated Training and
Related Issues, which came to be known as the
Kassabaum-Baker Commission, to review current
training issues. The commission recommended
against gender-integrated training. Before the
Kassabaum-Baker Commission could issue its
findings. Congress established a second commission,
known as the Blair Commission. v\ hich on 1 7 March
1999 recommended continuing cunent gender-

integrated training. The Air Force continued to train
gender-integrated BMT flights.

EDUCATION

Air Force Institute of Technology

Early in FY97, the Secretary of the Air Force decided
to close Air Force Institute of Technology (AFITl
resident graduate schools, directing that students
pursue advanced degrees only through a program that
funded Air Force officers to earn advanced degrees at
civilian institutions. The Ohio Congressional
delegation protested the plan and blocked the move
with legislation. Consequently. AFIT continued a
resident program but reduced the number of students
and staff through reorganization and downsizing.

Professional Reading Guide

The Air Force commenced a formal reading program
by implementing the CSAF Professional Reading
Program on I March 1997. Air University
incorporated the reading list into its own Air
Universin- Professional Reading Guide.

COMPETITIVE SOURCING AND PRIVATIZATION

In the 1990s, the military sought to reduce personnel
costs through competitive sourcing. The Office of
Management and Budget (OMB) Circular nuinber A-76
governed a process which determined whether a
government entity, deemed a "most efficient
organization (MEO)," or a private contractor should
pro\ ide a particular service. AETC had a long history of
contracted services, and contractors and MEOs handled
15 percent of the command's workload. Manpower
savings achieved through noncoinpetitive processes,
such as restructuring organizations or adopting more
efficient practices, complemented A-76 studies.

In 1996, the Air Staff initiated Project Jump Start to
accelerate competitive sourcing and pri\ati/ation.
Because AETC found that larger studies yielded greater
manpower savings, the command chose to focus ITS
efforts at an entire base in a process known as "Pick-a-
Base." By August 1997, AETC had identified five bases
at which to conduct Pick-a-Base studies-Maxwell,
Lackland, Keesler, Sheppard, and Randolph. Maxwell
volunteered to go first, and with the Kelly closure
scheduled for July 2001, AETC decided Lackland
should be second.

f ritical issues caused the Maxwell and Lackland

liase initiatives to lag behind their programmed

i '" both cases, appeals by the losing side

unc Mocess. After nearlv two vears of studv.

AETC announced on 27 November 2000 that an in-
house MEO had won the Maxwell support services
contract. The competing contractor appealed the
decision, but the appeals board reaffirmed the decision
to convert to an MEO. The contractor then appealed to
the Government Accounting Office, which upheld the
protest. The appeals delayed the start of work eight
months. Similarly, after Lackland's MEO team lost an
appeal of Lackland"s August 2000 decision to award the
work to a contractor, six members of the Texas
Congressional delegation asked Secretary of the Air
Force F. Whitten Peters to delay the conversion. A few
days later, the DoD Inspector General agreed to conduct
a review of the process. The workers union at Lackland
independently filed suit, and the U.S. District Court
issued a restraining order hairing the Air Force from
entering into any agreement with either an MEO or a
private company.

By the end of 2001. the Pick-a-Base effort had
significantly changed direction. The DoD Inspector
General concluded that the Air Force had not reached
supportable results. The command leadership and the
Inspector General study team concluded that although no
one had acted in bad faith, the procedures used were not
adequately co\ered in published guidance. Headquarters
AETC cancelled the Lackland study and placed the other
studies on hold, with a view to restarting them again
from the beginning of the process.

306

1998

The tempo ol Air Force operations remained hi};h after the end of the C;uH\\ar. Deployments in support
of militar> operations worldwide had strained resources and left personnel anxious as to whether lliev would
ha>e to lea>e home on short notice. I'he Air Force introduced the concept of Aerospace F\pedilionar\ Forces
to give its personnel a measure of stability and predictability. The Air Force grouped its combat and support
forces into ten Air Expeditionary Forces (AFF) and assigned Airmen to both a home unit and an AFI'.
Airmen knew they could deplo> at any time during a three-month window, but normallx did not have to
worry about deployments for the remainder of a fifteen-month cycle. This reduced the strain of deployments
on family life and unit training. In 1998 (Jeneral Flo>d Newton spoke about AFTC's role in the
implementation of the Expeditionary Air Force: "We're laying the grcuindwork: providing airmen the
knowledge, experience and skills necessary to flourish in an expeditionary environment... one that requires
Might, lean and lethal' forces poised for deployment."

— X

\ ^

- -v^^-af^^sMa^tjgj^

Aircraft designated as numbered Air Force, wing,
operations group, and flving s(|uadron commanders'
aircraft at the unit's option are called ( ommanders'
Aircraft (Flagships). Each base is authorized to
designate one flagship per authorized commander.
Bases and units with more than one mission (lesion
series assigned will select onlv one aircraft for the
wing and operations group flagships. Each flving
squadron comiiiaiider may select one aircraft for
designation as a tlagsiiip. ShovMi are llie nai;"-liip
markings for the 49lli living I raining Squadron on
an AT-38B aircraft at ( olumbus \FB. Mississippi.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

Us ol Occciiihci ivysj

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED;

Alabama-Maxwell; Arkansas-Liltle Rock: Ari/ona-Liike; Ilorida-
Tyndall: Mississippi-Coiunibus and Kcesler; Oklahoma -Alius and
Vance: Texas-Goodlelluw, Lackland. Laughlin. Kandi)lph, and
Shcppard

56.680 (9.240 officers: .^Z.-^ZO enlisted: 14.920 civilians)

1,544 (AT-.^8. C-5, C-17. C-21. C-i.M). C-Ml. K-i5, 1-16, KC-1.^5,
MC-I.WH. MC-I.3()P. MH-5.3J. HH-60C.. T-1. J-}. T-.^7. T-.18. T-43.
TH-.53A. ITl-IN)

307

1998

WARRIOR WEEK

Basic trainees negotiate a water obstacle during a Warrior Week march.

Warrior Week, the biggest change to Air Force
basic mihlary training (BMT) in over 30 years, was
designed to instill in new airmen a wanior mindset by
exposing recruits to the field encampments they
v\ould likely experience on deployments. The
program expanded gradually. Military Training
Instructors (MTIs) in 1996 created a simulated bare
base location on Lackland AFB's Medina Annex,
initially named "Diamondback Ridge." Trainees
marched to the site after completion of M- 1 6 training
and spent one night in hard-back tents. While at
Diamondback Ridge. MTIs taught self-aid and buddy
care and the code of conduct. After a month-long test,
the new field experience was fully operational by 13
November 1996. The exercise was met with such
enthusiasm that officials wanted to expand the
program.

Included in the new Warrior Week curriculum
were several items previously required during initial
certification training. By performing this training
during BMT. new airmen would arrive at their first
duty stations closer to being a mission-ready member
of the Air Force. This initial certification training
included law of armed conflict, code of conduct, self-
aid and buddy care. M-I6 training, computer and
operational securitv training, and chemical warfare
training. Other training oriented the new airmen to
deployments. This training included processing
through a mohilitv line, an Expeditionary Aerospace
Force posture briefing, field hygiene, anti-terrorism
measures, unexploded ordnance, basic field tactics
and field security, tent set up. defensive fighting
positions, and basic field communications and
notifications. Providing this training at BMT would save

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

4 numbered air force and equi\ alent units:

.*'R UNIVERSITY. Maxwell AFB AL: (including
1- -r subordinate units)

Base Wing. Maxwell AFB .\L

.Air and Space Basic Course School, Maxwell
AFB AL

Air Command and Staff College. Maxwell AFB
AL

Air Force Institute of Technology. Wright-
Patterson AFB OH

Air Force Officer Accession and Training
Schools. Maxwell AFB AL

308

1998

wings time and money. These savings allowed the
Air Force to in\est in BMT. and on 1 October
1999 the overnight tleld training experience
expanded to a full week.

Recruits spent part of Warrior Week, their fifth
week of training, in a tent encampment adjacent to
Lackland" s confidence course and the remainder
at an austere forward deployment site at Medina
Annex. The encampment facilities included 40 air-
conditioned sleeping tents, latrines and showers, a
dining facility, a cadre office, and ten academic
tents where MTIs taught much of the academic
portion of the training. Recruits trained for several
days at the main encampment. Toward the end of
the week, they received M-16 familiarization at the
shooting range. From there, they marched to the
field training exercise (FTX) area, whose
nickname changed to the Scorpion's Nest, which
simulated a forward deployment location with no
air conditioning, no running water, and no
showers. In fact, during the FTX recruits learned
how to erect tents. Warrior Week course designers
built the FTX around an actual mission defending
the base from enemy infiltration. At the end of the
exercise, recruits marched the 5 miles back to the
main encampment.

During 2000 and 2001. the 737th Training
Group continued to improve Warrior Week.
Instructors reorganized the training scenarios to
build steadily in intensity, culminating in exercises
that tested trainees in camp security, challenge and
reporting procedures, and airbase defense. Smoke
and ground burst simulators enhanced the realism
of the exercise. Instructors also included
intelligence reports, constructive debriefings. and
leadership reaction exercises to the week's
curriculum, which became increasingly important
when Airmen deployed in support of contingency
operations in the Balkans and Middle East.

Air Force Senior NCO Academy. Gunter Annex.
Maxwell AFB AL

Air University Office of Academic Support

Air War College. Maxwell AFB AL

College of Aerospace Doctrine. Research, and
Education, Maxwell AFB AL

College for Enlisted Professional Militar>
Education. Maxwell AFB AL

Community College of the Air Force. Maxwell
AFB AL

Ira C. Eaker College for Professional Develop-
ment, Maxwell AFB AL

Squadron Officer School. Maxwell AFB AL
USAF Civil Air Patrol. Maxwell AFB AL

SECOND AIR FORCE. Keesler AFB MS:
(including 4 wings and 1 independent group)

17th Training Wing. Goodfellou AFB TX
37th Training W ing. Lackland AFB TX
81st Training Wing. Keesler .-XFB MS
82d Training W ing. Sheppard .AFB TX
381st Training Group. Vandenberg AFB CA

NINETEENTH AIR FORCE. Randolph AFB TX:
(including 10 wings and 1 independent group)

12th Flying Training Wing. Randolph AFB TX
14th Flying Training Wing. Columbus .XFB MS
47th Flying Training W ing. Laughlin .AFB TX
36th Fighter Wing. Luke AFB AZ
.'SSth Special Operations Wing. Kirtland .AFB XM
71st Flying Training Wing. Vance AFB OK
80th Fl> ing Training Wing. Sheppard .AFB TX
97th Air Mobility Wing. Altus AFB OK
314th Airlift Wing. Little Rock AFB AR
32.3th Fighter Wing. Tyndall AFB FL
336th Training Group. Fairchild .AFB WA

HQ AIR FORCE RECRl ITING SERVICE.

Randolph AFB T.\: (including 4 groups)

360th Recruiting Group. Hanscom AFB MA
367th Recruiting Group. Robins .AFB G.A
369th Recruiting Group. Lackland .AFB TX
372d RecruitingGroup. Hill AFB UT

2 independent units;

59ih Medical W ing. Lackland AFB TX
Air Force Security
Randolph AFB TX

Assistance Squadron.

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

General Llo>d W. .\c\Mon continued as AETC
Commander. On 12 March 1998. Ll Gen David W.
Mcllvoy replaced Lt Gen John C. Griffith as vice
commander. General Griffith retired.

ORGANIZATION

Command Chief Master Sergeant
(Jn I November IW.S. the iiile oi cacli of the major
command's Senior Enlisted Advisor changed to
Command Chief Master Sergeant, a move designed

309

1998

to make the Air Force designation more in line with
the other services.

Activation of AFRC units

On I April 1998. HQ AFRC activated the 340th
Flying Training Group at Randolph and three
squadrons to manage the expanded reserve instructor
program within AETC. including the 96th Flying
Training Squadron at Laughlin AFB. the 97th Flying
Training Squadron at Sheppard AFB, and the lOOth
Flying Training Squadron at Randolph.

IFF Training at Randolph

On 14 May 1998, AETC activated the 435th Flying
Training Squadron to conduct Introduction to Fighter
Fundamentals training at Randolph.

TRAINING

articulate the contributions of air and space power to
a military campaign.

Master's Degrees Awarded

On 7 December 1998 the US Department of
Education approved the award of master's degrees to
graduates of the resident Air War College and Air
Command and Staff College.

Distance Learning

On 10 April 1998. approximately 150 Air Force
courses converted to a distance learning format,
which employed web-based technology to provide
greater access to training.

New Officer Training Sciiool Complex

A groundbreaking ceremony on 5 March 1998
marked the official construction start of the OTS
complex at Maxwell AFB.

FLYING TRAINING

Introductory Flight Training

In late October 1998, the US Air Force Academy
implemented the Introductory Flight Training as a
replacement for the suspended Enhanced Flight
Screening Program. AFROTC followed suit in mid-
November. In this interim program, prospective Air
Force pilots attended civilian flying schools to earn a
private pilot's license before entering SUPT.

Electronic Warfare Training at Randolph

In October 1998. the 12th Flying Training Wing
conducted its first electronic warfare officer
instructor training class as AETC began to move this
and na\ igator training back to Randolph. At the end
of Ni)\ember. the last group of Air Force officers
entered training at NAS Pensacola.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

MISCELLANEOUS

Weather-related Damage

Severe flooding delayed Hying training at Laughlin
AFB after remnants of Tropical Storm Charlie struck
Del Rio, Texas. 23-24 August 1998. The 47th
Training Wing aided the town by assisting with
rescue, relief, and support functions. On 25
September 1998, Hunicane George made landfall
near Biloxi, Mississippi, damaging several USAF
installations. Keesler AFB suffered damages
estimated at about $26 million. Heavy rainfall in the
Schertz and Universal City area caused tltwding
around Randolph AFB, Texas, on 17-18 October
1998. Base personnel provided rescue services,
volunteers for local agencies and shelters, cleanup
assistance, and transported displaced civilians to
nearby shelters.

End of EMT Training at Kirtland

Kirtlanil AFB's medical training pixigram closed uith
the last graduating emergency medical technician
class at the facility on 24 June 1998. This action
marked the transfer of pararescue training to the Joint
Special Operations Medical Training Center
paramedic courses at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

EDUCATION

Air and Space Basic Course Begins

On 6 July 1998, Air University began a 7-week test
class for the new Air and Space Basic Course. The
purpose of course was to inspire new USAF officers
to recognize their role as airmen and warriors, to
embrace USAF core values, and to be able to

An instructor and a studenl pilot wade tlnou<;h
floodwaters at Lau<;hlin AFB. Tcvas. The 47th
Fl>in<; rrainin<> Winj; experienced hca\y rain
from Tropical Storm Cliarlie.

310

1999

At the end of the 1990s, AETC found itself involved in reengineerin};, an effort 1)\ tlio entire Air I (iree to
identif> personnel sa\ings in the support commands, so that authorizations could he applied to >\artime
requirements. Though Air Force Recruiting Ser\ice missed its recruiting goal for the first time in 2(1 \ears,
se\eral inno>ations were improxing recruiter prospects—increased advertising, more bonuses, and more
recruiter authorizations. AETC finished the centurx on a high note. The command accepted its first T-6A. the
aircraft that would replace the T-37, as part of the J PA IS s\ stern.

A C-I3()J assigned to the Air Force Reserve Command's 53d Weather Reconnaissance
Squadron at Keesler AFB, Mississippi, where the unit conducted an operational test and
evaluation of the aircraft.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as ol DcLCinlx-i I^A^^i

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

Alabama-Maxwell: Arkansas-liltic Rock: Ari/ona-Luke: Florida--
Tyndall: Mississippi-Colimibus and Keesler: Oklahdma-Altus and
Vance: Texas-Cioodrcllovv. Lackland. Laughlin. Randolph, and Shcppard

.5.5,221 (8.-569 ot'tlcers: 32.229 enlisted: 14.423 civilians)

1.540 (AT-38. C-5A. C-17. C-21A. C-l.^O. C-141B. F-I.5. F-I6.
MC-1.30P. KC-I.\5. MC-13()H. MH-53J, HH-(30G, T-1 A, T-3, T-37. T-.^8.
T-43.TH-53A. UH-IN)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

4 numbered air force and equi\ alcni units:

AIR UNIVERSITY, Maxwell AFB AL: (including
15 major subordinate units)

42d Air Base Wing. Maxwell AFB AL
Aerospace Basic Course School. Maxwell AFB
AL

Air Command and Slal'f College. Maxwell AFB

Air Force Institute of Technology. Wright-
Patterson AFB OH

Air Force OITicer Accession and Training
Schools. Maxwell AFB AL

1999

£'344

US Air Force personnel assigned to the Aircraft Generation Squadron (AGS), 149th Fighter
Wing, Texas Air National Guard, secure an AlM-120 Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air
Missile (AMRAAM) onto an F-16 using a MJ-1 weapons loader at Kelly Field Annex, Lackland
AFB, Texas.

Air Force Senior NCO Academy. Guiiter Annex.
Maxwell AFB AL

Air Universily Office of Academic Support

Air War College. Maxwell AFB AL

College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and
Education. Maxwell AFB AL

College for Enlisted Protessional Military
Education. Maxwell AFB AL

Community College of the Air Force. Maxwell
AFB AL

Ira C. Eaker College for Professional Develop-
ment, Maxwell AFB AL

School of Advanced Airpower Studies. Maxwell
AFB AL

Squadron Officer School. Maxwell AFB AL

USAF Civil Air Patrol, Maxwell AFB AL

SE(()N[) AIR FORCK. Keesler AFB
(including 4 v\ings and 1 independent group)

17th Training Wing, Goodtcllmv AFB TX
37th Training Wing. Lackland AFB TX
8 1 St Training Wing. Keesler AFB MS
82d Training Wing. Sheppard AFB TX

MS:

381st Training Group, Vandenberg AFB CA

NINETEENTH AIR FORCE, Randolph AFB TX:
(including 10 wings and I independent group)

12th Flying Training Wing. Randolph AFB TX
14th Flying Training Wing. Columbus AFB MS
47th Flying Training Wing. Laughlin AFB TX
56th Fighter Wing, Luke AFB AZ
58th Special Operations Wing. Kirtland AFB NM
71st Flying Training Wing, Vance AFB OK
80th Flying Training Wing. Sheppard AFB TX
97th Air Mobility Wing. Altus AFB OK
314th Airlift Wing. Little Rock AFB AR
325th Fighter Wing. Tyndall AFB FL
336th Training Group, Fairchild AFB WA

HQ AIR FORCE RECRIITING SERMCE.

Randolph AFB TX: (including 4 groups)

360lh Recruiting Group, Hanscom AFB MA
367th Recruiting Group, Robins AFB GA
369th Recruiting Group. Lackland AFB TX
372d Recruiting Group. Hill AFB UT

312

1999

2 independent units:

59th Medical Wing. Lackland AFB TX
Air Force Security Assistance Squadron,
Randolph AFB T\

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

General Llo\d VV. Newton coniniucd as AETC
Commander and. Lt Gen Oa\ id W. Mclivoy
remained as \ ice commander.

3f=^

'-^Q^ii

ORGANIZATION

Headquarters Changes

On 1 September 1999. HQ AETC redesignated its
AETC Quality and Management Innovation Flight as
the .AETC Manpower and Innovation Flight. This
reorganization followed the decision b\ .Air Force
Chief of Staff General Fogleman to redefine
manpower to include the quality function.

Air National Guard Units Transfer

On 1 .April 1944 .AETC gained command of the
149th Fighter Wing at Kelly AFB. Texas, and the
178th Fighter Wing at Springfield ANGB. Ohio,
from Air Combat Command. These units became
F-16 FTUs to reduce the overburdened 56th Fighter
Wing workload.

School of Advanced Airpower Studies
AETC acli\ated the School of .Advanced .Airpower
Studies on 15 September 1999 and assigned it to Air
University. It served as the Air Force graduate school
of air and space power strategists, awarding a
master's degree in airpower arts and science upon
successful completion of the program.

C-12 and C-21 Training

The 81st Training Wing at Keesler AFB. Mississippi,
lost C-12 and C-21 training. On 1 October 1999 the
C-12 training program transferred to Fort Rucker,
.Alabama, under the control of the 2.^d Flying
Training Flight, a unit that reported to the 5Sth
Special Operations Wing located at Kirlland AFB.

The C-21 training transferred to the .il4th .Airlift
Wing at Little Rock AFB.

94th Airlift Wing

The Nineteenth Air Force and AETC gained a
reserve unit, the 94th Airlift Wing stationed at
Dobbins Air Reserve Base. Georgia, on 1 October
1999. which was responsible for training C-130H
pilots.

Students learn to maintain a C -K^OIl at the 94lh
Airlift W in<i. Dohhins MB, (iforsjia.

563d Flying Training Squadron Activated

On Mi .April 19W. AhlC acli\ated the .sO.M llxing
Training Squadron to run the electronic warfare
courses that hail mined from Corr\ Station. Florida,
to Randolph AFB. The first students entered the
newly fashioned primars navigator training at
Randolph on 5 .April, while the last Air Force
students graduated from training at Corry Station on
IS.Iune 1999.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

F-16 Mishaps at Luke AFB

On 20 Se|->lcmher 1999. an f 160 crashed at Luke
AFB. marking the 5(Mh Fighter Wing's seventh Class
A mishap in FY99. In all cases, the pilots ejected
safely. Engine problems caused most of the mishaps.
The 5ftth Fighter Wing commander. Brig Gen John
Barry, grounded the vung's l-16s alter the second
mishap. Maintenance personnel discovered that
engine augmenlor ducts had failed in both cases.
They developed a new inspection procedure to
identify cracks, which was subsequenth used
throughout the Air Force. A inanufacturing defect in
turbine blades was responsible for many of the
mishaps, and General Barrv grounded the licet a
second time to allow mainlainers to upgrade the
turbine blades, which improved safely.

3L^

1999

AlC Danny Zickafoosc clears jets for takeoff at the notional Canyon AFB, a virtual runway created by a
simulator in the air traffic control schoolhouse at eesler.

C-130J Evaluation

KccsIlt's lust C-I3().ls arrived at the 53rd Weather
Reconnaissance Squadron on 17-18 February 1999,
and the operational test and evaluation process began
in the fall.

Air National Guard Instructor Pilots

ANG IPs staited Hying at Tyndall AFB on 1 October
1999 as part of a program to alleviate fighter pilot
shortages and increase major weapons system
experience in AETC\ instructor pilot force.

T-3A Grounded

On 8 October 1999. AETC announced a permanent
end to T-3A flying operations and expansion of the
Introductory Flight Training program in its place.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

New Air Traffic Controller Program

The Department of Defense and Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) initiated the Phoenix
Controller Program on 1 October 1999 to promote
Air Traffic Controller (ATC) retention and keep
experienced personnel in the Air Force. The program
allowed Air Force ATCs to move into FAA positions
after 20 years of military ser\ice.

New AFSAT Course

The Am- Force Security Assistance Training Squadron
(AFSAT) was instrumental in establishing a new
course in 1999. After Hurricane Mitch devastated
much of Central America in October 1998, AFSAT
proposed a new in-countr\ mobile education team
(MET) course, "Leadership Program in Disaster
Response and Trauma System Management." The
first MET course was held in El Salvador between 30
.August and 5 September 1999. Ecuador, Nicaragua,
and the Dominican Republic also hosted the course.

314

1999

Intelligence Training

After Miming Ri\cl Joint traininsi to Ott'uti AFB,
Nebraska, in 1996 to collocate AETC language
training programs at the same base as Rivet Joint
aircraft, the command decided in 1999 to re-locate
training to Goodfellow. The operational mission ol
the Rivet Joint aircraft was to monitor foreign
military activity using electronics intelligence
monitoring and analysis equipment.

EDUCATION

Air and Space Basic Course Renamed

During a speech at the first ASBC graduation
ceremony on 20 August 1999. Air Force Chief of
Staff General Michael E. Ryan referred to the course
as the Aerospace Basic Course, and the Air Staff
approved the new name on 6 December 1999. The
program continued to inspire new officers to
understand their role as Airman.

Students take a break in front ot the lanuuam' liuildiiio
at Lackland AIB. Icvas. Sludenls fi(im omt 7(1
countries were Inimersed in American culture and
language stud> al the Knglish Language Center's
college-like campus.

Members of the .^7lh .Security Forces Squadron from Lackland ALB. Texas, deployed to ilu ^rd
Security Force Squadron al Rinas Airport in Tirana. Albania, prepare (heir e(|uipmen( ba^s to
ing in Mbania in support of Operation Mlied Lorce.

L\pedi(i(mar\

send home. rhe\ had been ser\

315

1999

MILITARY TRAINING

Warrior Week

WaniiM- Week officially began on 1 October 1999.
The new program tor basic trainees expanded the
previous field training exercise to a full week, which
now included M-16 qualification, self-aid/buddy
care, chemical warfare training. Law of Armed
Confiict training, and mobility processing. The goal
of Warrior Week was to provide airmen ready for the
challenges of the Air Expeditionary Force upon
arris al at their first operational unit.

j^9i^^i'-<^*^<^,-^~':^ 'jff^.

Basic Trainees prepare for the Expeditionary Air
Force during Warrior Week at Lackland AFB.

Recruiting Goal Unmet

For the first time in 20 years, the Air Force in FY99
failed to meet its goal of non-prior service recruits.
Although AFRS set records for the highest number of
non-prior service recruits since FY92, the Air Force
had increased the requirement by 14 percent from the
initial FY98 soal.

MISCELLANEOUS

Environmental Issues

In ilic niid-199()s. AHTC ci)nverted most of its small
arms ranges from an outdoor to an indoor or trap
design, inadvertently creating a potential health risk
caused by airborne lead dust. AETC established a
tiger team comprised of security forces, civil
engineering, and bioenvironmental personnel, which
recommended the substitution of commercially
available lead-free ammunition, a plan the HQ LISAF
Munitions Safety Board approved in 1999. Solving
the range problem showed HQ AETC the value of
having a cross-functional environmental, safety, and
occupational health committee. The approach
a.: '-^ command to progress beyond merely

reaL nvironmental problems to adopting

mea,'~' -vely to avoid or minimize violations

■'fenv: ■^uiations in the first place.

RECRUITING SHORTFALL

For the first time in 20 years, the Air Force failed
to meet its goal of non-prior service recruits. The
booming economy of the late 1990s produced record-
low unemployment, which meant the military
competed with abundant civilian sector opportunities
for high school graduates. Furthermore, the
percentage of graduates going on to college had
increased from ."i.^ percent in 1983 to 6.'i percent by
1999, and financial assistance for college students
approached the level of educational benefits the
military offered. Despite the difficult recruiting
environment, moreover, the Air Force raised its mid-
year goal for new recruits from 30.000 to 31.300, and
in September 1998, increased the FY99 goal by
another 2,800 recruits. Therefore, though AFRS set
records for the highest number of non-prior service
recruits since FY92. the Air Force fell 5 percent short
of the increased goal for FY99.

The Air Force spent more on advertising and
increased recruiter manning levels to make up the
shortfall. AFRS's advertising budget Jumped from
$16.6 million in FY98 to $74 million in FY99.
mainly to pay for commercial television advertising.
Previously, the service had relied on a public service
advertising program, which provided about $22
million of free aiilime in 1998. In addition, the Air
Force started new marketing incentives. The WEAR
program (We Are All Recruiters) sponsored active
duty members to address high school students and
community groups. Over the next two years,
recruiters also relied on the Air Force Experience,
Recruiting Outreach Vehicles, kiosks, and advertising
at National Association of Stock Car Racing
(NASCAR) events to attract recruits. Recruiting
Service supplied its front-line team with new displays
and upgraded office furniture that retlected favorably
on the Air Force. The new recruiting slogan "No One
Comes Close" replaced "Aim High," and the Air
Force began a new recruiting advertisement
campaign themed: "Cross into the Blue."

Recruiter maiuiing in FY98 was 20 percent below
authorized levels, despite several mid-1990s
initiatives to provide cell phones, lap top computers,
and a centralized database: improve recruiters'
quality of life: and reopen the career field to E-4s.
The Air Force allowed volunteers from career fields
that also faced manpower challenges, especially
security forces, to become recruiters. In early 2000,
the Air Force added S.SO new recruiters under the
"Plus-Up" program. These initiatives allowed AFRS
to cope with new recruiting challenges.

.116

2000

As the century ended, AETC continued to face challenges of modernization. Keen^ineerinj> efforts
continued, and labor unrest marred the success of outsourcing at Vance AFB. The year 200(( brought
closure to the troubled T-3 saga. AETC inactivated the .^d EKing Training Squadron at Hondo Municipal
Airport. Texas, where the command had conducted the Enhanced Elight Screening Program, and retired
the Eirefly. On the technical training side, the command implemented measures t(» increase production in
Pararescue. Combat Control, and Survival. Evasion. Resistance, and Escape career fields. \>hile planning a
curriculum for a new career field, the Combat Rescue Officer.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(asol 31 Dcccnihci :()()(! I

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS: 13

Alabama--Muxv\ell; Arkansas--Litlle Rock;
Arizona-Luke: Florida-Tyndall: Mississippi--
Columbus and Keesler: Oklahoma— Alius ami
Vance: Texas— Goodfellovv. Lackland.

Laughlin, Randolph, and Sheppard

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:

.S4.S67 (8.394 officers: 31.S.^y enlisted: 14.614
ci\ iliansl

AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

1.571 (AT-3,S. C-5. C-17. C-21. C-I.^OL.
C-141. F-15. F-16. KC-I3.5R. MC-130H.
HC/MC-i3()P, MH03J. HH-6()G. T-l. T-3.
T-37. T-38. T-43. TH-.S3A. UH-IN)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

4 luinibered air force aiul eqiiiv.iienl units:

AIR UNIVERSIT'S. Maxwell AlB AL;
(including l.'i major sLibortiinate units)

42d Air Base Wing. Maxwell AlB AL
Acatlemic Instructor School. Maxwell AlB
AL

Air Comniaiul and Stall College. Maxwell

AFB AL

Air Force Institute tor Advanced Distributed ^^"^^ "-aining as the enlisted pararescue speciali.v. with

additional training in the leadership and manageiiunl iil
combat search and rescue missions.

I he new ( ombal Rescue Olficer career field re(|iiire(l ihe

Learning. Maxwell AFB AL

Air Force Institute of Technology. Wright-
Patterson AFB OH

Air Force Officer Accession aiul Training
Schools. Maxwell AFB AL

Air University Library. Maxwell AFB AL

Air War College. Maxwell AFB AL

College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and
Fducation. Maxwell AFB AL

College for Enlisted Prolessional Military
Education. Maxwell AFB AL

Community College of the Air Force. Maxwell
AFB AL

Ira C. Eakcr College for Prolessional Develop-
ment. Maxwell AFB AL

317

2000

Schoiil of Advanced Airpower Studies. Maxwell
AFB AL

Squadron Officer College, Maxwell AFB AL
USAF Civil Air Patrol, Maxwell AFB AL

SECOND AIR FORCE. Keesler AFB MS;
(including 4 wings and I independent group)

1 7th Training Wing. Goodfellow AFB TX
37th Training Wing. Lackland AFB TX
81st Training Wing, Keesler AFB MS
82d Training Wing, Sheppard AFB TX
?Slst Training Group. Vandenberg AFB CA

NINETEENTH AIR FORCE. Randolph AFB TX:
(including 10 wings and 2 independent groups)

12th Flying Training Wing. Randolph AFB TX
14th Flying Training Wing. Columbus AFB MS
47th Flying Training Wing. Laughlin AFB TX
56th Fighter Wing. Luke AFB AZ
58th Special Operations Wing. Kirtland AFB NM
71st Flying Training Wing, Vance AFB OK
80th Flying Training Wing. Sheppard AFB TX
97th Air Mobility Wing, Altus AFB OK
314th Airlift Wing, Little Rock AFB AR
325th Fighter Wing. Tyndall AFB FL
336th Training Group. Fairchild AFB WA
479th Flying Training Group. Moody AFB GA

HQ AIR FORCE RECRUITING SERVICE,

Randolph AFB TX: (including 4 groups)

360th Recruiting Group, Hanscom AFB MA
367th Recruiting Group. Robins AFB GA
369th Recruiting Group. Lackland AFB TX
372d Recruiting'Group. Hill AFB UT

2 independent units:

59lh Medical Wing. Lackland AFB TX
Air Force Security
Randolph AFB TX

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

Assistance Squadron,

^^^^

General
Hal M. Hornburg

The 479th Flyin<; 1 rainin); Croup motto,
"Protectores Libcrtatis." translates to
Defenders of Liberty.

On 21 June 2000,
General Hal M. Hornburg assumed command of
AETC from General Lloyd W. Newton, who retired.
Upon the retirement of Lt Gen David W. Mcllvoy, Lt
Gen John D. Hopper, Jr., became the new AETC vice
commander on 20 October 2000.

ORGANIZATION

Changes at Air University

The Air Force Institute of Advanced Distributed
Learning (AFIADL) was activated on 1 February
2000 at Maxwell AFB. Gunter Annex, Alabama,
when the Extension Course Institute merged with the
Air Force Distance Learning Office. AETC activated
the Squadron Officer College at Maxwell AFB on 8
February 2000, reassigning the Aerospace Basic
Course School and Squadron Officer School from Air
University to the new college.

Entianced Flight Screening Program

On 8 April 2000, AETC inactivated the 3d Flying
Training Squadron at Hondo Municipal Airport,
Texas, where the command had conducted the
Enhanced Flight Screening Program w ith the T-3A.

479th Flying Training Group Activates

On 31 July 2000. AETC reactivated the 479th Flying
Training Group at Moody AFB. Georgia. The new
unit assumed responsibility for Introduction to
Fighter Fundamentals (IFF) and a pail of the
Specialized Undeigraduate Pilot Training missions.
Fourteen students began IFF training at Moody AFB
on 8 November 2000. the first flying training class to
be taught at the Georgia base since Air Training
Command left 25 years earlier.

557th Flying Training Squadron

The .Air Force reassigned the 557th Flying Training
Squadron, located at the US Air Force Academ> in
Colorado Springs, Colorado, from the 12th Flying
Traininii Wins: to the Acadenn on I October 2000.

318

2000

Ar-38Bs ti(tm the nL«l\-actiMilc(l 479th H>in<i I lainiiifj Group lly in tbrmation mar Moody AFB.

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Milestones

When 1st Lt Joshua Padgett completed the F-16 basic
course on 8 March 2()()(). he became the 5{).0()0th
fighter pilot to graduate from Luke AFB. Ari/'ona.
since the Arms Air Forces siarteil training there in
Juh 1041.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Combat Rescue Officer

In Oclohci :()()() llic Chid ol SlalT ol the Air l-'orce
announced the creation ol the Combat Rescue Officer
(CRO) AFSC. The training tor this specially included

T-6A Texan II

The 12th llsmg Trainmg W nig at Randolph Al'li.
Texas, received its first operational T-6A Texan II.
the Air Force's new primary trainer, on 23 May 2000.
The Air Force Operation Test and Fvaluation Center
(AFOTEC) began the air vehicle assessment phase of
the T-6A Texan II Multi-Service Operational Test
and Evaluation (MOT&E) at Randolph on 6 June
2000. This phase of the test ended 29 November
2000.

IFF Ends at Columbus

Ihe 14ih 1 l>nig Irainmg VVuig flew its last AT-3SB
sortie on 6 December 2000. bringing an end to the
IFF mission at Columbus AFB. Mississippi. The
aircraft m()\ed to the 47yth Flying Training Group at
Moody .AFB. Georgia.

A I-6A lc\an II taxis iiilii posilion
for takeoff at Randolph MB. Iixas.

319

2000

PARARESCUE, COMBAT CONTROL, AND
SURVIVAL, EVASION, RESISTANCE, AND ESCAPE TRAINING

In the 1990s and beyond, AETC struggled to meet
student production goals in several of its most
strenuous training programs, namely Pararescue (PJ),
combat control (CCT), and survival, evasion,
resistance, and escape (SERE) training. Measures to
improve career field manning implemented in the
mid-1990s, which included increased bonuses and a
promotion for graduates of PJ and CCT courses as
well as efforts to recruit students in basic training,
failed to solve the problem. In 2002 program
inanagers removed combat diver qualification and
basic military freefall training from the AFSC-
awarding curriculum and postponed them to the 5-
level training course, which reduced the pipeline from
52 to 35 weeks and reduced attrition from nearly 80
percent to 20 percent. The CCT apprentice course
would reach full capacity in 2003. Finally, in 2001 the
command planed for a new CCT schoolhouse just
outside of Pope AFB.

pipeline remained low— only 16 students received the
PJ AFSC in FY02.

In addition to modifying the training cumculum,
the command changed the PJ training locations
several times. In 1996, AETC moved the PJ
Advanced Weapons Course from Nellis AFB to
Kirtland AFB, and in 2002, the cominand returned the
Emergency Medical Technician-Paramedic course to
Kirtland. These moves reduced the student awaiting
training time as well as the stress of repeated moves
for the trainees and their families in a complicated
training pipeline that stretched over 18 months and
sent students to four temporaiy duty (TDY) locations
and required two permanent change of station moves.

Beyond the indoctrination course, many students
in both the CCT and PJ training programs experienced
a significant delay in getting into Army-sponsored

TSgt Kyle Standbro. a combat
controller liaison at Keesler AFB
in 1999, directs SrA Jesse Fleener
and a group of combat control
hopefuls during one of their twice
daily physical fitness workouts.

Similarly, AETC looked for ways to improve
course production for the PJ career field. A new
physical abilities and stamina test replaced the pass-
fail system and allowed students to overcome a
weakness in one area with a satisfactory aggregate
test score, which significantly increased the pool of
candidates. During 2002, AETC established an
optional, 2-week preparatory course to prepare
students for the rigorous, 10-week indoctrination
course. Although this change slightly reduced attrition
'.K'trination course from the historical rate of
• oinpletion of the full, 3-level awarding

training. The Air Force sent a proportional number of
instructors and students to the military free fall
schoolhouse. As more Air Force students entered the
career fields in FY02, the senice experienced a
shonfall in qualified personnel it could add to the
instructional statT. and AETC temporarily hired four
civilians during FY03. Conversely, physical
limitations at the training facility limited the number
of combat dive courses available in Key West,
Florida. As student numbers grew to meet Air Force
requirements, AETC utilized every available class
seat and scrupulously filled last-second vacancies.

32U

2000

After miles of marching and eari\iiij; a 70 puuiul
pack in tlie Texas heat. Airmen help each other
finish a march at Lackland. This 10-\veek Special
Operations course, which took place in 1998 and
included both pararcscue and combat controller
participants, started out \>ith 76 students, of which
nnl> 1 1 finished.

The SERE career field, like PJ and CCT. was
physically and mentally demanding, as students
learned survival skills, how to evade capture hy
enemy forces, escape tactics in the event of capture,
and how to resist revealing sensitive or classified
information during interrogation while a prisoner of
war. Following technical training trends across the
command, the 3.^6th Training Gnuip instructors
increasingly employed computer-based training and
simulators in the curriculum. In February 2003. a new
laboratory allowed students to participate in simulated
survival scenarios involving jungle, desert, and arctic
environments, which reduced students" time in the
field and cut TDY costs. More importantly, students
retained more of the information learned in the lab
than in a traditional classroom.

As the conunand unplemented these changes to
correct shortfalls in training production, the Chief of
Staff of the Air Force in October 2000 announced the
creation of the Combat Rescue Officer ICRO) AFSC.
The new CROs would become leaders and advocates
for both PJ and SERF personnel, which previously
had been enlisted airmen only. Operationally. CROs
would deploy as command staff members, advising
commanders on personnel recovery operations and
sometimes participating in the operations themselves.
The training for this new specialty included the same
courses PJs took, with additional training in
leadership and the management of combat search and
rescue missions, and an advanced SERE course
scheduled to begin at Fairchild in 2003. Planners
expected only 100 active iluty and fi6 guard and
reserve officers to enter ihc career field by 2007.

taking the same courses as pararescue (PJ) personnel,
with additional training in leadership and the
management of combat search anil rescue missions
(CS.AR). Prior to this time, only enlisted personnel
entered the pararescue career field, and Air Force
leaders expected the new CROs to become leaders
and advocates for both PJ and Survival. Evasion.
Resistance, and Escape (SERE) personnel. Opera-
tionally. CROs would provide an officer's presence
on battle staffs, providing advice on personnel
recovery operations and sometimes participating in
the t)perations themselves. The ad\anceil SI-RE
course lor CROs was scheduled to come on-line at
Fairchild AFB in 2003.

A competitor in Ihc pistol eompi uiinn is e\alnale(l
on accurac> durin<^ Defender ( lialleii<^e 2(1(1(1 at
Lackland AFB on October 31. 2(1(10. Defender
Challen>;e was (he annual Mr lorce-wide
competilion sponsored 1)> Vir l-orce Securi(\
Torccs. I his competilion showcased (he lalenis
and capabilities of 13 international Securilv
Forces (earns in seven phxsical fitness, base
defense, and policinj; skills e\enls o\er six da>s.

321

2000

Secretary of the Air Force F. Witten Peters observes appendix removal training in the
simulated operating room, building 1900, Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas, on 27 September
2000.

Milestones

SrA Jeanette Todd, a cardiopulmonary journeyman
assigned to the 81st Medical Operations Squadron,
became the Community College of the Air Force's
2()().()(K)th graduate on 19 October 2000 at Keesler
AFB, Mississippi.

Training Policies Consolidated

In April 2000. the Air force published an overhauled
version of API 36-2201, "Developing, Managing, and
Conducting Training." consolidating many disparate
training policies into one comprehensive publication.

EDUCATION

New Officer Training School Complex

A ribbon-cuuing cercmonv al Maxwell AI-B on 27
January 2000 marked the opening of the academic
facility and the fitness center for OTS use. These
were the first two buildings to open in the $52
million complex, which would also include a quarter-
mile track, three Basic Officer Training dormitories,
a Commissioned Officer Training dormitory, a dining
hall/activity center, and an addition to the academic
facility.

MISCELLANEOUS

Expeditionary Air Force

AETC personnel regularly deployed in support of
contingency operations in the 1990s. The USAF
maintained combat air patrols over Iraq in Operations
Northern and Southern Watch to enforce United
Nations sanctions against Saddam Hussein. Forces
deployed to the region, including Desert Fox in 1998,
during times of heightened tension. Morecner. the
Air Force deployed in support of NATO operations
in the Baltic region, including Operation Allied Force
in 1999. Terrorist attacks on the Khobar Towers in
1996 and on .American embassies in Kenya and
Tanzania in 1998, as well as against the USS Cole in
2000, culminated in the hijackings in the United
States in 2001. The already high operations tempo
would increase further as forces deployed for
Operations Enduring and Iraqi Freedom.

322

2001

The response to the terrorist strike on New York City and the Penta<;oii on 1 1 September swept ,\K I'C
into national security e\ents imniediately and precipitated a new era ol change. Imiiu(lialcl\ alter the attack,
HQ AETC acti\ated the command's Crisis Action learn, and tlfihlers and tankers Irom AtlC \>in}js
provided combat air patrols over American airspace as part of Operation NOBLE EAGLE. The crisis
affected the command in other wa>s as \\ell. Ili<;ht cancellations dela\ed recruits altemplin<; to report lo
BMT. As the nation went on a \>ar footing, the importance of training new airman became as clear as it had
in previous national emergencies. In one example, the demand for militar> working dogs to search for
explosives skyrocketed, and further change in training courses was certain to begin the following \ear.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(as of 3 1 December 2001)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS:

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:
AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

Alabama— Maxwell; Arkansas-Little Rock: Ari/ona-Luke: Florida-
Tyndall: Mississippi-Cokiiiibiis and Keesler: Oklahonia-Alius and
Vance; Texas— Goodt'ellou. l.aekland. Laughlin, Randolph, and
Sheppard

?6.003 (S.377 orCicers: 32.3')S enlisted; 15.228 civilians)

I ..S9 1 ( AT-3S. C-5. C- 1 7. C-2 1 . C- 1 30E. C- 14 1 . F- 1 5. F- 1 6. KC- 1 35R.
MC-l3nH. HC/MC-I.^OP. MH 53.1. HH-60G. T-l. T-3. T-6. T-37.
T-38, T-43, TH-53A, UH- 1 \ )

Emergency crews stand li> in .iid iliii-<i. hiilh'. .; I'n
the crash of a hijacked commercial airliner into
the Pentagon.

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

4 luiniheied air force and equi\alenl units;

AIR UNIN KRSH"\ . Maxwell AFB AL; (including
1 5 major subordinate units)

42d Air Base Wing, Maxwell \l H \l

Academic Insiruclor .School. Maxwell AFB .AL

Air Coniniand and Stall C\)llege, Maxwell ,\FB
AL

Air Force Institute for Advanced Distributed
Learning. Maxwell AFB AL

Air Force Institute of Technolog). Wright-
Patterson AFB OH

■Air Force Officer Accession aiul Iraining
Schools, Maxwell AFB AL

Air University Librar>\ Maxwell Al H Al.

Air War College. Maxwell AFB AL

College of Aerospace Doctrine. Research, and
Education. Maxwell AFB AL

College for Enlisted Professional Military
l-ducation. Maxwell AFB AL

Community College of the .Xir I orce. Maxwell
AFB AL

Ira C. Baker College lor Professional Uevelop-
ment. Maxwell AFB AL

323

2001

School of Advanced Airpower Studies. Maxwell
AFB AL

Squadron Officer College. Maxwell AFB AL
USAF Civil Air Patrol. Maxwell AFB AL

SECOND AIR FORCE, Keesler AFB MS:
(inckiding 4 wings and 1 independent group)

1 7th Training Wing, Goodfellow AFB TX
37th Training Wing. Lackland AFB TX
81st Training Wing. Keesler AFB MS
82d Training Wing. Sheppard AFB TX
381st Training Group. Vandenberg AFB CA

NINETEENTH AIR FORCE. Randolph AFB TX:
(including 10 wings and 2 independent groups)

12lh Flying Training Wing. Randolph AFB TX
14th Flying Training Wing, Columbus AFB MS
47th Flying Training Wing, Laughlin AFB TX
.S6th Fighter Wing. Luke AFB AZ
58th Special Operations Wing. Kirtland AFB NM
71st Flying Training Wing. Vance AFB OK
80th Flying Training Wing. Sheppard AFB TX
97th Air VIobility Wing. Altus AFB OK
314th Airlift Wing. LitUe Rock AFB AR
325th Fighter Wing. Tyndall AFB FL
336th Training Group. Fairchild AFB WA
479th Flying Training Group. Moody AFB GA

A 58th Special Operations \Mng TH-53.\ llics a
training mission. The TH-53 A was the first model
of the H-53 helicopter students learned to fly
before progressing to the more ad\anced MH-53J
Pave Low IIIE.

2 independent units:

59th Medical Wing. Lackland AFB TX
Air Force Security Assistance Training Squadron.
Randolph AFB TX

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

General
Donald G. Cook

General Hal M. Hornburg left AETC on
9 November 2001 to assume command of Air
Combat Command. General Donald G. Cook
assumed command of AETC on 15 December 2001.
Lt Gen John D. Hopper, Jr., the vice commander,
temporarily took over the helm of AETC from 9
November 2001 until 15 December 2001. while
General Cook awaited Senate confirmation. Maj Gen
Marvin J. Barry served as vice commander during
this period.

ORGANIZATION

Headquarters Changes

In preparation for the direct conversion to contract
support for undergraduate Hying training courseware
development, the command inactivated the AETC
Training Support Squadron on 3 January 2001. The
AETC An Operations Squadron v\as inacti\ated on
22 January 2001. The command inacti\ated the
AETC Manpower and Ininnation Flight on
26Januarv200l.

HQ AIR FORCE RECRUITING SERVICE.

Randolph ,\FB TX: (including 4 groups)

36()lh Recruiting Group, Hanscom .(^FB MA
367th Recruiting Group, Robins AFB GA
369th Recruiting Group. Lackland .-XFB TX
372d Recruiting Group. Hill AFB UT

Moody AFB

On 2 April 2001 the Air Force Reserve Connnand
activated the 39th Flying Training Squadron at
Moody AFB. Georgia, and assigned it to AETC. Its
instructor pilots would support both the IFF and
SUPT missions. AETC simultaneously reactivated
the 3d Flying Training Squadron at Moody to provide
Joint SL'PT with the command's first T-6s used for
student training. The 479th Flying Training Group at

324

2001

Moody AFB recei\c(J iis lirsi operational T-6A
Texan II on I May 2001.

944th Fighter Wing

On 1 July 2001 AETC was designated the gaining
command for the Air Reserve Component's 944th
Fighter Wing, which conducted F-16 training at Luke
AFB. .Arizona.

Jurisdiction of the Cahe/a Prieta NWR; and the
military turned over jurisdiction of an additional
8.1.000 acres in the Sand Tank Mountains, on the
northeast corner of the range, to the Department of
the Interior to form a portion of the Sonoran Desert
National Monument. The military continued to tly
through the airspace above the refuge and maintained
four ground sites for electronic equipment.

57th Airlift Squadron

On 2S July 2001 AETC inactivated the .S7th Airlift
•Squadron at Altus AFB. Oklahoma, which at that
time was the Air Force's sole source for initial
qualification and upgrade training for the C-141. An
Air Force Reser\e Command luiit wcnild assume
responsihilit\ for this mission in the future.

TH-53A Helicopters Retire

On 3 August 2001. during a commemorative event at
Kirtland AFB. New Mexico, the 58th Special
Operations Wing retired the last four TH-.'i.^A
helicopters from active ser\ ice in the Air Force.

314th Logistics Readiness Squadron (Prov)

As part of the test of the reorganization resulluig
from the Chiefs Logistics Review. AETC designated
and activated the 314th Logistics Readiness
Squadron (Provisional) on 13 August 2001.

435th Flying Training Squadron

On 1 October 2001 AETC assigned the 435th Flying
Training Squadron from the 12th Flying Training
Wing at Randolph AFB. Texas, to Moody AFB.
Georgia, to complete the 474ih Flying Training
Group.

INSTALLATIONS

Kelly AFB Closure

The 37th Irammg Wing at Lackland AFB. Texas,
assumed responsibility for Kelly field and the area
west of the runway on 1 April 2001.

FIA-22 Maintenance Facility

On 29 November 2001. Detachment 13 of the 372d
Training Squadron at Nellis AFB. Nevada, officially
opened its first F/A-22 maintenance training facility
to prepare for the introduction of the new F/A-22
aircraft into the Air Force inventory.

Barry M. Goldwater Range

The lunsdiclion of the range transferred to DOD in
2001 under the Military Lands Withdrawal Act of
1999. which renewed military use of 1.7 million
acres in the area for 25 years. The Air Force assumed
management responsibility over the eastern halt ol
the range anil tlelegated it to the 56th Fighter Wing.
The Department of the Interior, however. letamed

VI- ,

The Barry B. < .uUlwaii. i Uanm- w;i^ n ii nnlv a
premier lrainin<i lacilil\ to practice air ciimhat. hut
also the larj^esl rcmaininji. well-preserved tract of
the Sonoran Desert.

tf^'llil!!

Miiniiiiiiiiiiiinnniiiii
iiiimiiiiiini!

DiIacliMU-nl 13 |)r(iviik(l leiliiiical inainiiiiance
Irainiiij; In the T \-22 usin<^ classroom and hands-
on practical instruction. The delachnunt also
offered trainiii"; for National (Juard. Mr I orce
Kesei ve. and students eiiroule to I' A( Al .

TRAINING

FLYING TRAINING

Next Generation Navigator Training
At the Rated Summit in June 2001. HQ I'SAF
announced substantial changes were in the oiling in
the Navigator/Electronic Warfare Ottlcer career Held.
AETC began to plan for new training as the role of

325

2001

the traditional navigator changed. Each new navi-
gator, tentatively labeled an Air Warfare Officer,
would receive electronic warfare training and more
robust flight training that would promote more air
leadership and decision-making capability (the title
Combat Systems Officer later came into use). This
approach was designed to create a more versatile
crewmember as the force structure continued to
decline.

IFF Training Consolidates at Moody AFB

The transition of the 43.Sth Flying Training Squadron
from Randolph to Moody completed the plan
approved almost five years earlier to consolidate
Introduction to Fighter Fundamentals training at the
South Georgia base. AETC's first operational T-38C.
which would enhance IFF training by providing an
advanced avionics suite, arrived at Moody on 9 April
2001.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Explosive Detector Dog Teams
AETC was the executive agent within DOD for
military working dogs. Already operating at a high
tempo to meet expanding AEF requirements, after the
events of II September 2001. the demand for EDD
teams increased dramatically.

EDUCATION

NCO Leadership Conference

More than 40 junior nonconiiiiissioned officers from
thrt)ughoul the .Mr Force attended the first junior
NCO leadership conference, which was held from
17-20 July 2001 at Randolph AFB. Texas. AETC
Commander Gen Hal M. Homburg initiated the
"Torch Bearer" conference to facilitate an open
leadership forum between the attendees and the
AETC senior staff.

MISCELLANEOUS

Base Housing Privatization

In 1996. Congress passed legislation creating a five-
year experimenial program that enabled the services
to upgrade inadequate on-base family housing and to
increase the number of units if necessary by allowing
private contractors to build housing units. AETC
recei\ed approval in February 1997 to begin a
privatized housing project at Lackland AFB. and the
Lackland Military Housing Corporation won the
contract and began construction in March 1999. A
99-unit base housing development, known as Frank
Tejeda East, opened in November 2001.

AETC RESPONSE TO
TERRORIST ATTACKS

Shortly after the second hijacked aircraft struck
the World Trade Center on 1 1 September 2001, Col
John A. Neubauer. the command's Assistant Director
of Operations, activated the command's Crisis Action
Team. Within a matter of hours. AETC adopted an
elevated Force Protection Condition and imple-
mented increased security measures across the
command. On that first day, AETC also suspended
routine flying training operations, as the Federal
Aviation Administration shut down the nation's
airways to all but select military flights.

The next day. AETC dispatched medical teams
and equipment from Wilford Hall Medical Center at
Lackland AFB. Texas, and the hospital at Keesler
AFB to assist emergency workers in New York City
and Washington. D.C. Also, the 56th Fighter Wing at
Luke (F-16s). the 325th Fighter Wing at Tyndall
(F-I5s), and one of the Air National Guard units
aligned with AETC-the 162th Fighter Wing at
Tucson. Arizona (F-16s)-flew combat air patrols in
support of Operation Noble Eagle. The 97th Air
Mobility Wing at Altus provided KC-135s to fly air
refueling missions and provided aircraft to augment
the AMC fleet for worldwide missions in support of
Operation Enduring Freedom.

The cominand, which was not geared toward
operating in a heightened state of alert for long
periods of time, responded with ad hoc solutions to
solve unfamiliar problems. The command staff
augmented communications and security to create a
facility for the Crisis Action Team, and logisticians
created a Movement Control Center to expedite the
mobilization and deployment of personnel and cargo.

Throughout the crisis, training continued. Even
the wings that maintained alert aircraft for air defense
resumed their normal training mission. Turning out
newly trained personnel was essential to maintaining
the force structure to support the war against terror.
During past conflicts, when combatant commands
conducted crew training, the exigencies of war
curtailed crew training. Moving so-called "grey jet"
training to AETC allowed the combat commands to
focus on warfighting. while AETC continued to train
new personnel.

326

2002

Air Education and Training Command faced the unique challenges of the Global V\ar on I error while
continuing to prepare nc\\ airmen for dut\ and pro\iding continuing education and training throughout their
careers. In the 1990s the Air Force transitioned from a Cold War. n\ed-base. garrison force structure,
toward an Air and Space Expeditionary Force (AEF) model. Ihe concept was originall\ called the
E\peditionar> Air Force, a term that was changed to Air and Space E\peditionar> Force l)\ 2(102. Forces
from geographicall> separated units were organized into standing Air and Space Evpeditionary Forces, or
AEFs, which could deploy for contingency operations on short notice and be quickly axailable to an area
Commander in Chief for combat or humanitarian operations. Operations in the 1990s regularly called for a
smaller I SAF to deplo\ tailored forces to enforce IN sanctions against Iraq, to exert American power in
regional conflicts, and to support peacekeeping operations worldwide. The e>ents of II September 2001
accelerated the transition to an AEF model. As the command responsible for recruiting, training, and
educating airmen. AETC not onl\ reacted to the transformation of the Air Force, but also pla>ed a central
role in fostering this cultural change. Over 6,400 AETC personnel deploved in support of contingencies and
named exercises in Fiscal ^ car 2002, an increase of nearh three times compared to the previous \ear when
measured in man-days. Nearly all of this effort supported Operations Enduring Freedom. Noble Eagle,
Northern W atch, and Southern \\ atch.

ASSIGNED RESOURCES

(.IS of 3 1 December 2002)

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS: 13

Alabaiiiu--Ma\\\ell; Arkansas-I.iltle RcK'k: Ari/ona-Luke:
Florida--T\ndall; Mississippi— Ci)lumhus and Kecsler;
Oklahoma-Altus and Vance; Texas— Goodfeliow.

Lackland. Lauyhiiii. Randciiph. and Sheppard

PERSONNEL ASSIGNED:

57.033 (8.847 officers: 33.495 enlisted: 14.691 civilians)

-J*

AIRCRAFT ASSIGNED:

Airmen from the 366th Air Expeditionarx Group , -|,j ^^^ ^^ C-\1A. C-21A. C-130E. F-i5C/D. F-16r/D.

pick up and move a mobile kitchen teni to its new |^(^-.]3^r MC-130H. HC/MC- 1 30P. MH-53J. HH-6()G.

resting place at a remote base during Operation j_\^ T-6A. T-37B. T-38A. T-38C. T-43. TH-53A.

Enduring Freedom. UH-IN)

MAJOR SUBORDINATE UNITS:

4 numbered air force and equivalent unils:

AIR UNIN'ERSITV. Maxwell APR AL: (includmg
15 major subordinate units)

42d Air Base Wing. Maxwell Al'B AL
Academic Instructor School. Maxwell AFB AL
An Command and Stall College. Maxwell AFB
AL

Air Force Institute for Advanced Distributed
Learning. Maxwell AFB AL

Air Force Institute of Technology. Wright-
Patterson AFB Oil

Air Force Officer Accession and Training
Schools. Maxwell AFB AL

Air University Library, Maxwell AFB AL

Air War College. Maxwell AFB AL

College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and
Education. Maxwell AFB AL

College for Enlisted Professional Military-
Education. Maxwell AIB Al.

Community College of the Air Force. Maxwell
AFB AL

Ira C. Eaker College for Professional Develop-
ment. Maxwell AFB AL

327

2002

School of Advanced Aiipower Studies. Maxwell
AFB AL

Squadron Officer College. Maxwell AFB AL
USAF Civil Air Patrol. Maxwell AFB AL

SECOND AIR FORCE. Keesler AFB MS:
(including 4 wings and I independent group)

1 7th Training Wing, Goodfellow AFB TX
37th Training Wing. Lackland AFB TX
81st Training Wing, Keesler AFB MS
82d Training Wing. Sheppard AFB TX
38 1st Training Group. Vandenberg AFB CA

NINETEENTH AIR FORCE. Randolph AFB TX:
(including 10 wings and 2 independent groups)

12th Flying Training Wing. Randolph AFB TX
14th Flying Training Wing. Columbus AFB MS
47th Flying Training Wing. Laughlin AFB TX
."^Ath Fighter Wing. Luke AFB AZ
58th Special Operations Wing, Kirtland AFB NM
71st Flying Training Wing, Vance AFB OK
SOth Fh ing Training Wing. Sheppard AFB TX
97th Air Mobility Wing. Altus AFB OK
314th Airhft Wing, Little Rock AFB AR
32.5th Fighter Wing. Tyndall AFB FL
336th Training Group. Fairchild AFB WA
479th Flying Training Group. Moody AFB GA

IIQ AIR FORCE RECRUITING SERVICE,

Randolph AFB TX: (including 4 groups)

36()th Recruiting Group. Hanscom AFB MA
367th Recruiting Group. Robins AFB GA
369lh Recruiting Group. Lackland AFB TX
372d Recruiting" Group. Hill AFB UT

2 independent units:

5yth Medical Wing. Lackland AFB TX
Air Force Security Assistance Training
Squadron, Randolph AFB TX

COMMAND LEADERSHIP

General Donald G. Cook coiuinucd to serve as
connnander of AETC and Ll Gen .lohn D.
Hopper, Jr., continued as vice commander.

ORGANIZATION

Technical Training Division

Ihc conuiiand realigned rcspi)nsibililics for
technical training management between HQ
AETC and Second Air Force in 2002. The

headquarters Technical Training Division assumed
responsibility from Second Air Force for the
reclassification and prior service functions and the
programming of non-resident training.

Combat Wing Organization

As the AEF concept matured, lessons learned in
contingency operations led to a new wing structure
for logistics and support functions throughout the Air
Force. These changes originated in 1999 with the
Chief of Staff of the Air Force Logistics Review. The
overall objectives of the Combat Wing Organization
were to standardize the wing structure across the Air
Force, enhance expeditionary capabilities, and
enhance the way the Air Force delivered air and
space power. Specifically, the new organization
merged supply and transportation squadrons and
logistics plans into a Logistics Readiness Squadron,
assigned them to a new Mission Support Group
(which also included the former Support Groups.
Contracting Squadron, and Aerial Port Squadron).
The new structure also established a Maintenance
Group, which included all maintainers currently in
the Operations Group or Logistics Group, and created
a Logistics Readiness Officer career field, whose
members were responsible for supply, transportation,
and logistics plans.

Field Training Detachments

In January 2002 the 82d Training Wing began to
examine whether the wing's FTDs might be

Airman \ ancssa Dohos of the 58th Training Squadron at
Kirtland AFB hccamc the Air Force's first female aerial
gunner after graduating from her technical school in 2002.
As a gunner and member of a search and rescue cre\> on
the H-60 helicopter, she would perform a combat duty that
was formerly closed to women in the Air Force.

328

2002

combined with cn-located uiivrati niainienance
training Operating Locations. As a prciiniinar\ step.
HO AETC acli\ateti the 360th Training Squadron at
Sheppard. et'feetive 1 March. rehe\ing the .i62d
Training Squadron of a significant portion of its
wori<.load. This nio\e allovsed the command to
reahgn technical training operating locations at Little
Rock AFB; New River. North Carolina; and Do\er
AFB. Delaware, from the 362nd to the new squadron,
as well as the FTD at Fort Eustis. Virginia. These
nunes reduced the sciipe of operations for the 362nd
and allow ed better management tif field training.

Air and Space Redesignations

In 20(12. Air Lni\eisii_\ ledesignated the School of
Advanced Airpower Studies as the School of
Advanced .Mr and Space Studies, and the Aerospace
Basic Course School became the Air and Space Basic
Course School, in order to reflect the increasing
emphasis of the space component of the Air Force
mission.

INSTALLATIONS

Land Acquisition at Luke AFB

In 2(J02 the 56th Fighter Wing, responsible for F-16
training at Luke AFB and the nearby Barr\ M.
Goldwater Training Range, became concerned that
urban development near the base would curtail flying
training if left unchecked. In addition, the Munitions
Storage Area (MSA) stood outside of the base
compound, adding a burden to the Security Forces
Squadron. In October 2002. Senator John McCain of
Arizona shepherded a MILCON funding insert of $13
million to purchase 273 acres needed to incorporate
the MSA into the base perimeter and to acquire
additional land in order to preserve access to the
Goldwater Ranae.

Ck-neral Ddnald ( (lok at the 43d I i«;hti-r
Squadron aclisalion cirTMUnn on 25 <)ttol)er 2002
at Tvndall AFB. Florida.

TRAINING
FLYING TRAINING

T-6A

In 2002 the USAF and Navy initialed the JPATS
multi-service operational test and evaluation of the
full system at Moody AFB. completing the study at
the end of January 2003. The services concluded that
JP.ATS effectively trained students and that the
system performed well, with one exception: the
Training Integration Management System (TIMS),
designed to manage undergraduate flying training,
experienced several software problems. The 3rd
Flying Training Squadron at Moody tested the
software operationally and helped to identify
shortfalls. AETC iilannetl to implement an improved
TIMS at Moody. Randolph, l.aughlin. Columbus, and
Vance in 2003. and at Sheppard in January 2004.

T-38A

T-3«C

The dilTerenei's between the analog displavs of the
r-38.\ and the modern iiislrunK'ntalioii of the
T-38C are apparent from these photojiraphs.

T-38C

AETC introduced an essentially new advanced
trainer, the T-38C, in the bomber-flghter track of
specialized undergraduate pilot training (SUPT).
Through the T-38 Avionics Upgrade Program, the
command intended to modernize its entire fleet of
T-38s. both the -A models used in the SUPT program
and the .AT-38Bs used in the Iniroduction to Fighter
Fundamentals program. The glass cockpit upgrade
was designed to eliminate the technology gap
between the 40-year old T-38s and operational
flghters and bombers. In addition, the Propulsion
Modernization Program would extend the service life
of the engines as well as improve their performance.

FIA-22 Training

In 2002 ALIC was completing preparations for
standing up the F/A-22 FTU. The first pilot selection
board met in July 2002 and chose seven instructor
pilots with recent FTL' experience from the \'-\5 and
F-16 communities. On 25 October 2(K)2. AETC stood
up iis first F7.'\-22 squadron, reactivating the 43rd
Fighter Squadron, assigned to the 32.'Slh lighter Wing
at Tyndall AFB. The first aircraft lo be delivered to

329

2002

the 325th Fighter Wing was scheduled to arrive at
Tyndail in 2003.

Air Operations Center FTU

Air Force experience in the 10 years between
Operations Desert Storm and Enduring Freedom
proved the validity of the Air Operations Center
(AOC) concept as the nerve center for air operations.
The AOC comprised the personnel and equipment
necessary to integrate air operations, weather.
intelligence, space, and other functions to command
and control all aerospace missions throughout its
assigned region. The Air Force had made much
progress in standardizing and using AOCs. Air Force
Chief of Staff General Michael E. Ryan announced
that the AOC would he considered a weapons system.
which precipitated the creation of a separate funding
and training pipeline for the AOC. Air Combat
Command, which had been conducting ad hoc
training, and AETC discussed creating an AOC
Formal Training Unit (FTU) under AETC control. In
December 2002. however. General Hal M. Hornburg.
ACC commander, decided that the FTU would
remain in ACC.

AUH-IN assigned to the 512th Rescue Squadron.

Helicopter Training

Late in 2001. the Army announced its intention to
retire its aged UH-lHs and to replace them with the
newer TH-67. AETC's Undergraduate Helicopter
Training students had filled surplus slots at the Army
Aviation Center at Fort Rucker. AL, since the 1970s,
and so the Army's announcement precipitated a
major change in helicopter training for Air Force
pilots. After studying the issue, AETC concluded that
it preferred to convert a portion of the UH-lHs into
Huey lis and to conduct training independently of the
Army, which had implemented a new training
program that did not meet Air Force requirements.

EDUCATION

Air Command and Staff College

Starting ni Nos ember 20112. ,\n l'ni\ersiiy began to
overhaul the Air Command and Staff College
curriculum to better prepare students for career

broadening assignments and expeditionary employ-
ment. A new modular approach accommodated the
AEF rotation cycle, and the third of three modules
emphasized one of eight broad categories of air and
space power employment, depending on a student's
likely career path.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Centers of Excellence

In 2002 AETC announced a plan to realign its
technical training courses and associated resources in
order to conduct all training of a given functional
area in one location. Consequently, the Enlisted
Aircrew Undergraduate Course moved from
Sheppard to Lackland, comptroller training and
Education and Training courses relocated from
Sheppard to Keesler, the Basic Loadmaster course
moved from Sheppard to the airlift wings at Altus
and Little Rock, and the Electronic Principles course
moved from Lackland to Keesler.

MILITARY TRAINING

Recruiting

Recruiting fared well in 2002, though AFRS
continued to have difficulty recruiting hard-to-fill
specialties, such as the demanding enlisted career
fields of Combat Controller, Pararescue, and Air
Traffic Controller, as well as the perennially difficult
officer career fields of engineering, computer science,
and health professions. AFRS not only targeted these
AFSCs specifically, but also continued to advertise
Air Force opportunities to the general population. In
2002. AFRS expanded its sponsorship of the popular
National Association of Stock Car Automobile
Racing (NASCAR) events.

Lt (;en David Mcllvoy. AETC vice commander in
October 20(10, eliriibs into the Air Force-sponsored
Wood Brothers Racing #21 at C (tncord Motor
Speed\>ay. \>here Klliott Sadler <;ave him an
orientation ride. I he Air Force announced in
October 2000 that it would advertise on #21 lor
the 2001 NASCAR \\ inston Cup season.

330

2002

MILITARY PERSONNEL DATA SYSTEM CHALLENGES

The Air Force's new Military Personnel Data
System (MilPDS) became the system of record tor ail
Air Force military personnel data on 1 June 2001.
Unfortunately. MiLPDS and AETC's Technical
Training Management System (TTMS)--v\hich
allowed the command to manage the students in its
courses, program resources, and evaluate its training
programs--did not interface as well as expected. By
the end of August 2001. registrars at the schoolhouses
were weeks behind in entering student transactions
into MilPDS. and the technical training centers shifted
personnel and work schedules to try to meet the
burgeoning backlog. A Tiger Team convened in
December 2001 to review MilPDS and concluded that
while the problem would be difficult and expensive to
fix. several short-term fixes were possible. Moreover,
the team noted, all the military services were working
toward a single personnel system, the Defense
Integrated Military Human Resources System
(DIMHRS). expected to be operational in FY07. The
team therefore proposed the development of a new
data system, the Student Registration and Reconl
System (SRRS). to reduce the command's
dependence on MilPDS and the future DIMHRS.

Instead of the schoolhouses relying on a series of
interactions with MilPDS and the tlow through of
information into TTMS, SRRS would allow the
command to capture the data it needed in the
command data management system, with the flow of
information out to MilPDS. Instead of 17 system
interfaces between AETC and AFPC, there would be
one. SRRS would provide a master student record.

inckKling basic student infornialion. training and
education data, eligibility status, and training status; a
master school and course catalog that provided course
listings and schedules, course availability data,
enrollment information, and funding data: and the
ability to track students through the various pipeline
training programs. Another significant benefit would
be the accumulation of data in a single system that
AETC training managers and leadership could access
easily.

By May 2002 significant progress had been made
in resolving interface problems, and data had begun to
tlow from MilPDS to TTMS. Nevertheless, AETC
reported to the Air Staff in June 2002 that despite this
progress, the personnel data system problems were
the greatest impediment to the command's training
and education programs.

At the end of August 2002, General Hopper
approved the creation of a SRRS project team to
implement a prototype, define changes in command
processes to posture AETC for the coming DIMHRS
implementation, and dexelop a funding and imple-
mentation plan to deploy TTMS to Basic Military
Training and to Officer Training School, if
appropriate. Altogether, the command expected it
would take about five years to fully implement SRRS.
Because of the long-range implications, the prototype
was seen as a relatively inexpensive way to .see if the
command could decrease its dependence on AFPC. In
the meantime, the cominand continued to retlne the
existing command data systems and MilPDS.

MISCELLANEOUS

Force Shaping

Fiscal year 2002 marked the first increase in USAF's
end strength in lllleen years, reversing a downward
trend that began in 19X7. Nevertheless, the Air Force
began to correct two manpower problems. The
aggressive recruiting efforts in the late iy90s and a
high retention rate in 2002 resulted in the Air Force
exceeding authorized active-duty end strength. The
budget could not support the extra people in the
workforce, and so reducing the workforce size
became necessary. At the same lime, the active duty
force was unbalanced. .A high depknment tempo had
placed great demands on military members, and the
service faced unanticipated shortages of trained
personnel in many career llelds. The Air Force could
not simpl\ adil military or civilian authorizations in

order to perform new missions required in the war on
terror, and thus had to reduce manpower while
moving authorizations between career fields to
remedy the force balance problem. One of the llrst
steps taken to balance the stress measures in the
career fields was to give prioriis in recruiting for
those expressing an interest in the most stressed
AFSCs. AETC realigned 1,000 accessions in FY()2 to
the stressed career fields.

Luke AFB Removed from Superfund List
Luke was placed on the National Priorities List, olien
called the Superfund list, in 1990, and on 22 April
2002 became the first Air Force base to be removed
from the list, after satisfying the rec|iiirement to
remove pollution dating hack as far as World VN'ar II.
The command lauded the action as it worked to
resolve past issues and to preveni new pollution.

331

2002

Global War on Terror

Airmen from AETC deployed as members of Air and
Space Expeditionary Forces in support of operations
in the Global War on Terror. A total of 6,429 AETC
personnel deployed in support of contingencies and
named exercises in FY02. which represented an
increase of 62 percent over FYOl. These deploy-
ments totaled 448.796 man-days, nearly three times
the le\el of effort in FYOl. Contingencies
represented 95 percent of the total man-days, nearly
all in support of Operations Enduring Freedom,
Noble Eagle, Northern Watch, and Southern Watch.
In addition to deploying personnel, several AETC
units directly supported operations from their home
base. From Goodfellow AFB. some language in-
structors deployed to the U.S. Central Command
(USCENTCOM) Area of Responsibility (AOR). and
others translated captured documents while con-
tinuing their training responsibilities stateside. The
58th Special Operations Wing trained 126 personnel
(21 crews) in high-altitude operations and landing in
dusty conditions for missions in Afghanistan. AETC
also provided approximately a third of the medical
personnel deployed to the USCENTCOM AOR.
Finally, headquarters AETC maintained a Crisis
Action Team on heightened alert throusihout 2002.

^.V^

A security forces installation patrolman from the
455th .Mr E\peditionar> Group, mans an entry
control point at Bagram .\ir Base, Afghanistan.

' Jsi.thia Warwick (right) and SSgt Chad Smith (left), both from the 81st Medical Surgical
.ladron at Keesler .MB. prepare a s>ringe with local anesthesia while deployed with the 28th
ledival Group in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.

332

APPENDIX A

COMMANDERS

Army Air Corps Flying Training Command

(Ksiahhslk-il 23 .kiiuiaiA 194:i

Lt Gen Bartcin K. Yount 2S Jan 42

Army Air Forces Flying Training Command

(Redesitinated t(/. 15 March UM2)

Lt Gen Barton K. \ oiint.

Army Air Forces Training Command

(Rcdesiyiialcd 7 .lul\ U)43l

Lt Gen Barton K. "> oiuit - 26 Sep 45

Maj Gen James P. Hodges 27 Sep 45 - 1 2 Apr 46

Lt Gen John K. Cannon 13 Apr 46-

Air Training Command

(Redesignated I .lul\ 1446)

Lt Gen John K.Cannon - l3 0ct4S

Lt Gen Robert W. Harper 14 Oct 4<S - 30 Jtin 54

Maj Gen Glenn O. Barcus 1 Jul 54 - 25 Jul 54

Lt Gen Charles T. Myers 26 Jul 54 - 31 Jul 58

Lt Gen Frederic H. Smith. Jr 1 Aug 5S - 31 Jul 59

Lt Gen James E. Briggs I Aug 59 - 31 Jul 63

Lt Gen Robert W. Burns I Aug 63 - 10 Aug 64

Lt Gen WUIiani W, Momyer 1 1 Aug 64 - 30 Jun 66

Lt Gen San Maddux. Jr...' 1 •)"' (^(^ - ^ ' Aug 70

Lt Gen George B. Simler 1 Sep 70 - 9 Sep 72

Lt Gen William V. McBride 9 Sep 72-31 Aug 74

Lt Gen George H. McKee I Sep 74 - 28 Aug 75

General John W. Roberts 29 Aug 75 - 31 Mar 79

General Bennie I, . Davis ■ Apr 79 - 28 Jul 81

General Thomas M. Ryan. Jr 29 Jul 81 - 22 Jun 83

General Andrew P. losue 23 Jun 83 - 27 Aug 86

Lt Gen John A. Shaud -« Aug 86 - 5 Jun 88

l,t Gen Robert C. Oaks 6 Jun «8 - 24 Jun 90

Lt Gen Joseph W. Ashy 25 Jun 90 - 9 Dec 02

General Henrv Viccellio. Jr '** ^'^'^ ^2 -

Air Education and Training Command

(Redesignated 1 July 1993)

General Henrv Viccellio. Jr " ''^ ••"" ''^

General Billv J. Boles 20 Jun 95-16 Mar 47

General Llovd W. Newton ' ^ M^"- ''^"21 J"" <»"

General Hal M. Hornburg 22 Jun (M) - 9 Nov 01

Lt Gen J..hn 1). Hopper. Jr '" Nov 01-14 Dec 01

General Donald G. Cook '^ ^"'^ "' " P'''^^^"'

333

334

APPENDIX B

TRAINING PRODUCTION^

tech' field

FY LPT LNT TRNG TRNG BMT OCS/OTS AFROTC*'

1942 14.279 1.762 105.000 N/A 273.000 23.000 N/A

1943 46.832 8.422 576.000 70,000 1.400.000 47.342 N/A

1944 87.283 17,915 417.000 144.063 968.000 27,927 N/A

1945 41,062 20.088 267.000 321.004 112.533 9.755 N/A

1946 4,925 1,953 32,289 49,000 148.165 2.411 N/A

1947

369

62.704
31,220

I4.()()()
22,000

51.227
68.961

351
363

N/A

1948

701

1,472

1949

813

438

48.325

28.500

122.267

486

2.960

1950

2,100

147

82,141

42,907

112,429

276

4,395

1951

2.031

1 .574

143.541

39.938

225.240

3.029

7.031

Does not iiickidL' toieign siudcnls. except UNT. f-Y42-FY61.

Only previously rated USAF DlTieers entered traminj; troni FY47-FY4'). liyures Imin FY47-48 are aerial .>hserver
bombardment course graduates. Figure from FY49 includes graduates of both aerial obser\ er bombardment and
navigator-bombardier course courses. Figures from FY5()-S7 are UNT for USAI- personnel. See also note h.

*" Includes Hexible gunnery production for FY42-F^'4.'S. which was considered llymg rather than technical training.

Includes aviation cadets, officer candidate school, officer basic military school, officer training school, and all
indoctrination courses for new professional officers. OT.S began 15 November 1959: OCS closed I July 1963.
*" Congress aulhori/ed AFROIC in 1946. but the Inst giaduales did not enter active dut\ until l')4S.

SOIRCFS AH underiiraduate pilot Iraininc (UPT) and undergraduate navigator training (UNT) production from
AT( llisinrical Reference Papers. "Maior Changes in Undergraduate Pilot Training 19.VJ-I99()." I Dec 90; "Major
Changes in Undergraduate Naviuator Training. I94()-199()." Oct 91: and ATC and AHTC histories. Field and mobile

unimj production from ATC monouraph. Thomas A. Manning. Tlw li'orUI Is Our Cla.s.snmm: .( liricj History of
c Mr Force Field Traininii Proiiram. n.d.. and AF:TC histories. Technical training (TECH TRNG). basic mililary
training (BMT). officer candidate school (OCS) and .officer training school (OTS). and Air Force Reserve Officer
Training Corps (AFROTC) pri)duction from ATC and AliTC histories. Production figures lor 1942 are estimated.
Field Trainin" figure for FY42 is total number of students at BMT centers January-June 1942. and ligure tor FY4.3
IS total number o"i students at BMT centers July 1942-June 194.^. The length of training varied. Mobile training
beizan in July 1942. in FY43. Source: Army Air Forces Suillstical Digest: World ((«/// (Dec 45).

335

Appendix B

1952

2,718

1953

5.265

1954

4,754

195:
195:

195-

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

UPT

2,718

5.265

4,754

6,159

6.053

5.726

3.980

2.483

2.185

1,842

1.362

1,491

1.79(

2.11^

2,06(

2,838

3,256

3.483

3.846

3.525

3.495

3,173

1,954

387,523

52,468

216,040

4,899

8,244

3,471

263,531

69.801

147,660

16.261

11.259

4,480

156,230

84,061

87,065

11,589

13,717

2,564

94,559

163.464

62.305

5.636

4.234

1,889

81,357

206,594

77.411

6,923

3.782

1,756

94,109

191.153

95.439

4,360

3,495

UNT

1,954

3,471

4,480

5,360

3.367

3.203

2.564

1,889

1,756

2,465

1.268

1,177

1,03

1,08

913

845

863

891

999

1.07

1.25

1.386

TECH FIELD

TRNG TRNG BMT OCS/OTS AFROTC

143.312 96.979 165.246

147.305 107.407 149.755

137.390 111.294

111,583 200,295 1

128.344 209.773 1 1

130.893 281.191

1964

1.790

1,031

115,873

324.249

101,927

4,721

3.962

1965

2.118

1.081

104.422

376.452

94.599

3.582

4.509

1966

2,066

913

133.659

394,001

161.653

2.736

4.790

167.766 404.693

156,930 484,832 1

311.242 391,732

1970

3.846

999

262.475

325,841

92.214

5,472

4,524

1971

3.525

1 .076

163.240

247.381

105.323

4,224

4,415

1972

3.495

1.257

188.776

186.995

98.593

3,930

4,165

279,287 203.897

150.100
)2.305
77.411
)5.439
26,683
6.857
108.871
101.927
94.599
161.653
108.584
00.186
123.092
92.214
105.323
98.593
99.758

11.638

10,154

6,473

1,333

3,775

6,605

7.961

6,658

4,850

12,186

10,535

5.743

3,270

3.402

3.392

5.896

5.708

4.936

3.203

3.893

336

Appendix B

TECH FIELD

FY LPT UNT TRNG TRNG BMT OCS/OTS AFROTC

384 240.962 162.007 78.232

224.127 142,222 82,026

173.110 L'SO.287 94.723

103.146 142.194 73.715

127.316 157.416 69.360

117.584 156.421 61.786

116,570 155,848 74,653

137.663 159.301 79.047

148,883 172,134 65,800

148,608 147.677 64.171

148.180 186.248 67.636

131.583 188.159 65.189

170.533 171,342 67,708

179.361 175,363 58,554

167,039 194.108 46.740

152.797 178.389 44.098

148.971 121.277 40.841

128.718 104.048 32.133

113,506 93,310 36,841

75,641 11.929 28,063

' Includes production during the three-month transition perie.d (July-September 197e)) when the federal government
moved the start of the fiscal year from I July to I October.
^ FY87 figure includes graduates of UNT and .SUNT.

337

1974

2,275

1.384

1975

2,106

1.261

1976

1,688

1.048

1977'

1.741

523

1978

1 . 1 25

502

1979

1.081

674

1980

1,582

677

1981

1,729

749

1982

1,957

972

1983

1,904

1.019

1984

2.044

909

1985

1,934

837

1986

1,786

717

1987^

1 ,505

666

1988

1 ,603

639

1989

1.724

536

1990

1 ,694

654

1991

1 .67 1

450

1992

1,125

197

1993

869

151

2.331

3.489

1.678

3.615

723

2,550

888

2512

1,556

2.556

3.991

2.504

4,595

2.716

2.899

3.149

2,734

3.485

2.824

3.550

2,574

3.284

3,094

3.265

2.621

3.297

1,594

2.885

943

2.768

1.137

2.773

596

1.895

627

2.184

437

1.825

367

2.206

Appendix B

1994
1995
1996
1997
1998

UPT

647
538
601
7U3
908

1999

1,080

2000

1,180

2001

1,183

2002

1,256

UNT

45
119
94
214

''52
279
155
152
175

tech' field^

trng trng bmt ocs/ots afrotc

69,115

10,134

29,075

623

1 ,785

76,647

10,618

30,309

801

1.692

97,901

50,762

30,924

620

1 .522

107,898 44,135

32.005

105,780 41,667 31.524

123,049 38,510 32,961

121.709 38,003 36.542

115.146 33.902

37,981

118,892 38.059 40.143

477

1.987

2.239

2,546

3.246

3,208

TOTAL 315.242 111,754 9.415,461 9,121,435 7,603,963 305,879

1,737
2,020
1,997
2,118
2,230
2,502
220,026

Figures for FY97-()1 include USAF graduates of Airlift/Tanker/Marine and holh L'SAF and US Navy graduates of
Strike and Strike Fighter courses. Figure for FY02 includes USAF and USN graduates of Joint Electronic Warfare
Officer, Strike, and Strike Fighter courses. There were no USAF graduates of Airlift/Tanker/Marine in FY()0-()2.

Figures for FY93-95 are the production figures for Type 1, 2. 3. 5. and 6 training for USAF military . ci\ ilian. and
Reserve/Guard from the AETC command histories. Appendix Q. Figures for FY96-02 are the production figures for
ail personnel completing Type I. 2. .^. .'^. and 6 training for all personnel from the AETC command histories.
Appendix Q.

Figures for FY93-95 are the production figures for Type 4 training for USAF military . ci\ ilian. and Reserve/Guard
from the AETC command histories. Appendix Q. Figures for FY96-02 are the production figures for all personnel
completing Type 4 training from the .AETC command histories. Appendix Q.

338

APPENDIX C

TRAINING INSTALLATIONS

The Air Coips or Army Air Forces activated many of the iraining bases lisied prior to the activation of the Army
Air Forces Training Command (AAFTC) on 7 Jui> 1943. Those bases came under AAFTC control on that dale.
Abbreviations are: AB — air base; AETC — Air Education and Iraining Command; AFB — Air Force base; AFS — Air
Force station; AAB — Army air base; A.AC — Arms air ccnlcr; .•\.'\F — .■\rniy air field; ANG — Air National Guard;
ATC — Air Trainine Command.

ADAMS FIELD. Little Rock, Arkansas. Leased
then activated 13 .Aug 42. Conducted Hying training
until inacli\atcd Oct 44.

AJO AAF. .\jo. Arizona. .Activated as Ajo Field
22 Aug 41. Redesignated .\jo AAF prior to acti\ation
of .A.AFTC. Conducted Hying training until
inacti\ ated on 7 Oct 46.

training until inactivated .^0 Jun 46. Activated as
Amarillo .AFB 1 .Mar 51. Conducted technical
training until 27 .Aug 68 and basic Iraining until 1 1
Dec 6cS. Inactivated 1 Jan 69 and passed to Sheppard
AFB. Texas, until disposal action completed when it
transferred to civilian control on 16 Feb 71.

AMERICUS, GEORGIA iScc Souther Field)

ALBANY, GEORGIA iScc Turner Field)

ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO (.See also
Kirtland Field)

ALOE AAF. Victoria. Texas. Activated 27 Oct
42. Conducted Hying training until inactivated 31 Oct
45.

ALTUS AFB. Alius. Oklahoma. .Activated as
Army Air Forces Advanced Flying School. 17 Jun
42. Redesignated Altus AAF S Apr 43. Conducted
Hying training until inactivated l.'i May 4.s.
Redesignated Altus AFB. activated S Jan .'i3. and
assigned to Tactical Air Command. Reassigned to
Strategic Air Command 21 Jun 1954 and to Military
Airlift Command I Jul 6<S. Reassigned to .Air
Education aiul Training Command 1 Jul 93.

AMARILLO AFB. Amarillo. Texas. Activated
as .Amarillo .A.AF 20 .Apr 42. Conducted technical

Durin<; World War II. larye hotels were used in
several eilies lor llie housing aiul Irainiiij; of
troops. I his is the Congress Motel in ( hica<;o.
Illinois.

ANNISTON AAF Fastoboga. Alabama.
Activated 19 Oct 42. Conducted flying training until
inactivated 30 Jun 45. .Activated I Jul 49.
Conducted flying training until transferred to .Air
Materiel Command 1 .Aug 5i).

APALACHICOLA AAF Apahichicola. Florida.
Activated 21 Feb 42. Conducted Hexible gunnerv
training until transferred to Army Di\ ision Engineers
2 Feb 47.

ARCADIA, FLORIDA (See Carlstrom Field and
Dorr Field)

ARLEDGE FIELD. Si.imloid. lexas. Activated
1 Apr 41. Conducted conlracl tlMiig training until
inactivated S Sep 44.

ATLANTIC CITY CENTER. Atlantic City. New
Jersev. .Aciiv.ncd !'■) Jun 42. Conducted basic military
Iraining tor officers and enlisted ami was a
classification center until inactiv aleil 5 Jan 44.

AUGUSTA. GEORGIA (See Bush Field)

AUTAUGAVILLE FIELD Auiaugaville.

Alabama. Activated 17 Mar 41. Conducted living
Iraining iiniil inactivated 10 Dec 45.

AVENGER FIELD. Sweetwater. Texas.
Activated 30 Jul 42. Conducted contract Hying
training for Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP)
until inactivated 9 Dec 44.

AVON PARK AIRPORT Avon Park, l-lorida.
Aclivaled 4 Oct 41. Conducted contract Hying
training until inaclivaled 16 Oct 44.

AZTEC. ARIZONA tScc Datelan AAF)

339

Appendix C .

BAINBRIDGE AB. Bainbridgc. Georgia.
AclnatL'd as Bainbridge AAF 7 Aug 42. Conducted
flying training and contract tlying training until
inactivated 15 Dec 45. Redesignated Bainbridge AB
and activated II Jul 51. Conducted contract Hying
training until inactivated .^1 Mar 61.

BAKERSFIELD,

Field)

CALIFORNIA (See Minter

BALLINGER, TEXAS [Sec Bruce Field)

BARKSDALE AFB. Bossier City, Louisiana.
Activated as Barksdale Field 1 8 Nov 30 and assigned
to the Army Fourth Corps Area. Transferred to
GHQAF I Mar 35 and to Southeastern Air Corps
Training Center 15 Oct 40. First Air Corps navigator
school established I Nov 40. Transfeired to Air
Force Combat Command 6 Dec 41, Third Air Force
10 Feb 42. and then Continental Air Forces 6 Jun 45.
Transferred to Army Air Forces Training Command
I Nov 45. Conducted tlying training and was HQ
AAFTC location from 25 Feb 46 until 17 Oct 49.
Redesignated Barksdale AFB 13 Jan 48. Transferred
to Strategic Air Command 30 Sep 49.

BARTOW AB. Bartow, Florida. Conducted
medium bombardment crew training under Third Air
Force during World War II until inactivated 28 Dec
45. Activated I May 51. Conducted contract flying
training until inactivated 19 May 61.

BEALE AFB. Marysville. California. Activated

as Camp Beale I Oct 42. Declared surplus by War
Department 31 May 47. Activated 10 Feb 48 and
assigned to ATC. Redesignated Beale Bombing and
Gunnery Range 7 Oct 49. Not an active base, but
used as bombing and gunnei^ range. Activated and
transfened to Continental Air Command I Apr 51.
Redesignated Beale AFB I Dec 51. Transfened to
Stategic Air Command 1 Jul 56.

BELLEVILLE, ILLINOIS (See Scott AFB)

BENNETTSVILLE AIRPORT. Bennettsville,
South Carolina. Activated 6 Oct 41. Conducted
contract living training until inactivated 1 6 Oct 44.

BIG SPRING AAF. Big Spring, Texas. (See
Webb AFB)

BLACKLAND AAF. Waco. Texas. Activated
2 Jul 42. Conducted advanced 2-engine tlying
trainmg until 4 Feb 45. Became a suhpost of Waco
AAF until inactivated 3 1 Oct 45.

BLYTHE FIELD. BIythe. California. Activated
29 Jun 42. Conducted contract flying training until
inactivated 4 Aug 44.

BLYTHEVILLE AFB. Blytheville. Arkansas.
Activated as Blytheville AAF 10 Jun 42. Conducted
flying training until transfeiTed to Continental Air
Forces on 16 Jun 45. Redesignated Blytheville AFB
10 Jun 53.

A sunncrv student from Eiiickinsham I ickl. Ilctiida. practices air-to-air tiring with a 30-caliber machine
gun from the rear seat of an A r-6.

340

Appendix C

BOCA RATON AAF. Boca Raion. Florida.

Acli\alcd I Jiin 41

a radar school. Overseas

replaccmcnl depot established 8 Nov 43 for radar
personnel. Conducted technical training until 5 May
47. Between Sep-Nov 47 radar school moved to
Keesler. Transferred to the Corps of Engineers 1
Mar 4S.

13 May ."^'^ ami transferred from Navy t<i An Force
and assigned to ATC. Transferred to Conlinenlal Air
Command 1 .Aug 63.

BUSH FIELD. Augusta. Georgia. Activated
2.'^ .Aug 41. Conducted ct)ntract flying training until
inactivated S Sep 44.

BONHAM, TEXAS (See Jones Field)

CAMDEN. ARKANSAS iScc Hanvll 1 icld)

BRADY, TEXiAS (See Curtis Field)

BROOKS AFB. San Antonio. Texas. Activated
as Brooks AAF Ui Feh 1918. Conducted balloon and
airship training. Hying training and observation
training until transferred to Continental .Air Forces on
30 Nov 45. Redesignated Brooks AFB on 24 Jun 48.
Transferred to ATC on I Oct 59. Conducted flying
training and technical training until I Nov 61. when it
transfeiTed to Air Force Systems Command.

BRUCE FIELD. Ballinger. Te.xas. Activated
4 Oct 41. Conducted contract tlying training until
inactivated 16 Oct 44.

BRYAN AFB. Bryan. Te.xas. Aclnaied as Bryan
AAF 26 Jun 42. Conducted living training until
inactivated in Feb 47. .Activated as Brvan .AFB I Jul
51. Conducted tlying training until 12 Jun 58 and
then inactivated 1 Oct 58. Transferred to Air
Materiel Command I .Apr 60.

CAMDEN, SOUTH CAROLINA (See also
Woodward Field)

CAMPBELL AAF. Clarksville. leiinessee.
.Activated 1 Jun 42. Conducted flying training until
inactivated 31 Oct 45. Transferred to Tactical Air
Command 3 I Mar 46.

CAPE GIRARDEAU AIRPORT. Cape

(iirardcaii. Missiuin. Aclivaled 25 Dec 42.

Conducted contract I'lvmy tiauuug until inactivated
24 Mar 44.

CARLSBAD FIELD. Carlsbad. New Mexico.

.Activated 12 Oct 42. Conducted contract tlying
training and bombardier training until inactivated 30
Sep 45. Transferred to Corps of engineers 15 Jul 46.

CARLSTROM FIELD Arcadia. Florida.

.Activatctl 22 Mar 41. Conducted contract living
trainin'i until inactivated 30 Jun 45.

.\n instructor uses a mock-up instrument trainer
controls to make a point at the Instructor Pilot
Instrument School at Br>an I ieUI. I e\as.

BUCKINGHAM AAF. l-ort Myers. Florida.
Activated 5 Jul 42. C unducled flying training and
tlexihle gunnery training until inactivated 30 Sep 45.

BUCKLEY FIELD. Denver. Colorado. Activated
1 Jul 42. Conducted technical training and basic
training until 1 Jan 45 when il became a subpost ot
Lowry lield. Transferred to the Navy and
redesignated Buckley Naval Air Station.
Redesignated Buckley Air National Ciuard Base

CHANDLER. ARIZONA iS,c Higley Field)

CHANUTE AFB. Rantoul. Illinois. Activated as
Chaiiiiic field Mav 1917. Conducted tlying training
in World War I and converted to technical training in
1921. retaining that mission to the present. .Also
conducted specialized four-engine tlying training
between Sep 43 and Sep 44. Redesignated Chanute
AFB on 1 3 Jan 48. Closed I Oct 93.

CHEYENNE.

Wancii \l li)

WYOMING (See Francis E.

CHICKASHA. OKLAHOMA iSec Wilson-
Boiilils I icldi

CHICO AAF. Chico. California. .Activated 6 Jan
41. Conducted flying tiaining unlil iransfcrrcd to
Fourth Air Force 25 Apr 44.

CHILDRESS AAF. Childress. Texas. Activated
20 Jan 43. Conducted bombardier and Hying training
until inactivated 30 Nov 45.

341

Appendix C .

CIMARRON FIELD. Oklahoma City. Oklahoma.
Activated 1 Apr 41. Conducted contract Hying
training until inactivated 27 Jun 44.

CLARKSDALE FIELD, Clarksdaie, Mississippi.
Activated ."^ Jul 42. Conducted contract flying
training until inactivated 16 Oct 44.

CLEWISTON, FLORIDA (See Riddle Field)

CLOVIS AFB. Clovis, New Mexico. Activated
as Clovis AAB 25 Sep 1942 and assigned to
Contential Air Forces (which became Strategic Air
Command on 21 Mar 46). Redesignated Clovis AAF
8 Apr 43 and Clovis AFB 13 Jan 48. Transferred to
ATC from Strategic Air Command 1 Apr 50.
Conducted contract flying training. Transfened to
Tactical Air Command 23 Jul 51. Redesignated
Cannon AFB 8 Jun 57.

COCHRAN FIELD. Macon. Georgia. Activated
5 .Aug 41. Conducted contract flying training until
inactivated in Mar 45.

COFFEYVILLE AAF. Coffeyville. Kansas.
Activated 1 1 Nov 42. Conducted flying training until
transfened to Third Air Force 31 May 44.

COLEMAN AIRPORT. Coleman. Texas.
Acln alcd Oct 4 1 . Conducted contract flying training
luitil inactivated 16 Oct 44.

COLUMBUS AFB. Columbus. Mississippi.
Activated 23 Jul 41 as Columbus AAF. Conducted
flying training and contract flying training until
transferred to Air Technical Service Command on 6
Jun 45. Reassigned to Air Training Command on 23
Nov 45. Conducted flying training. Redesignated
Columbus AFB on 24 Jun 48. Conducted contract
flying training from 20 Dec 50 until transferred to
Strategic Air Command on 1 Apr 55. Reassigned to
Air Training Command on I Jul 69. Conducted
flying training until the present.

COLUMBUS, OH/0 I See Lockbournc AAF)

CONN ALLY AFB. Waco, Texas.
Connally AFB)

(See James

COOLIDGE AAF. Coolidge. Arizona. Acti\ atcd
26 Sep 41. Conducted advanced two-engine flying
training. Transferred to Air Transport Command 15
May 44. AAF Training Command continued to use
the field until 28 Aug 46.

CORAL GABLES AIRPORT. Coral (iables.
Activated 15 .Niig 40. Conducted contract
' i! traininsz until inactivated 31 Oct 44.

CORDELE MUNICIPAL AIRPORT. Cordele,
Georgia. Activated 12 Aug 40. Conducted advanced
two-engine contract flying training until inactivated
28 Dec 44. Transferred to the Corps of Engineers 30
Jan 46.

CORSICANA FIELD. Corsicana. Texas.
Activated 1 Apr 41. Conducted contract flying
training until inactivated 16 Oct 44.

COURTLAND AAF. Courtland. Alabama.
Activated 19 Oct 42. Conducted flying training until
inactivated 30 Jun 45.

CRAIG AFB. Selma. Alabama. Activated as
Craig Field 27 Aug 40 and designated as advanced
single-engine school 31 Dec 40. Conducted flying
training until inactivated 31 Dec 45 and transferred to
Air University 1 Feb 46. Transferred from Air
University as Craig AFB 1 Sep 50. Conducted flying
training until inactivated and closed 3 1 Aug 77.

CUERO MUNICIPAL AIRPORT. Cuero. Texas.
Activated 1 Apr 41. Conducted contract flying
training until inactivated 4 Aug 44.

CURTIS FIELD. Brady. Texas. Activated 15 Dec
42. Conducted contract flying training until
inactivated 30 Sep 45.

DATELAN AAF. Aztec, Arizona. Activated
15 Dec 42. Conducted flying training until
transferred as a subpost of Williams Field 1 Oct 46.

DECATUR AIRPORT. Decatur, Alabama.
Activated 5 Oct 41. Conducted contract flying
training until inactivated 28 Dec 44.

DEL RIO, TEXAS (See Laughlin AFB)

.\iicrafl mechanics work on I.-4 aircraft at
Dciitoii I t'xas. in October l')43.

DEMING AAF. Deming. New Mexico.
.•\ciivaied 15 Nov 42. Conducted bombardier
training until transferred to Second Air Force 31 Dec

44.

342

Appendix C

DENTON AIRPORT. DciiUm. Texas. Activated
10 Jiin 42. (.'ondiicteii conlracl liaison pilot training
until inacti\ated .^ Dec 43.

DENVER, COLORADO (Sec I.owiy WH and
Fort Logan hickll

DESOTO PARISH AIRPORT. .Mansfield.
Louisiana. Leased and acti\ateil .^ Jun 4fi.
Conducted tlying training milil lease canceled and
returned to ov\ ner 1 Oct 49.

DODGE CITY AAF. Dodge City. Kansas.

.Acti\atcd 11 Dec 42. Conducted Hying training until
inactivated }\ .lul 4,";.

DORR FIELD. .Arcadia. Florida. .Activated 4 Oct
41. Conducted contract Hying iraniing luitil
inactivated 16 Oct 44.

DOS PALOS AIRPORT. Dos Palos. California.
■Actuated 24 Jun 43. Conducted contract Hying
training until inactivated 28 Dec 44.

DOTHAN, ALABAMA (See Napier Field)

DOUGLAS AAF. Douglas, Arizona. Activated
2 No\ 42. Conducted Hying training until inactivated
31 Oct 45.

DOUGLAS AIRPORT Douglas. Georgia.
Activated 4 Oct 41. Conducted conlracl Hsing
trainint; until inacti\ated 2<S Dec 44.

EDWARD GARY AFB San Marcos. Texas.
Acti\ated as .San .Marcos Field \5 Dec 42.
Conducted navigator training until 30 Nov 45.
Placed in inactive status. Activated in May 46.
Conducted liaison and helicopter Hying and technical
training until 1 Mar 49 when it became an auxiliary
Held to Randolph AFB. Inactivated 31 Mar 49.
Placed on active status 15 Jan 51 and redesignated
,San Marcos AFB 1 Feb 51. Conducted Hying
training. Redesignated Gary AFB on 10 May 53.
Redesignated ifdward Gary AFB 1 Sep 55.
Coiuluclcd I'Kiiig training until inaclisaled 14 Dec
56. Transterred lo the Deparimenl ol the Aiiiiy on
1 5 Dec 56.

ELLINGTON AFB. Houston. Texas. Established
1 No\ 17 as Ellington Field. Provided bombing
instruction during World War 1. lnacti\c 1922-1940.
.Activated 17 Aug 40. Conducted advanced twin-
engine, navigator, and bombardment training until
inactivated 15 .Apr 46. Transferretl lo .Air Delense
Command 10 .Apr 47. Reassigned as Ellington .AFB
31 .Mar 49. Coiuluclcd navigator training until
iransterred lo Conlmenlal .Air Command on I Apr 5S.

EL RENO, OKLAHOMA iScc Musian- Field)

ENID FIELD. Enu

AFB).

Oklahoma. (See Vance

FALCON FIELD. .Mesa. An/ona. Activated
12 Nov 42. Conducted contract living (raining for
the Brilish until inactivated in .Aug 45.

EAGLE PASS AAF. Eagle Pass. Texas.
.Activated 30 Jun 42. Coiuluclcd Hying (raining un(il
inactivated I May 45

EAST ST LOUIS, ILLINOIS (See also Parks
.Airport)

A^W

•sr-

iR^'

^^ ^

Sfc A«t*

"^— -^ Ji

FORT BROWN Brounsville. Texas.
Transferred to ,A,AF Training Command 7 Jul 43.
Coiuluclcd flexible gunnery training until inacdvated
1 Feb 46. I'ranslerred to the Corps of l-.iigineers 25
Apr 46.

'"i^r

V ^

B-26S sil <.n a snow -covered aoron at the advanced twin-encine school at Dodce ( iiv \ M .

343

Appendix C

FORT GEORGE E. WRIGHT FIELD. Spokane,
Washington. Transferred to AAF Training

Command 14 Dec 46. Processing center for officers
pending discharge. Transferred to Strategic Air
Coniniand 16 Jul 47.

FORT LOGAN FIELD. Denver. Colorado.
Transferred to AAF and established Clerical School
#1 and Administrative Inspector's School I Jul 42.
Conducted technical training until transferred to Air

Service Command 15 Apr 44

FORT MYERS, FLORIDA (Se

AAF)

Buckiuiiham

FORT STOCKTON FIELD. Fort Stockton.
Texas. Activated 1 Jun 42. Conducted contract
flying training until inactivated 12 Mar 44.

FORT SUMNER AAF. Fort Sumner, New
Mexico. Activated 6 Jun 42. Conducted flying
training until transferred to Second Air Force 16 Aug
44.

-i,t:» t;t f t.,.j.;,t

Women .\iriorcc Service Pilots toned targets at
Eagle Pass AAF, Texas, in 1944.

FRESNO FIELD. Fresno. California. Activated
29 October 42. Conducted basic military training
until 1 Sep 43 when it inactivated and training
transferred to Buckley AAF.

GAINESVILLE AAF. Gainesville, Texas.
Activated 20 Sep 41. Conducted flying training until
inactivated 31 Oct 46. Transferred to the Corps of
Engineers 16 Au2 47.

FORT" WORTH AAF. Fort Worth, Texas.
.'Xctisatcd 30 Jun 42 as Tarrant AAF. Redesignated
Fort Worth AAF 29 Jul 42. Conducted four-engine
flying training until transferred to Second Air Force
21 Nov 4>. Redesignated Carswell AFB 29 Jan 48.

FORT WORTH, TEXAS {See Hicks Field)

FOSTER AFB. Victoria, Texas. Activated as
Foster licid 15 May 41. Conducted flying training
until inactivated 31 Oct 45. Redesignated Foster
AFB and acti\ated on 1 Sep 52. Conducted flving
training until transferred to Tactical Air Command 1
Jul 54.

GARDEN CITY AAF. Garden City, Kansas.
Activated 6 Feb 43. Conducted flying training until
transferred to Air Service Command 15 Dec 44.

GARDNER FIELD. Taft, California. Activated
2 Jun 41. Conducted contract flying training until
inactivated 28 Feb 45.

GARNER FIELD. Uvalde, Texas. Activated 4
Oct 41. Conducted contract flying training until
inactivated 30 Jun 45.

GARY AFB, San Marcos, Texas.
Gary AFB)

(See Edward

FRANCIS E. WARREN AFB. Cheyenne.
Wyoming. Activated as Fort Francis E. Warren 1 Jan
30. Transferred from the Department of Army on I
Jun 47 and assigned U) ATC. Redesignated Francis
E. Warren AFB 7 Oct 49. Conducted technical
training until transferred to Strategic Air Command I
Feb 58".

GEIGER FIELD. Spokane, Washington.
Transferred to AAF Training Command 9 May 46.
Conducted aviation engineer training until 15 May
47. Transferred to Strategic Air Command 15 Sep

47.

GENEVA, NEW YORK (Sec Sampson AFB)

FREDERICK AAF. Frederick. Oklahoma.
Activated 23 Sep 42. Conducted flying training until
inactivated 31 Oct 45. Transferred to the Coips of
Engineers 21 Sep 46.

FREEMAN AAF. Seymour. Indiana. Activated 1
Dec 42 Coiklucicd flying training and helicopter
training until inacti\ated 30 Apr 44.

GEORGE FIELD. Lawrenceville, Illinois.
Activated 10 Aug 42. Conducted two-engine flying
training until transferred to Troop Carrier Command
15 Aug 44. Placed in standby status I Sep 44

GILA BEND AAF. Gila Bend. Arizona.
Activated 22 Aug 41. Conducted flxed gunnery
training until transferred to a subpost of Williams
Field 15 Oct 46. Transferred to the Corps of
Engineers 31 Jan 47.

344

Appendix C

GLENDALE, ARIZONA iSec I hundcibial iiL-kl

#11

GOLDSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA (See also
Se\ iiioiir Jolinsdii lickl)

GOODFELLOW AFB. San Angclo. Texas.
Actnaled as the San Anyelo Air Corps Basic Flying
School 17 Aug 40. Redesignated Goodt'ellow Field
II Jun 41. Conducted Hying training until
inactivated 1 May 47. Acti\ated 1 Dec 47.
Redesignated Goodfelk)w AFB 1.^ Jan 4S.
Conducted flying training until transterred to USAF
Security Service 1 Oct 58. Reassigned to ATC I Jul
78. Conducted technical training until the present.

GOODWIN AIR FIELD. \i\ Dorado. Arkansas.
Leased and activated 15 Mar 48. Conducted flying
training until lease canceled and returned to owner 1
Oct 49^

GRAHAM AS. Mananna. Florida. .Activated as
Marianna .AAF 8 Aug 42. Conducted flying training
and contract flv ing training until transterred to Third
An Force 12 Oct 44. Redesignated as (irahani AB
and activated 27 Jan 5.V Conducted flying training
and contract fl>ing training until inactivated and
returned to ci\ ilian control on .^ I .Aug ft 1 .

GREENSBORO CENTER, (ireensboro. North
Carolina. ,\cii\alcd 1 Mar 43. Conducted basic
military training until Apr 44. Became overseas
replacement depot until transterred to AAF Personnel
Distribution Command I lul 44. TransfeiTcd from
Strategic Air Command to Air Training Command .^0
.Apr 46. Continued as an overseas replacement tlepot
until transferred to .Air Dcteiisc Command 15 -Aug
46.

GREENVILLE AFB. Greenville. Mississippi.
.Activated as Greenville .AAF 23 Jun 41. Conducted
contract Hying training until inactivated in .Mar 45.
Redesignated Greenville AFB and activated 1 Dec
50. Conducted contract flying training until mid-Oct
60 and technical training from Nov 60 until
inactivated 1 Apr 65. Base returned lo civilian
control 27 Oct 66.

GREENVILLE, TEXAS iScc Majors AAF)

GREENWOOD AAF. Greenwood. Mississippi.
Activated I Oct 42. Conducted flying training until
Transferrctl to Air Transport Command 18 Jan 45.

GRIDER FIELD Pine Blult. Arkansas.

Acinaicd I Api 4k Conducted contract flying
trainm'j until maclivaicd 16 Oct 44.

GULF COAST MILITARY ACADEMY

Gullpoil, i\Iississip|)i. .Activated as an .An I oice
installation 16 Jul 51. Headquarters. Technical
Training Air Force until unit inactivated 1 Jun 58.
Base transferred to Keesler AFB as Keeslcr Training
Annex #3. Transferred to US Navy 3 1 Dec 72.

GULFPORT AAF. Gullport. Mississippi.
Activ ated 7 Jul 42. Conducted technical training and
basic training until transferred to Third Air Force 31
Mar 44 with joint use by Technical Training
Commaiul tor marine training of Emergency Rescue
School located at Keesler. Activated 16 Jul 51.
Conducted flying training until transferred to the Air
National Guard I Feb 54.

GUNTER AFS Montgotiiery. .Alabama.
.Activated as Army Air Corps Basic Flying School 27
Aug 40. Redesignated Gunter Field 10 Feb 41.
Conducted flying training until transterred to .A.AF
School (later Air University) 13 Dec 45.
Redesignated Gunter AFS 1 Jul 73. Reassigned,
along with Air University, to ATC 15 May 78.
Reassigned to Air University when it became a
separate major command 1 Jul 83. Redesignated as
Maxwell AFB. Gunter Annex 10 .Mar 92.
Reassigned along with .Air University to AETC 1 Jul
93.

HAMPTON, VIRGIN A iSec Langlcy Fieldj

HARRELL FIELD. Camden, Arkansas.

.Aciivaicil 7 .Aug 42. Conducted contract flying
training until inactivaiei,l 15 .Apr 44.

HARLINGEN AFB. Harlingen. Texas. Activated
as Harlingen AAF 16 Jun 41. Conducted flexible
gunnery training until 1 Oct 45. Redesiganied as a
basic training center I Nov 45 and conducted basic
training until inactivated 1 Feb 46. .Activated as
Harlingen .AFB 17 Mar 52. Conducted flying
training and navigator/observer training until
inactivated I Jul 62.

HARVEY PARKS AIRPORT. Sikesion.
Missouri. .Activated l4Scp4ii. ( oiulucted conlraci
thing training: until inactivated 16 Oct 44.

HATBOX FIELD. Muskogee. Oklahoma.
Activated 16 .Sep 40. Conducted contract flying
training until inactivated 27 Jun 44.

HELENA, ARKANSAS (See also Thompson-
Robbins Field)

HEMET AIRPORT llemel. California.
Activated 14 Sep 40. L oiiducled contract flying
training until inactivated 28 Dec 44.

Appendix C

HENDRICKS FIELD. Sebring. Florida
Activated 23 Mar 42. Conducted four-engine
flying and combat crew training until
inactivated 31 Dec 45.

HEREFORD AAF. Hereford. Arizona.
Activated 2 No\ 42. Conducted flying
training until inactivated 15 May 45.
Transferred to Corps of Engineers 5 Oct 46.

HICKS FIELD. Fort Worth. Texas.
Activated 16 Aug 40. Conducted contract
flying training imtil inactivated 27 Jun 44.

HIGLEY FIELD. Chandler. Arizona. (See
Williams AFB)

A stone gate marks the entrance to administrative and school
buildings at Harvey Parks Airport near Sikcston, Missouri.

HOBBS AAF. Hobbs. New Mexico.
Activated 2 Nov 42. Conducted flying training until
inactivated 30 Oct 45.

HONDO AB. Hondo, Texas. Activated as Hondo
Army air field 4 Jul 42. Conducted navigator, flying,
and contract flying training until inactivated 31 Dec
45. Redesignated Hondo AB and activated 5 Jun 51.
Conducted contract flying training until inactivated
and returned to ci\ilian control 31 Oct 5!S.

HOUSTON, TEXAS {See Ellington AFB)

IMMOKALEE AAF. Immokalee, Florida.
Actisaled 5 Jul 42. Conducted flying training and
flexible gunnery training until inactivated 30 Sep 45.

INDEPENDENCE AAF. Independence. Kansas.
Activated 12 Oct 42. Conducted flying training until
inactivated 1 Nov 45.

JACKSON AAB. Jackson. Mississippi.
Activated 1 May 42. Conducted specialized flying
training for the Netherlands East Indies until
transferred to Thirti Air Force I Jul 44.

JACKSON AIRPORT. Jackson. Tennessee.

Activated 5 Jul 42. Conducted contract flying
training until inactivated 27 Jun 44.

JACKSON, MISSISSIPPKSee Robbins Field)

JAMES CONN ALLY AFB. Waco, Texas.
Activated as Waco AAF 16 Sep 41. Conducted
flying training until inactivated 15 Dec 45.
Redesignated Waco AFB and activated I Aug 48.
Redesignated Connally AFB 10 Jun 49.
Redesignated James Connally AFB S Jan 51.
Conducted flying training until transferred to Tactical
Air Command I Jan 66.

JEFFERSON BARRACKS. St Louis, Missouri.
Actuated 3 Sep 40. Conducted basic military
training until Nov 43. Overseas replacement depot
established 8 Nov 43. Transferred to Se\enth Service
Command 30 Apr 44.

JONES FIELD. Bonham. Texas. Activated 4 Oct
41. Conducted contract flying training until
inactivated 16 Oct 44.

KAUFMAN MUNICIPAL AIRPORT. Terrell.
Texas. .4cti\ated 12 Nov 42. Conducted contract

Basic trainees use a structure known as a
"Jacob's Ladder" as a part of physical
training at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri.

Appendix C

\'\\ my [raiiiini: unlil M) Sep 45.

KEARNS CENTER. Keaiiis. L!lah. Acti\ated
1 May 42. Conducted basic military training and
technical training until 30 Sep 43. Overseas
replacement depot established 8 Nov 43. Transt'ened
to .AAF Personnel Distribution Command I .lul 44.
Transferred from Strategic Air Command to ,\ir
Training Command 30 Apr 46. Continued as an
over.seas replacement depot until inactixaied I.S .Aug
46.

KEESLER AFB. Bilo.xi. Mississippi. Activated
12.lun 41 as Arms .\\r Corps Station No. S.
Redesignated Keesler Field 2."^ .Aug 41.
Redesignated Keesler AFB 13 Jan 4S. Conducted
technical and tl\ing training to the present.

KELLY AFB. San Antonio. Texas. Activated as
Camp Kelly 7 Ma> 1917. Redesignated Kelly Field
30 Jul 1917. Ciinducted Air Service mechanics
training and pursuit, bomber, and observation flsing
training until transferred to Air Service Command 1 1
Mar 4.i Redesignated Kelly AFB 29 Jan 48.

KING CITY, CALIFORNIA iSce also Palo Alio
■Airport)

KINGMAN AAF Kingman. .Arizona. Activated
16 Jan 43. Conducted n\ing training until
inactivated I Aug 45.

KINSTON AIR FIELD. Kmsion, North Carolina.
(Sec SialluiL's ABi

.\ retreat ccremonN takes place outsidi' ilu' Pine
Needles lldlel at nollwond. North ( aroliiia. the
.\AF 1'echiiical I raininj; ((iinniaiid lKa(l(|uarters.

Indoctrination Division. .Air Training Command.
1 6 Oct 46: Lackland AB. II Jul 47; and Lackland
AFB. 13 Jan 48. Conducted basic military training
for both officer and enlisted personnel, as well as.
technical training--a mission that continues to the
present.

LAFAYETTE AIRPORT, l.atayetie. Louisiana.
.Activated .5 Jul 42. Conducted contract living
training until inactivated 24 Mar 44.

LA JUNTA AAF. la Junia. Colorado. Activated

2 Nov 42. C Onducied flvuig liaining until inactivated
30 Jul 4.^.

KIRTLAND AFB. Albuquerque. New Mexico.
.Activated as Albuquerque AAF 8 Mar 41.
Transferred to Army Air Forces Flying Training
Command 6 Dec 41. Redesignated Kirtland Field 24
Feb 42. Conducted flying and bombardier training
until transferred to Second Air Force I Mar 45.
Redesignated Kirtland AFB 13 Jan 48.

KNOLLWOOD FIELD. Knollvvood. North
Carolina. Iraiisferrcd in .Amiv Air Forces Technical
Training Command on 10 Mar 42. Housed
Headquarters. Technical Training Command until
iransterred to Air Technical Service Command
10 Aue43.

LAKELAND MUNICIPAL AIRPORT.

l.akelaml. Florida. .Activaieil 14 Sep 40. Conducted
conlract living training until in.ictivaied I Oct 4.S.

LAMESA AIRPORT. Lamesa. Texas. Acti\ated

10 Jun 42. Conducted basic glider training and
contract liaison pilot training unlil inactivated 26 Feb
44.

LANCASTER AIRPORT. Lancaster. California.
Activated 28 Jul 42. Conducted contract basic pilot
training. Replaced by Oxnard's primary school
which moved to Lancaster 27 Jun 44. Conducted
contract Hying training until inactivated I Nov 45.

LACKLAND AFB San Antonio Texas.
Activated as the San Antonio .Aviation Cadet Center.
26 Jun 42 and classification center and prellight
school established. Transferred to AAF Personnel
Distribution Command .30 Jun 4.S. Redesignated San
Antonio District. AAF Personnel Distribution
Conniiand. I Jul 45. Returned to Army Air Forces
Training Command and redesignated AAF Military
Iraining Center. I Feb 46. Redesignated

LANCASTER, CALIFORNIA (See War Eagle
Field)

LANGLEY FIELD. Hampton. Virginia.
Transferred Ironi First Air Force to Army Air Forces
Training Comntand l.*^ Sep 44. Conducted radar
observer school until transferred to .Arni> Airways

347

Appendix C

Comnuinications System
redesienaied Lungley AFB.

1 Dec 4?. Later

LAREDO AFB. Laredo. Texas. Activated as
Laredo AAF I May 42. Conducted flexible gunnery
and flying training until inactivated 15 Dec 45.
Redesignated Laredo AFB and activated 2 Jun 52.
Conducted flying training until inactivated 30 Sep 73.

LAS VEGAS FIELD. Las Vegas. Nevada.
Nellis AFB)

(See

LAUGHLIN AFB. Del Rio. Texas. Activated on
26 Sep 42 as advanced flying school. Redesignated
as bombardier school but never held that training.
Established B-26 transition school 10 Nov 42 and
designated Laughlin AAF 3 Mar 43. Redesignated
Laughlin Field 1 1 Nov 43. Conducted flying training
until transferred to Air Materiel Command 30 Oct 45
and placed in inactive status. Transfen-ed to ATC 10
Oct 51. Activated and redesignated as Laughlin AFB
1 May 52. Conducted flying training until transferred
to Strategic Air Command 1 Apr 57. Reassigned to
ATC I Apr 62. Conducted flying trahiing to the
present.

LAWRENCEVILLE, ILLINOIS (See Geoige
Field 1

LEMOORE AAF. Lemoore, California.
Activated 20 Dec 41. Conducted flying training until
transferred to Fourth Air force I .Km 44.

LIBERAL AAF. Liberal. Kansas. Activated
1 Jun 41. Iranslerred to AAF Training Command
25 Apr 43. Conducted flying training and specialized
four-engine flying training until inactivated 30 Sep

45. Transferred to the Corps of Engineers 6 Oct 46.

LINCOLN AAF. Lincoln, Nebraska. Activated
in Jul 39. Conducted flying training, basic military
training and technical training until transferred to
Second Air Force 15 Apr 44. Transferred to AAF
Training Command 15 Mar 45. Became a combat
crew processing center until inactivated 15 Dec 45.
Transferred to Corps of Engineers 23 Nov 46.

LITTLE ROCK AFB. Little Rock, Arkansas (See
also Adams Field). Activated Oct 85. Transferred to
AETC on I Apr 97. Conducted flying training until
the present.

LOCKBOURNE AAF. Columbus, Ohio.
Activated 23 Dec 42. Conducted flying training until
inactivated 2 Sep 45.

LOVE FIELD. Dallas. Texas. Activated Jul 39.
Conducted flying and technical training until
inactivated in May 45.

LOWRY AFB. Denver Colorado. Activated
27 Aug 37 as Denver Branch, Air Coips Technical
School. Redesignated Lowry Field 1 1 Mar 38.
Redesignated Lowry AFB 24 Jun 48. Conducted
technical training initil the present. Closed 1 Oct 94.

LUBBOCK, TEXAS (See Reese AFB and South
Plains AAF)

LUKE AFB. Phoenix, Arizona. Activated as
Litchfleld Park Air Base 15 Feb 41, Redesignated
Luke Field 6 Jun 41. Conducted flying training until
inactivated 31 Oct 46. Transferred to the Corps of
Engineers 1 Sep 47. Reassigned as a subinstallation
of Williams Field 3 Dec 46-5 Mar 51. Redesignated

Troops pass in review oi>. the fliuht line at Liberal .\.\F, ansas, between rows of B-24 "Liberators.

348

Appendix C

Matagorda Island, oil the Texas fiullcoast. was home for a pursuit <iunner> sehool in the earl\ 1940s.

Luke AFB 10 Juii 49. Activated and assigned to Air
Training Command 1 Jan 51. Conducted combat
crew training until transferred lo Tactical Air
Command 1 Jul 58. Transferred to AETC on I Jul 93.

MACON, GEORGIA (See Cochran Field)

MARFA AAF. .\larfa. Texas. Activated .5 Dec
42. Conducted Hying training until inactivated 1 .Aug
45.

MARIANNA AAF. Manann.i. llorida. (See
Graham .\B)

MADISON, WISCONSIN (Sec Truax AAFi

MAJORS AAF. Greenv ille. Texas. Activated 26
Jun 42. Conducted flying Iraiiung until transterred lo
Second Air Force 30 Nov 44.

MALDEN AB. Maiden. Missouri. Activated as
Maiden .AAF (i Jan 43. Cimducled contract Hying
training and Hying training until transferred to Troop
Carrier Command 15 Jun 44. Activated as Maiden
AB II Jul 51. Conducted contract Hying training
until inactivated I Sep 60.

MARANA AB. .Marana. Arizona. Activated as
Marana AAF 29 Aug 42. Conducted contract flying
training and Hying training until inactivated 12 Sep
45. Activatetl as .Marana AB 1 Sep 51. Conducted
contract Hvinu traiinn>j until inactivated 22 Oct 57.

MATAGORDA ISLAND. Texas. Activated 15

.\la) 41. Ciuniierv range loi bases in southern Texas
until inactivated 31 Oct 45.

MATAGORDA PENINSULA, lexas. Activated
15 May 41. Bombing range for bases in southern
Texas until inactivated 31 Oct 45.

MATHER AFB. Sacramento. California.
.Activated as Mather field 21 leh 19IS. Transferred
from Air Force Combat Command to Army Air
Forces Flying Training Command 23 Jan 42.
Conducted navigation and living training until
transferred to Air Transport Command I Oct 44.
Reassigned to Army Air Forces Training Command
20 Dec 45. Redesignated Mather AFB 13 Jan 48.
Conducted navigation and Hying training to the
present. Closed I Oct 93.

.34')

Appendix C

I mi !l7l

Austin Hall housed Headquarters, Army Air Forces Eastern Flying Training Command at Maxwell Field,
Alabama, in 1941.

MAXWELL AFB. Montgomery, Alabama.
Activated 9 Apr 1918 as Engine and Plane Repair
Depot #3. Redesignated Maxwell Field 8 Nov 1922.
Transferred from the Air Corps Tactical School to
Southeast Air Corps Training Center 15 Jul 31. which
later became AAF Training Command. Conducted
flying training until transferred to AAF School (later
redesignated Air University) 29 Nov 45.
Redesignated Maxwell AFB 13 Jan 48. Transfeired
to ATC 15 May 78. Conducted professional military
education until Air University again became a
separate major command on 1 Jul 83. Transferred to
Air Education and Training Command 1 Jul 93 when
Air Uni\ersity became a subordinate of this
command. Conducted professional military education
until the present.

McBRIDE AIRPORT. McBride, Missouri.
Actisalcd 28 Jan 42. Conducted contract tlying
training until inactivated 24 Mar 44.

McCONNELL AFB. Wichna. Kansas.
Designated Wichita .AFB and activated 7 Jun 51.
Redesignated McConncll AFB on 12 Apr 54.
Conducted B-47 combat crew training until
transferred to Strategic Air Command on 1 Jul 58.

McCOY AFB. Orlando. Florida.
AFB)

(See Pinecastle

MERCED AAF. Merced. California. Activated
as Merced Army Flying School 20 Sep 41.
Redesignated Merced AAF on 8 May 43. Conducted
flying training and advanced flying training for
Women Airforce Service Pilots until transferred to

Continental Air Forces on 1 Jul 45. Redesignated
Castle AFB 13 Jan 48.

MESA AB. Chandler. Arizona. (See Williams
AFB)

MESA, ARIZONA (See Falcon Field)

MIAMI AIRPORT. Miami. Oklahoma. Activated
12 Nov 42. Conducted contract Hying training for
the British until inactivated 30 Sep 45.

MIAMI BEACH BASIC TRAINING CENTER.

Miami Beach. Florida. .Actuated 27 Mar 42.
Conducted basic military until 1 Jul 44 and officer
candidate training until inactivated 20 Aug 44.

MIDLAND AAF. Midland. Texas. Activated
2 Aug 41. Conducted multi-engine tJying training
bombardier training until Sep 42 when it became a
bombardier school only. Conducted bombardier
training until inactivated 1 Jun 46.

MINTER FIELD. Bakersfield. California.
Activated 5 Jun 41. Conducted Hying training until
inactivated 31 Jan 46. Transferred to the Corps of
Engineers 21 Dec 46.

MISSION, TEXAS (See Moore AB)

MONROE, LOUISANA (See Selman Field)

MOODY AFB. \ aldosta. Georgia. Activated as
Moodv A.AF 26 Jun 41. Conducted Hying training

350

Liiiiil transt'erred to First Air Force 1 Mas 45.
Transferred lo Arnn Air Forces Training Command
1 NoN 45. Conducted living training until transterred
to Tactical Air Command 1 Sep 47. Redesignated
Moody AFB 13 Jan 48. Transt'erred to Continental
Air Command 1 Dec 4S. Transt'erred to Strategic .Air
Command 1 Apr 3 1 . Transt'erred to ATC 1 Sep 5 1 .
Conducted combat crew and Hying training until
transferred to Tactical Air Command 1 Dec 75.

MOORE AB. .Mission. Texas. .Activated as
Moore Field 20 Sep 41. Conducted Using and
technical training until inacti\ated 31 Oct 45.
Activated 22 Jan 54. Redesignated Moore AB 1 Jul
55. Conducted contract flying training until
inactivated 31 Mar 61. Returned to ci\ilian control
15 Jul 63.

MOTON FIELD. Tuskegee. Alabama. Actisated
23 .Aug 41. Conducted contract flying training until
inacti\ated 31 Dec 45.

MOULTRIE, GEORGIA iScc Spence AB)

MUSKOGEE, OKLAHOMA (Sec Hatbo.v Field)

MUSTANG FIELD. El Reno. Oklahoma.
Activated 16 Jan 43. Conducted flying training until
inactivated 28 Dec 44.

NAPIER FIELD. Dothan. Alabama. Activated
20 Dec 41. Conducted flying training until
inactivated 1 Nov 45.

Appendix C

Classification Center until inactivated I Apr 44.

NELLIS AFB. I. as Vegas. Nevada. Activated as
Las Vegas AAF 20 Dec 41. Conducted flying
training until inactivated 31 Dec 46. Activated
30 Aug 47 as a subinstallation of Mather AFB.
Assigned as a subinstallation of Williams .AAF I Apr
48 to provide advanced training tor fighter pilots.
Redesignated Nellis AFB and activated 30 Apr 50.
Conducted flying and combat crew training until
transferred to Tactical Air Command 1 Jul 58.

NEWBURGH, NEW VORKiSee Stewart Field)

NEW ORLEANS AIRPORT. New Orleans.
Louisiana. .Activated IS .Mar 45. Conducted .A.AF
Tropical Weather School until transferred to AAF

Weather Serv ice 1 Nov 45.

NEWPORT AAF. Newport. .Arkansas. Activated

I Nov 42. Conducted flv ing trairnng until transferred
to the Navy Department 19 Aug 44.

NOBLE AAF. Perrv. Oklahcniia. Activated

I I Feb 42. Conducted fl) ing training until transferred
to the Corps of Engineers 28 Oct 46.

OCALA FIELD. Ocala. Florida. Activated in
Nov 41. Conducted contract flv ing training until

inactivated S Sep 44.

OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA (Sec also
Cimanon 1 iclili

NAPLES AAF. Naples. Florida. Activated 5 Jul
42. Conducted flying training and flexible gunnery
training until inactivated 30 Sep 45.

NASHVILLE AAC. Nashville. Tennessee.
Activated 1 Jun 42. Functioned as a AAF

IF''^

The .Air C orps turned l(i civilian voiaiional schools
in 1939 «o help train airplane nuihanics. Parks
Air ( oljejie in Fast St Louis. Illinois, was one of
seven such schools under contract to the Air Corps
for that purpose.

ONTARIO AIRPORT. Ontario. California.

.Activated 14 Sep 40. Conducted contract flying
training until inactivated in Dec 43. Activated Jun 44.
Conducted contract flving training until inactivated
16 (VI 44

ORANGEBURG MUNICIPAL AIRPORT.

Oiaiigebuig. South Caroliii.i .Ai.livalcd 4 Oct 41.
Conducted contract flying training until inactivated
I Sep 45.

ORLANDO, FLORIDA (See Pineca.stle AFB)

OXNARD AIRPORT Oxnaid. California.
Activated 12 Sep 40. Conducted contract flying
training until inactivated 27 Jun 44.

PALO ALTO AIRPORT. King City. California.

Activated 22 .M.u 41. Conducted contract flying
training until inactivated 16 Oct 44.

PAMPA AAF. I'anipa. Texas. Activated 3 Aug
42. Conducted flying training until transferred as a
suhpost of Liberal. Kansas, on 28 Dec 44.

351

Appendix C ^

Inactivated 30 Sep 45. Transterred to the Corps of
Engineers 29 Jan 47.

PANAMA CITY, FLORIDA (See Tyndall AFB)

PARKS AFB. Pleasanton. California. Originally
designated as Camp Parks. Redesignated Parks AFB
and activated on 1 Aug 5 1 . Conducted basic training
and air base ground defense training until transferred
to Continental Air Command 1 Jan 57.

PARKS AIRPORT. East St Louis. Illinois.
.Actuated on 1 .Aug 39. Conducted contract flying
training imtil inactivated 12 Mar 44.

PECOS AAF. Pecos, Texas. Activated 28 Aug
42. Conducted flying training until inactivated 31
May 45.

PERRIN AFB. Sherman. Texas. Activated as
Perrin AAF 20 Sep 41. Conducted flying training
until inactivated 31 Oct 46. Redesignated Perrin
AFB and activated 1 Apr 48. Conducted combat
crew and flying training until transferred to Air
Defense Command 1 Jul 62.

PHOENIX, ARIZONA (Sec Luke AFB I

PINE BLUFF, ARKANSAS {Sec Grider Field)

PINECASTLE AFB. Orlando, Florida. Activate
10 Sep 51. Conducted combat crew training until
transferred to Strategic Air Command I Jan 54.

Later redesignated McCoy AFB.

PITTSBURG AIRPORT. Pittsburg. Kansas

Activated 25 May 42. Conducted contract liaison
pilot training until inactivated 20 Oct 44.

PLEASONTON, CALIFORNIA (See also Parks
AFB)

PONCA CITY AIRPORT. Ponca City.

Oklahoma. Activated 12 Nov 42. Conducted contract
flying training for the British luitil inactivated 15 Apr
45.

RANDOLPH AFB. San Antonio, Texas.
Activated as Aviation Field, San Antonio, 18 Aug
1928. Redesignated Randolph Field 27 Sep 28.
Redesignated Randolph AFB 13 Jan 48. Conducted
flying training, combat crew training, navigator
training, and flying instructor training until the
present.

RANTOUL, ILLINOIS (Sec Chanute AFB)

REESE AFB. Lubbock, Texas. Established on
26Jun 41. Named Air Corps Advanced Flying
School, Lubbock, 1 1 Aug 41. Redesignated Lubbock
Army Flying School 6 Feb 42: Lubbock AAF 26 Apr
43; and Lubbock AFB 13 Jan 48. Conducted flying
training until inactivated 31 Dec 45. Activated 1 Aug
49. Redesignated Reese AFB 19 Nov 49. Conducted
flying training imtil inactivated 1 Oct 97.

RIDDLE FIELD. Clewiston. Florida. Activated
12 Nov 42. Conducted contract flvins: training until

MacFarland Flying Service School pro\ Idcd advanced liaison traininj: at Pittsburg, Kansas, in 1944.

352

Appendix C

inactivated 3! Dec 45.

ROBBINS FIELD. Jackson. Mississippi.
Activated 14 Sep 40. Conducieii contract ri\int;
training until inactivated 15 .^pr 44.

SEQUOIA FIELD, \isulia. California. Aclivaied
4 Oct 41. Conducted contract tlNinj; training until
inactivated in Oct 44.

SEYMOUR. INDIANA iScc F-reeman AAF)

ROSWELL AAF. Roswell. New Mexico.
.Activated 20 -Sep 41. Conducted Hying and
bombardier training until translerred to Second Air
Force 1 No\ 45. Later redesignate^.! Walker .AFB.

SAMPSON AFB. Geneva. New York. Activated
15 Nov 50. Conducted basic militarv training until
transfened on inactive status to Air Materiel
Command I Oct 56.

SAN ANGELO AAF. San Angelo. Texas.
Activated I .lun 42. Conducted bombardier and
specialized two- and four-engine pilot training until
inactivated .^0 Nov 45. Transferred to the Corps of
Engineers .^0 Jiin 46.

SAN ANGELO, TEXAS iScc Goodtellow AFB)

SAN ANTONIO AVIATION CADET
CENTER. San Antonio. Texas (See Lackland AFB)

SAN MARCOS AFB. San Marcos, Texas. (See
Edward Garv .AFB )

SANTA ANA AAF. Santa Ana. Calikunia.
.Activated I Jan 42. Conducted aircrew classification
and pictliglit training until inactivated 2 Sep 45.

SANTA MARIA AIRPORT. Santa Maria.

Calilornia. Activated 14 Sep 40, Conducted contract
living training until inactiv ated 27 Jun 44.

SCOTT AFB. Belleville. Illinois. Activated as
Scott Field 20 Sep 1917. Transferred from Air Corps
Technical Service 26 Mar 41. Conducted technical
training until Oct 57. Redesignated Scott AFB l.'^
Jan 48. Headquarters Air Training Command from
17 Oct 49 until transferred to Militarv Air Transport
Service 1 Oct 57.

SEYMOUR JOHNSON AFB (ioldsboro. North
Carolina. .A^iivaicd as Scvnioui Johnson Field 12
Jun 42. Conducted basic military and technical
training until transferred to First .Air Force .^0 Apr -14.
Overseas replacement depot established 8 Nov 4.^.
.Aviation cadet pre-technical school continued to
opeiate until Jun 44. Redesignated Seymour Johnson
AFB I Jan 5.V

SHAW AFB. Sumter. South Carolina. Activated

as Shaw field 14 .Aug 41. Conducted living training
until transferred to First Air Force 1 Apr 45.
Redesignated Shaw AFB 1.^ Jan 48.

SHEPPARD AFB. Wichita Falls. Texas.
.Activated as Iccliiiical School at Wichita Falls II
Feb 41. Redesignated Sheppard Field 15 Apr 41.
Conducted basic militarv training, technical training,
living training, glider pilot training, and was a
replacement training center until inactivated 31 Aug
46. Redesignated Sheppard .AFB and activated I
.Aug 48. Conducted basic training 1948-49. technical
training from 1949 to present, and living training
1966 to the present.

SHERMAN, TEXAS iScc Benin AFB)

SIKESTON,

.Airport)

MISSOURI iS,w ll.uvev Parks

SIOUX FALLS AAF. Sioux Falls. South Dakota.
Activated II Jul 42. Conducted technical training
until inactivated I Aug 45.

SCOTTSDALE, ARIZONA (See Thunderhird

Field #2 I

SEBRING. FLORIDA (See Hendricks Field)

SELMA, ALABAMA tSec Craig AFB)

SELMAN FIELD Monroe. Louisiana. Activated
14 Aug 42. Conducted pretlight, navigation, and
navigation instructor training until inactivated 31
Mav 46. Transferred to the Corps of Engineers 31
Jul 46.

R-4 and U-d hiliiiiplirs IJv In^ilher at Sluppard
licld. Icxas, in .luiie l'>45.

353

Appendix C

SMYRNA AAF. Sm\ina. Tennessee. Activated
1 Jun 42. Conducted Hying training until inactivated
31 Oct 45. Transferred to Tactical Air Command 31
Mar 46.

SOUTH PLAINS AAF. Lubbock. Texas.
Activated 1 1 Sep 42. Conducted advanced glider
training until inactivated and transferred to Air
Service Command I May 45.

SOUTHER FIELD. Americus. Georgia.
Activated 21 Mar 41. Conducted contract flying
training until inactivated 16 Oct 44.

SPENCE AB. Moultrie. Georgia. Activated as
Spencc Field 12 Jul 41. Conducted contract flying
training and flying training until inactivated 15 Dec
45. Redesignated Spence AB and activated 15 May
51. Conducted contract flying training until
inactivated and returned to civilian control 31 Mar
61.

SPOKANE, WASHINGTON (See Fort George
Wright Field and Cieiger Field)

STALLINGS AB. Kinston. North Carolina. A
US Navy pilot training base during World War II.
Activated as Kinston Air Field on 17 Oct 51.
Redesignated Stallings AB 28 Jun 53. Conducted
flying training and contract flying training until
inactivated 27 Nov 57.

ST LOUIS, /W/SSOUR/( See Jetfei son Barracks)

ST" PETERSBURG AIRPORT. St. Petersburg.
Florida. Activated 27 Jun 42. Conducted flying
training until inactivated 31 Jul 43.

STAMFORD, TEXAS {See Arledge Field)

STEAD AFB. Reno. Nevada. Stead ANG Base
redesignated Stead AFB 1 Aug 51. Transferred to
ATC from Strategic Air Command I Sep 54.
Conducted helicopter and liaison flying training and
survival training until 15 Jun 66 when the base
inactivated. Returned to civilian control 6 Nov 69.

STEWART FIELD. New burgh. New York.
Activated and established basic-advanced flying
school 22 May 42. Conducted flying training and
specialized flying training for US Military Academy
cadets until inactivated 1 Jul 46. While the flying
program was under the technical control of the
Commanding General Training Command, the field
belonged to the United States Military Academy.
\Vc<st Point, New York.

STOCKTON FIELD. Stockton. California.
Activated 4 Jan 41. Conducted flying training until
inactivated 1 Nov 45.

STROTHER AAF. Winfield, Kansas. Activated
12 Nov 42. Conducted flying training until
transfened to Second Air Force 31 May 44.

STUTTGART AAF. Stuttgart. Arkansas.
Activated 15 Aug 42. Conducted flying training until
transferred to Third Air Force 3 1 Jan 45.

SWEETWATER, TEXAS (See Avenger Field)

TAFT, CALIFORNIA (See Gardner Field)

TARRANT AAF. Fort Worth. Texas. (See Fort
Worth AAF)

TEMPLE AAF. Temple Texas. Activated 2 Jul
42. Conducted flying training until inactivated
31 Oct 45.

TERRELL, TEXAS (See Kaufman Municipal
Airport)

THOMPSON-ROBBINS FIELD. Helena.
Arkansas. Activated 4 Oct 41. Conducted contract
flying training until inactivated 4 Aug 44.

THUNDERBIRD FIELD #7. Glendale. Arizona.

Activated 12 Jul 41. Conducted contract flying
training until inactivated 30 Jun 45.

THUNDERBIRD FIELD #2, Scottsdale.
Arizona. Activated 26 Jun 42. Conducted contract
flying training until inactivated 16 Oct 44.

TIFTON AAF. Tifton. Georgia. Activated
1 2 August 40. Conducted advanced two-engine
flying training until inactivated 28 Dec 44.
Transferred to the Corps of Engineers 2 1 Sep 46.

TOMAH AAF TECHNICAL SCHOOL. Tomah.
Wisconsin. Activated 30 Nov 42. Conducted
technical training until transferred to Air Service
Command 30 Apr 44.

TROY MUNICIPAL AIRPORT. Troy. Alabama.
Activated 1 1 Jan 42. Conducted flying training until
transferred to the Corps of Engineers 1 .Apr 46.

TRUAX AAF. Madison. Wisconsin. .Activated
7 Dec 41. Conducted technical training until
inactivated 15 Dec 45.

354

TUCSON AIRPORT. Tulmmi. Aii/ona.
Actixatcd 2? Jim 42. Conduclcd conlracl Hviiii;
training until in:icti\ated in Sep 44.

TULARE AIRPORT. Tulare. California.

Aeti\aled 22 .Mar 41. Conducted ct)nlract flying
training until inacliNated 1 .Aug 4.^.

TULSA MUNICIPAL AIRPORT. Tulsa.
Oklahoma. Acti\ated 1 Aug 39. Conducted contract
tlying and technical training until inactivated 4 Aug
44.

Appendix C

UNION CITY AIRPORT. Union Cit\.
Tennessee, .\cli\ated ? Jul 42. Conducted contract
rising training until inaciixaled 15 Apr 44.

UVALDE. TEXAS i .See Garner Field)

VAL VERDE COUNTY AIRPORT. Del Rio.

Texas. .Activated 2(i .Sep 42. Conducted flying
training until transferred to the Corps of Engineers 1 1

Jan 4fi.

VALDOSTA, GEORGIA (.See Moodv AFB)

TURNER FIELD. Alhan>. Geiirgia. Activated
12 Aug 40. Conducted navigator and advanced tvvo-
en2ine flvini; trainint: until inactivated 1.^ .Aul' 4ft.

The AT-7 was used as a navijiaior trainer at
Turner Field. Georgia, durin" \\ orld \\ ar II.

VANCE AFB. Enid. Oklahoma. Activated as Air
Coips Basic Flying School. Enid. 20 Sep 41.

Redesignated Enid .Army Flying School 1 I Feb 42:
and Enid .A.AF 7 May 4.^. Conducted Hying training
until inactivated ."^ 1 Jan 47. Redesignated Enid AFB
and activated 1 .Aug 48. Redesignated Vance AFB 9
Jul 49, Conducted living training until the present.

VAN DE GRAAFF FIELD. Tuscaloosa.

Alabama. .Activated 1 Sep 40. Conducted contract
tlviiig training until inactivated S Sep 44.

VERNON AIRPORT. \ einon. Texas. Activated
2.3 Sep 42. Conducted living training until
inactivated .^1 Mar 45. Transferred to Corps of
Engineers 5 Mav 45.

TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA (See \an de
Graaff Field)

TUSKEGEE, ALABAMA (See Moton Field i

VERNON. TEXAS (Sec Victory Field)

VICTORIA, TEXAS (See Aloe AAF and Foster
AFB)

TUSKEGEE AAF. Tuskegee. Alabama.
Activated 1 1 Jan 42. Conducted Hying training until
transferred to the Corps of Engineers 14 .Apr 4ft.

TWENTY NINE PALMS AIRPORT I vventv
Nine Palms. California. Activated 1 Jan 42.
Conducted contract glider training until 1ft Feb 43.
Conducted contract living training from Mar 43 until
inactivated 19 .Apr 44.

TYNDALL AFB. Panama City. Florida.
Established as Ivndall field 1ft Jun 41. Conducted
flexible gunnery and living training until transferred
to Continental Air F\)rces 28 Feb 46. Transferred to
Tactical Air Command 21 Mar 46 and to Air
University 15 May 46. Redesignated Tyndall AFB
1 3 Jan 48. Transferred to ATC I Sep 50. Conducted
combat crew training and flying training until
transferred to Air Defense Command 1 Jul 57.
Transferred to .Air pAlucation and Training Command
I Jul 93.

VICTORVILLE ARMY FLYING SCHOOL.

Victorville. California. .Activated 2ft Jun 41.
Redesignateil Victorville AAF on 23 Apr 43.
Coiulucted specialized single-engine Hying training.
bombardier training, and beginning in 1945. radar
aircrew training until transferred to Air Service
Command on 1 Nov 45. Redesignated George AFB
2 Jun 50.

VICTORY FIELD \ cinon. Texas. Activated
4 Oct 41. Conducted contract Hying training until
inactivated 4 Aug 44.

VIDALIA-LYONS AIRFIELD. Vidalia. Georgia.

Activated 12 .\ug U). Conducted advanced Iwo-
cngine Hying training until inactivated 28 Dec 44.
Transferred to Tactical Air Command I Sep 47.

VIS ALIA, CALIFORNIA iScc Sequoia Field)

WACO AAF. Waco, Texas. (Sec also James
Connally AFB)

355

Appendix C

P-40s await salvage at W ainut Ridge Arm> Air Field, Arkansas.

WACO, TEXAS Air Training Command
established HQ Flying Training Air Force 1 May 51.
Served as headquarters until transferred to Tactical
Air Command and the facilities used for HQ
Eighteenth Air Force 13 Aug 57. (See also
Blackland AAF and James Connelly AFB)

WALNUT RIDGE AAF. Walnut Ridge,
Arkansas. Actuated 15 Aug 42. Conducted tlying
training until transferred to the Department of Navy
20 Jul 44.

WAR EAGLE FIELD. Lancaster. California.
Actuated 28 Jul 42. Conducted contract tlying
training until inactivated 1 Oct 45.

WEBB AFB. Big Spring. Texas. Activated as
Big Spring AAF 26 Jun 42. Conducted bombardier,
tlying training, and glider training until inactivated
30 No\ 45. Also trained Free French cadets during
World War II. Activated as Big Spring AFB on 1 Jan
52. Redesignated as Webb AFB 18 May 52.
Conducted fl\ ing training until inactivated 30 Sep 77.

WICHITA FALLS, 75X45 (See Sheppard AFB)

WICHITA, KANSAS iSee McConnell AFB)

WICKENBURG FIELD W ickcnhurg. Arizona.
Acti\aled 3 Jun 42. Conducted contract Hying
training until inactivated 19 .Apr 44.

WILLIAMS AFB. Chandler. Arizona. Activated
as Mesa Military AirpoH. 19 Jun 41. Redesignated
Higley Field Oct 41 and Williams Field 24 Feb 42.
Conducted tlying training, flexible gunnery training,
and radar observer training. Redesignated Williams
AFB 13 Jan 48. Conducted tlying training until
transferred to Tactical Air Command 1 Jul 58.
Transferred to ATC 1 Oct 60. Conducted tlying
training until the present. Closed 1 Oct 93.

WILSON-BONFILS FIELD. Chickasha.
Oklahoma. Activated 4 Oct 41. Conducted contract
tlying training until inactivated 1 May 45.

WINFIELD, KANSAS (See Strother AAF)

WOODRING FIELD. Hnid. Oklahoma.
Activated 1 1 Feb 42. Conducted tlying training until
transferred to the Corps of Engineers 2 Jul 46.

WOODWARD FIELD. Camden. South Carolina.
Activated 22 Mar 41 . Conducted tlying training until
inactivated 4Aug 44.

YUCCA AAF. ^ucca. .Arizona. .Aetixated 1 Dec

41. Conducted flexible gunnery training until
transferred to Arnn Di\ ision Engineers 23 Dec 45.

YUMA AAF. \ uma. Arizona. Activated 15 Dec

42. Conducted contract Hying training, flexible
gunner\ training, and radar obser\er training for the
last few months of operation until inactisated 1 No\
45.

356

APPENDIX I)
HQ Air Education and Traininfj Command Oftltial \\ inj; Imhiems

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357

Appendix D

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358

Appendix D

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359

Appendix D

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360

INDEX

A-76 (also see Competitive Sourciiii; and

Privati/ation): 2S1. 306
Able Avionics: 271
Able Chief: 209.271
Accelerated Copilot Enrichment ( ACH) pnigram:

204, 229, 273
Acker, William P.. Maj Gen. USAF: 228. 232. 236
Acquired Immune Deliciency .Syndrome: 24S
Acrojets: .'i9
.Advanced Instructional Deh\er\ and Lxaluation

System (AIDES): 217
Advanced Instructional Ssstem: 217
Advanced Training S_\stem: 217. 263
Aeronautical Division: 2
.Aerospace Basic Course (see Schools. Air and Space

Basic Course)
Aerospace Expeditionary Force: 327. 328
Aerospace Medical Center: 136-37
Aerospace Studies Institute: 234
AIDS (see Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
"Aim High." USAF slogan: 23 1.3 16
Air alert force: 92

.\ir and Space Basic Course School (see Schools)
.Air and Space Expeditionary Force: 316. 327
Air base ground defense (see Military training)
Air Command and Staff College: 236. 238, 281. 289.

293. 293. 300. 303. 308. 310. 31 1. 317, 323. 327.

330
Air Corps Tactical School (see Schools)
Air Corps Training Center (see Training Centers)
Air Operatit)ns Center: 330
Air National Guard (also see Instructor Force. Pilot):

F-16 Formal Training Units transfer to AETC:
313
Aircraft:

A-4: 161

A-6: 161

A- 1 0:273

A- 1 7: 13. 17

A-20: 13. 17.23

A-25: 13. 17.210

A-26: 13. 17,21,23,31.41.47.210

A-29: 13. 17

A-3.^: 13. 17

A-.36: 13. 17.23

AT-6 (also see T-6): 13. 17. 20. 23. 26. 28, 31, 34,
4 1 . 47. 49. .53. 51. 83. 91.210. 340

AT-7: 13. 17, 23, 31.41. 3.^^.5

AT-8: 13. 17

AT-9: 13. 17,20,23.26.28,29

AT- 10: 13. 17,23,28.210

AT-ll: 13. 17,23,25,31,38.41,210

AT-I2: 13. 17

AT- 17: 13, 17,23,28

AT- 18: 13, 17,23

AT-21: 13. 17

(Aircraft, conid):
AT-22: 13. 17
.AT-23: 13. 17
AT-24: 13. 17.26
AT-38: 289.295.319
Beechjet400A(seeT-lA)
Boeing 7.37; 187. 195.200
B-l: 247.248.282
B-17: 13. 17. 23. 26. 27. 31.35. .39. 41.47. 53, 55,

57. 63. 79
B-l 8: 13. 17.23

B-24; 13. 17. 23. 26. 27. 3 1.. 39. 41.210. 326
B-25: 13.17. 20. 23. 24. 26. 29. 3 1 . 39. 4 1 . 44. 47,

52, 53, 55. 57. 63. 70. 71.79. 85. 87. 9 1 . 93,
95.96.99. 101. 103. 109. 114. 115. 121. 126.
133,210

B-26: 1 3. 1 7. 23. 3 1 . 39. 4 1 . 53. 57. 63. 7 1 . 79. 85.

87. 89. 91. 93. 95. 210. 343. 348
B-29: 1 7, 23, 26, 27, 3 1 , 37, 38. 39. 4 1 . 44. 47. 49.

53. 63. 64. 69. 71. 75. 79. 82. 87. 89. 90. 91,
93.95.96,99, 105,210

B-32: 39

B-.34: 17,23,27

B-.36: 69

B-4(): 13. 17.23.27

B-47: 68. 71. 73. 75. 79. 85. 86. 87. 90. 93. 95. 99.

103. 106. 109.350
B-50: 53, 55, 57, 79. 87. 9 1 . 95
B-52;69, 138. 192.229
B-57: 68. 91.93.96
BC-I: 13. 17
BT-9: 13. 17.23.28
BT-I2: 13. 17

BT-I3: 13. 17. 20, 23, 28, .34. .36. 210
BT-I4: 13. 17,23
BT-15: 13. 17.23
Cessna 172 (also see T-4 1 A): 292
C-5: 281, 286, 287, 289, 295. 299. 303, 307. 311,

317.323,327
C-I2: 289.291,295,313

C- 1 7: 293, 299, 300, .303, 307. 3 1 1 . 3 1 7. 323. 327
C-2I: 281. 285. 289. 291. 295. 299. .303. 307. 311.

313.317.323.327
C-32: 13, 17
C-45: 13, 17, 23, 31.41.47. .53, 57.63. 71.79. 87.

99. 115. 121
C-46: 23. 3 1.. 39. 4 1. 47
C-47: 23. 3 1 . 39. 44. 47. 53. 57, 62, 63, 7 1 , 79. 87,

99. 1 14. 1 15. 121. 129. 135, 143, 154. 157,

163, 169, 170, 173. 178.205.210
C-.50: 13. 17
C..54: 41. 47. 53. 56. 57, 63, 71. 79. 96, 109, 1 15.

121. 129. 1.35. 143. 1.54. 157. 161, 163. 169.

173. 177. 181. 185. 189.210
C-56: 13. 17
C-60: 13. 17,2.3,31,210

.■^61

(Aircraft, conttl):

C-64: 13. 17,23.31

C-82: 47. ,^3

C-118: 134. 143. 197

C-n9:96, II?. 121.205

C-123: II.?. 121. 129. 13?. 143. I?4. 1?7. 161.

163
C-124; I 14. II?
C-130: 274. 299. 303, 30?. 307. 311.313. 314.

317,323,327

C-130J: 311,314
C-131: 115, 121, 129, 13?, 143, 154, 157, 163,

169, 173, 177, 181, 185, 189, 193, 197
C- 141; 268, 281, 286, 287, 288, 289, 293. 294.

295, 299, 303, 307, 311.317. 323, 325
CG-4: 13, 17,22,23,31
CH-3: 154. 157, 163, 169. 173. 177. 181
CH-21: 143, 154, 163
CH-53: 286
CT-39: 257.261
EB-66: 178
EC-121R: 175
F-2: 23, 47

F-4: 146, 170. 171. 187. 199.202.237
F-5: 161,204,205
F-6: 23
F-7:23. 31
F-9: 23,31
F-10:23, 47, 70
F-15: 267, 281, 286, 287, 289. 291. 292. 294. 29?.

299. 303, 307. 311.317. 323. 326. 327. 329

F-15E: 286, 287, 289, 291, 295, 297
F-16: 206. 262, 273, 281, 284, 286, 287. 289.

295. 299, 301, 303, 307, 311,312, 313, 317.

319. 323, 32?, 326, 327, 329

Mishaps at Luke AFB: 313
F/A-22: 260, 325, 329, 330
F-5 1: 41, 53. 57. 63. 65, 69, 71. 76. 79. 85. 93. 99
F-80: 41, 49, 53, 57, 63, 64. 65. 71. 76. 78. 79. 85.

87, 93. 99
F-84: 63, 68. 71. 76, 79, 85, 87, 93, 99. 103. 109,

113
F-86: 63. 68. 7 1 . 75. 76. 79. 84. 85. 87. 89. 90. 92.

93,99, 103, 109. 111. II?. 117. 121. 129. 132,

13?, 138
F-89: 68. 7 1 , 75, 76. 79. 84, 85, 86. 87. 90. 93. 99,

103, 109. III. II?. 121. 129, 13?
F-94: 68, 71, 7?, 79, 84, 87, 90, 93, 99, 103, I I 1
F-lOO: 68, 93, 95, 99, 103, 109, 1 17, 129
F-102: 129, 132, 135. 138
F- 105: 271

F-111: 178. 199.216.228
F-117: 282
FW-190: 34

H-5: 31. 53. 57. 63. 71. 79. 87. 93. 118
H-6:31,53

H-13: 53, 57, 63. 71, 79, 87, 93, 99, 103, 109.
11?. 120. 121

103. 109. 11?. 119. 120,

(Aircraft, contd):

H-19:79. 8?, 87.93,99.

121, 129, 13?
H-21:93, 103, 109, 11?. 119, 120, 121, 129, 135
H-23: 79, 99

H-43: 129, 133, 135, 142, 175
H-60: 328

HC-130: 281. 286, 289, 295, 323, 327
HH-43: 143, 154, 1?7. 167. 169. 173. 177. 181
HH-60: 299. 307, 311.317. 323. 327
HU-IA: 176
JN-4: 1
JT-33: 143

KC-97; 103. 10?. 106. 109, 112, 145
KC-135: 281. 286. 287. 289. 292-293, 295, 303,

307,311.317.323.326.327
L-1: 13. 17
L-2: 13. 17.23
L-3: 13. 17,23

L-4; 13, 17,23.31.41.47.49,53,342
L-5: 13, 17,23.31.41.47,49,53,57,63,71,79,

87
L-13;57, 63, 71,79, 87
L-16:53, 57,63, 71,79, 87
L-17: 87
L-19: 87, 93,99
L-21:79. 87. 93.99
MC-130: 281. 284. 286. 289. 295. 299. 303. .307.

311.317. 323.327
lVIH-53: 28 1 . 286, 289, 295, 299, 303, 307. 311.

317,323,324,327
MH-60: 281,285,286,289,295
NCH-53: 281.286
NT-29: 143

0-46; 13. 17

0-47: 13, 17.23

0-52: 13. 17

OA-9: 13. 17

OA-10: 13, 17,23,31.39.41

OA-14: 13. 17,23

F-35: 13, 17

P-36: 13, 17

P-38: 13. 17. 19.23.31.60.

21(

P-39:13. 17. 23.26.35

P-40: 12. 13. 17,23,26,31,

34,

210

, 356

P-47: 13, 17.23.35,39,41,

44,

49,

210,270

P-51:35,4I.44. 47. 49. .50.

P-61: 23.31

P-63: 23.31

p.80:4l.44. 47.49

PA-18: 96,99

PT-13:?, 13. 17.20.23.28

39,

41,47,4

PT-15: 13, 17

PT-17:20, 28, .34. 36. .^9

PT-18: 13. 17.23

PT-19: 13. 17.23,28,29.31

PT-20: 28

PT-22: 13. 17

PT-23: 13, 17

362

(Aircraft, contd):
PT-27: 13. 17
R-4: 23. 31.353
R-5:31.47
R-6:31.47. 353
RA-24: 13. 17.23
RA-28: 13. 17
RA-33: 13. 17
RB-25: 57
RC-45: 53
RF-4: 146. 178
RP-63: 31.38-34
RP-322: 13. 17.23
Tornado: 228
T-1: 267. 277. 278-279. 281. 285. 286. 287. 289.

291. 295. 299. 301, 303. 307. 311.317. 323,

327
T-3 (also see Flight .Screening, enhanced): 276,

277. 281. 289. 291. 292. 295. 299. 301, 305,

307.311.314.317.318.323
T-6: 47. 49, 53, 63, 71. 79. 85, 87, 93, 99, 101
T-6A Texan II: 281. 295. 319. 323. 324-325. 329
T-7:71
T-28: 63. 65. 71. 79. 85. 87. 93. 95, 96, 99, 101,

103, 106, 109, 115, 119, 121, 125, 129. 135.

143. 144. 145. 154. 157. 163. 169. 17(1.

177. 181. 185, 189, 194,205
T-29: 63. 65. 71. 79. 87. 90, 91, 93, 95, 99,

106, 109, 115, 121. 129, 135, 143, 152.

157. 160. 161. 163. 169. 173, 177, 181

187, 189, 193, 195. 200. 201. 203. 208
T-33: 57. 63. 7 1 . 79. 85. 87. 93. 95. 96. 99.

103. 106. 109, 114, 115, 121, 123, 129,

135. 137. 143. 151. 1.^4. 155. 157. 163.

205.214

Final delixered: 123
T-34: 63. 7 1 , 79, 87, 9 1 , 93. 95. 96. 99. 1 03.

115. 12(J. 121. 125. 129
T-37:95. I(J3. 109. 111. 115. 120. 121. 125.

132. 135, 143, 153, 154, 157, 163, 168, 169,

170. 173. 174. 177. 181. 182. 185, 187. 189.

192, 193, 195, 197, 199. 200, 201. 203, 204.

205, 207. 211,215,218,219, 223, 227. 228.

231, 233, 235, 241. 245.247, 249, 253. 2.56.

257, 260. 261. 265. 268. 269. 273, 275. 277.

279. 281. 287. 289. 292. 293. 295. 299. 303.

307.311.317.323,327

Final delivered: 182
T-38: 135. 137. 143. 151. 1.54. 157. 161,

168, 169. 170, 173. 174. 177. 181. 185

190. 192. 193, 195, 197, 199, 200, 201

205.207.211.214.215.218,219.223

227. 231. 241. 245. 247. 249. 253, 257

261. 265, 268, 269, 273, 275, 277, 279

289, 295, 299. 301-302. 303, .305, 307, 311.

319.323.327.329

Avionics Upgrade Program: 299. 301-302, 329

Final delivered: 192

T-.38C: 326.327.329

173.

103.
154.
185.

101.

132.
171.

109.

129.

63.

189.

204.

226,

260,

281,

(Aircraft, contd):

T-39: 135, 137. 143. 1.54. 157. 163, 169, 173,

177. 181. 185. 189. 195. 197.201.202.207.

211. 2.\5. 241. 245. 249, 253, 257, 261, 265,

269,275,281,281
T-41: 135, 154, 157, 159, 160, 163, 169, 170, 173,

174, 177, 181, 185, 189, 193, 195. 197,201,

207. 2 1 1 , 2 1 5. 2 1 9, 223, 227, 23 1 , 235. 24 1 ,

245. 249, 257, 267, 269. 275. 276, 277. 281,

289, 292
T-43: 173, 187, 193, 195, 197. 200. 201. 203,

207, 208. 2 II . 2 1 3, 2 1 5, 2 19, 223, 227. 229,

231, 2.35, 241, 245, 249, 253. 257, 261, 265,

269. 275, 281, 286, 289, 295, 299. .303. 307,

31 1,317, 323,327
T-44A: 287

T-46: 231,233,245,247
TB-25: 23, 26, 53. 63
TB-26: 53.210
TB-32: 23,26,31
TC-47: 57

TC-54:9I, 121, 126, 143, 152
TF-5 1 : 57, 65
TF-102: 129, 132, 135
TH-1: 169, 171, 173, 175, 176, 177, 181, 185,

189, 193. 197.201.207.21 1.215.219
TH-53: 28 1 , 289, 295. 299. 303. 307. 311,317,

323. 324. 325. 327
TH-57: 3.30
U-2:137, 143, 151

U-3:115, 135. 143. 154. 157. 163. 169
U- 17: 205
UC-36: 13. 17
UC-40: 13. 17
UC-6I: 13. 17
UC-67: 13. 17
UC-78: 13. 17.23
UH-1H:3.W

1'H-1N:281.286. 289. 295
UH-19: 143. 1.^4. 157. 163. 169. 171. 175
UH-60: 3.^0

UV-I8:219. 223, 227, 232
VC-45: 115
VC-47: 115. 143
VC-.54: 1 15. 143
VT-29: 143
Wright Type B: I
Air defense: 86.92. 108. 144. 145, 326
"Air Force-A Great Way of Life." USAF slogan:

231
Air Force bands: 185. 186
AETC: 291
ATC: 273

Band of the West: 291..M)3
5()2d: 273
505th: 273
539th: 273
Air Force Flight Standards Agency: 277
Air Force Food Service School (see Schools)

.36.3

Air Force Institute of Advanced Distributed

Learning: 318
Air Force Institute of Technology: 238, 288
Air Force Military Personnel Center (also see Air

Force Personnel Center): 152, 199, 273
Air Force Officer Accession and Training Scheiols

(see Schools)
Air Force Officer Orientation School (see Schools)
Air Force Officer Training (see Schools)
Air Force Personnel Center: 33 1
Air Force Quality Center: 284-85
Air Force Quality Institute: 285, 305
Air Force Recruiting Service: 122, 128, 153. 158,

162, 164, 176, 191. 193, 219, 221, 240, 244, 256,

264, 280, 296, 302, 303, 316. 31 1
Air Force Reserve: 154. 160, 245, 274, 298, 302,

305, 325, 338

also see Instructor Force, Pilots
Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps: 43. 76.

134, 141, 192, 236-37, 239. 250. 255, 256, 280,

292.304-5,310,335-38

Name Change: 246

Reassigned from AU to HQ ATC: 237

(also see Air Force Officer Accession and
Training School)
Air Force Senior Non-commissioned Officer

Academy: 234, 238, 284, 298
Air Force Specialty Code: 66, 183, 238, 252, 256,

273, 294, 294, 320-21, 330, 331
Air Installation Compatible Use Zone: 192
Air Operations Center: 330
Airlift support consolidated: 202
Airman Education and Commissioning Program:

134, 149
Airman Qualifying Examination: 176
Air National Guard: 287, 298, 302, 305, 312, 313.

314, 325, 326, 339, 341, 345, 354
Air Police (also see Security Police, Security Forces):

64.65.70, 152, 168
Air Reserve Component: 298. 305. 325
Air Service: 2. 7. 347

Air Service Communications School (see Schools)
Air Service Mechanics School (see Schools)
Air Service Technical School (see Schools)
Airspace concerns: 8. 15. 151-52, 1.54, 164. 175. 325
Air Tactical School (see Schools)
Air traffic controller (see Technical Training. Types

of courses )
Air traffic controllers' strike: 230
Air Training Communications Division: 250, 266,

272
Air Training Intnrmation Systems Division: 250, 251
Air Univcrsits (also see Commands): 281. 282. 284.

293, 296, 301 , 302, .305, 306. 330
Air University Center for Aerospace Doctrine.

Research, and Education: 234. 238. 285. 301

renamed College of Aerospace Doctrine.
Research, and Education: 285
Air Univers'v Library: 301

Air University Office of Academic Support: 301

Air War College: 236. 238. 310

All-volunteer force: 189. 193. 195

Altitude chamber: 124. 155

AN/AFG-30 radar: 1 1 3

Aptitude testing: 19

Arab-Israeli contlict. 1973: 196

Arctic Indoctrination School (see Schools)

Area positive control environment: 151-52

Armed Forces Air Intelligence Training Center (see

Training centers)
Armed Forces Special Weapons Project: 97
Army Air Corps: 2, 292
Army Air Forces: 8. 12. 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25.

26, 27. 29, 31, 33. 37, 38, 39. 41, 42, 43, 44. 45.

47,48.51.55. 148. 162, 166,210,270,292,319,

339
Army Air Forces base units: 25, 40, 43
Army Air Forces Instructors School (Central) (see

Schools)
Army Air Forces patch: 19
Army Air Forces Pilot Instructors School (see

Schools)
Army Air Forces Pilot School (Instrument) (see

Schools)
Army Corps of Engineers: 3, 34 1 , 342, 343, 344, 346,

348, 350. 351, 353, 354, 355, 356
Army Ground Force Schools (see Schools)
Army aviation training: 105
Arnold, Henry H. (Hap), Maj Gen: 5. 6. II. 12. 14.

21,22. 148,209.210
Arnold Plan: 1 1
Ashy, Joseph W., Lt Gen: 239, 266, 267. 272. 273.

276. 280. 333
Assistant Chief of Staff. Commissioning Programs:

235, 255
Assistant Chief of Staff for Technical Training

Operations: 208,212
Assistant Chief of Staff for Technical Training

Support: 208.212
Associate of Applied Science degree: 209
ATC Civilian Automated Training Office: 255
ATC Operations Center: 250
Atlantic City. New Jersey: 8. 9. 10. 339
Australia: 12
Aviation badge: 275
Aviation Cadet (see also Flying Cadet): 1. 5. 19. 28.

35,50,51,59,76,86, 107, 110, 115, 121, 140-41.

148, 160, 335, 353

Aviation Cadet patch: 19

A\ iation Cadet selection team: 85
Aviation Career Plan: 5 1 . 56
Aviation Engineer Training Center (see Training

centers )
Aviation Leadership Program (ALP): 256, 257
Aviation Medicine, School of (see Schools)
Aviation Section: 2

Avionics Upgrade Program (see Aircraft, T-38)
Baker. E. J.. Col: 237

364

Baker. Thomas A.. Maj Gen: 254. 2.'SS
Balanced Budget Act (also see Granini-RLidman-

Hollings): 24?
Balfour, MAY., one of original nine primary school

contractors: 6
Balloons: 1.341
Bands (see Air Force bands)
Barcus. Glenn O., Maj Gen. USAF: 88. 94. 333
Bare base concept: 183. 302
Barry. Marvin J.. Maj Gen. USAF: 324
Base closure: 3 I

1989 commission: Mi. 261. 2(iS. 285. 286

1991 commission: 269.286

1995 commission: 298. 295. M)5
Base operating support (see also Contract base

support): 169
Bases (see Military installations)
Base structure: 47-48. 68. 71. 127. 273
Basic military training (also see Military Training):

9-10, 40. 46. 54, 56. 64. 73-74, 76-77, 87, 92, 102.

112, 133. 139. 157, 162. 169. 173. 174. 188.204,

226, 229, 234, 236, 240. 248. 264, 265, 277, 288,

293, 297, 306, 323. 335-38, 344, 345. 347. 353

Attrition in: 297

Biennial review of: 288

Coeducational, introduction of: 56

Courses for officers: 1 13, 122, 335, ."^47

Gender Integrated Training: 306

Integration with recruiting and technical training:
21^8

Split phase training: 157. 160. 162

Warrior Week: 302, 308-9. 316
Basic training center: 8, 9, 10, 17. 19, 25, 345, 350
Bay of Pigs: 152
Beaghen.T. W..2Lt. USAF: 111
Beech Aircraft Corporation: 279, 295, 297
Belgium: 65, 228
Bell Helicopter Corporation: 174
Berlin Airlift: 53. 54
Berlin Wall crisis: 133. 135. 136
Berlin. Germany: 35
Big Spring. Texas: 73. 82. 340, 356
Blood donor centers: 274
Boeing .Mrcraft Company: 73, 155, 187. 195
Boles. Billy J.. Gen, USAF: 296. .^01 . 304
Bomarc: 152

Bombardment training (see Training, bombardment)
Boom Bucket (see TE-105A Election Seat Trainer)
Branch Level Training Management System: 217
Brandt. Carl A.. Maj Gen. U.SAF: 1 10, 1 16, 122. 130
Breedlove, James M., Maj Gen, USAF: 199
Briggs, James E.. Lt Gen, USAF: 122, 130, 136. 143.

150,333
Bright Spark: 209

British Flying Training School program: I I
Brooke General Hospital: 70

Brooke Army Medical Center: 253. 256. 264
Budget (cuts) reductions: 51. 156. 180. 245. 251.

295. 298

Burge, Vernon I... Cpl. US Army: 19

Burns. Robert W.. Maj Gen. USAF: 54. 59. 64. 72.

1.50.1.54.333
Bush. George H. W.. Presidcni ol the rniieti Slates:

264
Busy Plotter: 229

C-8 synthetic trainer: 50

Cadou study: 212

Camera gun: 27. 39

Canada: 1. 140.228

Cannon. John K.. l.i Gen. USAF: 42. 47. 54. 333

Captivair trainer: 48. 49

Career Education Certificate: 191

Career field training management plan: 278

Career specialty code (also see Air Force specialty

code): 66. 244
Career Trainer Force: 273
Carson. Charles W.. Jr.. Maj Cien. USAF: 1S2
Carter. Jimnis (James Earl). Presidcni of the United

States: 212.280
Centers (see Training centers)
Central Instructors School isee Schools)
Centur\ Problem: 95
Cheney. Richard B.: 264
China:' 12. 26

Civil Aeronautics Authority: 6
Civil Air Patrol (see USAF Civil An Pairol)
Ci\ il Engineer: 290
Civ ilian .Automated Training Otf ice (see .ATC

Civilian Automated Training Office)
Civilian hiring freeze: 109. 257
Ci\ ilian mechanics schools: 8
Civilian trade schools: 7
Civiliani/ation: 70
Clark, Harold I... I.t (later Brig Gen), Army Air

Corps: 3. 4
Cleveland. Charles G., Maj Gen, USAF: 220, 224.

228. 238
Closed circuit television: 179
Cochran. Jackie: 209
Coeducation: 56
College for Enlisted Professional Military Education:

28 1 . 284. 289, 295, .^00, 303, 309, 3 12,31 7, 323.

327
College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and

Education: 2.34. 281. 285. 289. 295. 296. .3(X).

.^()l..3()3. .W9. 312. 317. 323. 327
College training detachments: 25
Colorado Springs. Colorado: 97. 198. 243. 2.54. 277.

318
Combat Controller (see Technical training. Types of

courses)
Combat search and rescue (see Search and rescue)
Combat Wing Organization: 328
Commanilani of Troops: 1 86
Command Readiness Exercise System; 234

.^6."^

Commands:

Air Combat: 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 294. 297,

313.330
Air Corps Flying Training: 1. 2. 5. 13. 333
Air Corps Technical Training (also see Army Air

Forces Technical Training): 8-9
Air Defense: 68, 69, 86, 92, 95, 102, 1 11 . 1 1 2,

144, 155, 160, 161, 175, 345, 355
Air Education and Training:

Redesignation of Air Training Command as:

282
Air Force Communications: 250. 251. 266
Air Force Logistics: 198
Air Force Reserve: 298. 310. 311. 324. 325
Air Force Space: 252

Air Materiel: 76. 96. 104. 130. 304. 339. 348. 353
Air Mobility: 284. 286. 288. 293. 294. 303. 305.

326
Air Research and Development: 105
Air Service: 344. 347. 354. 355
Air Training:

Establishment of: 13

Redesignation as Air Education and Training

Command: 282
Air Transport: 55, 209, 342, 345, 349, 353
Air University: 43,51,54.60,64, 122, 168, 191,

194. 215, 216, 220. 228, 234, 235, 236-37,

238-239, 246. 259, 278, 280. 281. 282. 284-85,

289, 293, 296, 301. 302. 304-5. 306. 310. 318,

329, 330, 342, 345, 350

Realigned under AETC: 215. 216. 236. 238-
39^^. 281.282

history of: 238-39
Alaskan Air: 146. 171
Armv Air Forces Flying Training: 5, 9. 13. 14. 17,

18,19,333,347,349
Army Air Forces Technical Training: 5. 7, 8-9
Army Air Forces Training: 5, 17. 18, 118,333,

339, 340. 349. 35 1
Central Flying Training: 18, 210
Central Technical Training: 18, 25
Continental Air: 43. 73. 1 15, 116. 122. 154. 340.

.^4I,.^43, 350, 352. 355
Eastern Flying Training: 1 8. 33. 350
Ferrying: 19

Military Airlift: 182. 187. 190. 202. 204. 222. 267
Military Air Transport Service: 69. 105. 1 10-1 I.

112. 133. 142. 146, 166
Pacific Air Forces: 138. 164. 167. 218. 271. 325
Personnel Distribution: 33. 347
Strategic Air: 43. 48. 49. 53. 59. 60, 69. 73. 75.

90,95,97, 100, 102, 106, 111, 112, 115. 117.

I 19. 130. 133. 137. 143. 144. 145. 151. 152.

161. 166. 178, 195, 199, 204. 228. 229. 243.

273, 339, 340, 342, 344, 345, 347. 348. 350.

352, 354
Tactic-: Air: 43. 69. 85. 95. 96. 102. 1 12. 1 15.

l\ !19, 130, 132, 133, 138, 144. 151. 160.

1( .4. 167, 170, 178, 186. 201. 202. 204.

205, 218, 256, 266, 270, 273. 339. 341. 342.
344,349,351,354,355,356

United States Air Forces in Europe: 54, 138, 190,
218.258.266.272.276

USAF Security Service: 1 14. 1 17. 1 19. 215. 218.
345

Western Flying Training: 18. 21. 33

Western Technical Training: 18.21.22. 33. 40
Command Motto (see Motto)
Commissioning programs: 89. 134. 149. 198.235.

255, 256
Communications, computer systems decentralization:

265
Communications, computer systems integration: 272
Community College of the Air Force: 189, 191, 194,

198. 209. 218. 220. 222, 226, 239, 255, 274, 281,

282. 289. 295. 298. 300. 303. 309. 312. 317. 323,

322. 327
Competitive Sourcing and Privatization: 281, 306
Computer-assisted instruction: 217
Computer-based instruction: 259
Computer Directed Training System: 217
Computer technology, use of: 217, 228. 247. 263
Connally. James T.Xol. AAF: 59
Construction (see Military construction)
Continental Air Defense Force: 1 10
Contract base support: 132, 142, 202, 214. 306

Audiovisual services: 214

Base service stores: 264

Custodial services: 142

Food service: 142

Fuels: 142. 264

Garbage collection: 142

Housing: 142

Mission support: 198

Photographic services: 142

Transportation: 142.214

Vehicle maintenance: 214

Vehicle operations: 214
Contract flying schools: 6. 64. 76

Clewiston. Florida: 11.352

Dallas. Texas: 6

East St Louis. Illinois: 6. 351. 352

Glenview. Illinois: 6

Glendale. California: 6

Lafayette. Louisiana: 6. 347

Lancaster, California: 1 1. 347. 356

Lincoln. Nebraska: 6

Mesa. Arizona: 1 1 . 343

Miami. Oklahoma: 1 1. 350

Orangeburg. South Carolina: 12. 351

Ponca City^ Oklahoma: 1 1, 352

San Diego. California: 6

Santa Maria. California: 12. 351

Sweetwater, Texas: 1 1 . 352

Terrell. Texas: 11.346-47

Tulsa. Oklahoma: 6. 355

Tuscaloosa, Alabama: 6. 12. 355
Contract maintenance: 256. 304

366

Contract training (see Flying and Teciinical Training)

Cook. Donald C. Gen. USAF: 324. 328. 329. 333 '^

Coral Gables. Florida: 1 1 . 342

Coronet Bare: 1 83

Counterinsurgency: 205

Cousins. Ralph P., Maj Gen: 18

Crane. Carl. Capt. Army Air Corps: 1 24

Crisis Action Team: 326. 332

Cuba: 143

Cuban Brigade. 2.^06lh: 152

Curr\ . John F.. Maj Gen: 1 !S, 2 I

Dallas. Texas: 6. 7. 348

Danish Balancing Chair: 124

Davis. Benjamin O.. Jr.. Capt: 34

Davis. Bennie L.. Gen. USAF: 219. 220. 222. 224.

228. 229. 333
Davis. H.W.: 1 1 1
Davis. Isaiah. Col: 42
Defense Language Institute: 144. 165. 257
Defense Language Institute. English Language

Center: 208.255.315
Defense Management Review: 264
Delayed enlistment: 221. 264
Delhgatti. Robert S.. Maj Gen: 258. 262. 266. 272
Del Rio Flying Service: 1 95
Del Rio. Texas: 156. 163. 310. .U2. 348. 355
Denmark: 65. 228

Denver. Colorado: 18, 147. 341. 343. 344. 348
Department of Armament: 7-8
Department of Basic Instruction: 7-8
Department of Clerical Instruction: 7
Department of Communications: 7-8
Department of Defense: 57. 70. 105. 1 14. 1 18. 1 19.

144. 146. 151. 152. 174. 175. 176. 180. 188. 192,

218. 226. 230. 241. 242. 248. 260. 261. 264. 267.

271. 272. 273. 280. 293. 295. 296. 297. 314. 325.

326
Departtnent of Mechanics: 7-8
Department of Photography: 7-8
Deputy Chief of Staff:

become Directors: 285

Civil Engineering: 202

Community College Affairs: 194

Comptroller: 191.272,296

Education: 235

Engineering and Services: 202

Financial Management and Comptroller: 272, 296

Flying Training: 117. 158

Information Systems: 242

Installations: 95. 123

Logistics: 186.212

.Manpower and Organization: 105. 107. 117

Materiel: 186

Medical Services and I raining: 255

Operations: 158, 199,202.256,273

Operations anil Readiness: 254, 267, 273

Operations Oft ice: 101

Personnel: 194.202.220

Plans; 158. 182

Plans and Operations: 101

Plans and Requirements: 254. 258. 266

Plans. Programs, ami 0|ieralions Services: 1 17,
158

Programming Office: 101

Recruiting Service: 191. 255

Recruiting Service and Commissioning Programs:
255

Surgeon (see Medical Services and Training)

Technical Training: 117. 158. 190. 208, 256
Depuiv Coniniander for Flexible (lunnery: 25
Depulv ConiiiKinder. Flving: 73
l^epulv Commander lor .Maintenance: 202. 272. 276
Deputy Commander for Materiel: 147
Deputy Commander for Operations: 147
Deputv Commander for Resource Management: 276
Deputv Commander for Training: 147.219
Diamondback Ridge (also see Basic Military

Training. Warrior Week): 302
Direct commissioning: 134. 256
Direct duty assignment: 102. 293
Director of Education: 239
Director of Staff: 296

Directorate of Communications and Inlormation: 301
Directorate of Operations: 304
Directorate of Plans and Programs: 304
Distance Learning: 263-64. 288. 310, 318
DOD Authorization Act of 1984: 242
DOD Militarv W orking Dog Agency (also see

Military Training): 267
Douglas Aircraft Companv : 40
Di>rmiioi\ Master Plan: M)2
Draft ended: 195
Draft lottery: 180
Drug abuse education: 187-88
Dusard. Leo I-.. Jr.. Nhtj Gen. LSAF: 173. 178, 182

Economv Resources Program: 109

Education: 60, 122, 1 24^ 141. 149. 168. 187. 189.
191, 194, 204, 215, 216, 218, 221. 225. 226. 234,
235. 236, 238, 239. 274, 281, 282, 288. 293. 298.
302, .306. 310. 3 1 5. 316. 322. 326. 327. 3.30. 33 1 .
3.50

Edwards. Idvval. Col. AAF. Commander. Randolph
Field: 141

Egypt: 91

Eisenhower. Dvvight D.: 107

Emblems:

Amarillo Technical Training Center: 129
Chanute Technical Training Center: 1 29
Crew Training Air Force: 79
Eastern Flying Training Command: 23
Flying Training Air F-orce: 72
Keesler Technical Training CVnier: 1 29
Lovvry Technical Training Center: 1 29
Sheppard Technical Training Center: 129
lechnical Training Air Force: 73
Technical Training Command: 32

367

fEmblems. contd);

Western Flying Training Command: 31

3275th Air Force Indoctrination Wing: 80

3310th Technical Training Wing: 88

3415th Technical Training Wing: 54

35()Oth Pilot Training Wing: 80

35 1 0th Flying Training Wing: 72

3520th Flying Training Wing: 87

3525th Pilot Training Wing: 55

3535th Bonibaidiiient Training Wing: 55

3545th Pilot Training Wing: 53

3575th Pilot Training Wing: 54

3610th Observer Training Wing: 88

3615th Pilot Training Wing: 64

3640th Pilot Training Wing: 82
Hmergency Rescue School (see Schools)
Energy crisis: 345
Enhanced flight screening (see Flight screening,

enhanced)
Enlisted replacement center (see Training centers,

replacement)
Enlisted Reserve Coips: 19
En\ ironmental Compliance and Management

Program: 280
Environmental issues: 280. 293, 314, 316, 331
Epidemiological Laboratory, 3790th: 122, 137
Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training (see Flying

Training)
Exercises:

Commando Rock: 2 1 8

Crimson Hammer '89: 264

Salty Rooster: 2 1 8
Expeditionary Air Force (also see Air and Space

Expeditionary Force): 322
Exportable courseware: 247
Extension Course Institute: 238. 281, 289. 296, 318

l-actory schools: 8, 21. 25, 30, 39, 40

Fairchild Republic: 231,232

Family housing: 62. 126. 139. 326

Family support center: 259

Federal Aviation Administration: 151. 230. 314. 326

Fickel. Jacob E.. Maj Gen: 18

Field Command Defense Nuclear Agency: 1 88

Field training: 205. 209. 242. 248. 270, 274, 278.

295. 297. 302. 309. 316. 328. 329. 335
Fire rescue service: 142
First assignment instructor pilot: 1 1 9. 274
First Sergeants Academy: 282
First Sergeant course: 195
Fleener. Jesse. SrA.USAF: 320
Flights:

AETC Qn'ihty and Management Innovation: 301

Comptroller: 296

Studies and Analysis: 304

5th Flying Training: 305

23d Flying Training: 292. 313

332d Airlift: 285 '
Flight safety: 74

Flight screening (see Flying Training)

Flying cadet (also see Aviation cadet): 1. 3. 7. 23,

125. 140. 141
Flying Division: 55.59.61
Flying hour reduction: 57. 1 09. 204. 2 1 1 . 245
Flying Training:

Advanced: "3, 28. 29. 89. 1 19. 3.50

Advanced fighter: 81. 101. 105

Advanced Multi-Engine (also see Twin-engine):

54.55.59.91.95
Advanced Single-Engine: 20. 26. 33. 44. 55. 64.

65. 73. 432^
Basic: 3,5.28.49,55,68, 101, 106, 132
Basic, all jet: 101
Basic Multi-Engine: 96, 97
Basic observer: 81, 85, 126
Basic Single-Engine: 68. 82. 88. 89. 90. 93, 95,

96, 105
Black pilots; 33,34
Bomber: 26, 27. 37. 64. 73. 85. 91. 97. 1 19. 245.

329

Introduction to Bomber Fundamentals: 288
Broad Area Review of: 263. 305
Consolidated pilot: 130. 132
Contract flying: 3. 6. 64. 74. 76. 84. 96. 100. 111.

137

Civilian aviation schools: 6. 7. 25. 52

Foreign pilot schools: 8

Glider pilot schools: 3. 353

Primary: 3.6.84.96. 115. 121. 123. 132. 137
Crew or combat crew: 144. 146. 178. 182. 186.

187, 190. 201. 243. 270. 281. 292. 297. 349,

350.351,352,355

Fighter/bomber: 64, 73, 75, 85

B-29: 26, 27, 29, 37, 38, 39, 44, 49, 63. 64.
69.75.82.89.90.91.96.210

All-weather interceptor: 73,75.89. 144

B-47: 68. 73. 75. 85. 86. 90. 95, 106. 350
Egress: 26

Electronic waifare: 152. 251. 310. 326
Electronic warfare officer (EWO): 126. 138. 152,

178. 218. 250, 288. ,301. 310. 325. 338
Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training (ENJJPT):

218, 223, 224-25, 227, 228, 247. 255

Training Begins: 225. 228
Fighter: 2.^5. 2I . 26. 44. 48. 49. 55. 64. 65. 68.
^69. 73. 75. 76. 81.85. 97. 101. 105. 1 15. 1 17.

1 19. 202. 247, 251. 256, 259. 286, 287, 298,

3 1 0. 3 14.31 8. 319. 323. 329, 338, 35 1

Fighter-bomber: 64, 73, 85, 228

Fighter crew: 65, 68

Fixed-wing qualification: 2 1 3. 247

Introduction to Fighter Funtlamentals: 287.
310.318. 326.^29
Flight engineer: 26. 27. 38. 44. 49. 69
Flight screening: 135. 159. 160, 192, 193, 195,

^208, 232, 263, 267, 273, 274, 277, 285, 291.

292.298,305,310.317.318

368

(Flying training, conid):
(Flight Screening, contd):

Civilian contract: 8. ll.S.'S.^.l 12.\ 142. ]59.

160.274
Enhanced; 267. 29 1 . 292. 298. M)f<. }\(). ?< 1 7.

."^18
InirodiiciorN Flight Screening: 292
Introductor) Flight Training: .^10. 314
Flight surgeon indoclrinatinn: 1 19
Formation: 26. 210
Four-engine: 23. 24. 26. 27. 44, .'i.'S, 96. 341. 344.

346.348.353.355.356
Four-phase pilot: 79. 85
Generalized undergraduate pilm traninig: I 14.

121. 126.218.259

Glider: 3. 15. 17. 22. 24. 210. .^47

Heavy bombers: 23. 26. 27

Helicopter: 44. 45. 59. 63, 72. 76. 85. 90. 104.

104. 115. 116. 118. 119. 120. 132. 133. 142.

156, 160. 164. 171. 174. 175. 176. 177. 182.

187. 195. 205. 223. 224. 228, 237, 247, 267.

274. 285. 286. 298. 324. 325, 328, 330, 343,

344. 353. 354

Undergraduate pilot (helicopter): 292
Instructor Pilots (see Instructor Force. Pilots)
Instrument: 20. 2 1 . 24. 27. 37. 43. 49. 60. 64. 75.

90, 124, 137. 154. 178. 199. 200. 205. 211.

217. 218. 230. 237. 277. 314. .Ml
Interceptor: 69. 73, 75. 97. 1 I I. 1 15. 117. I 19.

132. 137. 138. 144
Interceptor weapons: 97. 1 1 1
Introduction to Fighter Fiindanicnlals: 3 1 0. 3 1 8.

319.324.326. 329
Jet fighter: 44, 48, 73. 85
.let qualification: 1 17. 1 19
Joint Specialized Undergraduate Pilot Training:

287.291,296-97
Liaison: 88. 90. 94. 99. 104. 182. 209. 224. 320.

.343. 352. 3.54
Merit assignment system: 199
Moratorium on flying training: 43
Navigator (see Navigation/Navigator Training)
Pilot mdoclrinalion:' 175. 192. 198.232.293
Pilot instructor training: 37. 64, 90, 170, 185,

187, 192.200.205,287
POW requalificalion: 195
Prefhght: 1.19. 26. 28. 38. 44. 61. 76, 85, 90,

122. 1.30. 131. 1.^9.353

Primary: 2. 3. 6. 1 2, 28, 33, 84, 85, 9 1 , 95, 96,

120, 121, 125, 130. 132. 170
Primary-Basic combined: 47. 49
Pursuit (fighter): 2
Reconnaissance: 69,91. 179
Rotary wing qualific:ition; 1 19. 182. 222. 267.

274. 292
Single-engine: 5. 26. 28. 57. 68. 90. 93. 95. 96.

105. 114. 116
Single-phase pilot training squadron: 174

(Flying training, contd i:

Specialized undergraduate pilot training: 223.
2.56. 259. 264.^277. 279, 287, 2898.V>I. 292,
297. 299, .301.310. 318. 329
Fighter-attack-reconnaissance: 25 1 . 256
Tanker-transport-bomber: 245. 256
Bomber and fighter: 287. 329
Tanker and transport: 287. 329
Split-shift: 96

Tanker-transporl-boniber system: 245
Three-phase pilot training program: 44
Transition: 26. 27. 29. 69. 85.^95. 271
Twin-engine: 5. 15. 17. 20. 23. 24. 26. 27. 28. 31.
33. .34. 5, 201.. 343
Renamed multi-engine: 55
Undergraduate pilot training: 65. 119. 121. 132.
151. L59. 160. 163. 168. 170. 175. 178. 181.
192. 195. 200. 202. 205. 2008. 212. 222. 224.
228. 231. 232. 233, 245. 256. 259, 286, 291,
292. 297. 299. 305. 335
Prellight phase: 132. 135
Priman phase: 132. 1.35.231
Basic phase: 132, 135
30/90/1 20- Hour Program: 1 59
24()-Hour Program: 181
Weather reconnaissance: 252
Women pilots: 208,209.210
Combat flying training: 291
Flynn. Jeannie M.. 1st Lt. USAF: 291
Food ser\ ice operation (also see Operation New

Look): 70
Ford. Gerald R.. President of the United Stales: 209
Foreign language training: 131. 136. 144
Foreign military training (also see International
Training): 11-12.65,86,91. 102. 182. 131. 138.
144. 1.5L 187. 204. 205. 222. 2.33. 256. 266. 277,
278
Fori Worih. Texas: 4. 5. 14. 26. 42. 344. 346. 354
Foulois. Benianun D.. Li. US Army: 1. 260
France: 1.2^6.7. 11.59.65
French Morocco: 34
Fuel, high cost of: 229

Garden Plot: 176

Garrett Turbine Engine Company: 233

Gary. .Arthur Edward. Lt. Army Air Corps: 88

Gates Commission: 191

General Accounting Oil ice: 218, 225, 260

General Headquarters .Mr Force: 58

Generalized technical training (see Training,

Technical )
German Air Force: 159. 169. 170, 185. 186. 227.

228. 233, 270. 298
German Navy: 227, 233
Germany (also see West Germany): 3. 54, 91,218,

228 '
Gillespie, Gil 1... Maj. USAF: 190
Global Reach-Global Power; 269
Global War on Terror (also sec Operations): 332

Goodyear Aerospace Corporation: 240

Gorman. Texas: 3

Granmi-Rudman-Hollings: 243. 249

Grand Rapids, Michigan: 8

Greece: 228

Griffith, John C, Lt Gen, USAF: 283. 296. 301 . 304,

309
Greensboro, North Carohna: 25, 43, 345
Ground control intercept: 155
Groups:

Air base: 59. 147, 185, 186,276

Air Force Security Assistance Training (also see
Squadrons): 265, 266, 269, 314, 328

Foreign Military Training Affairs: 207, 208, 211.
212. 215, 242, 249, 254, 255, 262, 266

Logistics: 236, 276, 290, 328

Maintenance: 328

Maintenance and Supply: 59. 121

Medical: 59. 276, 285, 290. 332

Operations: 269, 276. 285. 286, 287. 290. 307.
328

Student: 186,236

Support: 266, 269. 276, 277, 282. 290, 328

Tactical: 59

Technical training: 107, 232. 276, 283

Training: 283

12th Operations: 285

17th Technical Training: 283

37th Military Training: 283

37th Technical Training: 283

81st Medical: 284

8 1 St Technical Training: 283

82d Field Training: 283

82d Medical Training: 283

82d Operations: 286

82d Technical Training: 283

162d Fighter: 284

1 84th Fighter: 284

332d Fig^hter: 34, 35

336th Crew Training: 281, 284. 289. 290, 291

336th Training: 167'! 291. 300. 304. 309. 312. 318,
321.324,328

338th Training Support: 276. 277. 282. 290. 291

340lh Flying Training: 310

360th Recruiting: 282

367th Recruiting: 282

369th Recruiting: 282

372d Recruiting: 282

381st Training: 290

391st Technical Training: 283

393d Technical Training: 283

394th Military Training- 277. 283. 284

394th Technical Training: 283

396th Field Training: 283

396th Medical Training: 283

396th Technical Training: 283

398th Operations: 287

479th Flying Training: 318. 319. 324. 325

737lh Training: 302, 306, 308-9

(Groups, contd):

982d Training: 290

3300th Pilot Training (Contract Primary): 137
330()th Training Support: 265. 266, 269, 273, 277
3301st Pilot Training (Contract Primary): 137
3302d Pilot Training (Contract Primary): 137
3303d Pilot Training (Contract Primary ): 1 37
3304th Pilot Training (Contract Primary): I 16
3305th Pilot Training (Contract Primary): 1 30
3306th Pilot Training (Contract Primary): 1 37
3307th Pilot Training (Contract Primary): i 1 1
3308th Pilot Training (Contract Primary): 1 1 1
3310th Technical Training: 88, 126
3320th Retraining: 170
3415th Special Training: 198
3499th Mobile Training: 84, 1 1 1
3450th Technical Training: 116, 126
3500th Personnel Processing: 158
3500th Pilot Training: 59, 60, 1 19
3505th Technical Training: 158
3525th Pilot Training: 55, 105, 130
3545th USAF Hospital: 117
3550th Pilot Training: 137
3560th Pilot Training: 73
3565th Navigator Training: 164
3585th Pilot Training: 55. 76
3625th Combat Crew Training (Aircraft
Controller): 111. 117

Technical Training (Weapons Controller): 1 2 1
3636th Combat Crew Training ( Survival ): 1 64.

167. 173. 186.205,206,284
3645th Pilot Training: 82. 105. 137. 144
3700th Officer Training: 276
3700th WAF Training: 56
3720th Basic Military Training: 277
374()th Basic Military Training: 66
3750th Observer Training: 84
3785th Field Training: 242

Guerrilla operations: 146

Gulf Coast Military Academy: 7 1 , 345

Gulfport, Mississippi: 68. 75. 345

Habiger. Eugene E.. Lt Gen. USAF: 272. 276. 282.

290. 296
Haiti: 34

Hall, Charles, Lt, AAF, 99th Pursuit Squadron: 34
Hall, George R., Col. USAF. Project Homecoming

returnee: 196
Hamm. Charles R., Maj Gen, USAF. Vice

Commander. ATC: 246. 254
Hancock. Allan, one of original nine primaiv school

contractors: 6
Hanley. Thomas J.. Jr.. Maj Gen. Commanding

General. Eastern Flying Training Command: 1 8
Harper. Robert W., Lt Gen. USAF. Commanding

General, ATC: 54. 59, 64, 72. 80, 88. 94, 333
Hasty Chief: 209
Hasty Spark: 209

370

Hc;Kk|Liarters consciliLlalion. iwliktion. relocation.

|-LH)igani/atioii; 14. 10.^. 116. 117. 242. 2.^.^
Hodges. James F.. Maj Gen. Conimanding General.

Army Air Forces Training Command: 32, 42. 33,3
Hopper,' John D.. Lt Gen, USAF: 3 IS. 324. 328. 331.

333
Hornbiirg. Hal M. Gen. USAF: 3 IS. 324. 326. 330.

333
Hospital. I Ith C'ontiiigeiicN : 274
Housing:

Pri\ ati/ation: 326

■Student (also see Dormitory Master Plan): 302
Houston. Texas: 1 , 59. 205. 264. .343. .346
Hiiwaid Hughes Airpoil; 209
Humanitarian aid: 156. 24S
Humphreys. Frederic E.. Lt. Signal Corps: 1
Hurricanes:

Andrew: 167.279.285.293

Camille: ISO

Charlie (tropical storm): 310

Elena: 24S

George: 310

Hugo: 261

Mitch: 314

Inactive reserve: 70
Indianapolis. Indiana: 18
Indoctrination Di\ision: 43. 56. 59. 347
Indoctrination Flight Course: 34
Information Services Agency: 123
Inspection cycle for flying training wings: 264
Inspector General: 296
Installation Restoiation Program: 241. 280
Instructor badge: 170

master: 1 5 I
Instructor loice (also see Project Big Triangle.

Project Honte Fiont. and Sclmols): 51. 53.

78, 175,273

Basic military: 9. 112. 133. 171. 308. .309

Bombardier: 37

Bombers: 20, 26

Centralized instructor schools: 11,21

Combat crew: 64

Contract schools: 21

Field training: 1 12, 138

Military training uniform: 171

Navigation: 106

Pilots: 29, 1 19, 163, 170, 204, 237, 278, 286, 287
Reserve IP force: 298, 305, 310, 314, 325

Primary school: 19

Ratio: 107

Retention: 19,85,270

Shortage: 1 6, 2 1 , 43, 60, 70, 77, 1 26, 1 28, 1 33,
151, 161,217

Stabilized tours: 107, 126

Technical: 49. 65, 77-78. 126
Civiliani/alion: 77-78, 107
loriiiali/ed training for: 60

lOI'CAT program: 298

Instructor Pilots (see Instructor force. Pilots)

Instrument Might Center (see CSAI- Instrument
Ihght Center)

Instrument flight rules: 230

Instrument flight simulator (also see Simulators):
199. 200.21 1. 128

Instrument flight standards: 237

Instrument Pik)t Instructor School (see Schools)

Inter-American Air Forces Acadeiny: 285

Intermediate headquarters, abolishment of: 59

International Training (also see: Foreign language
Hauling: Foreign military training; Inter-American
Air Forces Academy; Flying Training, luu'o-
NAIX) Joint Jet Pilot Training; Groups. Air Force
Security Assitance Training Group; Groups,
Foreign Military Training Affairs; International
Ofllcer School; Military Assistance Program;
Project Peace Hav\k; Security Assistance
Program; Squadrons, Air Force Security
Assistance Training; Squadrons, 3389th Pilot
Training; USAF Language School; Wings, 363()th
FKing Tiaming): 1 1-12^86, 103. 131-32, 1.36,
144, 151, 170, 182. 186, 204, 205, 206. 208, 222,
225, 255. 266, 287, 298, 321, 335 (footnote a)

Interservice Training Review Organization: 192,
208, 225. 293. 3()5

Introduction to Fighter Fundamentals (see l-l\ing
Training, Fighter)

hnolunlary recall: 70

losue, Andrew P., Gen, USAF, Commaniler. ATC:
236. 246. 250. 276. 333

Ira C. Baker Center for Professional ne\elopmeni:
238. 285

Renamed Ira C. Eakcr College for Professional
Development: 285

Iran: 222.226

lr;u|: 91.274.322,327

Isiael: 187, 196

Israeli Air Force: 187

Italy; 34, 35, 228. 258

Japan: 3.8. 14.38,39. 190.270

Joint Primary Aircraft Training System (also see

T-6A Texan 11): 295,297
Joint Specialized Undergraduate Flying Tiaimng (see

Flying training)
Johnson, Louis, Secretary of Defense: 59
Johnson, Lyndon B., President of the United Slates:

160, 163
Jones. David C, Gen, USAF, Chief of Staff of the

Air Force: 211.2.38
JP-8 fuel: 293
Juda target car; 39
Judge Advocate course (see Schools. USAF

Chaplain)
Jungle Jim: 146

Kassabaum- Baker Commission: 306
Keesler Medical Center: 284

.^71

Kennedy, John F.. President of the United States:

135
Killpack, Lairy M., Maj Gen. USAF. Vice

Commander, ATC: 202
Kincaid, Aivin C. Brig Gen, Chief of Staff. Army

Air Forces Training Command: 42. 47
King, Dr Martin Luther: 176
Knollwood, North Carolina: 8, 347
Korea: 63, 64, 65, 68, 70, 71, 75. 76. 77, 79, 86, 87,

90,91,95. 118. 141. 149. 160. 162. 166.220.246.

258, 270, 292, 302
Korean War: 64. 65. 68. 75, 86, 91. 95, 118, 149,

162, 166.270,292,302
Kraus, Walter F., Maj Gen, Chief of Staff, Army Air

Forces Training Command: 18, 25, 32

Lahm. Frank P.. Lt. Signal Corps: 1.19

Brig Gen: 3
Language, English instruction: 131. 204
Language training, foreign (see Training)
LeMay. Curtis. Gen. USAF, Chief of Staff of the Air

Force: 144. 153. 162
Lend-Lease Act: 1 1
Leon Springs Reservation: 120
Lincoln, Rush B., Brig Gen: 8. 9
Link trainer: 21,45, 50
Long, H.S., one of original nine primary school

contractors: 6
Louisville, Kentucky: 172
Love, Nancy Harkness: 208
Luftwaffe: 1 1
Luxembourg: 60

Maddux, Sam, Jr., Lt Gen, USAF, Commander,

ATC: 164, 167. 171, 172. 176. 180. 333
Madsen, Frank M., Jr., Maj Gen, USAF, Vice

Commander, ATC: 194, 198
Maloy, Robert W., Maj Gen, USAF, Vice

Commander, ATC: 198, 203
Manipulation trainer: 39
Martin, Frederick L., Maj Gen, AAF, Commanding

General, Central Technical Training Command:

15
Master instructor badge (see Instructor badge,

master)
Masters, E.L., Col, USAF. Bainbridge Air Base

commander: 109
McBride. William V.. Lt Gen. USAF. Commander.

ATC: 189. 194. 198, 200, 203, 333
McCain, John, US Senator: 329
McConnell, Fred M., Jr., Capt. AAF: 93
McConnell. Thomas L., Lt, AAF: 93
McCormick Board: 1 1 1

Mcllvoy, David W., Lt Gen, 309, 313, 318, 333
McKee, George H., Lt Gen, USAF, Commander,

ATC: 198.333
McNamara, Robert, Secretary of Defense: 158
McNaughton, Kenneth P., Brig Gen, AAF, Chief of

Staff, Army Air Forces Traininc Command: 23

Maj Gen, USAF, Vice Commander, ATC: 71.78,
86
McPeak. Merrill A., Gen, USAF, Chief of Staff of

the Air Force: 239, 279, 280
Media Bead Blasting: 280, 290
Medical Service School (see Schools)
Medical training: 156, 158, 164, 283, 310
Medical units, reserve: 154
Merit assignment ranking system: 273
Mexico: 12, 163
Meyer, Vincent D., Lt, USAF. recorded last student

flight in T-6 at Moore AB, Texas: 99
Miami Beach, Florida: 8, 148, 350
Military Aircraft Storage and Disposal Center: 203
Military Assistance Program: 131, 165, 170, 187,

198,205,222
Military-conducted training: 123
Military construction: 66, 92. 142. 252, 268

Rebuild, renovate Lackland: 257
Military Indoctrination for Medical Service Officers:

273
Military installations (also see Appendix C):
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: 285
Ajo Field, Arizona: 339
Albrook AFB, Panama Canal Zone: 167, 206
Altus AFB, Oklahoma: 281, 284, 287, 288, 289,
293,294, 296, 299, 300. 304. 309, 312. 318,
324. 325. 328. 39
Amarillo Field. Texas: 10. 18. 24. 32. 33. 39. 72.
73,80,88,94, 100, 104, 1 10, 1 16, 121, 130,
136, 143, 150

AFB: 154, 157, 161, 163. 168. 169. 170. 174.
186,339
Andrews AFB. Maryland: 109.291
Apalachicola Field. Florida: 339
Avenger Field. Texas: 209. 339. 354
Bagram AB. Afghanistan: 332
Bainbridge Airfield, Georgia: 7. 37. 41. 42, 47.
340

Air Base: 3. 49. 53. 340
Barksdale Field. Louisiana:

AFB: 3. 49. 53. 340
Barry M. Goldwater Range. Arizona: 325. 329
Bartow Field, Florida: 74

Air Base: 132, 137,340
Beale AFB, California: 261, 269. 340
Big Spring AFB. Texas: 72, 73, 82. 356
Blackland Field. Texas: 1 7. 24. 3 1
Boca Raton Field. Florida: 17. 24. 32, 33, 41. 48
Brooks Field. Texas: 6, 7, 28, 37

AFB: 121, 122, 125, 130, 133, 136,304,341
Bryan Field, Texas: 341

AFB: 72,73.80.88.94. 100. 101. 104. 109.
116. 130
Buckingham Field. Florida: 17. 24. 32. 33. 40.

341
Buckley Field. Colorado: 18. 24. 32. 33. 40. 341
Air National Guard Base: 1 64. 34 1

T^i:

(Military instailatiiins, Lonidl:

Camp Biiliis. Texas (also see Military

installations, Laci^ia^d): 120, l.^.i, 183,244,

297
Camp Carson, Colorado: 97. 166

Fort: 120
Camp Parks. Calitbrnia (also see Parks AFB): 7,3,

352
Camp Zachary Taylor. Kenlueks: 168
Camp .Stanley, Texas: 120
Carlisle Banacks, Pennsylvania: .52
Carlstrom Field. Florida: 6. 339, 341
Castle .AFB. California: 243, 286. 287, 292, 350
Chanute Field, lllniois: 7, 18, 24, 32, 33, .34, 41,

45,46.47, 118,341

.\FB: 74, 82, 106, 122, 128, 138, 139, 156,
171, 180, 182, 199,225,233,234,251,
254. 281.. ^4 1
Charleston AFB. South Carolina: 293
Clark Air Base, the Philippines: 167. 206
Cochran Field. Georgia: 17, 18, 23, 31, 342. .349
Columbus Field, Mississippi: 17, 23, 31

AFB: 64, 74, 100, 177, 178, 267, 277. 299.
30I.,W7. 315. 342
College Park. Maryland: 5
Connally AFB (see Waco and James Connally):

59,71, 111, 117. 119. 123 1.36. 145. 160. 164.

178,346
Corry Naval Station, Florida: 301. 313
Craig Field. Alabama: 9, 12, 17, 23, 342

AFB:64, 76, 212, 220, 342
Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona: 120. 145. 151.

203
Dobbins AFB. Georgia: 313
Douglas Field. Arizona: 17. 24
Duncan Field. Texas: 7
Dyess AFB. Texas: 248
Edward Gary AFB. Texas (also see San Marcos

and Gary): 99. 100. 104. 105. .^43. 344. 353
Edwards AFB. California: 132. 202. 247. 263.

290. 304
Eglin AFB. Florida: 161
Eielson AFB, Alaska: 166, 167
Ellington Field, Texas; 5, 19, 38, 209, 343

AFB: 65, 107, 120,343
Enid Field, Oklahoma: 17, 24, 33, 41, 48, .343

AFB (also see Vance): 53. 54, 59, 355
Essington, Pennsylvania: 5
Fairchild AFB, Washington: 164, 170, 206. 2.30.

243.251. 291. 293. .^21
Forbes AFB, Kansas: 185, 186. 190. 198
Fort Bel voir. Virginia: 61
Fort Bragg. North Carolina: 310
Fort Brown, Texas: 31,343
Fort Dix, New Jersey: 244, 297
Fort Francis E. Warren, Wyoming: 47, 48. 53, 54.

60, 344

AFB: 60. 75, 116. 117, .344
Fort George E. Wright, Washington: 48. 344

(Military installations, contd):

Fort Logan, Colorado: 18, .343, 344

Fort Monroe, Virginia: 168

Fort Oglethorpe. Georgia: 168

Fort Rucker, Alabama: I 19, 182, 193, 195, 222-

24, 2.37, 267, 274, 292, 313, 3.30
Fort Sam Houston. Texas: 5, 28, 29, 70, 212, 246,

260, 264
Fort Sill, Oklahoma: 6.7.49. 176
Fort Slocum, New York: 168
Fort Wolters, Texas (see Wolters AFB): 1 19, 182.
195

Foster Field. Texas: 1 7. 24. 32. .344
Freeman Field. Indiana: 118. 160
Gary AFB TX (also see San Marcos and Edward

Gary): 88, 100, 104. 105. .343, 353
Geiger Field, Washingti)n: 41, 48, 344
Goodfellovv Field, Texas: 33. 48

AFB: 117. 215. 218. 219. 240, 244. 246. 247.
285. 296 297, 332, .345
Graham Air Base, Florida: 88, 14
Greenville AFB, Mississippi: 64. 74. 88-90, lUO.

131, 142, 153. 154. 158.345
Gullport Field. Mississippi: 17. 24
Gunler Field. Alabama: 11. 12. .345
Air Force Station: 215. 235. 238
Annex: 318.345
Hahn Air Base. German\ : 218
Hamilton AFB. California: 102
Hanscom AFB. Massachusetts: 282. 290
Harlingen Field. Texas: 17. 24. 27. 39,

AFB: 82. 1.36. 144. 145. .^^45
Hill AFB, Utah: 187.304
Holloman AFB. New Mexico: 155. 287
Homestead AFB. F-lorida: 1 67, 25 1 , 252, 279,

285. 293
Hondo Field. Texas: 291
Airfield: 72
Air Base: 116

Municipal Airport: 195. 208. 317. 318
James Connally AFB. Texas (also see Waco and
Connally): 59. 76. 96. 106. 1 1 1. 117, 1 18,
I 19, 123, 131, 133, 1.36. 138. 142, 145. 154,
160, 164. 182. 342. .346. 355
Jefferson Barracks, Missouri: 9. 346. 354
Kearns Center, Utah: 347
Keesler Field, Mississippi: 8. 9. 10, 25, 30, 33.
.39. 40. 48. 49. 5 1 . 52. 347
AFB: 58. 60. 61. 65. 66. 85. 91, 96. 106. 107.
111. 112. 122. 126. 133. 138, 1.39. 142.
145. 146. 151. 1.54. 158, 1.59, 160, 164.
170, 174, 175, 178, 179, 180. 191. 194.
195. 196. 198. 205. 208. 212. 222. 230.
243. 244, 246, 247. 248, 251, 258, 2,59,
263, 266, 268. 273. 274. 282. 283. 2S4.
285. 263. 268. 273. 274. 282. 283. 284,
285. 291. .^02. .304. 281. 283. 284. 289,
29 1 . 302. .^04. .^06. 3 1 0. 3 1 1 . 3 1 3. 3 1 4.
320. 322. 326. 3.^0. 332. 341. 344. 345, .347

373

(Military installations, contd):

Kelly Field. Texas: 1,2,3.5.6,7.9. 19.28.312,
347

AFB: 56. 133, 212. 218. 246, 256. 260, 298,
306,312,313,325,347
Kingsley Field, Oregon: 284
Kinston Airfield, North Carolina (also see

Stallings): 74, 82, 347, 3.54
Kirtland Field, New Mexico: 18. 339. 339, 347
AFB: 1 19, 188, 198. 284, 285, 286, 288, 289,
290, 291, 292, 302, 304, 306, 310, 313,
320. 325. 328. 332, 347
Lackland AFB, Texas (also see San Antonio
Aviation Cadet Center): 12, 28, 29, 45, 52, 56,
61, 66. 70, 73, 76, 77, 86. 88. 89. 92. 96. 98.
103. 111. 112. 113. 115. 120. 122, 126, 130,
131, 133, 134, 136, 137, 139, 142, 144, 146,
148, 149, 152, 153. 158, 160, 162, 165, 168,
171, 174, 175, 176, 179, 183, 184, 188, 191,
194, 196, 198, 202, 204, 208, 212, 217, 222,
224, 229, 234, 235, 239, 240, 241, 243, 248,
251, 255, 256, 260, 264, 267, 273, 274. 277,
283, 284. 285, 290, 293, 297, 298, 301, .302,
304, 305, 306, 308, 309, 315, 316, 321, 325,
326, 330, 347, 353

Training Annex: 162. 176. 191, 198. 202. 220.
240,^273, 284
Ladd AFB, Alaska: 166
Langley Field, Virginia: 7, 238, 345, 347
Laredo AFB, Texas: 81, 82, 96, 106, 132, 137,

151, 175, 179, 187, 190, 194, 195, 348
Las Vegas Field, Nevada: 19, 39, 43, 44, 348
AFB (also see Nellis): .55, 61, 64, 348, 351
Laughlin AFB, Texas: 66, 81, 82, 100, 101, 105,
Wb. 1 1 1, 136, 137, 144, 151, 163, 168, 179,
190, 198, 205, 243, 264, 268, 272, 281, 289,
291.292.310.329.342.348
Lincoln Field. Nebraska: 33. 348
Little Rock AFB. Arkansas: 305. 306. 313, 329,

330, 339, 348
Lowry Field, Colorado: 7, 25, 27, 33. 40, 52. 147,
164,341

AFB: 96,97,98, 107, 108, 119, 120, 122, 126,
127, 133, 142, 144, 146, 147, 150, 151,
154, 160, 164, 170. 171, 179, 191, 192,
198, 212, 216, 217, 243, 244, 246, 247,
251, 252, 256, 259, 263, 278, 281, 284,289,
290.291,293.343.348
Lubbock Field. Texas: 33. 37. 352

AFB (also see Reese): 59. 60. 348. 352
Luke Field. Arizona: 12. 18. 33, 348

AFB: 68,69,73,79,81,84,97. 117.281.286.
287. 290. 291, 293, 294, 297, .301, 313,
319. 325. 326, 329, 33 1 , 348, .349, 352
Maiden Aiifield, Missouri: 74, 349
Air Base: 74, 125, 1.30, 132,349
Marana Field, Arizona: 1 2
Airfield: 74,349
Air Base: 74,96. I 11.349

(Military installations, contd):
March Field, California: 2, 3
Marks AFB, Alaska: 16
Mather Field, California: 38, 44, 49, 349

AFB: 55, 61, 70, 91, 96, 106, 122, 126, 138,
139, 152, 160, 170, 178, 186, 187, 195,
198, 203, 208, 213, 218, 222, 225, 228,
229, 243, 250, 251, 256, 259, 264, 277.
286.287.289.349.351
Maxwell Field. Alabama: 5. 1 1. 12. 18. 26. 33.
38. 148, 350

AFB: 159, 168, 191,216, 220, 222, 237, 238,
239, 246, 281, 284, 289, 291, 302, 305,
306,310,318,322,345,350
McConnell AFB. Kansas (also see Wichita): 68m

94. 95. 106. 1 17. 1 19. 284. 350. 356
Medina Base, Texas (also see Lackland Training
Annex): 134, 136, 139, 176,284, 191, 198,
217,246,284,302,308,309
Midland Field, Texas: 350
Mineola, New York: 1
Minter Field, California: 1 8, 340, 350
Mitchel AFB, New York: 122
Moffett Field, California: 5
Moody Field, Georgia: 1 8, 350

AFB: 68, 73, 81. 84, 90. 92, 95, 97, 1 1 1, 1 19,
132, 142, 145, 151, 194, 198, 202. 318,
319, 324, 325, 326, 329, 350, 351. 355
Moore Field, Texas: 92,351

Air Base: 100. 101. 125. 132. 137,350,351
Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas: 287
Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida: 285, 293,

297, .301,310
Nellis AFB, Nevada (also see Las Vegas): 64, 65,
68, 69, 73, 78, 81, 97, 117. 206. 301. 320. 325.
348. 35 1
New Castle Army Air Base. Delaware: 209
Nha Trang Air Base. Vietnam: 205
Norton AFB. California: I 14
Offutt AFB, Nebraska: 244, 315
Olmsted AFB, Pennsylvania: 122
Oscoda Field, Michigan: 34
Parks AFB. California (also see Camp Parks): 73,

74.86.89.92. 108, 111,352
Perrin Field. Texas: 18.33.352

AFB: 54, 55, 68, 69. 8 1 . 85. 89. 90. 92. 1 1 9.
132. 138, 142, 144. 170. 187. 352. 353
Peterson Field, Colorado: 170, 198
Pinccastle AFB, Florida: 68, 73, 75, 81, 85, 90,

95,350,351,352
Post Field, Fort Sill, Oklahi.ma: 2
RAF Little Rissington. United Kingdom: 274
Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico: 106
Ramstein Air Base, West Germany: 54
Randolph Field, Texas: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 1 1 . 1 6. 1 8.
20. 21, 28, 29. 33. 37. 38. 43. 50. 352
AFB: 54. 55. 59. 62. 64. 65. 68. 69. 76. 8 1 . 83.
96,97. 100. 105. 10fi. 1 10. II I. 1 12. I 16.
117. IIS. 119. 120. 124. 125. 132. 133.

374

(Military iiisiailations. conld);

(Randolph AFB.contd): 135. 137. 140. 141. 14.5.
1.^1. 1.52. 154. 15S. 160. 170. 171. 187. 190.
191. 192. 194. 195. 198. 2()(). 202. 203. 212.
2 1 ft. 2 1 7. 220. 224. 228. 237. 242. 243. 247.
2.50. 25 1 . 255. 256. 260. 266. 272. 273. 277.
280. 282. 285. 287. 301. .304. .^05. .306. 310.
313. 319. 325, 326. 329. .343. 352
Reese AFB. Texa.s (also .see Lubbock): 59. 60.
97. 101. 114. 119. 126. 132. 142. 151. 174.
179. 198. 200. 218. 222. 243. 246. 256. 259.
264. 267, 277. 278. 279. 287. 288. 291. 297.
298. .305. .'^48. 352

First base to offer SUPT: 256. 267. 278. 287
Receives first T-1 A: 267, 277. 278. 279
Richards-Gebaur AFB. Missouri: 106. 146
Robins AFB. Georgia: 106. 146
Roswell Field. New Mexico: 18. 26. 38. 353
Sampson AFB. New York: 64. 66, 74. 77. 86. 89.

92,98, 104. 344. 353
.San Angelo Field. Texas: 18, .345. 353
San AnU)nio AFS. Texas: 212.218. 260
San Antonio Aviation Cadet Center. Texas (also

see Lackland): 12. 26. 28. 32. 33. 347. 353

San Diegt). California: 1.16

San Marcos Field, Texas: 1 8. 33. 38. 44. 55. .343

AFB (also see Gary and Edward Gary): 59.

62. 76. 85. 88. i 18. 160. .^43. 344. .353

Santa Ana Army Air Base. California: 5. 18. 19.

26. 353
Scott Field. Illinois: 7. 8. 9. 33. 51. 52. .^53

AFB: 55m 58m 59. 61. 66, 70. 100. 105. 1 10.
1 1 1 . 1 1 2. 1 26. 1 90. 29 1 . 340. 353
Selfridge Field. Michigan: .^4
Selman Field. Louisiana: 38. 350. 353
Seymour .lohnson Field. North Carolina: 18. 345,
353

AFB: 287. 297. .\53
Sheppard Field. Texas: 8. 9. 10. 22. 25. 44. 353
AFB: 54. 56, 60. 6 1 . 65. 66, 70, 74, 76, 84. 86.
96.97. 105. 107, 1 17. 1 18, 1 19, 122. 127.
142. 146. 158. 1.59, 160. 164, 169. 170,
171. 175. 176. 177. 179. 186. 191, 194.
196, 198. 202. 205, 209, 212, 213, 217,
219, 224. 228, 233, 237, 240, 242. 243.
246,247, 251, 256, 257, 2.59. 261, 262, 263.
264, 267, 272, 273, 274, 281, 283, 285,
287, 289, 293, .302, .304, 305. 306. 310.
322. 329. 330. 3.39. 353. 356
Sioux Falls Field. South Dakota: 18. 353
Smoky Hill AFB. Kansas: 102
Smyrna Field. Tennessee; 15, 18,354
South Plains Field, Texas: 348, 3.54
Spence Field, Georgia: 74, 354

Air Base: 96, 125. 132. 137.351,354
Springfield ANGB. Ohio: 313
Stallings Airfield. North Carolina:
Air^Base: 82. 103, HI, 147. .3.54

(Military installations, contd):

.Stead AF~B. Nevada: 95. 97. 1 16. 1 18. 1 19. 120.
123. 132. 142. 146. 1.56. 160. 164. 166. 167.
178.251.354
Stewart Field. New York: 33, 351, 354
Slinson Field. Texas: 160. 170
Taliaferro Field. Texas: 1
Tan Son Nhut Air Base. Vietnam: 205
Thunderbird Field. Arizona: 12. 345. 353, 3.54,

355
Truax Field, Wisconsin: 18. 349. 3.54
Turner Field. Georgia: 1 8, 339, 355
Tuskogee Field. Alabama: 33. 34. 35. 351. 355.
Tyndall Field. Florida: 43m 355
' AFB: 60. 64. 65. 68. 75. 78. 8 1 . 90. 92. 95. 97,
111. 117. 119. 151, 155, 167, 170, 187,
238, 279, 284, 286, 293, 294. 314. 326.
329. 330. 352. 355
Vance AFB. Oklahoma (also see Enid): 59. 86,
95.97. 101. 1 14. 132, 142, 155, 175. 190. 198,
202. 243. 264. 268. 277. 291. 305. 329. 243.
355
Waco Field. Texas: 33. 37. 346. 355

AFB (also see Connally): 54. 55. 59. 68. 72.
95. 111.210. MO. .342. .346. 356
Vandenberg AFB. California: 195. 284. 288. 290,

291,293
Webb AFB TX: 81.82,96, 101. 106. 132. 127.
142. 151. 190. 192. 205. 212. 213. Mi). .3.56
Wichita AFB. Kansas (also see McConnell): 68.

94, 350
Williams Field, Arizona: 1 2. 44. 48, 49. 342. 344,
346, 348. 35 1 . 356

AFB: 55. 57, 59. 60. 61. 65, 68. 69. 78. 86. 96,
101, 105, 117, 1.30, 132, 142. 151, 194.
198. 199. 208. 214. 230. 243. 252. 268.
286. 298. 350. 356
Wolters AFB. Texas: 118, 182

Fort: 119. 182. 195
Wright-Patterson AFB. Ohio: 95. 105. 122. 158.
2^28.233.281.289
Military occupational specialty (also see Air Force

Specially Code): 66
Military Personnel Data System ( MilPDS): 331
Military training (also see Basic Military Training):
9. 10. 12. 40. 43. 46. 56. 61. 66. 70. 73. 76. 86. 92.
98. 102. 108. 112. 120. 122, 133, 1.39. 146. 152.
158. 160. 171. 176. 179. 184. 188. 195. 213. 226.
240. 256. 264. 280. 288. 293. 297, 302. 306. 316.
330

Air base ground defense: 168. 244. 252. 297
Aquatic survival: 5ft
Marksmanship: .56. 112. 120. 133. 1.^6, 184.234,

246
Officer Basic Military Course: 89. 1 13
Precommissioning: 176
Recruiters' indoctrination: 66
Military working dog: 120. 162. 174. 179. 267.
326

.^75

(Military training, contd):

Small arms: 112,316

Weapons; 56,256.301
Military working dog (see Military training)
Missile training (see Training and Technical training,

types of training)
Missiles:

AIM- 120 Advanced Medium Range Air-to- Air
Missile: 312

Atlas: 139, 152

Bomarc: 152

Minuteman: 152,155,195,290

Peacekeeper: 247.248

Thor intermediate-range ballistic missile: 127

Titan: 152
Mission Readiness Training: 294
Mission Ready Airman (see Mission Readiness

Training)
Mission Ready Technician (see Mission Readiness

Training)
Mobile traming: 21, 40, 56, 1()2, 270, 335
Mobile training detachment: 76, 270
Mobile training team: 51,97, 145
Mobile trainmg unit: 221, 22, 40. 45. 50. 102. 1 13.

270
Momyer, William W., Lt Gen, USAF, Commander,

ATC: 154, 158, 164,333
Montgomery, Alabama: 191. 345. 350
Mooney, Henry K.. Maj Gen, USAF. Vice Com-
mander. ATC: 130, 136. 143. 150

Commander. Lackland Military Training Center:
158
Moseley, C.C.. one of original nine primary school

contractors: 6
Motto for ATC: 142

Murphy, John R., Maj Gen, USAF. Vice Com-
mander, ATC: 182. 185, 190
Mutual Defense Assistance Program: 65, 86. 91,

102, 222
Myers. Charles T.. Lt Gen. Commander, ATC: 94,
'lOO. 104. 105. 1 10. 16.333

Navigation/Navigator Training: 7. 11. 15.33.38.55,

59.65. 116. in. 120. 131,^136, 141, 145, 160,

187. 195, 200. 203, 208. 209. 228. 229. 251, 277,

285, 287, 297, 310, 313, 325-26. 342. 343, 349.

352, 353

Combat Systems Ollicer: 326

Consolidated, USAF and Navy: 203. 297. 301

Next Generation Navigator: 325-26

Pretlight: 353

Primary-Basic: 137

Speciali/ed undergraduate navigator training
(SUNT): 218. 151. 256. 277. 285. 287. 313
Fighter, attack, reconnaissance: 251, 256
Tanker, transport, bomber: 2 1 8. 25 1 . 256
Electronic warfare: 126, 138, 152. 170. 178.
218. 228. 250. 251. 256m 288. 301. 310.
325,326,310.335

Undergraduate navigator training (UNT): 136,
137, 145. 160. 164, 151, 199.222,225.310,
335

First female graduates: 213
NCO Leadership Schools (see Schools and Senior

Noncommissioned Officer Academy)
Nellis, William H.. I Lt,AAF: 64
Netherlands, the: 12, 65, 228, 233. 247, 346
Newton, Lloyd W.. Gen, USAF: 304, 305, 309, 313,

318.333
Next Generation Trainer: 228, 229, 233, 245
Nixon, Richard M., President of the United States:

195
"No One Comes Close." USAF Slogan: 3 1 6
Noncommissioned officers, better use of: 70
North Korea: 68
North Vietnam: 196
Norway: 65.228
Numbered air forces:

Crew Training: 68. 69, 81. 82, 83, 84, 95, 100.

105. 110, 111
Fifth: 116
FlyingTraining:68. 72, 81,82, 84, 91, 100. 105,

110, 111, 113, 116,356
Nineteenth: 282.288.301.313
Second: 8, 26, 27, 33, 282, 283, 288, 289, 290.
294, 296. 301. 328. 342. 344. 347. 348. 349.
353. 354
Seventh: 164,258
Sixteenth: 130
Technical Training: 68. 73. 89. 91. 105. 1 10. i 12.

113. 116.345 "
Thirtieth Flying Training: 71
Thirty-first Technical Training: 71

Oaks, Robert C, Lt Gen, USAF, Commander. ATC:

258, 262, 263, 266, 292, 333
Objective center: 276
Objective wing: 268. 272. 276. 284. 290
O'Brien, J.V., Lt Col, USAF, Ciimmander, Officer

Candidate School: 148
Observation training (see Training, observation)
Ocker. William. Maj. Army Air Corps: 124
Office of Foreign Military Affairs: 1 82
Office of the Inspector General: 202. 266
Officer Candidate School (see Schools)
Officer conversions, from rated to nonrated: 57
Officer Military Schools, USAF (see Schools)
Officers' Reserve Corps: 141
Officer Training School (see Schools)
Ohman. Nils O.. Maj Gen. USAF. Vice Commander,

ATC: 158, 164. 169, 173
Oil embargo: 196

"One base, one boss, one wing": 273
Operational support airlift: 133. 285, 291
Operations:

Allied Force: 315, 322

Desert Fox: 322

Desert Shield: 268

376

(Operations, contd):

Desert Storm: 274. 297. 330

Enduring Freedom: 326. 327, 330. 332

Hayride: 62

Just Cause: 261. 264

Long Legs 11: L^7

New Look: 70

Noble Eagle: 327. 332

Northern Watch: 323. 326. 327. 332

Overhaul: 144

Sign Post: S6

Snowbound: 62

Southern Watch: 322, 327. 332

Tail Wind: 92
Operations division: 232
Orr. Verne. Secretary of the Air Force: 23 1. 233

Pacer Classic: 247.260

Pan American Airways. Incoiporated: 7, 1 1

Pantelleria: 34

Parachute training: 188. 232. 288

Pararescue (see Search and Rescue)

Paris. France: 193. 195

Paris peace agreement: 195

Parks. O.L.. one of original nine primary school

contractors: 6
Path Finder study: 144
Pick-a-base (also see Competiti\c Sourcing and

Privatization): 306
Primary aircraft training s\ stem: 257. 295. 297
Pearl Harbor: 3.8. 10.^21
Personnel:

Operatmg costs: 78. 101. 116

Personnel reductions. ci\ ilian: 57. 59, 70, 87, 105

Personnel reductions, miliiary: 59. 70. 87. 105.
109

Personnel statistics: 1 3. 1 7. 23. 3 1 . 4 1 . 47. 53. 57.
63.71.79.87.93.99. 103. 109. 115. 121. 135.
143. 150. 153. 157. 163. 169. 173. 177. 181.
185, 193. 197, 201, 207, 21 1, 215, 219, 223,
227, 231, 235, 241, 245, 249, 253, 257, 261,
265, 269, 275. 281, 289, 295. 299. 303, 307,
311.317,323.327
Philippines: 19.88. 167.206
Physical fitness testing: 146. 274
Pilot assignments: 273
Pilot production: 6. 16, 44. 53. 55. 63. 68. 84, 87, 89,

93,99, 103, 121, 130, 132. 170. 195. 197.207.23,

274, 292, 298, 299, 305
Pilot qualifications: 74-75
Pilot qualification screening: 37-38, 74-75
Pilot Requalification Training Guide: 195
Pilot retention: 249, 273, 298

Pilot Selection and Classification System: 259, 273
Pilot shortage: 163,314
Pilot training (see Flying Training)
Plastic particle blasting (see Media Bead Blasting)
Portable basic attributes tester (Porta-BAT): 259
Portugal: 228

Post-WWlI buildup: 47

Powell. James F.. Brig Gen. Chief of Staff. Army Air

Forces Training Command: 32
Powell. Alonzo, MSgt, Air Force Recruiter: 279
Preaccession Enlistment Recruit Training: 274
Pre-college testing: 19
Pre -enlistment test: 176
"Prepare the Man." ATC motto: 142
Pretrained individual manpower (PIM): 244
Prime BEEF (base engineer emergency force]: 161
Procurement quotas: 105
Professional military education: 194. 198. 216. 236.

238, 246, 284. 3.50
Proficiency Advancement Tcsi: 195
Proficiency fiying for navigators: 229
Programmed Logic for Automated Teaching

Operations (PLATO): 217
Projects:

.39: 1.52

703: 180

1 ()().()()(): 168

Big Triangle: 107

Constant Growth: 204

Fast Burner: 1 83

Fast Track: 183

FLYTE: 175

Hasty Piper: 188

Heavy Bare: 183

Homecoming: 195. 196

Home Front: 107. 108

ICE: 153. 156

Igloo While: 175

Jericho: 100

Mix Fix: 171

Muscle Shoals: 175

New Home: 110

Pacer Bravo: 1 79

Palm: 11

Peace Echo: 187

Peace Hawk: 204

Peace Stan: 204

Smooth Flow: 239

Sparrow Hawk: 161
light Fist: 126
Provost Marshal General's School (see Schools)
Prudden. E.W.: 6
Public Law 94-.361: 191
Public Law 99: 19
Push-Pull mobili/ation: 244. 264. 274

Quality (see also: Air Force Quality Center: Flights.

AETC Quality and Management Innovation):

301,. 305, 313
Quality pilot: 99
Qualitvof life: 231,298,316
Quality of recruits: 103, 128, 168, 191. 193
Quality of training: 6.3, 96, I II, 1 15, 173. 226
Queen, Virginia, Airman Basic, USAF: 241

377

Racial incidents: 191

Randolph. William M., Capt. Army Air Corps: 3, 4

Readiness: 92. I.^.'S. 136. 212. 21 s', 242. 2.^0. 2.54,

267. 273
Reagan. Ronald W.. President of the United States:

24.^
Recruiter Assistance Program: 2 L\ 221. 288
Recruit testing: 128
Recruiting: 33,66,86,95.98, 102, 105. 152. 153.

163, 169, 188. 213, 215, 219, 231, 278, 280, 295,

302.311,330.331

Goal: 193.221.256.279.297.316

Recruiter manning: 297.316

Retirees as Recruiters: 297
Reese. Augustus F., ILt, AAF: 60
Renfroe, Bobby G.. CMSgt, USAF: 234
Rescue (see Search and Rescue)
Reserve IPs (see Instructor force. Pilots)
Reserve medical units: 154
Reserve officer separations: 57
Reservist recall: 70. 75
Ride. Sally, astronaut: 252
Ri\et Workforce: 256
Roberts. John W., Gen, USAF, Commander, ATC:

191. 202. 208. 212. 213. 216. 217. 220. 333
Rochester. New York: 7
Rogers. Felix M., Maj Gen. Vice Commander. ATC:

190. 193. 194
Romulus. Michigan: 73
Rosencrans. Evan W.. Maj Gen. Vice Commander.

ATC: 212.216.220
Royal Air Force: II. 199
Royal Canadian Air Force: II. 166
Royal Netherlands Air Force: 227. 233
Royal Saudi Air Force: 204
Ruggles Orientalor: 1 24
Russia: 132. 143
Ryan. Claude, one of original nine piiniarv school

contractors: 6
Ryan. Thomas M.. Jr.. Gen. USAF. Commander.

ATC: 228. 232, 234, 236, 330
Ryan, Michael E.. Gen. USAF. Air Force Chief of

Staff: 315.3.^0

SAGE (see Semiautomatic ground environment)

Samos reconnaissance satellite: 138

San Antonio Contracting Center (also see San

Antonio Procurement Center): 218. 246. 253.

260. 263
San Antonio Joint Military Medical Command: 253.

255
San Antonio Procurement Center (see San Antonio

Contracting Center): 212.218. 263, 272
San Antonio Real Property Maintenance Agency:

212,218, 253, 260, 263
San Antonio, Texas: 2, 6, 148, 160, 244, 341, 347.

352. 353
San Bemadino Air Materiel Area: 1 14
Sandia Base. New Mexico: 97

San Marcos. Texas: 18. 33. 38. 44. 55. 59. 62. 63.

76. 85. 88, 1 18, 160, 343, 344, 353
Santa Monica. California: 40
Sardinia. Italy: 60
Satellite: 138

Saudi Arabia: 91. 268. 302. 303
School of Advanced Airpower Studies: 293, 313
Schools:

AAF Pilot Instructors: 43

AAF Pilot (Instrument): 43

AAF Preflight School: 26

Academic Instructor: 216. 301

Adjutant General: 27

Aerospace Medicine: 137

Air and Space Basic Course: 305. 310, 315, 318,
329

Air Coips Tactical: 238, 350

Air Coips Technical: 7,8.9.348

Air Force Food Service: 52

Air Force Institute of Technology (see Air Force
Institute of Technology)

Air Force Officer Accession and Training: 304

Air Force Officer Orientation: 246

Air Service Communications: 7

Air Service Mechanics:

Air Service Technical (also see Air Corps
Technical School): 7

Air Tactical: 64. 238

Arctic Indoctrination: 166

Army Air Forces Instructors School (Central ): 37

Army Engineer: 61

Army Ground Force: 52

Applied Aerospace Sciences: 189. 198.212

Aviation Medicine: 2. 122. 124. 125

Basic Military Training: 198, 226, 229, 277

Central Instructors: 16. 37. 43

Deep Sea Survival: 167

Emergency Rescue: 39. 345

Fighter Weapons: 69. 117. 119

Instrument Pilot Instructor: 24, 37. 137. 154, 217,
237

Instructor Training: 216

Inlernational Officer: 301

Judge Advocate: 158. 159

Jungle Survival; 167.206

Military Sciences. Airman: 198

Military Sciences. Officer: 191. 195. 198

NCO Leadership: 198

Officer Candidate: 1 2. 33. 56. 6 1 . 89. 122.1 34.
136. 144. 148. .3.35

Officer Training: 12. 122. 123. 134. 136. 144.
149. 151. I5"8. 159. 176. 180. 184. 190. 198.
202. 217. 239, 250. 256, 267. 273. 276. 282.
284. 297. 304. 310. 322. 33 1 , 335

Proxost Marshal General's: 52

Squadron Officer: 293. 302. 318

Systems Acquisition: 304
Tropical Survival: 167. 206

USAF Aircraft Controller: 75

378

(Schools, contd):

USAF Aircratt Gunnery: 61

USAF Air Crew ( Fighlor): M

USAF Air Crew (Fighier-Boniber/Escurtl: 73

USAF Air Police: 64

USAF Basic Military. 333()ih: 168

USAF Bonibardiiient: 96

USAF Chaplain: 131. 159. 168

USAF Fighter Weapons: 69

USAF Hdicopter Pilot: 120

USAF Instrument Pilot: 64

USAF Language: 131. 165

USAF Marksmanship: 1 S4

USAF Medical Service: 136. 164

USAF Navigation: 59. 106

USAF Oftlc^er Military: SS. 133

USAF Water Sur\ ival': 293

USAF Survival: 146

US Army Aviation: 1.S2

3220th Technical. USAF: 1 74

3275th Technical: 188

3380th Technical. USAF: 1 5 1

.^4 1 5th Technical. USAF: 1 5 1
Search and rescue: 1 42. 205. 285. 317.321. 328

Ct)mbat Rescue Officer: 319. 321

Pararescue (PJ): 288. 301. 310. 317. 320-21. 330
Security Assistance Program: 222
Security Forces (also see Air Base Ground Defense:

Security Police: Military training, working dogs;

Schools. Security Police; Securitv Police): 302.

305. 3 1 5. 3 1 6. 32 1 . 329. 332
.Security Police: 183. 202. 243. 266. 297. 303. 305
Selective Service System: 180
Semiautomatic ground en\ironment system: 106,

145. 146
Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy: 234,

238, 284. 298
Sentinel Aspen: 240. 260
Sergeant Pilot: 19
Services (formerly Morale. Welfare. Recreation, and

Services); 290
Settles. B.H. Col. USAF. Director of Operations.

Lackland Military Training Center: 148
Shallow atcr. Texas: 60
Shaud. John A.. Lt Gen, USAF, Commander. ATC:

250. 254. 255. 258. 333
"Show the Way" logo: 244
Sias. E.S.. one of original nine primary school

contractors: 6
Signal Corps: 2. 19.45
Simler. George B.. Lt Gen. USAF, Commander,

ATC: 182, 185, 190,333
Simulators: 1 55, 1 75, 200, 203, 2 1 7. 229, 278, .309,

321

A-2 bomb trainer: 37

AN/ALQ-T4; 250263

Convert to contract inslniction;

DehmelZ-1: 49

F-15 avionics maintenance: 267

(Simulators, contd);

l-l IIA: 216

Instrument tlight; 199, 200, 21 1

T-29: 208

T40: 199

T45: 208

TC-.54D: 152
Slay, Alton D., Maj Gen. L'SAF. Vice Commander.

ATC: 198
Slingsby Aviation Limited: 277, 291
Smith, Chad, SSgt. USAF: 332
Smith. Frederic H.. .Ir.. Lt Gen. USAF. Commander.

ATC: I 16. 117. 122. 123.333
Smothermon, James P.. Maj Gen. USAF, Vice

Commander, ATC; 236, 242. 246
Social Actions; 246. 262. 285
Southern Association of Colleges and ScIhh)Is: 191,

218.226.274
South Korea: 91

South Vietnam: 145. 170. 196.205
Soviet Union: 12. 109. 143. 261. 271
Spaat/. Carl A.. Gen. Chief of Staff of the .Air Force:
Space training (see Training)
Spain: 91 '
Specialized Undergraduate Pilot Iiaining (.see Flying

Training)
Specification serial number: 39. 66
Speerstra. Petronella. Ensign. RNAF: 247
Spicer. Henry R., Maj Gen, USAF, Vice

Commander, ATC: 110
Spicer, P.M.. Maj Gen. USAF. Commander.

Lackland Military Training Center: 148
Spinal meningitis outbreak. Lacklanil: 162. 168
Spokane. Washington; 48, 334, 354
Se|uatlron Officer School (see Schools)
Squadrons:

AETC Air Operations: 304, 324

AETC Manpower and hinovation; 313. 324

AETC Studies and Analysis: 304

AETC Training Support: 304. 324

Air Force Security Assistance: 28 1 . 290. 314

Combat crew training: 146. 279

Comptroller: 251.296

Contract flying: 64, 84

Field training; 122,242

Fighter: 35,^183

Mission support: 246. 262, 285, 301

Operations support: 268

Security Police: 243

Services; 243, 290

Student; 191,268

Supply: 243

T-IA Flying Training Provisional, 52d: 277

Transportation: 243, 328

Women's Auxiliary Ferrying: 209

1st Flight Screening; 267, 273, 285

1st Flying Training; 285

3d Flying Training; 318, 324

7th Flying Training; 277

379

167.284

167,284
; 277

111

315

324

111

1.314

277
310
310

285

(Squadrons, contd):
17th Crew Training:
21st Fighter: 301 ^
22d Crew Training:
26th Flying Training
33d Flying Training:
37th Security Ft)rces:
39th Flying Training
43d Fighter: 329
43d Flying Training:
49th FJying Training: 277, 307
52d Flying Training: 277
53d Weather Reconnaissance: 3 1
55th Air Refueling: 293
57th Airlift: 325
66th Crew Training: 284
70th Training: 304
81st Medical Operations: 322
81st Medical Surgical: 332
84th Flying Training: 277
86th Flying Training:
96th Flying Training:
97th Flying Training:
97th Training: 293
98th Flying Training: 268
99th Flying Training: 268
99th Pursuit: 34
99th Fighter: 34
100th Fighter: 35
100th Flying Training:
1 14th Fighter: 284
201st Mexican Fighter:
301st Fighter: 35
301st Officer Training:
302d Fighter: 35
319th Space Training
342d Training: 301
360th Training: 329
367th Training Support: 304
392d Space and Mis
392d Training: 290
419th Operations Training
435th Flying Training:
557th Flying Training:
558th Flying Training:
562d Flying Training:
563d Flying Training:
602d Training Support
6 1 9th Training Support: 289, 29 1 , 304
3250th Flying^Training: 170. 187
3251sl Flying Training: 170. 187
3253d Pilot Training: 170.198

Flying Training: 198
3300th .Support: r94, 220
3300th Training (Contract Flying): 74

Pilot Training (Contract Primary): 80
3301st School (USAF Skill Center): 186
3301st Training (Contract Flying): 74

Pilot Training (Contract Primary): 80. 100

268

276, 284

284

; Trai

ling:

ning:

282.

: 284.
291

,288

,290

310.

325

198.

201.

232.

285,

318

277

285

285.

301.

313

: 289

,290

.304

(Squadrons, contd):

3302d Computer Services: 191. 250. 25 1
3302d Technical Training: 258, 266
3302d Training (Contract Flying): 74

Pilot Training (Contract Primary): 80
3303d Procurement: 191.218

Contracting: 2 1 8. 266
3303d Training (Contract Flying): 74

Pilot Training (Contract Primary): 80
3304th School (ATC NCO Academy): 266
3304th Training (Contract Flying): 74

Pilot Training (Contract Primary): 80
3305th School (FSD): 266
3305th Training (Contract Flying): 74

Pilot Training (Contract Primary): 80
3306th Test and Evaluation: 202

Training Development and Evaluation: 260.
266
3306th Training (Contract Flying): 74

Pilot Training (Contract Primary): 80
3307th School (ATC Technology Applications

Center): 208.222
3307th Test and Evaluation (Acquisition

Management): 232. 233. 266. 267
3307th Training (Contract Flying): 74

Pilot Training (Contract Primary): 80
3308th Training (Contract Flying): 74

Pilot Training (Contract Primary): 80
3308th Technical Training (Advisory): 242. 266.

267
3309th Training Readiness: 242. 350
3313th Medical Service: 256. 266
3314th Management Engineering: 194. 266
3389th Pilot Training: 1^70
3507th Airman Classification: 222. 266
3567th Navigator Training: 1 17
3588th Flying Training (Helicopter): 224. 237,

238. 267. 274
3612th Combat Crew Training: 167. 284
3613th Combat Crew Training: 167. 284
3614th Combat Crew Training: 167, 284
3625th Technical Training (Weapons Controller):

151
3637th Combat Crew Training (Sur\ i\ al and

Special Training): 164
3637th Flying Training (Helicopter): 160. 171
3638th Flying Training (Helicopter): 164
370()th Occupational Measurement: 198
3709th Basic Military Training: 222
3741 St WAF Training: 56
3742d WAF Training: 56
3743d Basic Military Training: 56, 234
3743d WAF Training: 56
3746th Preflight Training ( Language ): 1 3 1
3751st Field Training: 242
3752d Field Training: 242
3753d Field Training: 242
3754th Field Training: 242
43 15th Combat Crew Training: 284

380

Squadron Officer College: 3 1 8

Stallings. Bruce. Ll. AAF (also see Military

installations. Stallings AFB): 74. 82
Stallings. Harry. Lt. AAF (also see Military

installations. Stallings AFB): 74. 82
Standbro. Kyle. TSgt. USAF: 320
St Louis, Missouri: 6. 18. 24. 25. 343. 346. 3.'^1. 352.

354
St Paul. Minnesota: 7, 9
St Petersburg. Florida: 8. 10.354
Stripes for Education: 221
Structural life extension program: 260
Student flow: 8.45.238
Student load: 85. 86. 159. 162. 175. 2.^0
Survival Training: 45. 56. 95. 97. I 1 1. I 16. 1 18.

119, 120, 146. 160-61. 164. 166-67. 186. 188.

205. 206. 230. 243. 251, 252, 279. 284. 288, 293.

320-2 1 . 354

Arctic: 45. 166-67

Combat: 166-67.251

Global: 166-67

Jungle: 166-67. 206

Tropical: 166-67,206

Water: 56. 166-67. 230. 251. 252. 279. 293
Syria: 91
Systems Support Acti\ its : 247. 258

Tactical Air Forces: 122.166
Taiwan: 301

TE-105A Ejection Seat Trainer: 60
Technical Division: 49
Technical training:

Accelerated during Korean \\ ar: 68-69. 74. 75.

78
Broad Area Review of: 263. 305
Centers of Excellence in: 330
Division: 328

Eight-hour training day: 218
Five-day academic week: 91
Types of courses:

Administrative: 117. 160. 169. 186.294
Aerial photography (al.so see Photo

reconnaissance): 7,8.9.21.61.70. 108.
366
Aircraft controller: 64. 75. 111. 117
Aircraft maintenance: 6. 12.21-22.25.30,45,
48. .50. 60. 61. 69. 78. 85. 106. 1 17. 123,
145, 152, 160, 161. 179. 205. 209, 246,
256, 259, 270. 273. 279. 294. 325, 328-29
Aircraft recognition: 21
Air traffic control: I 17. 217. 2.30. 304. 314.

330
Armament: 7-8. 9. 30. 61 . 96, 98, 247, 263
Automotive: 65. 66. 233
Aviation engineering: 61
Avionics maintenance: 267,271
Binmetlical: 305
Bomber navigation systems: 120
Camouflage: 9

(Types t)f courses, contd):

Chemical warfare: 10. 97. 153. 308. 316
Clerical: 7.46

Crew chief: 211. 262. 27 1 , 288, 294
Combat Control: 281. 288. 301. 320-21, 3.30
Communications: 7. 8. 9, 27. 5 1 . 55, 60, 61,

75, 85, 1 12. 1 17. 209, 243. 2.=;(). 266
Comptroller: 97, 186,330
Computer: 1(J6. 183.217,222
Control tower: 46. 6 1
Cryptology: 247, 260
Data automation: 243
Dental: 305
Electrical: 97, 170
Electronic countermeasures: 85. 133
Electronic principles: 211. 330
Electronics: 60.66.85. 145. 160. 175.209
Emergency Medical Technician: 310
Engineering: 8
Enlisted Aircrew: 330
Fiber optics: 257

Firefighting: 132-33. 158.254.285.297
Fixed wire comtnunications: 61.75
Food service: 52. 65. 70
Fuels: 225

Helicopter maintenance: 105. 118. 175
Hydraulic: 97. 102. 199
Information systems: 242. 243
Intelligence: 51.52.97. 146. 150. 151.240.

244.246.252,260.315
Jet engine: 97, 182,256.285
Loadmaster: 299. 305-6. 330
Maintenance; 6. 8. 22. 30. 50. 61. 78. 85. 106,

1 17, 123. 155. 160. 175. 179, 182, 183,

222. 246
Metals: 285
Meteorology: 7, 8
Military Police: 52
Morse code: 51.58
Munitions maintenance: 291
Non-destructive inspection: 285
Parachute rigging: 8
Pararescue (see Search and Rescue)
Personnel: 112, 133. 139, 158, 174, 175
Photo reconnaissance, laser (also see aerial

photography): 151
Radar: 44.48.52.61.92. 146
Radio: 7,8.51,58,61
Security specialist: 241
Small Missile Maintenance: 291
Space (see Training)
Supply; 126, 160
Television systems: 293
Transportation: 97
Utilities: 117

Vehicle maintenance; 152, 160,285
Weapons controller; 64. I 17, I 19. 151. 155
Weapons mechanic; 2I()
Weather: 8, 45, 61 , 66. 268, 285. 304. 35 1

381

(Technical training, contd):
(Types of courses, contd):
Welding: 8.239
Wire maintenance: 117
Working dogs (see Military training)
Types of training:
Continuation: 102
Contract (also see Preaccession): 21, 52. 64.

65. 66. 76. 84
Factory: 39.40.91
First-job; 270.271.278
Generalized: 51. 121. 218. 259
On-the-job: 78. 92. 97. 102, 252. 262. 270.

278,294
Preaccession (also see Contract): 264. 274
Specialized: 12. 51. 89, 91. 218. 288
Television, use of in classroom: 120. 179. 293
To minimum skill level: 241. 247. 271
3-Level: 238, 270. 271. 293. 320
4-Level: 256.268
Technical training centers reorganized: 232. 283
Television in classroom: 120. 179. 293
Texas and Pacific Railv\a\ building: 42
Thailand: 102
Tilting chair: 125
Time-Related Instruction Management (TRIM): 228,

243
Tomah. Wisconsin: 354
Top Flight: 272
Torchlight: 272
Torch Tender: 78
Towed targets: 27. 344
Trained personnel requirement: 61. 238. 302
Trainers, synthetic: 49. 197
Training:

Accelerated (Korean War): 63. 71

Atomic, biological, and chemical warfare: 97

Bombardier: 2^1. 61. 243, 341, 342, 347, 350, 353.

355
Fighter gunnery: 44. 49. 55. 61
Five-squadron wings, test of: 268
Fixed giMincrv: 15. 26. 344
Flexible gunnery: 15. 16. 21. 25. 27. 38. 39. 43,

335, 3^39. .ML. ^43. 345. 346
Link: 8
Missile: 284

Decision to coinbine missile ami space

training: 288
(also see Training, Space)
Nuclear weapons: 1 15, 1 19. 127, 144
Observer: 2. 44, 61, 68. 82. 84, 85, 91, 95, 96,
106. 126,345
Advanced: 96
Bombardment: A4. 335
Bomber-observer: 91
Primary-basic combination: 96. 126
Prellight course: 91
Primary: 96
Tactical reconnaissance: 91

Officer (also see Air Force Reserve Officer
Training Corps; Schools, Air Force Officer
Accession and Training; Schools, Officer
Training): 8, 113, 122."'259, 335
On-the-job (OJT): 78, 92, 97, 102. 252. 262. 279.

278. 294
Prisoner: 51. 136. 166.321
Radar intercept: 1 1 I
Radar observer: 347. 356
Space: 284.288.290,291,293

Decision to combine missile and space

training: 284,288
Space and missile training: 284, 288. 290. 293
Undergraduate Space and Missile Training:
288.290.291.293
Vocational: 186
Training aids: 51. 60. 84. 139. 179. 183
Training analysis and development offices; 60
Training centers:

Air Coips: 2. 3, 5, 7, 8, 13, 340, 350
Air Force Military: 194, 208, 217, 273, 275
Amarillo Technical: 122, 146, 174,339
Armed Forces Air Intelligence: 150
Aviation Engineer Training Center: 48
Chanute Technical: 1 22, r3 1 , 1 70, 2 12. 285
Goodfellow Technical: 218. 244. 246. 247, 281,

283, 285. 345
Gulf Coast: 5. 15. 18
Gulf Coast Flying; 18
Keesler Technical: 1 22. 209. 2 1 2. 258. 28 1 . 283.

330. 347
Lackland Military: 122. 148. 158. 168. 176. 190.

194.250.277.281.283,326
Lowry Technical: 122. 144. 147. 217. 244
Lowry: 293
Replacement: 9. 10
Sheppard Technical: 122. 160. 170. 186,217,

242, 246
Sheppard: 122,281
Southeast: 5
Southeast Flying: 18
West Coast: 5. 14, 15, 18
Training production (see Appendix B)
Training Structure Task Group: 239
Training Technology Applications Program: 239
Tri-Deputy Wing organization: 202. 276
Truman. Flarry S.. President of the United States: 57.

68
Tucson Municipal Airport. .Arizona: 2S4. 355
Tulsa. Oklahoma: 6.9. 18.355
Turkey: 12.65.228.236
Turkey Point, Florida: 279
Tuskegee Institute: 35
Tuskegee Airmen: 34-35, 351. 355
Twining, Nathan B.. Gen. USAF: 132
Tyson. John, recorded last flight of T-6 at Moore AB.
Texas; 101

UChail; 67

382

L'ndergradiiatc pilnl liainiiiL; (see MNiny rraiiiiiigl
Undergradiuilc Siiacc and Missdc rraiiiiiii: (see

Training. SpaLX'i
Underiiill. l-;dvvard H.. Maj Gen. USAF. Vice

Commander. ATC: 44. lOO. 104. 110
Uniforms: 2?<. 171
United Kingdom; 11-12. l.S. IWi. I'W. 22.S. 274.

343. 3.'iO. 3.52
United Nations: 76. 1. SO. 322. 327
United States Air Force Academy: 3. 97. 122. 134.

141, 170. 175. 192. I9S. 232. 243. 2.50. 2.54. 297.

282,285.292. 305.310.318
United States Army: 1.2. 3. 5. 7. 8. 9. 1 1. 12. 13. 14.

16. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 25. 26. 28. 29. 33. 34. 37.

38,49. 52. 64. 65. 66. 76. S5. 104. 105. IIS. I 19.

120. 133, 141. 144. 147. 148. 164. 165. 166. 174.

176, 182. 187. 195. 209. 210. 224. 237. 238. 244,

253, 256. 260. 263. 264, 272. 274. 292. 298. 320.

330. 339. .340, 343. 344. 356
United States Coast Guard: 203, 222. 287
United States Marine Corps: 1 75. 203, 287, 298, 305
United States Navy: 19. 20. 64, 65, 1 19, 145, 182.

203. 225. 228. 255. 287. 291, 293. 296, 297. 298.

301. 329, 338. M\. 345. 351. 354, 356
USAF Aerospace Medical Center: 122, 137
USAF Civil Air Patrol: 281
USAF Gunnery Meet: 61
USAF Instrument Flight Center: 2 1 7. 277
USAF Language School (see Schools)
USAF Marksmanship Center (also see Schools):
USAF Medical Service School (see Schools)
USAF Military Personnel Center: 152
USAF Occupational Measurement Center: 191. 198.

217
USAF Recruiting Service: 122. 158. 162. 191.221.

297.302.316.330
USAF Senior NCO Academy : 238. 2S4. 298
USAF Sentry Dog Program: 1 20. 1 74
USAF Trainer Masierplan: 259

Vance. Leon R.. Jr.. l.t Col. AAF: 59

Vanishins: hori/on. problem of: 125

Viccellio^ Henry. Jr.. Gen. USAF: 276. 28 1 . 282,

283, 288, 290, 293. 294. 296. 297, 301, 333
Vietnam: 164.205
Vietnam War: 1 19. 1.34, 161, 162, 164, 167. 168.

170. 176. 186. 191, 196, 205, 2.56, 270, 271, 278

Veterans of: 198

Vietnam peace agreement: 193. 195

Vietnami/ation: 205
Vietnamese An- force: 145. 177. 179. 182. 192.205

Waco. Texas: 22. 33. 37. .54, 55, 59, 68. 72. 95. 111.

210, .340, .342, 346, 355, 356
Waller trainer: 27
War Department: 1 . 7. 9. 1 2. 1 3. 18, 3 1 , 34. 45. 48.

59, 340
Warrior Week (see Basic Military frannng)
Warwick. Cynthia, Capt, USAF: 332

Wea\er, Walter R.. Maj Gen. Commantling General,

Army Air Forces Technical Tiannng Command:

7,9.21, 148
Weapon systems officer: 199, 228
Wehh. James L.. Jr., Lt. USAF: 82
Wenheimer. Carol, contract flight screening

instructor: 160
Welsh, William W., Brig Gen, Chief of Staff. Army

Air Forces Training Command: 25
West Coast Flying fraining Center: IS
Western Electric Corporation; 106
West Germany: 91
West Point of the Air: 3. 4
Wherry Housing Act: 62
W hue. W altei . Director of the National Association

lor the AtUancement of Colored People: 34
Wichita. Kansas: 68. 75, 279. 350. 356
Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center: 103. 165, 251,

253. 255, 256. 261. 264. 272, 274, 284, 290, 326
Wilson, Charles E., Secretary of Defense: 98
Wing-Base organization: 59
Wing organization: 202, 246. 272. 328

Dual deputy: 147
Wings;

1 2th Flying Training; 190. 202. 273-74. 277. 285,
287,'296, 310, 3i8. 319. 325

14th Flying Training: 190. 224. 267. 274. .^01.
319'

17th Training: 283.284.297

27th Flying Training (Basic): 18. 43

28th Flying Training (Advanced Single-Engine):
18,33^

29th Flying Tramuig tPrnnary): 18, 33

29th Flying Training: 190,213

30th FKing Training (.AdNanced Twin-F.ngine):
1 8, 43 ^

31st Flying Training (Primary): 18, 33

32d Flying Training (Basic): 18. 43

3.3d (VNAF): 205

33d Flying Training (.AdNanced Tu in-I:ngine):
18, 43'

34th Flying Training (Bonibardmeni and
Specialized 2- and 4-Fngine): 18. 43

35th Flying Training ( Basic ); 1 8. 33

36th Flying Training (Primary): 18, 33

37th Flying Training (.'\d\anced Single-Engine:
1 8, 43 ^

37th Training: 283, 288. 290, .301, 325

38th F-"lying Training (Bombardment and
Specialized 2- and 4-Fngine): 18. 43

38th Flying Training; 190. 194. 195.202-3

42d Air Base: 291

47th Flying Training: 190. 243. 272. 291

.56ih lighter: 291, 313, 325, 326. 329

5Sih lighter: 284, 290-91. 293

58th Special Operations: 289. 290-9 1 , 30 1.313,
324, 325, 328, 332

.59th Medical: 284, 290

64th Flving Training: 190. 281, 287, 289

383

(Wings, contd):

7 Ist Flying Training: 1 90. 28 1 . 289
74th Flying Training (Preflight): 18, 33
75th Flying Training (Flexible Gunnery): 18. 43
76th Flying Training (Specialized Four-
Engine): 18,43
77th Flying Training (Advanced Single-
Engine): 18.43
78th Flying Training (Pretlight): 18. 33
78th Flying Training: 190.213
79th Flying Training (Flexible Gunnery): 18. 33
80th Flying Training (Navigator and Glider): 18,

43 ' ^
80th Flying Training: 194,202,290
81st Flying Training (Preflight): 19. 33
81st Training: 283.\301. 313.
82d Flying Training (Flexible Gunnery): 19. 43
82d Flying Training: 194,268,286
82d Training: 283.^288. 290. 294. 328-29
83d Flying Training (Advanced Twin-Engine):

19,33^
94th Airlift: 313
97th Air Mobility: 284. 287. 288. 293. 294. 300,

326
127th Fighter: 73

Pilot Training: 81,84
149th Fighter: 312.313
162d Fighter: 326
178th Fighter: 313
314th Airlift: 305,313
323d Flying Training: 194, 277, 286
325th Fighter: 284, 326, 329-30
502dAirBa.se: 281,291
542d Crew Training: 284. 285. 290-91. 292
944th Fighter: 325
3250th Technical Training: 212.219
3275th Air Force Indoctrination: 74. 80. 89

Military Training: 89.108
3300th Technical Training: 212, 219, 243
33 10th Technical Training: 54,88, 170
332()th Technical Training: 73, 122. 170
333()th Technical Training: 212. 219
3345th Technical Training: 54, 122
3380th Technical Training: 54. 122
340()ih Technical Training: 212, 219
34 15lh Technical Training: 54, 122
345()th Technical Training: 54, 126
348()th Technical Training (USAF Cryptological

Training Center): 2 1 8. 244, 246
3499th Training Aids: 60

Mobile Training: 84. 102

Field Training: ^ 02. 111. 122
3500th Pilot Training (Adxanccd Multi-Engine):

53, 59, 60

(Basic Multi-Engine): 83. 117. 119

(Basic): 117, 119, 137

Pilot Training: 137
3500th USAF Recruiting: 95. 105. 122

(Wings, contd):

35()5th Pilot Training (Basic Single-Engine): 89

(Basic): 117, 131
3510th Pilot Training (Basic): 53

Pilot Training: 81.83

Flying Training (Medium Bombardment): 83

Combat Training (Medium Bombardment): 95,
111

Combat Training: 117

Flying Training-" 117. 135. 187. 190. 192
3520th Combat Training: 73, 8 1 , 83

Flying Training (Medium Bombardment): 83

Combat Training (Medium Bombardment):
95, 1 1 1
3525th Pilot Training (Advanced Single-Engine):

55, 83

(Basic Single-Engine): 83. 105

Combat Training (Fighter): 105, 1 1 1

Pilot Training: 130, 194
3530th Pilot Training (Advanced Single-Engine):

73, 83

(Basic Single-Engine): 83,116
3535th Bombardment Training: 55. 83

Observer Training: 83

Aircraft Observer Training: 93

Navigator Training: 106,194
3540th Combat Trailing: 73, 83, 95

Flying Training (Fighter): 83
3545th Pilot Training (Basic): 55. 83

(Primary): 83

(Basic Multi-Engine): 94. 117
3550th Training (Interceptor Air): 83

Flying Training (Interceptor): 83, 95

Combat Training (Interceptor): 95, 1 1 1

Flying Training (Ad\anced Interceptor): 1 17

Pilot Training: 194
3555th Pilot Training (Basic): 54, 83

Flying Training (Fighter): 83

Combat Training (Advanced Interceptor): 95

Combat Training (Interceptor): 1 1 1

Flying Training (Advanced Interceptor): 1 17

Pilot Training: 137
3560th Pilot Training (Advanced Single-Engine):

(Basic Single-Engine): 83. 117

(Basic): 137

Pilot Training: 137, 190
3565th Pilot Training (Basic): 54. 83

Obser\er Training: 83,106

Na\igator Training: 106,164
3575th Pilot Training (Advanced Multi-Engine):

(Basic Multi-Engine): 83. 117

(Basic): 117. 137

Pilot Training: 137. 190
3580th Pilot Training (Basic Single-Engine): 82
3585th Pilot Training (Liaison-Helicopter): 55. 76

Flying Training (Liaison-Helicopter): 94, 95

384

(Wings, coiitd):

3595th Pilot Training ( Ad\anced Single-Engine):

Training (Combat Crew): 65, 83

Fl\ing Training (Fighter): 83. 95

Combat Training (Fighter): 95
3600th Flying Training (Fighter): 95

Combat Training (Fighter): 95
3605th Navigator Training: 59. 83

Observer Training: 83

Aircraft Observer Training: 106

Navigator Training: 106
3610th Observer Training: 82. 88

.Aircraft Observer Training: 106

Navigator Training: 106. 144
3615th Pilot Training (Advanced .Single-Engine):

63.83

(Basic Single-Engine): 83

Flying Training: 95

Flying Training (Basic): 1 15

Pilot Training (Basic): 137

Pilot Training: 137. 190
3625th Training': 64.81.83

Flying Training (.Advanced Interceptor): 83

Combat Training (Advanced Interceptor): 95

Combat Training (Interceptor): 95. 1 1 1
3630th Flying Training: 194
3635th Combat Training (Survival): 95. Ill

Flying Training (Advanced): 116. 164
3636th Combat Training (Survival): 164. 167.

186

Combat Crew Training: 167, 205. 206. 284
3640th Pilot Training: 82, 83. 137. 187

(Basic Single-Engine): 80,83.88. 117

(Basic): 1 17

Pilot Training: 82,83, 190
3645th Pilot Training (Basic-Single Engine): 82.

104. 105

Flying Training (Fighter): 80. 82. 87. 93. 95.
99^^ 1 36

Combat Training (Fighter): 95. 100. 105

Pilot Traininu: 82. 105. 137. 144

3646th Pilot Trainmg: 144. 190

3650th .Air Force Indoctrination: 64
.Military Training: 89. 104

3650th Pilot Training: 178.190

37()Oth .Air Force Indoctrination: 54. 58. 63. 72
Military Training: 1 12. 122

3700th Technical Training: 212.219

3750th .Air Force Indoctrination: 54. 60
Technical Training: 60

3785th Field Training: 242

3820th Air University: 64

3840th Air University: 64

39()4th Composite: 95

4397th Air Refueling: 145

4530th Combat Crew Training (Tactical Fighter):
130

4780th Air Defense (Training ): 1 44
Wings (pilot): 1.5. 19. 34. 85. 1 19. 12(i. 141.210.

213.251.287
Wittick. Mary L.. 2d Lt. USAF: 224
Wobblemeter: 1 25
Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP): 209-10.

339. 344, 350
Women in the Air Force (W.AF): 16. 56. 61. 156.

328
Women's .Armed Service Integration Act: 16
Women's Army .Auxiliary Corps (W.A.AC): 16
Women's Army Corps: 16
Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (also see

Squadrons): 209
Women's Flying Training Detachment: 209
Working dog (see Military training)
Wright. Wilbur: 1
Wyoming: 48. 60. 62. 75. 1 12. 1 16. .^41. .^44

Yale Universitv: 18

Year of Organization: 28 1 . 288

Year of Training: 2.^9. 272, 278, 284, 291

Yount, Barton K., Brig Gen. US Army: 2. 5. 6. 13,

14,18.21.58
Yount Hall: 58
Yugoslavia: 86. 138

385

This photo, taken in the mess hall of the aviation cadet administration building on Randolph
Field, Texas, in 1944. shows the murals painted b> William Dean Fausett.

About the Cover:

William Dean Fausett, a nationally known artist barred from militar> service because of a physical disability,
recci\ed grants from the John Simon Guggenheim foundation to work as an artist in residence for the U.S. .Army Air
Forces at Randolph Field, Texas, starting in 1442. Over the course of nearly two years, Fausett completed a series of
six panoramic murals, which stretched the length of both sides of the cadet mess hall, and four paintings of aviation
figures, which were displayed in the base administration building (better known as the "Taj"). Fausett depicted pilot,
navigator, bombardier, and aerial gunnery training in the late iy3()s and early l')4()s. The purpose of the murals,
Fausett explained, was "to convey the idea of teamwork that is all important in laying the ground work for 'knocking
the Axis out.'" Three of Fausett"s works appear on the cover. The mural at top of the front cover portrays a flying
cadet celebrating his first solo flight. In the bottom painting, men race toward an aircraft in preparation for a wartime
mission. An .Army ."Xir Corps aerial gunner is the subject of the painting that appears on the back cover.

GU>

us. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 2005-771-365

386

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